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Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

X€r."aftA^'-

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques

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1

2

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

MaOCOI>Y RESOIUTION TIST CHA»T

lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2|

^ /APPLIED IIVHGE Inc

^^ 'p.^3 Last Ma.i Sl-ee?

^^S ■■-,c^e5te^. Ne* Tork '4609 USA

■^= ''6) *82 - 0300 - Phone

^B ■(■ 288 - 5989 - Ta*

^VT://

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA

HuK. A«THU. M.mH.M. Mlnl.t«r; W. W. Coht. Deputy Mlnl.t.r

FORESTRY URANCII— BITLLETIN No. 69

R. H. Ca »bbll, Director of Foreitry

■■'i-y t

X- /

^''^^z:/:

.J-^;-!:: .SATiO.N'AIJ?

THE CARE OF THE WOODLOT

B. R. MORTON, B.Sc. F.

(Thit Bulletin supersedes Circular No. 10)

OTTAWA

THOMAS MULVKT

J-RINTER TO THB Kmos MOST aXCBLLKNT MAJHSTT

DKl'AiriMKN'r (H Tin; I.N'IKKK < AWDA

U<^H ARTHIR Mfi.ilKs, Min:at,.r U >\ ,-.„:\ ] ,. ,-j \|,.,...r

l'>i;i:>Tin l;|;A\(ri lll i.l.i:TIN .\,, .;:i

THE CARE OF THE WOODLOT

B. R. MORTON, B.Sc. F

(Thiy liiilhliii yiiii.r^nl.s ( ir' iil.ir .\ i . Im.

84- -1

OTTAWA

THOMAS XIULVKY

I'lil.NTKH TO THE Kl.\,;.s Mo.sT E.\lI:l1j;.\T MA.iksty

VJ20

CJJ; TENTS

I. Iiitr...|u.-ii.,i,

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S4— J

ILLUSTRATIONS

^ ""-''""I » Il.t,, ,.,r.,-i,,|u„, ,,.,„ |,„-l„..,. ,.r„/..|.

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''^■•""■'- ill-:r..t,„^ .liir, ,•,,,:. ,!.■„-, ,,..,, I ,,,„ ,,,.

■^'■^"' •'•""I '•! ■■•■I Uy. I„.l,.,v tin .,

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■^\-J'.

THE CARE OF THE WOODLOT

1— INTRODUCTION

Tl,rniii;Ii,„,t K;,-hr!, Cn,,;,,!;! ii.iu-ly ,.vrr,v farm 1:;,- it w..,„II,,t ,„• lai-li. It, ni;n,y
■M-i.-' till- i...rtlM,, Ml tlic l':iriii i- in,lUprn-:il.;c t.. ili,. ,nviicr^ .•..tiifoi-f ,,,,,1 prosperity.
Ur ,-M„l,| ,„,, „(r,,r,l t.. l.nv !h,- f,„!. |-,.Mc-,.-p,,M- ;.„.l tinilMT tlut ;,,•,■ r,M,uir,Ml mL..,',!
fll" P1:1'V. Tl„. .-MltiML' nt ,!„.-,. iriv,.. l,i„l .,,-,.„p:,ti,.„ ;,t a M.,.,.,, uhcn tiuTc- is <■,.,„-

I'i>-;,tiv,.ly littlr ,-Ur l„.i„:;- ,ln,„. „„ thr f;,n,l. iuhI tllr -mI- nf ;,„ o i.ioiKil lo;„l

"f liicl Ml- p,,-t- l.rihi;- liiin in rr;i.|y ! ry. TIm- pr..t.-.-i i,,„ the \v.)o(ll„t iiiTor.U

iii-Min-t ^ull,|. fur ,lw,.llini,'s frnnl.-ns nn-l,Mnl-. nii.l livv -l.M-k is ..ft,.,, of ^mv;,i

'■"'""''•""■•■ •""' '" '■ it- ">■■"» va!„o. wl,i,-i, .■.■i,„„.r 1„. ,-,.„liiy oxpr,-M.,l i„ ,',,11^,..

ami i-(»nts.

I'.Tliaps tl,. i.T,.a.o~t ,.l,i,.,.,i„„ „,„!,. ,„ ,,,,;„. )■„, ,,„, ,,,„„„„f i^ ,,„. „,„,, ;, ,^^^^,^
to pro,i,„.o larjr,-.i/,.,l ,l„,l„.,-. <)„ ,]„. f;,,-,,, l,.,uv^,,- ,l„.,v aro n,:,„v „s,., f.„. .,„vi

^",(1 l„.<l„,n,-si,..a fon-sf pn.duots and tl,o>,. tako a , pa,-;,tiv..!y .-hort tin,., to ,„-o-

''"''^- *'" '"""•^' " 1'"'^ ^' ""-i'ty .vouii- ^^row.l, ahva.ly o.xists tl,af will „„t ro,|,.in-

".^."y yoars l„.f,„-,. i, is s„ffi,-io„tly la,>',. t.. „s,.. A littlo att,.„,io„ will .l,„r,,.„
'■oiisiilcral.ly tla- ti„io ,v,|iiiro,l to ..ro,!ii,.,- ii,ark,-tal.|,. 7i,atorial.

Tl„. us,> of s„,„il ,]i„„.„sio„ ,„;,t,.rial is ftoa.lily in.Toasi,,- si„,-o tlir srar.-iiv ,.f
wood m larp. din,.„sio„ has fo,-,.,.,l tl,o att..ntio„ of .nanufaHi.nr- „. ,1„. „„. „f I,„i!,-
iip wood. Tlio wa,. l,as d.,„o t,,,,,-!, ,., inoivaso o,„- k„.,wl.Hk^,^ ro^^ard,,,^. ,|,.. p..ssil,ili,i,..
■n Iho „-o ot la„„„at..,l p,-,„|,„.,s. „f wl,i,.l, ti.o airpla„o is a„ oxan,plo. This „-. , (

"o..d ,„ M„all sizos ,„akrs it possiM,. ,„ ,„a,-k,-r tho p,-,.d,„-ts of ,ho w 11..,. whilo ,i..

t,-i'i.s aro .■oiiipai-ativrly yo,itijr.

■ni-,v a,v ,„a„y n.a,-.,„s why it is ^„..,1 1,„m,hss to ,„ai,„ai„ a woodl„t ..„ ,!„■
t.,r.„. I...U- fa,-,,,- a,v >,, ^„vaI\ thai it would i,ot ,,ay to i„ai„tai.i a sn,all pai't „,„lor
tvfos. 'I h.. w..odl,.t <riv,.. tl,o fan,, as a whole a hi^^ho,- valuo. Kvo,, who,, it has hco„
^tnrtod art,t„.,ally l.y planii,,;; and tl„. „v,.s havo „.., y.t ,va,d„..l „,..,-oha„tahh. si„.
lliO- l,av,. valno. I'lantinfr a woo.llot i. a >„r,. and .s,fo way ..f ImildinK np a hank
acfount ior o,i,.-s old ai;o ,„• ono's ohiM,-,.,,.

On „,any -anas ,1,.,,,. aro ono or n„.,v wasto a,-,.,.- - pat.-hos ,ha, aro no, s„i„.,l ,„
.^r.onltoral M.,ps, Tho soil o,, ,l,„,n ,- ..-d, „r ,.,.,-haps ,1,,. -„rfa,.. is ,„., nn,..l,
M..ny, or s,,-,,. ,., all,.w i,. I.,a„^ ..„l,iva„.,: Why ai;,.u th,.s„ „,.as ,.> n.nain idlo
tronera,,,.,, alt.r ,.,.,„.,.„ i..„ «1,.„ with a litth. initial .-..-, thov oan ho n,ad,. to .m-ow

.roos wl.,.-l, u,;l ho ia.avasin^ in vain,, a- y„u .U,, '. Ka..]. pi., f ^,,., si,.„.!d ho

";■■'' "'• ','"■ '""•' '■•"• "''''•'' '' '-^ '»-' ^"i'^''l- A I r pi,.oo of soil .should n,.t ho

^''"""'"',"''' '"^•■■'■'•^- ' ^"-' ■' ""' ""t .vi-l'l >" l^'ruv a n.tnrn as the re,nai„.l,.r ,.f the

lra.'t. ih,.r.. is „„ part ol tho farm so j.oor that it will „„t produoo tr,...-rowth.

00025057

WM

/■0/.7..V7/.') III! Will III i.i.i:ii\ \„ r,n

2— PROTECTION

I ill \/l\l,

riu-^v^mu:: ..( -r,,,-!. ,,, ,1;,. u I!,., i- ,„„. ,,l ,1„. o,,,„„„ ,,„„.„ ,,,■ ;,, .i,,,,,,,,,.

nti„M I h,. -,,„„. „.,■,■,• ni :;,-.. ,„h| uill „,i -,.,-v,. „, „ i.^tinv an.l ivii,;ni; :, pn.titnM,-
W.,o,ll„t ,„■ .,„>■ .■..nM,!,.,-;,!,!,. i..n^Ml, .,( ,i„„.. (,„„-, ,|,„,.„, 1„„.„.,. ,,„, ,..,„.; ,,;|| ^,,1

'7"'','^' •';"•''" I —'llin.- I.v l„-„„,i,„^ ,,„ ,h.,M. (i„;„- .,,.1 -l„-,.|, .,v il„. w,„-,

""',""■'': '" '"' '■'-I""'- ■'■'"•^ "ill '■•" nu„,v w ly |,h,„l. ,„,| t..,„.|„.,l l,v t .1,,.,-

^""V'"'''''f, " '"" ""■' "'' ' i-n.in,„.r ,h,y ,l„,v .tay in .1,,. -l,;„h i.n-t ,,|- thr

"■ '-• '"l'''li"« ^it tl„. -M,„ll ti ~ in |,n.|,rr,„v I,, yra/inu ..„ ,|„. -n,,, -n,wi„.. i„

nil' Minny ii|)i'ii;im~. ^

Catll,. ai.,1 1„„.-,., ,„,, ,,„K i„.j„,v -,.,.,ili„i;- |,„t ut't,.,, ,l,.Mruy -apli,,:;, ..f ,..,i,-i,|-
.■niMc ~iz,. hy -tni.Mliii}; ;.n,| ualkini: lli.„, ,I,,wn in ..nlcr to road, tlic Icmv,.< I|,„s,s

will kill ynuntx Ininlu U l.y i;n;nvin- at ihr l.ark. I-,,aK ,1,, ni.,-f ..{ tli,.ir injurv l,v

iMinniin.' llir.in-h ih,. uml, rlinwli. ' '

'J'h.. sc'cljinii- nf l.n.a,l-l,.avr.l or •■ l,a,-,l«- 1" tr.M- aro ih,- nnc- nio-t injniv.l l,y

'"'""-'■"■-• '■ '''■'■■'■ -•"•'' ^" -■"■"'■'•. l'^il-^i>n Hr. .•...lar, laivli, ami pin,., ar.. prartHMlly

An iinKi-az,.,! w.., 1^ In tl,^ foivBroun.l of tli.. nirtiir. a win- f,.n,v l.a.s 1„.hm fi-wtetl

he (.nt> sal,- has 1.,.,.m Kraz. .1 ,lean. while oa lli,- .,th,-r unurazeii si,l.. the udihI
clueticin to he iioleil farllier ha.u lias siiraiiii up

repro-

iiiMiiuiio. Cattle will >,,inrti -. h,,w,.v,r. Lite nff tia- ti|K ,,f y.innir jiinc-. 'Maplo.

:\<h. l.a>^\vo(Mi, ,.|,n, .-iM-stiuit. ami nak ^ntV.T tli,. nio-t ; walnut, hi.-korv. willow, on,]
lurch ilo so t,) a Ic-s ilcirrcc.

Til,, injury ,1,m„' Ky live >to,-k in tli,. w 11, ,t is, Iiowcvit, n,,t ,Mntin,.<l t,. tlio

y,,iinjr tr.vs. As_ a r.snlt ,,f tli,. ,l,>tru,-ti,,n .,f tl„. nn(l..rl,i-u.-li tli,. s,.il is oxpos.vl to
the =1111 .ii„i w,ii,i~. 1 ia>,., i,,„vtii,T with tiif trampinj; al„iiit ,.f the livo st,ick. caus,^
''"' '"""''■ ''■ ' '""• I>i>''l«-<1. dry. .ntnl linrd. ami the rain, in.stoad of laMiip readily

<- .

fltni 1.1 rin\ g

i'T''"';"'lV""'"''' ('"■ '.:',r'' "^ ''"■ '■• • '■'"- "'f ""• -"^l^"-. •■a.-ryi,,;. will, i,

mmh ^„lu.l,,. ,„a,..r,,,l M,„ll„w.r.,„„.,i „•,■,.- ,„•,. .n.,,,-!, i,,i,nv,i l,v luvinu' tl„i,.

roots ox,,„.,.,l „n.t l,„rk,..i. M,,,-!, ..f tl„. -t:,,l„M,l,.,I, i.,. . ,i,,a,l ,„,,.. |, ,a,H,.,| l,v

tlii-i tdriii rit iii.iiiry.

FlHKS

''''"•'•'■ '"■'■ '■'•»■ " II, „, „f nny -iz,. i„ which f-M.vs „f tir.-,i,n.,n^v ,.,h,m,.. l,-

f...»Ml. Im many ,•„.,.. thi> l,;,s I,.-,.,, ih,. rr.ult ,.f r:,n.|,.sM„..s „■■ tl». part of tli-
ownor .\„ |,r,-autio.is woro tnk..>, wh,.,, hurniMtr .tinni,. ,,r hrn^li. „>i,l th.. tin. u,,,
allow...! to run throush tho 'oavps and mMh-rhru-l,. S,„n,. uvvn..rs arr ,hnrt-,i.'ht..a

enough to M„.vo that, no harm is .l,,,,,. if tnv. .,f n.ark-.tahh. -i/o hav.. n„t ■„

..-troy,.,!. Th,..v pla.,. no vahu. o„ tho s..,.,lli„K- and y,,,,,,^- ^n.wth whirh will 1„.
tlii> trcps ot thi. fiitiiri'.

It is ho\y,.v,.r. iM.t im.n.ly l.y th.- .h'Strurtion nf y„w„:r tr,.... that tho fi--.. in tho
woo,i ot ,loo> harm. I.art'.T trros ,,ro also ii.jurod. This at first n>av not ho appan,,.
tor tl... roMilts may n..t show for somo yoars after. Firos, whi.-li at rir-t sifrht do no,
.-ooni to havo dono much harm to tho ..ld..r tr,-os, will frocpi.-ntlv s -o,-..!, tho ha,l<
at tho has.. sutK..t..ntly to kill th.- living tissue h,.m.ath it. Th,. hark ,.n thi, s,..,r,.h,.d

iwti-h will dr,.p otf ami th.- w.iod will 1m^ oxpos.-d to th.' organisms .,f .le.-av Tn

mstanco :!0 ,„^r ,t „f all tiv.s ov.t si.x in,.h..< in ,liam,.t..r woro foiin.l .l^-avin,' at th..

I'litt as a n.sull oi a tir.> rnnnimr throuirh tii.- ph M'vral voars hof,,,.,.

Ih.. .l..,trn,.tion .,f th,. h^av... an.l twii:- on th.. f,,r..st floor is al-,, a s.M-ioiK lo-.
.Not ,inly .h«.s thi, htr.'r .h...ay an.l form a f.rliliz.r f,.r th,. ,r..,.,. hnt it al-.. a.-t^ ■.,

a sp.-,nK0 in ahs..rhMm- the nioistnr... In w Is on r,i,-ky situation- this .l....av,.d liff,.r

may ho pra<.ti..ally th,. .n,ly ,oi| in whi..h th,- tr,...s hav.- to r.w.t. IJurnins this off ..an

have ,mly di-astron~ ,.ff..,.ts. Many tr....s will .li.. a, a ,M..,u,.n,.o .>f having their

roots s..or..h...l an.l ...xpos.>.I. an.l .,th..rs will !>.. ,,v..rthr.,wn l,y th,. win.l. Kir,. -h,.uh!
never he al„iw.>.l t,i run tlinjudi the \vo,,.II,it.

Wivn

H..f..r..n.... t.i th,- damaw hy win.ls has alr,.a.ly h....n ina.l... Th.- inj.iry <lon.> to th..
s,,il ..an h.. pr..v,.nt..d hy k.^.pinff th.. ^T.oin.l ....v.^r.-.i with litt<.r and. in th.' ,,p..n
pla..es. hy .■M..,,nra«-in- th.. ;rrowth ,,f yonny tr...-. The h.,r.I...s .,f tlio wooilhit shouhl
he .N,mpl..t,.ly l,ank..,l up' with hran..h,.s ami f.,lia;:e in ..r.l.'r that the interior may !,.•
prot.><.t,..l. Tr....-^ u-rowiuK ah.njr the ..l-e of th.. w.M,.n.,t shiMild hi- aI!ow.>d to retain
th.ir l.rMn<.h..s ri«ht to the frr.am.l. ami oi).n h..i.l..rs and frap> should he eloM..! hy
Iilantintr, if n.'e..sciary.

Th.. ..ir..,.t of stn.n- win, Is ,.n a -tan.! that has b....n s,.v,.r..|y thinn.-.I is usually
.li-,i>tr,.us. \Vh,.n the thinm'uy- ..f a .h.n<.. .fan.l is ne.'.^ssary is sIduIiI be mad.' with
th.' jrr.>at..st ,,t ,.ar.., ,.sp....ially with shall, iwr,„,t..<l sp,.,.i,.s on thin ..r swampv .soil ..r in
sfan.Is situat.>.l on ..xi„„..d hillsi.l,.s. I, i. h.-t .I.me a littl,. at a time and .spr..a.l
over a ien,.,l .,f M.wral years. This ni..|h,,<I .I,,..s not exp,,s.. th.. r..mainini; tr..,.s f,,
th,. lull t,iri.e of th,. win.l hi't'ore th..y hav,- tim.. to dev..l.,p hraein;,' r,),.ts.

Inskpts

Insi-..ts ,l,,in^' .lamafre t,, th.. w,i,i.ll,.t tr....s ar.. ,,f many kinds. Thi.y inelm]e:
those w^M•ll hore in th.. trunks .,f livinp tr.M^s; th.is,. whi..li tunnel under the hark ..f
Iivinjr tr<-es: th,..^.. whi,.h d..str..y f.diajre: an.l th.vse whi.'h h,,re in h.ps and trunks .>f
dea.l trees.

rns.>,-ts w,,rkiiiir .'ither in th.. trunk ,,r un.l..r th.' hark usually make their presen.-e
kiuiwn hy th.. Hn.' iM.rinr dust at the tiny ..p.-niny^ or entran,.,>s in th.' hark, or hv the
iilli,. h.-ap- of ihi.. .l,i>t at th,. ha-.. ,,f th.. fr,.,.. In th.' ..ase ,,f livinjr .-verffreens the
Kum. ,,r r,Mn, is usually f,,un,I ..xu.linu: from the small h.d..*. (Vrtain of these

- ic

— o

I'ltOTElT li,\

f1

insfM^^ do the iN.riii;? in tlio uruh ^ti.in- ,,f tli,.lr .1 , i

l-rk form numerous „-avv Jler ... or . V ''' '.''/'""'^"^ ■•""' "orkin,^ un.I.r tlu>

free. ' ^•""^"'■' <"• P^'-age. wln-h eventually girdle „„.l kill ,|,e

vijrorous trees. Tli.v
IvwMiile to k....,, the WoodJot free of

i..roS ^f. "^z :;:::r;; t :;;:,:;:r':i:i::;::;i;r ---"r r ^— - "•••

inject with it. A eo„,„arative:v f" 1 "i . " *";!"7 ''" ''-'-"-tioM of the

n;;.i.y ..ttaek the weak , , , ;. ,„e:;;;,.':d:i::,r""

.■■lekly or dying trees.

Rorersworkinffin the trunks,,,, in ti ut l„s.s ,1 n.M.ler.hl I

inif useless, or n..arly so. „n„.h valnal,!,. ni.teri-il V '"'^"'''^;''^''; ''^'''^f^v l.y nnd.T-
«-od with numerous .^alleries .,nt th e « 1 H " ff, h ""'■^' t ""•■^- ''""'■.voon.h the
or,^.nisu,s of decay to estubli.,h themsel^vs "'""'*""" "'""'^ f"-" ^■"'"-

I.caf-eatinpr eaternilhirs .nre -i s,,r;,,ii „ f ■
'lu-so inseets will kill the 'rVe. ' '" "'"'" •^■''"^' ^''"'■"t'''l .''ff.''"I<. of

Windfall, the res.alt of a„ o„,.n border

l.|lot,i

worm), which destroys he bnd , f 1 ^ """""""■■^ <■""-! <1'- -Pru..e bud-

rr J. DiSEASK

Iree diseases are usually caused by parasitic fnnxr! TV,o
ordmarily met with in the woodint „,. ft ^ ,'.", *""ff'. The most common funpi
hollow t unk. ,-.r"iLc h h- T . .'' ^"'V'' '""''' ^''"'y- Tliscolourrd •.v....d

attached to th; side tre^;^^^ P'/J-'-- f-quently found

the.v

lecay-pr.>
are sometimes

12

/"/,7>77M ItUWill III l.lfllV \,i. r.'J

'■^ii:';.i iMv iM..r..|.v Iruiliny l„„|i.., „f ,1„. owmh-im uruvvi,,^^ „i.ln„ tl,.. u 1 ;„hI ,■ ,„-

;"*■' "-'''•;"•';'•'!•■"■ Tl„... I s ,„-„|,„... n ,„. .,...,1... ,„. -,„,,,.- .. ,1.,. ;„v MHi.llv

IrrMMMl wln.-l, „n. .-Mrn..,! l,,v tl„. wi,,,! ,„• „,1„,. „„,,„. ,„ i,,,-,.,., ,„i„,. ,,,,, ,.■„,. ,|,-;
n;;,^.M_.l,.,.:,y,,,^ ,r..,> ,,,„! l,^s Mr. . -„„n.,. „f ,l,n,.vr t,. .1.,. „,|„.r tr,-... Tl,.. n.n„v.l

"' '"■ '"'"'^ , "''• ••'■''• ""■ "UMM.Ii.t,. clMMfx.T ,.f tl„. -|,„n., .|,r,.„li„;.'. l,„t it -I ,|

'-I I- M--,„M,.,I ,1,:,, „ „ill ,.r,„li,..„.. ,!,„ .1,.,,,,. i„ ,|„. „tr,.,.,..,l tr,.,.,. Tl„. ,|,..,,v i„ ,|.,.

'■'7 "'." '-" -IMVn,!,,,:: ;„„i -,„„„,■ .„• l.„.r nrw 1 i... „il| 1„. ,i. v..!,,,,,.,!' in tlut

I'.ii't "I- 111 -..,„,. ,,||i,T |,,irf i.f tlic trci-.

