CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\/lonographs)

ICIVIH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)

Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter an/ of
the Images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming are
checked below.

Q

D
D
D

D

Coloured covers /
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged /

Couverture endormag6e

□ Covers restored and/or laminated /
Couverture restauree et/ou pellicul^e

I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque

I I Coloured maps / Cartes g6ographiques en couleur

□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) /
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

□ Coloured plates and/or illustrations /
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material /
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

Only edition available /
Seule Edition disponible

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along
interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de
I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge
int^rieure.

Blank leaves added during restorations may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have been
omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages
blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration
apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela ^tait
possible, ces pages n'ont pas m film^es.

Additional comments /
Commentaires suppl6mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a
6X6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem-
plaire qui sont peut-Stre uniques du point de vue bibli-
ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite,
ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6tho-
de normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.

I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur

I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es

D

Pages restored and/or laminated /
Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es

0 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed /
Pages d^olor^es, tachet^es ou piqu^es

I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es

I y| Showthrough / Transoarence

D
D
D

D

Qualii/ of print varies /
Quality inigale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material /
Comprend du materiel supplemental re

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips,
tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best
possible image / Les pages totalement ou
partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une
pelure, etc., ont et6 film6es k nouveau de fa^on k
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

Opposing pages with varying colouration or
discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best
possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des
colorations variables ou des decolorations sont
film^es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image
possible.

D

This Kern it filmsd at the reduction ratio chackad balow /

Ce doeumant ast film4 au taux d« rMuctlon indiqu4 ci-dessous.

10x 14x 18x

?2x

26x

30x

'

J

12x

16x

20x

24x

28x

32x

Tha copy filmed her* has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Stauffer Library
Queen's University

The images appeering here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grace i la
gtnArositA de:

Stauffer Library
Queen's University

Les images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le
plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at
de la nettet* de I'exemplaire film*, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplaires origineux dont la couverture en
pepier est imprimis sont filmis en commencant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second
plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
origineux sont filmte en commenpant par la
premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la derni4re page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un das symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
derniire image d* cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols •^^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

IMaps. plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. Tha following diagrams illustrate tha
method:

Les cartea, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent itre
filmis i das taux da reduction diffirents.
Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour etre
reproduit en un seul clichA. il est filmi i partir
de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite.
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'imagea nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mAthode.

1

2

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

MiaocOfV MSOIUTION TiSI CHART

(ANSI ana ISO TEST CHART No 2i

^=\ '653 EasI Mom street ^

-•^B '''*) »82 - 0300 -Phone
^^ ('16) 2ae - 5989 -Fa,

REPORT

or TBB

CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION

1913-18

VOLUME VIII: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS,
COELENTERATES. ETC.

PART G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA

By A. B. VUWILL
raorBMos BMnuTOS, TALC tnnvaKnry

'■%■

OTTAWA
y.A. ACLAND

mtrm to tbb KOtot won

lunvnr

670
1913
C.2t
'S V.008
pt . G
C.3

Immat A^-S S, im

/l

\

s

REPORT

OP THE

CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION

1913-18

VOLUME VIII: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS,
COELENTERATES, ETC.

PART G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA

By A. E. VEP»?ILL
PROFESSOR EMERITUS, YALE UNIVERSITY

OTTAWA

F. A. ACLAND

PRINTER TO THK KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1922

/I

luui-d Apri' 23, 192]

\

1.

The Alcyonaria of the (ianadhin Arctic Expedition, l«n.<-1918,

with a Revision of some other Canadian Henvia

and species.

My A. i; Vkkkim,,

I'mt'i ^siiiHmt nhis iif y il, I'miiisihi.
I Willi niiii'ii't'ii jiliitfs Mint lliiiti'Mi tiAt tinun-).

i.

Siiliiiidrr Ai.iMiVMKv N'ciiill, ISl'h'i.

luinilv NEPTIIYID.E.
(ier^vmiu M.in-ii/.H. r uniincliiii,

.Mriiiiiiiiiiin iHirs) of early Miitluus.

(iirsiiiiin Mauknzkli.kk, ii|i. 1)!., |). :{7."», ISTS. ' ,)>■ d. fnihrnsn i:\> (I. Jlnnilii.

'((Ill Uiillikci.
\'iinn<iiii (//<//••<) Damki i.«»t.N. N. Ni)iilliii\> lv\|icil., Aicvoniil.i. p. I, |NS7,

-f Kri/stalliifiiHiH t- /•'////'/ -> SiiriiLhii. Dan.. ii|(. cii., jShT.
Huiniilithijii tiiiirx) Kt'KKNTiiM,. Dciiti-ili. TirlVrc Kxpcil. (Xaldivi.. Kx[M'(l.i,

Alcyitiiaiia, \ id. XIII. pp. 7.'{-7l, MMiti innii \ kkrii.i., 'i.Hti!!) Ji NdKa^KN

[/tiir-tK (>]■ cif , |>. !t. lHlti.

I'ltriiniiongiiiii.^ (/xirMj KCkknthal. \S<M\. May. Air. (>>t-Spitz., Zonl. .laliih.
Sy!<t., At»t. ^'ol. xi, pp. HHH-)»7, \WH. Sivm.ii, ('amp. IIiioikI.IIc, p. 31,
I'tOl

Ciritili.i-i Moi.woKU, Nortlicrii Anli.- Invert. .\ley<iii:ieea, p. IS, i!t|."i.

i'dlypidoin, wlien well (jrewii. more or le-> l.ninclied from a Hexilile main
-talk, wliieli may he iiai.ed or luar some ^eattered polyps: eortex or wall of
tlie stalk and of .--lems of hranelies are iniiseiilar and eajtalile of eonsideialile
eontraetioii. It eon.ains niiiiieroii- minute roii^li, >pinulo.se. lohed, or \\ I'ted
spicules, iMosfh short spindles and doiilile spindles, ellipsoids. dumli-I.eli f'nins,
etc., hut usii.aiiy not enoiiuli to form a firm eriisl: often liarilly eiiow>;li to e'Ve a
fine jtr'.nulo.se ap|>earance under a lens: so that the surface of , rippe.ars i ,,i!y
siiuMith, except for the wrinkles caused liy contraction.

Interiors of stalk.- of liranidies :ind main stem coiit lin a niiinl>er of lartrr
loncitudiiiid tuhes, sejiarated li\' n.tlier thin inusciil.ir wails, usually containing
a few spicules. The hranclie- may Ipe ali-ent when youns;. ''Ut numerous and
-ulidivided when full (jrown.

The imiIn ps, in expansion, are elongated, arisinn from low, or often ohscure.
calicles, nio-tly clustered on the sides and tips of the lir.iiiche-. The c.alieles
may he seiian.ted hy an evident amount of ((eiiemliv iiia. often very little
or none.

The polyii-liodies, outside of the calicles. are di-i;nctly divided into twii
regions hy ditterenees in spiculation, and often hy a constriction or chanjje in
size. The distal or stomodeal re)jion, called the jinthocodia, is often larger
and always tinner than the mesenterial or iiroximal region, hecause it is filled
with more ahiind.int .-.nd larger >i)icule>.

<»84;{ I'.

\

4g

('(luwlian A relic F.xihiUHoii, l!)t,i IDIS

Tho iintliocodiii ' lias ciKht (luul>l(' r()\%s of cloiif^iitcd spicules arranged in
chevrons, followed ])roxinially \>y a wreath or zone of t^iinilar spicules arranged
more obliquely or transversely, thus forming a lioundary more or less obvious
between the two regions of the jwlyp body.

The mesenterial or jiroximal ])art of the hotly usually has eight double
rows of similar but generHlly smaller, shorter, and rougher, spicules, often iirranged
almost transversely in contraction, but typically chevronwise. These may be
nearly or (piite lacking in some species.

Owing to the ai)undant and closely arranged spicules in the anthocodia
this part often cannot be withdrawn into the calicle, l>ut remains seated over
it, in preserved specimens, while the mesenteriMl region is with<lrawn. In
some species both regions can be retracted, especiallv when young.

The tentacles also contain, on the ai)oral side, a double row of small, usually
warted, fusiform or otilong sjiicules, fewer at the bases and tips, none in the
pinnules, hence the tentacles are rather stiff and usu..lly only ii.aitly concealed
in contraction, their sjiiculose Itases forming a sort- of 8-lobed oiierculum for
the polyps, .above the anthoctulia.

The spicules of the )M)lyps and calicles, etc., do n( t project in the form of
spinules, as in typical siiecies of Knnrphthyn. Molander, op. cit., I'Jl."), has I
believe, determined more accurately the relations of this and some related
northern genera than have some other writers, but like others he has erred in
the application of the name Euncphthiin, as shown iielow.

He has reexamined th<' types of many steeies and has described the internal
structure of the stalk and branches, etc.

Gersemia rubiformis (Pallas.) Molander. Sea Strawberry.

Lohxihiria ruhifoniiix Khuknhkuo, Corall. Roth. Meeres, j). oS. IH34.

Alcyonium nibijoniic Dana, I'.S. Kxi)l. Kxped. Zoophytes, p. (12"), 184(j. N'eriull,
Review Polyi)s l'^ Coast U.S. in Mem. I^oston Soc. Nat. Hist., \'ol. 1,
No. 1, |). 4, 18t>4: Proc. Hoston Soc., Vol. X, p. Soo, ]8(>."); Trans. Conn,
Acad. Sci. Vol. 1, jiart 2, p. 459, 1808. Makknzkllku. Intern. Polarforsch.
.Jan. Mayi'n. \'ol. XIII, Zool., p. I."), bS8(i. .Ivnokhskn, Kara-Havets Ale-
yonider, Dijmplma-Togtets Zoologisk-Iiot. Udbvtte, p. IJ7!», jil. xxxii,
figs. 14-22, 1887.

Paraspovijodoi nihia May, Ostspitz., Zool. Jl). Svst., Vol. XI, p. ;{9S, figs.
3a, b", 18W8 (t. .lungersen).

Eunephihi/a ri(hifonnis Kukknthal, .Vlevonaria "Olga" Kxped., H. 1, p. 21,
190(>': Tiefsee Kxped. (Vahlivia), XIII, p. 72, 1900; Revis. Alcyon. I'am.,
Xephthyidae, No. 3, Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. Vol. XXIV, pp. 331, 3.3."), 1907;
Alcyon. Siber. Kismeeres, Mem. Im|). Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 8, Vol.
XVIII, No. 1."). 1). 2, text cut, 1909. .Jungkrskn, Bergens Mus., Aarbok,
for 1015-10, h-2, ]). 10, 1916.

Gersemin rubiformis Molaxdkr, A. R. Northern j.nd Arctic Invertebrates iti
Coll. Swedish State Mus., Alcyonacea, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsaka-
demiens Handlingar, Pd. 51, No. 11, vii, p. 51, pi. 1, fig. 7, 1915.

Plate I; ligs. 1 If. Plate II; Figs. lT4a, 0. Plate XVIIa; Fig. 1.

This species, as it usually appears in dried or strongly contracted specimens,
consists of rounded, ovate, or pyriform clusters of rather hard, short, thickish
branches or lobes, convex externally, and attached to the main stalk by short

!Tbe t^rm srrthn.".T.-iia ah.i:i!d pr."p<»rly Im mr.fir.rd i-n the .Hista! r^r st^.rr..->dPfil part f^f tbn p.".!yj>.VuvJy,
which is ver>' t'onimonly protocted liy eight double rows of elongated spicules arranged "in chevron"
followed by a wreath or lone of similar spicules, arranged obliquely and transversely, differentiating
it frota the mesenterial or proximal region of the polyp.

Molander Cop. cit. 1915), applied the term to the entire polyp-body, beyond the cslicle. This is an
error and liable to cause confusion.

/I

Alcyonaria

o 5

stpiiis, siiialk'r than the fnliirgeil ends. The main stem may he very short
or somewhat elongated anil free from branches or caHcles near the base, which
usually spreads out in a thin ex))ansion for attachment to pebbles, shells, etc.
The lower part of the stem and basal expansion may often be nearly destitute
of the close covering of red spicules that occurs elsewhere, and then, when
dried it has a cartilaginous appearance, and is rather tough-not friable. Its
surface is strongly wrinkled. The surface of the branches carrying polyps is
covered with a thin but firm layer, consisting largely of a compact aggregation
of minute rough spicules, bright red or pale red in colour, which give the surface
a finely granular appearance under a pocket lens, and in)i)art a red colour to
the entire coralluni. These spicules are of several forms, but mostly to be
classed as irregular, short, lobed, or warty spindles, douV)le spindles, atul
»'llii)soids, mixed with fewer elongated rough spindles. (See PI. II, figs. 1-4)

The polyps, in preserved sjjecimens, are usually completely contracted,
and their calicles mostly appear as small, convex, slightly elevated mammillse,
with a small roundish central cavity, sometimes with its border slightly eiglit-
lobed. or little stellate, but often cntin-ly closed in extreme contraction, fl'l.
I, tig. le). Sometimes the calicles are close together or separated only l)v their
walls, with scarcely any ('CBnenchyma ])roj)erly called; in other cases they
have a notable amount iietween them.'

Occasionally the p()lyi)S do not contract entirely, and then they show ;i
conical anthocodia, containing eight feeble douV)le rows of minute elongatid,
rough, fusiform spicules, arranged in ch(>vrons. (See PI. I, figs, la, s-s").

Ill transverse sections the stem contains a considerable number of large
longitudinal tubes separated by thin walls, which contain a relatively v ry
small number of minute spicules, simihir to those of the surface.

The proximal or mesenterial part of the i)olyp-wall is thin and nearly or
(luife destitute of spicules; when any are present they are mostly small spindles.

"Sections of the branches show a number of .similar tubes of smaller size,
incit.isiiig in size downward. These tubes arc often so crowded that they
appear polygonal in contracted specimens, but are roundish when less con-
tracted. When dried their walls are very tliin, but in well-preserved sj)ecimi'iis
or fresh specimens, they are thicker and muscular. (Sec PI. I, fig. Id). In
the smaller branches a central larger tube can often be distinguished, surroumled
by a number of smaller tubes, as in fig. Id. These tubes usually contain two
or more longitudinal mesenterial infoldings, which are continuations of sonii;
of the mesenteries of the polyps. They also frcfiuently contain the eggs. (See
PI. I, fig. If). Fresh or well-i)reseive(l specimens, when not much contracted,
have a very different appearance. (PI. XVIIa, fig. 1). In these the naked stem
i-- more or less elongated, utid the branches are also eloiigate(l, and have the
proximal part naked, while the tips are enlarged, rounded, or thick club-shaped
and bear a cluster of more or less numerous elongated polyps, translucent in
expansion, giving a very defiant appearance to the whol(> coralluni, in life.
The polyps, in expan.sion, are wo or three times longer than broad. They are
often nearly destitute of spicules, except on the distal anthocodial portion,
just below the bases of the tentacles, where there ar(> eight usually incon.-^])icuous
double rows of slender sjiicules, arranged in chevrons. (See PI. I, figs. la).
These spicules are about ()• 13 to ()-15 mm. long, and ()-()2 to ()-022 mm. thick.
Sometimes a few smaller spicules occur in the proximal part of the tentacles.

The expanded polyps, when mature, are about 2 to 2-.') mm. long and O-?
mm. thick. Their tentacles are usually nearly destitute of spicules, translucent,
and have plump, roundish stalks and elongated jiinniP. Kach fully-<leveloped
polyp != !!-tia!!y siirrouiided b-y a number of F.malK-r, ynung ones," of various
sizes, produced as buds, as in fig. la'.

' .Several brielit red specimens from Alaska (Station 20d) have unusually small p 'lyps; in contiaotion
the "«Ucles are like »mall pinholes. These I have nameil as a rew variety, pnrciat'lh.

\

6(i

('(iKailitin Airlir KxiitdHiiiu. HJtJ IDIS

The (•^;^'f* are iclativdy lartie, Ik-Imk ulxxit 0-25 to 0:J2 iiiin. in duHuel.T
I hey an. nu.stlv in the mitial canals. Tho al.undant rc.l .pi.Mil.-s, covcriMK
fho surtacc of th.- .•■j hcles and intorealicinal spaces with a . ,ntinuons. thin,
hrn. lay...- a.r well-.lh.sfrate. on PI. II, figs. Ui. which show th.. princioa
f<.nns o th<- larger an.l fully develope.l ones, l.ut there are also larg<- numbers
ot smaller and h'ss matured spicules similar in form and ornamentation The
most numerous forms are very rough, short, thick, wartv spindh's. doul.le-
spindles, and ..|lipsoids. with prominent subdivided lo!)uies. and ornamented
ends, as shown on PI. II, figs, la-h: 2a-d: ;{aH-. Some of the.s; are st.'lhue when
s. en endwise as shown in fig. 1, and fig. 2, c, f. Some of the smaller form-
are shown m f.g. 1 k-ij. With these mor<- abundant forn.s are some o,id irregular
torms like fig. li and fig. Hf ; some might be called popped-corn-shaped. and there
are also elongated simple warty spin<lles, like fig. I, (i, r, s Th(w,. [.jst -ire
very sm.ilar to those of the .listal part of the polyps, forming the .-hevrons.
))Uf are not (|uile .so slender.

The walls of the steins of the branches and of the main stalk contain a
v.ry inuch smaller numl)er of similar spicul.-s, averaging perhaps rather Muall.r
but the larger ones are about as large as those of the calicles. Som<. of these
Irom tlu. mam stalk are shown in fig. 2 h-j. These are inostiv white
o , J. )I\ ,.-'«'''■ "t"''"'''^ "<■ f''*' ^'ifface of the calicles measure ()• 1 1 XOO.V
()14X()()4..: <)■()<. XO- 04.^: •)•()<.. X 0 • 04 : (t •07X0.04.5 mm. The elongated
spni(Hes measure about 0- l.")X0()2,'): 01.JX»)-02 mm.

The species has a wide circumpolar .listribution in Arctic and Sub-Vrctic
waters It was recorded by me in ISO."), from tin; \orth Pacific. It is known
trom the northern coasts of Europ(>, and from east<>rn .Vinerica. from the Hmv
ot lundy and trom the fishing '•Ranks" off Nova Scotia an<l Xewfoundlan.j,
and Iroin th<. gulf of St. Lawrence (Orphan bank) to Hudson l)av and (Irecn-
laiul It is the only common shallow water Alcvonarian of the coa-t- of
Alaska and Arctic .\merica generally.

It occurs in shallow water and down to 140 fathoms or more, inostIv on
hard bottoms with pebbles and shells.

The following specimens were obtained bv the Canadian Arctic Exoedi-
tion: — ' '

(), Station 2()D, Reach at (Irantley harbour, Port Clarence. Al;iska Julv m
IftKi. In alcohol. Var. pani.^tellu. Polyps unusually small. R'right
red spicules. "

1, large Station 20(j. Same locality, it, 2 to 3 fathoms, mud bottom
with alga'. -Vug. 4, 1913. Fine specimen in alcohol. See PI XVH-i'
fig 1. - • -

0, Station 2.3 Lat. 70° 24' X. Long. 101= 25' W, in «t to 10 fathoms, nuul

and pebbly bottom. Aug. 19. 1913. In alcohol.
9, dry. Station 24, on beach, sandspit at Point Rarrow. Alaska, Aug. 23,

1, dry. Station 28m. Reach at Collinson point, Caniden bav Ala.ska

June 191 1. • ' ■

21, dry. Station 48(i. On beach at Locker point, Coronation gulf Xortli-
west Territories, .Line 191(). ' '

-Mr. F. .Johans(-n and Dr. H. M. Anderson collected the above and some
■l^pecunens h.ave been sent from the < ieological Survey of Canada, collected
l)y Kev. U. (,. Walton on the east shores of Hudson bav, while l)r \ C,
Huntsman, Atlantic Riological Station of Caicida, has seiit some specimen-^'
Ihe Hud.son bay examples were from ,a locality ten miles iKuth of C.reat
U hale rivir. July, 1919.

The \(,r!h Pa.-ific Kxi)loriiig i:xii<diiitiii crillectcd it in lU-unu -i raits
west coast HI shallow water, ar.d in the Arctic ocean in 3.t fathoms iVerrill'
ISti;).) '

Alcniiniirui (i "

Mr. John Muiilocli, in the Hcixnts of tlic Intcniational Polar Ex|KMlition,
Point Barrow, p. 102 (188")) records it as found on the hcacli, anil drcdjjt'd
abundantly west of Point Franklin, in i:!j fathoms, and also off Port C'larcnco,
in 7} fathoms, and with one "palt^ spccimtMi" in Norton souiul. .1 fathoms,
on cod tines, and in Plover l):iy, 2') fathoms, "iiri^^ht strawberry red." Brandt
recordeil it from Seniavin strait. Siberia. Molander, 191."), reeoriied it from
Port Clarence. Bering sea, and I lie .Siberian .soa, in 7 to .J7 metc.s, in several
localities, and in many other places. It is known fioni Greenland, Spitzberjjen,
Kara sea, northern Norway, and numerous other localities. On the east
American coast it extends southward to the bay of Fundy.

X'ariaito.n;,.

This .<;pecK's is very variable in form and general appearance, larjtely because
of its fireiit i)owers of contraction, when i)reserved. In life, when well-jiruwn,
it is tall and much braii'-hed, with conspicuous bare jiortions of the stalk and
stems of the branches, which carry clusters of the delicate translucent polyps
at the tips, \ery much as in (i cnrnea (see PI. l\, fijj,-. 1). But as pri'served iir
alcohol, or when dried, the stalk, branches and branchli-ts are much contracted,
and the polyps are retracteil, so that it looks like a cluster of crowdi'd roundish
knobs or lobes. In this state it often r<'seinbles in form and coloin- a lar^e
coarse strawl>erry. Hence the fishermen call it the "sea strawberry."'

Although its colour, even after lonn preservation in alcohol, up to sixty
years at least, is usually bright red, due to the red colour of the spicuh-s. pale
red or even white varieties occasionally occur, sometimes in the same localities
as the red ones. In certain cases all the specimens taken in a certain locality
m.'iy be of the pale kind. Some red specimens, when dried and long cxjjosed
to strong light, fade to iiale red or yellowish whit(>.

Generally sp?akhig, the bright red colotir of the spicules is diagnostic of
this species, as contrasted with the allied northern species. Several of those
arc bright red, or light red, when living, but quickly lose their colour in alcohol,
because the colour is confined to the soft parts, the si)icules being white.

Some varieties of (!. carnen are light red or pink in colour, when living,
and their spicules may be pale red. but so far as I have observed, perhaps a
thousand examples or more, it never has the bright red spicules seen in this
species. The si)icules of the cortex, also, ar(> smaller and not nearly so mimerous.
as well as different in form.

.\11 the species of this grouit are lial)le to vary consideiably in the abundance
of spicules, and to the same extent, in their sizes and forms, even when adult
examples are studied. Young specimens often appear very different in form,
have larger cidicles, and often larger spicules. All are very contractile when
killed or much disturbed, thus entirely changing their forms. They are also
variable in colour, when living. Some vary frcjm dark red to light red. pink, or
orange: some are brownish or yellow: some rarely viob.iceous. Most of them,
when living and expanded, aic ver\ beautiful oiijects.

This species, when very yoinig, forms small, slightly convex, rouiidish.
encrusting groups, with a central |)olyp surroundeii by one or two circles of
smaller polyps. In that st;ige it resembles a Syiii])u(Nniii.

Distinction of Closkly Rki..\tk,d Speciks.

With preserved specimens this is often by no means easy, and thus experts
differ. This parti(Milar species, usually one of the easiest to identify, is liable
to be confused with three or four other similar Canadian sjjecies, which grow
in the same way, and have similar and variable modes of branching. In general
the mode of branching is not to l)e relied upon as diagnostic, as it is variable
A careful microscopic study of the forms of the spicules, and their arrangement
in the polyp bodies and tentacles affords the most reliable characters.

