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A APr .lED IIVMGE

1653 tail Main StrMl

Rochester. New York 1«09 u^

(716) 482 -0300- Phon.

(716) 288- 5989 - Fa.

BULLETIN 251 JULY, 1917

Ontario Department of Agriculture

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

Insects Affecting Vegetables

By C. J. S. Bethunh.

!
Every vegetable grower, whether in town or country, on a small or a large

scale, finds from time to time that his plants are attacked by some destructive

insect and that serious injury is threatened to his crop. It is desirable, therefore,

that some convenient manual should be provided for the identification of the

ordinary pests and to describe the remedies which experience has proved to be the

Flf. 1.— Winced Aphli and wlngleM form
—modi magnUlad.

Fts. 2.— Winged and Winilew Apbld*—
greatly magn&led.

most effective in each case. In the following pages an effort is made to furnish in
simple terms and without the use of technical language the information which will
fulfil these requirements.

As a general rule it will be found that thorough preparation of the soil, a
short rotation of crops, ample manuring and clean cultivation are the best of all
remedies. All refuse remaining on the ground after the crop has been removed,
such as stalks, roots, and leaves, should be got rid of by feeding to pigs or cattle,
burning or burying, in order to leave no shelter for wintering insects. Weeds of all
descriptions, especially in fence corners and waste places, should be cut down
before they go to seed, or plowed under from time to time; they harbour many of
our worst pests in summer and winter, and often afford convenient breeding places
for enemies which the vegetable grower is endeavoring to combat on his cultivated
plants.

1

VEBAL FUDKM.

Btton taking up in order the inaects that attack the varioua plants grown in
our vegetable gardeni, attention may be drawn to a number of kiudi that are
general feeders, not lin^iting thcmselTea to any particular varietiea, but attacking
almost everything tnat comes in their way ; on that account they are the most
serioua foes that we have to contend against and in many cases the most difl cult
to keep under control.

. Apiiiob or Plant Lice (Figs. 1 and 2) are minute, pear-shaped, soft-bo iied
insects that may be found on almost every kind of plant, usually in dense colonies
clustered thickly on the terminal twigs and buds, on the under-side of leavcu, on

Flf. 3.— Lady-bird beetles and a larva.

stems and other parts, and even underground on roots. Wherever situated they
are occupied in the- same manner — sucking out the life-juices of the plant and
multiplying their own numbers by constant reproduction of living young all
through the summer. There are a great variety of species, most of them varying
shades of green in color, some are shining black, others bright red ; some again are
covered with waxy filaments resembling threads of cotton wool, and others with a
dusting of a mealy substance composed of the same material. Singly they are
insignificant creatures, but occurring as they do in enormous numbers and multi-
plying with amazing rapidity, they are able to seriously injure and often to destroy
the vegetation they attiack, Fortunately they are devoured by many p-^daceous
insects, such as Ladybird beetles and their larvae (Figs. 3 and 4), and those of thu

* ■ a

Fig. 4.— Lad7-blrd
beetle, pupa and
larva.

Fig. 5. — Lace-winged fly and its
eggs on atalka.

Lace-winged (Fig. 5) and Syrphus flies and other creatures; washed off and
browned by heavy rains, and reduced in nilmbers by internal parasites; otherwise
they would in time destroy all vegetable life. Ants are usually to be found prowl-
ing about the colonies ; they do not eat the aphids, as might be suspected, but are
attracted by the sweet " honey-dew " that exudes from them, and take them under
their special protection.

In gardening operations nature's checks are not sufficient, but require to be
supplemented with artificial remedies such as kerosene emulsion, strong washes of
soap-suds or tobacco decoction. In greenhouses they can be kept in control by
burning the commercial preparation of tobacco.

Soap washes are made by dissolving one pound of whale-oil soap in four gallons
of warm water for black or brown Aphids, and one pound in six gallons for green^
Aphids. C!ommon laundry soap will answer, using a larger proportion.

" BUck-Leaf -40," t pnpantion of tobacco, which can Lu procure at tha
large leed itorei, is a most eflectire remedy for Aphidi and many other racking
intecta.

Ants. These insects are often suspected of injuring the plants over which
they are seen running, but as a rule they are only indirectly responsible. A few
species, such as the lar^o black Carpenter Ants, form their galleries in trunks of
trees, posts and timber and do a considerable amount of damage, but the great
variety of smaller species which infest our gardens do not feed upon foliage or
injure growing plants. Sometimes they may be found upon unopt iiud dower buds,
but they are only attracted by some sweet secretions on the surface ; as a rule their
presence indicates that there is a colony of aphids near by, which they take under
their protection in order to obtain from them the sweet " honey-dew " exuded by
these minute creatures. The worst injury for which they are responsible is the
establishment of colonics of Aphids upon the roots of many plants ; the ants collect

d

Flff. 6.— Variegated Cutwo.m: (a) moth; (b c d) catei-pillars; (e) egg
(macnlfled) ; (/) eggs on a atwm.

the eggs and take care of them during the winter and when growth is 8u£Bciently
advanced carry them ia the roots and look after them during the summer, in order
to have a constant supply of "honey-dew." These colonies increase rapidly, soon
check the growth of the plant, and ultimately destroy it. Where ants' nests
abound, frequent digging and stirring of the soil, and in field cultivation repeated
disking and harrowing, will get rid of many, or they may be treated with carbon
bisulphide; a small quantity should be poured into the entrance of the nest or into
a hole made '^'''b a stick and quickly covered with earth; the fumes will speedily
kill all the inn...teS. It is best to perform the operation towards evening when all
the ants are within the nest. This is a very elective mode of getting rid of the
large colonies which make mounds of rubbish oa lawns and in fields.

CuTWOBHS (Figs. 6, 7 and 8). At the beginning of the growing season the
gardener often finds in the morning young ;~]ants cut off near the surface of the
ground that the evening before were strong and healthy. On stirring up th" soil
nearby he may find hidden in the ground a greasy-looking caterpillar, the culprit in

'■tv

If!

the caw. Cutwornjii, no called from thi« habit, are the catorpillar« of dull-colored
night-flying moths of a great variety of ipccies and varying to «omo extent in their
habitn. A« u general rule they are partly grown at the approach of winter and
hide iwoy in a t(>n)id gtnte during the told wonthcr; when restored to activity by
the warmth of apring, which causes the buds to open and the growth of planta to
begin, thw> worms come out in wunh of food and attack uny kind of tender vege-
tation they m.ft with. Tiiey arc iio.turnnl in their habits and hide away during
the hours of daylight under nny shelter they can obtain or just below the surface
in tlie loose soil of newly made beds. Oning to their u.jtructivc practice of cutting
otf a whole plant in onbr to J.'vour a portion of its fuliii-i', they do a great deal of
apf re)\Iy 'lecdlens damagi'.

After they hnvo beconie fully grown thev change to the chrysalis ttage in the
ground Hnd in ciriy summer the niotiis appear, many of them making their pres-
ence Known in our houses by their attraction to light. Before very long another
brood of catcrpillHis comes ui)oii tlic ficciie. often nuire nunicrt us and more
destructive limn tlui lirst. Some of thoni climb up into fruit trees and destroy the

Fig. T.— Cutworm moths.

m'^

Fig. 8.— Cutworm and motlj.

foliage, others attack farm crops, vegetables, grape vines, the plants in flower
gardens, etc., rhile occasionally a single species appears suddenly in enormous num-
bers and sweeps like an army over the land, devouring everything that comes in its
way.

Happily, a very simple and completely effective remedy has been f nd for
these destructive creatures, it is called the " poisoned bran-mash " and • made in
the following manner: Mix half a pound of Paris green in 20 lbs. ol bran (the
proportion for larg-r or smaller quantities is 1 to Ht) ; the poison should be added
to the dry bran little by little and stirred all the time till the whole is tinged with
the green edlor, then add water sweetei^.d with sugar or molasses, till the mixture
ia sufficiently moistened to fall like sawdust through the fingers. Two gallons of
water and half a gallon of moLsses are the usual quantities. The addition of two
or three lemons renders the bait more attractive. The juice of the fruit should be
squeezed into the mixture and the pulp and rind added after being minced in a
meat chopper. If bran cannot be procured, shorts or flour may be used, and for
field work may bo distributed by means of a seod drill. The mash sliould be scat-
tered » out t]v: plants that are liai)le to attack in the evening, and strange to say
the worms will devour it in preference to their ordinary vegetable food. When
they begin to fool the efTects of the poison llicy wander off to find a hiding place or
burrow in the ground ind there die. Their dead bodies will be readily found in
the morning just below the s'.rface of the ground, often in surprising numbers.
YcuDg plants, such as cauliflowers, tomatoes, etc., may be protected when set out

bj wrapping a bit of newnpapcr around the atem between the root and the learea
and reaching a little bolow the lurfacc of the ground. The wornii will not attempt
to bita through or climb over it.

FtKA-BECTLHS (Fig. 9). There arc several »pccirs of thmc niinut'^ insecti
which attaclc a large variety of plnntu; »onio confine their attention!* to one or two
kinds, while othen are general feeders. Tin- beetles are about one-tenth of an inch
in length, oval and convex in form, Uiiually »)iiiiv blmk or brc:i7.ed in color, some-
timea ornamented with broad, pale gtripts along the i)afk ; they all posHCfw enor-
mously developed thighs on the hind legs, by mcaiiH of which thoy are enabled to
jump with great agility, and hence have acquired the name of Flea-Bietles. They
appear in early spring, often in large numljcrs, mid eat r^nialt holes in the foliage
of young plants, preferably the thick seed-leaves. The larvie, as far as known, feed

rig. 9.— Flea-beetle.— (o) leaf with larvw at work up-
on It; (b) larva, greatly enlarged: (c) pupa; (d)
b'^dtle, magnified.

for the most part on the roots of weeds, as well as npcn some garden vegetables;
clean cultivation, especially of fence corners and bits of waste land, is therefore of
much importance in the control of these and many other kinds of insects. The
beetles mav generally be found all through the summer, when they especially
i*t«ck he foliage of potatoes, turnips, beets, tomatoes and many other plants. Tn
>• cases fungus diseases, such as P to Blight, find suitable places for the
^'"> *th of their spores in the holes made in the leaves by these beetles.