Ma.,> .1 II,,.-,. ,l,.,.M.v-|„.,„ i„(,. f„„.i ,,r, M„t ,..|„.|,1,. ,,f „tn„.ki„^' „ t.-,.,. ,.x,.,,„

. n„,„l, . u.,„„.l ,„. .vl, n. ,1,.. l,,.,rk I,,...,. |„.„k,.„. ,„„l ,|„.r,.,„n.. ,„ ,„i„iM,i.,. , ,..

li ..„- t,,,- -l,„„.,| 1,,. :,v„„l,..|, ll„. Iruiti,,.. 1„„|:,.- IV, ,„„.„,l.v ,l,..,.|„,, .„ „ ,,|,„,.
"I,,..-,. tl„. tn,. 1,;„ l,..,„ ,„,,„,.,,! „,„1 tl„. I„n^i„- 1„„ „l,t„i,„,l ,.„fr„,„.,..

3 Thinning

1 1,1' i',ii,iliti,ii,

Inu K.' MTnl ,.,lv,.... u, r.>.„r.l t„ ,,r„,H.r tl„„„i„;r. It i- ,.„-il,l.. „„lv ,„ ' ■„ ^^^i

-m.. ol tlu. ttun^s wln,.h sl„,ul.l 1... l,„n„. i„ ,„i„.l wl,..„ „„!i,.,.t:,ki ; : ^ rk 1
<l"l'.'mN .ip,,., tl». .,m:-n,...,t ..f fh,. i'«T-oM i., ..hMrn.'.

Im tl,.. w,„„ll„t ..,„„;,i„i„^r ,„M„y -,,....i,.s tl,.. r..|n,iv,. vnlu,. .,f ..„,.i, .|„.,.i,,. „„„,

X. r :■;;:', ^"*"' ■';:'•.••"■-;'-"-" •- ''-<■■' »^i-. t„ ti„. „.i„pt„i,ii!ty „f .

. ..lb >|...,k^„^ .„..r ,„Mpl,.. ..1,„, whit., asl,. l.i..k„r.v. wl,i„. ,„k. l,......l,. ..l,...„,ut ,-,.,i

"I' - PH,... r,..l ,,„,... wlut.. >pr,...,., r,.,i s,,ru,.... „„,1 ,.,,h„. ,,.. ,1,.. „„., ,|,.i „,,|.. , ,,, !
,ii- ' ..v..rL'r('('i,s. '

.v..rKr('('i,s

li, i„;,i,.v wu,,.ll,,t, whi,.l, l,;,v,. 1,|.,,„ ,„.,,t,.,.t,.,l fr„m ,-.
;,fr,'.i frn.wth „f ,v„uMf< tr.vs ln,s ..pn,.,« „p i„ tl,.. in„r.. „p..„ ph,..,.s. This is u .I,.-;,-

t'riMi, i.;i,||,. iiii.l tir.. ii «l..|,si. ..vi.|

^.I'K; ••"M.l.t,,,,,. Jn tlu.ir v,„.th th,. tr....s sl,„„l.' 1... c-l,,-,. ..„,„.Kh t„K..tl,..r t., 'f,,,-,... ',
n,p,. h..,trht-Kr,.wtl, „■„! pr.„iu,... .-h-ar trunks. \Vh,.n nl,„ut tiv v..„rs „1,1 th,.v s|„.„M

.,UM^...r tr,w„ ,...«, •,, .,.,0 p..r ,„.r... This „u,„.,..r will ,ra.h,„lly ..i„ .h'„„ i

M ars .'t "K- ... stan.i w.ll ..„„„,„ ,V,.,„ ,.,„„ t„ ,•;....„ rr....s. an.l at „,at,.ritv ,„„
m.ir.. thai, l..(l of the orimnal tr....s will rciii,iiii.

I...ft t., its-.lf th'.s tl„n>,i„fr w„ul.l ,.„„„. ahout in a „at,„-al wav. Tl,.. „,„r,. vi..„-

..... tr....s will K,.t ahea, ,,f th,.ir w..ak..r „..i>.hl,.,„rs a„,l .s..„„..p „r l.tor ov..rtop tl^.,,,

•nu.MMK tl,..>n to die. J ■-.■..s. .v..,, „f th. sain,, spo.-h.s. ditf.r i„ th..ir ra-.. „f U.utI,"

^atu.•.. h..wev.>r. ,s slow. a„,l a littl.. assista,,-.. l,v wav „f artili.ial thi„„i,.,:

w, 1 stnnulate th.- ,^n,w,h a,.,l .,.,„rat.. it i„,„ a sn,all..r „un,l„.r of th.. ,nost ,!..<;

«hl,. troes lr.,p,.r art,l„.ial thi„„i„u will short,-,, th.- tin,.. r..,p,irr..l for tl,.- tr,...s ,,.

r.-ai-h inark..tahl.. >iz.. I,y ten to fift....|, y,.ars.

ThKoIU c V '.'lIlNXIN.;

The prmiar.v ..hje.-t ii, thinnii,- is to stiinulat,. growth hv trivinL- ..a.-h tr.-.. s„ffi
e.ont hpht an.! spa..e to develop and .v..t ,„ai„tai„ a eomph.te' eanopy ov..r the entir..
ar..a of the w..o,llot. so that there will h.. no deteri<,ration of the soil

Tk. ninnlHT of tn^-s per aere or th.. spa.-in^, of tl,e trunks i„ the stand an- not
Kuuies to the ..rop.T an.ount of thinninfr to Ik- do.,,.. To u.„lerstand the prineipl,.s
w.,i..l, un.h.rl,.. th.. pro,.,.ss of thi.,ni„;?, .„„. ,l,oui,l kn,.w ,so,„..t,hinjr ..f th,. phvsioloc. e,!
KTowtli of a tree. ■ ".-e-n

Ckovmh ok ,,ik T„KK.-The jnaterials whi.-h .nake up a tr,,. are earhon. various
..i.n,Tal ...atfrs. a.,,1 wafr. The earhon is d,.riv,..| fro.., th,. ,.arl,on dio.xi,le gas wl,i,-h

OF CROWN COVEH.

ren.oval nf any parti, ul:.r tree VmZ« ,h, , T '"- "'"'" ''"' •"■ •■""»«■'' •'V the
rnakMii,- a ga), ^^l.i^l, will take .on.si.Vral.l,. ' t'ime'V,', «'l''''*'u' " "T ''"'°''' "> '" •'^■"'''
the ground sl.arte.l '""'^ '" "'■ '^*''-l' the tops tcuehins and

M— lit

14

/■((/(•A.v/AT lll;\.\(ll III III ll\ A',. til>

>^ .■v,.r.vwl„.n. pr..s,.Mt ,„ -1„. a,r mm.I i- ,.1...,, in |,v tho l..n,„ Tl,.. iniiHTal inattor.
ar.' tMk.n ,,. I.v tl,.. ru„tM an.l .•.,ii.lu,.tr,l |„ th- l.'av.-s. ,ii..„lv,.,| in water. In fl„. \.^^^■c*
a lari.'.' fart of tho wal, r i> c-vaporat-.l aii.l nivii out to tl... air. l..avinir tl,,. .„i„,.r,l
niatt.r. A portion ..t tl,,. n,in,Tal niattor r.niain^ ,l,.po,it,.,| in th,. I.av.-. an,l ntun',..

to th,. ..arth wh,.n tlu- l..av,.. ,lr,-p oil. Ti„. r.„,ai, r i. a,.tcd upon l,v tl,.. .nnliRhf

whn-h strik... th.. l..av,.. an.l a pr -, .„rr,..pon,lin8r to ,li^,..tIo„ in'anin,als tako-

pla,.,.. Jn th.. l..af th.. various ni,„,.,aU an.l tl arlx.i, ar.- nonihii,,..?, or as.imiiat.-.]

to form fo.Ml tor th.. tr..... Th.. f,,o,| i, th..,, .-arri...] .lown from tl„. I ... throuKh th.'
..iif,si.l.. la.vrs of th.. t,..,.. an.l n.'w ,.o,,.| i. f,,rm..d imni,..liat..l.v ui,.|,.r th.- hark -ill
alone till' 'iiani'lu's, trunk, nn.l roots.

Th.- inin..ral3 wl,i,.h make up th,. f 1 ,,f a tr...- r.'allv f,,rni a v.tv ,nv,ll p.rt

..t Its mas«. This ran h..:.t h,. r.-aliz,.,l l,.v ..onipariritf th.- w,-i«ht of a ^'ick of w,'„„l
with th,- wvitrlit of it.s a>h nff.T it ha« h,..:, h,„„(. Tho „>h 1, ft is ' .rK..lv tl,.- minora'
suhst :„",. whi.'h was tak.'M ii, hv ,1„. p,,,,,. Th,. carlK.n tak.'n in hv th.^ I, iv,- ■,n.l'
a-,,v moisturo in tho w,.o.| l,av,. pa-,..l otT a- i:-.,.. .ni,,ko, an,] st.-a,,,

EFKK.-T .,r {'«..« i.iv,,.^ It will th.-nfor.. 1„. .,.,.„ that a vory larffo prop„rtion of
any tr.'O hm U,;; .hr.-.v-l thnaiph tho :,.av..s from tl,.. air ami that .Minli-ht ami
foliap,. an- v.'ry n.-oiN^ary a>;..nts in it, ;.rowth. .Sl,a,ll:,i: or .-rowiin- wl,'.'!, ii,i,.rf,.|..-
with tho .l,.V(-l.ii,m..nt of tlw loav.-, mu.-t n,.,-,.>-arily ,.I,|.,1- il„. ni.,,„-tl,.

To J^.'op tr,.os too lontr in orow.h-,1 ,tai,.U i, n,,t a.lvi-ahi,.. siniv, nih.T thin--

Hint; .^pial. tho tr.'C r.-'.-ivinfr tho m,vt llnht will p,o,l ,|„. „„,st wo,„l. W,. n„i-.

!"• oar.'ful. how,.vor. not to p„ to tlio oth.'r .xtr.nio an,| -row our tr,.,.s in ,tai„ls whi.l

aro too opon, tor our ohji-.f in irrowii,./ w 1 i. ■.,„t nan.ly i,, - „•,■ it in ,|,iai,titv •

w,. also .loMr.. .pl,^lity. W,. n.piiiv tl„. w 1 in a form iu ulii.O, -v,. ..an mako h,M

MM- of ,t. Onhnanly tl,,- [,„•„, wo mn-i ,l,.-i,.,. ;, i„. u -.nn.-. -t,-:,i.l,t, ,,•„„!,., ,.1,„„
ol .-talis ami braiirlas. whirl, ran lu -awn iiil,, .'...ir. -n,,,,,! li,i,,l„.,>.

It i, «,.ll, ilan.for... lo I,,,,,- i„ ,|,i,„| il|.,t tiv.s n,,,^^,, ; , ,]„. ..,„.,, ,|,, ,„,, ],,^,,

.l.,-,ral.!,. ti-„„k>. .-inr,. it i- .hara.-l.-ri-l io |-.,i- a Iiv,. ulai, ^-,„„L' „„1 vi ■,,;,- t.

s|>r,.a. ,.ut a,„l tak,. all ll„. -p,,,-,. i, ,v,,„i,v-. ami V. ,|,.v,.lop ,, 1:,,^,-. l.,w. l.„-l,s l„.;„i
on a short trunk.

To soour.. fall. ..k-ar trunk- w,. must pivv, „t tho .Town or h,-a,l l„.,-,,ml„.' t,.,.

nr,'.. ami spiva, ,i,,- A\ .- mus, ..a,,,,. ,!,.. low..,- l„.,ii,-l,..s to l„. prum.,1 otf whil,. ,.oi„-

I.mmv..Iy Mual- -,. that ,h,.y will ;,.av.. .o L.r... .tuhs ,„ form kuo,- ;„ ,1,.. ,,w„

Tl,.. most pra,.tioal way nf hrin^i,,^ ahout tl„. .h-sir.-.l r.^ult is t„ .row.l tho tiv...

1 =tamis an.l thus limit tho .piautity of li^ht which .^an roa.h tlu.m. I!v ,.i-„w,lin..

hom r,,m tho time that th,y„,v ,,„it.. small ami fr.,m timo to tin,., thinning thoin

.St 1. roquiro ,t wo ,.a„ retain a si.lo sha.lo of tho proper donsify, wliirh will eaus.-

ho prnnini, ,,, take phu-e hut at tho same time will not provent tho tree from main-

tariiii- a ^ooil rato of jjrowth.

Dkvsitv <io^K„^,;n hv L,,;,,,- Ui:,,, ikkmknts.-A woodlot oom,K,so,i of oolv a f.-w
spooic-s ,s vory mm-h easier to thin intelligently than one eom^osed of verv ^i n

. ot the same .ha.lo-..n.|uring ,,ual,ties an,I .-a.-h nui^t ther..for.. r.H.oive spe.-ial con-
Mderation Tr.....s wh,..h ..mlii,,. miuh sha.iiiiR require t,^ he k,.pt crowded for a longer

o dil ." '■''■•■"■/ "^" "■''■.''^^ "'-' "'"- -'"'•'' demand muoh b>ht and. th.-r.-for.-, a ,■
roaaily prunt-d hy erowiliiiLr.

Foresters ola*, the ditfer..nt sp,.,.ie, ao..ordin^ to their .sha.lo-endurin.^ qualities,
o a ''ttr nt"' t ""'''t^T '""""''; ''' '''' '"""^ *^hade-en,liirers an.lnn- spoken
^reat e.x,..nt, and ,f erow. led wil prun.. their tniTiks when nomparativelv vouns. .^udi
trees aro ela.se^l as intolerant or Ii.ht-.h.man.linK spo-ies. Between the twn ..].,=4'

Mix.'.l .t.n,.l „f ,vl,l.o „ln... «ln... s„n„ ., m,„i ..„..,„ fir l„.f.,r.

iliihiilnK

Ml.cd suu.a of »i,Ke ,„no. w.me .,„„.,., nn„ „a,sa,n fl,. af,..r ,.„nni„«

16

riti/tMin iiinMii niirnn v.. .,'i

'" •'':; '■"l"7"" li>' ""• tr,.- I,.,v, I „ ur ,1 „. nhn.z ... th-ir li«l,f r .ir.-

...._.,.-. In- ynl.r i- „.. „l,„.;„t,.l.v nx...l. 1„„ «,ll l„. f,„.n,l ,„ v,.r,v .„m..«lmf iu

-iitf-r..,., I-nl,n,.. II,.- -,i.. M,M,M .1,:,.!, „ ,r.... ur..«- ,„„l it. „u.. intl,,,.,,.-.. >t. ..l.ilitv

!■• . ,„li,r.. ,1,;., ,.. \ „„„« ,r...... „. „ ml. . will ,„:..nit.. M,„r.. ,hn.lii,ir tlwn, il...-,. n.M.r.T

m;,n.nt,v. wl„.,. ,, ,n... «n.winH: .„, ,. .,t.. n..t l,...f .„if.l t.. it t.... wt „r t,,., ,ai,.lv

t-r ,M.t..„'. will ,„,|„r,. I..... .|,„.l.. .I,„„ if it hml pr„,,..r ,„il „n,| .n„i-t„r ...lit^ .„^;

SiiKiir Miipli'
n.MS'li
Il.nii.M-k
Itiil-iiiii I'lr
S|iriic(>
WliiliM',..!,,-
Silver Mii|plt>
li.'^l .Miipl.'
Khn

llll' linrtliiilr

CllC'-tllllt

liir.'h

W'liiti- I'iiic
nin,'k Wi.lii.it
S.vi'Miihir.'
Ithi.'k (li.rr.v
Hnk

l.lilhtltimillflf ,:i
lilll.k A-ll
Whit,. A-ll

.lii.'k I'in.'
Norw.iv Till..

<'..it..iiw I

l'..|>liir
I iiinnriirk
lli.'k..rv
I ii-t

III the ciiM' nt" 11 VLiiiitf -tiiiLii ,if inixi'il .p.iri..* it js .Icsinil)!.. t., li.iv.. »n,ii,.
Mowl.'.li:.. ,,f til.. m)iiir..iii..iit.* of fadi s\H-rw^ j-i rwiird f.i liBlit iiiuj sl,„,l,.. TA.- lor
.v.mip:.. n >tnii,i .•niitiiiiiiiitf n mixtnr.- iif .v,,iiiil' wliit<> piiio niwl ti,.ml,„.k. ....iniiiif u,,
tivftii.r. 111., wiiit.. pill,. Lciti^f til.. iii„r,. valiiiil.l,. is the oii.< w,> ,i,..*irc to m.^cmrni;..
till. iiior<>. mill it j.; fli..r..f<.r.. w..ll t,. kii-.w tlmt tli.^ li.tiil.H-k will Imtli , .i.lur,. „m.I
prn.iu,... iiinr,. -lui.i,. tliiui tli.. wliif,. pit,,.. W,. Illll-t f;iv,,iir 111., wliil,. pi„. 1,1 thiiii,:,, .

im.l ..n.-oiiniw.. it to kr.'p uli 1 ,.f tli.. l,..i,i!..rk. f,,r .l„„il,| tl,,. I;,„il.„.k I, ,ii,. ,l„.

"lc'iiii„iiiit tl-.... tl,.. whit., pill., wmil.l ^,,,,,1 |„. <1i:i,1.kI ..lit.

It i- ,1 ,.h,ii.,i,.t..ri.ti.. ..f -p.vi..s wlii.-l, iir.. ii,t..l(n,„t of ,li„.l,. t.. Inn., nipi.l «,-,,»iS
m iiirl.v lit... iiii.i l,.,-!,,,.,. .,f tl,i< ,,ui,.k «-r..wtli wl:..„ ,v,,ii„a ti„ v .;,„ i„ ;, „.,.iiMir,.

coiiipif.. with th.. iii.ir.. -haili-i.mliiriiiu; -p.^.i,- , „ tli.. -iiiii.. lm I

S|.,...i... whi.-li „n. iiit.h.niMt nf .hii.h. iir,. i,U„ tlm... whh.l, p,-,,.!,,,.,. vrrv littl,.
-Ii.iil... anil -li.i,l,-,.|i.iuriiitf sik.|.i,.- ....riiin- up iulKt th,.iii nro thi r..f.,r.. ii,.t H'.ri..ii-I>
liiiii|.v..i| 111 th..ir tfi-nwth inr.c- th.. ov,.rh..aii staml i- v..r.v .I.tisc.

Wii vv TO Thin

As iioiiit..,! .,ut i.ls.wh.T.., tiv, , ..v.u „f th.. saiiu- s|),.,.i,.s d., n.,t all «■,■,, w at ih,.
■am., rati.. Aii.l. althoiidi ii ^tiiii.l ,.f tr.., s may -tart up t..>f, tlii-r, -o „i..r .-r iai -
|...rtaiii iiidivi.hial tr...- will ^rv' al,..a.l ,,f tli.ii- ii..itrhl„„„.s. 'pii.'-.. m.,r.. vi-.,r..us o!i,.l
"ill u'l-a.Imill.v ..niwil ami ..>.•■ top tli.iso siirrmimiim.' tlirm. until maiiv'havc 1., ..i,
wak.iu..! and killcil. rp.)ii .xaniiiiin^' such a stand wv will find trcs t'rndiiii.' fr

nil' most viu.iroiis to those which an- .l.vin- ami .lead. Fnr,.st..rs liav.. divi.l.-,?

;v..s into four i.lass,.s; dominant, iiitcriiiiMliat... supim'-scd. and d.'ad. The vi'L''j'r,.ii
ones ill..-., with till. Iiir;.'... full crown, staii.iinjr well up into the liirhi, ar,- tii.-
ihiiMiiint. Tho... whU'li ari. ..rowd..ii at the si.lcs hut still rccciv.. ,.on,-i<l..i.ai.',. li-ht
trom alhiy.- aiv th,' intcriii..diat<.. Th.. suppressed tre...s uro thos.. whi.h are sl,,w'v
living'. They hav.. he..|i ..V(.rtopped \<y the otht.rs and liavo h.st in tin- race,

In a stan.l .,f this kind th- removal of tlie more clos..l.v erowil..,! iiiterm...'iiate t s

vr.uld be eoiisi,I..reii a mmicrat,. tliinninj;. It mi^rht i,, soiii.. in-ti s ]„. f, ,,-,,1

,!dvi>al.le to reiii.ive ....rtaiii tre..s .,f til,. .l..miiiant elas-; this, li,,v.-..v,.|.. ,|,.p..n.ls np.,ii

me .indj;m..|i, ot th,. p,.r>..u in charfre. S, ress.«i ami ,h.ad tr.r.s can 1... v. iie.ve '

er the same tun... 1 nt th,.ir removal is onlinarily s,,.,k..u .,f as - improv,.,a.iit .•uftin-"
:'"'■■ " " ""' '"■' ''»■ I'l-im^nv pnrpoM ,,|- .timiil.illnjr Lrrowtli. liii|,rov..|ii..nt ..iitt-i-
']-. ili-.-i|..iMl i.n aiiothir piiL','.

Ill liiiiiimiu-, -,i,.-t lii,. in...s ymi ,\,-^ur to retain ami th..,, ,i....i.l.. • tr.-,- -h .n'.!

'' ■ '•'" •" '"''l' '•" -^ tli^" ^'i-'' I" ivmaiii. It i. uvil t.) thin on th.- i.le :..„; ta!;,'

Ill
III,-.

I lll\ \I\U

i;

• Mit too liiilr nilli.r tliiiii too iini.li. <) nii iiluiiv. i.- 1 k lufir iiihI rv vr .1

l<« iiiorf tr.'.-, if iH,-..,.nr.v. wliil.' it i- u iiiikIi w>rr .litlli'ult inntt.r to ovir ii.' th.

"■v;l ' too M'viTi' lliiniiiriir.

'' '- " ^ I ifM.Tnl rulr not to nil ,, ir,.,. if ii, rnnoMil wi!! |...n,. .,., o,„.|ii,m

"Im.-Ii niiiiioi I,.. cloMil \,\ III.' lin'ii.'li.. of >urroiiMclina: tr.r- in ihr.v or four mm.--,
hor till, rr,i..,ii liu'lit tliiniiiiiif. iii^i'l-' r\,r\ tivr or ■i\\ .vnir- iirr li.'ltrr tliuii -.'V.r.'
tlniiiiiiii.'^ iii^iili' iif loiiLNT |H.ri.ic|..