\

8 (i

Ciniiiiliini Antic KxpiiVitinh, IfllJ IDIS

Tlic iicaiot ri'latt'd form is, jicrliaiis. (!. cntiadiiisis, a new sptvies tU'scnheil
below, (see PI. 1. figs. 2-2 (I, PI. II, ti>j. r,) Tliis has more iininerous spicules
in the distal jjiirt of the polyjMwdy. which form, with the very spiculose liases
of the tentacles, a larger and stronger anthocodia, which is seldom retracted
into the cahc.les in the case of full grown i)oly])s. The jiroximal and usually
narrower i)art of the polyp-hody also has eight doulile rows of smaller spicules
in open chevrons, hut this part can lie much contracted and withdrawn into
the caliclcs, which are larger and more stellate than in (/. rubiformis.

a. stwicri, new name for (,'. iloniiis.-^mi Studer, not of ^^aren7,cllcr, op
cit. 1901, p n, pi iii, figs. 7, f); pi. x, fins. !-;{, 7, from off Newfoundland, in
155 meters, is closely related to this sjiecies. It is pale yellf>wish in colour.
It has the same forms of 1. ranching and aliiindinf cttiieiicliVnia, with retractile
polyps and distinct calciles. Its spicules appear to he more sliarjdv spinose
and occur transversely jdaced in the i)roximal part of the polvfts.

0. cnrnea (Ag. sp.) is a more southern species hut is sometimes found in
the same localities. It is a much softer and smoother sjx'cies with fewer and
smaller spicules in the stalk and 1. ranches, and when full grown is more l.ranciied
and taller, and in expansion it is more tr; rslucent isee Pi. I\', fig. J). Hut it
often contracts into a mere mass of roundish or clavate hraiiehes, closely crowded
together, when preserved in alcohol. Its colour, in life, is usuallv ))ule salmon
or flesh-colour, hut it may he pink or light red. Its spicules are white or nearly
so, and dilTer from those of (!. nihiforwix in size and form, nor do those of the
stalk and hranches form a firm cru.st (see Pi. IV, figs. 2-8j. These spicules
in (.'. rulrlfurniis are so numerous that it keeps its ftirm very well when dried.

Some varieties of (/. jrullcosn (.Sars), and I'speciallv the form clotata (Dan.
sp.), considered a distinct species hy Molander, I'JIS, have a close resemblance
to this species in modes of branching and general .appearance, but thev have
less ca'nenchyma between the calicles and more spicules in the anthocodial
region and proximal part of the polyps,

derseniia itvaformis (May, sp.) was united to (.'. nihlfunnis bv .lungersen
and by Hroch, but kept as a separate si)ecies by -Molander (1915). It is a
nearly allied form, if not the young stage of the latter. Its polvps, judging
by the figures, are considerably larger and the spicules more numerous and
somewhat difTerent in forms. I have not seen any American specimens that
seem to agree with it. Molander reconled it from off Newfoundland, in 00
meters. Another species which might be confounded with this was recorded
by me in IStio, from the Okhotsk Stni; but w.ts not then named nor descrilied
owing to the immaturity . I the single specimen. Nevertheless Dr. J. l",. C.rav,
in Ann. and May. N. Hist., Feb., 1809, gave it a name, Lubulnria cn-iUii. Tliat
name has no more status than a manuscript name.

The specimen, long in alcohol, was still bright red, and the calicles were
glomerate and verruciform, and much larger ti.aii in (;. nihijormis. and more
spiculo.se. The original specimen was ]>rnbably burned in the great Chicago
fire, which destroyed all the Chicago Museum s|)eciniens.

It may very likely belong to CrcrKcniia, and in that case it most resembled
(/'. niiformis. Its spicules were red, but were not carefully, .studied. Its stalk
was very short and not branched, and it was doubtless the vouiig stage of a
larger .s|)ecies. The jiolyps were more or less retraitile, usuallv leaving the
anthoctnlia exposed.

It is remarkable that Danielssen did not recognize this species among the
numerous related forms descriljed by him. Some of his figures, however,
closely resemble varieties of this species, particularly (Itrsenna ilamta and
capitata, and .should be compared wilh this.

Ehrenberg quoted Pallas as the author for this species. I do not know
in what work Pallas described it.

T

Alcijiintiriii

n.

(i *)

Revision of additional Canadian Alcyonaria, with

descriptions of two new genera and some new

species.

!?>■ A. I-. \ KKUll.I..

'i'lic late Dr. ,). I". Whiti'iivcs, in lii- ('Mlalui;uc of tlic MMrinc liiviitcljrMta
of I^MstfTii Caiiaila' nav.' a pri'tty ('(iiii|>l(tc list dI' the Alcvdiiaria rrcdnloil up
to that dati' Ky me ami others.

Most of lliosc species weif i^uouii only from the < Irani! H;,nki=, and tlie
(leeji-water fislilnj; firounds otT Nova Scotia, many havinjt lieen broufjlit up
on the lonji trawl-lines used hy the cod aial lialihut tisherinen or dredded liy
the r.S. I'ish Coniiiussion Steamer "Allialross" in the dee]) u;iters on or near
the Hanks. Some of them weri' of irreat si/e and m.any were species and genera
then new to science.

A tew additions to the li,-t h;.se lieeu made since tiiat time. Se\iral
however, need revisi<in as to their (niaiic idhnitics ;,i:d nomenclature .\ few
sjiecies have been di.-covereil on the North Pacific coast that have not hitherto
been recorde<l as helonniiiK to the Canadiiin I';. una.

Ill the followinjr rejiort 1 ii.'ive end avoureit to sn|ipl\ some of lliis additional
information, together with some illustralioi;s of .--pecio that iiave not yet lie(>n
tigured at all, or only impeifectlv illustrated.

In the Alcyonaria jjrouj) the forms, sizes, and arrangement of the micro"
scoi)ic .'^pi^ulo^^ an> matters of much importance for the deternunation of the
pcnera and si)ecies. or even, in many cases, to determine the families to which
they helonfi. In other words, the ••architecture" of the poly)) bodies and calichs
is of {Treat importance in the study of the frrouj:. The modes of liranchin^r and
forms of the coloni".s are (lenendly variable, and therefore of itmch less import-
ance, though frequently characti'rislic.

T)aniolsseii= has fiiven excellent and elaborate illustrations of the forms
of the colonies, jKilyps. and spicules of v.arious speci(>s an<l varieties of Alcyoiiacea
that ;ire found also off the coasts of the .\merican confii:e!it in dee|) water.

Sui)onler I'k.wati lai k.v VerriU, bsti.").

Family PE\NATl-I,ID.^; \ , rrill , ISC).").

Ptilella borealis (M. Sars) Cray. Creat Sea-I'.n.

Pcnnaliilfi grnudis Khrknberg, Condi. Koth. Meeres, p. Gtl, bS:5 1 fitot of Pallas,

iTtjtj, p. :5t>t)).

Poinatnia (iraiidii- KoLi.iKK.it, \dy. Challenger, I. part 2, p. 4. ISSl (nov Pallas).
Ptih'lla bonalis(\RAY,C:\t. Sea-Pens, p. 21, 1870: Vkrrill. Amer. Jour. Sci.,

Vol. XVII, p. 241, 1879.
Fennatula borealis Sars, Fauna Lit. Norvog., Vol. I, p. 17, pi. 2, figs. 1-4,

1856. KoLLiKF.R, Pennatuliden, 1, p. Uitj. Richiardi, Monog. Pennat. p. 31,

pi. 2, ligs. 15-17. Vkrrill, Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. XVI. p. 375, 1878: op. cit.

Vol. XXIV, p. 364, 1882. Bull. AIus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI. Xo. 1, p. 3.

1883: Ann. Hep. U.S. Fish, ('onim.. 1883. pp. 509. 532. pi. IV. figs. 8. .s.t,
1885 fsuh-genus Ptilella). = - -

• CpdlfiEiral Sur\ey of Canada. 1901. X... 7;;2.

• N. N'or<lliav»-Kjipp(l. Alcyonidii. 1SK7.

\

lU >i

( tUKliliilii Ardii' 1^.1/11 ililiiiii. IDI.i l!)}S

PiiiiKiliiIti {Ptiltild) bomiliH Vkkkill. Aiiut. .lour., Sci. Vol. Will |>. ;{l(l, |SS2;

J. !•'. Whitkavks, (■iital. Invcrtcli. K:i.-t. (aiiailii, p. ;}.'). 1!M)1.
PlUMn (jriiiidtH KoHEN aiul I).\n., Kamia l-itt, Norvi'K., 1>I>. ^*--'S<J. pi- XI, fiu-.

1-7, 1877.

This s])(H'i('s is very coinmon in (l('<^|)-water on and hctwcfn tl:" tishinji
lianks off Nova Scotia ami Ncwfiinnillanil. It ranm's iictwfcn l.'O ami
1,2.'>.') fatlioiiH. Il urowH to a larne size. Koren and Daniclsscii ri'cordfd
one 7S() m:n. liiuli- Soim; of our .siji-finicn- an^ over 2.") inclu's hiuli and ."> inclic-
broad. From llir lishin); hanks 'X\ lots were received up to ISSl. includintr
120 .specimens. Its ranjje extends to ilie region south of Nantucket.

Some recent writers have eliileavoured to ai)ply tlu; name tinimliti to thi-
species, apparently overlooking the fact that I'allas had lontj Ix't'ore used that
name for a verv ditTerent Polynesian species, figured by Ilumphius ' .Mus. Melg.
p. t;5) as Sdijittd marina nigra.

Pallas gave a good description for that early date. He descrii'ed the stalk
as smooth and terete and the colour as grayish green, etc.

It is evident therefore that the very appropriate iiam<' i/ck/hZ/.v cannot l)e
used for this speci"s.

Kolliker ascertained that i\w (jrandix of Ehrenberg is the same as Ixiridlis,
but that fact does not warrant the use of (jrandi.^ {or this sjjecies.

This species differs .so much from all other si)ecies of the genus that it has
been made a distinct genus by J. E. (!ray, Koren and Danielssen, and som;'
others under the name Ftilella. The most obvious if not the most im])ortant
character by which the genus PlileUn may be distinguished is tht^ existence of
a strong bulbous muscular enlargement near the top of the stalk. The arrange-
ment of the siphonozooids is also characteristic. Koren and Uanielssen (op.
cit.) have given a pretty full account of its internal structure; but some of the
peculiarities mentioned in resjx'ct to the curvature of the axis, etc., are due to
the ftrong contraction of the specimens preserved in alcohol.

It varies considerably in colour buc is usually some shade of orange-red
or purplish red on the edges of the ])inna3 and bulbous ))art of the stalk, while
the lower part of the stalk and proximal ])art of -he pinn;e or wings may be
yellowish or orange The spicules of the wings are red. 'V\w tentacles are
without spicules. The siphonozooids are usually red, very numerous, and some
of those at and between the bases of the pinna; are usually large — generally
there are two larger ones.

Ptilosarcus gurneyi Gray. Stout Sea-Pen.

Sarc'ipiilns (I'tildyarcng) (jiini<i/i (Ut.w, .\nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., \o\. V, p. 2.'5,

pi. iii. fig. 2, ISGO.
Plilo-surcHS yurneyi Vkkkill, Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, Mass., \'ol. I\ .. p. 1S3.

ISO."); Trans. Conn. Acad.. \'ol. I, par* 2. p. '.iS'2, 18(i8. Kollikkk, Anat •

Sxst. d. Alcyou. Pennat., p. 1 4(i, PI. IN, fi... 7il, lSt>!».

Plate Nil; Figs. 1, 2.

This is a large stout and conspicuous "Sea-Pen." often a foot or more long
in life, li\ing in shallow water, as far north as Prince William sound. Alaska.
The naked stalk in life is large swollen and bulljous; when much contracted in
alcoholii' specimens it is nearly half the whole length. The i)inna> or "wings"
are nearly semi-circular, hro.idly roiiufled. with :i liro.'id base, the po.-terior
edge extending as a rounded lobe beyond the basal attachment ; their sides are
smooth: the edge is thickened and bears four rows of polyj)s; each calide is
armed with two siiiniform s])icules.

.1 Ici/iinili Id

i, \l

'I'lif fi|»li(»iiozo'iii|.> arc suiall. iiapilliluiiii, ami loriii t\Mi btnacl |ip\\> alulig
the liack of the railiis. KiHikcr jjivcs tlif iciiuth nf one >pi'iiii(ii as '2S:i imu.
and the Krcadtli J."> to .")() iiiiu.

Oiu' i'\ami)lf stiidicil l.y me had .')2 |iiiiiia' mi cacli >idc; total Inintli 2.")0
mm., lircadtli ")0 mm., licinht of pinna- .'0 mm., hreadtli o> mm., liiintli of
stalk I IH mm., diamcti'i' llXi mm.

The ty|>c \va- from Mont<rt.'\, ('al. (<!ray^ ^losl spccimcn.s that I have
seen came from I'ujjct Sound and adjaciMit waters. it has Keen taken olT
Capo Flattery on (ishinu; taekie. .V sinule speeinii'n, lackinc the st.alk, wni
sent to me with the oth<T ('anadrni specimens. 'I'his was frotii olT rdnelet,
west ( i-t of \"ancoiiver island, in '.i fathoms, coHei'ted l>v W. Sprcadlioroiiuh
in !!»()!•.

'rofessor W. H. <'oc, on the Ilariiman Jixpedition, took a lar;;e and line
specimen, a little lielow a very low tide al Orca, J'rincc William sound, .\la>ka.
It w;is .stiiiidinjj Minidlit in soft lilack mini. He statcil that it w,a> "norneowsly
coloured," the st.-dk lieinn ^ri^lit orange, and the i)oly])itcrons portion was
bright red. The colour soon fades in alcohol.

This spe( , len has H winjis on each >idc counlinu the veiy >mall oiks
at the i)roximal jiortion. where the hrst is only at)oiit ."> mm. broad, and the
second about 10 mm. .al'o.it a dozen !)eint!: sm.ill and uradiiallv increa>ini:.
(See PI. Xll).

I'rofe.s.sor ('oe .states that it was ver> much lonjjer and wider in life than
when p.reserved, especitilly the bullions .-talk. At present the stalk has a thick
bulbous part distally. but tajxTs to the lower ■nd.

In alcohol its lennth is 210 mm., breadth (id mm., leiinth of .-talk St.S mm.
di.ameter at distal bulb \H mm., of middle of stalk;}.") mm., breadth of l.iijier
winns to mm. and height of the .same 22 mm.

In this s])ecimen some of tin lartier winjjs have ;i small secondary wiiijj!
(jrowinn out of the upper side and ri>ini; to the same lieiuhl as the parent winn.

Wiien living the s'alk was ])erliap.- twice as long and much thicker, and
I'rofessor ( 'oc states tli.ii in lift; the wings are notably sepanited, but in alcohol
they lie in close contact. This specimen greatly extends its geographical range.
No doubt it occurs all along the; coast of liritish ("oliimbia.

Family VIRGll-.VRID.E Verrill, ISU'.i.
Stylatiila columbiana \ errill. New Sp( cits.
Plate III; Figs. 1 4a.

This species belongs to that section of the genus having short supporting
spicules, shorter than the polyp bodies. The only spe('iineu is i-'complete,
the naked basal |)art of the stem being absent. The portion remaining is I Ki
mm. long, and .j to (i mm. thick in the middle.

The wings are relatively '.irge and crowded, about four occur in the distance
of 10 mm., where best dcv';i,i cd. or nine t<! the inch. 'I'hey ale about .') to fi
mm. wide and 2-5 mm. higli, and nearly surrouiwl the stalk, broadly over-
lai>ping from oppo.sidc sides. F.ach of the larger ones has about 20 to 2 1 polyps,
arranged in a cn)wded row. M the beginning ot the jiol;. iiiferoiis portion the
wings are small and crowded, about 10 to lO mm.

The ])oly)).s are relatively large, swollen distally, free for more than half
their length when fully (l('Velo])ed, and grouped in cluster.-; of two to >ix.

The sujiporting sjijcules are sj-urt, f.inning -i f-\!i-s!iai»'d groiij\ n<-.t reaching
a third of the width of the v.ings; none are trulv sidniform, the lafger ones are
.scarcely more than 1 mm. lo.'ig, and 0-00 to O-Oti.j mm. thick, while many are
not more th;ui I'.alf as long, and they are linear, som<;what irregular in o'ltline

\

12 o

('itiiiidiitn .\itlic H.rii'ili,lit)ii, tUl.i-IHlH

with till' iiiils iiiiiri' or los nciilc (sii> PI. Ill, tigs, la, 11). Ic), and oiii- tip
SKiiHtiiiio finis ill t\\(i or tliicc puiiils as if split. In transverse section tlicv
arc niiiif or less triipiitral. Tlicy arc usually so nrranjjcd as to forrii about
cijilit to ti'ii lunger ])oiiiic(l (iroups, with one or two of the longer oiicjj in the
niiiidlc. pivinu a seiiii-stcllate effect.

.\iiother uroup of s])icules, aliout eiKht to ten in niinilier, runs down from
the fan-shaped ^troup alonn the stalk lietweeil the pinna'. Tlu'se are nhoiit
as* larjje as the larger of the supi)ortin(i spicnif/i. 'I'ho spicules appear white
by reflected light, hu' by transinittKl lijiht they seem to lontain an internal
dark jnnnirnt. I'lie axis is slender and rather rigid.

The pinna> of the tentacles are seldom well-preserved, and the tentacles
themselves are mostly incurv{'d and partly contracted. \\ hen lest jireserved
the tentMiilar iiiniwe are short and doselv crowded.

Man of ihe polyps contain a small niimlier of sm;ill ejius, both mature
and i)artly urov.n. No embryos were seen (see (ig. Ic). The distal end of
this specinu'ii is not (piite jierfect. The pinna', best-preserved neiir the end
have about ten polyj;?, r.itlier smaller than those of the middle ilig. lb), but
are otherwise -imihir.

The type w;is collected at Icluelet, west co;ist of Vancouver i.sland,
June, l<»(l(t,"in 13 fathoms (C, II. Voiinc).

The only additional species of shallow water I'eniiatulacea. from the I'iK-ihc
coast of ( aiiada. known to me. is the followinn specie>. remarkable for its ure.it
size certainly the huigest yet discovered- .ind for the number ;ind variety of
names it has received.

r.nnilv PAVONARID/E Dan-a iKmended)
Verrillia blakei Stearn^.

FnviiHitrid liliihci .Sik.\un>, Uoukut •'., Sim Francisco Miiiinu and Scieiititii'

Press, .Aug, 9. 1H7:}, (first de.-crii)tion of soft parts).
Verritlid (subgenus ( hlakri Stk.\r\s, Proc. f'alif. Acad. Sci. \\\<i. 18, 1878, pi

1\, tigs, l-li; o]). (it. Mar. 1(1, 1S74; .\iner. ,Jour. Sci. vol. VII, p. (iS, 1,S71

(reprint i.
Os((,,cillii fi/tlnitriiimiU^! Gray, Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist. IX, p. 1(H», 1S72;

Xaliire, Xov. 0, ISTIi, axis only.
HdllpUris hldti! Stkauns, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus., vol. VI, p. !»•), lS8:i.
Vfrrilliii hliiLd or Ilalipt) ri.-i hl<il:ti Stkahxs, Amer. Xat., Jan., 1S82
Virrilliii hliiki i \Viiitp:avks. < 'anadian Xat. vol. VIII, p. 4t).5, 1878; Stkakns,

('ontriii. to Xat. Hi»t. of < ncleiiterata, Washington, 1SS:{, Historical Sketch

and Uepriiit of articles (privately printed).
fBuhicivn hliiLd Xitting, Proc. I'.S. Xat. Mus, vol. XXXV, p. 7U6, liMML
fPaiimnrln doflriiii Morokf, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Svst. Geog. and Biol. Thicre,

Vol. XVl'l, p. 3!t3, VMi-2.
fPavu7iari(i irillemocsi CKOll.) KuKKNTUAii Zool. Jahrb., p. 22G, 1(113.

This sjiecjes prows to a great size, sometimes becoming eitiht feet in length,
with over 7.(100 polyjjs. ^\'hen living with ])olyps exi)aiided, it is over an
inch in diameter. Ordiiiar\- si)ecimens are three lo five feet long.

Dr. J. 1'. Wliiicaves lop. cit.) recorded a specimen in ah'ohol that was
seven feet eight inches long, with the ba;reti stalk two feet long. This had by
actual count, in one series of rows, 3.802 polyps, in 3()9 oblifjue rows, or aliout
7,t300 polyps in the two scries.

.\Ir. Stearns recorded one that w.'is five feet six inches long, with the jiolypi-
ferous ]i,art four feet long; this had 21.') obli(iue rows on each side; the number
of polyjis in each fidl row was from 8 to 11; !;oine iia\e fourteen. The sterile

Alt'ijiniiinn

l:i

stalk WiiM I7i iiiclifs. \h: ({avc tin- mi'iajji' Icii^rth of ;{i' -pciiincii.- as ."> fi'it
♦)J inchts.

I'siially ill wrll prcsi'ivcd .-iicrnnciir., tlir iilili((iii' ri)W> :iic iIum'Iv ciowilcii
IdKctlicr (ir ill coiitiict, iiiit tlii> is due to stniiin coiilractioii. In lilV llicv arr
more (ir It's.s st'iiaratc ami iiiorf itccI. TIh'V arc .iiraniitMl rli(\ riiii\vi»c, ami
tlio rows nearly intct in front. I'lic siplioiiozooids arr in two, lonu narrow
streaks (in the opposite side of tlie raeliis, nr^uped into open clusters, opjiosite
the lia.se f>f each row of polyps, (»thrrs occur more or le,-<s in latiTiil lines on
the front side.

The polyjis iqipear to arise directly from the rachi.s, witiiout licin^ united
even into rildimeiitai\ "wiiitcs," and their summits, in the specimens I liaM-
seen, seem to he simple, or lull faintly l>ilolied, not acutely liiioliecj nor aimed
with pidjei'tiii): spicules, as in true Hiiltitiiin. ."spicules appeal to lie lackmu
or \ery few. Niiltint; states th-it the ealicles have two feelile teeth in lho.se
he examined, and that the ealicles are united at thiir liases hy "riidiiiuiitary
liund-like pinntp''. This was iio< apparent in the examples that 1 h,iv{! s-'eii.
He found no spicules in the ealicles, or tentacles. This, if correct, would m.ike
this a Kt'tms distinct from Hulticitm and I'lironmia.

The racliis on the liai^k or siphono/.oidal side is swollen .'ind strontily convex,
when well preserved.

This notalile siu-cies was pretty fully descrihed and finured l>y Mr. Stearns
II VuRUst, IfiT.'J, (oj). cit.) when the soft jiarts tirst became known. The liare
aMs had lieen noticecl, lioth in .\nierica and liiuilaiiil, hefore that time, and
various o])inions had been exjires.sed as to its nature,

I)r, I'liillii) Slaior had exhibited specimens at th(- meetiiifi of the Hritish
.\ssociation, in 1S72, and he supixised that they were tli(' axial sujipyrts of
some unknown fish. Dr. J. Iv dray, of the British .Museum, in 1S72 referred
it to his previously proposed (ie;iusO,s/(or(//«, b.'ised on an .\ustr;itian naked axis,
(l)erliaiis of ;i I'iiniiitiilii or I'kroiihs), but he was in doubt whether it beloiified
to a fish or to a IVmiatuliil, P was also discussed by Dr. James lilake ( I'roc,
t'al, .Vcad, Sei.,.Iiily 17, 187 1, i; by .Moseley > Nature, vi, Sept,, 1872); by Wliite-
aves (Nat, Hist, Siic, Montreal, 1872); W. H. Dull (Amer. Nat. vol. Vl'l, !>. ISS,
1873); Verrill (Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. VH, i^. 70, note, 187:?); Mr, Stearns in
I'ebruary, 187li (I'roc. Cal. Acad.) referred the bare axis provisionally to the
rmbellulariihe. Dr. Hlake thought it more likely belon^ted to the s|)on)j;es.
Prof. Kiilliker referred the axis to the I'ennatulacea, as did \'errill, in 1871.

