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IMOOCOn nsOlUTION TBT chait

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1653 East Harr SIfMl ' '

(716) 2U - 5989 - fo.

'i<

BULLETIN 250]

IJULY, 1917

Ontario Department of Agriculture

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

Insects Attacking: Fruit Tre'^;5

Lawson Caesah.

INTRODUCTORY SECTION.

In the followiiij? pages wc have not attempted to discuss or even refer to all
the insects that attack fruit trees in Ontario, but have limited ourselve? to those
that are commonly found and that, except in perhaps one or two years out of
twenty, do almost all the damage. These we have discussed s'^mewhat fully in ord-r
tiiat we might meet the needs, not only of the fruit-growers themselves, but also uf
public and high school teachers and district representatives.

A Spray Calendar for orchard trees has been included and should be loii-
sulted by every fruit-grower, as it applies not only to insects, but also to disea*. -.

Changes on Tkansformations TIndeugonk by Ixsects.

Many insects, such as mnihs, beetles, flics and bees pa«s tlirouirli four main
stages in their life history, namely, adult, egg, larva (plural hirvic) and pupa
(plural pupae). The adults are usually, though not always, winged. The female
adults lay the eggs. These hatch into what are called the larva). Larvae of moths
are often called caterpillars, those of beetles grubs, and those of flies maggots. The
larvae cast their skin from time to time to allow of growth. 'Wlien full grown they
change into what arc known as pupa>. These usually are either brown or white,
and do not eat but remain stationary until they are ready to transform into adult?.
Many, but not all, larvae before pupating spin about themselves a protecting case of
silk, often mixed with hair. This is called a cocoon. Insects with tlie above four
stages are said to have complete metamorphosis.

Another great class of insects, such as grasshoppcrc-, tree-hopper-, leaf-hoppers
and plant bugs, have only three main stages, namely, adult, egg and larva. As a
rule the larvae of these insects are called nymphs. There is no j)upal statre. The
nymphs usually resemble closely the adults but never have fully developed
wings, though the older ones have wing pads, which in the adults have developed
into wings. Nymphs, like ordinary larvaj, moult from time to time, and at the last
moulting become adults. Such insects are said to have incomplete metamorphosis.

A considerable number of insects, as for example the San Jos6 Scale, never lay
eggs, but give birth to living young, while some other insects, such as Aphids, give
birth to living young throughout the most of the season, but in late fall lay egg'.
Quite a number of female insects are capable of producing young without matin-^
with a male. This is known as parthenogenesis, or virgin birth.

One great division of insects has biting mouth parts and feeds by biting oiT
little particles of the leaf or fruit, bark or wood, and ci ewing these. We call °ueh
insects biting insects. Caterpillars and beetles are examples.

Si

hi

111

How Insects Fked.

A second largo divii^ioii has not pot biting mouth parts, but inatcnd has four
bristles fitting together and forming a sucking tube, enclosed in a soft protecting
beak, or lip. With these bristles, which are sharper than a medic, they pierce the
skin or epidermis of the part of the plant fed on and suck up the juice from within.
We call thoso gurkitifj ttisccln. Leaf-hoppers, ajjliids and scale insects arc examples.

A third class of insects have a sucking tube with a broad expanded lip at the
tip. With this lip they lap up liquids, and, as it is furnished with a rasping device,
also rasp solids and absorb small jjartides of them. Such insects may be called
lapping or rasping insects. Examples are the House-fly, the Apple Maggot and
the two Cherry Fruit-flies.

GENEKAL PniNCIPLKS FOR THE CONXnOL OF INSECTS.

What has been said about the difTcrent kinds of mouth parts of insects is very
important when we come to consider their control. It is clear that insects that bite
out little particle.- of plant tissue and swallow them give us an opportunity to kill
them by placing poison on the part of the plant attacked. Hence for hiling insects
we spray the plant with arsenate of lead, this being at the present time our most
satisfactory poison because it sticks well to tlie plant and does not injure the foliage
or fruit. Arsenate of lead is known as a stomach poison because it is taken into
the stomach of the insect.

Sucking insects do not remove the tissues, but only extract the jtiice from
beneath the skin or epidt.niis; hence spraying for them with a stomach poison
would he vseless. They must be kilted by some substance that comes in contact
with their body, such as strong lime-sulphur for scale insects, or tobacco extract
or soap solutions or kerosene emulsion for aphids. We usually call such insecti-
cides contact poisons because they kill by contact.

Rasping or lappinr irisects since they move around over the surface of the
plant absorbing both liquids and solids may be killed by spraying with arsenate of
lead.

There are othe' les spraying by which we may help to control some

of our wrrst orch" ' . One is by removing all sorts of rubbish in and

around the orchan " son for this is that some insects winter under the

protection of this ru .ud would perish if it were removed. Another helpful

means is good cultivation. This aids by destroying pupae that are in the soil
and also by destroying weeds and grass on which some insects, as for example the
Buffalo Tree-hopper nymphs, feed. A third way is to burn all prunings and brush
early in the spring each year and thus destroy the insects within, such as Fruit-
tree Bark-beetles or Shot-hole Borers, before they can emerge.

Natural Forces That Help to Control Insects.

Man is greatly assisted by nature in the control of insect pests; in fact the
control of insects by natural forces is wonderful and affords a most interesting
field of study. The following are some of the ways in which this is accomplished :
Climate checks the progress of some insects, for instance the San Jos6 Scale
seems unable to make any headway in the colder fruit-growing portions of the
Province, and the Codling Moth, owing to a smaller percentage of a second brood
in such districts, is also much less abundant. Late spring frosts sometimes kill
great numbers of delicate recently hatched larvae; alternate freezing and thawing

destroy sonic in^jccts; heavy ilownpours of rain wanU many small insects from
trcts and many of these never get back; a very cold, wet spring, as in 1916,
destroys (ountless insects in their early stages; a cold backward spring may almost
annihilate the Pear Psylla; and very hot spells in spring or summer often cause
the disappearance of innumerable aphids.

Diseases rf various kinds are very important factors in holding some of our
worst insects i :> control. Wet seasons usually favour disease.

Predacoou . insects such as Ladybird Beetles and their larvne, Syrphus Fly
and Lace-wiug larvs, Assassin Bugs and many kind of beetles prey upon insects
and aid grcatl) in control, especially of aphids.

Parasitic insects such as Tachina Flies and Ichneumons lay their cjrga upon
or in caterpillars or other pests and the larvae from these feed upon and destroy
their victims.

Birds and several otii' r vertebrates do their .share to help and are sometimes
of great assistance.

SrnAY Outfits.

Those who purpose buying a spray outfit and spray materials can find the
addresses of the various manufacturers by looking over the odvertisements in the
Canadian Horticulturist and the various agricultural journals.

If there are only a few trees to spray, such as one finds in a back ynrd in a
town or village, a small hand-pump, holding about five gallons of liciuid, will
suffice. This should be equipped with about twenty-five feet of good hose, a leak-
less stop-cock, an eight-foot rod and a good disc angle-nozzle. Some companies
manufacture a special rod and nozzle, so that by adjusting the latter the spray
may be shot to the top of even a very high tree. A machine of this character with
all the necessary accessories costs about $20.

For more than about a dozen large trees this small outfit is much too slow.
If the orchard consists of not more than about six acres of large apple trees or of
about ten acres of trees the size of a moderately large plum, cherry or pear tree, a
barrel-sprayer will suffice. This, fully equipped, will cost from $20 to $10.

A double action or duplex type of pump gives considerably more pow^er than
a sljgle action or barrel pump, and so will enable a person to cover more trees each
day, especially if the pump is installed in a 120 or 160-gallon tank. This type of
outfit without tank will cost from $40 to $60.

For all apple orchards larger than those mentioned above, a gasoline outfit is
almost essential for good work. A power outfit of this type along with tank and
trucks costs between $200 and $350.

Good care with any of these outfits will more than double their period of use-
fulness. Any kind of machine should be washed out each evening after spraying,
and when the season's work is over should be well cleaned, oiled and put away in a
dry place.

Some Suogestions oy Spraying.

All trees should of course bo pruned before thcv are sprayed and larre apple
trees should be headed back to a reasonable height, care being taken in doing so to
give them a symmetrical, umbrella shape. If San Jos6 Scale is present, the rough,
loose bark should be removed from apple trees.

Good spraying continued year after year should almost always result in fion
ninety per cent, to ninety-nine per cent, of absolutely clean, sound fruit. Unfortun-
ately, not many of our fruit growers are good sprayers. The following are some

of tlie diii'f reasons for thi«: First, their outfit* are not kept in jtoo«l lomlitioii to
do rnpid, tiioroiigli woric; often the pump need^ repacliing or the hose is too sliort,
or the nozzi' ure worn out or are the wrong kiinl. Secontl, they do not stuiiy the
nnturr of t!ic diicasc or insect tluy have to combat, and so do not recognize the
importance of promptly spraying at the special time- indicated in the fipray calen-
dar. A spray applied a few days too early or too late will often mean complete
failure. Moreover, the omission of one or more of the regular applications will
often moan cull fruit. Third, in many coses not nearly sufficient material pr tree
h used, frequently only about one-third of the proper amount. It is ob-urd to expect
the -pray to keep all of an apple free from scab if only half of its surfiic \* cov-
ered by the mixture, or to kill all the San .los6 Scali on .i tree unless every jnirticle
of the bark is wet v»ith the liquid. Fourth, the spray mixtures are sometimes not
used at the strength recommended. Fifth, many men foolishly experiment with
new mixtures instead of waitinj,' until these have first been thorouglily tr-ted by
unprejudiced experimenters.

Before lM^;»inning to spray the machine must be put into good condition so
that it will give good pressure and not leak. If two lines of hose arc used, the
one for tiic man on the j^round sliould be from thirty to forty feet long, tlie other
twelve to fifteen foot. Tiio most satisfactory nozzles at the present time are those
of the angle disc type. When the plates of these become much worn they should
he replaced by new ones. If two nozzles are used on a T or a V they should not bo
set at a wide angle of divergence, but should be made to supplement each
other and thus give a dense spray that will quickly wet the part being treated.
Bamboo polos with aluminium rods inside are light and satisfactory if not roughly
handled. A ton foot pole is about the right length for the man on the tower, and
a six or eight foot one for tlio man on the ground. To prevent the drip running
down the polo, a small rubber or leather disc about three or four inches in diameter
cut out of an old shoe or rubber is helpfu' It should be placed at the top of the
rod just below the nozzle. Good pre -sure is necessary for speed and thoro\ighness.
It should never be less than 100 pounds. With gasoline ou+fits about 150 to 200
pounds is high enough. Higher than 200 is liable to cause loaf injury. Tlie mix-
ture 'he tank must, of course, be kept well agitated to prevent settling.

When spraying, especially in the first application, it is desirable to take ad-
vantage of the wind. A strong wind is ' ^oat help, as it carries the spray right
through the tree. If the wind, is weak the trees are wide apple trees, it is

necessary that the man on the ground g.. m underneath the tree to the far side,
and shoot tho spray up upon the branches and twigs or foliage and fruit, and
gradually work his way back to the outside. This is the only way with these large
trees to prevent the inner surface of upright twigs and small branches or later of the
young fruits being unsprayed, for tiioy will not be reached from the other s.de
when the wind changes. It is on this inner side of young fruits t.iat tlie scab
nearly always first develops, hence the need of the step just indicated. In the case
oi San Joso Scale great care must be taken r . to miss the tip of the branches.
This is a very common fault with many spray .ts.

In many instances there is too short a period to ' .stify a person m waiting
for changes of wind, hence under such circumstances the best method is to drive
the team facing the wind and shoot the spray in at right angles to the row. This
is a little slower, but if care is exercised is satisfactory. Moreover, by coming back
and going up the other side., also against the wind, it enables a person to finish ibe
trees the same day.

Thorough uprayin;,' roquirei groot rare ami comitant study. One uliould always
follow dome nyitcm with each tree, othiTwiitc ho will be nii*iiiiig piirts here and
there. Somptimt'd th«> ImhI way i« to take the tree hrnncli liy branch. At other
times it is iM'tUT to move the rod slowly up and down and work gradually from left
to riglit or right to kft, seeing that everything is rovcrcd as one goes. The angle
on the nozzles permits the Hpray being directed first one way tln-n back in tin' oppo-
site, so that both sides of a branch or of fruits may be more easily covered. Often
both sides may be covered by holding the noz/.lcs againr<t the wind and allowing this
to drive the spray back. An apple tree capable of bearing five or si.x l)arreli( of fr\iit
will usually require from eight to ten gallons of spray, especially for the Ccwlling
Moth or for Han Jos^ Scale.

Dr.sTiNo Trees for Insects and Diskases.
During the last few years considerable success has Iwen oi)t«ined, especially
in New York State, in treating trees with dust instead of liquid sprays. The dust
used eonfiis^ed of from x,') per cent, to 90 per cert, of very finely gr mnd sulphur

1^-

DustiDK ;rut» trn, for insects and diseases.

1.V

and 10 per cent, to 15 per cent, oi
plied by means of a blower drivon
Tery rapid and clean way of tim ■
trees can be done in one day. T
San Josd Scale, and also agaiiis.
combat these are being manufact.
selves have had only one year's t-,
with certainty as to its merits, bi
provi satisfactory, it will lessen the

SpBAY ENtCRS.

From time to time improved meti;
diseases are discovered. These new niith>
from year to year. Hence every fruit-grov*
Branch, Toronto, and request a copy of th.
have the most up-to-date information avail

e powder form of arsenate of lead. It is ap-

a gasoline engine. (See figure.) This is a

*^rees. .At least twenty acres of large apple

>■ ■ snb- 1111..S however, are useless against

Pear Psylla. Other dust materials *

>eir success is still uncertain. We our-

nng, and are xnable therefi'- to speak

lid the method after further experiments

task great I V.

uit-grower's

of ( ombating insect pests and plant

'f iiicw *oratf- in the Spray Calendar

""Id ( ach spring write to the Fruit

•sray f^alendar, so that he may

m 9

INSECTS ATTACKING THE APPLE.

i'ODl.lNn Mnrii (I'lir/inmitm pomonelht l.innitett») ,

Iiijurie* fiojn tin- Cwllina Moth larvip arc familiar to cvery'ody, a« theie
arc tho iiiscct-* that chum' liv rur tin- nu>»it of the worni-hol«'« no loiiiuioiil)' found in
applet uul jM'iir*.