Cheese-cloth (screens are \ y efTective in warding otf attacks upon young
plants, such as cucumbers, etc., but where their use is not convenient or practicable
the beetles may be controlled by the use of the poisoned Bordeaux mixture, the
mbination being effective against both the insects and the fungus diseases. For
r -«der foliage arsenate of lead is preferable to Paris green as it is not so likely to
<^ ^ injur ■> by baraing.

3»As8H =?PEB>i (or Locusts, as they should be called) — Pig. 10 — arc often
very ' nctive in the later summer months, especially if the weather should be
dry T' "y are general feeders, few kinds of vegetation coming amiss to

the- =g =« r-"Tr=-oas and ths supply of food is at all scanty. Ils'ially

they tre m«it abundant in dry pasturet and the neighboring grain flc . ihia ia
dm to the fact that their egga are laid in graaa lancU, cupecially where the loil ia
dry and iundy, aud the young nymplia grow there to maturity. They do not p.isf
through any ciirysalis atage, but gradually beconiu h\ggor after each moult tih th«
full-winged adult «t ,'e ii reached. Many mechanical dericea have been employed
for their dettruction, but the uie of thete troublesome methodi can now be dia-
penaed with lince the diacotery of the " Criddle mixture," a poisoned bai* w'»ich
derives its name from Mr. Norman Criddle, of Aweme, Manitoba, who p. rtd It',
complete efficiency after a juries of experiments. It is made and applied aa fi
lows: Take a three-gallon patent pail and fill it with fresh horse droppings, then
empty into a barrel repeat this five times. As each pailful is poured in, mix
thoroughly with the manure about a quarter of a pound of Paris green and half a
pound of salt which has been dissolved in water. There would thus be used about
one pound of Paris green and two pounds of salt to half « burvd of manure. The
mixture may be drawn in n cart to the inicsted places 'cattorcd hronflcast with

Fig. 10.— Oras -hopper or Locust

Fig. 11.— Tarnished Plant-
bug.

8 trowel or wooden i)a(1fl -. The ^idsshoppers are attracted to it from conaid«rable
distances and are kiilc-d in Lige numbers. It has been found most effective to dis-
tribute the mixture on 'I-frnatp days, a little at a time, rather than to use larger
quantities ri Lnger intc.<n;.-i. In the ciso of prrain fields, oats being especially
liable to att' ' ihe mixture should be thrown into the grain along the sides of the
field and the grasshoppers will eat it in' preference to anything else. Care should
be taken not to allow cattle or poultry to have access to it. In some localities,
however, this mixture has been fpund to have no attraction for the grasshoppers,
but another method, which is effective wherever tried, has been discovered. This
is the use of the poisoned bran ..ash recommended for the destruction of Cut-
worms (page 4). Double the quantity of Paris green should be employed, that
is 1 pound to every 20 pounds of bran, and the mixture should be applied in the
morning between 5 and 7 o'clock by scattering so thinly over the infested field,
fence comers, and roadsides, that the above quantity will cover four or fi- ) acres.
It may be necessary to make a second application a few days later. It , advis-
able to apply this remf j as early in the season as possible, that is, as soon as the
young grasshoppers are observed. They are then more readily killed by the poison
and have also inflicted less damage than if allowed to devour the grass or crops for
several weeks longer.

PLAHT-Birog 'n tb« Ameriran um of the word, the rmnie "Bug" i crro-
neoufij applied tc xU of every kind— to a beautiful butterfly or moth aa well
•I to the dii~i'stiL ocd-bug. The name, however, when correctly employed,
denotes insect* belonging to th*" "rder Hemiptera, which arc provided with tucking
$'A not biting mouth parti, and which do not paw throagh any quieiccnt ihryialia
ftage, but are grndUHH< flevelopt'd from the newly hatched nymph to the winged
adult. To the true bugs be' uio l*" *P'<i's which arc very abundant in iriinlm*,
attacking plants of all deac ^iioni, flowers and egetuHles alike Thrge are the
Tarnished and Four-lined Plant-bugs.

The TuiNisiiKD Plant-buo {Lyg .a pralenBis)--¥ig. 11— is lo bo Inniui all
through the neason on plants of almort every kind, sucking the juices o( flower
buds and foliage and sometimes of the leaves of young fruit trees. The mature
insects are oblong in form with a triangular head and prominent eyes, and tapering
to a rounded angle at the other end. The color is variable, usually grayish-brown,
marked with yellowi-^h nnd blacK dashc*. and having a flight hron/v nflcotion;

ng. 12.— Four-lined Plant-bus: (a) adnlt; (b and c) immature nrmpbs;
(e) agga laid in a slit (Attar Lugger).

its length is a little over a quarter of an inch. They are very active insects,
taking flight readily when distrtrbed or dodging round to the other *iJe of the
plant.

Thb Foub-lined Plant-buo \Poedlocaptua lineaiiu) — Pig. 12 — is much
the same size and shape as the preceding, but is yellow in color, with dark lines
down the back and four black dashes along the thortx. Its attacks are most
noticeable in early spring, when it may be found on mint, sage, currant and goose-
berry bushes, and often also on potators. It sucks the juices of the tender terminal
leaves, causing them to shrivel up and turn black, and frequently severely injuring
the plant. The standard remedy for these and other sucking insects is spraying
with strong kerosene emulsion; where this cannot be applied, as in the case of
many flowering plani.% dusting vrith pyrethmm insect powder has been found
quite effective. Much may be done by knocking off the bugs with a stick ir.:> a
pan containing a little water covered with a film of coal oil ; this should be ^r-
formed in the coo' of the morning when the insects are less lively ihan daring the
beat of the day. For the control of both these bugs it is important to keep the
surroundings clean of weeds and rubbish, which afford them shelter in winter
-and convenient breeding places in summer.

Slugs. These are not insecta, but belong to the same famUy of creature*
as snails, but are destitute of shells. As they are often very troublesome,
especially in shady or damp city gardens, they may be referred to here. Like
cutworms, they are nocturnal feeders, hiding under any convenient shelter in the
daytime, and devouring during the night whatever succulent vegetation they may
be able to reach. One method of getting rid of them is to go round the garden,
where their presence has been made known, with a lantern at night, and dust
their shmy bodies with lime or salt, which will soon destroy them. Another plan
18 to scatter freshly slaked lime over the ground for three successive nights; when
the slugs come in contact with it their powers of mischief are at an end. Many
may be got rid of in small gardens by laying pieces of shingle here and there on
damp ground; the slugs will take shelter in such places when daylight sends them
into hiding, and by going round in the morning they may easily be scraped off
and crushed under foot

White Ghubs (Fig. 13). These are the larva of May-beetles or "June-
bugs" (Lachnostema), which breed for the most part in old pastures. The
beetles appear about the end of May or ea^ly in June and attack the tender

Fig. 13.— White grubs: (a) beetle; (6) pupa; (c) egg; (d) young grub;
(e) mature grub. {Chittenden, VM. Dept. Agric.)

foliage and buds of fruit and ornamental trees, often inflicting a considerable
amount of damage. They come out at night and swarm about the trees, making
a loud buzzing noise; many are attracted by lights in houses; and cause some
consternation among the inmates through their clumsy flight about the room and
the noise that they produce; as they can neither sting nor bite no alarm need be
caused by their presence. During the night they feed and by morning all dis-
appear, hiding underground where the soil is loose and under grass or rubbish
about fences and buildings. At this period boys might be employed to search for
and kill them; trap-lanterns have sometimes been used with advantage, and
spraying the trees they frequent with Paris green will destroy large numbers.
The beetles deposit their eggs on the stems or roots of grasses just below the
surface of the soil ; from these the grubs hatch out and feed for two or three yeara
underground. During the summer of their third season they change to the pupal
state and transform to beetles about September, but do not come out until the
following spring. This long larval stage accounts for the fact that in some locali-
ties the beetles only appear once in three years.

The grubs, when fully grown, are thick, fat creatures, white in color— hence
their name— with body partially curled up and the last segments discolored from
the food showing through the skin. When an old pasture is broken up they live
for a time on the grass and roots that have been turned under and then attack

riM

vhatever plant may be grown. The first and second crops usually suffer most,
especially strawberries and corn; clover is least aiTected by them and may be
seeded down with rye, then small grains followed by corn or potatoes. Late and
deep ploughing will break up the winter quarters of the grubs and beetles and
expose them to the frost and also to the various animals that prey upon them.
Pigs and poultry greedily devour them; crows and other birds and skunks also
<lestroy large numbers when they can get access to them.

In gardens digging deeply and trenching in the fall is very useful, but in
the flower beds where perennials arc grown this is impraeticablo, and therefore
recourse can only be made to disturbing the soil between the plants as much as
possible in late autumn and early spring. I.awns and golf-links arc frequently
very badly affected as they are left for many years undisturbed ; sonietinu's the
roots of the turf have been so completely eaten off that the sod may be rolled up
like a carpet. In such cases the best plan is to dig up the part alTocted and
destroy the grubs, put in a fresh layer of soil and resod or sow with grass seed.

Fig. 14. — ^Wire-worms and Click-beetles.

Fig. 15.— (a) Wire-worm;

(6) cack-bCLtlo.