The I. nine O.ilfoaUa scptentrtotinlis. piveii by (iray in 1S72, to the ba.e
axis, with only a few words of description, should lie regarded as having no
staiiding, for the remarks made about it would not distinguish it from the .axis
of various other genera and species of I'cnn.itulace.i, Clearly it could not be
congeneric with his type of OxhoaUn, whatever that may be. Kveii up to this
time, its exact generic position is more or less doubtful, I'eisonally 1 have
never had an opportunity to microsco|)ically study a well-preserved specimen,
anil cannot say with certainty whether WrrilUn is or is not a valid genus. Mr.
Stearns did not give the microscopic structure, nor state whether it had spicules
or not. Professor Nutting thinks it is idetitical with BdUicinn fintnar-
chiai of the North .\thintic.' This 1 do not believe for the numerous specimens
of the latter that I have studied all had two prominent calicinal teeth tilled
with spicules and also spicules in the tentacles. The ealicles were united into
obvious wings not present in this species.

.Vll the earlier specimens came from Burrard inlet, on which the city of
Vancouver is situated, and Dr. W. H. Dall has recorded specimens from the
Shumagin islands, where, he says, it is troublesome to the cod fishermen by
entangling their lines. No doubt it occurs all along the coast of liritish ( "olumbia

' Nutting has described a form from off Japan, in 66 to 428 fathoms, tliat he tliink." is identical with
this and witli Haliiciva finmarchicn. It appears to have no spicules in the iwlyps or stalk. (Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol. 43, p. 38 1912). It certainly is not B. finmarchh and probably not V. blakei.

\

Il<^

i'liKiiiliiiii .\iiiir H.riii ililiiiii , l!>l.i HHS

ill >llil!ll>lc pl'ircv. Suliic iif Xlltliiin'H opcriliii'll^t wliirli hr iili'lltitii'il WltluilhlTR

from Hritish ('nliiinliiM, imiik- Iroiii off I'.'ti'ifir (iiovc, Ciil. I'lininiiiiii irillemuen
Kollikcr \v;is from .liipiin.

'I'lir fiirliff >prcirin'iis were ticiompaiiiril l>y !>latiiii)'iitH tliat it wiis in thp
Imliit of "•iwimminti"' or "iliirtiiiK" iiftivfly silioiit with "otlicr fiMlic--." It
mii\ lir liclicvcil thill it onhiiiirily staiids cri'ct in thr mini \\kv all the rt-latcil
spcrii-N. Ill that position it ina\' lia\'i' liccii cavils' ("iiinht Upon (i>h line-.

Slllionlcr ( ■inui;u\A( K\ X'lTlill, !>••»').

laiiiily PRIMNOID.E M K.lw.. IK.-.7; Cray, IS.Vt.

Primnoii rvHeda iPalla-) Vrrrill.

(iiirgiiinii risuln funnn (ll NNKids, 'rroiitllijcinski Sclsk. SkllV., 2, p. ',i'2\, pl.
IX, I7ti.{.

(iiiiijiti.iii iisitlii I'm.i.as, lilcnrhiis /ooph., p. 2((4, ITlMi.

(Iitrijiiiiiii h imilifini I.inn^;. Syst. Xat. I'M. \II. iiait 2. p. l2N!t, 17t>7; Im.ij> ami
Soi.ANUKK. I7sti, p. H4. III. i:i. fins. I, 2.

I'riiiiiKMi h /Miilifi III I.AMuiuoi-x. Hist. I'olyp .ticx.. ISKi, |). 112, ainl of many later
writirs.

I'liiiiiiiHi itsiilii N'kukii.i., Hiillit. .Mu.«. ( omi). Zool. vol. I, p. .57. l.Mil; licvi-ion
Polyps I'.S. Coast, p. ",t, IStU: I'roc, Morton ."<oc. Xat. Hi-t. X, \i. :{.V),
ISCiii; Ann. |{fi>. Coinm. of [•"ish am! Fishcriis, |». .'>:{:{, l.ss.'i. ,1. AitriiiH
'riin.MSDN, I'roc. Woval I'hvs. ."^oc., IMinlnirnh, vol. 17, )>p. •J.">-72. pl:*.
1, 2, J!>07.

I'rIiiiiiiHi i-i.stila'fiinnis liKurii, KonjjI. \'til. Sclsk. Skr., I'.tl2, Xo. 2, p, ;{2.

Ki KKNTIIAI,, Zool. .\I1Z. Vol. tli, Xo. .">, p. 1 Iti, l!tl."). .J 1 .\i;KUsK\, iiir«cn.-i

.Mns. .\arliok. l!tl.'i-l(> (2i, i>, 2<» ' ilistril.iition ).

I'iatc' IV; Kins. i-t;. I'lat.' IX; Kin. I.

.V \vcll-(iro\vn much liraiichcd ■, cimcii of thi- sjiccics was taken many
year* a^o off tlic iKirthtrn coast of Uritisli Columliia (I'l. 1\'). I have -ecu a
(jooil jihotonraph of the entire specimen, ami have examined some of the well-
pre»ervcd l>ramhes, 1 have he. i, iinalile to find any characters distinnui^hintj
it from the vvell-kno'vii North Atlanti<- form, ''"he latter is found on the Ameri-
can coast of lar^e size, often two or three feet 1 inh, witii a stout trunk, hard and
calcified at the lia><e. It is common on the (isiiinij h;inks olT Xewfoundland and
XovM Scotia, ,'111(1 raic on the fishinir hanks otT the coast of Maine. It occurs
in ."lO to l.")(l fathoms, usually on roiich rocky liottoms, nearly always altached
to rocks of coiisideralile size, .so that it i.- often diilicult to lirint; it ii]) entire,
or to di.'tach it from the rocks when well crown, for its axis is very hard and
stroii(i. and its * is hro.'idly attached. I'or these rea.sons it is seldom taken

liy dredtiiiifi, t' 1 .sdiiietinies it has heen taken liy ilsinn the "taiitjles"

oil the ' .Mli exiieditions. All the larper entire specimens have lieen

hroufiht ui> i;;led on the dee])-water trawl-lines of the ti^hermen on the

•lianks."

It w;is i.iuen hy the '.Mliatr n ]^S;5, on Hiown's hank, -oiith of Xo\a

Scoti.M, in Kioto llil fathoms. '. not known to occur south of the meuth
of tiie hay of I'uinly ami (lult ol .Maine.

It is r,ither widely distrilnited on the northern co;,~ts of lairoiie, from
Scotland to Norway, to Ici'lai;(l and toAVt.st CrienlaiKl, etr-., and is ti.erefore
prohaiily circuni))olar.

*?•

Mriiiimii HI li 1,'>

A "itnilar luriii iiciiir> in iIm' S;ii£;iiiii «i;i, .|i-rril"'i| n- /'. jniiiiiiicn liv Kiims-
liitii.

\\ hill Mfii living, or In-li iioiii ihc xn. it is l.^ht ri'* t ildiridf sulnu.n-
pilik in ciilfnir, l>iit tlic ciilinir mmui fmlcs wlnU i\|>,i«(il the lijjiif, niiil in
"li'Niim Ml' ill iili'nliiil, «(( tliiit iiiii-runi ^|i('i'iin<'ii> ;iir itlw.iN^ wliilf nr in'iirl\ -u.
Till' spii'lllf-i iirr wllitc. ril(p|ii«iili \i\\<> lup, (it. I'.MI", pi. L') :i mioil <'((luiirril
liKliri' of a lir.'linti ilr:i\vii -imhi :iltir it- raptiili' Irnm tlir I'arur cliMlilicl. Ml'
:iN(> ii^TcrfMiiifil tliMt it i- \ i\ iparuii-, ttif plaiinlii' dcvclnpiim uithiii ilif pulvp-
Ixjilic-i.

I'lif lumif /'. II SI lift fiiiiiiii ' < liiiiitcnis I as r|ii<iti'il !iv I 'a lias, in his "llrrata"
("op. rit.) has priority over the iiainr iisiiln, nivni liy I'allas. In lasf the work
of (luiincnis IS to lif consiilcrc'l sliictly Ipiiioniiil, hi> nainc should lie adoptcil,
as ha- liri'ii (lone l>y somi' ifcrnl uiiliTs. who liowi'xcr spell it ri ni'liifiinm.i.

A inliiiK to I'allas it wi« printed liy ( iiinncnis as two wor. 'ii.ynlir fnnnn,"

indic'itiiii; that it wis only a dc-ciiptivc oolyiioniial iiaiiii'. -iiiiilar to those
uivcii to 1? hy still cirlirr polynomial wrilrrs. I have not had tlii' work of
< iiinncnis. rid tlnTi'loii- ii .• tli" riaiii • now in ircticral use.

(luliittorftia compri'ssu Nirrill

I'niiiiiiiii cmiifni Kxil \'kUKII.I., I'roc. Msm-x lii«t..\ol. I\'.p. IS'.l, iMi.'i; '{'rails. I dim,,
.\cad. Sr'i., vol. I, )iart 2, p. ».">(, |S(i!»,

This ■.peril's was oiitiinally dexrilied from a larne speriinin denuded of
'■aliele-. It forms a larue, iiiiieh-liraiiilied, flattened coralhim. The hraii-iiinn
i- alternate at aeiite angles. 'I'he axi> of the Kraiiehes and Kranehjets are eom-
pre«sed, and tajter to -lender ' .,»■ Ihe roral is hard and ealeanoiis.

The tyjie de-i'iilied wa- taken olT Ala-ka. oil fi-her'lien's lines.

ramily MlRh:EID.E (iray, 1S.V.».

I'he lollowinit lai):e -pciie-, nliiiji ha- hitherto lieeii retVned \ii /'nriiiiiiiiiiin,
(litfer- -o mileh fnmi the typieal -peeie- of that tjenil- thai it -I "illd lie mad"
the type of a distiiiet jieiius.

l.epidomuricea \ errill. New (iemis.

< 'oral laiire, iniii-li Inane

the lilaliihes cxtendiliu liio

re III' le-s ill i,||(>

plane.

The ealieles are -diaewliat proniiiieiil . exlindrie or truiicale-eoiiical. I lie
liiuruiin armed l>v one or more i<iu- of -harp poiiit''d spine- aii-iii); from lia-e-
that .'lie flat, lotied. oi iiieijiilai 1\' liiaiiehed or foliate(l; tlic-e are imliiicated
with -ulimaiuinals thai have -iiiiilai' li:i-e- and le-s acute ti|-.s. The cirneii-
ehyiiia is haiil. lather 'link. \fiy s|iiciilo-e hut not -pinosc, aial covered exter-
nally, 111 life or in alcohol, with a sofi skin that conceals the spicules more or
I' s completely. The jiolyps. in the tvpe. can retract into the calices, exposiliji

the anthocociia, which is of moderate size. 'l'\ percillar spines of the tentacles

!iie arraniied in elievroiis, and the wreath of curved spicules is well ileveloped.

The siiiiailes of the ciiaiencliyma .are various in size and form. The most
eliaraeteiistic are rather laiiii'. iiat. often -cale-like. inej;ulaily oMon;;. siih-
'•inailar. or an)iul;ir. and often, some are lohed or lir.inched iPl.Xllt. iii:". 1 a-f).
Some of these are ()(j;i li\- it'Xi mm.. ()•■')() by 0-2J nun.. OtiT liy ()•;{;{ mm.
in dimensions. With these aic some narrower, irre(ru!ar forms dins. );-k i of
various shapes. Some of the spiiie-tippe<l siiiciiles of the c.alicles .are 1 (IX liy
(I.").") nun., O-Sli liy {)'2'> mm. and il77 liy (too mm. ifins. 2 f-ii. There are
also, imliricnted towards the l.ase. iiiiiny tliin tint sjiieiiles. mostly oMonji;, with
the edjics foliated or deeply lolcd ifiirs. 2 a-e i. The spii ules of the .inthoiodia
are slender spiiiilles; those of the coU.-if are curved ■tijis. '_', j. l-p'.

/

\

lUii

( iiiiiiiliiin .Im(i( Hx jMihtiiiii , I'll i /.''/"»'

I.epldutnuricfu i^runilSs \ t-riill.

I'liniiinii iaii iinvuli- \>:URILI,, Mull. Miis. Coiiip. Znul. \ ol, \I. p. U7, pi. Ill,

H^. ;»-:<!. '. lH.s:?.

rialf VIII, Ki.Ks. 1-2 i-piciilfsj. IMiitc X, IlK. I (KflK'liill.

I'lic i-ltiiriiiitil rliuia(lri>* iif tlii> "tpccici :iic *iitliciriitly iiiilicali'il in llin
m'lii'iic ilrsi'iipiioii. It Kicws Id II liiruc size, with stout trunk uiul lirmn'lifs,
lilai'k or il.'irk si^pii l>ro\vti, iim prcsiTvcd, l)Ut is rcpnitiMl iiv I he tiHln'mirn to
Ix' \\)!.\\\ oraiiui' or siiliiioii colour when liviim. It often r* hcIk-s a hriulit of
two IVct, ami one ami a half l)roai|, with tin' larni'r liraiirhi-s half an inrh thi«'k.
Most of ttio I'lru*'!' spcrinicriH cxaniincil have hern takiMi on llic ilccpcr ti<tiunK
jtrnunils arouinl ihc (irand Hanks, an<l otf Novi Scotia hy tlic (iloucc^tcr
iishcnncn anil prcscntt'd to the I'.S. Kish < 'oniniission. It was taken liy Iho
"AII>atross" at -Station HIT, l.at. :{|' .')"' N. in 'XXK fathoms, un<i at .•station
l'.');{, Lat. 10° :>:}' N. am' l.onii. f 21' \\ . in ".t.'iti fathoms. It was also taki-n
liy the "HIake", otT (iecujtos Hank, in .'■)2I fathoms.

.luiinersen (op. cit., I'.Uti, pp. 2!S, iU ) lias douhtfully relVrreij this species
to l'(ir.ni(iiric>ii iiUifumiis. It i» ver\ ililTerenI from tfuit sixjcies in its spicules as
well as in some other characters, and apparently urows to a much lainer size.
The larner spicules of / . plucuniiif are very irre(iul'ir anti rouuhly hranehecl
and lolieil. and those of the crcnenchyma are not scale-like. (Set PI. \' I, tins.
8, Ha, represent itiii spicules from a larjie Norwegian specimen).

l-amily BRI.\REID/K dray, IS.V.I.

Pitr-ai^oriiia pacifica \ Crrill. N( w species.

I'linni'iniia: species, WlUlK.w !•>, < aiiadian Natuiaii-t, vol. \ III, p, HWl, ls7S.
Plate VIII; Kius. :{-l 1. idetailsi.

Thi- -pri'ies Was descrihed liy me fur one of I )r. Whiteaves' repcjrts, aliout
187", IhiI th.' description seems not to have hi en j)ulili-h(>d. I have seen only
(he original specimen mentioned by I)i. Whiteaves in 1S7.S.

It is a more lielic-te and smoother species than /'. nrhoren of tiie North
Atlantic, at^il the spicules differ eoi^siderahly (see PI. \III, fi^s. ■l-4b). The
tyin; was a profusely lir.mched specimen. The internal structure as seen in
a cross section (tig. 3) is finer and more compact, and the longitudinal eanala
(a, a, d, d) are relatively smaller. Tb-^ central axial portion (e) is quite distinct,
beinjj harder, more compact, and liuhter in colour than the surroundinR middle
layer (d), its larger spicides are longer an<l larger, and mostly with fewer warts
(fig. 41)); some are forked. The outer layer or coenenchyma proper (c) cc n-
tains an abundance of sm;ill(>r spicules, mostly very irregular warted F'^mdles
of various sizes (see PI. VIII. fis. 4). The tvpe was from .Jervis inlr :, Hritish
Columbia, taken on tisliermen's line.-i in about 10 fathoms. (Mr. Hichardson's
Colleetion, 1875). Another was collected by Mr. Wm. Spreadborough, at
rduelet, Vancouver island, B.C., in !> fathers, June, 1909. (Col No. 51,
Cceient crates. Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa).

f

/

Alci/DiKiiiii ,j 17

Puragorftia arburva d-.i i;..|w :iii<l U
Toxt Fiumv I. I'h.tr XIII |'l:.i. Xl\ , 1 m. I.

7''"'*/""' ' " rvcur.lnl l.v l'inl,,,„r Ili,k>..i,.' in.in ilir K;i.|i;n i.| ,i,.|s

ami I'yot Ids In.mllK'. \. Mill J'^cidr. luurilirr «itli iln-fuim ..i v.iiiriv /'. «.../„.«i
Koioii :in<l Dan. Niiftnm' nT.,i.|.',| ihr |.-,ii.i willi .|niil,i. tn.m l.at.':., Hi)' X
ami l.i.ni:. I',., 1 |' K. m :{|t ,,, ;{;.' l.,i|„.iii^, an. I ;.Ku In.in ..IT tl... Hawaiian

islan.lH, in «!'.•( to I.T, I„iIm„i„. ,„ i-ion • Kin,,,),,!,, , i.|c.| hoih /'. „rb,>r.'i

ami /'. iiinliisd (ruin Sauimi lia\ '

\Uicllicr any ..I' llic alinv.' iirui.i- icl'.i in i|ic /'. i,„iiu,n \ am iinal.lr lu
say. llirir imiy !..• <i<>iil>i \\l„ili.i /'. ,,„r,f„,i „ n..i -a \i'm>-\\ ..f /'. ,i,h„r,.i.
lUif can lanily l.c (Ifi.ininn.l unijl niuir siM'cinii ns .cnn' u< \,mk\ < au'ltil
study ol llic ^<|.l(•n!l.s in tlii- m-..n|. is n.r,„;nv f..i t\w .Ltc min.nion .,t ,|„.,.|.-

w

■i

t'>^

^r'^^^^^-'-v.^:

V__QO#£'

••■<«. I. Paragorgia arbor.., (I.inn.) Swollc-n end of ;i br.indi. will, ,,l„y|.., -ind numornus aiplM.n./ooi.li
partly expaiidea. lioni .\li:iiitio lii.liini{ Hunks. \ •

,„ PoTagorgia rirboren I'l'cxt ti(r. H i> vitv r.minion on ilic il..,.|),.|- fisliinn j.anks
oil Aova iScotia and Xewfouiidliind, yUw,- ji (riovvs lo :: ir,,.;,! ^izo Some of
|li(> siMTinicns from there haw JM-.^n t to .'> f.-ei hiiili, with the main trunk 4
iiichi's m dianu'tor at the hiisc. .specimens two or throo tVri liiijli an- not un-
common. It hranchcs irrcnularly, often in triilv arborescent forms, hut in
other cases the hraii.-lies are irre^rular .and sometimes reunite in various ways,
lliey olteii have nodes or hunches, and verv olteu tlie lips ,,|' the l.r.inches are
swollen or hjbhed (?w fJR. I;. !i ha^ nuuicn.u. >ii.hun../..M,id^.

'Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. MS, ll)ir>.

'Proc. U.S. Nat. Mua. vol. 24. p. i,'<i.

'Nutting, op. cit. vol. 24, p. 508, 190s.

'Jour. Coll. Soi. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 3-2, p. 22. 1913.

9343—2

\

18..

(iniiuliini .\i-ttir Ivriiidilinii. IHl-1 IIUS

It is oficii iiitVslcil with M Miiall ;icliiii;m i >'////<//((// '/-v iiiiniliilfx V.) wliic-li
has 11 liasc tlial iMitiiclv smr.)iiii<ls a liraii<li, likf a lipilmv, an. I (iir.llcs it, sotm-
tiiiics .•aiisiiid it to Incak otV iraiiily, if not sitoiitaiicoiisly.' (Sec t.\t IiK. IH).

X.aily all llif nmniMoussptc-iniciis that 1 have sHi.hc.l wcic cautjht cnlai.ulcl
on I hi' l.'li'n trawl-lines set for lialihiit and coil, by the ( llouirsttTlisliiTincii on
the -Kaiiks," anil pn'scnti'.l to the I'.S. Fish Coniinission. They ari' now
mostly m the I'.S. National Miisi'iiin, .iml Valr liiivcfsity .Miiscum. Siirh
donations wcic rc.'civ.d floiu ahoiit thiity srhooncis. I.aini' spn inicns witi-
often s.aved with liie.it Iro'.il.le and at meat risk l.y the boat erews.-

Anthothela \i nill.

Anlhidhibi \ki{K1I.i., Tioe. I'.S. X.it. Mus., INTO. p. I'.MI.

Briiiriinii ijxirs) M. .Saks, Fauna l.itl. \orvei£ia-. ]). t>:5, pi. .\, tins. |l)-12.

I'olvps elonfiated in exjwnsion, arising from elevalei
Ihev .iri' iiartially relra.tile, leavinn the lartie aiitlioeoilia eNi.osei

(•alleles, into wliieti

^^^^^^^ ^ Seldom

(•'I'lVirei'v" rotra'et'iie. The eal'ieles aiTse either from an oxteniied rather tliin
spieuliise basal membrane or from slender irrefiular stems. In the .st(.ms there
i« a spi.ulope axis, well different iate.l. but not very firm. Spieiiles arc mostly
elonttited, stroiitilv warte.l, often iireuular spindles; those of the .axis are more
irreiiular, and with fewer and larner warts and knobs or lobes.

Anthothela ferandifiora M. Sa/s) \errill.

liridi-iHiii .iriiiiflijliini -M. Saks. op. eil., !>. M. pi. \. tifis. 111-12.

Authnthda „rnn,liilorn Vkkkm.i., o|.. .it.. ].. M''.>. IN7!': l^ulht -M'is. <'<'mp-

Zo.il Vol. Xi. Xo. 1, p. »(>. pi. IV, lisis. li. f.a, 1S.V): Ann. Kep. I ■>. I'lsli.

(. ,111111. lor iss;?, 11. .-.:{.->, 1H,S.-.. .1. F. WiiliKWKs, Cat.il. .Afar, invert.

v.. Canada, p. :{'.>, lltOl.

I'hit.' VF; Figs. 1 t. 'I'.xt Fi)i. 2.

This species when voiinu consists of a rather thin, spiculose, cnist-hk.' basal
niiinbraiie, upon wliicli tlie prominent erect calicles are irretiularly seatteied,
Uheii more developed it rises ill) into thin, irreniilar, and often interlaced or
adherent branches, which bear the rather pidiiiiiient calicli's irrcfiularly scat-
tered. In the blanched form it has a .listinct spiculose axis. In this torin
it inav be .">!) mm. to IH» mm. or more in liei«lit. Tlie polyps .seem capable ol
nearly complete retraction withii the calicles; the anthuco.lia are lell exp.ised
Till v'are covered with eiiiht laine moiips of many convergent spicules contained
111 the stalks of the tentacles and .arranned .hevroiiwise; below these there is
a collar or wreath coiilaininn nniiieroiis slender spicules placed obluiuely and
traiisverselv in manv rows. Those of ilie basal part of the aiitliocodia are
shorter ami arranped tr.ansverselv in about six rows; proxiiiialty they ar.' siiia ler.
Most of the calicles ar.' distinctlv S-rilib.Ml. especially distally, and S-lobed at

AiiH-r. .I.iur. Sri, n.-,., v.. I. 7, pp. 211, 217. Ii»j. 2:1. IS'.W.

\n- •.•.n-.nr:'-:- \ :,'...*l.!*. .liir-atinr.- r.v.uh- !^v i-.-ipl:!!!!..,-

,...1 .■r..«. ..f i.M.li ^.liiiiiiiir wiTc mil).

lislM.,nn ttI^\MH. Am!''vivi-.iiM..'«i...kiy in'is7>,an.l ls7!»;:u>;i «..n.sul,.,..|,„-M.ly r,.pnni.-,l in .lie Amiinil
H..n,rl .,( til,, l■i^l, .■..ni.n. for 1S7!1, p. 7M. M.-t ,.f .1... Invrt.-hlal,.- «.■,.■ ,.l.-iillli...l !■> ".■■. "■■-■pl
'ZL:n. ,.l..n.il,...l l.v l'n.( S. I. Snii.ti. Tjii.y ,n.l„.l,..l uv,-, 7IK. 1...-. an, ;■•■"••■-;:■' '-'"i,,"^',;,
t,.nera an,l s,«.,„.s in m-arly all <-la-,.- „f Jnv.Tti.l.rat,- a. «,.ll a- vani.u^ ^trar.K,. ll~lM■^. I nat li.-t sIh.uI.I

l,P mtlMllli',! f,ir I In- failim,.f ill" ti^liilin Halik.^

. I lillinillinl

r. hi

til'' Miinmit. I he ••oilcx ..I the .•ali.'lrs mi, I .■■rncnclivm.-i is lii„.|v liiaiiiiloiis
iiiKl'T n N'Ms, wImii (lii.d. Miicl tl.c siirlac.. is fill.'.l willi an al.uiidaii.r ..t v.Tv
Miial iiicKiiiar aii.l p«.ii-c(,iii sliapc.l spicules, with n.iiirlih wait..! and iiiusilv
spiiullr-sliapcil spicules heiiealli. fiiixed with some iiTcj:iilar chilis |-,h|s ■,imI
many small iirenulai forms ..I' vaii..iis sjiapes d'l. VI, (in. :{). 'I'lie l.,i,Ker spicules
"I llie leiilaele-l.ases and aiillidcMlia d'l. M.litr. 2i are s|,.nd,'r. a. iite uarle.l
-pinj les, ollen ciirve.l or iircKiilai lliose mor<' distal in llic tenla.'les ;ire partly
Mii.aller warted spindles, hut maii> .iri' ol.l.mtr w.arted rods and ineiriilai lorm-;.
1 he larger ones in the anthocodia are Irom I)-.", to Dtl.". iiini. lonn.