The aihilt nioth \* jfrfvlfh-brown with a wrll-niarked >j(dd«ii br.mn patch
near the ujm'X of fii.li front wIhk and with a win>r cxpan^o of aliout ^,\ of an inch.
The full grown larvw arc niodrrately «tont, uliout ■>4 of an inch lonj;. white or
often pinki.ji in colour with a brown head. Yoiinjf larvn- have the ad black.

I ••»

■•' ' -Li^M^--

Adult CodllDK Motlia, natural ilze. (After SHnger-
land.)

Full-grown larva about nat*
ural size. Tlie dark tpoti
on the body r^re not often
■o conspl'-uouB. ( Reduced
from Simpson.)

They attack chiefly apples and [K-ars though occa-xionally the otiicr orchard
fruits and haws are slightly infested. The injury is caused W the larvn- boring
into the fruit, feeding on the pulp and seeds and causing Ihe fruit either to fpll pre-
maturely or to be unfit for nale. Dropping of infested fruit begins early in tlw
summer and continues to the time of picking. In some orcliards. especially the •

Cafctlngs at calyx end, sbowing
k'learly where larva entered
the apple.

Work of leeser Apple-worm.
(Original.)

in the warmer district's, the loss is often very heavy, sometimes 75 p cent, or
upwards of the crop; in others, especially in the colder parts, it may be as low
as 5 per cent. The average for the province in unsprayed orchards is probably
between 30 and 40 per cent.

Life Huh- I'lic winter is jui'mmI in tin- full jjrowu lar tiixi' in .1 Ijttl*
ne»t or locoon uiuitr the ihclter (if the Io«)m' bark or in crrvin - IiuIpk on th«
trunki or main branch"* of the tret«, tr in any other fairly ■• \, h- J hiding place
ne«r the apple* from vhicl. the larvw emerged. In »priiij; the larvir thai!;^! to
pups in their cocoons uid tin urliect mothx ' jjin tu nin rvc mmn after the Idoi-
•ome fall Emergence continue<i for a month or more, to that the i.iiliest lirv«
of this flrit brooJ p y »ie mor- th^n a month older than the latent. A ' ■ days
after their appccra 0 t!:i ' . :n lu their cgg«, plarjng mo>tt of them on the leaves
and the rest on the fruit a tw'gs. The eggs hatch in a little over a week and
the young larra almost at one seek the fniit. On finding it about 75 per cent,
of them work their way into the interior throujjh the calyx end, thia being the
easiest plpce of entranre at this *tnKe of the fruit. Here they feed for a few days
and then proceed to the core and feed on the sccdit and pulp. In about 25 days
the larvaB are full grown and make their way out of the fruit either by the same
, e as they enteretl or at some other point. The apples usually, itut not alway?,
fii before the larvae leave them. After emergence the larvre neek the sort of
.jes mentioned olwve and make their cocoons. In the irmer part of the
province many of these earlitst first brood larva; soon pupate and transform into
moths which lay eggs for a second brood. The larva; of thii* liroc' do not all
appear at the same time but lontiniie to hatch out for several weekn. .As n large
percentage of the new brood eiitir the fruit by the side instead of by the calyx
they often cause great loss. When these larvae are full grown they, along with
the larvte of the first brood that did not pupate, remain over winter in the larval
stage in their oocoon-i.

Natural Enemies. The Downy Woodpecker and to a lesser extent the Hairy
Woodpecker and the ( hickadic destroy the larvae and pupic. These birds should,
therefore, be encouraged to live in the orchard. A few meat bones hung out in
winter for them to feed upon will help. The larvre and adults of two or mora
species of beetles prey upon the Codling Moth larvae and pupae. Diseases attai "-
them. Very wet springs or summers also help in control and the complete failure
of a crop owing to early frosts or other causes will usually destroy nearly all of
this pest in an orchard.

Methods of Control. The best, and in fact the only necessary, means of con-
trol is thorough spraying immediately after the blossoms have all or nearly all
fallen. This spraying in the case of apples must be all done before the calycea
close, because if this takes place it will be impossible to sijt the poison into them,
and so the young larvae on entering will not be killed, but if the poison is placed
in the calyx before it is closed it remains there all summer and will kill the larvsB
whenever they enter; so that a well-sprayed orchard will have almost no calyx-end
wormy fruit.

As this is also the proper time to spray for the Apple and Pear Scab, the
poison — arsenate of lead — should be used with the fungicide-lime-sulphar. The
latter should be at the strength of 1,008 sp. gr. (1 gal. of the commercial lime-
sulphur to 35 gals, of water), and the arsenate of lead at 2 lbs. of the paste form
or 1 lb. of the pow er form to every 40 gals, of the above strength of the lime-
sulphur.

One cannot be too careful in spraying; to secure the best results in the double
object of keeping off the Scab and killing the insects every calyx must be wet. It
will not do merely to cover the tree with a fine mist and stop as soon as it begins to
drip ; the spraying must continue regardless of the dripping unti • the work is thor-

i i

8

oughly done. This will often mean as high as 10 gals, or more per tree in the case
of large apple trees that bloomed heavily. For these large trees a tower is nearly
always a necessity. The nozzles should be of the angle type and have fairly coarse
openings. High pressure will help greatly to drive the spray well through the tree
and to make thorough work easier. Many advocate a second application about two
weeks later but, if the first is well done, another will seldom be necessary; in fact
one good application each year will, after two or three years almost annihilate the
Codling Moth in the orchard or at least result in 95 per cent, annually of worm-free
fruit. The destruction of the first brood means there will be no second brood or
only the small number that may fly in from other orchards.

Lesser Apple-worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh).

The adult of this insect is a small, dark gray moth about half the size of the
Codling Moth. Its larva resembles so closely the Codling Moth larva that very
few fruit-growers even suspect that it is a different insect. The larva is, however,
mnch smaller, being when full grown never more than 2/6 of an inch long, whereas
the Codling Moth larva is about % of an inch. The color is a deep flesh or reddish,
whereas that of the Codling Moth larva is either a white or light pinkish. An
easier way to distinguish the two insects is by their work. The Codling Moth larr*
makes a definite hole in the fruit from which it throws out its castings and from
this hole it makes a tunnel to the core where it feeds on the seeds and pulp; the
Lesser Apple-worm larva as a rule leaves no definite hole, but feeds on the pulp
just under the skin. This part of the surface then wrinkles, turns brown and forms
a large blotch that badly disfigures the fruit. These blotches may occur on almost
»ny part of the apple, but are usually most numerous at the calyx end.

Apples are much worse affected than any other orchard fruit, in fact it is only
occasionally that plums, cherries and other fruits are infested at all. The native
food plants of the insect evidently are the various kinds of haws. From these it
has spread to the apple.

The total amount of injury to apples in the province is not nearly so great
as that from the Codling Moth, probably not more than 1/5 as great. We have
been surprised, however, to find an occasional tree on which the amount of injury
reached aa high as 50 per cent.

Life History. The life history is so similar to the Codling Moth's that it
need not be given. The only important difiPerence is that there is apparently a full
aecond brood. The larvae of this brood are often found in the fruit even when the
winter apples are being picked.

Methods of Control. Experience shows that the same spraying as for the Cod-
ling Moth will control this pest satisfactorily. Spraying should be supplemented
by the cutting down of all hawthorn trees near the orchard, as the fruit of these
is even more of a favorite with the insect than apples, and therefore these trees
■erre as a breeding place.

The Apple Maggot {Rhagoletis pomoneila Walsh).

The Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm, as it is sometimes called, occurs here
and there throughout almost all the fruit growing counties of the Province. Its
chief ravages are usually confined to small orchards or individual trees in towns
and Tillages or to badly neglected, unsprayed orchards in rui-al districts, especially
if the soil in the latter is overgror.n with weeds and long grass. Well cared for
orchards that are properly sprayed are as a rule almost entirely free from this pest

mam

The adult insect is a pretty two-winged fly, a little smaller than a house-fly,
and of a general blackish color, but with the eyes golden-green and the head and
lower part of the legs yellow. The abdomen of the female is crossed by four con-

A female adult of the Apple Mag-
got on the fruit, natural size.
(Original.)

A female adult of the Apple Mag-
got or Railroad Worm, mucb
enlarged. ( Drawing by Oory.)

spicuous white bands, and that of the male by three. Near the middle of the back
is a small, distinct triangular white area. The wings have conspicuous black croM
bands arranged on the definite plan shown in the illustration. The full grown larr*

f

I

Apples showing the egg punctures of the Apple
Maggot, natural size. (Original.)

is a small, legless and headless white maggot, about one-quarter of an inch long.
One end of the body is blunt, and the other pointed. At the latter end are two
little black hooks which are used to rasp and tear the pulp of the fruit and to free
the juices, which are then absorbed through a small opening close to the hooka.

10

The food plants so far as known, are apples, haws and blueberries. Almost
every variety of apple and some crabs may be attacked, but the common varieties
worst infested are: Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Astrachan, Golden Sweet, St.
Lawrence, Gravenstein, Alexander, Wealthy, Cayuga, Snow, Tolman and Spy.
Of these the sweet varieties suffer most, but the summer and early fall apples, owing
to the fact that a much larger proportion of the larvae mature in tnese than in later
apples, are the chief breeding sources for the insect.

The injury to the fruit consists chiefly in the brown tunnels made in every
direction by the maggots (hence the name Railroad Worm). The extraction of so
much juice leaves the apples tough or woody and often unfit either for private use
or for sale. In addition, the surface of the apple is disfigured by the small de-
pressions produced where the eggs are laid and by the ridges that result where the
larvae feed close to the surface. Badly infested fall and winter apples usually drop
prematurely. When the insects are abundant practically every apple in the orchard
may be so severely infested as to be useless.

<o) Tunnel or burrow of Apple Maggot larva showing
through the skin; (6) cross-section of a ripe apple
infested with Apple Maggots, natural size. (Orig-
inal.)

lAfe History. The winter is passed in the pupal stage in the soil a short dis-
tance below the surface. In the warmer parts of the Province the flies begin to
emerge about the last week in June or the first week in July. In the colder parts
emergence is a week or more later. Eiuergence continues throughout July and the
most of August. In a week or more (the exact time is not known) after emergence
the females begin to lay eggs in the fruit. The ovipositor resembles a bee-sting
and is thrust to its full depth through the skin into the fruit and the egg deposited
a short distance below the surface. The eggs hatch in about five days and the larvte
work their way through the apple, rasping the pulp and absorbing
the juice. They do not grow rapidly until the fruit is nearly ripe,
and never become full grown or emerge until the apples are over-ripe
and often not until they have begun to decay. By this time of course all
but a very rare apple will have fallen. After working their way out through the
skin, the larvae search for an easy place to enter the soil and pupate. There is
practically only one brood a year, though some years in the warmer districts a very
few adults emerge from the new pupae and produce a second brood. By far the
most of the pupae that overwinter emerge the next July and August as adults but
a small percentage remain dormant in the soil over a second winter and emerge

11

'^

::

the succeeding summer. The adults have extensible month per Is with n large,
nearly circular structure at the apex. This they use as lips to gather their food.
They may easily be observed moving about on the leaves and fruit with their mouth
parts protruded, searching for juices or anything that they can devour. This man-
ner of feeding is very important, for it enables us to take advantage of it to poison
them before they can lay their eggs.

Methods of Control. By far the simplest and easiest way to control this pest
is to spray the tr.es with 2 or 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead in 40 gallons of water. A
gallon or a little less of cheap molasses may be added to this to sweeten it, but
cage experiments and our experience with the closely allied Cherry Fruit-Flies tend
to show that the molasses is not necessary. The first application should be made
the last week in June in the warmer parts of the Province and about the end of the
first week in July in the remaining parts. A second application should be given
two weeks after the first. A fine nozzle may be used and the spray shot up into
and upon the foliage. About 3 gallons per tree is sufficient for apple trees 30 years
of age and upwards. At the first spraying all the trees should be treated but at
the second the early varieties should be omitted as they are almost ready to pick.
Every effort should be made to induce owners of nearby infested orchards to spray
their trees also, because the flies move about much more than is usually supposed.
For this reason spraying trees in a village or town will not control the pest unless
all the trees for twenty rods or more around are also treated. All hawthorn trees
close by should also be sprayed or cut down.

Another metliod of controlling the apple maggot is to gather up and destroy
either by feeding to stock or by burning (not by burying) all ripe apples, especially
all early varieties, soon after they fall. Tliis method destroys the larvae, but is
very laborious and very few persons will carry it into effect. Sometimes the object
can be attained by allowing hogs or other stock to run in the orchard.

(a) Adu'.t female; (6)
adult male of Fruit-
tree Leaf-roller, both
natural size. (Orig-
inal.)

Egg-masses of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller.
Those on the twigs to the left are
un hatched, those to the right
hatched, natural size. (Original.)

Fhuit-Trke Leaf Roij.er (Tnrtrix argyrospila Walker).

There are several species of Leaf-rollers the larva; of which resemble each other
closely, and have the same general habit of feeding and of rolling the leaves. By
far the most destructive of these is the so-called Fruit-tree Leaf-roller. The adult
of this insect is a moth with a wing expanse of nearly an inch. The front wings
are rusty brown with several silvery-grey markings which are i"ost prominent along

It

tlie front margin. The hind wings are light ashy-brown. The larvte are somewhat
slender caterpillars about an inch lo"g when full grown and of a yellowish-green
color with a brown head. In the younger stages the head is black.