Will N To l!i.i,i\ Tiiiwim:

Forr^trr.. ill Ki.roj,,. |„iv,. u nilo wi,i.|, .nx*: - TU\u -Mrl.v. oft.., „1 in„,l..nitrU "

I 111- iiHMiH to l».tfii, whrii till- triv. arr ,till Miinll, ,im soon ,h tl,r !o«, r -.•! of l.ninri,, .
Ii.iv.. 1,,.,'n Jiill.Ml, iiimI tli.ii to iT|...|if th.. tliii.iiiii,; .-virv fo,,.- or ti^,- v.nr- ll i. ,

"■'■■'■ K 1 f"' '• i'' l">-<-il'l.-. -hoiild 1,.. follow..,!. Ill il,i, .ouiitrv. Iiowv.r tl.o

lUTiitf,. w.HMllot owiH.r will prolmlil.v tiii.i ,1 1 .,v..|,i..„, to l,..tfii, tliiniiini; wli.ii

111.. iiii.l..niil to 1,.. r..|ii,,v...l i- of siit«(.i.Mt ,ii... lo 1,1,1k.. tiri.woo.l or li. iiv.l for ,oi,„.

otluT |.iir|K,-... Ill „ W..1I st.,..-k...l iif..r .tnii.l th.. Hr^t fhiiiiiiiin is nir..|v ii.v.|...|

l"tor.. th.. r...., iir.. fr.mi t.-ii to Hfl-.i, .vnr. oM; »irii iiio..t hroiLl-h.^v..! tr....,' it i, i.oi
'"■ ;'' '"■'"'■•■ ""• '""■"t.v-Hfth v,.„r. Thi- ,l..|K.|„!s of r-.-, „ il,. .h.iiMtN of ,1„.

4— IMPROVEMENT CUTTINGS

Til.. t.V|,i,-iil w Hot of fo.j.iy ,h,.- not coiitiiii, tl ii;.lilv of iiiiit.riiil that it

iiiiirht, hail It not h..,.i, n..«l....t...|. Tl aivl,.- ri'iiiova! in tl;,- jui-t of th. ,on,„| an. I

vmoroii* tri...H of th.. h,.tt..r spc.ii.s un.l th,. l..»vin>r of ov.TMiatiir.. ami .li.,-a\ iinr oii.-
a- H-..11 as th,. 1 ,,.ri,,r kiinl-, have rf>ult...l in it, i.r..>,iit i,o,.r .•ompositi.Mi. Infi-rioi-
,;..-|.|..s ar.. o,-,.uiP,vinK >im-t} that slum:,! h,. urowinsf in,,r,. ,l.-irahl.. tr..,,. l'o|,la|.
»Mi hiv, liawth,,rn, imin-oo!, h,>nih„-k, aii,l ji.nin..r hav.. tak..n th.- .,1a,-,. of iimph. a-h
in.-k.,i-.v. ..|ni. an.l pin, ()|,| tn-.,. I,,i,»r ,.v,Ti,iatiir... hav.. I .•■ 1, ','t ,tan,linjr- ii,
many ,.a„> tl„-ir > :,l,.-,,,i...a,liiii; top- -hiittiii- ,,ut th.. liu'lit fn.in voiin-.T tr.., . .ii,i
pM.vcntiiiK their propir <i..v..lopin,iit.

Sll..|i iin.h~.inihl, i.iiih.ns ,h,.„l,| 1„. ,-\rAvnr,{ aii.l ail fiiliir,. .iittliii:, ,hoiiM

"■ ,lir,.,-|..,l with tin. „hje,.t in view. Cnsonn.i. .Took...!, hrokcn, an,l ,j,.a.l Ir...- sl„,iil,l
Im- r..in,,v,-,l. [ 'i..y ar.. in..r,.|y ,„-tii,t' as a hr....iin;r plaiv f,,r the ortfnnisrns of d.-'av.
«hi,.h tiom t.H.ni may I,., tran.niitt,.,! to th.. soiiiul tr... ,. All inf,Ti,.r s|.....l,,s uhhii

.■ir.. ..ith..r int..rt,.n,i«- with th,- growth ,.f I ,.tt,.,- -p,.,.i, , or a,.tini.' .1, - i-tr...., sli.,nh|

111' I'lit.

It is n,,t a.lvivihl.., li,,w(.v..r. to r..in.,v,. -ii,h " w,....! tr,...s" whor,. ili..v an. -■

.-ary t,.r th.- |,r,,t,.,.ti,,n ,.f th,' -oil an,| .vl„.|.,. tli,.ir r..ni,,val w.niM (...riiii't ^ra-- a'..!
J.iaml.li.s to ..stai-lisli th..nis..lvi.s. Wh,.,, r.niovint' a Ir,.,. .^in-i.h.r th,- -i/c .,( th.
opi'i.int.' whi.-ii will h.. l,.ft ill th,. tr.... t,.ps an.l th.. pr.,hahl.. .■tr,.,.t of this op,.|,inL' o;,
th>. soil an.l u-row-th l>..low. Th,. app..anin.... ,,f -ra-s i, a sii,'i. that no iiior,. ,Mitlii!.4
-h .,ihl h.. ,loii,. until ,t ha- h,-,.n -lia.1,.,1 ..nt. It is. th..r..for,.. n,.t always l...-t t,, w, I
out th,. in|-,.i-ioi. -p, ,■„., all at ,,ii.. liin,'; If n,.,. — ary it -hoiihl ]-.,. ,.'xt,.n,l,.,l ,,v,t a
pi'iioil ot y,.ar-.

'I'll,, ri'inova! .,1 many ,l,.a,l. <ro,.kc,l. ami iin-i-litly tiv,.- t.-iuls t,> inipi,.v,. th,'
•i|;l;''iu-aii,-,. of th,. w,H„ll,,t, hut ,,n.. shouhl n,it f.irg.'t that this is not th.- r.-al piirpo-,.

,,t iinprnv,-ii..nt ,.ii!tin)i-. I),, not att.iiipt t,) iiiak.- th,. w II,, t " I.,.,k n..at." ..s,,,.,.],,);.,

if this n<.,.,.-sifat.'s the rutting of th,- iin,l..rlini-li ,.oiiipo-,.,l ,,f ymin^r tr..,.s of , ,|,.,ir-
ahl," sp,..i,.s. an-l. mor,. jmi ih-nlarly. if tlii- umhrhru-h is ,.umiMir np in th,. in .iv ..pon
phic's uh,T, th,. ov.a-|i,.a,l ,"inopy i- thin ,,1 1111, I.t ..|,h.r tr....s whi.li will 1,.. niiMs,.,!
Within til.. , oil!-,, nf ;, U-w y,.ar.. Th,. yoii'i- tiv..s ar,. i-,.,piir,.,I t,) r,.|,la.-,. th,. .,1,1

"'"■•■ '""' ■" 'i"' >"">''■ "p, II plai'i's an,] ar,,uii,i th,' l„,ril,.f ..f fli.' w 11. .t tli,.\ ai,-

iv,piir,. 1 to pr,,t..,-t th.- -.,il fr..m th,- ,li-yii|.j: ..fT,,,.t ,,f th,- win.l ami -iin.

II

Klin > / /,■ I iiuwi II III 1 1 1 ii\ \„ lit,

I.. |.r,.,h.-.. i, i. n„t HlwM.v, ,M..,|.|.. ,„ .|r;,« „ .l,.li,„ r U.,„. .,„,,r..v..M,.„.

;• "•""' "■;:' •'""•"""■ "" l-r-^l^-- '.f .l.-r, „m,| 1„„|, ,„„v 1 „r ,...1 ,

Mif ■.iirnr tilt •. '

I.IIIHivri..\ (I TTIM.S Wli Cl I »MV,

\VI,.„

-f .- M..r:,„.,„ ...iHu.u. „„.■.. .1,. V I,l...n.... „r fr... ,1... .„„„;, ,r..,., f„,„, „,., ',„„,„

N..tun,l t,r..M.I-l,.«v.-,| ,,|„.,„i,„-ii„„ ,.„,„i„« in umler r tr.^,.« IToi,.., ihinr.i.,., I,.r

wouM l-enctlt both th,. ol.l „nd y.mns trprs <>>'""'■•« !'«.•

In ,1...,-.. s,.,„|. „|- .v.uM^r , ,|,li„^-. wlH.n. tl,.. ,|r-in,M,. .,,..,.i.., arr ,•u.u,..^,tiv,.!^

S;. .s „M,.,i,nt..l.v ,ur,-,„nMlu,». ....•!. un.. „f .h. I.Ht,.r s,„...io. is ,..r.n..,l " .-l J„i,„."
^ ...n,^ . „. ,.„„„„,. .„ uMdor s.,,.1,,,;: I,,,..!, ,„• ,,„|.lMr i« .,.„,. |.e„oHt..,| l,v this ,.|eanins

t..|. ot .. f.-w „-,l. -,f„.„ ..rv.. tl,.. ,.,„•,...... nn.l i,. .„„.,. .-a.., will 1,. hH .'r than .. m

.•■■■t.'b HH„... th..,M out. n,.. 1„„„..,| ,n.... will ,„ll -nnti,,,... t„ ;,n,r,.,.t th, I • 1

5 DEVELOPING STRAGOLINu YOUNG GROWTH INTO MARKETABLE

TIMBER BY PRUNING

On .„:,„>• farn.s. ..., i„U,v in th,. m utlvinK nKrirultural districts of Eastorn

oo':; inv ';;:,' nr 'T'^ "' ""-'/'-'^-l ^•'--"^- The... are areas wllh a •
pro Tahlv work..l Thoy ha.o there.,. ^ been i inpr abandoned or neglected for „>anv
years, and a -Growth of you,^^ j.,ne, sj.ru.e. balsan. Ilr. o. cedar has sprung, up on the
Th,s new growth has originated from wind-blown se-d of „ei,.hl.o„ri',« stands o r n
seed of a few tr«.s w-h.-h have escaped the axe durinf. the clearing.. This new ,^r nv ,"
should be encouraged since it occupies land unsuit^-d for cltivatini;

In some places the growth mav b." .iiiitedr-i.-f -ind :<■ nrrr.vrr 1 i' • i n

„, 1 oi • J.1 1 . ", if'tr uti. t aiiu .. prrniittc-u to come aiieaci will

soon be sufficiently crowdc.1 to produce desirable clear straight timber. On -.her areas.

fill \l\li

It

III.

IT
I.

h"W,.y..r. ...,H,..,,lI,v .m tl...... .., „„„.. .|,.,,„„'.. fr..m th.. ^..,| ir.,-. tl... „^nvtll wiM !«•

loi.i„l v.rv u|K„ ,.,mI „„It..r...|. TI... ir.-. i.r.. *, far .ipiirt. iImi .l,..,r l.r.i Au-* «i||
.i.-v.T lii.-t t.. l„riii a -I .,;„„1. ur ..I I..,,! .„,( ,,,,(.1 th.. tr.r, h,n.- r.,.,- I „ lawo

P»1Z('.

Wli.r.. |[„. lrr..H arr Mill ,timll. t«.. or thr... f.^t hitfli. ih.. |,r r ,|.n,i|v f,.r pm-

.lunnK tf,„.,| Miahriiil iim.v Ih- „l,tai„r.| l.v urtiti-iai «.-.|i,w .,r ,.h,nt,Mtf ,.ii„„,if iImii

Or If r.i.i.v Imi.fN-i, that ui. .•x.M.,,ti.,i,all,v u I I -t,,,, .vi|| |,ri„tf aJH.ut a thi.k.Mi,,

..f Hi.. iMv. -faii.l. S....,! yrar* ar.. iin....r(aii, an.l, «h..r..f„r,.. plain i„if i^ r...N.iii.M.„.|.„

lli.r.. ar.. irian.v ,ii..|i „|„.„ -ia,„N, hmuvr. in whi..|, th.. tr-.- liav.- r..a.h. ,| th.-

Ii^itflit ..t l..n to litl...M f..,t nr iMur... ai.-l ar.. now loo f„r a.lvai. I to I,. ov..rt«k..n au.l

«'tT....tiv..|.v .■r..«,l,..| l,.v aii.v h>t..r irn.wth that ..uiv ..oi,i.. i„ ,.i,|,..r n.nirallv or arlilh.iall.v

'"■"""'« '""''•'■ •'"•-"• "I"'" I 'i"i'- III., tr.,- will alua.v. rrmnn l,rai,..|,v aial wl,.'.,,

7" "'" I"''"'"' ''.^' "if.Th,i :Mat..rial. -ii a.li hraia h vvhi-h ha, In...i, alhiu.-.l to

;:;'■"'"' ""■ '"''" l-"-''"" "f H"' "-'"ik «ill r..-nl' ;„ r rnor.. k,wt. i„ ll„. ,l.,.r

ihi- str.iiKth aii.l valii.. ..f th.. mat. rial i, th.r.h.v T..atl.v r...lii.i..|,

lio« 1.1 I'm m:

. ■' '- "l'lMin.,,1. tlhi,. t it tl;,..,. Iari:,r.|., iiuroui, tr,,r ar.. t., |.r,.,lu,.,- saluaUo

tinuMT lh..y iMii.t Im. artili,.i..:,, :,nu„ ,1. Tl„ lo||.,«i„:: ,,|;,„ i. .n.^^,..^,.,\■, Th.. pnin-
iiiL'_-li,,iihi h..t.'lii, if p,.s-ih!.., l„.|,,r,. ll„- :,iu,r hr.nM.I:, - l,.,i,. ,l„,| ,,r h,,.,,,,,,. ,,v,.r ,.11.-
•'i''' "" '"'■1' ill 'li^ I' 1- an,l iM'tor,. tl„. tnuik i- „\,\- Imut iii.li,.

til ,liaiiii.t,.r at

Soatl.T.-l „-tnwth wlli.ly ,:..>, 1„. rii:..le |.. ;.nHlu. ,- w-s.-lul ,n,,l,ri,,l l.y s> .<t,il,at ,.' l.niiii,,:,.

.*fimip hciul.t. In ,,rl,r ll.at I , -1 r,..iilN i,k,v |„. ,,],ta!i....l tl,,. hr.n:,!,, , iiuwt 1 ut

off ri-ht al til. tniiih. .\., pr..j, ..liiiir htiih, i„ii<t U l.ll. T.. !. av.. loiij; ..ml,, uiU
ol.v,"N,ly h;iv,. th;. sam,. ■.■IT,.,-! a,< I,;,vi„- l.raii,.li,-. Tli.y 1„, ..,„„. ii„h,.,|,l, ,1 in li„.
ho.ly ot th,. tr,.,. :m Hi.- i.,-.-- w...hI i- f,,nn..,l ar,.ii;i,i lli, 111, an, I lli,. r. ,ii!t i- ;, !,„.-,■ ki,.,t
in th,. Miwii tlliihcr.

Th.. 1. ranch,- should not !„■ n.liioV..,! t.,o many at a lim... 'i'lMV ,hoiil,i ho out
!.'radu.aliy. that i<. tw,. or thr,.. wh.irK ,.f th,. l,,\v,.,t hran,.h,-s 1., 1„. tak.n off .vorv
threo or four y.'ar*. Tli,. fop or ^r.. n ....rtio!.. of n,,. !r;r t)-,.-.:.,].) -,!t.. v- ! ■ 1 ■ ;..i..:.... 1
not 1...-.S tlian on..-half p. on,.-thir,l of th.. t,,tal hi.isht ..f the treo." If too lit'tlo pip'i-
left thp frrowth <.f th.^ tr,.,. is s,.riously r..tar.l,.,l. .W, nior.. fnv..n l,ran,.h,.s aru roiiioVL.d
.V4— 1

20

ini{h:srin itu.wcii ui i.i.r.ris \o. r,9

after the trunk lins l...,.n ch-arvd to the heiglit of lit feet above the ground, since the
objeot IS to i.ro.hu .■ only one sonnil, clear, 18-f(,ot lot' per tree above the one foot
ulh.wed for fitunip heit'ht. The branches above the I'J-foot mark are left to flourish
and extend as the.v will until such time as the trunk may have reached the diameter
required by the owikt and tl'e tree is finally cut down.

KemoviiiR the brandus above the l!(-foot mark is, however, not recrnmended
larjrely k'cause it necessitates a huhU'r of such leuKtli and weiffht being used that it
cannot !«■ readily han,ll..d by „...■ man. Another reason for not removing the green
branches above the first log length is the fact that the greater gri^n top a tree has the
more rnpu, is it^ trunk diameter growth. To reduce the size of the top further would
mean the lengtlicning of the time re,|iiircd to produce merchantable-sized material.

l'iH)i>AHi.E Cost

This i8 a simple methnd of i>blainiiig good material from trees which would other-
wise produce little better than fence-posts or firewood. ]t is not a costlv method when
one considers that the work can be done during the winter when there is comparatively
little work being done on the farm. The total value of the labour when the pruning
has been completed would probably ii,,t amount to more than ten or fifteen cents per
tree. " ^

6— REPRODUCTION

Keproduction may be secured by .-(idiug ur i)hiiit.iiig or by ^prclllt^.

Xatih.vi. Skkding.

The w,.o.i:,.t which i.- in i:r.Mt, -t n,,.,! of ivMnekiu;: „ften i^ the ,.nc in which it is
most difficult to Mvure a iinfm-;.! rcprodu.-tion. SiuOi a woodlot contains maiiv ..pen
gra>-y pal,-h,-, and any .-cmI slid by the surrounding trees has a poor chamv of
n arhini.^ tlie ~..ii an.l gvrniinating. Kven if it .li,l germinate, but a small percnta-e
ol the seedlings would riirvive in ciini|)('tition with the grass.

In many woodlots pra.-tically all the desirable sjucics have been cut out T ul,--,-
abie >pcr,es >nch as hawthorn, ironwood. blue b<.ech, |).,plars. willows, grev brich uhI
hem,.,ck torn, the greater part of the >tand. These are of .mall .•ommercial va'luc
rnd as a result have not been kept in check by pa.* cuttings. Thev are, ther,.fo,v
alilc to pi-o.luce seed in irreat..r quantities and thus have an a.hania-e ovr the otho,'

Alth,Migh trees of d.Mi-ed speci(s may be present in larg,. nmnbers thev mav be
o.tlier too voung or ,0,, ol.l to produc good see,!. Trees which are over.m'iture' will

go on pro,lueii,g seod. but a-, ll.e ,|„a,:tity is -luall aii.l th,- ,|n,-,lilv , , „„lv „ ,,„.,n

percentau'e will gerniinate. ' ' ''"•"'

Again, as a ivmiIi of pa.l .-utting-, one part of the w.odlot may contain tl,.. in,„t
d,^.rabie species aim tlu- olher contain no,,.. Tnder m,cI, cinnnn^lances i, niiv
tal<e a |o„g tun,, to s,r,ire a full stand of the more valuable tr,.- So,,,,. ,vv,-^ pr.i
■Uu-r ~,.,..| only at long i„t,.rvals and othe,-s pi^odu-v so,,,,. s,.,.,l everv v,.a,., but i, i-
only ,s,r\ third ,,r fourth y,.ar that thi-re is a l„-.n v ,-i-,.p. ' '

I'o,- tlie-,.. an,l many oth,.r ,va.,,„s, it is „o, always a.lvisnbl,. ,0 wait for the trees

"'.:':::''..;";/'"'""'■"'■. ^ "'"?' ^"■''"'- -..»—,.,■. ,„.. ..iHap,-, ,,,,.,1,0,1 o,- s,...„,!^

a „..« ,.,-,^, ot young fr,.,.. a„,l, as a g,.iiera! ml,.. u„l,..s tl,.. woo,llo, isi,; a 'v,.;.;-' o^^'m
an, pa:k-l,ke ,..,nd,tio, ,.,. ,1..,,.,,,,., „„.,.;, . ,,„ ,„„ ,,,,.„„, „ -^ ,„,., „, ,_.^ ,, .^ ;
li,.iori. ailopting any othir.

I ml,.,. ,.,.,.tai,i |. iidiii,,!,^ it ],,.,v 1... .,,, ...I,. , . , , ,

""■ " '■'■ - - ' -' -'""' - "-i-'H Vh,.\.oui,;,:::H,T;:,,q:;;!ed':;n,;t

HEi'itoht crnty

21

sirable spooies flu. .Ir.,.], aii.l f;„ats will i.ssi.t t.. .•{.■an it out and make it posslhl,. for
Letter species to pet btart...|. C.M.jitin,,. .„a.v als., ari>e when it is nn a.hantaw to
run hogs in the woodlot for u time. If turncl i„ j„st l,ef,,re the s.m.I l.e^in^ to fall
they niay have the soil well turned up and in ^^,od eondition t,. n.eeive th<> seed
lIoRs, however, are very fond of the seed of some of our heavier-s.-eded s.peeie- sueh"
as beech and oak, and should therefore not he permitttnl to remain too long nft.T th.-
Iieechnuts and ncorns have hepun to fall.

lender sonte conditions it may l.e advisable to pn-pare th,. soil in the neiphhour-
hood of desirable seed-trees after the manner described for broad.'ast .v,winp.

Artificial Seeding.

By "artificial seeding" is implie.l the sowinp of se,.l '.v hM.ul or some m.H.hanieal
device. I- or this purpose s.vd may be gathered where it i most abundant or it mav be
.ouKht fn.m a dealer. It can be sown where most desired and in this wav one becomes
to a certain extent at least, indept-ndent of the s.-ed-trees. New s|Kvies ,,„, in this
way be introduced into a woodlot.

Bhoapcast Sou,N,:.-Ti„.i.e are sev..n,l ways of sowing s,vd. !iroa,lcast sowinp

s the simplest ot these. It consists in scattering the setnl over the area to l>e rcst^,eked

by hand, or m the case of small seeds like those of the .■oiiifers, a hand-seeder ,.ai,

sometimes be used to advantage. When the seed is very sm.-iil mixii,^^ it with sand

sawdust, oi bran will be of assistance by luhliny bulk to it. ' "

It is not advisable to use the broadcast nutho,] where 'lliere is „ h.^ivv .rrowth of
grass and wee*ls or where litter on the forest tloor is (he)). It is Letter to b,vil- this
sod by .li.king. Heavy litter need only be well stinvd up. This ran often bVdone

by dragging a heavy bundle of brush over if after the s 1 has bee,, ,ow„ Where

the forest floor is known to be in favourabl,. eondili and wheiv there i~ littb- .bui-er

from birds a- ,1 ro.l-..t?, the sowing is somet;,,.,.. ,' ,,, early in the ^pvin- on the s„ow

A teble ,.f the (piantities to be sown | er -.u- ■ lor ditT..r,.nt sp,vi,.s is piven els,-
where.

Sk,:,.-s,.ot Sou, X,: Where the area t , 1 ie,l ;, „„„,, „,,.,,, ,„„„,,„, ^^.|„,

brush, lo.-at.sl ,n the side of a steep bill o,-. i„ .r,.,ie,.,,l. too vnu^U to i.erniit the use of
ho,-ses ,n pr, pari,,^, the soil. ;, ,„et!,od koown :,- -ee,l-.pot sowi.ig is .ometi„,es u^e,l
By th,s methid small siwts or areas, varying in size from a foot t.. two yards s,||.,iv
are eb'aivd mhI worked np to the de|,th of several inches. Tiie.e s,,ots nre sp-ieed it
more ,.r le~. iv-ular intervals dependiiiL- iip..„ tlie nature of the irround The n„„v
overrun tlie pla.v is with nn.h.sirabl,. gn.wlh the Ini-gei- ,he spm- .h..ul,| be Spots tw..
feet squar.. and spaed .ix feet a,.art will be fou,„| .ati-faeto,-y „„d,.r maiiv eonditin,,-
Twenty to forty see,|s are rakedinto enel, spot. Some .p.,t- will be t:,il„ve- and oii.e,-'

.will produce ni.iiiy .ee.llings. Wl„ n o„ • ,„,, yea,-s old the M,,,erll,ious seedlin-s

may be tr,ii,s|e,re,l t., the •' f:iil placvs," that is. pi , „l,e,-e tli,. see.ls sou,, l,,ve

faile,!^ to eome up. ,.r where the see,|li,ifr, have died.