For small patches, watering with kerosene emulsion, and washing it well in with
plenty of water from the garden hose, will kill the grubs. Where large areas
are found to be affected on golf-links or in pastures, the most effective plan is to
•enclose the place with hurdles and turn in a few young pigs; they will soon root out
and devour all the grubs, and may then be removed to another spot.

WiREWORMS are the larvae of Click-beetles (Figs. 14 and 15), so called from
their curious habit of springing up in the air with a "click" when laid upon
their backs. The beetles are long and narrow, rounded above with very short legs
and usually dull gray or black in color. The grubs are long and cylindrical, with
a very hard integument from which they get the name of "Wireworms," and yellow
•or whitish in color. The life history is very similar to that of the \Mute Grubs;
they breed chiefly in old pastures, take two or three years to mature, and feed
upon the roots of any plants that may be convenient to them; they are especially
injurious to corn, and often may be found during the winter feeding inside
potatoes, in which they burrow great holes. No treatment of the soil with salt,
poisons, etc., has any effect upon them; the only remedy is a short rotation of
crops as in the case of White Grubs; ploughing in August and cross-ploughing
again in September will destroy large numbers of them. In gardens, as the
'beetles usually spend the winter under any shelter they can find, clean cultivation,

10

'i^

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t ;

i

especially along the fences, is of great importance; in spring many may be de-
stroyed by placing bunches of clover or weeds or slices of potatoes poisoned with
Paris green under shingles or bits of board where the beetles go for shelter.

ASPARAGUS.

Asparagus Bketles (Figs 16, 17 and 18). The two species, the Flue
(Crioceris asparagi) and the 12-spotted (C. 12-punctata) . have spread over a
great part of Ontario during the last few years and in many places are very
abundant. Both species are often to be found upon the same plant; the former
is shining blue-black in color, with creamy-white blotches on the wing-covers -which
vary a good deal in size and shape, and sometimes form a cross of the ground
color of the back; the sides and the thorax are dull red and the head black. The

Fig. 16.— Blue Asparagus beetle, larva
and eggs— magnified.

Fig. 17. Twelve-spotted Pig. IS.— Blue Aspara-
Asparagus beetle,^ gus beetle, larva and
magnified. eggs on a shoot.

Other species is the same length, aboat a quarter of an inch, but is somewhat
stouter; the whole insect is dull red and polished and has twelve round black spots
on the wing-covers.

Both these beetles pass the winter in the adult stage and are ready to attack
the asparagus shoots as soon as they appear above ground in the spring; these
they gnaw and spoil for table use and the Blue species "deposits upon tx em its
shmy black eggs which are attached by the tip i , the plants. Later on the eggs
of both species may be found upon the growing plants and the larva soon appear.
Those of the Blue beetle are dark olive gray grubs, which feed openly upon the
foliage; the grubs of the 12-8potted are yellowish or somewhat orange in color,
feedmg at first upon the tender foliage, but boring into and devouring the pulp
of the seed capsules as soon as they are large enough to attack. The life cycle
of both kinds requires only six or seven weeks for its completion and we therefore
find all through the season, till sharp frosts come in the autumn, eggs, larvffi and
beetles in great numbers at the same time; the pupal stage is passed beneath the
surface of the ground.

Bemedies. The simplest and most eflScient remedy is to let poultry have the
run of the beds; they will devour both beetles and grubs and will not touch the
asparagus.

11

Where this is not practicable, the young shoots should be dustud uiili (w>\\ uir-
slaked lime when the morning dew is on the plants; this, of course, should he wash-
ed off before cooking. At the same time some slender shoots may be allowed to grow
and attract the beetles, which may then be killed with Paris green or iu^eiiato of
lead. If the plants have many e;:gs upon them, thuy should be lut ( fE and burnt
and others left to grow in their place.

After the cutting season is over the plants should from time to time be .spray-
ed with one of the arsenical poisons, but when the seed capsules are formed this
will be of no avail against the grubs of the r2-?poitcd species. To get rid of it. tlic
seed bearing plants should be cut off and burnt. In early autumn it will be well
to cut down and burn the whole of the plants.

BEANS.

ThB Bean Weevil {Bruchus obtectus). (Fig. 19.) This insect has been
reported from only a few places in Ontario and Quebec, and does not appear to
have become established as a pest. It is a very small beetle, one-tenth of an inch
long, -only half the size of the Pea-weevil, which in other respects it closely re-
sembles. It is grayish-brown in color, due to a coating of dense fine hair; the
wing-covers are marked with a series of lines running lengthwise and have a mottled
appearance. The beetle is oval in shape, the head is bent down and terminates
in a short square beak; the end of the abdomen is not covered by the wings, and
differs from that of the Pea-weevil in being destitute of the two oval black spots
which are characteristic of the latter.

The eggs of the insect are laid upon the young bean pods ; the grubs, as soon
as they are hatched, bore through and enter the beans inside, several making
their way into a single bean. Maturity is reached in the autumn, when the beetles
emerge if the season is warm; otherwise they remain all winter in the ripened
bean. If unmolested they will increase and multiply in the dry seeils and continue
their work of destruction for a long time. It is therefore useless i > hold over the
seed for a year, as may be done to get rid of the Pea-weevil. _

Remedy. Whenever this insect is found to be present, the beans should be
fumigated as soon as practicable after they are harvested. This is done by put-
ting them in a barrel or tight bin and pouring on them one ounce of bisulphide of
carbon for every 100 lbs., and then closing the receptacle tightly and leaving it for
48 hours. At the end of this time every insect will be dead. As the fumes of tliia
substance are inflammable and explosive, it should not be used near any light or
fire. Beans that have been injured by the insect should on no account be used
as seed, as most of them will fail to germinate, or at any rate will produce only
feeble plants.

The Bean Plant-Louse (Aphis rumicis). Windsor or Broad Beans and
Horse-beans are not much grown in this country, though in some places they are
found of value as an addition to ensilage. Some diflBculty is experienced in ob-
taining satisfactory crops owing to their liability to attack by this black Aphis,
which is a serious pest in Europe. At the time of flowering the colonies of this
insect are to be found covering the tips of the plants so thickly that they look
as if dotted with soot; if let alone they soon multiply enormously and greatly
reduce the vitality of the plants.

Behedies. The most successful plan is to cot off the tips of the affected
plants and destroy the colonies of Aphids by burning or trampling under foot.

' '

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12

This has the additional benefit of checking the growth and causing the pods to fully
develop. Spraying with kerosene emulsion or strong soap-suds will also be ef-
fective.

Root MAoaoT. Beans are occasionally attacked by the Seed-corn Maggot
(Phorbia fusciceps), which also injures peas and several other vegetables. The
chief mischief is done to tiie thick seed-leaves when they first push their way above
ground ; afterwards the maggots attack the roots and destroy the plant. Spray-
ing with a carbolic wash has been found useful in deterring the parent flies from

Pig. 19.— (a) Bean-weevil, much
enlarged and natural size;
(6) Infested bean.

Fig. 20.— Blister-beetles, magnified.

depositing their eggs. Good soil, well fertilized, to ensure a rapid growth of
healtliy plants, will enable them to resist the attack of the maggots and escape
serious injury.

Other Insects. Beans, like other vegetables, are liable to be injured by
Cutworms when the plants are small, and later on in the season by the Tarnished
Plant-bug. Broad beans are also subject to attack by the Black-Blister-beetle,
which is one of the enemies of the potato plant, and sometimes appears in destruc-
tive numbers.

BEETS AND SPINACH.

Beets and Spinach are liable to be attacked by many of the common garden
pests that are general feeders, such as Cutworms which bite off the young plants
close to the surface of the ground, Wire-worms and White-grubs which feed upon
the roots, Plant Lice, Flea-beetles, Leaf-hoppers, the Tarnished Plant-bug and
Grasshoppers which affect tlie foliage. Descriptions of these insects and the
methods of dealing with them will be found elsewhere in the Bulletin. Mention
may be made of a few other insects which occasionally attack thesa plants in
injurious numbers.

Buster Beetles {Epicauta cinerea, Pennsylvanica-.
These are long, narrow, soft-bodied insects which belon^
(Meloidae), and possess the same blistering qualities as t!

is used by druggists in the prepara:ion of certain plasters. '^... ^^ ^^^^.^

found in Ontario which may be distinguished by their color: the Black, the Gray
and the Spotted ; a fourth, the Striped, is occasionally to be found. Of these the
Black is the most common and may often be seen feeding harmlessly on the flow-
ers of the Golden-rod. At times these beetles appear in swarms and rapidly
devour the foliage of beets, potatoes and a few other plants, and after inflicting a
considerable amount of damage suddenly disappear. They may be controlled
by spraying with Paris green, but this should not be resorted to unless the attack
is serious, as their grubs have the very useful habit of feeding upon the eggs of
grasshoppers and may therefore be included amongst the beneficial insects. A

etc.) (Fig. 20.)

the same family

jpanish-fly," which

jre are three species

IS

better remedy, which has been employed with success, consists ic driving the
beetles away from an infested field by a party of men or boys walking in a line
across and wp ng branches from side to side. The beetles thus disturbed fly
ahead, and by following them up may be cleared out entirely; once they are
driven out of a field they seldom return. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture will
keep them off the plants, and may be employed if necessary.

The Beet Leaf-SIineu (Pegomyia vicina). Blotclics may often be seen
on the leaves of beets and spinach, which are found on investi.iratimi to bo caused
by a minute maggot which feeds on the green tissue below the skin. TIic parent
insect is a two-winged fly about a quarter of an inch in length, wiiich deposits its
eggs on the foliage of these plants; the maggots when hatched immediately burrow
beneath the surface and cannot therefore be reached by <»ny applications. The
only method that seems at all available is to pick off and destroy the infested leaves,
a laborious plan which can only be adopted where th" plants are grown on a small

Fig.