The insect attacks all kinds of fruit trees, and also some shade and forest
trees, but it does far the most damage to apples, and after these to pears and plums.
An interesting peculiarity about it is that though it is found all over the fruit
growing portion of the Province it has hitherto localized its attack to three or four
orcliards in widely separated districts. Other orchards close to these have so far
been almost entirely uninjured. In the badly infested orchards the loss has been
heavy, averaging about 50 per cent, of the crop. The chief injury is caused by the
larvic eating cavities out of the fruit while this is still small— not more than two-
thirds of an inch in diameter— and causing it either to fall or to become badly
deformed and unfit for sale. The foliage is also much eaten and presents a very
tattered appearance.

Life Uislortj. The winter is passed in the egg stage, the eggs being laid in
small, brown, oval clusters one-quarier of an inch or less in length. The clusters

ffifff

Fruit Injured by larvae of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, natural size. (Original.)

are situated on the upper and lateral surfaces of the twigs and small branches. The
eggs batch in spring about the time the leaf-buds of the apple have opened. The
tiny larvae at once work their way into the opening buds and feed on the inner
parts, and often retard the opening of the leaves by fastening them together with
silken threads. They attack the fruit buds in the same way, and web together and
destroy the opening blossoms. On the opened leaves they fold the one edge over
and fasten it there with silken threads. It is from this rolling of the leaves they
get their name of "Leaf-rollers." The larvse hide inside the rolled leaf, sometimes
feeding on the leaf itself and sometimes coming out to feed on other leaves and
especially upon the fruit; for as soon as this appears they prefer it to everything
else, and soon eat out large areas, thus forming cavities that may reach even thj
core. About the time the apples average two-thirds of an inch in diameter most
of the larvse are full grown and have begun to pupate. This takes place for the
most part inside the rolled leaves, though many pupae may also be found on the
ground among the weeds and grass. In uncultivated or weedy orchards many larvse
drop by means of a silken thread to the ground and complete their development
upon any kind of succulent plants they find there. In about two weeks the moths
begin to emerge and egg laying soon commences. The moths hide during the day,
darting away in a zigz-^r manner if disturbed. They fly around late in the evening
and at night.

13

Methods of Control. The only successful way of controlling this pest is to
spray the trees well with Scalecide or some other miscible oil at the strength
recommended by the manufacturers for the San Jos^ Scale. Special care should
be taken to see that every twig is well covered so that t -> eggs will be missed. The
rest of the tree may be disregarded unless San Jos6 Scale is present. The spraying
should be done just before the buds are ready to burst.

IiorvK of Fralt-tree Leaf-
roller, all full crown and
natural size. ( Original. )

Apple leaves infested by Fruit-tree Leaf-rollers, natural
size. (Original.)

Spraying with arsenate of lead, no matter how thoroughly done, fails to con-
trol the pest, partly because the larvae in the early stage? feed inside the opening
leaves where the poison cannot reach them, and partly because when they become
half grown or a little larger they are almost immune to the poison.

Keeping the orchard well cultivated in late May and early June should help
by burying pupae or crushing them. Chickens in the orchard would devour many
larvae and pupae.

::

San Jose Scale {Aapidiotus peniidosus Cotnstoch) .

The San Jos^ Scale in Ontario does not, so far as is known at the time
of writing, occur north of a line drawn from Samia to Toronto, and in this district
is most abundant in the counties bordering on Lakes St. Clair and Erie and on the

h shore of Lake Ontario. Wherever it can thrive it has proven itself far the

>t of all orchard insects.

The full-grown female scale is nearly flat, circular, about the diameter of the
head of a pin, ashy-brown in color with the central area usually yellowish, though
often about the same color as the rest of the scale. The males are much smaller,
oblong, and usually blackish in color. The most common stage, and the one by
which the scale is most readily identified, is the so-called black immature stage
This is in size a mere dot, but when examined with a hand lens is seen to be circr'
and to have a little nipple in the centre with a deprec-'in or groove around it. These
characteristics separate it from other closely) allied scales. The • » '"^ct in all
cases lies beneath this scale covering, and is yellow, soft and pea' 'iiB

14

The Scale in its various stages attacks all kinds of orchard trees except i»our
ciierrics, though Kieffer pears and some varieties of sweet cherries seem to be nearly
immune. 1 ; also infests many shade trees and shrubs, such as mountain ash, haw-
thorn, Japanese quince, currants niul roxs.

The injury is caused by the tiny insects in almost countless numbers— often
sufficient to cover completely the imrk— inserting their long, slender, bristle-like
mouth parts through the surface of tiie bark, leaves and fruit and extracting the
sap. At the same time they seem to insert a poison which in many cases slains
with ! reddish color the inner bark and the part of the fruit around the insect itself.
The result of these two kinds of injury is that not only is the fruit rendered unfit
for sale, but the trees themselves are killed in from two to about six years, depending
largely upon their size. Any snverely attacked orchard is doomed to destruction in
a short time if left untreated.

- ^r

9^

— - . J

Various stages of San Jose Scale, all enlarged about fifteen times: A. Adult female
scale with Immature youn* of various stages settled down around or upon It;
a, an adult male scale; 6, 6, 6, three small black scales, winter stage. B An artnlt
female scale turned over, revealing the Insect herself beneath with brlstle-llke mouth
parts exposed. C. a. an adult male scale; 6, 6, two Immature black winter stage
scales, D. Young active larvae soon after birth. Note the nipples and little grooves
around them in A 6, 6, 6, and in C 6. 6. (B redrawn from Alwood, the remainder
original drawings by Miss A. Hearle.)

Life History. The winter is passed on the bark of the twigs, branches and
trunks in the immature blnck stage described above. About May «4th the males
are full grown and begin to come out from under their scale covering, fly around
and fertilize the females. T:i a month, or about the last week of Juno, these have
become full size and now .cLin to give birth to little butter-colored larvaj which
run about for a day, then settle down, insert their sucking mouth parts, begin to
feed and to co\er themselves with the w. .. which forms their covering or scale.
Each adult mother in the course of about 40 days may produce a total of 400 or
more offspring. About the time the last of these are born the first are full-grown
and beginning to produce a new generation. In Ontario we probably have two full
broods in a year, and sometimes a partial third ; so that tlic total offspring from one
fertile female by the end of the season may reach into hundreds of thousands or
possibly even to a million.

Up to the present time this insect has comparatively few insect enemies in our
Province, and the chief controlling factor is evidently the weather, especially our
severe winters, cold late springs and wet autumns.

16

Methods of Control. Spr..Mn^, if thoroiijihly done, will control this pest in
i ''•chard. The best mixture up to the present is the Hun'-sulphur wiish. This
Rhouid be used at the strength of 1.03.5 sp. gr. or one gal. commercial lime-sulphur
to 6 or 7 gals, of water. The r-praying, especially of apple trees, may bo done any
time in the spring after the ground is fit to go upon up to the time when the leaves
are the size of a ten-cent piece. At the latter date there will be a little burning,
but not enough to do any serious damage. Spraying may also bo done in the fall
Oil '.vrrm days after tbe leaves have nearly all fallen. It is not wise to spray on n
liny when the thermometer is as low as freezing point. All badly infesled trees
should be marked and receive two applications. One of these may Iw given in the
fall and the other in the spring, or both may be given in the spring. Before spray-
ing every orchard should be cnrefully pruned and, if the trees are very tall, bended

?

^X?

J

San Jos€ Scale on apple, showing both th?
scalus themselves and discoloration rauscd
by them, natural size. (Original.)

t

::

back. This saves material and makes possible a good job. The loose bark should
also be scraped off the trunks and large branches. In spraying the utmost care
must be taken to see that every part of the tree is covered. This is no easy task,
and requires a good outfit and constant watchfulness and intelligence. To insure
thoroughness, some men in the Niagara District spray large trees from all four
points of the compass. The thought in fighting this pest should not be to
economize with the mixture, but to see that every particle of the tree from the
topmost twig to the ground is thoroughly wet.

Soluble-sulphur (12% lbs. to 40 gals, water) and likewise miscible oils, such
as scalecide, have also given good results against the scale, but must be used before
the buds have burst because of danger of burning.

Oyster-Shell Scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi Bouche).

The Oyster-Shell Scale is larger than the San .Tose, and is easily distinguished
from it by the fact that it is elongated, being about throe times as long as broad,
whereas the San .Tose Scale is circular. A full-grown Oyster-Shell Scale, as shown in
Fig. 16 is about J^ of an inch long, tapers towards one end and as the name sug-

1<

ge«ts, resembles in outline the shell of an oyster. Its ctlor is nearly the same u
that of the bark on which it is fuund.

This Scale is very common in all parts of the Province and attacks not only
apple and other fruit trees, but also many shade and forest trees and many shrubs;
apple trees, however, usually suffer most.

Various stages of the Oyster-shell Scale: 4. The scale slightly enlarged on
a twig. The little holes in the scales indicate where parasites einer:red.
1. Thi: female scale very much enlarged, showing general shape. 5. A similar
scale turned over to show the eggs beneath. The shrivelled body of the female
herself is beyond the eggs at the small end. 2. A female removed from beneath
the scale before she has laid her eggs. Note the briatle-llke mouth parts simi-
lar to those of San Jos^ Scale. 3. A male scale. 6. Young larva, dorsal
view. 7. Winged male. All except No. 4 much enlarged (after Sherman and
Metcalfe).

It is not nearly so prolific or so destructive as the San Jos4 Scale, and though
it often kills individual branches, it comparatively rarely kills the whole tree.
Badly infested trees are of course weakened and unable to bear good crops.

Lifs History. The insect winters in the egg state, there being an average of
between 40 and 50 white eggs under each female scale. The eggs hatch about the

17

time the blossoms are falling from tlic apple trcex. The tiny white or cream col-
ored larvffi move around for about a day then settle down permanently, work their
long, slender, bristle-like mouth parts through the bark, and gradually cover their
i>odie« over with the wax that forms the protecting scale. The females become
fnll-^own and begin to lay their eggs in August. Soot, after all the egga are
laid the insects themselves die. There is only one brood a year in Ontario.

Methods of Control. Thorough spraying each year with lime-sulphur
(strength 1.0.30 sp. gr. or 1 gal. commercial lime-sulphur diluted with 8 or 9 gall,
of water) any time in spring from a week or so before the buds begin to burst until
the little leaflets are the si/c of a ton-cent piece will soon completely control this
scale. The regular Codling Moth "prny wili arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur,
will help by killing many of the lurvic while they are still small and delicate. Dead
scales, of course, will remain on tlie trees for a ye ■ • or two after they have been
killed. Weakened trees can be assisted to recover Uieir vigor liy cultivation and
tbe use of fertilizers.

Afhids — A Gknehal Descbiption.

Aphids are tiny, soft-bodied, usually sluggish insects. There are a great many
species, and so common are they that most of our ))!iuits are attacked by at least one
ppecies and sometimes by several. The different species often differ greatly in
color: some are green, others black, others red, others brown, and so on. They all
obtain their food by suckiiio; the juicc>i out of the plants after first penetrating the
epidermis with their sharp needle-like lances. As they feed they exude from time to
time a clear, sweetish liquid called honey-dew, of which ants arc very fond. When

:

^^ ■*"^^HI

\

■

^^f'' ^^

■'■

V ml

'1

^jmm.

m

^^^V *

1

h^iri^HHHHlH

■

Dense colony of Rosy Aphids on under-surface of an apple leaf. Three
ladybird beetle larvae may be seen among them. All are natural
size. (Original.)

the aphids are very abundant, such a large quantity of honey-dew is exuded that
it covers the leaves and fruit and causes them to become sticky and later a dirty
sooty color, due to a black fungus which grows in the honey-dew. There are many
generations each year, some species having thirteen or even more. Each generation
except the last consists entirely of females. The last is composed of true sexual

J

IB

fornw, ninloii and feiiiulcD. Thi-se mute and tlic ri>iiiuli>i« lay eggt for wiiitfr ami
then dio. In all preceding generation* liviiu' young instead of eggs are pro-
..»»»•(•<' and that too without the presence of aii> malen. The first generation in
the spring is composed entirely of wingless forms, but in the later genera ionA
winged forms also up|)ear. These can Hy fruni tree to tree and so distrilnite Mu-
specieit. S<ime, but not all, species have what Is known as un alternate host plant
or plants; that is they remain for one or more generations in the spring on the
plant ou which they ovcr-wintcrol, and then a winged generation ajun-ars which
migrates to some other kind of plant and lives and reproduces on this until autumn,
when another winged generation is produced, which migrates hack to the original
hott.

The rate at which aphids can multiply is marvellous ..J far surpasses that
of any other common orchard pest. This is due to the fact that there are so many
broods each year, and tl at each brood except the last is entirely composed of female^.
Very fortunately for us these insects have many enemies which ilo a great service
in helping to control them. The chief of these arc Ladybird beetles and their
larvB, Syrphus Fly and Lacewing larvne and tiny four-winged parasites. In
addition to these, disease often destroys countless numbers, and weother has also
a great influence. Cool, moist weather seems to be favorable and hot, fine weather
unfavorable to orchard aphids.

AriuDs OF TiiE Apple.

There are three common species -f aphids tliat attack the foliage and fruit of
the apple, and one species known us the Woolly Aphis that attacks the bark and
roots. Of the first three species two are green and the other usually purplish or
pinkish with a whitish bloom over its body. Because of its pink or purplisli color
this last species is known as the Rosy Aphis — Aphis (sorbi) malifoliae. Of the two
green species the less imjortant is often known as the European Grain Aphi*
(Aphis ttvena?) because it is a European species, and has as its alternate host jilants
wheat, oats and rye, as well as several kinds of grasses. The third species, perhaps
liecause it has, no alternate host plant, but remains on the apple throughout the
year, is usually called the Apple Aphis or the Apple Leaf- Aphis (Aphis pomi).
The Rosy Aphis has as its alternate host plants the various kinds of plantains,
especially rib-grass.