Thi< nic'tlio,! lins ih,. ailvantage of re,|,iirinL- o,,ly fioin o,ie tent], to one rpmrtei'
tlie 'iiiantitv of sc-e.l required in broad'east sowing.

I'lAMlvo \i IS, -.\e,„,is. bM.eliiinIs, hiekoi-y n,„s. binte,-,,uis. walnuts .,,1,1
cliestinit- a,-e better plni.ud than sewn. The planting cnsists in removing a square
ol s,.,|. nKikni- :i hole with a point.',! stick and. after dropping in the nut, coveii,,..- it

" ' !'''■."'' ""■'"- ''''•!' "itli enrfh and pressing it d.wn tirnily. The nuts „,,-,y b,.

'■':""'■'' '" I'' "'Ill''- if ''"■•■'• i^ no danger ..f their being fo,,,,,! l.v -.|uirrels ;n,d

' : otiier»vi-e tliev sliniilil he planted in Ih.' s,,riiig.

TbtwvmcKs To Si.iniN,:

, •\l''i'""-'ll ^ li"^' i< "fin, v,a-y S„e,.e~-f„l. the -„eee-. of a„v seediiur meth.-.j

<lcpM„U „po„ many eo„tiiiL',-n,-i,~, A birg' number ,.f the seeds and se.dlinus -ire
St— H

22

/■o/.','..v/7,) lii;\\( II III I.I.I 1 1\ \i,. (HI

il<'.-tn..vtMl l.y hircls, mice, iiiiil Hiiiirrcls. Tn ;i .■i'rt:iiii cxti'iit tlii- cmh 1.<- ,,vvrr,,

I'.v coatiiiK tho seeds liet'nre sowing' with a mixture of (inlinary red le:id inid lin-eed
■ III. 'I'liis iiiiikes them distiisteful. hut will nnt entirely prevent the hirds from luillirii;
tliem u]! lifter they have -|ir(ilited.

()ii UMslia.ied sites a .Iry spell ..f a (vw weeks duriiiR the summer following th(>
snwiiiL' wimld result in the d'eslruetinn nf a larf-'e iiereenta'-'e iif the seediini;s. Warm
humid weather is alsn midisirahle since it favours a diseas.> known as ••danii)intr olT"
which kills many seedling's when they are hut a few days or a week old.

With s>me species the hisrh prier- of seed is one of the preat drawhacks to hroad-
cast sowinfr. f)n larue areas it almost prohiidts the seed heinp n-ed in snUicient
(luantity to ensure a stand .if proper density. However, when the seed can he ohtained
;it a low cost and there is little ,.r no preliminary preparation of the s,,il reipiireil
-eedint.' i< eon-iderahly idieaper than i)lantiTiir.

A IJUMil ],!:!(■(■ to It::iM. t '|jfl

I'liimm;;- i- ni^re certain of ~nc.-,.-- ti.aii M-cdinir on .-w,nii|iy -;te-, on shiftinur -and.
'■r on liill-idr> and ntlier plaee- whiM'c the -c<"d i~ in da:!^'.r 'f \->-\]\ii w:!-ii.-d aw.ay.
It is :iIso hetter to ))Iant ..n arc. is o\-,.;L;'r.,wn wiih iJra-- or uc.d- or wIkm'c the L:ra-s
and weeds are likely to c,,uie in Leforc the yain^' tree- can '.jet them-elves (.stahli.-lnd.

Pl.ANTINf,

Plaiitin:.' is tlie \.r-t nictiiml ..f .■staiilishiiiy a forc-t L'rowtli. It nin-t not he
imagined, however, that plantinir a f -t is like planting' an orchard and that the .-anie
time and lahour are m ce.-ary to ))la: ,i forest tree as is refpiired in si'ttini; out a fruit
or ornamiMital trer.. l!y •'forest platitim;"' is implied the -i^ttinii mir of small trei-
from three to eiL'!il(,.n inclie- hiiih, which hav,' either hcen raised in the nnr.-ery
esp,.,-a!;y f.,r this puri>ose or have hmi c.,lle,-t,d from plac, s where they have sprunsi
up from natural siM.lini;'. Tln' c.-t in time, lahour, ami money i- very much less
tiian tiiat rciuiri d to >et out .in e.iiial numlier of orcliard trees.

Wn.n Stock vki;si > Xi hskrv Sto, K.---Wild <tok i.- somctim. - n-i d for fonst
iil.iiifinL'. r.y ■"uiM ii.i.'k" is ]!!' ant scediie.irs whicli liave -ie.ninL' ;;•' in tl'.e fiphl; or
Woods as tlie result of nal ,ral -ceding. Xurscry-.crown st^K^k. however, i- far suiierior

24

iitursiity lilt will III i.i.rrix \.,. ct

M- :, rule. l„,aii-.' of its bottcT r.M.t-vsUMii. I'll.' ro..t^ of wild .stack an- mii.l, s|,r.'ii(l
mihI not .•oinpac't. In soino sp.-clcs tliry rwvn.] dtvp int., tlir onrtli, i\w\ ir is nlmo-t
ini|iassil,l,. to ,li;r tlicm nut \vitli,.iit rnu^lut: srrious injury. Another oli.i,..'ti,,n to wild

stork IS Its hifk of nniforinity in si/,., unless it Inis 1 n cMrefiiKv si'l.vtrd.

Ft is sometimes .•hcipcr to patlior wild st,i,-k tlnin to huy or r^iise nnrserv stork
I'Ut It IS not ndvisal.ie to use it for e.xtpnsivo phmtinjrs. Wlien it is to l,e n<n\ enr.'

siiould 1m. taken to ol.fnin little tret-* with k 1 , t-systoms and of viu„ro„s opwi-

irr. wn Rr-nvtli. Avoid the temptation of takin- hu-ire-sized tree-, however The tre,'.
'' ' •"'""■ '" <'i^-'l"'''''i iiiehes in hei^'ht will endure transplautiufr hc'tter than lar-vr

one~.

U'liKiiK TO siarinc Xi uskhv Sto,k.- .\urs,.ry s,o..k sultal.Ie f,.r inve-t planlin-
mav he nhiani.Ml hy hnyinir it from a dealer, hy rai-in- it in a ho,,,,. nn,--erv or in

li'e .■a.e ot tiin-,. livin- in the la-ovin.-e- of Ontario ami (jn,! , f,-n,n the pi-'ovi„i-ial

t:-ov,'riinieiit nm--erie-. Those de-iriiifr to reforest within the provine,.s of Ontario
or (^aehee shoidd apply lor phintinir material to the Fo,-. slei-, Department of |.a,„l-
:iiel l''or.,ts at Toionto and (^lehee, respivtively when ,h,-y will ivecMve ii,]] i,',f„r-
'"■''";' •'- •■' 'I 'uditions under which the material is di-irihuted.

Tho-,. who ai-c iiiiei-e.tc.l in rai-in- tieir own nui-ery -look will tind . Ucwhei-c
:n thi- iiuhhcation a de-.riptio,, of the m,.tl,o,i of collecting tre.. <ee.I and pi-opa-itiic
it ill til ' liomi' nur<ery.

The demand for fori -^t-plaiitini.' material in Ka-tern Canada ha- in th(> p--t not

hi.n sntticiently lar^e or Meady to e „,m:;,. ,.nm„,eri,.al tirm- to rai-e it in .-r.-it

e.ioudi iiuaatiti.- to eiiahie then, ,o ...jl at price, low enoii-h to ei uri".. iiiinno'"

I le .e who a,-c not „, a ,H,sitio„ t , nii<,. their own -to k o,- who ,lo „ot !iv,. i„ a pn.-inc,'.
>unplyim;' the ma,er,al mn-t. thcvlore. di^end lar-ely u|io„ deaie,-. i„ ,1„, I-,,;,, |
^late-. 11.;. ,s uiitnrtunate leean-,. it is always advi-ahle to -,.,■„,■,■ pl.,,„in- maler:,!

Whirl, I, as he, -11 -rowii l,.,.ni -i ed pr..:!„ j a- i.-ar home a-^ pos.il.j,., ,,,■ ,,, ;,,,,, i,.,,], ,,

climatic conditio, ,s a- ri-.„-oii- ;,- ,h,<-,. o, wli|.-h the tree will ti'i 'liv 1 ,p,.-,.,| ''

'''.'"; """'V'^'-" '■even,me„t eiM-.Mira:,,.- ,vfo,-estiii^ hy pmniitin^' |,la;-.i,r.

n.^-terial lor tin- p.r, .,-o ,,, ,„ter ( 'anaua dun f,ve. The importar; f ,.. ,,,:„ ,,,.,:

rcvcver ;- proh;!,; lod. W „„e pine. .„■ any of i,- related Ii; e.„. ..■:,,! pim.. m.v ,„,;

he l„-o„dit into Caiiada. hccail -e of ,he very .,v:it da,:^e, „|- hc-, idinjr the w

pii'r lil'-^ter ni-f a m -o winch ,- mnaiein- the white |,in,. of 1m,.!, Ca,,.,,]., .,, ,| ,■„.

,.'':"" ^■■"'-- . "^^' ''■••■■•m.io,, of eh,.-,„„r ir,.., li.... th,- ,-,i;hi,. ,.1m.-,o,„ ) r,.,„ ,;:,.

'.'""■;' ^;^";^ :~ "'•■"!'^i'i"'l ^■'■-■•u- ■ a di-a-,.. Conlferou, tree. -n,-h a- .pM,,.;.

pni.% i^ieinio.-k. In-, eic. a,e ii,:| p,riiut!,d t,. I'lmr Canada fr.,m the Siai,- ,,f Vi rnio,,,

■New Haiiip-li.iv. .\la--ac!in-,.tt-. C,,|., ,;,.ut. and Klio.ic Island. l„-,-.in-e of .vrlr.,'

m-iM-t pe-t-. ' '■

'i ho-,, iiiti'iidini,' to inip,,rt i,ur<, i-y -p.ek -hoi, Id write f,.r Circular 1. issued hv th,.
J-iitom,)h.iii,-al lirancdi of the Departnient ,d' Ai;ricultiire. Ottawa, which will fiinr-h
them wiiii !ii,. ,ii>tructions and r.ruh.ii.uis .uovcrniii- the iinportaliou. fnmi..ati,,n
and inspectain of -uch stock.

SK,.;n,.,N.s VKKS, s Tlt.^NM.^.v^Ts.-Xursery stock may be bought at prices ran^i,,..
ti-.,m .v. to if:.'.. ,,er thousand, depending on whether the little trees are -eedlin..- ,,r
transplants, and u|)on the species and size.

•■ .^ccdlinHs" are young tr.vs wlii.di remain in the nursery bed. f,,r one ,.r more
years; untd they are taken up .iiid phintcd directly in the permanent plantation.

•• Ti-ansphmts " an- those whi.-h l,ave been taken out of the .seedd)eds and tran-
planted one or more times into other parts of the nursery before being finally set out.

Trei-s which have been tran.i)lanted in this manner have more abundant and
cumpai't roots. I'hey endure adverse conditions better than seedlings. Jt is best to
use transplants where there is a likelihood of their having to endure a summer
drought or having to e,,miiete with grass and other vegetati.ni on the planting site.

UF.I'lKtltl crios

25

Si-^(lliiij;s li.nv..v,T, Miv Irss ,.X|,..ii-iv.. In |Mir.'l,i,.,., fmI^o. »ui\ pl^iuf. Tli.v iiv I,-.

Iikri.y u, 1„. „i.iur.Ml in lifti,,- tnin- -tinL'. ^uhI -rtlin- ..,;!, ;„„|. ,.x,v,,t iuhNt rnf.v-

(mralih' roMciitinns :is nic.itiniir.l mI.ov,.. it i> u-iiiiily l„ -t I.. ii-(- tli.-m.

Conif.Ts ,„• ••,.v,.,-i.nT,.n-." i,,v l.,.-t Inr ,,|;,„tinir wIh^m fr,,,,, thn ,'■ i,,,-!,,- t,, „,„>

iMof 1;,].. i„„l |,.„m tw., t., |-„„r ,v,.,r< „M. l!r.uM..av,.,l or •' hMnluno,!" ., i,.. .r.

..r.iin.rn.v .,t out ul,,,, ,„„• ..,• two voar. ol,l. ami l,,...,.,!-.^ of tlioir i v ,-n,l,l

LToull, wj„.„ .,.,.,lli„fj. tli,-v aro MHiMlh -o„„-u|iat liiiilio,- than tl„. .-ofit'or. of tlm
>itr?i(' .iL'f.

Tim,; m I'i.vm-. Tlio 1., -t tinio to ,,:„nt i, i,, tl„. -|,fii,|.- ImIoiv tli,. l.a,!.- l„....j„ ,„
"I"'"- I' '"•'>• '"■ 'I""" ^'- - '^ ^1- tl„. ffo-t i. o„t ol tla. Kromnl. Fall plant!,,...
ysp,.r;a,lv w;ti, -.■,aiii,«^ ii, w. i .oil. may r,-.->ilt ii, tlir i,l„iits ht'iii- ii,ii,,-,,l l,v -jaav-
iM- a- a ly-iilt of alternate tliawiii;,' and freeziiij; of il,,. -ro,inii. lii'oa.l 1. av'.,! tivos

■■'""■'-'" I-" '-ii"'i''l never !„• trai,.|.laiito,l wlai, in l,af. mil,-, it i- i,, il„. f;,!] j,,,,

when till- 1, avi- a,,. iM.L'-inni,,^; t., ,|i'o|i.

^SSWl*"^'! 1^'' ' i|^' "

^Pf'~

■> '■.!,■-, .1,1 l.jtl.- St--.|liliU.

'I "Hi, li'ill-^.

■I liai.' I,:, lis.

^ Dull Mui.t days are l„-,ter f,r plantin- ti,an li.,t, Miimy ,,r w;,„|y dav., mhoo
l,aa-e ,s !,■» ,lan-r,T of il,,. y,.,i,i^r ti',., , liaviiif; tlieir r,".t- dri.'d otit.

DlsTANCK Al'AUT TO Fl-ANT.— The closer tiic trees are planted toffother the .,>-,ner
th.Mr braneiie, w.U ni,-et and -hude the soil, thus dostroyin- any ^ra^s and weeds aud
lireservmt; the luoistiu'e. This erowding als.i produees tlie tall, .raiffht, linildess
trunks, whieh are- most desired. However, no speeiHe ruU-^ e.,n 1,,^ lai,l d,)wn for
^pacmK trees in the phuitatioii. It depends lar-.-ly up,,n il„. sit,. an,l the -iiecies
being used. The spaein- f,',Miera!ly used is :> by ,", ft., that is .a.-ii tr,..- is set :. feet
Irom its nearest neighbour. Any spac.iny j-reater tlian C l,v d ft. is c.nsid.ri.d t,.,,
wide for most species. On poor .s,iil, or where there is ,-,.n<i,|, ,.ab:,. ,,tli,.r v,..n.tation
whieh It is necessary to kill by shading, spa,.in}r 4 bv -I ft. ,,r ev,.n ,.l,,-,..- may bo
iidnsal.le. The spruee. hemloek. balsnin fir, susar maple, beech, bass-.vood, ^vhit.-'oak
and hickory, being siioeies ,which endure .•onsi,l,.rabh> shade, are best planted ! by ■!
feet; whil,> others like the white pine, red pine, jack pine, chestnut, whit,, a-h, red
oak, and black walnut may b<. spaced 5 by 5 ft. or 0 by G ft. according t.. the site

26

nti:i:sii;y iih'AM ii in i.i.mis \i

Til

!■ >\KU-\u^. ns |-:,r a- |M„>il,l,.. .l,,„iM („. k,pt uniform in oi.I.t that riich i.::,nt

will luivf the MiiiK' nindiiiit of (.'niwiiitr •'iiiicc. S.
Krouiid, •.tciiiip-, rocks, etc.. tli

IIanhmnc; Yni \a Tiii:]

iiiiictuiics. liowcvci, owiiijr to roMuli

!>■ -inicinK uil

linvp to b" V

•T.v irrctriiliir.

Tl

'isiiiill.v (luiic up in liiinilli- of twciity-tivc, fifty or

inu tries when s'lipp

or crMtc-

Th,

M(l from tlic iiurscrv iire
idrcj 1111(1 piickcd in liii>ki'ts

r roots lire kept moi-t l.y Inyers of (iiiiiip mosi. Wlieii properly

piickeil iiiiil liiindled tiny will ('iidiin

Tho tr

tlii- condition fi

ir several wcel

however, should not he kept packed for a longer

sary. Iiiiiiiediately upon their arrival from tl

time tliiui 1- III

the iTates and their roots

le nursery they shoiihl he taken out of

mid tl
.'ht

le plants he

•led

■J he 1

water. The hiind!

e.'* snoiili

1 then 1

JC opeilel

(lilt or nine inches deep witl

uclmi; III consists in (lii.'f.'iiin a .shallow trench iihoiit

I'iut' side, then siireadimr the small tr.e--

thin la.ver nlnnt; the slopin}; side and covering tlie roots with fiv

I', a

moist earth. This will kee|i tliem from dryinj.' out and tin

ey are reipiired for setti

the

is eontiiiiially -liadid and
planted.

it. Tl

le niiiiny in sno

Jios-ilile to the phi

lid he di

e or si.\ inches of
■y can readily he lifted as

ne in a cool pi; that

v]

place wliere tlie tree,- arc U

KMlii-yi'iir-Cilil jiiiie triuis;)laMls lii'eiiil

T)

urin.ir the plaiitiic; tiic planter draw- his jilants from a pail which he carri.

ahoiit with him a- lie niove- aloiiy. This iiaii contains a mi.\t
and water of the i>on-i-feiicy of ..rd

urc of fine chivev earth

inary paint, and not deeper than will jii-

the roots, Thi- muddy mi.xtuiv ■ t- the -iiiali ro,.tht- and aid

t cover

dried
It is very important at all time- during' the tak

permit!, ul 1.1 1,,

111 preventiii.i.

the

iii,u' up. Iiieliiiir in. and iilantinj,'
dry. Tiii- is |iarticiilarly

of the trees, that the ro ,ts \>i ii..t

im|M, riant in the ea-e of , ifer-. Once dry, uvttin- them a-aiii i- of little avail.

I'l.vNTivo Tin; Ti;i;i:s, -1,1 actual phinlim; it i- u-inil for tl

one yiiiiiL'- ahead and makilie- the I
the jiail of plants and M-ttim.' tin

le men to work in pairs.
lol.i- for the i.laiil- and the other foliowiii;; with

in III the ar

•oiind. .\ strong In

for .settiiifi the plants. 'The inaii who makes the hole estimato.s tl

ill often he f(>imd

iiie iM.iui^. 1 lie man wno maKes tlio note estimato.s the apjircx-
een iioles and need i.nr waste time in actually measuriiifr. allhoufrh

le proper lenjrth to

imah- ilislaiico heiw

he should check himself from time to time 1,

determine whether he is keepiiij; the ,-paciiii; appro.ximatt'ly corre

y \\>'u\tx a stick of tl

•t. lie kceiis tl

^

lu.i'iiDhi ( ri<)\

27

rows Mtniit'lit li.v fnrintr l.jirk iin<i liiiinif liiiii~.il with the tni- iilrcii.ly s.'t. II,. shoiild
not r-iTinit hiiiiM'lt' to tint too far iili.'ini nf tlic plniitcr Ixciiuso ot ihr dniiLnr of tin
holes lici'iiiiiiiijr (iricil out.

The |.liiiitiii;j hoi.-. iin> iiiii.l.' with . ilh.T ^i >.|.m.1.'. l..n>.'-h:iii,llr,| -huvrl. -nil. 1

or iniittofk, (icpfii.liii^r iip.,ri th.' loiliiro ..f th.^ u'r..iiiiil. th.- -i/.' .if ih,. phmtini;
rnatoriiil, mul the fhoi,.,. i,f th,. u~,t. Mmuv ~p,,.iiil t..oU linv.. h.-.n ,1, vi<,.,| |,,r phnit-

liijr, hut th.' (U-.TiifT,. wo.Hll.it ,.wi..T will tii„l thiit tl:..-.- alM.v.' iih-iiti 1 uill an-w.r

his ri'.|iiireiii.'iits.

Th.' holi's shiiiil.j h.. .if Mitfi.'i.'iif il.iilli ail, I wiilth i.. ).iTiiiit tlir r...its nf ih,. plants
boiiiff sim'nil out in a natural p..Mti..ii ainl all p.iint.'.l ,i.iu nwanl. TlH.y ~li..iil,| ii,,t
ho so shallow that tht. r.iots will li.. ,l,i,ili!,.,i in tlio l...tt..iii. .Ms... tli.' In-.' iiiii-t ii..t
he set to,, i|,.|.p. Tliat is. th.. lartli niii-t 11..1 \>,- l.Mikcl up ar..uii.l the st.iii. It is
however. p..rniis>il,l,. t.i s.'t them al«.ut half an in. h m- s,, ,|,.,.p,.r than th.^.v ..riijinally
stoo.l in the imrs.'r.v. This is to allow for the s.-nlini.' . f t.li.. .artli. Car,. -h,,iil,|
he tiikeii not to overdo it, esp,.,.ially in ela.v s,iils whi.'h d.i littl.. >.ttliii^'.

In setting out hirp,->iz,Ni niat.'rial. smii as f,iiii-y,.ai-.,I,j ,-,inif,.r tran-plaul, it

will 1„. ti.uiul , v.iiiiait for th.- " li.il.-inak.T '• ami th,. plant. t t,. w.n-k el„s,. |,,..,.tl,er

I h.. hol,.-,„ak..r r.'tains on his spa.le th.- .'artli he has ju.t du>r up whil,. tli,' planter
pla.M's the tree nn.l h..l.Is it. Th.' earth is th.ai thr,,wii l.a.'k int., tli,- la.l,. ,-..v,riny
up th.' ro,>ts. The j.laiit.'r iinni.'.liately tramp, tin' >.iil firmly into pla.',. wliil,. the
hole-maker ni.iv.-s en. Th.' trampiim- must h.' w.'ll .l.me an,| it i> a.hisal.l.' t., 11-.'
the heel, not the s.,1,. .,f th.' f.M.t. f,,r it i- very Impn't.mt that tiie plaiiU 1„. s.-t

selidly. If prop.Tly >,•( it will r,'.|uir,' <',in-i,l,'ralile , ir..rt t.i pull tli,. tr. iit ..f th.

trroiin.i.