21.^Yellow Woolly-bear: (o) caterpillar
(6) chrysalis; (c) moth.

Fig. 22.— White Cabbage Butterflies.

scale. If the attack is serious it would be worth while to adopt this method in
order to get rid of the trouble and guard against its repetition.

Caterpillahs. The foliage of beets and spinach ia liable to be attacked by
some caterpillars, but as a rule they are in small numbers, widely scattered over
the plants and seldom inflicting much damage. This does not apply to the extra-
ordinary outbreaks on rare occasions of the Army-worm and the Variegated Cut-
worm, which devour every green thing that they come to, beets as well as every-
thing else. Among the others referred to may D. - itioned the Yellow Woolly-
Bear (Diacrisia virginica) (Fig. 21), which is a nairy caterpillar, readily seen
from its bright yellow color, and attaining to an inch =?nd a quarter in length
when fully grown. It turns into a beautiful snow-white raoth, with a few black
dots on its wings and rows of black anr" How spots en its body. When feeding
they are cor-picuous, and may be picked off by hand; but usually they are beneath
the leaves when at rest. ^ • numerous, Paris green may be employed. They
are general feeders and do c/t ■« themselves by any means to garden Tegetables,

t>ut attack many kinds of » . . lu rell.

14

CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWEr

These plants are subject to a series of attacks by insects from their first ap-
poarance above the ^touikI to maturity. Cutworms destroy a great many seed-
lings and young plants when they are set out in the spring. Later on gray Plant-
lice make their appearance, and cover the leaves with their colonies, sucking out
the sap and causing the foliage to dry up and wither; they become excessively
numerous towards the close of the season, and in addition to the injury they
inflict, cause the plants to present a disgusting appearance. Throughout the
aunimer the leaves arc liable to be devoured by several caterpillars, and in August
and September by GrasBhoppers, while the roots are frequently caused to rot by the
Maggots of a small fly. Aphids, Flea-beetles, Cutworms and other general feeders
are treated elsewhere ; reference will therefore be made here only to such insects as
are peculiar to the Cabbage and other Cruciferous plants.

The White Cabbaoe Butteufly {Pontia ropoe)— (Fig. 28). This insect,
which came to us from Europe about sixty years ago, is now one of our commonest
butterflies, and may be seen flitting about everywhere from early spring till cold
weather sets in. It is one of the worst pests that the cabbage grower has to con-
tend with unless measures are ttJcen to prevent its ravages, and happily this is a
matter of no great difficulty. The butterfly lays her eggs on the leaves of the food-
plant; the caterpillars are velvety green and almost exactly the color of the leaves
upon which they are feeding; when at rest they lie at length upon the midrib and
are not easily seen. There are two broods in the year, the later being much the
more numerous, and sometimes a third if the autumn should be fine and warm.
The caterpillars riddle the auter leaves and then burrow into the heads, devouring
the substance and spoiling the plant for table use by their excrement. Besides
Cabbages and Cauliflowers, they attack also mignonette, stocks and nasturtiums.
Bemedt. Pyrethrum insect powder is thoroughly effective. One pound
should be mixed 'with four pounds of cheap flour and Ispt in an air-tight jar or
canister for twenty-four hours so that the poison may be thoroughly incorporated
with the flour. The plants infested by the caterpillars should then be dusted with
the mixture, which can be applied with a small bellows, or in a cheese-cloth bag
tapped lightly with a slender rod. This powder will kill insects but is perfectly
harmless to human beings. Powdered White Hellebore may also be used in a
similar manner. Another method, which is more rapid in its effects upon the
worms, is to dissolve two ounces of the Pyrethrum powder in three gallons of luke-
warm water and spray at once. The liquid kill immedii»i«ly all the caterpillars
it reaches, while the dry powder often takes ny hours to produce the same
result. Paris green and other virulent poisons s uld never be applied to cabbages
and vegetables of any kind that are intended for table use.

The Zebha Caterpillah (Mamestra picta) — (Fig. 23). There may often
be found feeding upon cabbages and some other garden plants of the same family,
a handsome caterpillar about two inches long, when fully grown. It is velvety
black on the back and has two bright yelldw stripes along the sides, which are
connected by a series of irregular yellow lines on a black ground-color; the head
and feet are reddish. These strikingly contrasting colors render the cater; illar
a conspicuous object on the green foliage that it feeds upon, and make it an easy
task to pick them off by hand. There are two broods in the year, the moths, which
are dull reddish-brown with white underwings, appearing in May and August.
The young caterpillars when first hatched feed in colonies and devour the green
fuhstance of the leaves, thus producing white blotches on the foliage and rendering

15

their presence easily noticeable. Should thej be too numerous to be destroyed by
hand picking, resort may lie had to Pyrethrum powder applied as mentioned above,
OP to white hellebore, whii-h may be dusted on the leaves or sprinkled ijy mixing
one ounce in two gallons of warm water, stirring from time to' time to prevent
the powder from settling at the bottom of the watering can.

The Cabbage Pll-sia (Autographa brassicae, Riley)— Fi?. 21). A pale
green caterpillar, with whitish lines running lengthwise of the body, may some-
times be found devouring the leaves of cabbages, lettuce and other vegetables,
feeding usually on the under side of the foliage. It is called a "Semi-looper"
from its raising the middle of the body when walking, owing to the absence of
Bome of the usual prolegs. Though abundant and dostriictivc in the neighboring
States, it has not often been found in injurious numbers in Ontario, but may
at any time prove a serious pest. In the early part of the season they may bo got

Fig. 23. — Zebra caterpillar and moth.

Fig. 24.— Cabbage Plusia: caterpillar,
chrysalis and moth.

rid of by dusting with a mixture of one pound of Paris green in twenty pounds
of lime, applying the powder to the underside of the leaves. A liquid spray may
also be used of the ordinary composition.

The Diamond-Back Moth (Plutella maculiFennis, Curtis) — (Fig. 25) —
is from time to time a serious pest, as its caterpillars appear in large numbers and
devour the foliage of cabbages, turnips and other cruciferous plants. These
worms are much smaller than those of the preceding species; are green in color
and remarkably active when disturbed ; they will then wriggle about In
a violent manner and drop to the ground by a silken thread from the leaf on
which they are feeding. As they devour all the green substance of the foliage the
plant attacked soon withers and dies. There are usually two broods in the year,
the first set of caterpillars appearing at the beginning of July, and the second to-
wards the end of the summer ; in favorable seasons there may even be a third. The
winter is spent in the pupal stage, the lace-like cocoon enclosing the chrysalis be-
ing attached to the underside of the leaves. The moth is a beautiful little
creature, dark or ashen gray in color, with a series of white marks on the fore-
wings which form, when the wings are closed, a row of diamond-shaped markings
down the middle of the back; from this characteristic the moth receives it name.

The remedy that seems most effective is spraying the underside of the leaves
wherever attacked with k'^rosene emulsion, at the same time applying fertilizers,

16

I

i

inch a« nitrate of aoda, to induce » Tigoroui growth. Aa a preventive measnre aU
remains of stalks and foliage, after the crop haa been taken in, should be destroyed
m order to get rid of the wintering chrysalis. Though the insect is an importation
from Europe, it is largely kept in check by parasites and only occasionally become*
a serious pest.

The Cabbaoe Uaqoot (Phorbia bnusicae)— (Tig 26)— is one of the most
serious inscctg that growers of this vegetable ha. • to contend with. Young
plante, soon after being set out in the spring, are often found to have their
roots infested with these maggots, their presence being indicated by the dying of
the plants. They are white, footless larva, the offspring of slender two-winged
flies, smaller than the ordinary house fly; the eggs are laid on the stems of the
plants close to or just beneath the surface of the ground; when hatched, the
maggots burrow down into the roots, where they tear the tissue with the hooks
which take the place of jaws, and live upon the sap; the breaking up of the cella
of the plant causes a rot to set in and the entire destruction of the root soon
follows. When full grown the maggots form their reddish-brow^, puparia in

Fig. 25. — Diamond-back motli: (a) caterpillar;
(d) pupa; (e) cocoon; (/ and h) moths-
all mucb enlarged.

Vi%. 26. — Cabbage maggot, pu-
parium and fly — enlarged.

the soil near by, and from these a second brood of flies soon emerges. Working
nnder groiind as they do it is a difficult matter to apply any effective remedy;
the one that has proved most useful is a solution of corrosive sublimate, four
ounces to 50 gallons of water. The earth is drawn away from the roo* of an
afEected plant and half a teacupful is poured in; the soil is then replaced and
hilled up around the stem. This treatment should be applied soon after the plants
are set out and repeated once a week for five weeks. This substance is a deadly
poison and must be used with the greatest care; also it should not be brought
in contact with anything of metal but put into wooden or crockery vessels. Cyanide
of potassium may be used in the same proportions, but is more expensive at the
present time. A decoction of pyrethrum insect powder or white hellebore, using
quarter of a pound to a gallon of water, has been found effective and is not a
dangerous poison as far as human beings are concerned.

Preventive measures are lees troublesome and usually more effective. One
of the best is the screening of newly set-out cabbages and cauliflowers with cheese-
cloth. Light frames of slate are made. 8 feet long, 2 wide and 2 high; over these
is tacked cheesecloth which should reach to the ground on all sides, and be pre-
vented from blowing about by heaping a little earth on the edges. These frames
cost very little and can readily be moved when required and stowed away for

IT

fntnre oae; they •hould be put on u «oon u tho plants are net out and left until
they are well-grown. The frames not only prevent tho flics from laying their
eggs on the plants, but also keep off the other insects which are liable to attack
them.