Aphis aven!c is some years abundant on the buds, young leaves and blossom.s
but apparently docs little permanent injury, probably l)ecause it usuiilly migrates
to its other host plants early in the season about the time the blossoms are out in
bloom, not returning to the orchard until the fruit is mature in autumn. The
Rosy Aphis seems usual'y to be responsible for most of the injury up to about the
first of July, after whidi it migrates to its alternate host plants for the rest of the
summer and early autumn. Consequently any further damage from aphids is
caused almost entirely by Aphis pomi. which, as we have said, has no alternate host.
This insect of course lias also a share in the losses caused in the early part of season.

On bearing trees most of the damage done by the various species is on the
lower branches. On these some years great numbers of the aphids attack the leaves,
tender twigs and fruit, causing the leaves to curl, turn yellow and sometimes die,
and the fruit to become dwarfed, woody and often pitted, and to h^ng on the
branches in clusters. Such fruit is unfit either to sell or use.

Yitung trees and nursery stock commonly suffer more tnan . > trees, be-

u»

lly iuffttud tliffc
the branches are
ic new growth it

lly infcDtcd or

cauiic the ajihiiln mtiii to jircfer their ti'iidenr foliujtc. \Vli»re li
trees have their ;;rt>wtii utoppt^d and ^ometimest the upiHT part* >
either killed «r imuh W('ni<('ru'd !)>• the extraction of the cap, I
the part of these numt attacked.

Pearg a;* well iix applt'<« niuy lie attiukud, Imt are seldmn
iiifTer \oni wortii nKiitioniii^.

All the ahovc I'poiie!' winter in the ejjtj; state. The ej^g!* uri lid on the bark
of the branches* niid water >prout«, often licing placed around the bi '< or in crevices.
Hatdiinj? ol these is u«uail_v completed in spring by alH)Ut tlie tiiti* the leof-bud*
liave be;.'un to burst, tb<p>c of Aiiliis aveiiw U-inj; usually a few lays earlier in
hatching than others.

Cluster of small deformed apples, showing !..e effect of
June and .Tuly, about two-thirds natural size

>si« attacks in

t

If at this date the buds are examined, the youii;; ijib. i ca-ily be seen

witliout the ail! of a nia^rnifyin;: j:lass. They are then ol i,in-. y small, but this
very fact, tojrctber with tlicir cxpo-^cd position shows that us is a Jf'"'"! tiinc in
whicii to destroy them by spraying'.

Methods of Control. Postpone the rejiular dormant spray with lime-sulphur
— strength I.OliO sp. jrr. or for San .Tose Scale LO.*?,"). (1.0:?n sp. rrr. — Tal. com-
mercial lime-sulphur to 0 jrals. of water: 1.0."?') sp. <;r. = 1 iral. to about 7), until
t!:e buds are be^innina' to burst nnd then add to the mixture a tobacco extract,
cither Black Ijcaf 10 or Grasselli's Nicotine-sulphate 10 per cent.. The amount of
either substance to use is printed on the can in which the wtract is bought. The
spraying of course sliould be done so as to Insure that every bud is well covered. If
spraying is postponed until the foliage is out it is very doubtful whether it pays
because many of the aph'ds are then so situated among the leaves that they cannot
be reached.

80

In niBujr bearing orchard! in Ontario aphids are wldom abundant enough to
do much iojnry, and where thii ia the caie it it doubtful whether it would pay to
UM the tobacco extract, eipecially aa it a coatly. Other orchard* iu different iltU'
ationa raffer coneiderable Iom almost every year, and these it would clearly be wise
to treat aa described above.

Toung trees being subject to severe infestation throughout the season would
be benefited by the same treatment as given for bearing trees, but they should also
b« examined from time to time during the summer to see whether they have become
re-infexted, and if so should at once be treated with ♦ho tobacco extract combined
with from 1 to 2 lbs. of common soap sliced and dissolved in boiling rain water and
added to every 40 gaU. of the liquid, the limo-Bulphur l)eing omitted. Instead of
the tobacco extract and soap, whale oil soap 1 lb. to 6 ga. of rain water is sonic-
timea used. Kerosene emulsion, if properly made, is also efT»ctivc. (Sec Spray
Calendar.)

Nursery trees may receive the sane treatment as small orchard trees, but in
many cases the host results on them are to be obtained by carrying the mixture in
a large bucket and bending the top of each infested tree over into it, ♦hus insuring
that every aphid will be reached.

Woolly Aphis (Erioaoma Umigera Hatumann).

This aphid attacks the bark and roots, doing very little injury to the foliage
of the apple. It can easily be identified by its conspicuous, white, waxy covering,
vhic'i looks like a lit'.lc tuft of wool or of cotton-batting. If the covering be re-
moved the ' 'ect beneath is seen to be brown or reddish-brown. In parts .)f the
United States the Woolly Aphis is considered a great pest because of the injury it
does to the roots of the young trees. The root infesting individuals by tlieir sucking

I^a^'-rw^-

Woolly Aphids clustered on tender apple shoot, natural
size (Original.)

cause small nodules or swellings which ultiamtely kill the smaller roots and so
either destroy or greatly weaken the tree. Fortunately, in Ontario this root injury
is almost entirely absent, and it is only the insects above ground that do any appre-
ciable damage, but even tliese do not cause much harm. Occasionally a few trees
in an orchard will have a good many small branches, water-suckers and wounded
areas heavily infested with the insacts. In such cases on the branches and water-
suckers little swellings which later may rupture and cause small cankers are pro-
duced while around the margins of infested wounded areas there is formed a con-
spicuous callous. These injuries however, rarely do much permanent damage to
the tree itself.

I

tl

lAf* Bitlory. Thia ipecici hu a tomewhat complicated lif« hiitory, which w«
naed not go into further than t ay that while some few individual! winter on the
apple, the moit of them migrate to elm trpei, where the winter is paated in the egg
stage on the bark. In the spring the first two generations from these eggs feed on
the elm leaves, causing them to become rosotted, but the third generation flies back
to the apple trees and serves as the chief source of re-infestation of these.

Metkodt of Control. Wherever the insects arc abundant on small trMt,
the easiest way to treat them probably is to take a whitewash or
paint-brush and a pailful of whale oil soap or even common laundry soap
(cither of them at the strength of 1 lb. to about 5 gals, of rain water), and
with the brush wash the aphids off the brnnches or trunks. On larger trees a spray
machine may be used, but the nozzle must be held close to the insects, so that the
spray will break through the waxy covering and reach the insect's body beneath.
Only the infested parts of the tree should be sprayed.

Leaf-Buos (Mxrida).

Four species of Ijeaf-bugs liave been found attacking the foliage and fruit of
apples. These are Ileterocordytut malinvs Reuler, Lygidea mendax Reuter. NturO'
counts nubilus Say and Pararalocoria colon Say. They occur to some extent in many
orchards in the Province, but are scarcely important enough to justify a detailed
account of each. In all cases it is the nymphs that do nearly all the damage. The
nymphs of the first two species are red; tliose of Neurocolpus nubilus are greenish

J.

t

Work of Mlrlds or Leat-bugs on apples. This Is done when the apples
are very small. (Original.)

mottled with dull red ; and those of Paracalocoris colon roddish-brown with some
whitish markings. The nymphs of all species when first hatched are only about
one-tenth of an inch long, but when full grown and ready to change to adults are
nearly one-quarter of an inch. They all have sucking mouth parts.

The injury is caused by the nymphs feeding upon the tender foliage and the
terminal portions of the new growth, and also upon the young fraits from when
they begin to form until they are half an inch in diameter.

8"

The injury to the leaves and new growth is not usually of much importance:
the chief in]ur>' is done to the fruit. When the nymphs penetrate this with their
sharp beaks and suck out the juices they so injure some of it tHaf it drops, and the
rest often bec(,mes badly deformed l)y the depressions and elevations that result
from the feeding. ,

l!:^

nil

An adult Leaf-bug (Neurocolpus nuh-
iliis), and two nearly full-grown
nymphs, natural size. (Original.)

Life History. The winter is passed in all cases in the egg stage. The eggs
are situated in the bark of the twigs or small branches. Those of the first two
species usually hatch before the blossoms burst, but those of Nearocolpus mibihis
do not hatch until after the blossoms have fallen. The date of the hatching of the
other species is unknown to the writer, but is probably about the time the blossoms
are open. The nyniplis feed as described above and become full grown in alrout a
month. Adults in at least some cases live for several weeks and lay their egfi^,
usually .singly, in the bark as said above. There is just one generation a year.

Methods of Control. The red nymphs of the first iwo species may be killed by
adding a tobacco extract of the same strength as for Aphids to the spray just before
the blossoms open, or if the infestation is severe, to both this spray and the one
after the blossoms fall. The nymphs of Neurocolpus nubilus hatch too late for
these sprays and are immune or almost immune to tobacco, but can be killed by
thorough spraying with a sticky soap— common laundry .<oap— at the strength of 1
it), to 10 gals, of rain water. The other species has not been known to occur in suffi-
cient numbers to justify spraying for it.

Apple TENT-CATEHPiLL.\n (Malacosoma americana Fabricius).

Webs of the Tent-Caterpillars are conspicuous objects in the spring of the
year. They may ho found on tlie twigs of many kinds of trees, including not only
the various kinds of fruit trees, but also many kinds of forest trees, especiallv wild

w

Tent-caterpillar: Male
Moth, natural size.

Tent-caterpillar: Female Moth,
natural size.

cherries. Outbreaks of this insect occur periodically. For ten or fifteen years the
country is almost free of them, then for a few years is overrun by them ; then recur
the years of comparative freedom, followed again bv another outbreak.

23

When the caterpillars are very abundant in the orchard they may defoliate
practically every tree. Sometimes this defoliation takes place two or three years
ill succession. The result is that not only is the crop lost each year, but the trees
lire left la a greatly weakened condition and sometimes succumb to the stniin of a
severe winter.

The full-grown larvae are about two inches long, of a general brownish-black
color with a conspicuous white stripe down the middle of the back. The adults are
reddish-brown moths with a wing expanse of from 1 to l'/^ inches. The front
wings have two white transverse bands parallel to the outer margin.

Life History. The winter is passed in the egg stage on the twigs of the
trees, the eggs being in clusters that encircle or nearly encircle the twig. Each
cluster is one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, elliptical in outline and a little
darker in color than the bark. The eggs hatch about the time the apple buds are

II

Forest Tent-caterpillar: (o) egg mass,
(b) moth, (c) vertical view of much
enlarged egg, id) side view of eggs
much enlarged.

a and 6, Apple Tree Tent-caterpillars on
their web; c, egg-cluster; d cocoon.

Forest Tent-caterpillar.

i

ready to burst. The young larva; from caoli egg cluster remain together in a
colony and soon construct a little web, increasing in size as they grow and need
more room. Into this they retire at night and part of the day when not feeding.
They feed upon the foliage near their web, gradually extending their range a.s
necessity demands. In June they become full grown and then wander in various
directions from the web and often from the tree itself in search of sheltered places
in which to spin their cocoons and pupate. Tito cocoons arc elliptical and made
of white silken threads covered over with a yellowish powder. During the latter
part of June and the first two weeks of July the adults emerge, lay their eggs on
the twigs and soon die. There is only one brood each year.

Many parasites and one or more destructive diseases play a very important
part in the control of this pest. Birds also destroy many of them. The fact is

i; jj that we owe to all these friends the disappearance of the great '-ists of these insects

■ before they have time to work irreparable ruin to many orchards and forest trees.

Methods of Control. Thorough spraying of the trees very soon after the
leaves have begun to expand with either 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead or 14 to % lb. of
Paris green to 40 gals, of water will destroy the caterpillars. They should always
l>e treated while still small and easily killed and before they have been able to do
much damage. Orchards that received the regular three sprayings indicated in the
Spray Calendar never suffer any loss from this pest no matter what the surround-
ings may be. It has been shown by Mr. E. P. Bradt, District Representative for
Dundas County, that the first of these sprayings, the so-called dormant spray, if
applied when the buds are bursting, will, without any poison, kill over 80 per cent,
of the young caterpillars. Cutting down wild cherry and fruit trees along the
fences and roadsides will help some, as will also the collecting and destroying of
egg masses.

Forest TentjCaterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubner).

This insect is very closely allied to the Apple Tent-Caterpillar, and like it is

abundant only periodically. Though at times very numerous and deutructive in
i orchards, it is also, as its n • le suggests, a great forest pest, especially in maple

; woods, which it sometimes aunost defoliates.

I There are several points by which the two species may be easily distinguished :

f The moth of Apple Tent-Caterpillar has two white cross-bands on each iront

wing; that 01 the Forest-Tent has two brown cross-bands. The Apple-Tent larva
I has a white stripe down the middle of tlie back; the Forest larva has a row of

white dots. The larv.T of the Apple species form a definite xvcb or tent; those of
; the Forest do not, but merely spin silken threads liere and there where they feed

'' or travel. The cocoons of the Forest species are often spun in a folded leaf or cluster

: of leaves; those of the Apple species are not in leaves, but in any other good hiding

place, such as the underside of fence rails or boards.

The life history of the two species is very similar, as are also the natural

enemies and the artificial means of control.

Canker-Worms.

Two species of Cankor-Worms infest our orcliards and forests. These are the
Fall Canker- Worm Ahophila pomeiaria TTarrifi), and the Spring Canker-Worm
(Pahacrilii veruata Prrh-). The terms "fall" and "spring" are given because
the moths of tlie former emerge chiefly in the fail, while those of the latter emerire
in sprinjr.

The larvae of both species are slender and of a general l»lackish or hrownisli
or sometimes green color, with lighter stripes down the back and sides. When full
grown they art about an inch long. Both species move from place to place -.vith a
looping gait, due to the fact that they have fewer hind legs (prolegs) than most
caterpillars. The Spring Cankor-worm has only two pairs of these hind legs, the
Fall Canker-worm has t!iroe pairs. thou;;li Uic first of these is not fully developed.
When disturbed both species drop down on a silken thread. The moths of the two
species are a light greyish-brown color, with slender bodies. Tlicy resemble eacli
other closely. The male moths have winiis. I)ut tlie females are wingless.