'I"he spicules of llie a.xis i I'l. VI, lit;. -|, are irnuular rods, lonj. n.arrow eliil.s
and spindles, witli lew lohes and tul.ercl<.s. mixed with nianv iricirular kimN
all clovely packi'.l tojrether lonyil udinally. The larger ones ;ire from ()• |(( to
(»■(■>.> iimi. Ioiik: some are retrul.ar spindles, lonjier than any ticiucd.

The (•(enenchyiiia spicule- .are from till) lo ll- I,", miii. Ion;;. .Manv .ire
acute spindles, loiitrer ,.,,id nioiv regular tli.an ,inv liyiired

The calicles uh.^n dricl keep their shapes prettv well. Tlie\ are t hen up
lo.{ (.mm. hiKhaiid al.oiit ;{ mm. in diamet<'r in the middle; heij;lil of .mtliocodia
■-'•.. to ;i mm.: diamet<.r 2 to 2-7 mm. 'I'lie Kasal part of the calicles is u.uallv

-.,iiiewh;il s\voll(.|l .and there is .,fteii ,a constriction I.elow th.. m.-ir-in Colour

III hie liiill or hirht \ellow, fadiiii; in ali'ohol.

It adli.'rcs to stones, diells. l.;irn;icles. etc., Iml moM fie.|iient Iv to the
.IMS ol dea<l (loini.nians, e-pecially of K, nitni.'<i.< on„ihi \. When -^e.-i'ted near
the end ol a lir.ancli it .,fien j;r..ws out from the end of the l.rokeii l.r.-mch. co'n-
liiMinm- I' I'V ,1 -piciilose axis of its ou a forminu:.

IL'. -J \i,lli..ll„l„ f/nilhl fl.'r.i \-,.|

-pffilnrri.

f:,,...,l;, l,r:,„.l,i„^ -.,..i,n,-,i ,„l,,,i:.>.|. ,. |,.-,o ,,l ,,„ .-n.-niMinL-

It was first di.seovered in .\iiieiican waters off Sahl.' isl.-ind Xova Scotia
„, ,!eep water hy <'ai.taiii \. M,!'!;,-,. a.d crew of ,|„ -. ho.me, Cnl Srinm'.
"1 (.loiK'ester, .Mass. ( It her specimeiis were sul>H-.|ueiitlv hroiiuht in liv several
tislliliK schooners. Irom the Hanks, off \ov;i ,<c.,iia and XewfoUMdlalid' It was
• ilso taken hy the .\ll,„lrn.-.-< in issl, .at St;ition KKW, in I?."..", lathom-

\

JUG <(i/iiiii'itii Aict'c l:.iii"iitiiii,. i:ii-i m:-:

Stilionler ALCYOXACEA Wnill, 180.".; cm.niiLMi.

iMiuih ALCYONID.-E V.nill, !SG.J.

Alcyonium siderium. New -pccii^.

Akijonium dUjitntvvt i?i Nirkim., I'nif. U.S. N.u. Miip., \\A. 2. p. VMK 1879
((ioscriptioii I.

Text Via. ■.\.

Tliis species lias iiever lieeii taken in ciur waters liiil once, so far as I know.
The (wo ofi;iiiial sjieciniens were iiiiieli aliki'. It lias not yi't l>een titruied, and
therefore 1 have illustrated it here ii\ti. :h. It seemed to he distiiiet from the
cointnon iMiropean siieeies, A. dUpUihini. to which it is nearl>- allied. It urows
in'the form of iiattened lulus or fronds, covered to the hase with spaced slijihtly
raised ealides, and with a finely firainilose C(eiienchymii Net ween the calieles,
which is fille<l with small white "simple warted spicules, mostly acute spindles.

Off ('a|)e Corl, on the Kishing Hank, in 80 fathoms. It was found where the
the bottom is rocky, aif! prohat.ly it occurs on all the more northern fishing
hanks off Nova Scot i;i on rounh rocky hottoms, where it is hard to use suitaMe
apparatus for collectinu- adherent species.

The type is in the I'.S. \ Munal Museum.

Fig. 3. .'Ifcj/oncim M,/cr.i.m V.T. sp. iiov. 'lypi-. l)i;iwn wliil.- livin:;. \ \\

hiinily NEPiriHYlD.E V.rrill. tSti.'..

S, lihlhilitlii \f.1(1U!.i , I'roc. Kssex Inst., \'ol. \l. p. Iti. istJU.

Ciersemia canadensis \ i rrill. New -i ede-^.

riaie 1: Fiits. •_' -'d. Plate II; l"i.L'. •"> a-t. Plate 111: Tij;. 8.

This species, contracted in alcohol, has various forms, much like those of
G. riihii'oriiiis. The specimens aic attached to dead shells and stones hy a thin
expanded 1i;im>, which apix'ar^ finely ^ninulose under a lens, e-^peci;dly when

/

Ali'ijoiinrKi

<i 21

I

• liicil. 'I"lii> i'^ (liic Id the Mliimdanco of inimito r<ru};li wliilc sjiiciilcs (see PI.
11, lifjs. ■') MHi. Tlic iii:iiii s1;ilk is uakcd iic;ii- (lie luisc, oi it may lia\c a few
isolatcii caliclfs, Imt i! sonn pivcs ofl" minicioiis siiiPit luaticlics, which in coii-
iractioii aro nmstly clavalc (ir ciihiinid at tlic tiji, and liiai' i lii^tcr-^ (if polyps
wliich ate sdiiicwhat lotiirrr tliaii tlmsc of (i. riiliiforiNis, and moic lifiid and
spiciilosc, cspocially (iislall>-. so that thfv scciu ncail^- iiicapaMc of coiiiijlcte
M'ti-actioii. 'I'hfsi' coKjiucs air ycllfrwish lnown in alcohol and the spicules
aic white.

'I'lic caliclrs are somewhat lainei' ami mole stellate than in '/. ruhifvrnii.^,
and aiT slightly rai^i^d aliove the general siirl'ace ■; l'|. I. tin.-. -I>, -^•>. 'J'he iiiaffiili
has eijrht Mnnt oi' idunded lolies; slitihtly raiseij lililets often lailiale from the
lolii's. 'i'he larj;.|- polyp-; are usually sutromided l.y sonie immature ones,
with veiy little C(enench>ina lietu('(>n Ihein. The surface (if the c.alicle- and
mlcrs[)accs is so tilled with minute, rouuh, white spicule.- ihal it is r.ather
(inn or stiff in conl raction,

'i'he polyps, in alcohol, are mo>ily moi(> or less exsert , lhoiij;h very often
the narrower ))roximal part is retracted wholly or partly into the calicles, leaving
the thicker distal p;irt exposed, servins; .as .-i more or less swollen or conical
spiciiloso anthocodi,a. This dist;d part of the polyji body is covered witli an
abundance of slender spindle-'-h;iped, most ly ,-icu'e siiicules, arr;iii<ieii in ehevroii.s
in eitrlit double rows: but |,roximally the spicules become oblicucly transverse
in about ten to twelve ro- , where the antiiocodia n;irrows dc^wn to the smalle-
proximal rejrion, 'I'he la., r is much wriiikleil, due to contraction, and bears
eiiiht double rows of much sm.-dlei- spicules, arranged chevronwise,

The ' ides ;ire lonjr, swollen ncir the b.-i^e, and h,-ive rather loiifi and
slen<ler pii,.,a-. Small si)iciiles extend some distaii.e along the aboial side, at
first arranged in chevrons, but becoiniiif; irregular in contiacled specimens.
The tentacles seem not to be able to contract very much, but are often im.'inved
over the oral area.

The surface spicides .average about tlu^ same in sizi' as those of <;. riihifunnis.
The most numerous of the larger kinds aro shown on I'l. 11, tigs, .l h-l; biit
there are m.-iny sm.aller ami irr(>giilat forms, ami a few com|)uund crossed ones,
like tig, o p, also a considerable number of elongated simpli> warty spindles
like ([, r, r, and s, which are magnilie<l Iti.'i di.imeteis. The slender warty spindles
from the distal part of the poly|)s and anthocodia are shown in fig. 5 t, t t,
which are iiiagnitied lO-'i times.

The main stalk and ii.aked jvirt of the bi-aiichcs also h.'ive a laver of ininu'.
spicules, some of the larger ones from the base being iiliisl rated in fig. .") a-g
magnified Id.") times.

The larger specimens slrmigly conlracled in alcohol are -1(1 mm, liigh, and
3."i mm, broad with '25 to 8(1 br;inches, divided into .about (iO to 7l) braiichlets.
which are sometimes again divided. Some (.f the largest have as many as :{.">
branches, A young o\ate specimen is 2t mm, high, and II mm, broad; naked
stalk is .") mtn. long, branches simple, about twenty. .Many sj)ecim(Mis were
t.aken in the gulf of St. Lawrence ,at Station :il, in about IJO fathoms, otf
•'heticamp, V.S., Sept. I. I!M7. and .-it sever.al other st.atioiis, by the I'iolngical
lioard vessel I'rhni'. Cat. No, .'iH, (leli'iiterates, Victoria Memorial ]\[i:--eum,
Ottawa (cotypes;.

This species closely resemliks (•'.cameo in its form and mode of branching.
P;-riiaps if may rvcr.tu;iily prove to be r. variety of tiiat species. The piincipai
distinctive featur(> is the larger size and the more elongated forms of the cortex
sineliies, wliich ;ire also more abundant, and the more numi>rous ;nid larger
spicules of tlie ;intliocodia ami tentacle-^

\

icsanv

2'J (. Ciiiuiiliiiii Airllf Exjiiilihoii. I'Jl-l mis

(iersemia carnea i.Vi:.) \iiiill.

Uiiliiim, mil iiiriii Hill I,. Ai.\>>lZ. I'liii'. Aliicf. A»(ir. AiK'. Sri . |S.")II, |), •Jd'.t.

Alniniiiinii rii '■III Hill \ K;i(iiii.i.. Mull. Mils. ( 'oiiip. Ziml.. \ ul. I , p.iui ;'i',t. .I.iii. Istil :
Hovisimi I'lilyps i;. Co.isl r.S. M'Mii. Ui»Ii)ii Soc. X:i!. llisl. XOl. I. p. t.
1S(U: Invert! Viiii'vanl SouikI, pp. L'lKi ilUTi, n;{ (7:<7), pi. iiS, fie 2h:{,

l.S7:{ il'olyps); .\iiii. l{('p. r.S. Kisli (' iii.. lss:{. p. ."i:{;{: i;xpl. <'.is<<i H;iv,

I'ldc. .\rii('i'. .Vssuc. .Vilv. Sci., \iil. lor 1S7:>. p. liiU. pi. \l. liu. 1 il'olyps);
\\rli>liT\ ItitcriKiliiilKil I )icl ioii;il\-, |>. ;i7 l(il£Urc t'liiiii lilc),

I'laic I\ ; I'ii:. I itjciM'i-.ili. Kitr-. •_'. S (spiculcsi. Pl.itc \I: Fii; I.

This clftjaiil ^pccii's is I'omiiKiii t'nmi the (jiilt' of St. I.awfcncc to soiillicin
Xt'W Ijifilaiid. liotli ill shallow water ami down to Id to .")() fathoms

.\ltlioiiuh vcr\- (li^liiicl i'luiii (i. nihifiiriiiis it has oflcii liccii conriisi'il with
that species, espcciallx when its coloiii' is pink or pale reil. I'sually while livinu:
its colour is pali' .!esh colour or salmon colour, Imt it is .iften lifilit orange or
pale red. It jirows to consideraMe size, up to 12(1 mm. hiuh, or 'iior<', and is
then much branched isee PI. XI). When fully exjiaiideil it is translucent and
very eleiiaiit in appearance ( IM. I\', fi;r. I i. Flie lijis of its slender Ipianches
are covered with the delicate and almost transparent pol\ ps. in small cliisti'is.
aii'l the yellow or oralitce (%iis can lie seen in the tulies of the branches and
trunk throiiiih the integument. In contraction, the luanclies liecome short
with rouinl or clavate lips, hut it does not have a dense coatinj; of spicules,
like the other two species already descrilied. ('onse(|uoiitly it is much softer,
.smoother ami more translucent. It is ofti'ii niucli more branched than the
specimen fiy:ured on PI. IV, which was less than lialf irr )wn. It was photo-
fjraphed while li\in>!; and fuily expandeil in a small plate !il,is> ticpr '.ini. .\m
example of unusually lar>;(> size is tijiured on PI. XI, from an ale ' . specimen.

The s|)icules of this species are smaller lli.m in the pi .iiijr species, and
tlioush somewli;il similar in general ai)peaiance, their forms are characteristic
(PI. I\'. tif£. 2). The larger ones of the sttilks ami branc' "s ;ire partly small
short double-heails. "dumli-bells" or double clubs (fi^. 2. i k) with very [jiom-
inent ornameni<'d processes or warts, as in i, j, which are unusually I'Mfje forms,
or in the form of acute spindles, as in jr, h; most liow(>ver are more irregular and
smaller, with relatively lar^re projections ll-pl, in |)opped-corn shap(>s. as seen
enlarceil 140 di:imeters. Tiider lower powers of the microscope many of the
smaller of the spicules appear like small stelhite forms. esi)e<Mally when viewi'd
endwise, like (|, r. >.

Thi; polyps are long and prominent in (Xpaiision, but they are very contrac-
tile. Th(>y .are ,ible to retract entirely, but usually leave the alithocodia exjiosed
when |i 'served in alcohol. The alithocodia is coverett with abundant eloiinaled
sleiuler warteil spindles, some of wtiich are bent, but usually there are some
sub-clavate forms, or even branclied forms; the base of the anthoro(li;i contains
a wreath of similar spicules placed nearly transversely; the proximal part of
the Jioly]) in preserveci specimens is smaller, wrinkled and usually has few-
small transverse spicules or none. The tentacles contain slender, irrejiular
spindles, with nid-liko and clavate shapes and other small forms; ))in'ue usually
have no spicules.

In the anthocodi.i the slender spicules are rather uniform in size and they
are arrafincd in clievrons,i)retty rettulMrly.in eight double rows becomiiid obliciuely
transvc.so and forminj; a wreath where the mesenterial bcdy-column begins.
The walls of tiie proximal pari of the jwlyp or mesenterial region is nearly
destitute of spicules; when any occur they are small slender rods and sjiindles,
decidedly smaller than those of the alithocodia. In preserved specimens i*
often happens that this more flexible part is withdrawn and the anthocodi;i

/

■M

<

1

All iiiiiiiii III

(. 23

ii'iiijiins cxscil. 'I'liis may li:i|)|iin lo the luiiic culDny. (n pari i\\ \\\i- luilyp^i
may \»' in tins state and part Jna> lie cnliii'ly icliactcd, (Icpcndinir npun tin-
intensity nf tlie eontiaetion. Tims the jteneial appeaiaiiee \aiies ((nisiilfialily.
The jnode ul' lirani'hin^ in the laiuci spcijmens is ailiiirocenl liiil quite \aiialile
and iiicKnlar.

Tlif walls of the main stalk and laiy:ei' liranelies, when not u'eatly coii-
Ilacted sliow. lllMler the inicfosro|)e. the small, slioil, often somewhat stellate
spicules seattefe<l ami well se])aiated. (>ii the -leins of the sinallef luaiiehes
the spieiiles ate nsnally more numeions. and some aie laificr, often inlerlockmi:.
Iiilt ill some places well se|)aialed. The calicles are not at all proniiiienl , nsiiall.\'
imineised, and sniroiiiided or separati'o l>y a small aiimunt of ('(eiienchx iiia.
The spicules of the Kraiiches \ar\ much in size in dilTereiit specimens. aecor<liii};
to the locality of orijriii.

Ill general, the s))iciiles ;iie mostly aliout three-fourths the si/.e of the
correspondiiif; foiins in '»'. nihifuniiis. init sometimes are nearly as l.ariie. The
ticures of the s])iciiles on I'l. I\. are inncli more eidar^icd than those of the
I.Mtler, (pr those of <i. ciiiiinli iisis.

This species is eonimoii on sionx or shelly lioitoms from the southern part
of the milf of St. Lawrence to the moderately dee|) waters near ]?lock island
and Watch hill, K.I.. and oil Slojiumton. (dnii. It is most idiiimon in HI to
HO fathoms hut oiaairs ilown to .")."i fathoms. I have t.iken it at low water of
extremely low tides at I'lastpoil. ^raiiic. It was found li\- us part iciil.-irly lai'ue
anil aim lie la lit south of ( 'ape Micloii, N.S., .nid olT Cape < od in l.'i to 21) fat lioin-.
At the latter place it was ;issoci;iteil with ;ireat liumln is of (•'iiriiiiiiiici jilmhif:
(or Aftriii>liiit(in) iuiiisst:ii, which ucre cliiiniiiji' tenaciously to the .Vlc_\ onariaiis
liy tiK endril-like arm-liraiiches. It does not .'ippear to e\leiid to the ^iili-
arclic et :ists nor to any yreat depth-.

\'.\I{|EI^- ol{ Sflt-sl'KrlKs. (i. ciiriKti iiiicinMiIbi \ .. I'lali- l\ ; tin. :!.

The specimens comiii;; from south of ( 'ape < od to the eastern part of l.oiii;
Island sotiiid ditVer from the more northern ones in havinir the spicules of ihe
cortex of the st.alk and hraliches much sniallei' and farther apart. They .'ire
also more stellate in form. The modes of liialichinji, foriu. and colours, are
the same as in the trvpic.al form i see i'l, I\', fiy;. .{. a-ml.

Gerseniia fruticosa i .M. S.usi Molander.

Akijiitiiiini fndifiisinii ,M. S\n-. lorii. N'id. ."selsk, I liiistiaiia, ISIid. p. I 10.
KonK.N and Damki.ssk.n. I'auna l.^it. Xoiveiiia'. \<>1. iii. p. M. pi. III. hii.
S II. I,S77.

(nrsi mill Jloriild .M.\ni';N/,Ki,i.Kit. .\kad. Wis.-. \\ ieii. Nol. :>.'. p. '.'}7'>. pi. ill, fi^s.
2-3, 1S78, {mm KaMike, t. .iuimcr.seii.

(aryiiniii iliniii Is.^' ul M.vitK.N/Ki.i.KK. Die Inter. I'olarf., 1 ss:'- 1 ,S.s:j m. .luiiuersci ).

Vnriniiiii friitiriisii + 1'. iirhorm .1 r\i;i;n>KN, Kara Ilavels .\lryonidcr.
I)ijiiil)hna To(jtets. Zool. Hot. rdWvtte. pp. :i7.">-:)7s, pi. :r_>, ti;;- l 13
pi. 33. fijjs. 1 12, 18S7.

r. rnirabilis-\-fruticoiia+ab!i''f<ic(ilii-h piilirris + iinijiiiiiii + ilnjiipsis+.liin Mnyi rii +
claviitn-\-cai)itatn-{-liarothri)hiiis il)(fitiitH-t-\- H. jiiihiintiis-}- Kriixtiihiiihiniis piil-
tiris I F uUn .^t'h UTZt'i ! \ S tmnniuinhtiti vlctjiinr -^ \ ittirUii tit'Ctriit -rO'i'i/ttfniluS
tKirilinskiolilii + SiiniLLii cnissn. etc. it. „ ,i,i>ierseii i, 1 ) wiki.sskx. N.
Noidhavs Kxped., Alc\oni<la, IS,s7. pi. 1. 2. 7, S 10, 1."). l(i 21, 22, 23. in
part.

\

24 (i (axiuUivi Aiclic KriHililidii , l!H,l-l:>IS

Etinrphtln/n dnrntn -\- E. fruticosn + NiiinJid uTilicn + KnistnllnfntiPK + Sanikkn,
KiiKiAiMAi, Tirfscc llxpcil.. IS'.'S W. \;ililivi:i, \iil. 1:5, |)p. 7.{, "I, 77.
HUM) ((. ,liint?or.st'ii).

Emu t>lithijii fniilai'«i .luxcKU^KN, 1 )aniiiiiiks likspcd. til ( ;i0iiImiiiIs Nmd-
ostkvM'. I'.UMi I'MIS, H. iii, \(). IS, AlcvoiiMiiM nl' Ka^l (IicchIiiikI, p. }S',t, I'.IKi
(gives full syiioiimj- aiul ilistiihiitioii).

(itrxeniiit friiilc<i.-ii Mih.andku, up. cil. pp. IS, IIH, iil. 1, ti^s. 2 .">, '.», II, l'.', 1:5,
1915. Iiu'ludos us varietios; — (irctiai; Inriftitii+abijKfitiruw: )iiniibriim:a +
lujnUna anil Jrigida; pulliiln, nvi.; and riijida, nov. He icffiirds tnirabilis;
ciiivata+crat^sa as distiiicf spouifs, tliuuph uniti'd with it by ,Juiigcr.--i'ii.

rialo III; Fii^s. .-) 7.

This spi'c'ies, when woU-grown, consists of a short iiak(\l stalk, dividing
from near the. base into inon; or I's^ niinaMous branthes, which again may
divide a. id sulrlividc in large exaiiiplcs. The terminal branchlcts may be
blunt, davate or capitate, mostly clavite when contracteil. Each iiranchlet
may be terminated by few or many sli'udcr, elongated polyps, arising from
slightly raised 8-lobed calicles, ami varying in age and size. The polyps are so
stilTencd witli small spicules tliat they are nearly or (luilo incapable of con)i)lcto
contraction within the cilicles, but in alcolujliu specimens the pioxim.'il part,
about a third or half of the length, is often contracted to a smaller diameter
and less length than ihe more or less swip.ien distal part, or anlhocodia,
owing to its smaller and less abundant spicules, and it is then usually wriiike<l
both transversely and longitudin.'dl}-, and in this st.ate it nia\- be |)arlly with-
drawn into the calicles. But the etilarged distal p-.irt remains above the calicle
as a prominent anthodia, covereil with an abundance of small, slender, often
bent, fusiform warted .spicules, which .are arranged in chevrons, in double row;;
on the distal part, but become obliquely transverse, and about twelve in ;i uron{),
on the ]iroxiinal part of the swollen region, thus forming a "wre.ith,'' as it
decreases in size to join the smaller basal p.irt. 'ihe latter is much smaller,
in .alcoholic specimens, cylindric, slightly 8-ribbcd. and is strengthened by eight
.'louble rows of small fusiform, warted, spicules, arranged in chevrons. These
spicules are much smaller th.an those in the aiithocodia (see PI. Ill, figs. 5, (J).
The tentacles .also contain small spicules along the aboral side to near the end
of. the stalk. The l.-irger of these are small spindles which in a contracted
teniaele appear to lie nearly transversely to the stalk, Init in the normal extended
condition, they appear to have been arnmged in open chevrons; noiie are seen
in the pinnules. The tentacles are long, somewhat swollen proximally, but
tapered tu slender tips; their larger pinnie are long and slender. The tentacles
seem incapable of contraction within the oral di^pression, btit can be incurved
rather closely, though in alcoholic specimens tlie>- are mostly not more than half
contracted, and sonje are nearly fully tlisteiided. The aiithocodia terminates
in eight small obtuse lolies or scallops, corresiioiuling to the tentacle ba.ses.
These lobes are stiffened by small spicules and in alcohol contain a dark itigineiit.
All the spicules are white in alcohol.