When usinjr small ni.il.-rial. su.-h as tw,i-yi.ar-nl,l iif,.r >, ,.,llin,js. i,, ^an.lv -..il,

or soil that has at one time Leen eultivat.e<I nn.l is still fairly 1ii,.m', it may n.,t li.'
iieei'ssary t.i ditr Imies. By thrustiiifr a ,pa.I.' into the prroun.l nn.l rr.:ivin>r it ha.'k
nn.l forth a few times an opening' will he ma.le int.. whi.'h th.' plant. t .'an in-iTt tlie
r.iots of the plant, an. I the spad.' i- tli.Mi withdrawn. Til,' s,,il „„„t tlini he lirnily
.stamped aliout the tree.

On stmiy or wet Rniund. or in ..tli.'r pla.'cs where th.' u~i' ,.f a i,l,ir.f,'h a> .lesiTihed
below is n.it praetieal. all .sod or other (rmwth should h.' rem.iv.'d in a pat.'h a f.i.it
or more in diani.'t.'r wliere th.' tree is to bo set and the tree planted in th.' eentr.'.
1 hese patches nre nut made in ndvanoe but at the same time a.s the Iml.'s ar.' nia.l,'. In
pra.'tiee this nii'r.'ly ani.nints t,i makiiifr a li.ile .semewhat whler than w,,iil,| .itlnrui-,'
be rcpiir.'.l. Il.iwev.'r. do ii,,t use pi.'.-e^ ,.f sod t.i till in th,' hub's ar.mn.l ili.' i'.„,|,,
'111.' pra-s will start to frru-.v atrain ev.'ii if jilant,,! iip-iil,' ,l,,wii. At ln-l. ,.id .luis
not mak.' a firm tillinir and it is har.lly po..-iM,. f,, park th.' r".it- t.,., firmly.

I'l.ANTlN.: r\ Fiitiiows.— On .ip.'u sit.'s uhi-r,' it is n.it fu.i st,.,.p ,,i' ,,t.,iiy tu u-.'
a iil.iiiKh it is a.lvisatile t.i ploufrh furrows. .-p.-,'ially if the site is pras~y ami th,'
pluntint-- material is ,',,nii.iis.',l uf >inall -.■.■dlinj.'-. Th,' furr., ws n,-,',l nut lie ,le,.pi'r
than will just turn tlie .suil, hut shouhl li,- a- wide as po,>ihli.. They an- pl.iuLrli.'d
at th.' ri'f;iilar int.r.. at which it is intcnd.'.l to spa.'e the plant.s, and alonir ,'aeli
furrow the plants an> set in lioles at the proper distan.'e apart.

^ On hill.-iil.'s the furruws shuul.l run aems, tli,' fa.-.' uf th,- hill, nut up and ,luw'i.
This will jiri'V.'iit heavy rains fnim wa-hiiiy uiit th,' small tri,-. Olli,rwi~i. it i> will
to I'lm till' furruws in an east-aml-w, ,| ,lir.,-tiun. Furruw- pl.iii^;li.'d in tlii~ manu.'r
ar.' mori' or 1,'ss shad.'d fruni th.' sun diirii.L' the hut jiarr uf the day. and th.-nl'iir.'
not so r.'a.iily .Iried uuf. In planting', e-peeially if u^iiiM- -mall s.'.'dlin^;-. thi' plants
sh.iidd he sot .'lo^e to the suuth side of the fiirruw in ur.l.'r that th.'V may li.'iH'tit by
the shade, liy turiiiiif; the furr.iws .so that the soil will fall to the south, the south si.b'
of the furrow is iner.'ase,! in lieifrbt by the thi.'kn.'s, of th.- turne.l i-u.l ami tla- tr.-es
ar.' thus art'or.li'd nr.'at.r shaile. In v.ry liulit soil. Imwi'Vir, jilantin^ thu trees next

28

i<>iii:.^iit\ itnwi II III ii.r.iis \„. ,::>

tiM. >,„| -i,|,. ,„• ,1, ,,„,„„. „,,, I,,,,. ,|,i, ,|i-M,K,„„.,... ,|,a, ,|„. -,„| „.

ill -'iiiii'l iiiiiM

r, liiw

i:;, !,:;;:""■ '" ""■'■■•"- -'"'■"'•■I' -• -.-,Mh,. r,n.-,,u,j,iii:::.;;,;;;

' '" 'I" 'il -ii.v liriic .il'ri-i'u.ir.U.

' ''i'li'T mil Il,.|,.|y iil't,.,- it I. -.'t

^1 'lM\la n| I M|.,,|,| ,v,| |>,,.^ ,., |-j^^

II Al

'"!' 11:11.1 li.ih'^> I.. ..U,.n,. .,l...ut |.|;„,llnv'

..MM,„i,h ..„,.,. N,.v'':';.:.,!::.';v'; ^;;-'', "'-"!- '■■'■7 i'i--n, ....u

|':-i. t .mI ii ih..\,. :i- mil. h ,,.,1

1- 1>im.-:i.mI uiicn ^-ijln...' i|,,, i,.,.

■"■''i;-'! !■ •■!' r-i'i';( i Ml n

'"■'■ '''■'■'' ""■'!■"' • I' -M-iiri,,:; r.|.r.l,, ,■,:,,„ ,,,, ,|„. ,,, ...n , ; ,

■" ' ■' '■'■'"- "- '' '-"'> -"I'- 1 III- l.,-....l-l..av,.,l „.,.,.. ,1.:,, ;,

ou,....n...i...,f/;j;;::v:;:ri::;:i,:,"::;,.:::::;:;r:::;:'- ■"■'' "^'^- -■' '"-^ '--•

I'lrintiii:; M- illinu |.i

ill fiiil'Mw- h, imhi «,,ii ., ,i.« ci; iil.nilir.-.

-lit fH. III. ins I:,, I -. .-.Hi! L> ., .I,,v

M nv,-.i, .'.in .-.-t

Two-yiar-iihl jiin,' soe'llinil set in fiirruw. Arimv iiulii :.ti'3 the

■iiiito. l>PL':ii

JO

yttin.sTiiy uuwrn iiii>t:i!\ \„. ,;<j

•>i> fnrlli«T w.iilli. Si

.),„. „r ,1 1 V • ' """■'■ ^■'"''■'" "'"" >'"""' -.i'.lliM^ fn-H

.,..: ..w "" ■; r:;^^:';!:'T;V'"' -"•" """-• '^ ""• -".I'^-^^f .ho

«''<■ r.u.t .i„i,is tlio trunk.

'"•••iir nt a point wljvrc

... ^.rip ..r U^.r the bnrk '" "' •^'""' "'"' ^'"" *^'"-^' ""'^t '- '"k™ not

....rk. i. in .h„^;;;r;';:in:'km:;t :::;:r;:-rT r;!' ,!r.rr^;""'^ "^'-"" "•'■

i-iiiiuyli M,- liav,. siillii'icMi

Mtr.'iir to spruit.

"".I l.irc-l, will rn.lu ^t , Iv '1 ' t " «""''' '""" "'"" "'"'■' -"'■"''■■^- '""'•''

th. J::^::::/";;,:i!:::-:rt:;;;-- o.. ..... fr.,...., «o.,ea

..... h.^uh^:;.rto';rSr''u";:!t';"iv t'"' "'" ^t'" '■■'™ ^"^- ^^"""^- ^^" ^''-"''

.'f .1... st„n,p are Vrnut ti t r '^ in vL"\l . t' T' '"'"T' °"" "' "- ^"-
"^'-^ ' e thinn.I o„t. ..,n. on, Z .^^L S .^:t:;th-t Se .^ """"

7-COLIECTING TREE SEED

Fur
he usi'fu

.We who desire U. collect their own tr.x. s«.,l the following informnti,.„

Tl.MK KOR COLI.KCTINO

Tlic
snniint r
time of :
accordin

Seili^C'!! \v

.;■ tinii?
it i? ri|K

; "tl^ r L • ■•'te.Khn^' to coiieet shouid examine the s.vd from "time

It do to ua.t too lon^', l.,vause ,t i. impos.d.Ie to coll.vt the s*^l of

rnu,Kcri\a rnt.K sr.r.it

31

«i.ii.<< upwU-s oftiT it had Uv-i ^liiil nn tlir irruiind. ']'\w ii|^r..xiiiiiiU. linio fur n.^lLvt-
iiiK th.' hwhI i)f t\w iudiviiluul s\xv\v* ^^^ tii.-iitioniil liiu-r wln-n (U-uliiig iH-iKinitfly willi

eacli tree.

UoW T"i r<)l,l>.c T

In the ciiM^' cif miist ,ii.vi,-s nl' t'uri-»t tr.^-. the wshI niii»t Ih^ <Mll,.ct<<«l fr..m tho
stimlinjr trc<>. S.nu-tinu-s it in pu^sihie in i»l>tjiiii it from f.ll.^l tr.H«t wlirti ffllitiu' it
\t«\n\t on (iuriiKT thi- tinw thi' svrd in riin- :iii(l -till uttiii-fi..! t.) tli." tr«'.N. It i>i iinTi-
.ifti'ii nootwury to climl) the trii- iiikI oitluT i.i.k tin- s.-.>.l inN, n 1),^, by liiiiul or .lii-
IoiIki- it by tni'iui!« of ii lotiff-hanillt'il iiniiiintf fork or rake. In the cnsc of a few friM-t.
like tho ••liiiH. niapl'w, iiiul iihhcu. it imiv U' i»i«i-iMr to >< . r«' niii.-h of th.. m<.,'.1 )<y
tipir.KJiiiK PiiiiviiM ^.Jioct... nr iil.iiik. t^ iiiiil<T tlii" trr.-.. In ihr ,•,!«• of ti«-4 with ii.-iivv

M'pcj. iiko the oakfi or wiiii.^itj', tlie » I citi Im- iii.-k.il ..iF tlic yr. ml. 'I'hi' iiu'thod to

Ik- iTiipli veil in each ca.s.' 'an l>.>t lie deli rniine<l hv the i'.,l!,.etor afl.r h.' hat h^'ated
hi8 ''< il.

Seed-tiikcs

Sei^l *hi>iild lint hf eollcvfod from .stunted, diMnseil, or lickly troths. Si^'d fn.iM
siioli tri'es will not M- a rule iipmliK-e as (rood plants as that from healthy tr.Ms. Th.-
»itt\ from tr<vs jiiat liejjiniiimr t.. U^ar is oft<>n i).Mirly developed and will not spmut
well, so it iit ndvisalilo to eontine the eolie'-tinir to older trei^s. Flourishing, well df
veloixnl, o|)c; ^'rnwn tre<-i are the Im'sI fprtn wliii'h t-i (latli.T -C4'i|. Ilaviiiv' im..i-c
liraiii-hcs they prodiiee more .«eed, aii<l it is usually easier to .• ilh^-t. .'^<•ed on upcti-

>;rowii tr(H>s niatiires earlier than that on trees ii

ise stands.

Si;i:i>s of- liiiovn i.i:\vi:i) TitEEs

'I'iie s,.ids of hroail-lcavi-d ( ■iiai'dwn.id") s|ieeic> var.v i{reiill\ in tfi/.e and appi-ar-
an.'i'. Si.nie a-e (piit- Imi-lm- Iiko thi-s,. ,,t' the ualiiut and hickory. nthiTs .iii tiny like
till -e of t.lu' hireh and alder. Affain certain siMvios, like the black cherry, liave ihi m-
seeds ''overod uilh .■! ih-hy I'niit. while others, like tho.-o of tlio iliii, ari- -iMrou.idod
hy a dry, p.ipery win;;.

Ily o.\anniiiiiK thi' seeds ,if the Jiro.'id-leavod spii'ies, as later dr-.-rihed for eohifiT-,
one can determine whether thi\v are ripe. .\s m ruli', howrvor. the eolcair and ifeiieral out-
ward appearaiiee of the fruit "liable one to determine the eoudition of the .seed.

Tlie .SI Ills iif many sperie.. niay he stored or -..\vii jii-t n-- tliov arc t:;ithiTed, wiili-
out liny further irealmetit. Fle-hy fruits. Imwiver, like the wild rhrrrv or pliini.
.should he dried in the siri hefnre citoriiiR for the winter; or they riiny ho )pl,i.-td in
wafer and washed ahout until the piil|i is IoosciumI and float- to the f,,p. and can line
'he poured otr. Tile -ic.N ;irc lift in the hctfcin. W.ilnuts and iMiilcrn li.s are -uiin-
liiHcs -lured ill ihcir hr.-k-. Init it i- u-u:d (■> rcnio\e 'Im m. Tliis .^n in' d-aie when
lliev are -1:11 fn -li liv ur-inj :i h:iiiiniir m|- nuillci and drivina' tin in tlirciiirh a:i answer
\\<,\i- in a pi. ink cr iii-ck ..f wncd. wliirh uiii cut ..>I the hu-k .imi iii-riiiit the in.t to
pa>s ihrcurh. 'I'lie liu-k- ..f hiekcry nut- fr.i|ncnlly cnic ,.i; in ihe handlint;. When
tliey d not CI. me oil nad:l> t'ie\ Iihiy he !, fl un.

Ski;i)s ok ("omfkus

The seeds of our conifers (also eallr-d "evert-'reens "" or needlodeaved trees), as
indieatid hy the name which means " eone-hearers," are l>orne in cones whicii in most
.speciee haiis at the top of tho tree. While the red juniper (sometimes called red
cedar or pencil cedar') v.-enld seem at first. r;!-!..t t.-: i-.c ■-.r-. .••\cr-;.t;.-.T-, t.-. tj;:= rrde it i-' no!
so. heeausc the dark-hltie herry wdiich contains the seed is reallv a cone covered with
pulp or flesh. While tamarack or larch is not an ever;,'reen it is a true conifer, as it
bears its scihIs in cones.

33

rni,-isiu\ nitwni in urns >.,«,<»

I'|'"ii ixiimiiiiiitf a frf»li v,.\w if will I.. f,„,,„l t i i , .

"'-•'"•■I ' ..tral .,..,„ or „,„ ' L .,| . i', :;.r"'-'l*' 711^ "-'v -„U

• "• '•>'"" --I- i" rs ..,„.i, „„..,.),..,i ,„ „ ,„'„:,;'";.;"'*■ ;/ '*• *•"' '••

Ih.- ...,.,U .Iron .,„t |„ ,,,ll,-.ti,>.r .1, , < . ^ ''" "'" '■"'"• •'•"^•^ "I"'"

11. n..' In ,n ,";,::',:'• '"r, "'":' '"■ l"^"" •"" •" """'- ".'<-

^^_ _ .„r.. to ...ll.vt ^„«1 „„„,. „ „ „„.,.,^ry t-, .,a(h..r fl«.n> fr,„„ ,|,..

How To DkTKHMINK WIIK.N Skiis »nr Ttii.i Tl. . i

M....1 i, l.rowni.l, ,1,.. ,.o ,i,„. ,nnv ..„„,,,:. A^'V''^'' '"" !""' ""' ■•""' "^ ""

i1i-1m.!1,,ii . .1 ,|n ,,,!

riilltO M II

In lliN

■iilii'i t:.|i ii j. »

: "'.:' "• '!"^^- "-' ^:ii i'i'„. „.,.,.- ,...,,„;,... ,u-„ von

'Maliiiv thrir ,■,,„.. Tl,,. ,,,,„ ,■,,.,„ I ■ '"'"■ "■'■'- i-'-'|iiMV two v,nr,

>'-•": .■■■>i t.J;;::''T':^;:;;;r;:'7:^^:i;'';';:•■''='^-7-''■;'

'■'■'■I' ■•' I'i" i ;i N,.r lM.f,,r,. it :- H, • \1 . '"'■'"^' ""' I"'"''^

i I..

il M
ll.l.
Ill-I

l>lt\ l\(. ( ,,\\ .

;'""'' ^l"HI^'•. <■,„„.- ,:,„y 1... o;„|„.,.,.

I III in I l\i, I III I -I f I,

33

l',\ri,wiis, XKM..^ .\„-:lrninr,. J.. ,Mr„. f tl„. ,„..| ,1, ,„- „r. f„rll,. r ,lr,.,|

h \h-iuu MT.ml III I, tliiii hi.v.r mi „ nulir ||,.,.r ,i„|,„,r,. A- ih.v .lrv ih,. ..^ ,U ,|r..p
out. , .11.1 if tl«. tl.u,r i^ ,„,t tiulit ll,.- ...,| ,|r, I- tl,r..ut!li lU.- .ni.'U. Ki..|,r „r I.'

'""'"•'• "' '•"■"•■' '•"" ' Mv.ni.ntl.v ,|,r.-.,.l ,.„ l.i, -,„„r.. f...!. If ih.- tl....r i, n,.»

■'"''"• '■• «'' ^''O" "f "I"-" l"ll' •nn.lr... th.n ..r will, l.,.||,„„. ,,f wire -.T.rti .mii I...

.■,,i,,triirt.-.|. 'Ilir tni.v. i.rr plurnl „nr aUnr tli. „t|.,r in Ii.t* in a «-„.„l.'M frmii,..
wlMil, will iM.r.nit tl„. tniv. t.. -ii.l.. i„ ;,„.l „„t 1, ;. .Iri.w.r., Tlir ,»,. .Iiiirii.t. r ..f
tlir lM.it, ..II, .,| III., ir.i.v, uill „||„« ll,.. «...,| . .|,-,,|. iliroutrli ai, |„ ,.„in.l.t l,..l„w
l-...i.,ilfl. -|„i,-.. k1i,„iM I... |..ft l,..t„,.,.„ th- tra^ in a t„r t.. p.-r...,! thr .•,.,„•, ),, l...
htirri.i| Ir.iii tii.ir t.. ti.ii...

Kr....i ll.r,.,. .lay. In tw,. «,...k. an- ,i.,ii,rr,l ... „|„.„ ,..o.,, in llu, .Manii.-r. Th..

rapi.liu „t ilr.M.iK cI.|m-i,.1. „,„„, ,|„. -,,..,... ,„,! ll,.. w.ath.T .■..„,li.i.,„.. S,,.,. „.-

Ilk.- tl,„„. ,,| ll,.. -,,r,„.,. „„.| „i,il, ,,i„.. «,ll ,,,,..., r,.a.l,l,N U air-.lrvi.,;.'. ,..i„.r.. l,k,. lla-
jack |.ii,.. aial ml pm,.. ii.,|iii|... arliti.inl <lr>i.iu'.

A|.p.,i;,tu.- u.... .1 1,1 11,1. Hi ,|,,..1 .,11,,.-. ,,n.| ^ll:,k.• ,.iil ll.,-
I lii- ilf.V Mi;;' l,l;iv !„■ i|,,|, t , I i|,„,,-, ji, ,1,,. ,,

n,..;.. '. i:

, , , 'II. |'i-"M.I..I 11 :- |.--il.l,. |.. pr..|,.. t

a:.'ani-t ram, wiml. aial n„l,i,t-. Sn„-,lrvii,. will -1„. ,■(,■,, , •,.,;-;, I, rjl.lv tl„- li,,,,.

l-|.<|ll:,-,-,l t,, ,,|H.|| til,. ,-M|||.<.

AHIll,;,,! Dnjni.,. |)r>in- ti„ ,„.- .„ ,1, .,.,■, |„,1 .,l,..u .v.piii-.- ,..„-M,.r i,',-

' ■■ '".'^"■'; ^'^"■^•■ '"""'"■'■ ■•'■ '■ - "-.^ "iN |..irtU ,.,.,:. ,.„„1 „,1„,,.. ,,:|1 ,„',,

'■'"■";" ^'"- '' ll'ii-i'l"''- "It'll i- 1H-. -.,n t,. ,!,■> ,!„„. ;.,'tili,.;Mi:v, Tl,i. .-an 1„
.I..n,. l,v n-,,,^aM,.vr t.. !„.„ ,1:.. ,i,. :,., ,■....,., .,,.,1 k.-.-pi,,.. i, !„.,,..,| ,„„,1 .!„.,■,.„..
.Mv pra.-tM-ali.v all ,.p,i,. A t, i,ip, lat i,,-. ..f liin ,l,.M-r,-,, Falir,.|,l„

r,'* ,1.

:l will iMt liui-l ill

, '',''"■ ''""■ '■'''l"''-'^'l '•• ■I"" "■■"'■- I'.v a>.t:ii,-i,ii li,...,.i„.^ ,1..,,..„U np.,„ 111,. -p,.,.i..,
an, I III,, t.-inpi-i-atai-,.. a- w,ll a- ii,..,,, tl,.. !,r.-> ;..,,. ,,;,.. J,... ;:,■ ih,- ....,..., !....,. !...,! j.- ".

II1..-I .-p,.,-:,.- it rnii> l'i-,an ,.iic t.. tin,, n lii.ur-. "" '''

nn.A/,,.. A,-„.r ,i„. ,.,„„.. „ „, , ,„„, .I,,,,,;,! ,... Hi,.,.,a,.l,ly siirn-d u, sl.ak,.
'" "■' ■'•"!• ^""■'- "l'^"!' 'i'-> -n i- .!ir,-li,,l ,., an ,.p,„ ,1,..,. ,„■ in a i.a^ with a

/^Jtttf^Cn.i*.-*Asl;^'♦

loiasrin iiitwin „i i.i.i:ii\ \„. ,:;,

ll.iil. Tlic

..;:....::i:;::,;,;;,",;;:!';;;:,;'':;":^:;.';,,::ff r ■-- -r'' r' "^ '"' '"^ -"' -

'".■>1, i- oft,.,. «iv,.M .„ l.r.- k otr 1, ?"■"' •'"^""*'' ""■""-'■ ••1 *'i» -■"■■'li.T

i.y .TMsi';;; '"l;;,,: ■;;;; ':"' „f ;'" •"" ";,-■*>'•'''; i' f'>r f.,,r of i,,i„ri„^ ,i„. .,„„,

l..'.nlo,.k. .,,r, , ..,,,.1 w.. '"■■■'"■ ""'"'■'' "^ ■^■""" '•'""■^ liko ,l,o.. of ,l,o

St, .i;i\i; Si:

Olio ,.f tho lost iiu'MhkIs ,,f st^.riM,' i^ to ,i^o ..-l , . c •,

■■•• 'i- -....i.t:,..!,. wi,i..i, i„v,. v,.,.v iHMi i' .' T r ■■'• "'^™••"— ••
I'l^ ' iH ti,.^,„ i, ...ii„,.iv ,„;„ ,: , "^. fx.,- "'" ■ :t'"- ^'"•"''' ""' '"■

l'.n-.i.,l ,lr.vi„^' is n,...,....„-v ,„ ,„vv..,T 'Mi^.-iMf; „r „.lnl,. ,t is .i,,„i,,. \

"I 111, ,-,l. |,...vli, lu.-kory. waliu.t. l.Mlt,.,-Mi,t. ,.li,.rrv l,„..,..„.,.i ' _, ' '"'" " "-''

>lon',l l,v .s|r:itif.viiijr tli,.)