It is only once in a long time that we have a very bad outbreak of these pests,
but when they do become numerous they often remain so for about five vears, after

which they become scarce again. In years of great abundance they are very de-
structive and not infrequently completely defoliate whole orchards and numerous

'I

Female adults of Fall Canker-
worm, natural size. (Orig-
inal.) Spring Canker-worm
female adults resemble these
very closely.

(a) Spring Canker-worm,
male adult; (b) Fall
Canker- worm, male
adult, both natural size.
(Original.)

forest trees as well. They feed on most orchard trees and al.«o on many deciduous
forest trees, but their favorites seem to be the apple, elm, and bas.«wood.

Full-grown Fall Canker-worms and their work, natural size.
(Original.)

Life History. The moths of the Fall Canker-worm appear for the most part
in fall, in November, and the eggs are then laid in close irregular clusters on the

86

trunks and branches. Each egg is set on its end and looks like a diminutive pail
or flower pot. The cluster is nearly the color of the bark and is not covered over
with any protecting substance. A few moths of this species do not emerge until
early spring, and lay their eggs then. The Spring Canker-worm moths emerge
in March and April and lay their eggs in more concealed places on the bark, such as
under loose bark or in crevices. These are in a looser cluster and are oval in shape.
The eggs of both species hatch about the time tlie apple buds are bursting and the
young larvae feed on the foliage as soon as it appears. They are full grown early
in June and then drop to the ground where they pupate in the soil. There is only
one brood a year.

Birds are said to play an important part in the control of these pests. There
are also some parasites and other natural foes that help.

Methodti of Control. 1. Experience shows that clean cultivation, extending
as far into June as is safe, has a great effect in lessening the numbers of these
insects.

2. Thorough spraying with arsenate of lead about 3 lbs. to 40 gallons of
liquid will destroy the young larvae. The best method is to postpone the dormant
spray until the apple leaves are about half an inch long and then add to it the
arsenate of lead. This should be followed by the regular spray just before the
blossoms open and immediately after they fall. (For these see Spray Calendar.)

Shade trees may be protected from infestation by putting a band of tangle-
foot on i^° trunk a foot or so above the ground. A band of cotton-batting about
six inche- uiie, fastened with a string around the centre, and the upper half then
turned do^vn, will also prove effective except in very wet weather. These bands
i^hould be put on about the middle of October for rhe Fall Canker-worms and about
the end of February for the Spring Canker-worms. They prevent the wingless
females from climbing tiie trees after they emerge from the ground. They also
keep down any larva; that liatch from eggs laid below the band.

Bud- Moth (Tmeiocera ocellana SchiffermiiUer).

The Bud-moth is a very common insect in Ontario, and causes considerable
loss, but not nearly so much as in Nova Scotia, where it is probably the most
destructive biting insect of the orchard.

Bud-moth, natural size.
(Reduced frpm W. E. Brltton.)

The adult is a greyish-brown moth with a wing expanse of about half an inch.
Across the middle portion of each front wing is a broad, greyish white, irregular
area, occupying about one-third of the whole wing. The larva; are the same shape
as a Codling Moth larva, but are smaller, being only 2/5 of au inch long wlien full
grown. They are reddish-brown and have glossy black heads.

The larvae attack all kinds of fruit trees and also £ome other trees and shrubs.
The injury is done in several ways: (1) Tlio over-wintering larvfp in early spring
bore into the green tips of the onening buds and feed upon the tender tissues
within. (2) They fasten tog- the opening leaflets in the same manner as

leaf -rollers, thus retarding tl elopment, anf) feed inside upon the inner

Ik.

27

portion. (;i) Fruit-buds are nttnckwl in the same way as loaf-buds and the
stamens and pistils often destroyed. (4) After the leaves have expanded, the
larvas commonly fold over part of the margin, fasten it securely, and each lives
during the day in the little tunnel or nest thus made, going out to feed upon sur-
rounding leaves in the evening or at night. Often the stem of such a leaf is nearly
cut through, thus causing it to die. Partly to prevent the leaf's dropping and
partly to secure still more shelter and food close at hand, the larva very commonly
attaches it to one or more neigh'wring leaves. (5) Later in the season the young
larvae of the rew brood are found on the under surface of the leaves, whore thoy
construct a fine whitish web alongside the midrib or one of the main veins and feed
under this covering. Here they remove all the giecii tissue.*. leaving onlv the fine
network of veins. (6) Not infrequently these second brood larvie out little holes

Work of Bud-moth larvae, natural size. (Original.)

through the skin of an apple, where a leaf touches it and thus gives tliem the
necessary cover and protection. Such injury is often attributed to Codling Moth
larvae.

Life History.— The winter is passed in the larval stage, the larvae being only
about one-third grown, and u^iug hidden in little inconspicuous cases situated in
the crotches of twigs or beside a bud or at other places on the bark. As soon as
the buds are beginning to show green at the tip the larva; leave their winter
quarters, make their way to the buds and bore into them; later they feed on the
fruit buds, leaves and other parts, as mentioned above. About the middle of June
or a week or so after the blossoms are all off thoy become full grown and change
into pupne in their little nosts or hiding places in the leaves. Towards the end of
June and during the first half of July adults emerge. After a few days eggs are
laid on tbe leaves. The young larva; from these ftod as described above, on the

! I

t8

foliage and fruit. Early in September they cease feeding and go into winter
quarters.

Methods of Control. — Observations in well-sprayed orchards show that if thu
regular three-spray applications recommended in the spray calendar for apples
are applied systematically, year after year, there will soon be no trouble from Bud-
moth. Of these applications the one just before the blossoms open is the most
important. If this can be applied with high pressure as a driving spray, it will be
more effective in reaching and controlling the pest.

CiOAB Case-Bearek {Coleophora fletcherella Ffrndld).

The Cigar Case-bearer can be identified easily by the cigar-like shape and
color of the little protecting case in which the larva conceals itself, both when
resting and when feeding. These cases are about one-third of an inch long, and may
readily be found in May, June and early July on the leaves and twigs of apple
and pear trees, especially in uncared-for orchards.

The injury is caused by the mining habits of the larva, which eats a little
hole through the upper surface of the leaf, and then as a leaf-miner devours all
the green tissues between the two surfaces as far as it can reach in every direction
without letting go its case. Sometimes there are many of these brown mined areas
on a single leaf, and if the pest is abundant the foliage may be much injured.
Occasionally little holes are eaten through the skin of young fruits, apparently
without leaving any permanent damage. In spite of the fact that this insect some
years renders unsprayed orchards quite unsightly because of the injured foliage,
it can scarcely be said to be a very important pest and plays a comparatively small
pa'^ in commercial orchards.

Lift History. The winter is passed in the larval stage, the larva being very
small, not more than about one-quarter grown, and enclosed in a little curved brown
case. These are usually situated in the axils of branches. When the buds are
nearly ready to burst in spring the larvae, still protected by their cases, move from
winter quarters to the green tips of the buds and begin feeding on these, later, as
already said, they make mined areas in the leaves and even feed a little on the
fruit. Their little curved cases are first enlarged and then abandoned for the
cigar-shaped larger cases. The larvae are full grown towards the end of June,
then attach their cases firmly to a leaf or to the bark and pupate inside them.
The adults, which are delicate steel-grey moths, with a wing expanse of less than
half an inch, emerge throughout most of July. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves
and the larvae, in hatching fron* ".ese, act for a few days as leaf -miners without
any case, then construct small curved cases, and early in September move into their
winter quarters.

Methods of Control. Orchards that receive the regular throe sprayings as
stated in the Spray Calendar, are very little troubled by this pest. Of these three
applications the one just before the blossoms open seems to be far the most im-
portant in destroying this insect.

Pistol Case-Beaher (Coleophora malivorella Riley).

The Pistol Case-bearer is a very near relative of the Cigar Case-bearer,
but may easily be distinguished from it by its case being shaped like a pistol
instead of a cigar. In Ontario it seems to be almost everywhere much less common

r

1

29

than the Cigar Case-bearer. It attacks the foliage and occasionally the young
fruit. On the latter it makes the same sort of small feeding punctures as the
other species; but on the leaves, instead of acting as a leaf-miner, it eats holes.

Green Prult-worms and their work
on apples, natural size. (After
Sllngerland and Crosby.)

(a) Cigar Case-oearers and their work on apple
leaves, (b) Pistol Case-bearer and its work
on yonnc fruit, natural size. (Original.)

sometimes skeletonizing the leaves or destroying all but the main veins. Apples
are its favorite food plant.

The life history is very similar to that of the Cigar Case-bearer. Control
measures are also the same.

Green Fhuit- Worms (Xylina spp).

There are several species of these Fruit-worms, but the larvae resemble each
other closely, and are stout, pale green caterpillars, a little more than an inch
long when full grown. The head is a very light shade of green, almost white,
and down the middle of the back and each side is a cream-colored stripe. These
characteristics, and the fact that they do not lower themselves with a silken thread,
easily distinguish them from the Leaf-roller larvm. The adults are stout, greyish-
brown moths, nearly related to and closely resembling the moths of Cutworms.

The injury is done by the larvae. These feed on the leaves in spring until
the fruit begins to form, then they attack this and eat deep holes about the thick-
ness of a lead pencil into it, thus ruining the fruit and often causing it to fall.
Fortunately, the larvae are very seldom abundant enough to do much harm.

All kinds of orchard fruits are attacked. The larvae feed also on the foliage
of many deciduous forest trees.

so

Life History. The moths lay their egga singly on the bark of the twigs aud
small branches in spring. The larva on hatching feed upon the developing leaves
and later upon the young fruit They are full grown soon after the blossoms
drop, and then enter the ground to pupate. In the autumn the moths appear and
hibernate in sheltered places. There is only one generation a year.

Methods of Control. No special measures are necessary for this pest further
than the regular sprayings indicated in the Spray Calendar. Of these the one
before the blossoms is the most effective,

White-Marked Tuf sock-Moth {Ilemerocampa leucostigma Smith £ Abbott).

From time to time this moth's larvas, which are great enemies of shade trees
in cities, become abundant in orchards and injure not only the foliage of apples,
plums and other fruit trees, but also often eat shallow areas out of apples them-
selves. A brown callous forms over the injured places, but leaves the fruit dis-
fiffured.

LoiiVK of White-marked Tussock-
moth, nearly full grown.
(Original.)

Work on apples of the larvae of the White-marked
Tussock-moth, natural size. (Original.)

The larvae are pretty, hairy caterpillars, about IV2 inches long when full
grown. They can easily be recognized by the red licad, the two long black tufts
of hair at the anterior end and a single tuft at the posterior and the four dense,
orcam-colored short tufts of hair on the back.

Life History. The winter is passed in the egg stage. The eggs are laid in a
mass and are covered over with a white froth-like substance. Egg masses are
usually situated on the bark of the trunk or larger branches, though they mav
sometimes be on a leaf. They hatch in June, usually a couple of weeks or more
after the apple blossoms have fallen. The larva?, as already mentioned, feed on
foliage, preferably young shoots or suckers from the main branches, and also on
the fruit of apples. Some are full-grown early in July, others not till well on in
August. When full-grown they spin a thin silken cocoon in the places where we
have said the eggs are placed. In these cocoons they pupate. In a couple of
weeks the moths emerge. The males have ashy-grey wings and fly about, but the
females are light grey and have no wings. They remain beside the cocoon unf
fertilized by the males, then lay their eggs and soon after die. There appears to
be only one generation a year in this province.

Methods of Control. The young caterpillars can be killed by spraying with
2 or 3 lbs. arsenate of lead in 40 gab. of water, or of Bordeaux mixture or dilute

n

limo-sulphur; but it is cla'ajier and moni suti* factory, if the pregcncc of jjjg
masses shows there is likely to be a considerable nu"-' r of the larva;, to go
around and remove and destroy the egg masses Mr. W. ti. Biggar, the provincial
fruit pests inspector, informs the writer that n narrow wire brush about an
inch wide and five or six inches long, fastened to a bamboo pole, is very satisfactory
for removing egg masses from the higher branches. Some use a broad hook, like
a bent spoon, instead of the brush. The egg masses arc most easily seen when
the leaves are off the trees. Some advocate destroying the eggs on tall trees by
saturating them with crude coal-tar creosote, darkonod l)y the addition of a
little lampblack.

Fall Web-Worm (Hyphantria cunea Drury).

During August and September large webs, often a yard long, may be seen
here and there on trees throughout the orchard and also on many kinds of shade
and forest trees. These webs arc caused by the so-called Fall Web-worms. Tin-
webs of the Apple Tent-caterpillar can be easily distinguished from thc'ie by
the fact that they ore made in the early part of the season and are much smaller.

The adults of the Fall Web-worms are pretty little white moths, with a
wing expanse of about an inch. The larvae are greyish-brown caterpillars about
one inch long when full grown, and thinly covered with tufts of long hnir.

Fall web-worm adults and egg
mass on a portion of a leaf,
natural size. (Original.)

Fall Web-worm: full-grown larva,
slightly enlarged. (Adapted after
Slingerland and Crosby.)

Life History.— The winter is passed in the pupal sUge in the ground or
under rubbish. In the spring, towards the end of June, the moths begin to
emerge. These lay their eggs in a dense cluster on the leaves. On hatching, the
young larva; all feed together, remove the green substance of the leaves, and^leave
only a network of veins. Soon they cover themselves over with a web and extend
this as they require more food. They feed under cover of the web until nearly
full grown, and then wander around in various dirtctions and finally select a
place in which to pupate. There is only o- -veneration in a vear.

Fortunately natural enemies are so eHe^ ve in the case of this insect that
all that is necessary is to examine the trees from time to time, and whenever an
infested branch is seen, cut it off at onc> and destroy the caterpillars. Usually
this can be done most easily by trampling them under foot. The branches or
twigs should be removed while the webs are still small and before many leaves
have been destroyed. Spraying is not necessary.