The various forms of spicules from the aiithocodia and tentacles, arc mostly
illu.strated in PI. I IT, lis:. 7, but the smaller forms an omitted. The larger
spicules on the distal part of the polyps (fig. 7, b g) are slender sinndles, more
or less warty, often with one end more attinuated and smoother than tlie other;
both ends rnay lie ;icule or one may be blunt or bi-lobed while the sinalha- end
may be acute. With these there are a few larger and stouter warted spindles
(tig. a), aiul very many smaller warted fo'ins that come from Ihe proximal
part of the polyp-body, from the tentacles and from other parts ffig. 7, h-n),
but only a few" are figured: l-o were i)robably also from the tentacles. The
slender spindles from the anlhocodia ,ire mostly ten to twelve times longer

/

.1 h 1)11/1111 III (_; 2,')

tli;ui lliirk; suiim' miv Ml.oiit (I L'S n.in. U.im umi ()-(i:{ min. in .li:iiiicl(-|-- (illiers
0 2.. I.v U-HS, (|..>,-, l,y ()■(«; the l;iiucr spiiiillcK arc .■il.oiit (Mil iiiiii. lonu and
0-aj llufk. The siipcHicial layer of tin ^talk coiilains v( rv -niall mimh warlv
spicules, l)iiv not cnonuli to make it rinid or firm.

The Atncrican specimen, .lescril)C(l al.ove. i- from Jiidmion I l'iiIi cast
side of Hudson hay, in 1") to ,H) fathoms, coljecied l,v A. J'. Low, .lime, |S!)!»
accompanied l.y d. rub I form is. This spe.im.M,, which is a main hratich <.|' a'
larue one, is only partially contracted in alcohol. It is 2ti mm. lomj ;nid ;ii) nmi
hroad. It divides ne.ar the ha<e into thri'c main l.raliclilels, each of which
has numerous smaller hranchlefs, most of which are clavat.', with small clusters
of exserl polyps; besides these are some single j)olv|)S arisiiiy l.oth from the
stem atid from the st.dks of the hraiichlets. 'fhe mtetrnnieni ,| th.' M.alks is
everywhere much wrinkled, showinu: coiisidenil.le contracti<in. perli;ii)s .')() per
cent or iikhc. I'he exsert polyps (PI. HI, h^r. .-,,, ^vlien full ^rown, not including
(he tentacles, are trom 1 -S to 2-.") mm. lonfi, and the thicker dii-lal pari is from
O-H to l-(l() mm. in diameter, in ah'oholie specimens. Thn ( .-pd'um i,~ were
.•ollrcted in Kichniolid {liilf. in I.') to _'() f:itlioins, I'.l.'d, hv I'. Jnhaii-.n. \',Minfj;
. '■ (niniiiiioceiilifilus liniiiirrl.ii .adhereil t,, tlic-i'.

The numerous (generic ;uid sp, (.jti,. names th.it this specio has riceived,
are most of them due to l(,o much importance hcinK ■liven to liillereiit states
of contraction and varijitioiis in the form> ,,f the c<, Ionics, aNo diu' partlv to
dittereiit stages of Kiowth.

According to Juiificrsen thi- ,sp( ,-ies has alreadv l-ei'ii leinred to thirteen
genera, and has had twenty-five s).ecili<' names. Vet none of the i'oml,ii,aiions
of names siveii liy him .seem to he tenaM(\

■J'his species must lie considered the type of (ursinnn Marenzeller, ]Ss:ij,
and should receive the earliest specific name, fnUicvs,: {M. S:ns<. as .Molander
has u.sed it.

It should not he referred f<i the earlier (lenus Enncplillii/n. for its calicles
contain only minute spicules, not in the least thornv nor with roiioji spinose
projectinir lolies. as explained aliove.

Kiiken'hal and .lunjierseii aNo referred lo thi- speci,-, with doiiht the
<!trscininloiiiiiJhrii, descrilied and fifiured l.y me in l.ss;> .-iird lss."i. from dirp-
water off J)elaware l.;iy. The latter, however, seems to he ipiite distinct from
all the Arctii' form>. It has larger and very much lon<r(>r polvp-l.odii s. and it.s
spicules are much sneiller and more slemler; mostlv delic.ate' rods and' slender
spindles (see V\. IV, fit. S, I'l. \IV, lijis. 3, :{a..

Ab .shown above in the synonymy, hoth Kiikenthal and .lunucrsen tiniicd
tmdcr this species ;i larjre number of licnera and speci(-s well described and
hfrurod by ])anielsseii (op. cit. iss7;. They were without full ajireemeiit in
.several cases. M<ilander acce|)(cd most of this coiivoli,l:iiion, but kept O.
tinri(hilis. ','. diiiiita, and f/. unifnni.i.-i -is di-tinct specie-. At the same time
he rccojinizeil .several marked varieties of (•'. ihnvtii. viz.: arch'ni. Inricatn. friqnln
/iiiUiilii, and riiiiilii.' ' ' '

;,\n..n.viiiy yivpr. ubeve, .so many ol' (lie noniinul KOniTa an.I spocics tlosrriljcd

. I .in iini a>j.uiii.- to oxpres-s any iKT.-.onal opini..n as t.. s.. much consolijalion,

.1 tho li.rnis ilt-.-.-nln-.l, n.ir lia\.' I Kivon any iicii'iiiiaii' s(ihI\ to tlic larccr num-

l.prii t.sl.iii.. I.Mtil,^ (ii..i It, .M- ill tt,., r s V.,,; ! \i,. i_. _ I

By inclialiiii; in il
anil liturcd by Par.i.'i

appearance

' ••ir-, ,-,,.,r,.-,y i.?t Irr :■•;;! ;:f;!:;y ul ,;L;r.ct:r

Irurn tlii.s synonymy.

nanii.ls.sfn described ai.d llcured .\,ii,r,n.l,n,hrn <l<mn^ as bavinj; i.nm.Ti.iis .siplionozooids nhioh
contained ova. I liave never seen sueli structure.s in any (iir.-<, t,ii„. In ireneral appearance it is otlierwise
lucii like C. ruhiformis. tiavinc ibe satii.i lobiilair form of bran.hes will, siii:.!! refraetilo polvps but it

1)1

...,-... .,«^ .J . . ui'i/.., r.iL.]. ii,,viiiu I'll- .^.ni.i- Mil. or, III' iniio I'l oraiif lie

rias noanthocodial wn^atli of spicules. It is prnb.-ibly a valiil temis.

\

•-•••...

I'iniililiiin Airlii Hxiinlilinii , I'.tl.', I HIS

Tlio spfciiiini (l<"sciilit'<l aliovc ami liuuifil l>y me. t'lciii HihIm.ii lia.v,
wfiiiN lo !t(jic'o licst with tlic lypii'al fonii froiii otT Nrwl'initidlainl in l".M) iiii'lcrs.
1 have not seen many spcciincns fioni tlic I'isliini; Kaiik^. I_t i- kiiown tmtn
Halliii Irny, XVS meters; I)avis soiinil, til inetei> ; (;reenlanil, 7l) tn 7:{S meiei>.
It has iiwide ilistrilmtion in tiie Arctic- oeean, and is prnhahly eircumiMilar,
It is commiin in the Kara >ea. In dc plIi it raiit-es tVimi 111 l<> I,;{IM1 fatlii»m>

Cersemlu minibilis iDan.i Mulander.

Vdf'iiiiliii iiiiniliilis 1)amh.>-ia, up. 111., pp. I >i. pi. I. tins- I •", pl- II- liii-
1 -•-', InnT.

VtirilKjiit <liliiii((l .\l St;\:H>l.\. np. rit.. p. '■>''<. pi. .\ .\ .\ 1 1 1 . tius. 1 1-'. l>Si.
hidirphlhild linnihilis KiKKMIIAI.. up. 'it., p. iU.'t. I'.tOT; .McVcill. Siliir. iilsln..

p. .•), I'.MMl.
f^dlii phlhllH fi-iitinisii .h Ni^KHSKN (/Kl/.vi. up. (it., p. II. I'.Hti.
(In-sniliil miflUihs Mol.A.NDKU, op. eit.. p. IS, text rilt I'J. p. (>'.•. p!. I. lili. !•',

1 !»!.■).

I'lali- \': l-'ili. .") (spi(-llli-s). TeM Klji. !.

This is a larj£e Inxiiriant sp(-(-i(-s (or variety i elosel>- related to f>', fnitifi.-ni.
t(. \vhi(-li .Iiiiiy;ersi-n, in his later works, h.-is iiniti-d it. Hut Kukenlhal and
Molaiider. who h,-ive apparently hail aliiindaiit materials, have kept it separate.
It is a eoninion form near or on the (irand Hanks of Newfoundland, where it
sometimes liecoiiK-s l.">(l to 201) mm. hitrh.

Its spiciilalion is distinetiv unlike that of varieties of <!. fruticosa that I
have seen. Therefore I am lei'l to ke(-p it distinct, for our iiumeiniis specimens
arc not now availahle for reexaminat ion. It ii.-is a larRc stout trunk, when
well firown. wlii(-h hranches arhoresi-eiil ly from near the ha.se, fiiviiin otf laiiii-
ln-anches with naked stalks; these in turn siive olV secondary and often tertiary
hranchlets, whi(-h hear clusters of few or numerous elonuated polyps, hotii
laterally and termiiiallv. These seem inc.-ipahle of (-omplete retraction. The
anthocodia and the more or less curled uj) tentacles remainiiu: c-xposed in alcoholic
s])(-cimeiKs. iVrlia|>s the immature polyps ma\- retract.

Kig. 4. Crrsrmii! mir:iliihs {\>i\n^, 'lypi-

.\ tcrniinal rlu-tcr lit |Kil>|i.-. i'iil;iri!i'4. .\fliT I )..inii>l-~on.

The anthocodia is coininonlv smaller than the proximal part of the poly])-
hodv in al(-olu)lic specimens, hut the reverse is often .seen. The proximal part
is often swollen or inflated. The division between the two repon.s is not iiotahle.

.1 liiimiiinii ,^ •»"

'I'lir MnllHPr.Hli;, 1, tllli'W Willi riuill.n.ii« s|,ifi||,.> ;ill,in(jc,| rhrvKMi-wix' ill

.■mil il.iillik r..«>. Tlirs.' sim'lll.'s iiiv >lrlH|rr. .I.iliu, I, till.'lv WMllnl ^|,ll„||,.s

and riMl-.sli,i|..i| tonus, soiiir of tlirm l„iil ni Low «Ii.i|h'. ■!"Ii.>,- ,|,iriilr« .is
wartcd .•ipiinllcs. rxlcinl into ilic mImhmI -i.lr ot tin' i..|ii;ir'l.s. ol'i.n lo ncn- i|„.
lips, hccoiMinu (jr.i.lilally siriiill.i. m coniiaclioii .ii.i.c.ii iim nr;ii!y liaiisvriM'
l>ut rrally in two rows, soinrwliai in clifvi-oiis. Tlicv do not rntri'llir pinniil.-'
and arc sin.ill .it llic liases ot ihi' Icium.-I.-. TJicv arc iiiosllv sliimpv, irifKul.ir'
warlj'd spindle-, and Muni doiihic spindi.s, uilli a IVw rluU and .ro.^M.s.

The iniddli' portion of ilic polyp-liocly ,ilso h.as sliorl. Iilunt. loimldy waricd

■spindles and doiililr spindl.s, i U slioiicr :ind roimlici lliaii l(io>'|. of ihe

aiilhot'odi.'i.

The proxini.il p:ii, of llir polyp-l.o.ly lia- soiiirw li.'il himn .umI nioiv >lroriLly
wartcd Iilunt >piiiillcs, with some l-paitid spiciiirs or iross.>, Tli,. ^picnUis
of the exterior of llie Ipr.ilielies and sl.ilk, ,ire slioil ihiek slroiiulv W.illed or
lolled ellipsoids, douli|e-spiiidle>. :ind doulile-lieads. often nearly as liro;id 'i-
loiuj; many are popped-corn sh.iped. (1*1. \ , fin. :>. I. h. The si'oiiiod.eiiin |,',s
"ililit rows ot sin.ill fu>iforin spicules, accordinii lo Danielssen.'

The type of this speeies w.is from olV .«<pilzlieri;en, in I'll? melie-. It IS

also known from tiie Siherian *'a ;iiid Kara sea. .Afolander r i.led it from

oft Xewtoundland in L'!H) metres. .A[,iny speeimens of larye size weiv tinneily
taken in deep water, on and lieiweeii ll'ie lisliinir li.uiks olT Newfoiindl. ,d .niil
Nova Seolia, and liresented lo the r..<, Tisli Coinniission. Thev are liiosijv
ill the l'..s«. .N'ational .\ruseum.

The deseription of the spiciil.ilion of tins .speeies uiven li\ Alohnider (op.
(It. I!»l.".i d<ies not ;(frre<' well «ilh the ori«in;il deseription and el.ilioi.ite li^uies
iiiven liy Danielssen. hy ihe latter the .iiithoeodi.al spicules .-ire lepre^eiiled
as a liiinr Ian I, and so, -ire I hose of the eorl ex of the stem and liraiiches, Iml Mokinder
deserihes these p.irts ;is feelily spielllose. * Aforeover he cives the forms of
spicules unlike those fiuured l.y D.-mieU^eii III ni.aiiy c,iM->. 1 hiive tollowed
I )aiiielssen in this c.ise.

It m;iy prove to lie merely the fiill-jiiowii state of (,'. jnilicDsii, as .liinKcrseii
considered il .

I
i

4

s

Gersemia clavata fD.m.i Molander.
Virriiiiiia rlnrchi l)\\ii.i.s>r.s. op. cii., pp. I'ti :<l>. pi. w. fm>. j.-, s;{. is,s7.

I'iir<isi„i,i(i(,iiis rhinila Sll dkh. Kes, CMliip. I'riiice de Afoiijico in ••iriioiidell.' "

\"ol. .\.\. p. :<l. I'.iKi.

Einiciihlhiiii rrrssn Ki' KKNTii \i,. I.'evi-. Alcvon.. \eplith\ iihe. Zool .Iihrli
Alit. Sy>l.. Vol. .X.XIV. I'.tOT: Voy. Olt;,, ISitS: Alcvon. Sil,. Kismeeies,
llMMt. Huoi K, Due d'Orleaiis, Camp. .\rcl,. p. !!», l!tlL>,

(il r.':! mill rlfuiitn MoL.WUKH, op. cit., pp. l.S. ."iCi, p], 1, fji-s. 2 ;>,, S. p.H.,.

Eiiiiciilitlniii ilnriitn var. pithti-iilit Ki' kkx i ii.\i,. Uliii Kxped.. p. 2:!. pi. |, (iir. [
ilMMi; .Mi'yon. Silierisclien i;ismee|-es. p. ."», lOOil.

Pl.ile \\ Ki^rs. :{. :{a. I (spicules).

This form has the branches short and thick, often clavate. and covered
over most of their leiinth with the polyiis, which are usually much crowded in
contracted specimens The smaller speciniens .are apt to lie t|ivrsif,,rtn or
ovate in sliajie. ( »ii(> example liefore me, from the Criilf of St. I„iwre:ice, is of

■Danii'lsson up. cit.. IH.sn «av,< vcr.v o\r-,.|lpnt illustratiims fpl. 1. 2i ot tli..an:iti.iiiv ami lii^toIciKv of
this .'.pprii;». in.-iinlinK the norve-rplh an.l L-aiiL'tiuii r,.|ls. i.t,-.. a« wpll .'i- .1, tail-, of tlip"".piPulation the
'■I'loiir in lifp. a.'c-nnliii); to him, is vi'llriw.

\

2H i;

I'-iiitiihini Aiilif l"!. rill lilt I

t:i!s

tliis I'oiiii. It- li'iulit is ;}.'( nun., lnr.nltli 1.') mm., Icfiittli ol iKikfil ■^Utn HI mm.
It is .'ittiK'tHMl to ••111 iiimi'liil Hil)c whifli is entirely oiielMsed liy the l>!ise. Tlie
prtlvps me all in piirtiiil exp;in-ion. Tliey enlirely cover the short elaviile
l>niiii-hes e\eept (or !i very short iiakeil liasai Mre;i. .Mihonch ernwile.l they
show in -^oMie pl.ices n.ikeil eifiienehyma Ix'tweeii tliein.

The anthoi'oj.i.il are.) of llie polyps is relatively l.'irne, stnuiiily eiu'ht-riMieii,
often h.ih the leniith of the e\po«ec| polyp-body, find is tilled with eifrhl doulile
rows of slender warled pienles in chevrons. It is iisnally separated from the
proximal part liy a con-' 'iction, atid tiy a wreath of spicules, placcil oUli(|nely
and transver-cly.

Thi' pro\im.d |)art of the jjolyp-liodv i-< usually ('i\\va\ in diameter to the
anihoco.lia, and nflei, iaru'cr. It i- usn.ally eiuht-ril.lcd and has I'iulil rows
(if ^mall spiriijes. In virontly contracted ^peiitnens th.' aiithoiaMliMl ari'a is
the lariter one.

The tentailes have swollen prominent l.ases, with the tips curled in over
(lie oral area in most cases. 'I'liey ;M-e slilTened liy numerous small ~i)iii<lles.
Tho~e of the proximal part of the hody are similar lnit -horler, thicker and more
strongly wailed. The spicules of the cortex of the stem are ^hort and wide,
cHiiisriiilal. ovoid, or short fusiform, i)arlly of those kinds that I have called
pf)pped-c(irn sjiaped KIl's. \, h !). Some of these hav<' a narrow nakt d median
zone: others none al all; their loKes are prominent, often diviiied or lacerate at
tlietips. Some compound crosses also occur with irregular lllii cpial hr.aiiches
mid pnimineiil lolies. I'or comparison I have reproduced in oiit'iiie several
of the liu'U". ■ ^iveii iiy Danielssen, from his type (see IM. V, fij:. I). 'I'his form
was uniied lo '/. frtilimsd hv .liinKcrseii ( I'.tltii, hut was kept as a distinct s|)ecies
by Kiik(nilial I'.'iMi. I'.Hlin, and l>y Molandcr (\\)\rt). In srcneral form it
seems ipiite di-linct. Iiul there are no marked ditferences in the spicules. Kiiken-
thal recojjni/.ed a variety, in Ibirnln. from olT Spitzliereeii and the Siherian
coast in tO and 21 meters,

Molandcr ri cocnizi d several varii'ties:- cnissii, pi lluriihi, and tninail".

It is vi'iy nearlv allied to </. niriirir, .and is widely distriliiited in the Arctic
ocean. .M.. lander record- it rroin oiT Newfoundland in Hit meters. The
specimen des. rilwd alio\c w.as fnmi Station :{."> or 'M'>, 1S7;}. in th<' Kulf of St.
Lawrence, and was sent l.y tlii' hate Dr. ,1. F. Whiteave-^. Sluder recorded it
from o(T the .\zores in '.127 meters.

f'linephthya \'(rrill {tyi>ic.ai).

FunriihUniu VlKKll.l., .Xiner. .lour. Sci.. Vol. 47, p. 2.H1. March, IStiO, liemark.s

on Halcvonid I'olvps, No. o. Type designated was A'<;)/)?/il/o Mi/r.sw^/ta \ er.

from Cape of Cood Hope (not A"M«nj/,//(,(ya of Kukeiithal, Junncrsen and

others, nor of Thomson, 1!)1(), South African).
Cdnntlln KtJKKNlHAI, (non C.lt.vv), Naldivia lAped., T?d. XIII, lOtMi; TlioMsox,

,) S Alcvonaria of the <'-ape of Good Hope :uid Xatal, Alcyona<ea, Trans.

li'oyal Soi-. of Kdinl.urfih, Vol. XLVII, part ;i, Xo. l!l, p. .37.a, HIIO.

When this pnnis was oritiinally estalilished hy me, E. tfiyrtioulai V. (there
missp.'l!e(l tlnir.'!oiilr!<) was definitely designated as the type. Several more
recent writers have niiMiitrrpreted the genns, .-o as to include sever.al arctic
and boreal species that are quite unlike the tyiie in the character of the calicles,

spicules, etc. , •. i

When it was established, however, 1 mentioneil .an iindpscribeil s|iecies
f^Q^Ti r.reenland .".s one to bo includefj w tlie [remis. under the name of A.
glomcrala (Lutken's ^is. name on labels). The latter was then briefly descnbeil
(1809) and was more fullv dcscribial by m(> in 188."?, as Udkcni ion acaamnt of
erroneously supposed previous use of glomcrala). H has since had variou.s
names both generic and specific fsee below).

/

.1/

I ijn/ntnn

.1 2fl

An niiuiii,i||\ i>t;ilill«lii'>l, VMlli lis ilt'Munaliil l\|ii', |l |» i.lciil |c;il ttllli
Ctipnillii Kiikflilli.il.' ulii) tli'Si'iiliiil my >|iiip > :i~ I , riiijii^ii,

i'liiinilin li:iN lii'fii m.'iilc In iiicliulc M\,.|al hiIht liiciu-l'.icitif -iM'fU's,
which Nhniihl III' n'l'crrt'd to Kum iihOnin, Airintiu ;hi'«i' an- E. spiniln lAFayj
from Zaii/.iliar; A,', ijiichristi (riioiriMiii) Stuilh Africa, HI I'alhnm*, I!. fiiiiiiifonniH.
E. Ihiirniiiiliii \cillll, was frnm IjH lalhiuri-, nlV l-'nUr Iim\ .< ape i<\ (mmhI llupr.

riifortimali'lv Ktikfiilhal apiihi'il ihc iijidic Eiim jihllii/n In the mchii.!
Hp<'ci('s mcniidiK'il liv mh'. ami ihcn cvicmh'tl ji in inihidi' miini'iiiii>. uthcr
Arclif species licloiiiiilit; 111 the ijiiii'i:! lia-sititui Mat . I) itii:[\\i\ llnl'il I )aii|elssi>n,
.f.-.

-My A', ijlniiii ralii, lielure Kiikenihal's " eiiieinlaiKiii," iiad ah'eaily lieen
placeil in two MOW iteiiera li\' 1 )aiiii'|sseri, vi/., I)nfi< ami 'x /-.<( ;/i/()y,.s-),.. Thus
evi'li if E. tlnirsiiiil, II ha<i nnl Keen iial.iccl liy me as the type, it wuiil 'lavc
Ix'come so ailtomalically li\- reason of the plaeiliu of /'.'. iilmm nitii in : new
Kcniis t)y Danii'Issen, in ISH7. jonir Ket'ore Cniinillii was expamle.l.

I'nnifpDiiijoih.K- has Keen iiserl for these various norliiern foiiiis li\ .May
(ISO.S), and hy others. It is a liel erogenous uroup. practicall\ a synonvm of
Eaitcthitlnin Kiikeiithal. in its extended use, ami prececjed ti\ ej^ht (jenerii' names
tjiveii l.y Danielssen ami others, and therefore il shoidil lie droppeil foi all i)f
our liorlhern tjenera. Kiikenlhal deseril>ed and tiuured a new species, i/'.
crn.-^mi, p, l'A2. pi. \iii, lis. -Jti. 2~ < which is appaientlv <;enerically dislinel from
any of our forms, and miitht 'le coiisidereil the l\ i ■ of his reslrictecl ueMib.

.Molander loj). cit. Mt|.")l judiciously adopt, . I <,',rsi inin lil Keinu pii >r to
\'arin<iin Dan.) for the uroup lypitjeil liy '.'. friitinmii, hut he still regained
Evni jilitlnia to include the iilnriiri-iitn uroiip 'hrifin. lonether with \]\r Jlarnln-
Rronp, nameil Ihnn \>y I );inie|ssen. | lielieve that these two groups should ho
separated as genera. I)iil Eiiiii'iiliUinn should not he u.«cil for either of them

Kunephthya thyrsoidea \ i rrill
Plat.' \ ; Imu-. I. I:i. Tvpe.

I'his was hrieljy descijhed l,y mi' in |Mi."i .e I'roe, l'.~«.\. Iii~i. .•sajeni, .\la~s.,
Vol. l\ , p. l.")l, and more fully, with some liyures, ni the same \olun:e [). I'.tJ,
figs. S Sh); .and later, in \X*\'.K the char.acleristic spii-ules weie ilescrilied with
their measurements. The l.irner orinin.al speeiinens seem to li;i\e liecai destroyed
in the ^reat ( hioatio fire.'