, , , '■'-• "iMvy - s lili,. til,,,,.

nuit. ,.l„.rr.v, l,„,.sw„o,l. nii,I ••h.'stnut ar.. 1„.-|

■■•■;■•-■-".,,, i.miih: iii.'iii 111 :i I, iixiuiv ,.f i,„,is| -.,,,,1 .,,1,1 I.. „v •!■ • , .

, "- ^''-''-''n-- 'r.n™:v!:;i,;:r,::i::::,:!;r:r;;:;,V'r;r-

'"'^'"'■'■'l^"' ;,ll. h -1„,„1,| 1„..,„,„ ,_ .,.„., I..,. I ' '"ni'l.. sli,,„l,| ,„,,

8— THE lARM NURSERY

tliaii ra:~i!m' \,.-,-|a
"7"'""' "'■■ 'l"iil.li. ~-.-,.,an-,. I.,.|l.rn.,ul,/,h;',,; Vl,;

'^l-'H'^ lr„„i .,v,l ,s lil.l,. if a,,^. ,i„,r,. ,lllli,.„l,
■""""" '""■-Onian. i, i. ,,,„, „;,), |„s I,,.,,,.,

- va,„i ul,y ,!,„ aura... f.„i,.r .!,.„' „ , I , "• ' ""'"• '"'"■'■*■''•• ""'■'■

I no <'oiiiri.i.,ii|, ir, .,.-., ;|, .| ,,.

liio la'na,! i,.n,,| -,.,.„,. Tl„A a:"
'I'-' 'iiii'niL: tli..,i- li;.l N,.,,.. XIh

'■■"'I'- '-"IllilV .1 lilll:. Ml,.,-,. ,.aiv ,1,„| ,,,,,

ro..ir t. II. I. r a
'.^ ai-.i r..||iiii-,

111,. Ill 1,111 ili-ij,
'" 'I- "'■■"■•I M .vrtaiu .11 ,„| „,■ ,,,,,, I

i'-^"i l.:iw..l M.va. lia. .| 1 Hi,. . i P. :' ' : -. ■:.:":."" '',!•■"'-'■: """■ ■" 'l- nm-..^ ,|„

r;i-,Ml I . |iri.\,nl an

i' - ill ..|MU,im- 111, .1,1, ji.,„,.v,.,. .,,.,. ,,,,, ,,,,. : , .
,. , '^'Hian.,,,. ,n.„ii„„,„,,,|,„.„,_^ ,., , ,,„^,|, l','.,; ,,,'"" -H-nKv

'"■ --'nia :. -II ,.,-,„.„,,., i,.:,,,„„;„^,„^,„:,,.^;,^^^^^_^^. _,

"^i.\ ..r n h.i iii.i\ I'.ir ,,i ,,
cuvii ir,,.- i|.,,,,,
niir.s, r\ .

'■""■ '"""-'■^ '•■■-' 'ii-M..M.a,v ,;.,.„,■„, I,!,,,.,!,;;;: ';,

S.iii. \\ii 1,.„ vii.iv
■^ "'" '''•■• 'I. 'I'-l'. I'orlil,.. -aii.lv i,,,„, „ |„, . „;, ,, ,.

^ ■ ,^"7 iin:.i.:...n, i;f ,v ,„;„ ':•;,: ,:"■"■- - •-'■>■

111 lo'Mtni- 111,. „ii,.„.,.v 1^,,!^ I, I., a.lvisil,!,. , , |,.,v . tl '

::i''^:\:;:i'":!:::f- -» - ' ■■■::• -■ ■■" »™.- r:..r;;:.,:i:i',::r,.":

fflfi

nil: /Mm m hsiin

35

Uvtiiii: Miow fn.iii tliriii ill winter. I'ln-^.il ..1 llio

Tlio site should lie level <,r iieiriv -o \ >ii;,rlit •,, .r .■

;:i:;;;^;i;;;-i;-:-' "..■■'.-t:';,;:,:;r:,;:,-;;;:™;;::r.;;

^''"■- '"■' ■"'^: ■•" "II'S AM. I'KKrAKvnnN „K ,„i: S,„l.

''"'"■ "'":^' ......venieMt .i/.e f.,,- .ee.i-l.e.l, i> six „p ,„,.U,, f,,, 1„„„ ,,, |-,„„. ,- „,

i-i.^ n!:e;:;v:;;- ;:,;:; ,,r'^ J. ;•:;::: ^ -■■-''■ ^'

rnn-„.r d„ri,„^ verv „et w,;,,!,,.. '" '""'■^ '""'' " ''^'"-■^ ^' "■■"■" ''^'l-l

';"■ ™^- '■'"- ■ n;!;i~;'"»;:;;'l-:^,:r ,'■;;;,;'■ S^^:r■T"'■■" ' -

ii. ow I,,,,., ',;,,'" j, ;;.■■",:,''';'''■■ r' >> '"-j J"i„ ,

n.Td bo .„ fcci,,, „„,i.« „ ii T ,„",,, ■ '■"■""■' ■— -l»'t •f'-l.T ll,«„ i,

»i....t o„c-„„„,, i,„.,;",',;;,.'i':" " ' '"" 'i-i'". ti„„„fi. „ „„„„. .,„ ,

'" ''"'-"'t n,a„er .„ ,l,i„ a^.l if o ,■ ;<?^ to., ,l„ekl, ,l,n„ , ,„,,. „ ^^ „„

u Ulc (nip el .se<>(liniKS is too .jeiise.

TiMi; To Sow-
It is the iisiiiil imictici- to m.w th,. v,,.,| ,,.• • • ,

certain 8,.eei.>s. however, who.,- mv.! -li„„i,| 1, , "~ "' "" '" ' ''""'-■ ■'''"'■'■ ■>'■■

"'"•■"Pt n,,„le to hold the .eed f,.- -pH,... Jw I'l./^" tI •''" ."""' ''• "•'•'""■"•'' ^""' ""
■Mnple. nnd white ouk. "^ ""' '''"^^ "'^■'"'''- '1- >hu. .,.tt

CoVKUINC liKDS AlTlli SoWIN,;
After the heds have Urn sown an,l the .se. d eovered will, 'I ,,
roded or patted lichtlv. and then watered Dnrini. tl, , '^"■' ''"'"''' '"

shonld he kept nniforndv „,oisf T , ^ent . ''l "^ K.T>ni„atio„ ,|„ „„,

»"ll ' ver the bods witl, old saekVo , 1 , l""" '^'''"^ ""J' "^ '^"^ ' • i- is

;;r ha. shenh. not he nsed for tht Iw i';;,;,:::::':? ^ t;"^ ' '/ '?^-' ^-"

'"■ I'm-iap or iMi.id. ninst Ik. removed a. «oon •,. the'^el) ~"'' ' ''"• '•""'^""•

'1-Ml.^ ynu, plants may reeeive the neeess:;.' M:! ^iid . -7"^ '" ^"""•- ' ''^

36

ii>i!i:.siin iiifwi II III i.i.i.in \.,. -,;i

MlAli]\i, Si:i:iii i\,:^

'.;■ -■'■'■'"i7'.v'"^ pi.ot„;.n,pi., ui,i,.i, ,.;„, i„. iit„.,i „„ .,,,1 ,.ir thr i...,i: ■ -

V .'■' ■ ■ '"■■"' ''^'■^- "" ■■'■'•■■- ■■"■'■ ''■••"■•- !"■• '.rf -iH 1„.,1-. ()„ ,|rv ,rill 1

■I'M'..,.- Il„. t„-t -n,„„„T th,y .h„„l,l .lu.n, 1,.. ,„ ,,;.. T,, -u,.,..rt ,

, "■" ' " "^""" ' ' '--'•>■ -'^'1-- 'Invru i,„„ ,1„. .r,.,n„i .-.t ,1„. r.Lr.lnt

-ll'lUII ill ill,. ;

t- ^^MiMHn tl„. .,r..,.ns ' ■- ■^'"'" " ^''"■^•' 'l''"^ '■■^""- -!s., s,.,v,.s

h,. v ,„,,;; -.,.,ll,„o-. yp.wn,- ,.,1,,,,;.. tl.,. -,,„.|, hn,.,l,r ,,r ,)„. 1„.,L T, ,

Wkkiiin., wii Wmkihm;

•;■'■'■;';;■ ';';;- :i'-i.i !.■ k,.,,,t u- r w..,.,u. s,„.ii i„„.i ..„i„v.,.,.. .„.,, ,. ,,,

-■'..!> l,;,v,. 1m,.,i ...u-ii ii, drill.. pi.ip,.-,. uh,.,.,' tl.,'

■•'1' ■ '..llii.;.-. -l.n„l,| 1,„ „,,„,r,„| ,l.nly ,|,„-i„„ v,.,.v ,lrv u,..,,l„.r Tl

I III: i\ini \t usiitv

37

■■ l»:ill]|illi- oli" i, ,-| i|i„.;i„. ,.:ni-r,| l,v

,|„. .,,,111,,,, I,,,,- ,. ,1 , ■ " l''"^'-""- '""iJii- ul.i.h t,v.|ucntl.v Mlhi.'k-

in. -(.(iniii;, I,,.),,,,' the Ml'.' i|intr n ...v.> 1 he .■■n,ii,i,l \r ,. . c,

"■:,;:;:.;';■ -; :;- " ^- , ■' ,; - '"'"-'"■■ ''-■ ■'";''""":::":;::::i ::

I'"""' "' '";,'"■ tl'r v,.,.k, |,,ll,,u■,„^^ u-.ul,. th,. >l,.,n. ,,r ,1„. , ||,„„. ,„,. ,;,

:'ir:,Jt':;:l.::::;zt:::r('\ ; <:^..<.": :;.:..

nv,.r;,„.l wilt- -^ '"'■ '"■ '"■' '^"••'- ''"• -''lli'i^ l''i'-

^..;.:"l;;r''L:l;,:j:;:Jl;:::^;^l::;;;;•::;r;;,,:;;;;■■;,;... ->....■

'--■'«..::;:;:::::;::;;!;' ;:::7''';;:;,;:;„::':j:;;'{-"*^-^

\Vi\TM: CnMllIM,

Diirinn- tl„. tir.t «int,.,- if i, 1,,.,, ,„ ,,,,„, ,,., ,.,,„;,..,.

Icivcs or >ti',iw.

Ill ViTUI^' >li,.|lli

II- -cfillini;- Willi ;, iiiiil,-|i ,,|
j;i-..m„l (>,.,.„.,. I!,,„l, ..M ,„,„„., ,. ■ '""■ '" ","■ '•"'■;"""■""• "^il^illy HINT tiM-

i'l! \\-i'i. WTiXi;

'A 1" ci^IlT liii'ii-^ ;iii;irr 111 I, I.,,] tl. 1 . iri'iti

:■■*""' •■■'■"'- I "• -"I 'I- .■-« .■; I..,,,.; ,,..,„. „■':,'■;■"■

(•,,M|.-|.:i!s._S,,,l|i,n.^ ,,,■ ,j^^,

I' ri--llll- !l;-ni Mil.. ||]:l]| «.,|-klii__

•■-. (^ "cvi.rtrnM.iis ■■), ..,,■,. rarely -,.t .,iit in

!l ^ni.l

'•;,': '" '"'"• •"•■111- iiP^irf III tl„. n.u-. uiil, |-r,„„ .i^ ,,, ,.i„.,,, ;„ , i , '"
'111- tran-pLiMtiiii,-. a. witli th,. l,r„.Hl1,.,v ■ " ' i-lw,.,.ii ,■„
.!,„...i , , .. " "" I'r'Mil-ii'.nr,! sjhtics, o«iii|.acts th,. ,:.nt.....i i

", ", ■' •"■'■ '■'.' ;■ '■' "iiii-iaii.in.i.' a,lv,.rs,. .■,„„litio,w. (■,,„i|-,.r- .,n. I, 'f't "•■,..'.

z.LTsz:i::::::^: '"'■■ ■ - '"■■•■' "■■■y -'S^ "'<■:.

•I tr..iii
•ii r.n. -.
1

38

iuin:sritY itii.wcn iii i.i.i:r/\ y„, ,-,'.>

■•arotully liftul. at.,.r tir.t U,..uin^ ,1,, .art v h a i ,1 ', '.' '""' "'"-'' ^^'""''' l""'
free „r ..a,.,l.. They „,ay „,..„ !«? h..!.: r ,a,^ i^: "I '"^ 7'"^ ^'-^'y ^^'^'k""

-ranees mkiv dietate. Jf the Mte tn V „I.., ■ . r • "^•"'-l""-''i"<'n. as ein-i,m-

-..- .i.^' Plants, with ..Sini.;:.!;': ;;':;/- ; -r'V rrr'- "^^^''^"^ "

Pa^re L':i). If this eann„t he ..onvenientlv , ' i e h 1 V ^ " /', ^""'' ""•""■" ""
in 1-Nes. erates. „r ha,i<ets in s,„.|, ■ , ne h , '''"': r ,:l"!"'' '"^ -'>refully paekod
'o .he c,„,-i,l,. and their ro„r- „. he ' ' ' . ':\," ''r "^ '•?-^-'-'-^ ^^'^h "■->• '"P-

9— NOTES ON VARIOUS SPECIES

Tree, are divided i,.,„,.,.,.n„rale, ,., .Meh hav. , n .iv.n the t^IWin.

iiaini

Kardw 1

I'eeid .l>deaved ifallinn i„ „,,^„,',

Kread-leavod

Sfiftu-ood

Kvert're< II

Xeedle-leavid

• 'iinit'ers (eone-lx>arers)

.,.ii..:/t;^:;:„;f- ,t: t; >:::,::-::\:'""'rf-' * -"r"- ■"" •

< oXIFKIiS
Wimi: Cki.m!. mt auBnii-MTAi: r77,„;„ occid,„l„Hs>

year, with ,ho dd f a s J hdd r ht ""S "' ?'T-/";"" "■'"^ ^"^* "' ^ ^^'^^^ -'-'
Ti 1 • ,' ,' ladULr, It K- ...-ually not diflien l to .. htain lar-e mi-uitit;..

five ou:,e:;:,n'itLi:;t';;;;L':ft; rtv^rir't "/sv""-'; "■"'.'""^ °"

7,000 stH^dlinfrs • "• '" ~''^' '"'J ^° preduee li.ono or

olose stands to en..re-;hedevi,;,:;,t:,ftS.^:d;Srunks:'"^'^'^ '" " '^"""'^ "^

\(iri:s ()\ \ iinm s sm ii:s

39

T},,. sod of balsam fir ri,,r„- ..Ihuu il... first nf Sr,,i,,„l„.r, Tl „cs niu.t 1„.

j.,.her.l e.„ ... an, « e„ .l^l.l, ,r.... for .hoy fall t,. pi.vs sh„r,ly af,,. o a
np... 1 ho M.,i wh,..h ,s al..,„. ,1,.. sam,- si... as that of wlnt.- pi,,.-, ro.„iir,.s ,o 1...

sown qu.t. thu-kly m tho .Inll-. Thr,.,..,„.art..rs of a ,,ou,„l of 1 luil! '!■ ' I,'

ot ts viuar,. tt. a>Ml. if of ;roo,l ,,„nlif.v. will pro.l„,v appn.xin.atolv 7.00,1 .,.,., llin--

Ihr l.aNam ),r >s suit.-.l for planting. o„ wot >it,... 1„„ ,„;,!o.- i',- l.-t j^rowtl, on
-11 <lr:n„o,l l,„f, nmi.t so.N, It ,„a.v ho planto.l i„ puro -tan.U .•:■ ,,,1x0,1 with ,pn

';:;;ii: aiit'rinlt. '^ '^ ""' '"'"'"' -"' '-'- -'"■"'•• ''■ ■■'-■"■'' - ■■'-•

Th,^ sep,l of honilo,.k is UM.ally rip,. ,|„ri„;, th,. ,.a,-lv p.n „f So,.- .nhor It ■

.T:uk

■k ■,iii,. t,-n„splaiits s,-t out ii, sai.,1 to |irr.-, 't .lriltiii«

f 'holo.Spi.<^i;il

"';■ '''•>"1'"-1^ '■■■"' hr pla„to,l o,. almost an.s .-oil u|,i,-h i, not too ,lrv. It i. not
a tno to 1... ro,.,.i„„„.t,dt.d tor for,.st phuttinfr, how.vc.r. Thor,. arc oth..r tr,.,.s s,,,-!.
a,- r«l pine or wh.to p.no wh.ch aro well s„ite,l to tho samo soil as th,. h,.n>l,.ok an,!
w 1 pro,h.oe a h.tt.r „nahty of tin,h..r. It is a ;r,K.,i ,ha,l.. on.iurer a,„l pro,h„..r
.. then^toro a valuahl,. tree for nn.L.rplantins in stan,ls c-ontpo,,.! of ;p,.ei..s wlm-h

,lo not ]ir,>,hi

■icnt sha,ii. for tho prot,>ction ,)f tlic soil ii,i,lo
■LwK Pine (l'i,u(s Banl.sinui)

I he jack pute r.pe.ts its see.ls ,n Octoh.^r, but owin^ to the faot that the con,.s
n.,„a„i on the tr«. for a nnmhor of year. ..vithotu opcinK, the .-oiieetinfr can be do e
a almost any season. ll,jwever, only fresh, brifrht ,.o.,es shouM be pioke,!. for th..
ol,l,.r. dark-grey cones are likely to have poor seed and they are also mor,. ,liHi,.„lt to
o|„'ii as a rule.

40

/"„7..s//.i II I!, \, II III i.i: ii\ \u. ,:ti

■ ...S: i';'.:' it-';!,::::;;,:;:'^:,.;''!;:';,:;,;:;:"; " •-— " -

I -.r. ,-,. ,...,,r ,,,:;;; ;■■•'■•'''•'- ^ -i— i, i. .„iv,.,i,„..

- M.rti,.,,.,,, ,„ .„„. ,„.,. ,„„, ' :;;,'';,-':'■'■'"■'' ''"■ """."■ '"■■-• ^'^ "—

inniv „.,.,K. • lir Miri.,1, IV ..„ ,n ,.,„„-. ()i„. ,„.,n„n-..„f.n,,- IiuMMMP,,r

111. / ^ - .II,,,;.- .,•,. tr,.,„ two „, ,h,v,. i,„.|„.- hi^l,,

- ■■ r''i''-- '■•'•"'-' -^'^^^^ ;■■'

iMctiirv ( Cvc .riiirirni ,,111,.. tL - 11,. ' ' ""■ -.III-

•■" — :i-^;^:";:;:;;i'":;;t;r;:,.,'-^;':S,.''' '■■■'■■■""■

I{i;i) I'l\|.- -( I'iinis f s/iiov,,*

;!::;;:: ;:L;:;,r;;.*,r;;:L,,;'„S',^;:: ;:;,;;•'" - «"' ■" '- ^'i-" ■■

;t.^:r:^;:;;:,z;l,;:;:,,:':;:-:^;-:::::;^--'™;-,.'u^

it Wl".-;!."" """""■'' ''''",""" '"• '•"■■"''''-'" ""■"-.»^l. .l.'nl.Ts i„ tn... ...,.,1. who i„„,„,.

It troM Kuro H., (,r it niny »> inpnrttil diicct Ft , »■ li i , '

Om V ,r 1 "Pl.n,.xnn.„.ly .i.MKm s,...,lli„j.s if ,1... m..,! is fn.l,.

miuh-on'niM'lri """^ '"■'; '"'"■ '"■" '" •"""■ '"'■'"■^ '"«'' "'"' like otlur ...inif..,.
r.^iuiri partiiil slui,!,. (luriii^r tlicir trst vc;ir Wlu'ii (,„.. v,..,- l ' ♦! i

JS' "■""■'■ - '■■' ' -;:;: Ziz::':;z;zxrz

S«iSa^<-V.!'£^t'i1:^

Wmii: I'lVK , I'liiii- Sir,, I:, IS I

4!

Tin

'•'■HI. ,.\ :hr \\\n\i- |>iiji iii-c ii-u;illv ii'Mily i,.r c.H.-ci iiij; .luring' lli. I.iihr |, n

-t .\ii'_ni-t or ih,. ,.„,'l,\ part ..f Scptcnilicr. I. ill i!,r .And liim- .I.|,,.m,|, :,| ii„. -.•,i...n.

'""■ ' 'i-i ' ' '•'ill- al'-ui 'ii'<. ,,r Tlid :,ii<l ui;i vuM fr..iii .,.i.- JmI !' |...iiim1 I..

• ■ri. |, urnl ..I .•I.mii, «iii(.'l,-- -ci'd. Tii- vc,| i- - i« r. in .Irlll- in llir nm-. r.\ l....|. n
''"■ l''il'- "'' '■'!'■ l-oiirnl I.. .".n,i ft, ,,1' ,|r'ii. Tlii- ,- , .|ni\ ;,l, r;t I. l'iik .,|n:ir. li. ,,f |„ .|

Willi .IrilU. -ix inrlu- ,i|.;iM. .\ip|.r...viin,il.'ly Id.iMMi phinu uiii .pr,,in lr..iH p. u ,1

"i Irr-li ~r,;\. .\1. .111 tluv.- ui.,.k. :;i,. r liri'.! t'..r it n. >;. riniiK.l.. Liii .ill, i, ; i-i.|,r-

•'''!'■ I'r"l"'i-li..ii ..f -.'..I uill li,. ,,M r initil ll.c ii,.\t -prin- :in.| th.-n -pr..ut.

Wiiiti- jiim. |.l.;iitMti(iii four yiiiis Mft.r s.ttint' mil ;is tr:iiisi l.-mts

(>iic-.vciir-.,l<i scclliufT^ MH- fr..iii fw,. t.. llirrc inchi'- ln;;li. iiiid r.-.piir,. ^lia.lini.

iliiriii!.' llirir Hr<f .vfiir. Tlicy mv l.t't t».. y.-.-ns in tin- s.-,.,l-l.,..N mihI tli.n. il Iiii..n~

f.ir pliiiiriiijfsccilliiifr^ iirc r:n..iinil.lc. mimv 1.,- s,-t in llii. ti. 1.1. Oth.^rwi-.- tliry ar.- tak.n
lip and Traiis)ilaiiP-d at'iiiii int.. tran-Llaiiliii^ I.,mU in p.w- Ii' i.. 1- in.'lu- apart, and
tlinv iiK-hcs aiiart in the r..u. AIIim' i<t\v ..r tu.. y,-ar- ii, ilir lraii:-plantin- L.^.N tli.>
arc set mit in rlic iKM'iiiancnt pliiitatinns.