32
Buffalo Thkk-HoI'Ieu (Cerem bubalus Fabricitu).

The Buffalo Trte-lioppcr is found in all the fruit-prowing districts of the
province, and gomctiines docs nuich injury, especially to young apple and pear
trees. The injury u nlniost entirely due to tho cpg-laying habiti of the insect.
The eggs are deposited on the upper side of the sninlh-r i)runche8 and also in the
case of young trees on the triiiii<H. In i.mli instiincf litf>rc laying her eggs tho
frn.nlo, with her sword-likc ovipositor, makes a small, more or less crescent-
shaped cut through the bark and then places the eggs in thia. As soon as this
is done, she makes another similar slit close to and juat opposite the ^'rst, and
deposits eggs in it too. The wood hineath these two slits does not i .-al. but
tauscs an ugly scar which continues to enlarge for several years. As the whole
upper surface of the branches and also, in exceptional cases, the trunks of young
tree.s may be almost covered with these slits and scars, it naturally follows that
such trees are weakened, dwarfed and more likely to succumb to severe winters or
disease than uninjured trcs. Some forest trees and shrubs are also infested.

BuffaiO Tree-hopper aduUs and egg scars on branch, natural
size. (Original.)

The adult Tree-hopper is about one-third of an inch long, moderately stout,
triangular in front with the two upper angles projecting somewhat and suggesting
the nsine "Buffalo Tree-hopper." Tlie upper surface of the body slopes gradually
back from the front to rear, so that from a side view also the insect has a tri-
angular appearance. The general color is pale green.

Life History. The winter is pa.8sed in the egg stage in the slits of the bark.
The eggs hatch about the time the leaf buds burst. The young nyninhs after a
very short time go to the ground, where they feed on almost anv kind of succp-
lent weeds, sucking the juices out of these. In July they begin to transform into
adults which soon flj, to trees and shrubs to lay their eggs. Oviposition continues
all through August and September up to the first severe frosi, which kills the
adults.

Means of Control. A simple means of control is suggested by the fact that
the nymphs cannot thrive on the foliage of trees, but go to the ground and feed
on plants such as thistles or other weeds ; hence if the orchard is plowed and kept
free of weeds during May and early June the nymphs will be starved. Trees
that have already been weakened should be given good cultivation and fertilized
to stimulate growth and enable them to recover more rapidly. Of course, care
should be taken n.t to cultivate too long for fear of winter injury.

4

RouND-Hc.iDED Applk-Thee Itonen (SaperJa amJiila Fab).

TIiU borer worki in the trunks of apple trees usually near or a short distance
below the surfare of the ((round. Here it feeds upon and makes tunnels in the
inner bark and the wood. Trees of almost any age may be attacked, but far the
most damage is done to young tree* front three to ten years old. These not
infrequently are completely girdled and killed. The insect is not found in all
orchards but often localizes it!«elf in an orchard here and there, while orchards
not far away may Itc free from it. Apparently it is most numerous in the neigh-
borhood of woods which contain such trees as hawth Tn, junebcrry, choke-cherry
and mountain ash, all of which are host plants and so may serve as breeding
quarters. In addition to these trees and the apple it attacks aUo quince and pears.

s

r

S ; a

*»-• IJ5 w«

' '~ —

Romd-headed Appls-tree Borer, adults and lull-
grown larvae, natural size. (After Rumsey
and Brooks.)

The adults are Imndsome, nearly cylindrical, stout beetles about an inch in
lenjrth and having long antennie. They may easily be identified by the white
color of the under surface of the body, the brown color of the upper surface, and
the two conspicuous white bands that extend along the back the whole length of
the insect. The larv.T, wliith do the injury, are stout, nearly cylindrical, whitish
ffrubs about an inch long when full j^rown, with a brown head, and t^'^ segments
just below this a little larger than the remaining segments.

Life IHsiory. Tiie beetles emerge from the trees in May and June and in r
week or two begin laying their eggs in the bark near the base of the trunk. Egg-
laying continues for about two months, after which the beetles die. The larva;
on hatching feed the first season cliiefly on the inner bark, though some enter
the sapwood. During the winter they remain dormant but next spring resume
their feeding and work into the solid wood. Throughout the course of their feed-
ing a considerable amount of the sawdust-like borings are thrown out through the
bark. Some of the larva- are full grown or practically full grown at the end of
the second season, and next spring pupate and emerge as adults, but others are
smaller and pass a third season as larvae, pupating and emerging as adults the

34

next year. WIutc Hutu Imu* Ixtii *«vi'ral UjriTH in a Mimll nr iiiwlerately miuiII
trw, there are naturally many burrowi in the wood. The writer ha< Men mountain
8»h troei «> infe«ted tliat a jiornon by pudhinK hard could break off at the ba«e a
tree of four inchei in diameter.

Mtihodt of Contnl. Unfortunately, there u no method of control that if at
the fame time cB»y, rapid and effective. The one moxt coininonly used is to remove
the borers from the treei^ with n charp linife and a fine wire with a little hook
on the end. The wire i» worked into the holci where t'.v boren cannot be catily
reached with the knife. If a bottle of earlKin bi-8ulphidc and aome cotton batting
are carried alonjr, n email wad of tlio batting may be tiaturated with this liquid
and forced into a hole to kill any bo. i that cannot easily be destroyed otherwise.
The hole should at once be stopped up with moist earth to keep the fumes in.
When cutting, do not injure the trees unnecessarily. The cutting out of Hu.<
i)orers should be done in May and October each year so as to destroy a.s m\ny
JjtrvtB as possible while tluy are still small, easily reached (just under the bark)
'"iiit'A have not done much damage. The earth should always be removed for n few
inches around the base of the trunk and each tree examined even though no i»aw-
dust may be visible on the bark or ground.

It is claimed that pure white lead and linseed oil of a little thicker consistency
than ordinary paint can be safely applied to the trunks in May or early June nnd
will prevent egg laying. The lead should thoroughly cover the trunk from nlmut
two inches below the ground to one foot above it and must be renewed yearly.
Newspapers or building paper wrapped around the trunk and securely tied at
the top so the beetles cannot get in to lay eggs i» ulso said to give good results.
It should be put on towards the end of May and the earth heaped up a few inches
aronnd the bottom so the beetles will not get in below it. These wrappings should
be removed in early September.

Clean cultivation by keeping the weeds down during the earlier part of the
sumiiiCi- scem.s to help in keeping orchards free, for the beetles seem to prefer
neglected orchards and shady surroundings.

Plum Curculio.
Red Spiders.

Other Inskcts Attacking The Apple.
Fruit-tree Bark-beetle.

INSECTS ATTACKING THE PEAR.

Pkak Psyli.a (Psylla pyrirola Forester.)

The Pear Psylla, though not so destructive in Ontario as in some other parts
of North America, is a very tro iblcpoine pest mid a source of much worry to pear
growers. Fortunately, it is not abundant every year, as some years it almost dis-
appears, at least during all the earlier part of the season, but the next year it may
again be almost as numerous as ever. These fluctuations seem to be largelv
determined by weather conditions, especially spring conditions. Cold, backward
weather after the l)uds have begun to burst seems to be the chief factor in lessening
its numbers by destroying the eggs and newly hatched nymphs.

S5

The ndult l'»\/\\a» an-, ait bIiowii in the photo^iaph. vi-ry tiny i»«cct<, not
more thin one-tenth of an inch long. Seen through a hand len« they re»emblo
a diminutive cicada. To the unaided eye the color of their bodies appear* black
or brownish, but clo.«i>r obtiervation* ihow that the ground color k reddish.

The nymphs arc very different in appearance and color from the adults, being
pale yellowinh or v^liitich, with red eyes. The body, too, is broader an(' flatter
in proportion to it* lenv'tli than that of the adult. Nymphs are usually most
easily found on the Icnvfi* in n drop of honey-dew.

t
^

- « tC*

A group of Pwir Psylla
adults, natural size,
(Original.)

Pfartree Psylla, greatly enlarged.
(After Marlatt.)

The injury is done by i)oth the adults and nymphs, and is caused by their
sucking the juices out of the leavcsi, leaf-stems and fruit-stems, thus weakening
the trees and dwarfin;; tlio fruit. A.s the insects feed they send out great <|unn-
tities of honey-dew, which falls everywhere on the leaves, fruit and branches,
and makes these not only sticky but al.j black and unsightly. The black or soo'
appearance is dno to a fungus which grows in the honey-dew. In addition to v
dirty, sooty appearance the foliage on badly infested trees has a sickly yellowis
color which indicate- clearly the drain the insects make on the vigor of the tree.
Pears seem to be the only plants attacked.

Life History. The winter is passed in the adult stage. The adults are hidden
in crevices on the trees or under loose bark or under otlier .shelter, usually on or
near the infested trees. In spring, when the bright sunny days towards the end
of March or in early April arrive, the adults come forth from their hiding places
and after a short time commence egg-laying. These eggs are just visible to the
naked eye. They are yellowi,<h or pale orange in color, more than twice as long
as broad, and are placed chiefly on the twigs and fruit spurs, usually in some little
crevice. If the weather is mild the eggs begin hatching about the time the hxuU
have begun to burst, and continue to do so for some time longer. The nymphs
feed ns mentioned on the leaves and the stems of the leaves and fruits, and become
adults in about four weeks. The new generation of adults lay tlieir eggs chieflv
on leaf-stems and on leaves in the latter ease usually along the midrib or the
margin of the leaf itself. There are at least three and probably four generations
a ye.ir in Ontario. A.'lv,U- of the last generation continue feedin.i' until the severe
cold weather in late full drives them into winter quarters.

Methods of Control. Postpone the so-called dormant spray with lime-sulphur,
using in this case a strength of 1.0.30 sp. gr. (1 gal. commercial lime-sulphur
diluted with 8 or 9 gals, of water) until the leaf buds have just opened, and then
spray the trees thoroughly. This kills recently hatched nymphs and eggs that
are near hatching. Some of the more tender varieties of pear-; may be a little

36

injured by iliis application, but as u rule not much injury is done. As a supple-
ment to tills spray, add nicotine sulphate 40%, or Black licaf 40 to the Codling
Moth spray. (See Spray Calendar.) Directions as to the proper amount of
these tobacco extracts are given on the cans. This application should be done very
thoroughly and in such cases will sometimes, even without the delayed dormant
spray, give satisfactory control. It is wise, however, in all orchards that suffer
much from this insect to give both treatments.

Pear (and Cherry) Slug (Eriora p-miei, li): iciur Retzius.)

The Pear Slug is even more common on s k t and ^;our cli irries than on pears.
It is a slimy, blackish or greenish-black larva, •. 'i.'l- ■ tii ^e tl an half an inch long
when full grown and distinctly enlarged toward the head end, having thus the
appearance of a tiny tadpole. The larva is found on the upper side of the leaves
of cherries, pears and occasionally plums, where it devours the green tissues, leaving
an unbroken network of large and small veins, which, of course, soon turns brown.
Some years the insects are very abundant, and acres of sweet or sour cherries may
be so injured that the foliage appears as if it had been smitten by some blight
and killed. Trees severely attacked for two successive years are much injured
and sometimes many of the branches die. These years of great abundance are
not very common and some seasons the slugs are so scarce that they do almost no
damaffe.

..^^^^^^^^H0S*^ftiU

^

k

^

9 X>^

'^

k. ^

»

jfti^ar^:

¥

i

Pe^

Pear Slugs and their work on Cherry leaves, natural size. (Original.)

Ai'/c llxsiory. The winter is pas.«od in the full grown larval stage in a small
earthen case in the ground a short distance below the surface. In this in the
spring it pupates and soon after the blossoms have dropped from the i)ears the
adults emerge. Those are little black sawflies. ai">ut a quarter of an inch long.
They lay their eggs in the tissues of the leaves and about the middle of June
the tiny slugs may first be seen feeding on the upper surface. Early in July these
become full grown, and tlien drop to the ground, whore they soon pupate in the
soil. In about three weeks new adults begin to appear from these and continue
to emerge for several weeks. Larva; or slugs front this brood may be fotmd late
on into autumn. When full grown they all drop to the ground, work their way

4

37

below the surface, form little earthen cases about themselves and remain there
over winter.

Methods of Control. This is an easy insect to control. Arsenate of lead at
the strength of 2 or 2^ lbs. (paste) to 40 gallons of water applied to the foliage
as soon as there arc seen to be sutlicieut of the slugs present to justify spraying,
will destroy them. Sometimes a second application may be necessary for the
second brood of larva'. Tlic cliief difficulty is that the injury is usually done,
especially on small trees, before tiie owners notice the presence of the insects. This
is, however, merely due to failure to look for them and not to any difficulty in
determining their presence. If only a few trees are alfectod, dusting tiiem several
times with fine dust or air-slaked lime will kill the larvie.

The Peah-Leaf Blister-Mite {Eriophyes pyri Pagenstecher.)

This mite is a tiny, white or pinkish, nearly cylindrical creature, about five
times as long as wide and so small that it is scarcely visible without the aid ot
a hand lens. It is not a true insect and has only two pairs of legs in the adult
stage, whereas insects have tliree pairs.

■PPH

^^^^^^^^^^^^^KH^* '^^^^^^^^^^^1

^^

^ ^

Blister Mite work on apple and pear leaves. (Original.)

The pest is widely distributed throughout the province, and attacks apples
as well as pears. The injury is done almost entirely to the foliage. On this the
mites cause numerous little blisters on the under surface. Sometimes the.se are
80 abundant that there may be more than one hundred to a single leaf. As the
immediate portion of the leaf where the blister is formed .«oon dies, this means
that on badly infested trees a large part of each leaf may be killed. Many of
these leaves turn yellow early in the scnson am! drop, and tiie remainder through
the loss of some of their green matter (c^?o;o/i/i;//0, arc unable to perform fully

3b

their proper function of manufacturing food for tiie fruit an.l other parts; con-
sequently the whole tree is weakened. The mites often attack the fruit and fruit
stems while these are still very small and cause little blisters on them, but later
these blisters all disappear without leaving any visible injurious eSeeU. On tlie
leaves blisters are at first ligiit col, ,,!. sometimes vellowish-white, but later
on the pear they turn first nearly re.i and then nearly black, and on the apple
reddish-brown.