However I still have mirroscopjeal piepar.alions from the type-specimen,
incl'ii'injr the spiiailes now liuurci!. 1 al-o ha\e in my collection, a small co-
t.vpe. in j;c)od preservation This, so f,ar as I know. i~ the only one remaininu.
This specimen is L'o mm. hi^h .and Id mm. Iiro.ad. The naked stalk occupies
aliout half the lieijihi. Tiie whole forms a tliyrsoid or duli-shapeil |)olypidoin.
'i'he ])olypiferous part is thyrsiform. uilh ahout a ilozeii crijudcd, short clavato
larjrer hraiichcs. entirely co\crc(l hy the pol\ ps, which .are closely crowiled,
thirty to forty staiidiiijr on each hramh: iic'low these there .arc several small
or incipient liranches with three to ten poly|)s, and sonie ])olyps stand sinj;ly
or in jiairs on the upper part of the stem. an<l. also, soniclimrs on the liranches.

'It iloi-M mit unrrp witli t.vpiciii i „i„i,ll., Cray Ann. * M.il'. \:it. lli^t. Veil. HI. p. I.".i. l>*i)'.» . tyi>e
Ammnlheu itnhnnita l!ii\v. (ir;i.\ s.'ij s tlic nnti-- surface i^ >tii'itle<i uitli sniriit tiat. -jriii'oth. irrcirular-
^llatK■<l spii-ulps anil tliat the ceils are "lanipaniilaie .^liuliily ewlit-l.ilieil" al.-ci that the iHilyp are retrac-
tile, all of which .are ver.\' 'lilTerent^in t'.uni phthwi 'typical ■,
i<uk,i.t.i.,ii, .\i. .\..h.'i.,-.ii I,, a Icni.ile, p. i71. ikil',.

■Most of the collect ion:^ of the North t'acific I'^xploriiic j;x|>,^i|iti<iii of vvhicli 1 wrote liail heen leturne'l
to Dr. Win. .^titnp.son. naturalist <A the I!\(>e(tition. an*J then ]>ire'tor of the *'hicairo Musouin. hefore
that Museum wa.s hurneil with all its valuahli- collections. A lew duplicates were previously ilepositeil
in ttie Museum of ('omparative Zoohary. where the.\- are ^till pres*'rveil. AmonK theiii are lo-tyin-s of
tlic larii" Siwngnles uiW"!''" and .s. cai'itnii. and a few other .Mcyonana. but not /■;, thyrsmdi^-i.

\

:«!';

' iininliiiii Anlii Ki'i'i 'lil'iiii . I'll) /.''/N

Till' (Ast'il iiiiil >.lniiit;ly iliiill'Vi'il |M)I\ |)* ;ir Iiniillr. with mImhii Iiiiii pi itiripMl

iiiw« III liirci'iit*' .•mil ■.|iiiiiilii''i' iir llmiiix pr ircsHc*. iiri"- ■ liniii tlic liitKiT i'IhN

altil ojili'x iif niil<'l> rlllli-sliapi'il sp|rllli'><. ;ilii| prnji' lU tliriHIull itlf r<irl<'\

iM'i" 1*1. \, till*. I. U^r, niiiii' pruxiiiFiilly ilic .xpir .<• los cl.iviili' aiitl li'*><

fiililllr. Willi ^lllllilt'r >.jiillllli-llki- pliiji'i'lKUi^' . , ..ll- I'lolil flic nllllT wliif;
hiliijilly llir ■•pii'illcr* nil' iim-lly iniii'-flv wailn. spilnllix ami luilMtw rliilw.
."•pirilirs an" lai'kiiiu on llif iiiriitvi'il iniii'i' .■•iilc. Tlic trtilai-lf«' art' NpiriiJoM'.
Ill si'iliDii". llic viiilk lia- lillliirliill> i;ilial», -t'paiali'il hy lliirk wall>. Tliiw
• peril- lia,«. iiinic ii rciilly liriii \ fi y liilly ilfsriil.i'il ami illii'-tiali'il liy JMikiiilliaJ,
ami al-ii liy TIidiiimim up. ril., pp. ."iT.'i ."i77, pi. ii. lid. 10, (jrmial. pi. I\. Iik.
12. vpii'iilr* I iimli I ilii- iiaini' t iiinnllii nujusii. 'riiiiiiisi,ii, in tin- •.aim' wink
I pp. ."(KU. .">,H|, pi. Ml. liu. '-'II. pi. IN. Iiu. 11. spirlllr^ii, has iIcm'I ilii'il a viTV illrt't'li'lil
•.|M'rii'« limli'i' llii' li.'iini' /•.'. Ihiiisiii' II \, ll lii'liind>. pi'lli'ipr., Ill a ililTrlrlil
Kfiiii^. ami (liM'x mil lia\r llii' rla\.'ili' ami iuliaii'il >-piriilrM in llir pi>l\ p-walh-.

>o ru|i..p|il|iilis III till' linniil. ll lisrllllilr-- l.lllirr ^iillic llintllilll -prcirs ul
fii rsi in III.

I'lnlii llii' aliuM' «iils>iciii It will III' i'\iilinl lli.il till' lialm- lunu iihthitu

r.'iiimii I'l' iiM'il li'tiiiin.'ilrh lor any ot oin noilhrin ui'iiria or -pi'rirs. Tliric-

lori' I pinpoM' 111 ii'^ioii' Itnfii Dan. willi h. hiidliim I). -/','. iiliiitii ruin as llif
l\ pr.

Till' 1). ijliiiiii iiilii I I'l. \'. tills. •_', 2a I. oiiuiirilly irl'i'ircil In F.niii fihihiin
liy nil', iloi's, liowi'viT, ri"ii'iiilili' ihr l\pi' lo a riinsiilc'ial''i' rxliiil. I'm it lias
till' ili^tal polyp-»pi(iilcs 111' ill!' antlioroilia iiio>ll\ rliili—liapiil willi loiiitli
fidlmwli.il lolialril piorcNst's nil tlir laiiliT I'liil. aiiil in ali'oliiilic ^pciimriis iIh'M"
prort ."iM's iiflt'ii piojii't vlijjhlly rriiiii lln' Mlll'arr, I'll* iIitm' vpii'uli's arc iniU'li
fmallci' ami iiiiii'li Ics* lolialiil lliaii in llic type Tlic polyps arc also nflcri
iinci|iial-siilcil anil liiincil iiiw.'iiil. ami "piiiilcs iii.'iy, siinii'liiiH-. lie larkinj: on
the inner ••iile. .IS in the '\\iv. The loiiuil inliiial laliaU ill the «lem' are llllleli
laificr ami -i paraleil li\ lliinner w.iiK.

Drifa \h,

-ell 1 r\ pe I). Iillidllnl |).ill. //. ,,/m///mv//i/ \'.I.

l)ii(ii + Xi plitliiiii f < ■( r.M (/u-^j.v/.s |)ami.i,>'I.n. lip. III., pp. .')!•. tit, .SI, U'.l.
1H.S7; Ihifii \\\M'~ E. (iloiiit mill .

]■! II Id j hill fill i/((;.vi \i;|(HII,I.. op. eil. iMiM. p, 2^1 MIol of Kiikelil li.i I. .IliniierscTl,
rimliipsoii anil others, i

I'liiosjiiiininili s ;(!/ VI Ki'KKMIIM.. M \ ■* . op lil . , jS'.tS.

I'lale \ ; l-iuv 2. 2a. 'I'vpe:

l'ol\ piili'iii. when lull iiiown. xmioiisly hraiii'licil or loheil. Iiraiirlus may
he iiiiich siiliili\ iileil. l'oly|iv .-mall, prniiiiiicnl , not relr.'U'tile, usually imiirvcil,
iiffeli with lew spicules on the inner or shorter siilc. Outer convex siilc
forms an .'inlhocoilia -Irenirlhcneil w ilh niinieniiis small roimli spicules, largely
dull-, with the larjicr eml more or less lolieil ami spiiio>e, the -mailer end acute
ami warteil: with these arc wartcil sjiimilcs ami other sicmlcr forms. They
are ari;iii(ic(l in chevrons: spicii'cs also occur in tl: ■ ahoral siile of the tentacles
and ;i wreath of more or less transverse spi(ii|(.s at the liase of the aiithocoilia.
( ■(cnenciiN nia nearly or ipiile laikinii iielwicn the caliclo, ( oi(e\ nl slalk ami
hranchcs filleil with small >liort rouuhly wartcil -pinillcs, clJipsoiils, with snme
dills and viiiniis other fiiini>.

1 )anii'lsseii nivcs the meaninu of llnfn ■\< ;i -now-n\ lupli or snowsioini.

!

I /( ifiinnt til

Drifa (tlotnenita \. mil

.( HI

Eillii jihthilii ijloim itllil \^.HIIII.I, \lilil .Imil >ri \ii| 17 |i JS I |Nti!t I'lnc

l>WX Ill»l. \(.l. t>. p. 1»7, lMi!l.
Aliiiiiiilhiil itiihiii \ii||\|\\, I'liii'. I{i)\ . S<ir. I.iiiiiiiili. \ii| -.'."i |i Jds |s7ti

LiiKKv. Miilij mil < Imiihiiiil. Ncj. ti. p. _»». |ss;{.

.[iiniiiiihiii liiil.i III Wwtts/.yi.itu \k,i.| \\i--. Willi \ 111 :;,'i |i :;7_» pi |||
tiu. I, i.yt.s.

AliHi'iiliiin liitkini \ h.Klill.l., I'liir. IS, N;il. \|i|-, \ii| _'. p JUU. |s7'.l.

.l/»mii//i('( (//()/»(( r((<(i (' Mijiit, ZuiiliiiiN h. Ill Ml- Si:i. \iiii MiiL: Nil I li«l .. Sii .'i,

\i.|. ti, p. L'.V}. iss;{.
/■,'(/»((;)/(//(;/<//)///,(/(( \kuuii, I llilll. Milv ( iiiiip /iMil,\ii| N I p It pi l\, tin-.

7, 7:i, lN.s;{.
.\'i lilillnin imliiri.i i \. llniisniin f A', rn.^i n f IhiJ'n i.tliiinlini > /> Ininlniii »-

(ii I'll llniiiixin lurlirii ^lisli ,1 1 M,l,lc,r s I >\\1KI.>-.I- \ , \ \iiii||ii\. lixpci!.

Vi.l. .">, Ali'viii' iiii, pp. .".••. •■..•.. .s:!, s7.<yj. •»!•. plai.v \ | \||, \ \v. |ss'.
1-!\itII('IiI (iunrr*.

h'lllK Itllllil/tl (jliDlii liltil -}■ H. Iiiinliiiii l\l khAIIIM, Alr\i)llMii;i, \\ 1--. iilH- il< 'It ill .

■riof-ifi- lixpcil. Ni'l. i:{, pp. 7N. 7!I. \'.)i»>. t. ,liini;'l-<n i.
I'.iiiiriihlliiiii iiliini, nitii .1 im.KUskn. K. ]]. .\!i\ oii.ii i.i nl' I.. < iiiciihiiiil, p. I!i:i

lOIti: .\l(\iiiKiii;iii iiikI .MmiIi. r,,i:i|s, llciuiii- .Mih. ,\.iil>iik, li.r I'.H.'i

itMti. p. li. nuc.

I'liranpontloilii lulh ni i- 1'. jkiIuiis .M w Iiii. /.i il-rlii \:ii. \ uj :'.:! pp lis
l.Vl, ISIMt t. Jiiiiii.1,1111.

l-'.iiiii i)litliii<i jUiiTxfiu.'i .Moi.\\i>v;i(. np I'll., pp. 7_' 7h, pi. ii. (iu^. |.*i, 17. |!»
()ii;'nl hi{iir("ii, llM.'t.

I'l:ili'\; Fiu^.J. '.'•■I it'ioiiilypii. IhitiWilM; Tifv J. ;{. li.ilrXiX: l-iu^. •.'-•Jl,.
I'hiir .W: Km-. I-.".. Vvw Kiiiuii ."., r\pi-

Tlic l\pi' III' this spi'cirs \v;i- 1111111 ( I iii'ii liiinl, ami \vm^ -ml I r liy i'rii-

ti--ni (111. I.iilkcii iiiniir llic .Ms. n.-mir iilniiiirntii. whii'li he ncvci ))iili|i-linl.

Till' iilii:ili:il (jcscriptiuii liv llic in IStiH. Illnlrl- the liiiliic l-'.inn jihlhiiii iiluiiii ruin
\\:i- :>. liiiluwv: It ■■tonus ;i?i iipiiijlit idriilhiin. with a stout tiiink. troiii all
shIi's aiiil to iifai' the liasi> of wlii^li .-iii-i' -inn! -iii-roiinal I'laiirjir-. iiaki'ij at
tiicir hasl's, like the tlimk, lilll Ilioslly roMinl Willi rlo-f illi-iiis ul A to 12.
loiliiilish. xciriiril'oriii iiolyp-cclls. winch .in- loiiiih lAli-iioi |y. ami i-oviTril with
iiiiiiMToii- very roiijjii llioiiiy (•liil;--liapiil spniil.-i. II 2(1 to it-.i.'i inm. Imiu. hv

(17.") to 0 fJ.Viiiiii. Ihii'k."

i in V J)i,l)l

,<l; NitmII !■

lii:lll.l, \ il..,!,! .<

\

32 •!

('(ni(iiliiiti Ardic Kjiii'hlnni. IHI-! !:>!'

MiiKi- was not valid, for llio incsciit

'Ilium.
■;■ ihcii aiul figured, Idncllici' with
^]u cs wcic di'scrilicd as follows: —
I, mostly cluh-sliajM'd, with the
,(s. and the large end covered with
taking the form of ragged sj)iniiles;
tlatlene(l lobes; wilh these are some

In m\ re|)<iit on flie "Jilake" Anthozf)a, 1SS8, p. \'.i, the name was changed
to E. lulh< III, following Maicn/eller, liecaiise of llie piior use of ihe name Alcyoti-
iuni (jkmiiralnm liy Johnson; hut that cl
species \\as not originally di sciihi'd as a'

111 the latter work it was more *',:i'
ft few of the spicules. In that i' i lit
"The laiger spii ula are rather la. 'i!'

smaller end thickly covere<l with si. ''
large, roughly laceiali^ warts, sometimes
in other cases having the form of lacerate
roughly warted fusiform spicul.i, of similar size, and numerous smaller rough
spieula, some of whiili are fusil'orm, others cluh-shaped, and some of them
slender while olheis are stout.

Height, in alcohol, (iO to SI) mm., or aliout three inches; lireadth IJ.j to 50
mm.; diameter of contracted ealicles (polyps) 1 to X-'lri nun. It sometimes
becomes larger, uj) to ,") inches high."

Several examples were dredged off Halifax, Xova ."scotia, in .")2 fathoms
(I'.S.K. ("omm. ste.amer Sptrdirell) in 1S77. One small one was dreilged by the
liloki' olT Del.'iware b;iy, in l,18ti fathoms, anil several good specimens, ohtained
on the Fishing Banks, off Nova Scotia, liy cod and halibut fishermen have
been presiMited to the U.S. Fish Commission.

In lif(! the colour is usually pink or pale red, brownish on (he stalk, and
when fully exiianded it is translucent, sometimes yellow or orange. The mode
of branching an<l form of the i)oly()idom are cpiite variable, and the slides of
contraction cause notable changes in the appearance. This species, us shown
above, has been referred to as least nine genera and has received at least eleven
specific names, according to .hingersen. If it be considered generic.'illy distinct
from the type of Euneplithi/a the next available" generic name will be cither
Drifti or (I'crsrnn'opm.s of Danielssen, 1S87, and I would suggest the former.
It is nearly allied to Ihwn and (/crscm/a, but dilTers from both in having rough,
cla\ale spicules, with the acute processes ])rojecting slightly from the polyp
walls, giving tlicm a rough ajjiiearance. The i)olyps are not capable of eiitire
r(>tr,iction, and an' often incurved, with few or no spicailes on the inner side.
The anthocodial spicules do not form a wreath proximally.

In the type iPl. V, figs. 2, 2a) timst of the larger spicules of the anthocodia
have numerous rough, llattish, lacerated or foliated process(>s, varying much in
form and size, on the linger end of the s|)icule, decreasing in size towards the
siii.'dl end, where they are reduced to small siiinules or w.irts. These sjjiculcs
stand in chevron with the larger end outward, and the tips of the lacerate ])ro-
minences often project moic or less from the surface, espe<aally in dried or much
contracted six'cimens, m.'dung them rougli.

.\ccording to Molaiider his E. (iriivhniih'ra dilTers m having the rough
jirocesses .if the clubs lunch more slender and nunc numerous. Some of our
siieeimens agree fairly with Drifa ■iflnrKjica l);in.. others with his /arc.vccK.s
and i-Dftd. These last two are united under the I'ormer name as a distinct
species by Molaiider, but its distinctness seems very douiitful, at le.ast to .lun-
gersen, who also unites into our s[)ecies all the nominal species well illustrated
by ])aiiielssen. .Ml are ovovivip;irous.

Several of Danielssen's forms seem to me to be either distinct, or at least
notable varieties, for they ditTcr very much from the typical glomcrnta in the
forms .and ornament.ation of the spicules as well as in other characters, as
figured by n:iniels>ii'ii, b!it his />. hiinlind ;uid .V. Jldirnrens agree best with my
tyiH's.^

The v.arious specimens from the Fishing Hanks, in (he Vale Museum, arc
not now a\ailalile fir study, for they were boxed uj) and put m H(orage before
(he demolition of the museum building, several years ago. Those examples
undoubtedlv include several of the forms named as distinct bv Danielssen.

Alcyonaria

0 33

i

n

ri

?3
I

'riic type III' A', (ihiini i-dtii is ill iiiy privair colli'ii i.iip. .•iml is nuu licfdic lur.
It :if;i<'cs closely with the form naiiicil Xi plitlii/ii Jliircsans hv Daiiii'Issi'n i)\>.
(■it., I'i. XI, lins. l-.j8j wlicic it is very fully iliiisliatcd, with many of its spicules,
wliicli arc i)raetic.'illy iilciitieal witli correspniiiliii^ spicules of "the type. Tlip
tentacles are (inure<l as lieavily loaded willi small walled s|)iiidles, dc. A
iiiiieli onlaiKod coiitraetod polyj) is represented as ineiirved, willi llie inner
side smaller ai;<i without, spicules. It is vivii)aroiis, and tlio lifjureil plaiiuhe
are already filled with .small spicules. (Sec PI. \l\, fi^s. 4, '>, and lexl-cutj.

My tyi)e specimen also contains efjn'^^ :'nd planuhe, as do all other specimens
liiat I have examined.

The Ncphlhya rosea Dan. (op. cit., PI. XI >> 1-72), is united in JIar, sirna
liy Molaniler, and both are placed under .'■'ihin:!.:: h\- ..'.Mifreisen. As hjrurcd
the liiunches arc longer, le.ss crowded, a- d t.'ic polyot- .i- more slender and
loiiRer, which miiiht he due to less cent (■'i'.i. I'lUi t..- luitrer cluli-sliaped
spicules fitiured have the hiccrate proces: - ..;' ili. lart;^ ■ end elont;at<'d and
sleiidei-, without foliations, and most of ti. '; "v.'i '■ itlid spicules are stouter
.ind thicker than in the type of (jlotncraUi. Its plaiiuhe are also si)iculose.
.V. iioliiris Dan. <op. cit., PI. XIII, figs. 2 -15) .seems to he a younger and more
siroiifily contracted form of IMolaiid(!r's (jlunicnila, with the same kinds of short
I hick chilis. It may he a dislinct species.

(•'(TKeiiiiopsi-f arcliai Dan. (op. cit., PI. XIV, figs. 1-49: and PI. XV) seems
to difT(!r .some from our ty])e as to its spicules, hut the general figures show
specimens less contracted than usual, and consecpiently with mon> elongated
polyi)s, .some of them expanded. Clulis have short slender hranclied foli;iiions.

Drifa hy'ilinn Dan. (op. cit., PI. Vll, figs. 1-44). The general figure shows
a large example more openly branched than usual, and with elongated polyps,
some incurved. Its club-shaped spicules are, in general, smaller and more
slender, with the lacerate; proct'sse.s somewhat smaller than in the type of
iltomcnita iiut otherwise similar. Spindles are more slemler.

D. islnndicn Dan. (PI. VI, figs. :M)-7\) is openly br.-inched, with polyjjs
elongated as in Iho last, but the larger club-shaped spicules figure(l are larger
.-ind coarser, stout, and often inoic rudely foliated, than in lypicid ijlonirnitu .

Of all these forms IJ. rosea and E. islandua seem to me to difTer the niosi
from lh(! type. Kukenlhal has already recognized the latter as a distinct
form. Molaiider separated /?o(ys<-c«s Dan. as a sjiecics, but that is ai)parently
identical with the tyjie. He united htialina and Jlnvesccns, but rosea is most
distim;t in spiculation, and might be considered a variety worth recognizing
at lea.st. Molander proposed (I'Jlo) a new species A', (jnriilandica, distinguished
mainly on account of the presence in the polyps of elongated, slender, warted
spindles, longer than the clubs, and the latter having narrow elevated processes
,it the enlarged end, without foliations. It seems to be a fairly distinct form,
but might lie considcMcd a variety.

The form called E. qlomerata by Molamh^r does not agree with the type.
He says of the larger polyp-spicules that they are "short clumsy clubs .hkI
spindles, ()-2-0-38 mm. long, generally clubs, their tliorns broad and low."
A glance at the figures that 1 have given (PI. V, figs. 2, 2a) will show that this
is not true of the type, for the major clubs are elongated with the smaller end
much tapered. In fact they are more liki> his figures of E. jlavesccns (p. 71)
than like those that he gives as of E. glomcrata. His species agrees better as
to spicules with Drifa islandica, as figured by Daniels.sen (PI. \I, op. cit.) but
the Latter also h.'is mon; tapered clubs. .V. polaris is similar.

My iminessioii is that Jungersen has gone too far in uniting all the known
northern forms of this group (Drifa) under one species. Probably two or three
species should be recognized, each with subordinate varieties, all based mainly
on the spicuiation. Many of these forms occur on the Baiik-s, <jiT Newfouiidlaii<i;
but I am not in a position to express very decided opinions on any of them,
except my own types, because others are not now accessible, witliout too much
trouble and lielav.

9313— ;i

Mm

\

34 (;

CuKwIiaii Arctic Eriicdition, 1,')J3 JUIS
Drifa racemosa Stiulcr

Eunephihijarac(7noi><i Htvoeh, Not(> prelim., L'ml part, 18!ll , vip. fit., 1901, f amp
Hiromlelic, p. 33, PI. IV, fi^s. 1, la, 2.

Plate XIV; Fig. 3.

This appears to be a species (iistiiut from 1). glomcndd. It is openly
branched, with larger and more elongated poly[)s. The elubs of the anthocodia
are much more slender. They have a more ahrii[)tly enlarged distal end, while
the proximal part is slender. The enhuged part is covered with smaller spiniilea
and more slender and shorter thorns; the slender jjart is clo.sely covered with
small acute warts and spinules. Tlie spindles are more slender and have smaller
more regular, and much more numerous spinules. Pf)lyps are 4 mm. long, 2
mm. wide. It seems to he much like I), (jroiilnmlicn Mohinder, — perhaps the
same. It was from otT Newfoundland, in l,2t)7 meters. Mohuidei- considers it
a form of D. flavesccnx.

Duva Koren and Daniclssen. Type D. rosea KiJr. and Dan.

Duva Koren and Daniklsskx, Bergens Mus., pp. 1-7, pi. i iii, 1883. D.\niels-

SEN, op. eit., 1887, pp. 3(1-57, pi. iii vi.
Parospongodes (pars) May, op. cit., 1900, pp. 391-394.
Eunephthijn {parn) KUkemhai,, op. eit., 190t). pp. 79-81 (non Vekrim,). Jung-

ERSEN, op. cit., 1915, p. 1909; op. cit., 19Ui, p. 495; Hergens Mus. Aarbok,

2, 1916, p. IG; MoLANDEu (pars), op. cit., 1915, p. 79.