Tlic wliiti. pjiic inr pi.Ml dcvcLipiiiciit n^.piiiv-. a lair am.. nut ..f inoi-tiirc in tif
s..il Mild wiiil,. it pn.ws ,,ii IJKlit saiiciy s,.ils it is n..t <,. well suited t.. very dry pla.-,s
as arc llic- red pine ,,r jack pine. It may he plant, -.1 in pur,- stand- ,.r tnixcil with ..tlicr
Jiiiies, red ,iiik ,pr sujrar maple

The white pine is fairly tolerant and thi'relure n.piir,- ,-|..s<. iilantiiifr. ahont .". I.y .".
it., t.i pr.>ili|.',. a ,dean st,iii early in its <li-vel..pmeiif.

N'oliW W ,'<fHI <K (I'uia .J-(v7.vr()

Th.' Norway spruce, like the Sc.trh pine, is n.it a native .,f this (-.untrv. and t!.-
S(vd <-annot U' collec'tcd Iwrc except where trees, n.,w ,,f >,vd-l„.arinf.' aee, liavc lK.,.n
piunU'd. It lias been u.«t<I in this country liiivcly 1or ornamental and wiii<l-hrenk
plar.tinL'. because of it-s trracefiil form ami it.s rai.id ;rrowth. It is mn.'h m,.re rapid

48

fi)i/t:srHr huamh hi i.i.his \„ m,

111 LTowth thiiti any df nnr nntivp KDrin-™ nnJ l-„. . i .1 ■ 1

""-1. U, nH.,>n,„i,>,Ml it in ,.n Lr.Xt " v "'"'" "'" ^""''' "'"'■ '' ' '*

tho tnn. havo Ik.„ rAnuSuliZZ Z l^niTlZ^Z Tm ^"■""'-' '"""^

'»"> tniM.phuitii,^ i,.,ls l„f„n. >..tTii..' onf *"'"'"'" " *'""■ ''■■ '"■" '"

It .„. ... on a ,i;;;:t:i ;;----- ii-^:- ,':;!';;;"!;!:.

White SmrcE and Kko SrRircE fP,V.a alha and Pirca rubra)

sea JJ -^^^ t:-;- :-;';.?rt s;;; ^tS^ - ^ ™'^- - ^" ^^ ■

quart, or nonrly two pounds of ,ocd "'"""'■^' '"^''''^ "''^"^ ^'''^ ""^ ""-I'^'f

otiJ^'^if^i'Tr.^ :^Z-^ "r ''"'"" "L/^" '"o^'^'^ ^""'^ '""-^ - ''-■•i^''^ ^T

si.e and will pr d -o a,n. xUltr'-^rS^^ '^,"'''"^"' *" ^"" " ^^' 1" ''>• ^ ^'^ '-
fiom U to 2i in. i„ hoipht ' «,M>dl,n«. Ono-y.ar sprucx^ sr^-dli,,,^ are

or into the transplant ,";,; ;™"^'''-'"""J «« ^f^-^H-nfis urto the permanent plantation

.6.^!^^::::::;:. ^^:t St^ri^ii.t''^ r^*^ °^ -"«• ^hey are wen

and therefore s.iould h.^ spac^^lB:r4tr;t.'r";ntr a 0^^."^" ^"^"^'^

.vo7/,.s *).\ (I /,•/»// .s si-t:(if:s

43

tw,. y..„^ ,„ t.l,.. ,-.,.,1-1,.,,, U.,- ,„„„H.„„i„.., Tlu,v ,„,,v iJ :, u . i,

tr.iT.^ . ,u.t Uh\. „n,| M,.,, ,, ,i„.,„ ,„„ ,,,,„.„ f,,,,^ ^^^„ ,j^^.^^ ^^.__^^_^ ^ |^|

llw t;„MMra..k is M,u,.,| f,.r planting i„ v.t.v u,., ,.r Mv.m„.v .Itua,!.,,,.. l,u. i,

'iK(VM> i.K.WKF) Ti;i:i:s

Willi 1, Ami I FriuLiiiis ani' rli-<in<i>

Th.

^^.■<I (if till- whitr' ,i>li riiX'iis in OctnhiT and iiia.v U- >own in tlio fall m- .priii"
It IS sown IM ,lnlls M, thir|<ly that tii.- kmirU will t„„rll ,M ', „tliri-, au,l i, tl..-i,

.•ouTcd uKuit ,,n,.-liiilf ui.l, ,1,., p. ()i„. ,.,,„,„1 „f Mul <',,ntai.is al.oiit In. -oris in,!

will >„w alMuit KMI f,.,.t „f .Irilj. (),„. |.„nMi of <v,'d will produfo from ;!..-00 to .->..-.on

.-I'lMlhlipS.

0:„.-y,.ar H.r,llin}.'> an- fimn rlx t,. t«vlv,. inrli.-s in lici^rht. F..r i.laMliii- it i<
bt-^t to us,. on.-voar-oM or tuo-v,-ar-,,l.l ^lo.■k. ram-in- in Ini^ln fp.m -,x in.'li,- ;.,
two k'ct.

_ Till" white iish ,l,.v,lo|w hot in fiv^h. loani.v ?oil ami will iioi ,1,, a. w, 11 in >v.t
sitrs as the hhi.'k ash. It will not ,h. w.ll on puro san.l oven if tl„- nioi^tiiiv ,-nntrnt
IS eiiitahlo.

Brcaus.. of its p,M,r >ha<l(-pr.i.lu.-iiu .pialitios it n^nally i. h. tf<-r t,. f;row it mix..!
with .•(■rtain other spc'ies than to prow it in pure stands. On well drained sit.-, whhh
arc not too ,lr.v ,t .'an h.- ^.rown with whit,' ;,ilH^ r.',l oak, s.n.'ar inaph. nr h,,.,-h in
.•ilt,.rnatr row... On soils tliat t,ii,l to h,. wvt it may h." mi.;,.,l with -iiviT niaolo
.•otto,uvo,«i or wl,it<> pnip. Th,' two f„rm.'r .p,..-i,.. aiv liahh- to ,,v.t rowd ti„. ,,^h and'
slioui.l ho mixed sparuiKly, that i>. in tlie plantation wh.Te th,' fr.i- ar,- -,,irc,l -, l,v -,

tt. ,,r ti hy (i ft. every third or f,,nrth row should ho siUvr niaph' or .'ottonw I '

^ Very (rood results have he,,, ohiai,,,',! hy .-uwin- whil,. a-h in tli,- u l!,,, ,..,„',.:,1\

in the seed-spot n,etho,l. liy ..ui,,- ,,.„ or tw.-K,. >,.,..!., ,„ a -pot a |„..,a,| ,.r tw!.
will sow an aero.

lil.M K .isii t Friuiiius niijrii)

'I 1,,' hlack iisl, is h,.tt,'r snlteil for th,' v,'ry wet and swampy >it,'> than 1- ll,,- whit,-
Msh. On Mieh site's it ean h,' prowi, mix,.,! with siirn,-.', taina,'a,'k. and ilni, ..,: ,,,, the
>P"ts son„.what hotter drained, with whit,' pine.

The s,,yl of tl„. hlaek ash is h,'avi,.r than that ,.f th.' whit*, a-li and th, ,',■ ■ ,■,.
fewer s<.eds jx-r iH.und, almut :.(M» as a rn!.-. It is also sh.w.-r to f;v,-minat" aial n-
'pni-i's fp'm one to two years.

Th,. iuelh,.d of growinfe' in the nursei-y is mn,'h th,' same a- ,h».,i'iU-,l f^r wh t,'

Bass\mio|) {Til id amrricdiui)

Th,. ha.^Ho„d ripens its seed in S.-ptemU.r or early Oc-toh,.r. It mav ho 8own at
oneo or .t,.red ,n the same manner as d..s,.rih..d for nuts until sprin^^ " The se,.d is
soparat,'d from its winp or bract h,.fore sowinL' an.l is sown i-:, ,lrill. on,. i„,.h d,.,'p

-- -^l^' '*:«-..

.-", V

44 Utin.y'llty in: Will III I.I II l\ \„ ,!i,

•*'"• l"""ii'l "I 1 hiiii- nl'nilt il.KMt „.,;U iiimI will .,iw alMHit :.Mi» f.vt ..f l.ill

^"""' "•' "' '-'' '"•'> I''' 'I'Ti.m.it |-.,r a v.nr. ,v.,,r ..■.•.111.,^, ,,r.- fn.iii ,ix i,,

tw.'lvc iiidir- liitfli.

Thf hii-sw I i, l„-,t Miitcl f,.r fr.^li. 1...1III.V sitiiiitluni iiii^i ..,ri I,,. |i!aiit>'<i |iiin«

■ >r III lliixnl hIiiihU. It iiiiiy \,r pliiiit.'.i witli ouk, vvliit,. ,liii. -iiuar iiiiipl.' or lii.'knrv.
Tho l.ii«*w.H..| i^ ,,:.,• (,r,n.r 1.0.I »|.rniitiin{ trrri ami can !..• pinpairatcl a* (!..>.. rili.-.i

in .h^ni^iinf tin. ,|,rnut ,,r .pi.v „.. i1„m1 „f rc|.r„ail.'ti,Mi. In planllim if -lin,il,| !„■

■>paii'.| aUmt 4 l>,v J ft.

Bkeiii {F'UiiiH nrnwlifolia)

Th.. ...„l of tl,.. I,....,l, ri|M.,H in 0,.„.lM.r an,! ma> I,,, plant,.! „, ,1„. f.ll „r -,„r..,l

l..r plant, n;rm I ,.• ,prin«. It s1h,„I,1 I,.. , ,.„1 )„ ,,...,|.,,,„,, ;„ ,|,.. ,i„|,| ,„ „, ||„„

I fli.T.. ,, liti!,. ,la,m^,.r „t Its l«.iM« ,!,.,.r...v..,| !,v -,,uirr..!s „r „il„.r r„.l.nt.. Tli- I I,

'"l ^"TJ""*-' ■■'""■^ 'I':'' '^ <"♦«':"" "• '^' '"'t if IWt n„,n. tl „• v-ar ,n inir-rv

%, «'""->•'•'"■ -'••llin^^s nr.. tr,.ni tlir.... t„ ,ix in..!,... in la.i^.|,f

.,.«<..!. an.l l,la-k ..iHTry. s- tl xfiisiv.. planting „f ,|,i. tr..,. i. |,ar,llv jn.,irt...|

"'"■" ""■ """■•■ ^ '''""' '"- «ill >rr,m-. If ,h„ul,l 1.,. plant,.,! » l,.v | ft.

TlIK linn IIKS I Hrlllhll.

Til,. M.,.,1 „f ,1„. I,ir,|„.« i. v.Tv Mnall an.l !i„hf. th.r,- lHi.i« api,n,xin,af..iv SUO.ii.M
MM'ds t,. 11,.. p,.„.i,!. f ,„.,.„r. in -t.iall ,■„,„.. „p ,.atkiM, wl,i,.|. rip,.n aLont tli-. n.i.l.ll,.
"f A„«u.t. rii.. ..... i. „f„.„ np,. «l,il.. th,. ,.,.,„. i. -fill ;rr....„ i„ ,.„|„„r. Uip,. s..,.,|

has a l„.|,t l,n ,,l„„r l",,!,.-- ,h,..v ar,. ..xp„„..| ,„ vi.,!,.nt win,!- fh.. ,.afki„. will

'•lt,.|i 1.,. to,iM,| liaMH-intr tn.ni tla- fip< ,,f th.. l,ran,.li..H hit., int,. th.. fall

.,,, . •V":'' ".'""" "!'■■"■"« ""■ '•"'^'"" <>>">■ '"- '"-"k-'M h.v rnhhiin.' iH-tw,.,.,, th.. han,U

I hw ,!r.vin« IS n,,t always n..,...ssar.v lor ,n„s, „f tl, „... |,. l„„k..„ )„ „,„ .,.,,,„;

^'< atf...npt n....,l ho ma.l.. t., s..paraf,. tl ha,T-lik.. ,■„,,.. .r,U- fn.ni .h,. -.,.,1; it i-

aliiicisf niip,i:*il,I|.. Ihcy arc sown t,)K,.th<.r

Th.. s„wi:,s may I,.. ,h,,„. ,.i,h,,p i„ ,i„, ; „, ,|,,i„^,_ ,„i,.,^,^ ;,, ,,_..|l^ ^^^

c•J.^f .n th.. nurs.^ry h...ls. If th..y ..„m,. „p , ,hi,.:dy in tl. . ,!ri;is fh..v .-an lat.T 1.,.
l.mn,., ,,ut Iti th.. oas.. „f fall „,win.^ ,!,.. h..,U ar v,.,-,.,! with a inul,.!, whi,.h i-

r.-miivcl in the .sprmp.

TlLvvonm.' M^..,llin«s Hk.. tli.xs.> „f th,. ,if..rs ar- !„..t sha,i,.,l in t)„. h„t w..afh.-r

.lM,.,n.,^ ,h,.,r timt y,.ar In th.. fall tli..y may ..itlu.r h,. tak,.„ up a,i,l h..,-!,. r,.a,lv

I'.r fran.plaMt,n»r in lli.. ,prin« .,i- l,.ft i„ th.- 1 s .h-.t wiMt,.r. In th- sprin- tli.'v

■■nr -,.| ,„„ ,„ „ur-,.ry t-ows ah,„„ ,w,. ,„• th, in,.h..s apart, fl -tan... h..tw.::„ ,1,,.

r..ws <l,.p,.,„|,Mi. np„„ wlu tluT th,n- ar.. t„ h.- ,.nltivat..,l hy ha.-.,,! or hv h,.r-,. ...iltivafor

sHfim''",',',',,'""' '" '""'"'''■' "'"' ""■■'' '"'" '"' ^'■""' ^"^ '" -* '""'"'' '■'-'' '""' ■■•■'"'> '■•"•

Althou^.h ,h,. i,n.,.l„.s pro.ln,.,. v..ry „s..ful w.„>,! th,. ...st..MM-v,. pla.ifin- of tl,..m in

_. ,. woo, h, K ,„„ ....,.„„ini,.n.!,.,l unl..ss it is for fh. pur,.,s.. of pnahn^ln^ Hr,.woo,l.

i!nt a,.::!;:.;:;'!':::,!:"""' ''"'""' "'^"' "■"■'^ "^ ""^ '■"'^" ^■^''•■^''■'" '>--M'--,.,i ,r,.,.s

I'.l.MK CliKHii (I'riiiiKx Sf'roliiKi)

The fr,iif of fl,.. |,la,k ..h.-rry rip..n> in August or early in Septomhi^r. Wh,.,,
unrip., the fruif i> Kr..,.n m ....lour an.l a. it riiM.ns it takos on a reddish tin..,, an.l
finally l),.(..)m..s .(uife hhvk.

Th,. .s,.,..l may hi. s.iwii in tl„. fall ,)r spring. It is st,>rod in moist sand as ,!..s,.rih..,l
t,.r niifs. Ill sowintr, th.. s<...d.s aro plant...! thro.. in..hes apart in drill.s and ,.,)V..r,.d one

"f\ u'^'r^-'l ^';;'""' "• ' ' """^■'''- ^^'-"t -!.<>*» -'-'''i^ ^nd win ^,u „u,„( ;;».) f«.t

ot drill. The drills ar.. eiglit t.) twdve iiR.h.>s apart for hand cultivating „r two t,)
tliree lei't f,)r hors.. ..ultivating.

Mills ii\ I \iniil \ >/7.»7/v

46

Oii.-.v.'iir .'III IliriL'-" iin- t'f..iri i^^lit f.. t»ri\.' in-ln', '•' li.iulii :iii,| l,,,^,.

• •IIMIIUII t.. ..( .,111 III III,' ti.'lll Mf HM,.,||,,t.

Til.' lijii.'k ilHTry <l.'vrln|w l„..| ,111 ttrll i|n>iiii'<l \,.,u -Iiii.i ...iU, l,iit it i< ii,,i

cxiicliiiK n* ti. -.lil iiM.I iiinUtiir.'. It it li.'tt.T -int.-.! for i/mwin^ m ;i mixturr tlum
ill piin- itiitiiis Imt "liHiii.l Ih' mix.d ..tilv with *|i.vi, ,4 uhii-li nv ii,.i Ii.mvv -lin.lr
In-.tilihTi'-, »ii.-li ;i- till' wliiti' II. Ii ..r Khi.-k walnut.

ClIK-iTM r I C'isl.liha 'I- tlhll,l)

Til.' .■Ii.'.tiiiit.i rip.ii ill It.'tnlM'r nil. I .li.,iil<l 1h- (fiitli.r.'.l a- .....ii :i, tlu'.v \,m\u

'" ''■■"_"'• 'I'l'' 'ir'^t t Ii nf ir..-! ii-iiiilly oiM'ii- ill.' liiir mi.! tii.- nui^ nn- I'lnily tnk.n

■mt. Tli.w iMii.v 1„. |,l„iit.il .•itii.f ill 111,. .|iriii»r .,r t'nil, \VI,..ii «r.,wii in t|i,. 'iiiir'i..iA
iliiy iir.' pliiiit.'ii ii. n.ws ten .,r tH.-l\.- nut- p.T linrar l".„,t aihi 'ilM.iif .,ii,. iii,.|i ,|, ,.|,,

!'■"*'"« '■' «l> "•""111 f"r .'ulliviitiiiif Im.|w,.ii i-,,h,. On.. l,i|.|i..l ,,t' ,'li.-liii;t^ .'..nlaiii,

fniin li..MHI t,. x.iHM) nut,, will plant t;.Vl f.-.t ,,l' mn-.ry r,.w. an, I pr.,.iii,-.' alM.iit l,i;uii
plillit'.

'■'' li'-lniil will ,l..v.'l,,p w.'il ,,n fairly .Iry. liirlii, -aii,|y ...iN, l.iit it i- at it*

'"'■' '"'■!'• I'niiny, wt'll .Iniinc.l s.iil-i. wlii.'ji arc oft. n f.i.i .jry f,ir suvrar iiiapl.. .,i-

l>i'.','li. If may I... plant. '.I in pur.' -tainU liv.- f..,.t aiuirt ..n.')! way ..r if may l..' iiii\,,l
with whit.' pill.', r...! pill.'. ,,r rt.l nak. aii.l .in Mi,.r.' iii,.i«t *it..^ with -iiL'ar iiiapl,', whit.'
,>ak. Im'c.'Ii, iir vliit.' ii«li.

rii.' .'h.'snut s|ir,,iil>, ,,r .•,,ppi.'..~. with n iiiarkiii.l.. \ ly,,iir fr.,iii ,iit -ii,iii|„ ai..i it
.■an li.' r.|ir,i.lii''i'.l in fhiit nmiin.r.

Tiii.4 is :h.- .■Ii....tnnt li that pnuln,.... tl lihl,. mit^. ami -h.nil.l n,.t 1 ..n

fii-.'-i with th,. h..r>,-,'li,.,tiiiit whii'h i, II, ,f a iiativ,. hut ha- Im.'ii wi.l.'ly plant, '.I f.,r

..rnaiii.-ntal piirp'--. K,.i- , . ..ii..iiii,- pLii.tiii- in ( ana, hi. l! ii, -inm ',, pr,i.-i i.Mliv

■ ■,,Mtin,-,l 1,1 th.. Niai^ara p,-;nn-iila an. I tl.. ,...iiiiti,-. a,lj,,Jiiii,L' lli,' i.ik, - Kri, ai,.| .^t
(-'l.iir.

.\t lla- piv-,.nl till,,. ih,r,. i. a fiiiii;.,ii- ,ll-,.a-,.. th.. .•iu-iniit l,aik hii-lit. ait.i.-k-
in- an. I killiiii.' ih,. ,-li..tnnl in iari;,. i.iiiiii.,T- in many ,.i' tin- ii..mIi,- i,i, rii I'nit,,l
St.it,.- fr,iiii .Marylan.l ami l'..nn-\ !\ .,nia t.. .M.i-,i,'liii-,.ti,. .\. y,t n.. pi'.i,.ti,.a! iii,.ai,-
,.l .•vi.r.'..iniiiif it ha-i 1,.-.t. .li>.-.,v.T.-,|. ami a- tli,r,' is a p,,-.;l,ility ..f t|». ,li.,-;i.,.
-pi.^niinti int.. t'aiia.la it w..nl,l ii.,l 1,. a.lM-ahli' t,, -.t .ii' ,-m,.|imv,. piai tit i..- , ,,''

Ukii Ki,m m.-.i iM.i.Kii Si,ii'i'i;i:\ Ki.m tl'lmiix liilni}

Th.- -.■.■<! ,,f th.' r.-.l. ,,r -li|,p..ry, .liii np.ns in May ,.r ,-ar!y .Inn,.. I.ik,' that ..I
"i"-' " 'ins it ri'tain- its vitality ,,niy a >li,.rt tini.. ,iml th.r.'f,,r.' -li'.iiM 1,,. -.,un

-',,'11 afi,-i ^atli.'riii;;.

S.,w in .Irill- ah,,ut J.". ..r :;u k.rm.'s t,, th,- Invar f,„,t ami ,',.v.'r ip.in ..n,..
.■:i;htli t., ..|]i.-ipiai-t..r ..f an in.'h .L.p. 'i'liin ,iiu t,i alK.iit nni' incli apart if tli.y ,'.iii,'
np t,„, thi.'k. On.' 'mnc' ,,f wiiiK-Ii>- -..-.I will |ir.i.lm'.' aliiiut l'.ihmi plant^.

Om-y.'ar-.,hl -.-.'.ilinKs uvi'mp' fr.iin t.-n t.. ciKlitv-'ii in.-li.'s in lu'itrlit ami may !.,•
set .'lit in jiur.' plaiitiiti,,ns ,.r ini.x.il with whit." ash, whit.' piu.'. white ,iak. -nuar
maple. .>r hhmk .'li.'rry.

\\'liiTR Ki.m {I'Imii.'i amfriiiinn)

Seeil ,if the whito i^hii ripens in JIay. Care -luinhl h.- tak.'ii n.,1 (,. pi,'k it i,,.,
>.>,,n. Only piimip and well tilled seed sliould ho taken. If milky ami ii,>t tinn tli..
piekiiiK sh.iul.l be deln.ved for n fow dn.vs.

The s.iwinjr should be d.me as snon as p.issihle. Before sowing, hnwev, r. tli.' -,. ,i
sh.juld be drie<i for a .lay „r tw.i mid the wiii-;- fuhbed wiT bt-twei n the painis ,,f th.
hands. The seed should be sown in drillrs at the ratt' of about »>(» to so k-^rnels per
linear f.i.,t. ami .'..vtwd lijrlitly .ne-.iuart.-r .,f an inch deep. L.'ave fr..m tw.'lvr t,.
eighteen inches sjia.'p l><nweon drills for .iiltivatinK.

,r i*..i.

46

/"/.■/ -//,•> /(/,• I \( // /,•/ ///

//\ \.

I'll.' |..,ll||.l ..t ..,,1 vmII „,u .lU.Ilt 1 '(HP r,,l ,,(■ .lr,ll .11

::•■"">> .-.■.li,,,.. \v„), ,,..,-,, I,.- 1,,.,!,.,, Iln^', ' """""'"'^

I' I.- Ihl.k;\ I|„> ||l;l> Im tl,l|,|M(l t., ,,!,..