Life Hiatorij. The winter is passed by the mitos under the i)rotocti()n ol' the
bud scales. In spring, soon after the buds have l)urst and tlic leaflets have bogtm
to expand, they move about and soon work their way through the epidermis'' of
*• e under surfnec and feed in the interior of the leaf, graduallv causing a blister
'.^ aj.pear. Inside these blisters or Imrrows they lay their e-".::/;,,,,] j„-,„h,ee their
offspring. The young mites when full grown work tlieir wav out through u
little hole in the blister and soon make new blisters on the same or on other
leaves. There are several generations in a season. Towards the end of October
the mites desert all the leaves and go into winter quarters in the buds.

Methods of Control. This is one of the easiest of all our jiests to control. The
best method is to spray the orchard thoroughly with lime-sulphur, strength about
r.030 sp. gr. (1 gal. commercial lime-sulphur to 0 gal. of water) niiv time iu the
spring from the time the ground is fit to drive on until the buds are actuallv
bursting. It is claimed by some that fall spraying after the leaves have fallen
is equally effective, but the writer has not been able to ti'«t it. One thorough
application in spring covering every bud will practically annihilate the pest.

OrnKi! Pj;An Ixsixts.

Codling Moth.
Green Fruit-worms.
Bud-moth.
Cigar-case-Bearer.
Fruit-tree Leaf-Roller.
White-marked Tussock-moth.

Fall AVcb-worm.
Apple Tent-caterpillar.
Foroft Tent-caterpillar.

'4 Scale.
V ell Scale.

Fi ...I'ee Bark-beetle.

INSECTS ATTACKING THE PLUM.

Pi.tM CiTiicuT.io (Cotiotrachelus nenuphar Herbst.)

The Plum Curculio is a small. hard-shel'H, rough-backed, greyish-black-
beetle about 1-5 of an inch long, and with a con; _ , ..ous snout, at the end of which
are little, inconspicuous, biting mouth parts. The larva is a stout, curved, whitish
grub about 2-5 of an inch long, with a brown head and no legs. Both the adults
and larvae injure the fruit. The insect occurs in all the fruit growing parts of
the Province. It does not, as the name would suggest, confine itself to "the plum,
but attacks the fruit of all our orchard trees and also of wild plums, haws and
occasionally gooseberries. It usually does most damage to apricots, plums and
sweet cherries, but apples, pears and peaches are also often much injured. Orchards
situated near woods or thickets or where long grass, weeds, brush and other rul)bis])
abound are worst attacked, l)ecause such places afford ideal winter quartei-s for
the beetles. For the same reason rubbish, weeds and long grass inside the borders

Ik^

39

of the orchard itself will lead to an increased infestation. There are several kinds
of injuries done to the fruit. First, many apples and pears and some peaches
become deformed as a result of early feeding punctures and egg-laying injuries.
Second, nearly all apples, pears, plums and most of the jtcaclies in which the
hir\%T occur drop prematurely. Cherries are an oxcejition. as tliov rcniiiin on the

a. (I. u. Small lumps of earth showing the puptp in thoir litt'.e
oval chambers; b, a dark tircular area in the lump
showing the empty chamber after the pupa has been removed;
c, an adult beetle after transforming and still In the pupal
chamber; d, d, d, d, adult beetles, all natural size. (Original.)

trees and usually rot. Third, the adults in late summer and autumn eat holes
tlirough the skin of apples and peaclies and feed on the pulp beneath, thus making
cull fruit. Fourth, disease, especially Brown Rot, gets into i)eaches and sometimes
other fruits through the wounds made by these beetles. In these various ways
orchards in situations specially favorable for the Plum (,'urculio often suffer very

Apple showing the crescent-shaped cuts
made by_ '.he females after laying
eggs, natural size. (Original.)

Full-grown larvK and their
work in a fallen apple,
natural size. (Original.)

I

heavily. Sometimes plum and cherry trees have almost every fruit destroyed.
Apples and pears are seldom so badly affected as this, though the loss in their
case is sometimes severe.

Life History. The Curculios winter in the beetle stage in any good hiding
place such as long grass or rubbish in or near the orchard. In Ontario they usually
seem to come out of their winter quarters about the time the apples are in bloom.

40

Egg-laying begins almost as soon as the various kinds of fruit are set iiiid eontinues
actively for a month, after wliich it quickly slackens olL The eggs hatch in about
five days and the lai n; work their way into the fruit and feed upon the pulp.
The infested fruit, as we have said above, with the exception of cherries, nearly
always drops soon and the larva; finisii their develoimient in it on the ground. They
are full grown in about two weeks, then enter the soil from about one-half to two
inches and pupate in little oval earthen cases or chambers, which are easily broken.
In about a month the new generation of beetles begins to emerge, and after feeding
for some time on the fruit and foliage seeks good liiding places and hibernates.

Methods of Control. The first step in control is to secure as clenn conditions
as possible in and around the orchard by removing all sorts of rubbish and
sheltering places in which the adults may hide for winter. It is wise, whtaever
practicable, to cut down and burn all shrubs or thickets nearby. The next step
is to cultivate the orchard well as long as one may without fear of cinter injury.
Cultivation destroys the pup« in the soil and also helps in other ways. The laSt
stci) is to spray with a poison. Spraying is very important but no more so than

Fall or late summer Injuries on apple made
by the feeding of the new generation of
beetles. These injuries, though natural
size, are larger than the average. (Orig-
inal.)

Fall or late summer injuries made on
peach by the feeding of the new gen-
eration of beetles, natural size. (Orig-
inal.)

the cultivation and destruction of rubbish. The first spraying for apnles hiu\
pears should he with the same mixture and at the same time as the Codnug Moth
spray. (See page 7). If the insects are very aoundant a second application
should be given about two weeks later. In this the lime-sulphur may be omitted
if the weather is warm and dry and thus unfavorable for the development of
Apple Scab.

Plums and cherries should be sprayed just as soon as the fruit has set and
the calyces have dropped. The mixture should be about 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead
added either to 40 gals, of lime-sulphur diluted to 1.00^ sp. gr. (1 gal. commercial
lime-sulphur to 35 gals, of water) or to 40 gal?, of Bordeaux mixture (4.4.40
formula). A second application of *he same mixture should be given in two

41

weeks or a little less. Peaches ol'tiii do not require any spraying for this insect,
but in a situation favorable to the insect they should be sprayed once with 2 to 3
lbs. arsenate of lead in 40 gallons of water as soon as the fruit is all well set. No
lime-sulphur or Bordeaux mixture should be used witli the poison.

t

t

I

Red Spiders.

Red Spiders are >cry small, eight-legged, oval-bodied creatures, not so large
as the head of a pin. In Ontario there are two common species that attack fruit
trees, one of these, Tetranychus bimaculatiis Harvey, is a common pest on green-
house plants, sweet peas, phlox and many other plants, but fortunately does very
little damage to fruit trees; the other species, whose presence in Ontario was not
discovered until 1913, is of much more importance in the orchard, because it occurs

^f^l^C

j^j,

II

_ _

1^

^

Red Spider (Tetranychus pilo-
* «u« or possibly mytilaspidis) ,

much enlarged. (Original
dra"- 'g by Miss M. Hearle.)

in all our fruit districts and often attacks in great numbers the leaves of European
plums. It is found also on apple, cherry and pear foliage, but usually to a much
less extent, though it sometimes does considerable damage to apples.

There is some doubt as to the name of this species. Mr. Nathan Banks thinks
it is probably a European species, Tetranychus pilosus, but says that apart from
its feeding habits it would appear to be identical with the Citrus Mite, Tetranychus
mytilaspidis Riley. In any case, it is easily distinguished from the common Red
Spider mentioned above in the following ways: (1) It is always, even in the
youngest stages, red, whereas the other species may be a very pale yellowish-white,
3r green or red. (2) Under a hand lens it is seen to have little whitish
tubercules on the hack from each of which a fine hair arises. These tubercules
are lacking in the other species. (3) It feeds on both surfaces without any weh,
whereas the other species feeds almost entirely on the under-surface and under the
protection of a \ery fine web. (4) Its eggs are red and are laid on both surfaces,
whereas the eggs of the other species are colorless like a little drop of dew, and
are laid in or beneath the web. (6\ It winters in the egg stage, the winter eggs
being red. and situated on the branches of trees, especially at the forks of branches ;
the other species winters as adults in the ground or under good shelter.

42

Si

?

Tlic injury doiiu b) tliis newly discoNcred speck-s is Itiought about by numerous
individuals feeding on both su'-faces of tiic leaves and sucking the juice out of tluiii.
Badly infested European plum foliage becomes covered with countless little whitish
lilotches, and after a time looks at a distance as if it had been dusted over with
fine road dust. The injury to the foliage wt'aken» the trees and results in small
fruit of poor quality.

Life Histonj. The winter, as stated, is pa»sed in the egg stage on the bark,
there often being thousands of eggs on a few square inches of surface. They hatch
in spring soon after the buds burst and the young begin to feed on the developing
leaves. When full grown tiiey lay their eggs on the leaves. Thore are several,
probably many generations a year. In September and October eggs for winter are
laid on the bark and the adults are later killed by the cold.

Methods of Control. Experiment on a small scale lead us to l)elieve that
lime-sulphur, though it will not kill the eggs, will hill the miteo themselves; hence
trees, especially plum trees, that are badly infested, if sprayed with this mixture
instead of Bordeaux at the times and at the strength indicated in the Spray
Calendar, arc not likely to suffer much. The liquid should be applied to both
surfaces of the li aves.

OniicR Plum Inskcts.

'ircen Fruit-worms.
Bud-moth.
Cigar-case-bearer.
Fruit-tree Leaf-roller.
Canker-worm.
White-marked Tussock-moth.

.Vpple Tent-caterpillar.
Forest Tent-caterpillar
Buffalo Tree-hopper.
San Jose Scale.
Ovster-shell Scale.

I
I

fe

r

INSECTS ATTACKING THE CHERRY.

CiiEintY FiiUiT-Fx.iKS {nitagoletis cingulata, Toew and li. fausta Osten Sacken.)

Cherry Fruit-flics are two-winged flies a little smaller than the House-fly and
closely related to the Apple Maggot. They are the insects which cause the little
white maggots often found in ripe cherries or sometimes at the bottom of baskets
of this fruit. Infested fruits may appear to be sound Imt on opening them the

A female Wtalte-banded Cherry
Fruit-fly, much enlarged. (Orig-
inal.)

A female Black-bodied Cherry
Fruit-fly, much enlarged. (Orig-
inal.)

maggots can lo seen clearly and also the filthy brown mass that r.,aults from their
feeding.

There are two species of these flies, whifli we have named from their respec-
tive appearance, the White-banded Cherry Fruit-fly {lihagoletis cingulata) and

43

the Black-bodied I'litiiv Fruit-fly {lihivjohlis fauata). The former species is a
httle smaller and is iharmterized l.y tl,. ?e distinct white crosshaiids on the abdomen
of the male and four on that of the female, and also by the nrniiisi.niont of the
dark markings on the wings, as illustrated. The latter swcies has its abdomen
entirely black without any white crossbands. and has thf -kin-rs on the wings
arranged as in illustration. The larvre of both species ... so nenriv alike that

Cherry Fruit-flies on the fruit: (1) the Black-
bodied Cherry Fruit-fly; (2) the White
banded Cherry Fruit-fly.

they cannot be distiuguislied except by a trained entomolojiist. They arc when
lull grown about one-quarter of an incli long, nearly cylindrical, blunt at one end
and tapering to a point at the other. Their color may be either white or yellowish.
There is no head and no logs, but at tlie small end are two little black hooks used
to tear the tissues of tlio fruit and set free the juice upon which the larva feeds.

1

Full-grown larvae of Cherry Fruit-flies in the fruit, natural
size. (Original.)

The White-banded species seems to be tlie more abundant iu the Province
and either it or the other species has been found in almost every country where
cherries are grown on a commercial scale. They do not, iiowever, infest all or
nearly all the orchards in any county, but a sufficient number are infested to cause
great loss. Early varieties as a rule are not much aflfected but late varieties such
as Montmorencies, Morello and some of the late sweet kinds may have more than
90% of the fruit infested and therefore not be worth picking. Wormy fruit is

very subject to Brown Rot disease. The insects do not attack plums or other
orchard fruits.

Life History, In June, when the Early Richmond cherries are just beginning
to show the least sign of red, tiic adult flics of the Bbck-bodied species begin to
appear, followed about a week later by the other species. Both species move about
upon thd leaves or fruit of cherries or other fruit trees for about ten days before
they begin to lay epgs. During this time they may often be seen to have their
broad, rasping lip-like mouths extended in search of juice or any little particles
of food on lei cs or ^ruit, just as a House-fly may be seen seeking its food. The
eggs are laid in the fruit below the skin by the sharp, bee-sting-like ovipositor
of the female. In five days or a little more they hatch and the tiny larva works
its way at once to the pit, where it feeds on the juices of the pulp. It is not full
grown until the fruit is ripe or even over-ripe. Then it works its way out, drops
to the ground and burrows beneath the surface a short distance. Soon after this
it changes its form until it resembles a sm&.l, plun^p grain of wheat (puparium).
Inside this it pupates and remains in this staje over winter and until it emerges
as an adult in spring.

Methods of Control. Extensive tests have shown that these insects "an be
thoroughly controlled by spraying the trees with 2 or 2J^ pounds arsenate of lead
(paste), with or without one-half gallon of cheap molasses to 40 gallons of water.
The first application should be just as the fruit of the Early Richmond variety
is beginning to show the first sign of red and the second application just ts the
Montmorency variety is beginning to show this red tint. The object of both
sprayings is to kill the adults before they can lay their eggs. Therefore, prompt-
ness in applying the spray at the right time is very essential. At the first appli-
cation the foliage of all kinds of cherries except very early sweet cherries shored
be sprayed. It will also pay to spray the foliage ot any other kind of fruit tree
nearby, as the flies often frequent them for a few days before ovipositing. At
the second application only the late varieties should be treated as the early ones
a'^e too nearly ripe at this time. About one gallon of the material shot up into
f. nd upon the leaves is sufficient for a good sized tree, so that one barrel will suffice
..or forty or fifty trees. The cost per tree for the mixture need not exceed two
cents. Neighbors should be encouraged to spray their OTchards at the same time,
because the insect moves about freely. Moror>ver, all wild sweet cherry or all
useless cherry trees should be cut down that they may not serve as breeding
grounds.