As stated above Eunephthtja cannot be used legitimately for this group.
Therefore Duva, the earliest available name, must be used. The genus and the
several species referred to it by Danielssen were very fully described and finely

v..

?^^^

^^^

l-iR. Ii. IJuta muili/!vr.t \orrill. 'type. Tenninal brandies aliuiit nat. sue. I'ruiri tlie Kishing Banks.

Alcyonnria

G 35

illustrated \>y liim with alHuidaMt aiiatoiiiifiil and histological (ihscrvatioiis,
though ho (iouiitless erred in making too many sijccics, and I y nivinn too much
importance to variations in the forms of iiranCliinn.

When well-KfoWTi the polypidom has a stout stalk and numerous branches
and branchlets, which bear a multitude of small cro\%(led polyps at their tips,
usually three to five in a cluster, with a little or no i-ilerveiiinir cu'tiencliyma'

The branchiuK is usually arboi lent and often svjumetrical, but variable!
The stalk is usually smooth and naked for some distance, and the proximal
part of the branches is usually naked. The terminal branches are often clustered
into uiiibi'1-like groups, and in other cases into cvme-like
usuallv of three to seven branchlets.

th

or thyisoid groups.

partly expanded in
well-developed and
ivates in chevrons,
or quite lacking, so that
yps are often unequally

polyps are not wholly retractile, and are often
alcoholic specimens. The anthocodia is usually pretty
contains eight double rows of slender spindles and subc
but the basal wreath of transverse spicules is nearly

its limits proximally are not well-defined. The p< _

developed in the inner and outer sides, and spicules mav be few or none on the
smaller inner side; in such cases the polyps curve inward in contraction.

The spicules of the anthocodia and the tentacles are mostly slemler carted
spindles and imperfect clubs. Those of the cortex of the bi;inch(>s and stalk
are mostly small warted spindles, sub-clavalc forms, double-heads, with more
or less compound crosses, dou))le stars, and various small irregular forms. Some-
times the lower part of the stalk is nearly destitute of spicules; the upper part
and branches are often without spicules or with few. One of the most salient
characteristics is the absence of any well developed wreath of transverse spicules
d(-lining the proximal zone of the anthocodia. The rows of spicules run con-
tiruiously, or nearly so, from the anthocodia to the base of the polyp-body with
little change, though sometimes the spicules are small, few, or lacking proximally.
The tentacles are spiculose usually nearly to the tips, and sometimes in the
pinnules also. This genus is in many respects intermediate between Uerncmia
and Drija. From the former it differs in having less co'iienclivma, or none at
all, between the polyps, and especially in not liaving a well-developed wreath
of spicules defining the anthocodia. The spicules are mostlv smaller and
simpler, and tho.se of the cortex are fewer and more generally small spindles
and clubs. Also the polyps are not retro'-'-' . From Drifa it differs especially
in not having the anthocodial area c< vith laceratelv lobed or spinose

clubs. The latter also has larger and ivate spicides in the cortex of

the branches. It agrees in lacking an am .d wreath of transverse spictiles.

The cymiform or subumbellate mode of blanching is also generally distinctive
for well-grown specimens of this genus.

Ml

Duva • ultiflora \r

rnl

Sea-raiditiower.

Akyoniiim mulUiJcruin Vkuuii.i,, Proc. I'.S. Nat. Mus., \'ol. n, p. 200, 1879-
Ann. Kep. L'.S. Fish Comm. for ISS:{, p. .5:}:>, ISSo. > • - > • .

Duva arlmr, .<r,n!i Damkl-^^sKN, op. cit., pp. M II, pi. ji, fi^rs. -}2 ."it; i)l. iii, figs.
1-17, 1.SS7; probably also including I), y/n'' 'rgrnsi.i Dan., op. cit., pi, iii'
figs. IS iMt, and /J. ro.vni KoiiKN ;iiid Dan. ,>. <it., KS8:i, pi. i. ' '

Eiincphlluja rosea Molaxdku, op. ci(., IIU.J, p. 74, pi. li, figs. 10, lit), 21.

Plate IV; Fig. 7. Plate Xl\ ; Fig. G. Text Figs. 6, 7.

This, when well-grown, is a l.irge arborescent s])eci(>s often 100 to 1,W mm.
high, and 7') mm. broad. The stalk is large and smooth; basal part of branches
iiuked, branches very numerous, sui)unrhcijate, bearing clusters of small crowded
polyps at their tips, and thus in contraction resembling a cauliflower, giving
reason for the name "sea-caulitlower" used bv fishermen.

9343— 3i

\

M\

Cnui.litni Airtii- Exjoililnin . HH-! /.''/V

Colour ill lil'c is ollcn lifiht rod or piiiiv, fudiiiK in alcoliol.

Tiiis spocios has been broUKlU in Iroia the lishiiin liuiik-i. o|V Nova .Scotia
•iml Ncwioundlaml, by various ve-^suls, and pn'spntcd to the T.S. I'isli ("oiii-
luission. It oc(-urs in 1;>() to .W) fathoms, and is ovidcntly roimiion at tlios(!
licptlis. It is also wid.'lyiHstribuKMi in the Arctii- iciiinns. and off tlic noithcrii
coasts of Ijirope.

rie. 7. IJnrn arborvjsrfm 1 >an. I yi)j.
Danielssei enlarged.

( Inu of llio |](ily|i^, aii'l part of another witli eiw<. After

Jungerscn united all the twelve no innl species of Duva. deserii>ed and
fittured by Danielsseii. under the eonimo. name Eiuiepltthi/n jhridn (Hathkei.
Moiandef retained three as distinct. Our i^pecies seems \u agree best witli D.
roxen, and to ditler distin(!tlv from D. Jlvruld, judgins by the hgures of the latter.
Some of the other species described Ijy Danielssen seem to me worthy ot r^cou-
iiitioii, jtidging from his numerous figures of the spicules, etc., especially those
that have in the polvps much larger and more numerous spicules, hke D.
(jlnrialis, to which Z>. citttTm might be united; ami I), flava, PI. V\ figs. 1-33,
which has unusually large and stout spicules in the anthoco(iia.

Familv CL.WU^ARID.E. New family.

Stoloniferous Actinaria having calidcs more or
spicules, mostly rough wart-?d spindhs. Pol,\ps also
anthocodia.

CSS prominent anii filliMl with
piculosc with a spiculose

Trachythela Verrill. New genus.

Plate VII; Figs. 1-7.

Polypidom consists of rather large, low. verruciform or short truncate-
conic calicles tmited bv narrow creeping stolons, or by a thin continuous liasal
expansion, usn . attached to the dead axis of a Gorgonian Ci ;.l, and stifTened
by closely packeu fusiform spicules of unusually large size.

mm

Aliiii'iinrin

M

'V\v Willis (if tlic ("ilidcs and the ('(ciu'iicliyiiia urc lillrd with \-A\yn- cluiifialfd
ai'iitc •;;)ic'Ul('s, iiiostly in the loriii of wartcd s|)iiidlfs il'l. \1I. i\\L>. I and .">>,
wliich project from tlu -iirface, rsiiccially iii tlic siiiiirnils <if tiic caliclcs, as
tiliarp spinulcs (fins. 1 and 2). 'I'liosc of the outer (•<r<iienehyiria ifjjr. oi an-
mostly very row^jlily warted spindles, often iient or irregular: tiiose of the inner
layer are smaller, more regularly spinulose or wartcii.

'I'lie polyjis arc lanie, capable of partial retraction, but usuall>- leave .a
larjie anthocodia exposed (.fiji. 2). 'J'his lias an opercular armature, consisling
of eifjlil convernent groups of large acute warted spindles, arranged in clievrons.
in fiuadruple serief , on the liasal part of the tentacles; and of a wide collar,
made upof aliout four tosi.x or more transverse rows of long, stout, acute >pindlcs,
mostly more or less curved (fig. 4). The inner layer of thi' caMienchyma coniains
smaller spindles, often uiie(|ually endeii. and many small thorn.\- clnlis and
double dubs with prominent warts and other small ff rms (fig. V.i.

The polyp-cavity connects directly with the large canals in the b.i>al
structure. The calicles may stand singly or they may be united in j, lirs. or
in small groups of abour three, with small buds around them.

Trachythela rudis \ i rrill. New species
Plate Vll; Figs. 1-7.

Most of the characters of this, the oidy known species, are included ir the
generic description above. The larger calicles are l.irge, swollen or mamin.forni
at the base, with stifT spinulose cortex. The polyps are most frequently lunteil
by a membranous l)ut spicuh)se basal crust, but not unconunoidy by narrow-
creeping stolons; both methods may occur in one colon\ . The calicles may
stand singly b\it are often groujH'd in twos or threes, or may form close no'ose
clusters, S to 11) nun. high, composed of two or three larger and several yoiuig
ones. They are usually, when contracted in alcohol, about ;5-.') mm. to 1 nun.
in diameter", the anthocodi;i about 3-.") mm. broad by .iliout 2 to 2\\ mm. high;
stolons may be 3 to 4 mm. wide. Most of the calicles are surmounled by a
stout strongly spicidose anthocodia ifig. 2'. 'l"he calicles are echinate or rough
at the margin with the sharp iirojecting points of numerous s{)icules. Some
of these large warted spindles are forked or branched. The larger spicules
of the anthocodia are l-2o mm. long by 0-11 thick; 115 mm. long by (I- 1(1
thick; 1-00 mm. long by 0-10 thick. Some of the larger spicules of the c(enen-
chvma are 1-00 mm. loiig and OKi mm. thick: ()-7() long by (I- 13 thick. Sonn-
fniin the inner layer of the calicles are irregular and some are branched or forked
at one end; length of large ones (fig. fi). may be 1 '00 mm. long by OUi thick;
OfsO long by 017 mm. thick.

Numerous smaller spicules are i^-esenl in the tentacles, to near the \\\>>,
and in the pinna'.

The tvpe specimens were from the deej) water fishing banks attached to
dead stalks of Kcratoisis ornntn V. Types are in my collection. One large
group Was on PaiiujorQic arbonn.

This peculiar new species does not appear to be very nea' allied to any
species previoiisl known. It is remarkable for its strong armature of large
acute projecting spicuh-s, on and around the margins of the calicles. and for the
aiiUhdanl large spiruk s of fhc antiuu-iidia and ilic triititcular opertMiliiiri. The
polyps are often entirely retracted.

The rathe.- large spindles of the base and calicles are so thickly packed,
side by side, that these parts change their sizes and fo. us but little in drying.

\

38 a

Cuvmiian Arctic Expedition. 1913-1918
Comulnriella modesta Verrill.

Cor«uirtn'e/;a W(W,.s<rt Veurill, AiiKT. Joiirii. Sci., Scr. ;{ Vol \1I i, K) pi 8
%s. 1, 2, 1S74; Proc. Anier. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol.'for 187:i,' p. ';}<»() pi" «'
hKs. 12, 1«<.) J F. WiiiTKAVKs, Ain.T. Journ. Kci. Vol. Vll, p. 2 '•■ila!'
Mar. Invert L ( anntia, p. 30, 1901. Vkukill, Ann. Hep. US. (on.in.'
I'lsh and lishmcs for 188;{, p. .183, 188.J.

Plato VI ; Fins. ,'), 0. 'I'ext Fins. 8, 9.

This is ,-1 small inconspicuous species, usunlly found growing on stones and
dead shells; lieightj) to 18 nun.; djaineier of calicles, 3 nnn.

Fig. S. VornulariunatnodcstaVcrrlW. Typ,-- ICnlargnl :iboi

ut four tiini'3

T\g,.9. (■.,Tn,dnri,:Ua mode.^la Wrrill. Type. Some ot the spi,-„l,v, of tlio basal st.il

)nanii cali-les. .\ 116

in

rhe cyhndric calicles arise either from narrow creeping stolons or from thm
membranous expansions,which are tilled with slender fusiform spicules. The polvps
aie eloiiKatcd, in contraction the soft upper portion can be entirely retracted

Alcyonaria

c, :<!)

i-i

into the firmer lower part oi caliclc, which then has a roiiiidod top, with eight
convergent grooves. The fijll-giowii calicles are usually at Ii'ast twice higher
than broad often more. Thi? liasal stolons and calicle walls are stiffened by
an ahundanee of rather large and long, ac^te. strongly sjiinulose spindles, closely
packed together in two or more layers; in the stolons they lie parallel, hut near
the bases of tiie caliclcs tliey lie crossing each other in various directions. In
Lvldition to thes(! there are relatively few very small roundish or granule-like,
rough spicules scattered over and among the large spindles, and occasionally
small conipoiuid crosses also occur si)ariMgly. The retractile region and tentacles
have eight double rows of small .spicules.

Tlie .soft part of the polyps when expanded is elongated, whitish, and
translucent, with .-spicules j)laced in chevrons. It is often constricted in the
middle. The tentacles are Avliite, long and graceful, swollen at base.

The tvpe specimens were taken i.v us in Casco bay, 35 fathoms, and bay
of Fundy in 80 to 100 fathoms, 1870-1873. Dr. V.'hiteaves, dredged it south of
Anticosti island in 220 fathoms. It Inis subsequently been taken in a number
of places, at similar depths, off Maine and New Brunswick, and off Cape
Sable, Nova Scotia, in 80 fathoms, 1883 ("Albatross";.

Several additions have been n'ade to the Canadian Alcvonaria by T. Studer
in Kesultats des Campagnes Sci., All)ert 1, (Camp. Ilirondelle, '1880-1887)
Fasc. XX, Alcyonaria, pul)lished in 1901. These were as follows: —

From off Newfoundland, in ],2t)7 meters.
Clavularia concretn Studer, p. 15, PI. 1, figs. 1, 2.
Anthumadus agancus Studer, p. 27, PI. 1, figs. 6-9.
Euncphlhya racemosa Studer, p. 33, PI. IV, figs. 1, 2.
Acanthogorgia verriUi Studer, p. \ t. PI. IV, figs. 1-G.

See above, p. 31ri.

From 155 meters depth: —

Parnspongodes dank'hsrni Studer, ]). 31, PI. Ill, figs. 8, 9; pi. X, figs. 1, 3, 7.
See below, p. 48o.

The Antkomastus agaricuis seems to me to be only the young stages of
A. grandijlorus Ver. Eimcphtlnja racemosa vfa>' placed mular E.JJnvcscens (Dan.)
by Molander; Parasprngodendimiehson wasunitetl io Ger.<tcmia chwata (Dan.) by
Alolander.

Some additions have also been m.ade to the fauna of the Newfoundland
Banks by A. I{. ^Molander in "Northern and Arciic Invertebrates in the Collection
of the Swedish State IMuseum."' He records dcrsemin uvarformis (Mav) from
66 meters, 1871, p. .54, pi. 1, fig. 1; pi. Ill, fig. 28: <;. mirabilis (Dan.), p. GO,
pi. 1, fig. 10, from 29i meters; C ciavata Danielssen, from lt)4 meters, 1871,
with which he united (/. diimdnsdn (Stiuler), pp. 5(') tiO, pi. 1, figs. 2, 5, 8, pi.
Ill, fig. 29; G.fruticosa, pp. ()()-09, pi. 1, figs. 6, 9, 11, 13, pi. Ill, figs. 30, 32;
Eunephthya flnvescens (Dan. 1S87), pp. 74-78, pi. 11, figs. 15, 17; 290 meters,
1871, and in this last species he includes E. racemosa Studer, and E. hynlina
(Da!i.), E. sarsii May, and E. Candida (K. and D.).

Professor C. C. Nutting, has reconled Stachyptiliitn qundridentntum Nutting,
from Juneau, Alaska, in the collection of the Universitv of California. Proc-
r.S., Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXV, p. 709, 1909.

Kuni;!. Svenska, Vetens.-Aka 1. Hiin I linear, Bil.51, Nd. 11, \ II, Aliyonarea. Stockholm, 1915.

\

40

'anwhan Arctic Expidition. lUIS-lS

r.inily ANTHOMASTIU^. N,w f,

IllillV.

th.-

I now pmpoM- K. t-inl.lish :, ii.u iMinily ol Alcy.iiM.cM t.i inrlii.ic A,ithon„i.s.
N.S \vv.. nm\ >.„nov>'>.ltin>' J-.'ss,, hitherto inrlu.l..(l in the fan.ilv Alcvoni.hc
Its principal .hMnnosti.' chiiraclcrs arc the prcsmc,. of an <.xpan.l..(i polvi.ilVron^
>i|.p.i l.<,.ly Mipportcd on a hancn stalk, with ll... two ,,'»;ions w.ll .liir.n.nlialr.l
and tlic presence ot nniiuTous feitile siphonozooids lictwcen the polvi)« on
upper surface. The form may I.e Aganms-Wkv (inushrooin-slia.x'.l)' or
upper portion may I.e lohed or (livi.led into fn.ndose lorins.

The ceniis Si,no,,ln,linn Less, is al.iMHi.aiil ,n m..M tropical seas, ..xcept in
the West Indies and on WVst American coa.Ms. Jt i. chara.tcnstic of shall.iw
wafer on cora reefs. Its polyps are small, l.ut it often ^rows in lar^e frundoM'
inas-es, as well as m inu.shrooin-shapes. It is al.un.lant in the l{ed S.'a, Ka.st
Jndn's, Austr.aliaii reef.'i. etc.

.1 „tluwn,sti,.s i \ errill, 1S7S,) is a dcp water u<'MU.«, confined to col.I waters.
It was hist found on the Newfoundland Hanks in IS7S. l.ut several -pecies -ue
now kn(,wn connn^r from nearly all parts .,f th,. worl.l where <leep sea dn-duinK
has been d(.ne, both in the colder seas and in the tropics.

The polyps are always relatively lar^e .and retra.'lile, while the fertile
Siphonozooids are .small and .lestitule of lent..cles. All the s,,ecies appear to he
ot son,e shade of re.l or j.urple, and when mature are usnallv mushn.om-shaped
or l.isciiit-.shaped Some species l.ecome large. They are ..ften found <,n mu'hlv
l-ottoins where Ihey anchor themsehvs l.y lol.iilated root-like process,.-, Hut
our species, and j-rohahly also all tlu- others, can also attach itself to .st..ne's .-tc
and It then has a l.roa.l encrusting hasc, either simple or lohed. These nolahh.'
ditt<.rences au not to he regarded as sp.^cihc. for all iniennediate states are
found in the same s,.ecies. So, likewi.se, th.. forms of the indivi.luals of a species
vary greatly, acn.rdmg to their ages ami environment. Thev mav he tall with
a long stem, or low and l.n.ad with a short stalk, etc.

Anthomastus grandiflorus \errill.

.4w//,om(/,s7a^- yn/n,///or«.s Vkuhii.l, American Journal Sci<'nce ser 'A v(.l XV 1
p. .{<(.: Hnel Cont. to Zoology, Xo. ;}<t, 1S78; Hull. IMus. Com,.. Zo..l.,'

vol M, p. IJ, pi. I l,j;,. 7^1(„,. ^„„„.,, ,J^,|,„^j j.^ ,.^^^^_^_^ j,^^,^ ,_^^j

I'lshenes lor 1883, pp. 013, oXi, pi. ii. fig 12, 1885. Also a figure in AN eh-

s tei s Infrnational IJictioiiary, pp. 63, 1<)75. ed. of 18!K) and in e.l. of

r.HM. WiiiTKAVE.s, List. Invert., op cit., p. 31, lOOl.
A>dhmmxh,» pvrpurcvs (as Sarrophi/ton) Korex and Damkis.skv F;iuiei I at

-Norv.. 1883. ?.IoLANnBi, op cit., p. 43. 1901 (details).
A>ithomn^t,<. ng<,rini.« SrvnEn, op. cit., p. 27, pi. i, figs. 1-0, 1901 (Young).

Plate XW; Figs. ',-7. Plate XVH; Figs. 1-1,1.

When well grown this is :, larg,. speci.'s. with mm.erous v,rv larg,. p,.lvi)s
perhaps the largest known in any Aloyonarian genus. ,..x,-,.pt that th,.se ,'f some
species ot ( mbelluhi may he .as 1,-irge or larger.

The form is usually som,'what mushroon,-!ike Mmmv/.s-shane) The
upper part is thick and ,.ften ,onsi,l,.r,aMy larg,.r than th,. stalk, and mav l.e..ome
3 to ., iiu.hes or more in ,liani,.ter (7.-. t.. 120 mm.i. The summit is m,.r,. or less
convex ami when large bears a large numl.ei of large exs.^rt polvps, bec,.ming in
partial cxi.an.-^ion 20 to 2.') mm. high aii.l someiimes overall inch (2.-) to 3(t mm i

iVrr;';/' r'''.-''K';f •''■""'''' ';''''''',"'• /'"*"'>• "••^' ^"^''•'■'> retractile into ealides
that are only sligh ly elevate,! ,-.n,i eight-lohe,!. Young specimens often occur
*ith only two or three large p<jlyp.s and with a thick convex top.

.Mtyiniiinii t, \\

Laitic iimnlxMs of >iml,ti.v laiMMl frrtik .i|.h.,nnz.,.,i.l> .nv s.Mti.r.Ml ..vcr ;,11
tl..' top, l„.tw,.,n Ui.. pulyps. Tl.r stMlk l„..M,> i,.„Im., p.,|vp, ,„„• >,pl>,mu/,„,„l.s.
Ihe Imsc n.ny !,.■ c.tiuT ..xpaiid,,! and ^i.np|,., ,„ rise l„l„..l. wlini ..,(lli..|ri.t t..
stoii.'M l,ui on .niid.iv Im.iioim. it ..sumIIv has i.u.r |,.>s im ,„„s iln.k n.„i-

lik.M.rlniMMnis i..,.liil.'s aii.l I., I,rs (.xt.'.idiiiK .l..xvnw ar.l iriJ., tl,, 11,11(1 tn, ;,iirli..rau.-

mps. () , I. Ilic (•(■•n.'iicliynia is aLiiiidant and coiitMiis mm i.mis .lianiifN

••'.iiiicctiii^ tl.r p,.ly|.s aiMl Mi,l,„„„z..oids. Th- e(dcnt.M.,ns of ||„- laiu.'p..lvps
.AttMi.l t(. flic l.as.'. I h,. KiplK.iK.X'.f.i.ls n.i.taili ova, l.iit liaw no (.■ntuclo.

Th.. I., tadrs and tlwir rnnna^ contain numerous slcn.lcr fusitoim and ro.l-
Ukc spicule I he .•ort(|X of iho fop contains al.undant lod-likc, fusifoini, an. I
vvVic ■'''',.' "'"' "'""''''■ ^"'l''"'' ^l'"'iiU-s uill, a iVw .•r..ss,.s, .•!.• >srv pi
AMI, lie \}. I he spicul.'s ..f the infiTior .„■,. ni.,sflv shiuh.,- s|.in.||cs ami ro.ls
olour IS usually .Icp .■.■.!, vanii,« lo puipi.. an.l liuhf tv.|. It d.x^s n..t fa.lc
Mjuch in alc.ih.>l.

The Anlhonnisl,,, jnir,,unu, , K. an.! I ) j as Sam,,,!,,/!,.,, . .,f the \.,iu..mai,
.-.'MS'. '■; "iiH'h hk.. our sp...i,.s, l.ut the l.s.-;ih .1 spc.jni.ns aiv niu.'h sinall.r
an.l prol.al.ly younn. Its ,H.lyps, as (les.iil,e.|, aiv onlv al.out haif as larir.. as
fliosc of our lull j,n.\vn .'xaiii|)lcs.

Studer .h'scrilxMl .1. aynrirus from I2(i7 nwf.'rs. off Xewloun.lland i.M.
<ilv p. -I, pi. I, fit£s. (i (I, 1001). His hirsest examples were l.a.llv .•.,nt. acfc'r
small, an. prohaMy very youii^, havmn only aliout 1(» p..K ps. Oneha.l i)Ut three
polyps. It IS prohahly the y.,iinn state of .1. ,jr,i,„!i!!„r„,. Col.uir was rc.l
>pi.Miles are much like •• .se of our species. 1 huv,- s...",, similar v.unr ones .,f
"ur torm, ass.)ciate.l »:<• .)iies. S..e p|. MV, fifrs. (i, 7.