Another method of protection, which is now largely employed and is found
very effective, is th«» use of tarred felt paper discs, which arc placed around the
stems of the young plants when they are being sot out. These discs should be
made of one-ply paper, not of the thick tarred building paper. For garden pur-
poses the paper nay be cut into three-inch squares, with ft slit running to the
centre, but for field crops it is worth while to procure a tool for cutting the paper
into hexagons with a slit to a star-shaped cut at the centre. The di.<c8 should be
carefully fitted to the stem so ns to leave no space for the deposit of eggs by the
fly, and si -Id be pressed flat upon the ground. The time and labor required for
making and applying these protectors are inconsiderable, and their adoption has
proved to be a great success.

In the case of this and other root-infesting maggots, it is important that the
same kind of plant should not be grown where an attack has occurred during the
previous year, and that all refuse should be removed and destroyed after the crop
has been gathered in.

CABBOTS.

The Black Swallow-Tail Bctterfly (Papilio asterias [polyxene8])—(J\g.
27). There may often be found feeding on the foliage of carrots and parsnips a
handsome velvety green caterpillar ornamented with bands of yellow. This is the
larva of one of our largest and most beautiful butterflies, black in color, ornament-

27.— Black Swallow-tall Butterfly.

ed with rows of bright yellow spots. The caterpillars do not feed in (iblonies and
consequently are not often injurious, tne amount of foliage consumed by an in-
dividaal seldom affecting the vitality of a plant. Being conspicuous, they may,
if sufficiently numerous to require repressiun, be picked off by I d and crushed
under foot They are kept in check, however, by a large parasitic fly, which lays an
egg on a caterpillar from which hatches out a gn:b that feeds within the body of
its host until the chrysalis is formed, and then co; ipletes its work by devouring all
that remains, a fly with four clear membraneous wings coming out instead of the
butterfly.

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18

Tub Caiw)t Ru«t-Fly {Ptila roM«)—Fi,j. 28)— i* a much more Mrioui
«remy to the plant than the preceding ipecica. It i» a comparatively recent im-
portation from Europe, having been first observed in this country about thirty-five
years ago. It is a great pest n the Maritime Provinces, hut so far is only locally
found in Ontario. Its attack i -ay first be noticed in spring wh^n the leaves of
young carrots turn reddish, and on examination the roots will be found covered
with rusty blotches— hence the name of the inoect. The parent of the mischief
is a small two-winged fly, quarter of on inch long, body dark gieen, head and
legs pale yellow and the eyes red. From the eggs, which are laid on the stem be-
low the surface of the ground, the young maggots make their way into the root,
and tear th<> tissues in a similar manner to the cabbage maggot described above;
the attack ( ..^ the rusty blotches to appear. The maggots of a later brood infest
the full-grown roots and continue their work of destruction in the root-house dur-
ing the winter. Celery and parsnips are also attacked.

Preventive meunres seem to be the only remedies available. To deter the
fly from laying her eggs, the rows of young carrots, when ready for thinning out,
ahonld be sprayed with kerosene emolsion, or dusted with, aand or plaater in

Flc 28.— Carrot Rnst-fly: 1, S. 4. 6, 7, natural alie;
t. 9. t, enlarged.

which coal-oil is mixed, half a pint being used to a pailful of the inaterial. The
application should be made weekly, and especially after hoeing, until about the
middle of July.

In gardens where carrots are grown for table use and size is not an object, late
sowing ia found to be advantageous, the plants thus escaping the egg-laying of the
fly. Repeated sowings a week or bo apart, will secure the freedom of some of
the crops from attack. The plants should not be grown two years running on the
same piece of ground. Stored roots, if found aSected in the winter, may be treat-
ed with carbon bisulphide, one ounce to 100 lbs. of roots, placed in pans on top
of the pile, provided that they are in fairly air-tigh' bins. They should be left
for 48 hours and then exposed to the air in order to get rid of the fumes, which are
very inflammable; no light or fire should be anywhere near when this substance
is being employed.

CELERY.

Celery, as a rule, is not much affected by injurious insects, those that do at-
tack it are the same as t>ie enemies of carrots and parsnips, to wh:"h reference ia
elsewhere made. T' , ome caterpillars of the Black Swallow-tail Butterfly

(Papiiio asterids) l a be found eating the foliage, but they ire never very

19

nnmcroni and i
called the Celei
and injuriouR; i
holea in the leav<
mere Toracious i.
grown it rolli up
venicnt case in wl

n pa«ily bo rontrolled by handpicking. A (inioll caterpillar
Lr.Ar-TiEn (PhUji :.,tenia ftrrugalin) it loinctimcg abundant
feeds for the nmat part at niglit ; when younj; it catsi small
vliirh are hardly noticeable, but as it grown larger it becomes
! consumes a conf*idernl)le amount of foliage. When fully
leaf and tics itn edge- together with nilk, forming thu-; a con-
h to pass the chrynalis *tnge. The moth is about three-fourths
of an inch in expanse of wings, pale brown in color with a reddish BulTu.*ion ; the
wings are marked with irregular eross lines of blaek and some circular spots.
There are at least t o broods in the year. The inwet \» sometimes known a« the
Greenhou'r Leaf-tier from its attacking a variety of hot-house plants; out-of-
doors it by no means confines itself to celery, but may be found on a great variety
of vegetables. As soon as the caterpillars are noticed the plants attacked should
be sprayeil with Par's f'een, applied to the underside of tlii leaves. In the green-

hoii>;

the 1

youni

acteri'

jtcd lenvf-« should be cut off and destroytd.

the most -^ nous enemies of celery 's the Rust-flv described emong
lierting c.,!, «. The maggots attack the thick p-rt of the roots of

plants and p »vent their proper growth; they also produce the ch»r-
4y bli tehea o the stems and spoil them for table use.

CORN.

Hfe" inaeei esfwair^ of lB<f»*n Corn are legion, and may be found attacking
everr pvit of tlto plant, root auJ !*t 'm, leaves and ears, the tassel and silk, and the
ript b^irrested *r *b<,ut 350 different species are recorded from North America.
Hapipily « lart ui. r of the'se insects are not found in Canad- rnd many othev*
are wily of ot < ^i^ <>c»rrence ; it is, therefore, unnecesaary to describe more than
a ttpm species oh vuit alvays with us and against which constant warfare haa
to ! iragi u

Attack II
piMciaUy wb*

re. !%"«•
\om Root .1.
to the plat"*
such as ' <
gardens ftou l

As ^''>>a ft»

' the r©oi-» we find White-grubs and Wire-worms very destrnctiv,
n IS planted on old pasture land broken up a year or two be-
at hai-e already been described. Another serious enemy is the
A whi«h - attended by its ant protectors; it is especially injurions
5+ t! \oung. The winged forms migrate to various common weeds
igweed, etc., showing the importance of keeping fields and
aese places of refuge.

; tender blades of corn appear above the soil they are liable to
be cut off bj *!«>«« nocturnal marauders, the Cutworms, which can be circumvented
by the use ■ the poison d bran-mash. The grubs of the 12-spotted Cucumbei
beetle often infest the ronfii of corn when the plants are young, and a great deal
of loss is occasioned by them. Later on, as the plants grow bigger, they may be
attacked by Grasshopf)! and seriously injured.

The CoiiN Stalk-Bobek {Papaipema nitela) — (Fig. i'9) — is an occasional
destroyer of the plant. The caterpillar, which grows to an inch and a half in
length, lives inside the stem and devours all the interior to such an extent that the
plant withers and dies; when approaching maturity the worm works its way
down to the root and there changes to the chrysalis stage. The moth, wliich is
fawn-colored and has the front pair of wings crossed by a pale curved line, comes
out in the autumn and lay her eggs on the stems of a variety of plants as well
as on the com. The caterpillar is known to infest the tomato, potato, dahlia, and

Of pi«u Which .. u.e„ to h.e ,^ .ir;:^!;- 'tt:Lr„s^;s:;

/?n?!2 V' '"^ njatUM larva n lUIk; (e> nuna.
worm which .. «> deetruchve to cotton; here it attacks tomatoes ^d a few oS

80.— The Corn-Bar Worm: (o)
(^) oatorpUlar.

moth:

Fig. SI. — Chinch-bug,
groatly magslfled.

& t^r " """lu ?' P""*°'' °^ ^^' caterpillar is first made known by small

^™ til^KlT *". ?* ^'*''' r*^°P^« t^" i^'^'^i"? «"J 0° investi^tion the
worm wUl be fonnd devouring the milky grains and spoiling the ear bf U eiaj^

tl

meot and the rot which niaiUy leti in ; iweet corn ii eipecially liable to be opoilt
bj thii attack. Any ear that ia aeen to be affected ihould be opened and the cater
pillar destroyed; this seems to bo the only thing that can be done. The moth
if ?. handsome creatine, ciehre yellow in color, with d.irker l)ands acroH* the wing*,
whieh measure an inch and a half when expanded. With us there is hut one brood
in the year, and much may be done to keep the insect in check by clean cultivation
in the fall of the year.

In the great corn-growing States to the west and loutl the crop is Ttry ser-
iously injured year after year l)y the CinNcii-Bio (Fi^. ;n), a fuiiill black 'mg,
with a white mark on each side of the wings. As it appears in millions, these
hosts inflict nn enormous amount of damage by sucking out the juices of the plant.
We arc fortunately free from HiIm pc«t in Canada, thougii occasio;ially a colony
has been found in Ontario.

CUCUMBER. MELON AND SQUASH.

Cucumber Beetles. The Striped (Diabrotica iiltata)—{F\g. 38)—
and the Spotted {!>. 12-punclata) — (Fig. .IS). The former of these insects may
be found all through the season on cucumbers, melons, squm-hes and pumpkins from

Fig. 82. — Striped Cucumber-beetle, grub and
pupa, much enlarged.