Chebbt Aphis (Mytus cerasi Fabriciut.)

This is a glossy black aphid which attacks the leaves, especially of sweet,
and more rarely of sour cherries. On the latter the leaves are seldom rolled, bnt
on the former they are much rolled, curled, and distorted. Leaves on new shoots
are usually worst affected. When badly infested they turn yellow, die, and later
may drop off. Sometimes the aphids get on the fruit itself and cause it to become
sticks and dirty. Badly infested trees are rendered very unsightly and are
weakened.

Life History. The winter is passed in the egg stage. The eggs are glossy
black and situated chiefly between the buds and the bark. They hatch in spring
about the time the buds have become green and just begun to open at the tips.
So far as known, these aphids have no alternate host plant or plants to which
they migrate in siunmer.

45

Means of Cottlrul. It is wldoni nt'ci'^sary to treat ?our rlurrie«, but sweet
flierrieg should be sprayed heavily with lime-sulphur, strength 1.035 gp. gr. (1
gal. of commercial lime-sulphur diluted with V gals, of water) and nicotine sul-
phate 40%, or Bl.nck Ijeaf 40, as soon as the eggs have hatched. This, as n\i
above, is when the buds have just bejrun to burst, but the leaflets and blossoms
have not actually opened. This spraying, of course, takes the place of the dormant
spray. To give the best results care should be taken to cover every bud thoroujrhly.
It is almost impossible to obtain good results after the leaves have curled. If,
however, the enrly treatment which has just been recoinnicnded haa been omitted,
the next best time to spray is just after the fruit has set. Here the tobacco extract
may be used with the regular sicond spniy of linn'-siilplmr nr Honlcniix mixture and
arsenate of lead as given in the Spray CiiJcndar. Tiie }>ropcr strength of the
tobacco extract is stated on the cans.

Fhuit-Thee Bark-Beeti.k ok Siiot-IIoi.e Boiikk [ Knoplogaster ruijulo.sus

Ratzeburg.)

Sometimes in peach, cherry and plum orchards a tree liere and there will
be found with numerous small gum masses e.vuding from ilic Imrk of tlio trunk
and branches. If ihe outer bark at these spots is removed with a sliarp knife

t

Cherry Aphids on underside of sweet cberry
leaf, natural size. (Original.)

Work of Fruit-tree Barlt-l)eetles
and their larvsE, natural
size. (Original.)

t

1

nud there is revealed a little eaten area through which the gum is exuding, it is
evidence that the injury has been caused by one of the Fruit-tree Bark-beetles
(Ipidie) of which by far the most common species in Oiitario is the one mentioned
above. The adult is a tiny reddish-black beetle about one- tenth of an inch long.
It usually infests only dead or dying branches, attacking healthy ones only where

I

r^

f"

4e

tliew otheri aio absent. Some ye«r!4, however, the liectleK i<ecm to have a fondneM
for boring into the base of butlit on healthy tree* and killing the We have
frequently neen thii* occur on nwuet cherry treea, and it i» not uncommon alio on
Itcars. In the latter ca«u if the l)eetle« have previously been feeding on the dead
bark over n bliglitcd (mrtion of a pear tree they may communicate this digeaM
to healthy fwars.

Thougii the boctk's may feed on healthy tress and weaken them by the great
nmount of gum that exudes from nuiiu-rous holes, yet they cannot lay their eggt
in «u>li trees, because the gum drives thoin out, hence they breed only in dead or
dying trees.

All kinds of fruit trees, and also wild i-liorry and Juneberry trees are subject
to attack.

Life llislonj. The iH'ctles app«'ar in June nnd soon begin eating holes through
the hark of dead or dying trees. Underneath this they construct a burrow about
an inch long (ilhistrution) and lay their eggs along each side of it. The larva
from these eggs make little burrows more or less at right angles to the main
burrow, and feed on the wood and bark as they do so. As they grow they increase
the size of the burrows, and when full grown usually oat a little deeper into the
wood and pupate there. Full grown larva? are stout white little grubs without any
legs. The new generation of beetles begins to appear about the middle of August
and may be found in the orchards until lote fall. These in turn eat through the
bark, construct their egg burrows and produce a second brood of larvie. All the
adults die before winter, but the larvie remain as such in their burrows under
the bark until ne.vt May and June, when they pupate. Hence there are two full
generations a year.

Methods of Confrol. The fact tliat t'le insects pass the winter only in the
larval stage and only in dead or dying trees or branches, shows that the best method
is to remove during late autumn or winter or early spring all dead or dying trees
and branches, and burn them all before June to destroy the larvae. It is not safe
even to cut off the larger branches nnd trunks and pile them up as cordwood and
leave them there, ^Vp have seen several severe attacks on healthy trees come from
such piles. Whe; Ithy trees have been attacked these need not be cut down

unless the trees are clearly so weakened as to be dying. They should instead be
pruned and the ground well fertilized and cultivated. Where this is done they
usually recover. Attacks on healthy trees can sometimes be warded off by promptly
whitewashing the bark with thick whitewash made of freshly slaked lime nnd wa^er.
to every pailful of which about one-quarter lb. of salt has been added as a sticker.

Other Cherry Insects.

Bud-moth.

Fruit-tree Leaf-roller.
Canker-worm.
Apple Tent-caterpillar.

Buffalo Tree-hopper.
San Jos6 Scale.
Pear and Cherry Slug.
Plum Curculio.

47

INSECTS ATTACKING THE PEACH.

Pkacii-Tukk Boiiek (SanninoiJta ejitioKU Say.)

This in tlie most coiiinioii insoct piicmy of tlie poach in Ontario. It occurt
in almost every orcimrtl. In ««nie it rnuw« much tlnmajfe, but in other* very
little. Plum. (luTry and apricot trees are also occasionally attacked, but th«
inwct mucli prefers the jM-acli to tliese.

The injury is caused by the larva-, which act as Iwrers and feed on the inner
bark and sapwoo.1 of the trunk, usually at or a little below the iurface of th«
ground. Many larvu- nmy attack a single trunk at the mme time; for instance.

*

I

The Pearhtree Borer: a, a. adult females; 6. 6, adult males;
c, full-grown or nearly full-grown larvte; rf, d. pups, the upper
e, r, cocoons or pupa cases, the pupa protruding
(Original.)

one being empty;

from the upper one; all natural size.

we have taken twenty from a four-year-old tree. Badly infested trees are either
killed by the girdling of the trunk t. are much weakened and are therefore liable
to peri.sli during the winter. The presence of the borers is usually indicated by
large gum masses which e.xude from the injured area, but often these masaes
cannot be seen without removing the earth from around the base of the tree.

Life History. The winter is passed in the larval stage either in t'le burrows
in the wood or in little winter cases on the bark. Some of the larviE at this stage
are quite small, while others are nearly full grown. The larger ones are usually in
the wood and the smaller ones in the little ea.>es. A full grown larva is about one
inch or a little more in length, moderately stout, cream to pale yellowish in color,
with a brown head and with three pairs of true or jointed legs and five pairs of
prolegs or false legs.

In the spring the larvae resume their feeding, and when full grown pupate
in silken cocoons covered with brown castings (illustration). These cocoons mav
easily be found in the soil close to the trunk. The adults that emerge from them

are pretty, dear-winded niothi, reiwtubliiig cutuiiltrably tume of our common
wupa. They fly in the daytime. The female can readily be diitinguiihed from
the male by the pretence of a broad orange baud around the abdomen. Mothi,
judging from our obiervationi in the year 1915 in Norfolk County, may begin
to emerge ai early a« July lit, and may continue to do so until the first week in
September. The writer >aw an adillt female in the Niagara district on September
11th, 1916. Egg laying begins soon after emergence. Am many ai 800 eggi maj
be laid by a tingle individual. These are deposited chiefly on the trunk of th«
trees, but wo found many also on both surfaces of tiie leaves. The young larvn
on hatching work their way to the ground and there feed for a time on th* bark,
gradually ta they become older eating into the sapwood. When cold weather
arrives they become dormant and remain so until the next spring. There ii only
one generation a year. Possibly a few individuals spend two winters in the larval
stage.

Methods of Control. Many control methods have been recommended, includ-
ing teveral washes, but it is \ory doubtful whether any is so safe and effective
as the old one of cutting out the borers with a knife, aided sometiniet by a wire.
This work should l)e done in late May or early in June before pupation begins and
again in October. In doing it care should be taken not to injure the tree more
than necessary and always to cut with, not against, the grain. The soil to th«
depth of a few inches around the base of the trunk must always be removed first
with a trowel or other implement to get access to the larvie below the ground.
If earth is mounded up around the trunk to the depth of eight or ten inches in
June, it prevents the larvw working so low down and by removing it when cutting
them out with the knife they can much more easily be found and destroyed. The
mounds should be restored before winter.

Tree protectors have been tested, but in our experience are far from satis-
factory.

Lesser Peach-Tkke Borer (Sesia pidipes, Grcrtc & Robinson).

Both in the adult and larval stage this borer closely resembles the one just
discussed. It is, however, in hotli stages a little -mailer and the female has not
the broad orange band around her abdomen, but resembles closely the male.

Lesser Peach Tree-borer,
adult female, about nat-
ural size. (Reduced from
King.)

There is considerable difference in the habits of the two species, for the Lesser
Peach-tree Borer does not, like the other species, confine itself to any one part of
the tree, but attacks indiscriminately the trunk, crotch and branches. Moreover,
it does not enter the tree through the healthy bark, but always through some
wound. The more wounds there are, the more abundant the borers usually are.

40

ContioquenUy, orchard* xcvoroly infcotcd with rankers usually have many boreri.
Thii haa led some Krowers to think that the borers arc largely rcsponiible for tb«
cankers ; but such is not the caoo. The mont that can be paid is that by working
between the healthy and diseased tissues around tiic cdRcs of cankered or wounded
areu, they interfere with nature's healing process and gradually enlarge the dead
area at the point where they feed. So far as our observations go, it is seldom that
they actually cause the death of a tree or oven of a branch ; for, though many can-
tered branches die, their death can usually be shown to have been due chiefly to
other cauaei than the borer.

In addition to the peach, the insect also attacks to some extent plum and
cherry trees.

IAf$ Hittory. The chief differences betwcon the life history of this and the
preceding species is that the adults of this one begin to emerge about o month
earlier (about June Ist) than those of the other species, and do not continue to
emerge for so long a time, and that pupation takes place in the canker or wound
near where the larve has fed. The winter is, of course, passed in the larval stage.

Methods of Control. From what haa been said it is clear the best method of
control would apparently Ije to keep the bark of the trees free from injury of any
kind, but this cannot always be done. In cases where there nre many cankers much
can be gained, if, when pruninsr. all cankered branches that can be spared are cut
off and burned. The remainin:; cankers should be examined in spring before the
middle of May and as many of them as time permits cleaned out with a drawknife
and stout sharp knife, care i)einp; taken of course to search for and kill the larv».
Wounds may be painted with white lead. This ciittin<r and painting process is also
the chief way to stop a canker from spreading, even where there are no borers.

Otheu Peach Insects.

Green Fruit-Worms.

Bud-moth.

Apple-tree Tent-Caterpillar.

Forest Tent-Cnterpillar.

San Josi Scale.
Plum Curculio.
Fruit-tree Bark-Beetle.

rt

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INDEX

PAdE

Aphlda, a general description 17

AphldB of the Apple 18

ApLidB of the Cherry <*

Apple Aphis 1*

Apple Maggot 2, 8

Apple Tent-Caterpillar 22

Apple-Tree Borer 33

Biting Insects '

Blister Mite "

Bordeaux Mixture 52

Bud-moth 26

Buffalo Tree-hopper 2, 32

Canker-worms 24

Changes or Transfc-mations under-
gone by Insects 1

Cherry Aphis **

Cherry Frultmes 2, 42

Cherry Slug 38

Cigar Case-bearer 28

Codling Moth 2, 6

Control of Insects 2

Curcullo, Plum 88

Disinfectants B8

Dusting Trees for Insects and Dis-
eases 5

European Grain Aphle 18

Fall Web-worm 31

Feeding Insects 2

Forest Tent-caterpillar 23. 24

Formulae for Fungicides 62

Formulae for Insecticides 62

Fruit-tree Bark-beetle 2, 45

Fruit-tree Leaf-roller 11

General Principles for the Control of
Insects 2

PACE

Green Fruit-worms 29

How Insects Feed 2

Insecticides for Biting and Lapping

Insects 2

Insecticides for Sucking Insects only 2

Kerosene Emulsion 63

Leaf-bugs 21

Leaf-rollers 11

Lesser Apple-worm 8

Lesser Peach-tree Borer 48

Lime-sulphur Wash 52, 63

Natural Forces that Help to .Control

Insects 2

Oyster-shell Scale 15

Peach-tree Borer 47

Pear-leaf Bllster-mite 37

Pear Psylla 34

Pear Slug 36

Pistol Case-bearer 28

Plum Curcullo 38

Railroad Worm 8

Ived Spider 41

Rosy Apple Aphis 18

Round-headed Apple-tree Borer .... 33

San Jose Scale 2, 3, 6, 13

Shot-hole Borer 2, 45

Spray Outfits S

Spray Calendar 50

Sucking Insects 2

Suggestions on Spraying 3

Tent-caterplUars 2*5. 24

Tobacco Extracts 53

Transformations undergone by Insects 1

Whale Oil Soap 53

White-marked Tussock-moth 30

Woolly Aphis 20

i :

t 5

88