-.,u.r,.f,...,„f„„r.,r>. I...,., , ,„..„,, ' ' ' ' "'" ^^ '•""'

iii'ii (i|iiirl,

In |.: iiitihu. ',n.' Miir n|,| „,,|i

I'l' -iiilcil t..r -I riiii^. ,,
■r iiii

' ■■' '■> ■■' "■ "'■ '■ !•> 'i I'l. «ill Im. |- „l

I HI l|i( K.iiiiKs ( f'ania)

Mihstai'ton .

,, "'•■'^"'•> -•;' "V"- in 0,.,,,|„. I ,u.n 1„ |,h„.l,.,! ..:tl„r in tl,.- fall .,r -f.nw.

•l"n, It i- nil, II |„hi,,,l.!, t,, |,li|M til, Ml

liin:.'' iiinl In,' ,lilli,-iilty ,,f traii>|.laiitiiiir

1''"'^' "" '" III 'I"!'- IXTIIIIIIl, tit -it.'. Ill |ll,llltillK ill tlll-

'"^'""■'- '>' ■ -l'^"' iiH'- i.iv ,.hi,.,.,l i„ thr .,ni„- -|.„t

'i' 'III' I'lir-Mv tl.,> iin ,,l:i,„.,| i,. ,„u. ,, , ,i„,,,. i„,|„. ^„„,,, ^,,,,1 .,,„„„ ^„^

V' ','';■ ' "'■ ! '!'' ';•■'"'"'- "-"I '■" '" "•' iii't- -Mar,.:.! v..,lii,i^. atv 1>

Til,. >lui.^l,a,-k i,i,.k..rv i,;nu, ,n.U,n ,,n„l,„-,., th,. ,„„.t. viiIui.M,. „ 1. It .ii„v

..■ |.la.,t,,l ,,„n.„r n.iM.l w„li wlii,,. „-li. ,„■ l.i.vli, ,,r„u,l,.l tli,-,. latt,-,- atv k, ,.. i„

'.Ha. I,";'f, Tl' '' ';■ ";"7''"" •'"• '-■'^"■■>- >-' l-.-i.i*^ Hi- spa..,,,, i, n-„alK
...Ha. I » |,\ 1 It. Ill, >liai:lMirk lii,.k,,f.v i- ,, ,_r \ ,|,r,,|,|, ,.

.\l^^>l,,lu MAfii. Mi l:,,v K,,,,:,: ,.|,,,. .V,,/.,,,,/,,-)
.';;'■-;''.■•'■ •!- Manit.,l.a tiia,,],. 1- ,„...,|,„.,.,l „,a.i„l,„itly ,.,.1, ...r. I, rip..,.- in

• .M. la.-l,.. ,,t .,.,.,1 „Mdi- „|,.ait ..|,v,.„ ,„ai„.l. I, h,,, a uvrtintialin,, ,„.r,.,.nta.;.

I in.a. ..n to .„. ,„T ivnt. aial ,„,. ,„mi,hI u,II ,a-,„l a|,,,r,,Ni,„af.lv .;.iHin „' „„,

l-l"|- ^"Ui,,.. „ „ „.,.|| ,„ ,l,n i, i„ ,„,,|„^ ,,, 1,,.^.^,,, ^,,^ _^^^^, ^^j, ^,^^_ ^^._^^_

I tiiay I,,. .,u,i ,11 ,1,,. fall „r -,,ri„^. S.„i„. -,.,1 „iay 1„ ,l,„-,i,a,it r„r ^..ir

S.. Ill n^kl.v in ,1,|||. .. ,1 , .,„,,. „„„.,, „,„^_ ^„„, _. ,^^^,^, ^ ._^^|^

;l-' ■■ «',„. ,.,,ii,„ ,,| -,,,.,1 „,,! ~,.u- al...ut -KM) f,...t of drill. Tho ,lrilU .ho„l,l i„. :;,,

ni-i- al.art ,t a l.o,-,. oiilt i^;„.,r i- t„ 1„. „s...l. Sooilliim, -|io„|,l 1 „|,i,„„., ,!,„;,„.

1- tnM y,.,ir. Oii,.,v,,,r.„l,l ...,.,lli,i,,. arc ,>.„„ twoK,. t„ h.m,. |„ , i„ , ;„,;,-

uo y,.a,--, ,1 .,.,., |„if.-.t,-o,M :;i to ;»! i,„.|„.,. Th..y ,,..„ 1„. ,,!a„t,.,l out in ,!„. i..,-,,;,,:

'■nt plantathai uln^u ntlur oi„. ,,r two y.ar- nl,l

';,'":' '''^"""^^ '" '■•-."■-■" •■■'-'I^i. -I.-.-- many ,v ,1, -ir.,1.1,. -,„.,.;,. ,. ,„ 1„ .J,„ „

nrxin.^ w, 1. ,n„iv v.ilual,!,. .,„.,.|.., .vlil,.h ,lo no, ,m-ou ...r\\ i,, ,,„r,. ,,,„„1 I, ,.,;, l

:;:::;; i:: ;.•;:;■< -:.-.-.-whi,..a.„.,„„,i ,. ,,'.„.,o.,„.,i.itii," ;;:;;,;:

Si i.m; oi; Hmmi Mmtk (.Icr,- sarrharum)
Th,. .o,.,| of tlio .=„frar tnaplr ripotis nl.out tho first of O,.tol,..r ami hi. ■, Imv

imntcb <.0<K) sor.i.. aiui uill ,,ro,ii,c,. ahout -',:,()ii «,.,.,llnm. "

to 11.0 toot. ()i„. pour.,] of .,0,1 will sow api,roxi..iat..ly :Ji'(l f.-et of drill.

B *t<9^i

*■'' 'h. jt^Mmmm

:!i:i-A'i'

: 7 §

ri " L.

48

rouHsiin lurwiii III i.i.i:ii\ \». r,<>

(•iic-vnir-.'lil >c<illiij(rs lire t'r ■in -Ix Xi, twelve iiiehes in liei^rht.

SiitTiir iiiiiple will nuik.' iN I., -t .l.veiiipiiieiit in well drained, fresh, liraniv Miil.
It may lie i.laiit.'d in pmc stainl- -i- mixed with ether species such as white pine,
while (ink, red oak. elm. white asli. iia^swend, shajrhark hicker.v. I h. or hasswiiod.

One-year-eld seedling- are suit.ihli^ fer I'.irest plantiiijr and should he spaced ahout
■t i'.v t feet (ir ,"i h.v .". fei 1 if in [lure stands. Kven if they are intended for a susrar
j:riive it is well to space thcni at approximately that distance. It is a mistake to plant
them too far apart, even thoutih they will reipiire consi.h ralde tliinnint; liefore they

have readied tappinf: size. The su(.-ar maple niak.'s hest (jrowtli under forest < ditioiii.

Whih' it is known that the (|uantity of sap a tree yields is in direct relation to the
.i/c n| the crown. >im-ar-niakers claim that forest-jrrown tnnis will produce more than
tho-c H;rown ill an open, orchard-like urovi . This is jirolialily due to the fact that
tree, iiiKler which tli.-rc i- p.od coverinK of fore-t litter and liiimii- are more viM-orous
a- a ruli- than tne~ ^'rowii so far apart that they are surrounded liy hmI. It i- well

to plant the trci, close eiioujrh to ensure proper ^'roulld i dil^ms at the start, .ind

wluMi lhr\- are ahout ti'ii fei't liiiih and hc^rin to crowd seriously iii^iicc t.i thin

ill. Ill f:iadually. The~e conditions ,,f sjrowlh [iroducc Ion;; trunk> which all'..rd a
stoi-aiic place tor thi' -ii^ar contained in the -ap. ami the yield of -uf^ar is thus
ii: rcased.

Till; Sort .M.M'i.is i-'^J'-^'^'^ "H Wmri: M.M'I.k ( Act ,-.•<„,, I, miiuim i
/lvi;iion .S<Aui.Kr .M.M'l.i; ^Ic, ;■ iiihniin I

I'lie ,c,(l of the M.fi maplo ripens early in the -uiiinM r. ahout May or .Inur. It

-houM 1.,- -null a- - 1 a- ripe and not Mord for fail or >prlnii' piaiilin- It will

-pnoil hi a f.w Work- ai d the -. e.lliiii.'- will make u I liTowtli during' the fir-l Ma-in.

Iloth ..| the -ofi iiLii'!. - thrive on wci place, alal are suited for plantiiiu where
the <lrainai:e i- iinc, rtaiii. I lay may he plaiili d with elm. a-h. or lamaraek. The -oft

maple, |ia\e litlli' \nliie except for tirew 1 aiid are not pari ieiKarly l; 1 tree, |,, |,|aiil

if a iiion- valiialili- Ini will jriew mi the |ilace.

Winri: Oak (Qui rcii.s nlhn)

'''»■ • I'll' of 'lie white oak ripen in .S,.p|,iiiher and <)ctoli(r. ;iiiil tri rniinate -,„,ii

after they fail. For this reason it i- advi-ahle to plant them a- -ooii a- tliey aiv
u itlund. and not to attempt -torint: them. Like all oak> they develop a deep r,.nt -o
ihal lran-|ilantin>r them is ditticult. They can he rai-cd in the inir,cry hut if eoniiitien,
are lavdiirahle it is well to ,et them out where it is intended tl»\ are |o rcm.iiii ji,r-
inaieiitly.

Ill planting in tlie nursery they are spaced three' inehi's apart in eirills. ami .'ove ri;l
on,' anil a half iiie-hcs dei-p. One' pound of ai'orns will iilaiit ahout L'.'>.fee-t of drill. (Ine>
liii-hil eif ae'orns contains ahout S.fKMt siM'ds and will proilue'e ahout T.lMlll MiiHinL;-.
()iii'-yi>ar-old si'celli.ifrs are' from five to nine' im-hi's lii;;h.

I'lantinK in the' lie'lil eir weieiels in se('el-s]vits the- .s])ots shoulel hi' ahout six fee't apart
I a.i'h way ami four ai-oriis plaiite'd in I'ae'h spot. I.ik" the- ^iipir maple the while' oak
el'ii', hi'st em a fri'sh. well draine'el, lemmy soil. It may he pmiite'el in pure stanels ahout
f air fee't aitart eiii-h way or mixeel with siivrar maple', !ie<'ch, reel e.ak, hie-kory. white'
e Ini. ha,sw(iiil. e'hestnut. white ash or white' pine'.

IJki) Oak f<,hu'nu.i nihni)

'i'lie' ai-eerns of ihi' ri-d oak ripe'ii in Septi'mher ami may hi' plante-il in the' -prinj;
or fall. The' plantiniJ shoulel he elone' as di'scrihi'el for the' eithe r oak^. The' acorns are'
larfrer thiin tluise' of the' white oak and run approximately :!,(1IM» to the- hushel. Oiu'-
yiar-eilel >i'i elliii;;, are- freiin ,ix to twe-lve- ine'he's hi^rh.

\(iir-< <i\ 1 \i;i()i s .v/7,f7/..s

49

Tlic rc.l (iiik will nTfw in ilr.v, li>rlit. ^iimix. ..r L'niv.ll.v ,-oiU, but >h»uU\ i:n\ I,,-
liliiiit.MJ (HI vtT.v lirv, sliiltiiit.' siind-. It iii;iy lie pliiMl.d in pure >tiuuU cr mixed with
wliilr pine, Sciiti-h pine, rril pinr. clii^liiut or iiii'ki.rv. Spncinjr -ImuM lie hIihuI .".
t>.v :> ft. (ir <! Iiy t; ft.. iici-.prdiiiK t.. tlic i-oiiditidii i.f thi' snil.

PiillMIs. ('i.TloWVoilK*. Wli WllldWs

I'dplar.'i. (•(ittiiliwipciilii, iind \vill(i\v~ iii:iv lie irrnwii rr..iM >ci'd .i|- ciittiims. Iml. ii-

tlic sci'd (if tlii'sc trees i- ver.v dilHi-ult I Uect mid - I.i-es it- vit:ilit,v, ^.'ri'uiiii,'

tlielii frriiii cuttiiifrs is tli(> more euiiveiiieiit liietliml.

('iittiiiH-s are iTiiide fmiii well rii-ciied w.mmI. ^'eiienill.v (.f the previ.iiis .ve:ir's
i-'n.ulh.^ Tliey ciiii l.e iii;i.!( :iliii..,t ;r.iy time in the l;ili ^.fier the Ituve- dn.p. Vr ill
llie spriiiL' liel',,!-,. the yi'Mwlh i iiieiie, - The l„.t tliiii' i^ pr,ili;il,l,v e;irlv in .M.iivh.

■|''ie i-iiltiliii- -l:..iil<i he li-uin ten t.i tw.Ue in 1,,- 1,,,,:; :i,id e.it frniii -in>..ilh.

K, Milts (,l II. ,-|il .nliiiv -l-vv.. ...r.!^ ef nupl:,,- , ul flniM .-, |.l:,malioi, : ,t ..ut l.x the
iM.n.stiy Hralirli «lii. h > i.1.1,-,1 at tli, ml, ,.r .iizlii,, i, e„i,ls |..r ;i.f,- , lulii \ ,iv
iiftiT (•l.intiiij;

lieiilthv hniiieli, - (.r -li....t-, I'leiii i.ne i|iiiirli-i- t.. thne-i|iiMrlei - ,.1' im in-h in
dnimeter. Cut tlu' twi;; otf s.piarel.v at Imtli end- with a sharp knife or liatehet,
makiiiir the upper eiii. pnferahi.v. jii-t ahevc a hud. Then lie ihem in hiiiid:e- u(

Jrciii te-.i Ic, Iweiil.v-tive. anil •■ plelel.v enver tlieiii with lii..i-t soil er -.Hid in ,- e

eool phiee where tlie.v will ii..| ,-pr..iit h.d'cre it is time te pl.inl them, 'I'liev mii-l
never he allowed to dry out. j-'reezimr will iiol iii.jiire theiii.

As early a- p..s.-il,|e in the spriiiy they should he .set out in well prepari'd soil

ill nur-ei-y row-. Hefoiv planting; it i- often a.K i-ahle to -oak lliei lav or tw,v

Ml water. In plantiiiii they are -,■! in hole- ,.;ade with a suitalile pointed sliek. hut
!lie hole -hoiild ■;iot lie mad. mm h lar;;er than the diameter of the eiltliim. l!v
makiii- the hoh s .-hmlini.' hotter eoinael ean he ^e.'iired with the -oil A firm elo-e
contaet with the soil of the wliol,. portion l,elow ^rroimd is very m.es-arv. The
platilin- must h,. d, ep and with hiids pointing upward-. Complel.lv hurv the
tntliii;.' except for the upper -t l.ud. .\ever leave iiior.' than all iii-h' or all itieli

50

rni{h:srin- nirwrii iii i.i.f.ny \„. no

"f tl.,. t eo. A now shuot will spr,,,^ fnm. tl,o 1„„1 m.mI l,o,.on>o tho upri^.t main
*(..,„. Ahvnv. use a point..! sti.k or .libl,],.. n.-vr push tl,o ou.t mr n o L "
wnhoMt .,r.st ,n.kin« :. hole. Th.. dihl.l... h-ro referU to, i. „ ,' nle^ ol

", '" '""]■ '""""■'' ='' "- ™,I ,uM with „ suiua.lo handlo nt U,o oZr i,

.l.>..n.-,. a >l,.rp.,„„nt,.,l stu: will .c^uTally 1... f„„n,l satufaotory for planting

■ m.l tho ow, >houl,! l„. t;.r ..noujrh „part to permit thoir boin^ cultivat,..!. If 75 per

.•■•MO, tlu. ,.„tt,n«. sprout tlu- pl.,,,!,,.^ „,av l,o ,.„nsi.ior,..l ., ..f,,]. Th..v should

iM' tr.in. plant,.! to tlu- pcrnumont plantatin.;, i„ rl... followiuL- sprin-

This one is correctly planted because

1 Set In ground on slant.

2 Soil well firmed and in close contact

with the whole length below ground.

3 Only one bud above ground.

ProiHT and improper mT-thuds ot planting cuttinKS,

These three are Improperly planted because
(a) Too upright — soil loose, only in contact

with cutting at surface of ground.
I 6) Much too shallow. Soil too loose,
(e) Cutting at right depth and correct slant
but soil not in contact with lower part
of cutting which would dry out before
roots coul'' form.

^rnS^ «it;^««l>"e the cnttings will not have to compete with srras« and other
.^row h. and the sol ts light aud in good condition, the ..uttings mav be set out
directly in the plantation or. where desired, without first rooting in the nursc"v
rows. Any failures or !,lnnk plnc«= may be filled in the following spring In
>etting out tliey may be spa,.ed 6 by C ft. or 7 by 7 ft.

Black \V,\lnl't (Jurjlans nigra)

The nuts of the black walnut rip<>n in September or October and mav be planted
1". either the spring or fall. Under favourable conditions they are best planted
where they are to remain iiermanently. The deep tap-root of walnut seedlings makes
their transplanting from the nursery difficult. In the nursery thev are planted in
rows si.x inches apart in the row. and three feet between rows. Thc're are about «00
hu^ke(! nuts to a busliel. One-year-old seedlings arc from twelve to fourteen in.O.es

The bl.ick walnut will make good growth on heavy clay soils, but thev must be
well drain, d. The foliage is very tliin and open, and it is therefore not a suitable
tree for gr,,wuie ,n pure stands. It should always be mixed with species producing
a heavier shade but of slow growth, since the block walnut is of slow growth -ind
very intoleraiit of shade. If fast-growiTig species arc u.sed in the mixture thev should
not be introdu,.ed until the walnuts have several yaare' start, and should 'then be

.VO/7..S ((V 1 lA'/or.v sl-rclF.S gf

w:it.-li..,l to Mc that thrv ,in Mot ,,v.Tt(,p th.. w.ilrnit trc.'S. K.mI „ak, wliil,- i^pnic..,
or winic piiir should prov.. .uhM,- for tlii- iiiixtiin. The wiiliiut trees ar.. spaced
al.out tl l,v t! ft. ,,r ; \,y T ft. and tl,.. ,,thrr tn-,- phipifd hetwe,,,. K,.r ■■ronoinie
piiuiliiiL'- 111 Cniiada this tree is ro'iHiwd to tho -.iithuc-terii part of Orit^irio.

TliK lilTTKIIMT tJll'/linis rhuna)

The l.iitt.riiiit (soin.tiiii,,. ealle.l the wiiite waliiiit) -houM h- propagated in ih.'
salii.. iiiaiuier as the hiaek walnut. The nut.- are ripe ahoiit the sani.^ lime It i-an

he f;rown tliron>;iiont the ,M,t setth.! part- of Ontario and guel a? well a- the

senthern i.art- ol New linniswi.k a.id Nova S.otia. and ha- th.refore a wider ran^e
than the l,hie., walnut. It is howev.r not a de-irahle tre.^ to plant ixt.'n-ivcxv It

rarely «row, without a nuniher of .-rook- and •,!„.-. an,! i- ninrh iriveu to d,.-;,v

wlieii .dd. It make- lairl.v rajdd f:rowth w) n- l,ut is not a lonA;-lived tree.

10 TABLES OF DISTANCES . -JUANTITIES

Taim.k ]-Ni Mm;i; ok |',„m,- or .Sr .,:i, .\, i:,; |\, „ in 1!,,,m. x-t .^ouin,.

•">'/"■'"'<■ /i ,•;

' (lll'llllll 'I

A-h ,. , .,,, ,

p , ,,. ••' '"-11 poiinil.-.

Halsam I'lr 'Oio""

" '' .-,(lto 1-:, ■

!;;^"'' i^to.. •■

,'"': -te.^ ••

■"■'I''' 'Of ,u •■

White Pine f ♦ 111 ••

'-'■'i- ■.■.;;;: :: :: :: :!;; „ ..

laniaraek or Maekniataek C, to ,S "

•'^'"•"•■" .'.' .; to S ••

W hite Oak in n i

Keil ( (ak S "

lilaok Oak !.'.... . .' .'.' .'.' .'.' .'.' '.',][" s "

T^:. K :/--Nt MMKH .,K I-,.. MS l;,,, „:,:„ n. Pivv, ^^ Ann: vr Vvino, s Distamks
/ Idiilnirj Dislaut !• •• ,

A iimiHr

1 foot h.v 1 foot

V"":"'/'::^ ■'::::::;;:::::::: ;: i,;;;;,;

'' .. '! 4.8.T4)

. ,. . ' e,725

;; ■■ ;; :: ^--^-^

- . . ,. 1,210

' SH9

,. ■• M .' fi«l

r'iu

'" ■■ >" •• :: aZ

INDEX

Collpcttnvr trff >. .1

C'Of>pic« or sprout method

Crowding, effcctji of

• 'ullinKS, improvt-nit-nt

DfUMity, how Ko\trni'ti

I_)i'<iMH*'H of trees , .

1 MstiitHfM ;ipart to pi;iT t tri*'s

Firiw, (laiTKiK**^ by

(iiMZtiij^. damagt' l»y . . .

liisfcts. how to ''omhat

Kik'ht (h'tiian'hriK tr*'*'s. ,

Lit;lit rf<niirfni»'Tit.s of tr«'f.s . . .

Nutiihrr of trei'H rtMiuiri'd to plant an acre..

N'ln-srrj- stock, whore to secuj>

Nui-st'ry, the farm

Planting. ■

l'n>liM-tii>ii ...

I'liiniiiK

Qiiarility of n f\ r.'-jUit ••'l tr) scpw an at-rc.

Hi pitnliirtion ,

S.'.Hhn^,'. .

S<'f(|lin«» viTsufl traiis|.l.inl.s

Sh;uh*-(inturi.nu frtn-s

ThinniiiK-. .

TraimplantinK

Tre« Ket'il, i-oUectiriE'. ♦ i-ifTjni;. and storini?.
Tree Hpccica, notes on

Arhor-vitai', or wh r ct-dar

AHhcH. Th.'

Hals;ijn fir

}t;t.sswoud

rh

Hinhtw. the

Butternut

('(Mlar. white

Cherry, blaok

Chestnut

Cottonwoods and poplars.

Kims, the

Henilm-k

Ilickoriee, the

Maples, the

Oaks, the

IMni-**, the

roplars and coitonwoods.

Spruce^ the

Tfuniirack

Willows, the

Walnut. bla>ck

I'arfe

28
14
17
14

1. ;!T

ifi

14
.'1
21
34

■>'>

8
IS
51
20
20
24
1«
12
37
30

3S
43
3:<
43
44
4t

r.i

3.<
4)

4r,

4 'J
V,
3J
4i!

m

48
33

4:)

41
43
4.1
iO

62

m&mmmmm^

NwaiP^Vi

^^^^i^^^^^n