Fig. 33 Spot-
ted Cucum-
b e r beetle,
somewhat
snlarged.

the time that the plants are first set out till the frost destroys the foliage in the
autumn. The beetles hibernate in the adult stage and are ready to attack the
seedling plants as soon as they appear above tlie soil ; oftentimes they are sufficiently
numerous to kill the tender plant by eating the leaves and gnawing the atem;
later on they may be found in the flowers, where, however, they seem to feed on the
nectar and not to do much harm. The beetle is less than half an inch in length,
oval in shape, yellow in color, with a black head and three black stripes down
the back. The larva; are slender white grubs which feed upon the roots of the
plants and sometimes burrow up into the stem, continuing their injuries for
about a month, when they change to the pupal stage and later on come oul as a
second brood of the beetles. The latter are very lively insects, flying quickly from
plant to plant when disturbed; sometimes when their usual food is not available
they attack the young pods of peas and beans, and may be found on a variety of
other plants.

IS

i i- ^

:

fi

less o^a'r ifrnT'" Cucumber BEETtK (Fig. 33) is larger than tho Striped, and
ess 0 al broadening considerably towards the posterior end of the body its color

wdv Tt..'"";,""' * "''' ''"'' "'•^ *^'^^ -- °' ^«- black spot.; naking
twe le ,n all, on the wu.g-covers. It is a more southern insect than the' Striped

of corn. In Ontario ,t is usually found associated with the other species on cu-
curbitaceous plants, but in fewer number.,; it is also a much more gema f eder

Si; r' '"r'j 1 P'""^ "^ "^^ ^*^*°^y ^« — »>»* similar to the pre-'
Se iubs h n'T' ^'l^''^ ™o«tly upon the pollen of blossoms in the beetle stage,
the grubs bemg the chief cau.e of injury by their attacks upon roots and stems!
The treatment for both these insects is chiefly preventive. Youn- cucumber
and melon plants should be protected as soon as they are set out wUh"the chee'e
m d'e ;Ttw T:i^f a- protection against Fleaieetles, or by smaller screens

Sir/he round "V i ""'"i ''.r^^^ ""^'-^^ '""^ "'^^ '^'" «"d« ^"'"rely
nxea in the ground, and then covered with a piece of cheesecloth, which can be kent

from being blown about by heaping a little earth on the edges. These s reen

may be safely removed when the plants have grown too big to be covered by

0 a"raft°?hel^ ,T, '/ ^T."™" "J^ ^^""' P^^"*« ^"^"^ ""^ '^^ o^herslo as
to attract the beetles to them, and then treat them with Paris green, one pound

tTi oIm '"""-^^ ^''"'^ " ^^'''''' *^'« "^'y ^' ^"^t^-i ovef the plantThen

bp .J. T"^""'^'?^-?"" "• ^" ^^' ""t"'"" •»» the refuse of the vhies ««
Hhfrn r K^^r"'^ 'f'' ^"'"''^ °^ ^"""'^ »" <» ^«™P°«t heap, 80 as to k 1 Se
h'ltr 'Efent^nd eS^ ''' ^°"°^ ^'^^ ^"^ UncdVdeaux niStur:

abunLTf ^°;".«"-^.^« (^««5a <ris<«)-(Fig. 34). This insect is usually very
abundan and injurious through all the south-western counties of Ontario but
during the last few years it has almost entirely disappeared. I w 11 not be Ion. •
1 "ts ITLZT T'^T: r' 'T'''^ome'\l.e bugs are mil ar^^f
n Lnttl nf .• ri? t'T^.^ '^°''' ''""^ "^"^y three-quarters of an inch
he ,^? l' , ^ ^ ^^"^''^ '''°' ^^'''' ^""^ 'P''^^'^ creamy beneath; they lave
he usual repulsive odor common to the "stink-bugs," to which family t lev be

rLrc^ ;' "'r" *'V'"^^ '"^^' '^ ^^'"'"^ ^" ''"'-^^ ^^^ places, cSmg about
n search of wmter quarters, and should then be crushed under foot. In the

spring they come out, and begin their injurious work of sucking out the juices of

young cucurbitaceous plants. The eggs, which are metallic !n color. Ire ad

m batches on the underside of the leaves near the base of the plant; from them

Boon hatch out the young bugs, but not all at once, so that we ma'y find nympJs S

all sizes on the underside of the same leaf. They not only injure the foliage by

sucking out Its juices but also poison it as well, causing a speedy wilting of the

iTundi foot. ' ^^ ^°^ '' "' """^ '^ "'" '""'^ ^' exterminated by crush-

These bugs are difficult to get rid of. as the usual remedies for sucking insects

^I^r^T T- ^V''""''' ^'''" ^"* ^'"'^ '^''^ "P°° them, except when ap-'
plied to the colonies of young nymphs. The methods recommended above for Cu-
cuinber Beetles are also the best remedies for these disagreeable insects. In the
early part of the season the parent bugs may be trapped by laying pieces of shingle
or board near the plants; the bugs will be found taking shelter under them in
ttie morning, and can easily be destroyed.

Flea-Bef.tles, described above, are often very injurious to young cucumber
and melon plants, and also a species of Aphis. Occasionally tiie fruit is attacked
when green by small caterpillars, one called the Pickle-worm (Dinphania nilidalis)
and the other the Melon Caterpillar (D. hyalinata) ; both turn into beautiful
little moths. In the south they are regularly injurious year after year, but with

N. .^

M

Fig. 34. — Squash-bug: (a to e) nympbs In dif-
ferent stages of growth; (/) adult bus.
much enlarged.

us, happily, they are quite rare; should they become numerous at any time they
could be easily controlled by the use of arsenical poisons.

ONION.

The Onion Maqgot {Phorbia ceparum) — (Fig. 35) — is very similar in
mode of attack and life-history to the Cabbage Maggot already described; it is
unnecessary, therefore, to repeat these particulars. It is often extremely de'struc-
tive, and has almost driven market gardeners to despair. The preventive measures
referred to above are hardly suitable for a plant whose style of growth is so dif-
ferent from that of a cabbage, and few persons would take the trouble to protect

24

ri»:|K

11

I

m

onion beds w h cheesecloth screens, nor could tarred paper disks" be employed.
There is, however, a simple method of protection which has been found effective;
1„^T.*% . !f^ '^^^ °f ^^' °°'°°' ^'»'° *° «PP«" '^bo^e the soil, the rows
of^l '/r*'*^ T'^ a whitewash made of lime and water and thi^k enough
to form a thin crust over the surface. The effect of this is to close up all crevices
and openings in which the parent fly would lay her eggs, and prevent the maggots

Tol "t^ T f"^ '^^' '"'^^ '^'"'' S'-"""'^ *'°'" '^'^'^hing the roots be-

neath. The young plants penetrate through the thin crust of lime without dif-

b«if t"°l!!r*r'*i°'^' rV'^ 'V'' '''""' '^ ^^^ employment of a poisonod sweet
b« t to kill the fl.es be ore they lay their eggs. It is made by dissolving five
grams of commercial sodu.m arsenite in a gallon of boiling water, a.d adding one
pmt of cheap molasses. The mixture should be applied along the rows in the
form of a coarse spray of large drops once a week throughout the summer. A
watering can with a finely perforated nozzle could be employed
.r.A ^"^ !^°^'"g' «°y P'«nt that is not growing satisfactorily should be cut out
*nd crushed underfoot so as to destroy the maggots. Furthermore, onions should
not be grown a sccona time on, or close to, a bed which has been infested with
these insects. Pyrcthrum insect powder or white hellebore may be applied in the
^u^b' r° ir T r°T'"'^''^ ^^^ *^« ^^^'^^^^ M«g«°t- Many other substances,
rlltr ivUl ' .r ^'■''' '''■' ^"^'^ ^^^° t"^-^ ^'thout any satisfactor;

PAESNIP.

in Jj'f.^TT ^r''''''^ (Depressaria heradiana). When parsnips are left
in the ground all winter and allowed to grow up for seed-bearing purposes during
tiie following season, they are very liable to be attacked by this insect. Towards

5nl!?l /.^'m"" *^' t"' "' ^"^^ """^ ^'" ^°« "'°''«1« °f fl°^erf. it i« often
found that the bloom is disfigured with webs which draw the whole into an untidy

T-T- ''°i^°" examination a colony of small caterpillars will be found at work
yithin. When they have finished consuming the flowers, they burrow into the stem
and feed upon the soft inner linir,,. here they change to the chrysalis stage dur-
ing the latter part of July, and are often so numerous that the hollow stems
will be found packed with larvae or pupffi. The caterpillars are of a dirty green
color and yellowish on the sides and beneath; most of the segments are furnished
with shining black warts, each of which terminates in a fine bristle. The moths
come out about the first of August and hi.ornate in any shelter that they can
obtain, often coming into houses for the purpose; they are dusky gray in color
with no conspicuous markings, and with the body mucl. flattened; the expanse of
the wings IS less than an inch, and the length of the body under half an inch. The
insect is a European species.

These caterpillars may be found in abundance working in a similar manner
on celery plants that have grown up for seed and on wild carrot and other umbelli-
ferous plants. In the garden they should be treated with Paris green as soon as
they are noticed ; if the umbels are drawn into a web thoy should be cut off and
burnt, and if the stalks are perforated the same operation should be performed
on them. Wild carrots and parsnips should be cut down wherever they may be
found in neighboring fields or waste places.

Parsnips are also attacked by the insects already mentioned in connection
with carrots and celery.

m

u

PEAS.

The Pba-Weevil (Bruchus pworum)— (Fig. 36). The life history of thii
insect resembles in many respects that of the Bean-weevil, already described. The
beefle is abont one-fifth of an inch in length, brownish-gray in color, with two
conspicuous oval black spots on the end of the abdomen which is not concealed
by the wing-covers. The head is bent under the front of the body and end.i in a
sqnare-cut beak. When peas are iri blossom these little beetles may be found upon
them, waiting for the young pod to be disclosed; on it the minute ej?gs are laid,
and the grubs, as soon as hatched, bore thr6ugh and enter the small green peas, one
beetle only infesting a single pea. Here the grub remains, feeding upon the sub-
stance of the pea, passing through the pupal stage, and only attaining maturity

Fig. 35. — Onion maggot: puparium. fly
and Infested bulb.

Pig. 86.— Pea-weevil, natnna
size and much enlarged.

Fig. 37. — ^Pea-moth and caterpillar; motb
greatly enlarged and natural size;
Infested peas.

when the peas are ripe and ready 'or harvesting. Most of the beetles remain
inside the peis until they are sown le following spring, but some emerge when
the peas become ripe, and remain in the field or in the barn all winter. Unlike
the Bean-weevils, this species does not increase and multiply in the stored peas,
but will die if they are kept over for another year.

Treatment. The pea crop should be harvested early, a little on the green
side, 80 that the pods will not shell out before removal from the field; threshing
should be done as soon as possible, and all refuse from the machine should be swept
up and burnt. If any weevils are noticed in the peas, the crop should be put
into bins or barrels and fumigated with carbon bisulphide in the manner recom-
mended for the Bean-weevil. Peas that contain weevils, even though they are
dead, should not be sown, as the plants grown from them will be stunted owing-
to the lack of food material in the pea ; a considerable proportion would probably
not grow at all, owing to the germ having been devoured by the beetle. The re-

26

•"J

A

mains of the crop not taken from the field should be raked up and burnt. If every
pea-grower would adopt these methods we should soon be rid of the pest, as the
heetle does not attack any other plant.

The Pea Moth (Semasia nigricans) — (Fig. 37) — is not often found in
Ontario, but is very common and at times extremely destructive in the Maritime
Provinces ; its occasional occurrence with us renders it necessary to be on our guard
against it. The parent moth is small, less than half an inch in expanse of wings,
and of a dull, slaty-gray color. It lays its eggs on the growing pods of peas;
the caterpillars soon hatch out and bore their way into the pod, where they feed
upon the young peas, consuming many of them and filling the space with a mass
of excrement. When full grown the worms leave the pods and form their small
t)val cocoons below the surface of the ground.

Where there is reason to expect an attack, the pea vines should be sprayed,
as soon as blossoming is over, with a liquid wash of one poimd of soap in twenty-
five gallons of water in which has been thoroughly mixed foilr ounces of Paris
green; the spraying should be repeated a couple of times at intervals of a week
or ten days. Tlie object is to poison the young caterpillars when they are eating
their way through the pod.

Sowing early varieties as early as possible in the season has been found use-
ful, the pods being too far advanced to be injured when the worms appear. Very
late sowing is also recommended in order that the blossoming may not take place
till after the moths have ceased egg-laying.

An important point is to plow or dig deeply in the fall any piece of land
where infested peas have been grown, in order to bury t^" mcoous and prevent the
moths coming out in the spring. All unripe pods shouli t, as they may

contain worms, and peas should not be grown again upon or near e same piece of
ground the next season.

The Pea Aphis (Nectarophora destrtictor) . This large green plant-louse
during recent years has become extremely destructive to the vines of peas. In some
parts of the neighboring States, where large acreages were devoted to this crop
for canning purpose?, the annual loss was estimated at many millions of dollars,
three-fourths of the crop being in some instances destroyed. The usual remedies
for plant-lice have already been referred to under " Aphis," but they are of little
value when contending with an attack on a very large scale. A method that has
been found effective is to sow the peas with drills and wide enough apart for a
cultivator to work between the rows, instead of the usual broadcast plan. As soon
as the plants are seen to be infested, boys are employed to brush the insects off,
and they are followed at once by the cultivator, which buries the lice and pre-
vents their getting back on the vines. The operation has to be repeated a few
times, but the results have proved entirely satisfactory and to warrant the labor
and expense.

POTATO.

The CotofiADo Potato Beetle {Leptinotarsa decemlineata) — (Pig. '38) — is
BO familiar to everyone that it is hardly necessary to give any description of the
destructive creature. The adult beetles come out of their winter hiding places,
about the end of May and feed at once upon the earliest appearing potato plants;
soon after €m the females lay their bright orange-colored eggs on the underside
nf the leaves in batches of various numbers up to fifty or more. The grubs hatch
uut in about a week and set to work to devour the foliage; their dark orange color

■■■HHI

renders them somewhat conapicaons, so that an attack can hardly fail to be noticed.
When fully grown the insect changes to the pupal stage in a cell a few inches below
the snrface of the ground. A period of about eight weeks is required to complete
a life cycle, and then a second brood of beetles appears, lays its eggs and f>tart8
new colonies of grubs ; the third brood comes out in September and may be observed
crawling or flying about in search of winter quarters. The broods are by no means
distinct, as all the grubs do not mature at the same time., consequently the insect
may usually be found in all its stages at any time during the summer.

The well-known and long-tried remedies are Paris green or arsenate of lead
combined with Bordeaux mixture, the latter ingredient assisting in warding off
the attacks of fungus diseases and also in destroying Flea-beetles, when they are

Fig. 38.— Colorado Potato-beetle.

present, as they commonly are. Spraying should be done early in June as soon
as any grubs are to be seen, again a month later, and three times, at intervals of
a fortnight, between the end of July and the first of September.

The Thbee-Lined Potato Beetle (Lema trilineata) — (Figs. 39 and 40) —
looks very like the Striped Cucumber Beetle, but is larger and of a darker yellow
color. Before the coming of the Colorado beetle this was the chief insect enemy
of the potato, but now, liiough common, it is not usually particularly destructive ;
its life history is much the same, the adult beetle coming out in the spring and lay-
ing her eggs on the underside of the leaves of the young plants; these are yellow
in color and are laid along the midrib of the leaf. The larvae have the extraor-
dinary habit of I'iling their excrement on top of their backs, possibly as a protection
against their enemies, and thus present a disgusting appearance. The grubs
appear in June and go through their transformation in time for another brood to
ccme forth in August; the beetles from this later brood do not emerge till the
following spring.

88

( '■'■t

m, n

I III

till

n (

I

When thk inaect if st all abnndut, it can b« eaaily controlled by the applica-
tion of Paris green; the meaaurea everywhere taken to check the Colorado Beetle
hare no doubt prevented this species also from becoming numerous.

The Potato Flea-Bebtle (Epiirix eucumeria) is one of the most serious
pests of the potato plant. The tiny creature— it ia less than one-twentieth of an
inch long — eats small holes all over the surface of the leaves and causes much
injury in this way; but a worse result is that the spores of a fungus disease called
"Blight" find a suitable place in these holes for germination and the complete
destruction of the leaf soon follows. Flea-bectlcs as a class have already been

Fig. 39.— Three-lined
Potato-beetle.

Fig. 40.— Three-Hned Potato-beetle; eggs,
larva aud pupa.

referred to; it is unnecessary, therefore, to do more than state that spraying with
Bordeaux mixture is a satisfactory remedy for both the insect and the Blight.

Blister Beetles are often reported from the northern parts of the Province
as appearing suddenly in great swarms in the potato fields and greedily devouring
the foliage. An account of them has already been given under insects attacking
beets and spinach.

Pig. 41.— Potato-stalk Borer: beetle, grub and pupa.

The Potato Stalk Boreh (Trichobaris trinotata)— {Fig. 41)— is only an
occasional cause of injury to the plant in this country, but in somf of the States
to the west and south it is considered almost as great a pest as the Colorado Beetle.
As the name indicates, the attack is made by boring the stalk ; this is done by the
grubs, which are whitish in color and without legs. The small beetles, about a
quarter of an inch long, are ashen-gray in color and belong to the family of weevils
or snout beetles, having the head developed into a long beak ; the base of the wing-
covers is marked with three distinct black spots, which readily distinguish it from
similar species. About the month of June the parent makes a hole in the stalk of

the potato with ita anout and depoaitt an egg and repeata the operation a number
of.timea. The gmba which hatch from them burrow up and down in the atalka,
deTouring the interior, and when full-grown, about the beginning of September,
form their chrysalis inside the stalk near the base of the plant; the beetles emerge
later on, but remain in this retrc:.t all winter.

No application of poison is of any avail, aa the grubs are out of reach in the
atalk, but much may be done to r terminate the insect by cleaning up and burn-
ing all the remains of the plants after the potatoes are dug in the fall ; this ii
advisable also in order to destroy the germs of fungus diseases.

i: A DISH.

Radishes are very liul)lc to attack and serious injury when they first come up
in the seed beds by the minute Flea-lx'ctles doscriJH'd anion^ the inserts tliat are
general feeders ; cheesedoth screens are found to he the boat protection. The Radish
Maggot (Phorbia) is the same or a very closely allied species to that which attacks
the roots of cabbages, and niiiy be treated in much the same way; protection with
chcescfloth is by far tlio sinipk'>t and an entirely effective method of securing
perfect radishes in the spriiij^.

TOMATO AND TOBACCO.

These two plants nmy i)c associated together, as the same insects are liable to
attack both; but it is highly probable that the growth of tobacco on a large scale

Fig. 42. — Tomato worm.

Pig. 43. — Chrysalis of Tomato worm.

Fig 44. — The Turnip Flea-beetle
and larva, greatly enlarged.

in the south-western counties of Ontario will cause other enemies of the latter
plant to make their unwekome appearance. Cutworms early in the season are very
destructive to the young plants, but may be warded off by the use of the poisoned
bran-mash. The leaves are liable to be attacked by Flea-beetles, the Tarnished
Plant-bug and Grasshoppers. The most conspicuous enemy of both plants is :

The Five-Spotted Hawk Moth, or Tomato Worm (Protoparce celeus) —
(Figs 42 and 43). This is a -large caterpillar, attaining to a length of nearly four
inches when fully grown and correspondingly thick. It has a series of oblique
pale lines along the sides and a prominent tail; in color theie are three varieties,
pale green, dark green and almost black. They are very voracious feeders, and
soon strip the foliage from a plant, but being so conspicuous they can be readily
got rid of by hand picking. WTien growth is completed, the caterpillars burrow
into the earth and form a cell in which they transform to a dark brown chrysalis.

which hu attached to the head and underside of the thorax a projection rewmbling
the handle of a jug and containing the enormoualy long racking tube with which
tha moth ia provided. The motha come out in the autumn if the weather ehould
be warm, otherwiee they do not appear till the following ranuner. They are large,
handbome, swiftly flying creatures, ashen-gray in color with a variety of paler and
darker lines and markings; the abdomen is ornamented with five large orange
spots on each side which give the insect a very characteristic appearance. These
Tomato Worms have often been supposed to oe poisonous, and many marvellous
tales have been told of their deadly stings and bites; they are, however, quite in-
capable of either stinging or biting, and may be handled without the least danger.
TiiE Corn E.vn Wonsi (Heliotkis armiger), which has been fully described
above, frequently attacks green tomatoes before they are fully grown, and borea
large holes which utterly destroy the fruit It also feeds on tobacco, eating into
the unripe seed capsules and devouring the contents. In the case of tomatoes the
only plan seems to be to cut off and destroy all the infested green fruit. Where
tobacco is extensively grown, if there should be an annual attack of these cater-
pillars, it would be advisr' 'e to grow a strip of com as a "trap-crop" along the
sides of the field; the moths would lay their eggs on the young ears of com in
preference to the tobacco plant, ai^d these could be gathered and burnt or fed to
pigs before the worms attain to maturity.

TUBNIPS.

Turnips are attacked by several of the insects already described as enemies of
the cabbage, viz., the Zebra Caterpillar, the Diamond-back Moth, the Cabbage
Maggot, and the same species of Plant-louse (Aphis). The last mentioned insect
has been more complained of recently by turnip growers than any other pest; its
ravages in late summer and autumn are widespread over the Province, when there
is prolonged dry, warm weather, which is favorable to their increase, and in many
cases whole fields arc rendered worthless. The usual remedies, kerosene emulsion
and strong soapsuds, are found effective when applied in time ; but in most cases
the attack is not noticed till the damage is beyond repair. Much may be accom-
plished by keeping a sharp look-out for the colonies of plant-lice when hoeing is
being done; an affected plant should be at once cut out and the lice crashed un let
foot; early measures of this kind will prevent a serious infestation later on.

The Turnip Flea-Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata)— (Fig. 44)— differs from our
other species in having a wavy, yellowish stripe down each side of the wing-covers,
but its habits are much the same as those of the rest of the family. Its attacks
on the young plants when they first come up are often very serious and prevent the
grovrth of a large proportion of the crop, necessitating a resowing. As the first
brood of beetles disappears toward the end of June, it has been found that turnips
sown during the third week of that month escape attack, and produce as good a
crop as those sown earlier. When the beetles are observed to be attacking the
young plants they may be got rid of by dusting with Paris green and land plaster,
one pound of ihe poison to tw^ y of the plaster; this should be done when the
plants are moist with dew in the early morning. A condition of the soil which
induces rapid and vigorous growth is of great importance, as it enables the young
plants to get beyond the danger point before much injury has been sustained.

31
INSISCTICIDES.

Pabii Orrbn and Boboiauz Mixtuu.

Four pound! of fresh lime, 4 pounds of bluestone, and 4 ounces of Paris gr««n„
thoroo^y mixed in 40 gallont of water. In all cases where spraying with Paris
green is recommended in the foregoing pages it is advisable to add the bluestone
(or Bordeaux mixture) in order U> counteract fungus diwasos at the same time a&
the insects ore destroyed. The bluestone (copper sulphate) should be dissolved
bj nuptuding it in a wooden vessel containing 4 or 6 gallons of WHter, and the lime
il«V«<l in another veisel; if lumpy, the lime should be strained through coarse
sacking. Pour the bluestone solution into a barrel and half fill with water; dilute
the slaked lime to half a harifl and mix the two togettier. The Paris green should
be made into a paste with warm water, poured into the barrel and stirred thor-
oughly. The mixture is then ready for use. The additi. • of the lime pre.ents the
poison from scorching the foliage.

For garden purposes one teaapoonful each of Paris green and lime in a pail of
water may be used.

Arsenate of Lead.

Arsenate of soda 10 ounces.

Acetate of lead 24 ounces

yft^tn 150-200 gallons.

" The arsenate of soda and the acetate of lead (sugar of lead) should be dis-
solved separately and then poured into a tank containing the required amoutU of
water. A white precipitate of lead arsenate is immediately formed, and when
thoroughly stirred is ready for spraying. Its finely divided condition keeps it in
suspension for hours and thus simplifies the work of spraying. The preparation
may be used several times stronger without the least danger of scorching the most
delicate plants. When sprayed upon the foliage it forms a coating which adheres
so firmly-that it is but little affected by ordinary rains." (Bulletin 151, Harcourt
and Fulmer). For use in small quantities, one tablespoonful of the paste arsenate
is enough for one gallon of water.

Kerosene Emulsion.

The following is the formula recommended by Dr. Fletcher (Central Experi-
mental Farm, Bulletin No. 53)^

Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gallons.

Rain water 1 gallon.

Soap • • % pound.

Boil the soap in water till all is dissolved ; then, while boiling hot, turn it into
the kerosene and churn the mixture constantly and forcibly with a syringe or force
pump for five minutes, when it will be of a smooth, creamy nature. If the emul-
sion is perfect, it will adhere to the surface of glass without oiliness. As it cools
it thickens into a jelly-like mass. This gives tl stock emulsion, which must be
diluted with nine times its measure of warm water before usin;,' on vegetation.
The above quantity of three gallons of emulsion will make 30 gallons of wash.

Kerosene, emulsion may also be made conveniently by using an equal amount
r' sour milk instead of the soap and water in the above formula, and churning for
V, lame time to get the stock emulsion.

Another method is to use lime, which will hold the kerosene in suspension, or
the 'allowing, where lime cannot be obtained :

The requisite amount of kerosene i.s placed in a dry vessel and flonr added in
the proportion of 8 ounces- to one quart of kerosene. It is then thoroughly stirred
and two gallons of w^ter added for every quart of kerosene. The whole is then
vigorously churned for from two to four minutes, and the emulsion is ready for
use. It has been found that by scalding the flour before adding the kerosene, an

•loalknt annliion, which doM not lepanit* in tht leMt after itanding for a mA,
can be prepared with 2 ounce* of flour, by mixing the reenlting paato with on*
qnait of kerotene and emuliifjring with two gallons of water.

Tobacco Wash. (For deitroying Aphidt). Soak 4 pounds of tobacco waste
in 9 gallons of hot water for four or five hours ( in cold water for four or five days) ;
dissolve one pound of whalt'-oil Hoap in one gallon of hot water ; strain the decoction
into the dissolved soap and apply with a spray pump as forcibly as possible. " Black
Leaf 40 " and " Nicotine " are very satisfactory commercial preparations, which
can be obtained at the large sccd-rtorcs, with directions for use. When added to
a soap-wuh they are very effective.

Soap Washes.
Dissolve one pounc .»f whale-oil soup in four gnllona of warm water for black
or brown Aphist, and one pound in six gallons for green Aphis.

Another remedy for Aphis is the following: Boil 8 pounds of quassia chips
in 8 gallons of water for an hour, dissolve 7 pounds of whnle-oil soap in hot water;
strain the quassia decoction and mix with the soap sohi'-'on; then dilute to make
100 gallons. Spray forcibly while hot; this will kill tlic plant-lice and not injure
the plants.

Cook's CAHnoLic Soap Wa81I.

Hard soap, one pound, or soft soap 1 quart.

Crude carbolic ncid 1 pint.

Water (IwUIng) 1 gallon.

Dissolve the sonp in the boiling water; while still hot add the carbolic acid;

emulsify thoroughly. Tliis is tlie stock solution. For u«e, dilute with 30 to 50

times its bulk of water. Very cfTective against root-ma<rgot8 of cabbage, radish

and onion.

IlELLEBOnE.

White hellebore (fresh) 1 ounce.

Water 2 gallons.

Ptretiikcm ob Insect Powdeb.

Pyrethrum powder (trexh) 1 ounce.

Water > S gallons.

Or.

Pyrethrum powder 1 ounce.

Flour (cheap) 6 ounces.

Mix thoroughly, allow to stend over night in a closed tin box, then dust on

plante through cheesecloth.

Thb Poisoned Bran Mash.
For Cutworms and Oraashoppers.

Bran 20 pounds. .

Paris Oreeo 1 pound.

Molasses ^ gallon.

Water About 3 gailons.

Lemons 2 or 3 fruits.

Mix thoroughly the bran and Paris Green dry in a tub or any large receptecle.
This may be done the night before. On the morning of using squeeze the juice of
the lemons into the water, run the pulp and rind through a meat chopper, and add
this and also the molasses to the water. Stir well, and then pour the liquid upon
the poisoned bran, and mix so thoroughly that every part is moist and will fall like
sawdust through the fingers.

For cutworms in small gardens use ..c quart of bran, one teaspoonful of
Paris green, one tablespoonful of molasses, with enough water to moisten the bran.

The mash should be applied in the evening for cutworms, and in the early
morning for grasshoppers.