-1- grnndijluru.^ was i,.,vei. in lar>r.- nuinh. rs ,,i, ,,r l,elw..en th.^ .Iceper Links
..II Aova hcotia and Newf..uiidland, in l.-)0 t,, ;{()() lath.-ms. Th.-v were i.re-

i*J-'J'l "I'cc."' V^' ^'''■^'', '■"""■■i-^i"" ''.V tl'P (:i<.uc..sl, r, M.ass.. r,sh..rm,.n, fr.,n.
S.8 to KSSl. It was als.. taken l,y fh.. 'Alhatross- an.l -l-ish Hawk" m 410 I..
I.i.t.. tathoms oil our northern coasts. A similar species {A. ,wns„izii Ver )
(.-■.■urs in th.. \\..st In.li,.s in .leep water. If is 'i^ht red an.l has som..what
smaller i).,lyps .aii.l dirt..rent spi.ui..s. The rod-iik.- spieu!<.s of th.. ccn'mlivina
.111.1 .-alLltv are loiDi.T. lar(ier, an.l morv spinulose and fh.. sh.ut ..|lipsoi.laran,l
.i..u .!.■ st..||ate forms from th.. ..xteri.,r of th.. c(i.Men<.hvma air more str..nijlv
warted or spiunlos... (See I'lat.. XVII, fi)rs 2 2c )

Suh.iitler (ion.,.i.\A. K.\.

Family CHRYSOGORGII)^ \ , r or I) sYGOR(;il).E. S„m. authors.

Radicipes .Stearns.

I^«,tin,,cs 8i>;.Ui.Ns Pro... T.S. Xaf. Mus., vol. VI, p. !.:. pj. vii, ti^s. 1, 2, Julv,
.„ ,.• '>'P'' ''• /''""■<>< '•'.v/.;/!/,v, ,)apar,. Kin.)siiita, J. .urn. Collece Sci
lokio Imp. I niv.. vol. XXXIIl, art. 2. j.p. 1, ."). Hii:!.

A^///(%o/Vi''< \kuhii.i., Anu.r. ,l..urn. Scionce. vol. XX\ III p 220 ISSI Brief

f ""/coV; ^""J"'~'>' ^'*''"- "'•^: -^"""='1 J^''P"rt r.S. Comm. ..f Fish and Fish..ri..s
for 1888, p. i)12, ISS.").

Sirophogorgin Wni.inr and Siidkk, W.v. (•hall..nfrcr, v.,1. \]. Alcv..naria p '>
1889. In part. ■ i ,

< 'hrystifrorpri.lT' usually jrrowing in tl.e form of lonp, simple rod.- will, il.e
na.sc .livi.ie.i info calcareous, hran.hed, r.mt-like pro....sses. Crenenchyma thin-
Its spicules in tlie form of thin ohlonjr scales. Polvp-,.alicles ..loiiKuted, w..li
separate.l, ohlique. usually arranped in a s(>cund maimer; th<>ir spicules art
.'^pmdles. '

\

42 .i

('iniiiiliiiti, Aiclir KspiiUliiin, tHhi tUIS
Radiclpes itr»cili!i XCrrill.

L( liulogoigiu giacilis VKitun.i., op. cit., 18SI, |>. '-'-'(), op. i-it., LS86, pp. 't\2, 'M,
pi. II, titcs. Ill, U)a.

FiK-^. I'l and Mill. UaJcps i/racUiS Vrrrill. Fin. 10. Portion fritn ilic i
IHtl.vii^: lOii. Ii:i'i' nf -tiilk .iii'l ba:*ul njot-likt' nri,rcHseH. x 2.

li'ldlaof the italic Iwarins two

The axis is simple, tall, sU-ndur, tai)cr<' ' '■> the tip, terete, iridet eiit. Polyp
culirlcs arc larne, eloiijcati'ii, often widci- t ■ the uxi.s, 8eate<l oblicpiel.v, well
apart, ami scciind. ('oloiii' when liviiij: il; , .•njie or salnu.ri-color. Calicles are
filloil with clonjiateil sj)iii(lles. Curieiiehyina is very thin; its spicules are thin,
scale-like, oiiloiin, \\ilh rounded ends and oflen eonstrieted in the middle. Root
proeesses are nuieh Kranched, round, hard, ealcareoiis, an.d taper to small slender
tips, lleijrht up to '.] feet or more (900 mm.). It was taken hy the "Alhatross"
ill iSS.'?, olT Cieor^cs Hank, in 858 fathoms, and farther south in 17.11 aiid 1735
failmms in lar^e n nihers. A comparison with the ty|)e> of Stearns shows the
generic identity of I.tjmlogorgia.

ramily KER.\TOISID/E dray, 1870 (emende.l).

Ktiiitoisidir + Acinidlnilrt + Mopscada (parfi) Oiuv, <'at. I.ithophvtes Hrit.

Mus., pp. ]:!, 1(>, 18, 1S70.
dralninilm Vkkuii.l, Hidletiu ^lus. Coi.ip. Zool., Vol. XT, p. 11, 1883.

.Axis simple or variously branched, with lonji calcareous joints, which are
often hollow, alternatin^r with shorter horny joints. Branches, when present,
sometimes ari.se from the calcareous joints, hut more frequently from the horny
ones. Base calcareous, usually divided into lonn, flat, irreRiilar lobes, serving
as anchors in the mud of the sea bottom, rd'neiichyma thin, commonly with
iuii;; fuKifuriii cuiiEpieuuiis ^pieules, sometimes with other imall seak-liko ones
at the surface. C'alicles large and prominent, filled with large fusiform spicules,
of which eight or more are larger than the rest and commonly project as sharp
marginal spints between the bases of the tentacles, forming an armature for the
protection of the incurved and imperfectly retracted tentacles.

2

Ahj/iintiriii
Keratoisis Wriuhf

(^ \.i

Kir,ilolfi.i Witi.iiir, Ann. find Ma^. N:if. Hist., |I, intnt. ,,. |.>7; ||I, ,,. -ji,
'irtAv, Cat. l.iih. liiit. Mils., I,s7(), |.. Ih. Cniluisi.t \ Kuicii.i, oi). nt'
ISH:t, p. II. I .

In tliis (iciiiis tho hninchrs .in- ii-iiiilly livv and <li-lant and ari«.- fioi.i tlio
(•alrarcoiis joints. Olluiw isc it .•iki.t.s vrrv closclv wiili miiih' i>( tli.' siiaiinftly
lir.iiicl.nl hpccics of ,|o/»,.//(i. The calcaicoiis joints ar.' tiil.iilai. Tlii> caliclc's
an ?ionul\ aiimd with iaru'i' >|.inifoini spitiiirs, ami tlir (•(i'n<ncli\ ma also .■,,!,.
tains laiifc riisilorni s|iii'iili--.

In this m'litis all' incjiidc.l the largest known spcn.-. of the faiiulv. r'oiiie
specimens of K. ornabi arv ,ilni;it four feet hi«li, TIi.mc arc found jit crmViideralde
dcptlis, in cold water, on the lianks otf Ncwfouiidl.iiid and Nov.i Scotia.

th

Keratuisis omuta NCrnll. (lol.l-l.ainlcd (,;oral.

KtniloKis unuitu Vinutii.i., .\nicr. .lour. .Sci., vol. WI, Ih7s, pp. .>V2, :i7(i; op.
cit.. |S8.'{, p. 11, pi. 1. litrs. 4 III (as C(ratoi.st.s); op. cil., I,SH.">, |). .");{;{.'

Plate \Vi; li^s. i-||,. j'latc WIl; I'ins. i-tK.

« oral tall; sotiicfiines over four feet liiifli; dislantlv an.l irnrularlv l.ranclied,

liranchcs uprcadinn, often nearly at ri^dil ancle.«,' elon^atcl, rat.ii.'r slender,
Hia.lu.ally taperiim, Jtivinn oF, in the same iiiaiuicr, elon;;ated i.ianchicts. The
l.ranclics and liranchlets mostly aiise from near the pro.ximal end of the csil-
rareoiis joints, Imt sometimes from the middle. The calcareou.s joints are
ivory-white, elonpiled, round, slightly enlarged at the ends, usually f.iintly and
often indistinctly striated lonnituoin.illy, ai)pearinn smooth to the luiked eye.
hut linely uraiiiilous under a lens; tliev are tuiailar, havinir a central tiihe eiiual
to ahoiit a third or a foiirt'' of their total diameter. The chitinoiis joints are
usually lustrous jiolden yellow or hronze-color, sometimes [il.iin hrown, short,
scarcely longer than thick in the lari:(>r branches, ahoiit twic- as loni; as thick
in the sinaller ones, where the- hccome translucent and brownish or aini.cr-
color. without the metallic lustre seen in those of the larger hranches. rhf>
basal iwrt is l]•■<'x^\\■ divided into irregular, palmate, flattened lobes, or root-like
expansions, by < of which it .■inchors itsr^lf in the mud.

One spccim.'ii, preserved in alcoliol, shows lem.'irk.ible variations in the
length and lorm oi the calicles. Over most of the bninches thev are very long
and prominent, constricted in the middle, with an exp.andcd b.i.se and enlarced
summit, crowned by eij>hl prominent .spines, siirroiindinii the incurved and nearly
retracteil tentacles (PI. X\ H, ti^. Jai. In this form of calicle the leniif h is tw<, to
three times the averafie diameter. Hut on other branches the calicles are only
prominent, sub-conical verruca^, broadest at base, with the summit narrow, and
the spines but little prominent (Fiir. laj; these are often .about as broad as hi^h.
Intermediate forms also occur on ihis specimen. Tlie calich-s are irrecularlv but
rather mutuiinly scattered over the whole siirf.ace. and are niostlv separated by
spaces two or three times as great as their breadth, tlioU(rh some are in contact
at their bases. The surface of the ca-nenchvma and calicl.'s is covered with a
sott integument, which nearly conceals the spicules, except at the border of the
calicles; but they become conspicuous when dried.

1 !"• calicles in dried .-pcciiiieii> uie u^ua!]\ |)iomineiii. elongated, somewhat
expanding toward the end, and are crowded nearlv cfiuallv over the whole
surface, they are covered with large, conspicuous, acute spicules whi.di form, at
the summit, eight sh;irp spinous points. (See PI. XVI, fig. la». The coenen-
chyma is thin, transiucent, yellowish, filled with long and large fusiform, spicules.

\

44 (1

f'atiiiiliiiii Antic hrimlitiiiii. Hil.i l!>!S

I'lu- hinir |iiujii 'int' .«|iiriilf> <if llif ciillclo all' liiMl'm III. UMHillv riiiirt' or
IcHh I'Ciit. :iiii| cither iii'iili at Imtli t'ii(l> i>i aiiiti' at tljc distal iriil ami nl Iiim' at
the iillicr. Tlic larjicr ul tlicM- mcaMirc I Id l.y Olt.j, l-l(l l.y OiiU, .!S(I Iw
ll'Kll. ;i-70 l>\ l)''.'l' tiilii. Willi tlicM'. Iicliiw till' liiarKlli atiil ili tlir |hiI\ |i>. tlicii'
!in' iiiaiiv r-iiialliT aticl iimri' i-li inlcr. partly fiififuiiii. |iaril\ (pIiIoiiu m niil-liki-
.'-|iiriilc?*, with ImiIIi (till- -iiniiai ami t'itlii'r ariili' m nlitiiM'.

'I'll!' f|ijrlili'fi (if the cii'iicticliN Ilia lire latKc liisilnrtn, ami •'triali'd, tmi--tly
acute at liiitli i'IkIs, mid luar ^lllall rnimal >|>iiiiile- iii i(iw>. 'i'lie larnei oiici"
lllea^lll(' almllt 4 ■ J llllll. Idli^ \i\ -ir.'."! thick, hilt liiof^t al( ^lllalll'^, ahmit '2 ■ '> td
:i-.'i llllll. Imi^ liy -Ol.'i to '(r-'t) mill, thick.

line >peciiiieh, iackiiic the base. u.'i> ahoilt III iiiclio lii^h i KlL'll liilii.i and
one ol its liraiiclies was U7 inches, or liT") fiilii., loiijj heldie di\idiiiK. One of the
type specimeii.H was tttiO nun. Iiitili. (See I'l. WI, tin-. 1 H'-)

Most of the kiiovMi speiinieiis caiiie ii[) entangled hy the lines used in deep
water (ishiiic. in alioiit I'lKI to ;U)i\ f.'ithoins, .'iroutid the J<ank- olT Nova Scotia.
aii(| VMic presented to the I .S. 1 i-h < 'nliiliii--liiM. IS"S tu IS.Sl . Ii\ the < llo'lcc-tci ,
Mas-., haliliiit lisheriiien.

.\canella dray.

.\cunella normuni \crrill. Mush Coral.

Aaintllil iirhu.-<)iilii Nok.M.KN. I'loc. l{o\al Soc. London. ISTlj. p. 21tl, ihdh .IoIiIi-
soii, IStiJi.

Aiiiiiilln iKirniinii \ KKUti.i,. .\nier. .lour. Si i. \\ I. l.s7^. p. '_'I2 fdescr.^; .Will,
I8SL'. p. ai.'i; Bulletin Mus. ( oinp. Zool.. vol. Xl. p. II. pl. IV. tins. 2 L'l.,
\Ss:\: Ann. Weport I'.S. l-'i-h t'onini. for Is.sa. pp. .MJ .">:!:;. pl. .\I,I\. U^.

HtH, .'1 f, IWi.

I'lale WI; Kins. 1.', !{, J. I'lale .\ V 1 1 : I'l^-, :?, Ha. Te.\t Fi^. II.

Tliis ahilndaiit sfiecics j;iiiws in niilcli liraiicheil liii>li-like lorins alioiit
ei^lit inches to a fool liinh and often nearly a> liroad The colour, v.lien living,
is usually lijrht chest niit-ludw n, va''\in)i; to oranue-lirown and dark hrowii;
jH)ly|>« when t inndeil are paler and Iranslu.scent.

A.\is wliil with oraiiue-l)r()wn fiode.s. Rase much liraliched wii Hat
divisions. Steins rather stoul ; lir;iiu(ii's arise at nearly riijlit aiijiles to the >. ilk,
mostly in whorls of four, from the horn-like nodes; di-i.il ones -lender, iiiorc
ujiright.

fig. II. Acan'lht noimant Verrill. Naketi axt^ "f a branch and iira'.clilets to fchow motle of brancltiiiie:
n;itur;i' ^i«e.

Aa-ff

AliijoHiii ia

.. ».•)

lMt.-n,.Ml,.- of Ihn M...., ,.i.. -hort, .nn.llv .. , I.' inrn. l„Mii. in tl,.. l,r umIi.m

offn IH ., .'( Mnin. ( alirlrM h.ru,., ,l„„L':.t.Ml «« „ ,„■;., ll,.. I.mm- „r M l«.tl>

<'(Ml> With I'lftit c.iiiji|ii.ii(,ii«, <li-ttiil, iii;ul'IIi;iI -|niu-.

It «;iH ohInin.Ml in n.iiM.l.iabIc iiiii.iIm ih I.\ t|,r lisli.inHn. i;, ,| uU,.,-

MlM'llt l.iO t., :>.,(! (Mtlm.ns, nn ..,• ,„...,r tl..' Itank.s utT Novii Sr,,l,M :u,.l N,.\Mn,in.N
liiiMl. It w:,.« ,'ilsr. .hf.lu.'.l III nianv ,.|:,i,^ |.\ ||„. ■■.Ml,;,lrn..' ,,ir ||„. \, vv
l-.nu iui.l (ya.t in liirKo niinil..i>. S,n.. tini. s a liuii.lml .„ ni.,r.- .ain.' nn in t
r'iujilv haul nf th." trawl. Its ranit.' in .Icpil, 1„.„. „a-. inn.Mlv Ii„ni JV., .,, IT.C,
l.it(ir,ni.. II was rnn>» al. nil. lam in :{()() to Hmh itlmm-'.

Siilinr.l.r I'lWAfi i,\. I \ \'.riill lSi',:i.

I unil> PKNN ATII.ID.E Dana.

Pi>nnatulii aculeata (Sar-i l)ani.l.<..ii |s.-,s, |:,.,i Sra-pm.

I'evhdiidit pho^phorni, var. iirnUaln SMt>. lS7i). Kui.mkkk. „\i . h isti't ,,
I") I, pi, IX. fin. 73. '

I'entiittiibi nculinta Vkuuii.i , Aincr. .lourn .>,i.. vi.l. V |>|i ,-, loi) js;-, \,,|
XWIII, pp. ;U(). I!!.-., 1SS.>; IJulktin .\rii-. Cuinp. Zuul. V..1 .\ I ,, ' ,,l'
1, fiKs. 2 2a 1S.S;}; Vkuiuui., op nt. ISS.',. p. .-,:;.•, p|. m, (jj,.. ;, ., li. w",', ,.
hAVts, Li.-t Invert., p. ,V,. llioi.

riati- Will; rijinros I. 2.

This cIPKniit 'sca-prn" r,cciiis very conininnlv in in.Ml.-rat.'lv .l.^cri water
nil n..> roasts „f\„ya S.nti.a and the ca-l.Tn Cnit.Ml Slates, in t)Ot.;;{iMi talhuni^
,in.l al.M. alHinHiintiv in deep watrr, down to UT.:. fathoms. Mr Wiiit.Mves
; I re, lite, it m KiO to 2(10 fathoms, hetw.wi Antieosti islan.l an.K ;:.sp^' in IXTl' ;:{
llie (.|.,ii.e..ter, Mas^., ti-liernien also hroiiiiht m nnniemiis specimens i,,„„
''"");;','■'""■ ti^l""!! l.Miiks olT Nova Seotiii. taken . nianuled on their 1„„.- n, (,u
lo .JOO fathoms Larue niilni.eis wer.. dredire.i hv the steamer- ■■l.i,|,|,aw k '■
•Alhatross iuhI "Ulake," south of Martha's \ in.'v.ird, eto., in 200 to | («io

fnthoms, IS80 to I8«7. In ono instanee |<t| sp,;,.in < were taken l,v'th<-

•' .\lb!itross m one haul, in othi>r eases over 21)1).

It is very phosph„r,.s.'eiit and is iisnallv l.ri-ht red nr purplish red w,tli i
yellow or pale oranpe stalk. Oecasionally a white or alhino spoeimen was tak.'ti
more fretinently a pink or rosc-colowre.l ^arietv (var. rosm Kur and Dui i'
lliis was taken l>y the "Alhatro.-s" in l.")7 to .ni) fathoms.

In the deeper waters wo took manv speeiinens with' the pir.me lomrer
niore slender and more loosely arranged than usual (var. l,ira, new nam.M Two
of these are f,^,„red ,„, Plate XMII, Iin„res 1, 2. In other respects thev a.-ree
nearly with the ordinary kind. " "

I?

Supplement to the Report on lh<' Mcyonaria of the Canadian Antic Expedition.

Hy A. E. ^ KKRii.i.

After the preeedin- rop'^rt was written aiiutlu:r sni:ill coiie.tioii ..i Alevun-
ana and Actmana was received. These were collected hv Mr. F. Johansen oH an
e.\pedition to Hudson hay in li)20.

Some of the siK'cimens are of special zoolo^rieal interest. Others helonc to
species not hitherto recorded from that region.

\

46 c.

Canadian Arctic Kxitedition, 1913-1913

Family NEPHTHVIDi* Verrill, 1869.

Drifa glomerata Verrill. (See above, Page 31 G). ' Sea Cauliflower.'

Plate V; Figs. 2-2a. Plate XI\'; Figs. 2-2b. Plate XV; Figs. 1-5. Plate XVIIa;
Figs. 2, 3. Text Figures ."), 12.

Three good speeimeus of this species were obtained. These coiifiriu the
identification of Varingia flavesens Daniclssen with this species and show that
Eunephthya yloimratn 5lolander is not the true glomerata Verrill.

These later and larger specimens agree well witii the original general figures
of Daiiielssen and the spicules (PI. XV, figs. 1, 2) correspond well with his figures,
(same Plate,Figs. 3, 4) and also with those of my type specimen (PI. V, fig. 2a).

The largest specimen, well preserved in alcohol, but strongly contracted,
is 8.") mm. liigh and ~o mm. l)road; diameter of stem, 14 nun. PI. XVIIa, figs. 2. 3.

Mr. Johaiisen states that its colour has kept fairly well in alcohol. It is
now rather dark yellowish brown, the color being in the soft tissues. The spicules
are white. The trunk-stem is relatively small and is strongly grooved, due to
vigorous contraction. It is but slightly translucent, rather lirm, btit flexible,
and its -omewhat thick cortex contains numerous small thorny spicules of
various forms, beneath the surface.

The main trunk and the stems of the branches and branchlets are con-
cealed almost completely by the abundance of the crowded jwlyps, but can be
seen in places by ptishing the groups apart. The trunk gives rise to ntimerous
short !)ranches from the base to the sununit. The branches, as now contracted,
have short stalks, or may be nearly sessile. Most arise from one side of the
trunk. The branches, as covered by the crowded branchlets and polyps, are
mostly ovate-conical or pine-cone sliaped. The branches are covered with num-
erous small, short branchlets, shaped like the branches and bearing numerous
crowded and unequal polyps, often up to twelve or fourteen on each. Some
occur, however, with few polyps and small branchlets are also found arising
directly from the main stalk.

The polyps are so closely crowded by contraction that they overlap or
appear imbricated and many of the mature ones are incurved more or less.
The larger ones are from 1 to 2 mm. long and 0 -To to 1 00 mm. broad. Between
these are many young ones not more than half as large, but of the same form.
All have the tentacles closely incurved, so that they show oidy the convex outer
basal portions, which form eight acute convergent lobes, containing an abund-
ance of small, white, rotigh, irregular spicules arranged chevronwise with their
spinules dinntly outwardly. (See PI. XIV, fig. 2a). j

The pi)l,\ p t)odies are more or less clavatc or clove-shaped. The anthocodial
part is the larger and has eight narrow raised ribs, e!;(h containing two crowded
rows of white davate si)icides arranged chevronwise; the proximal or nieseti-
terial portion is usually sotnewhat narrower, and contains similar spicules, but
smaller .and not so many. The two regions are not separated by a constriction
nor by a transverse wreath of spicules such as occurs in species of the genus
Girmmia.

In transverse sections of the branch stems there are relatively few longi-
tudinal ducts, usually 8 to 12, .^ome nnich larger than the others. They often
contain yellow ova and plantda; (Text Fig. 12), as do the polyp bodies. The
membrane between them is rather thick and soft. Direct connections occur
between them and also indiiect connections by fine channels, as in most species
of this family.

The spictdes of the anthocodia' are mainly very thorny clubs of various
forms, essentially like those frcm the type (see Plate XV, figures 2a-2g), but there
are aifO various oil cr frin;s: t m all\ tl e chil s aie ihiee or lnUr tinies us lolig as
broad, with tlic wide outer ei d roveiid with n any Icrjier ai d shorter, mostly
blunt lobes and thorns, whith aie more or lets flattered; seme aie wide at the

Alcyonaria q 47

base; others are slender. Thick "dnn.sy" chibs and spindles, s.U'h as .Molander
figured and described as characteristic of his glomerata, do no occur. The clubs

horfoi' Z!r *"'*'^h""^' *u 'h """''"■ •''*-'"^" ''P '^'"1 '"■^ '^"^•e^'^^1 proximallv with
shorter thorns and small lobes or spinulcs. With the clubs are much' fewer
spindles of about the same length, acute at <,ne or both ends, and covered with
more or less acute thorny processes (2 h). Some have larger lobes or thorn- on
<me side, which is then convex. .Some are intermediate between clubs and

1

"■* ''• "^^outeniuerjiU^^""' '""'■^"•'' '''^""■'^ '"''- '""">- '^^ "- P"lyP l-0'"o- one is ,„ iy

The spicules of the cortex of the branches are of various forms and sizes.
and are mostly covered with very prominent, mostly obtuse lobes and irregula^
pronunences (P . X\, fags. 1, a-t), so that they are apt to interlock and cling
together m clusters when cleaned. Some of the larger forms are stout, regular
spindles, but the more abundant ones, of the larger sizes, are short, iiregular,
blunt torms (a, b, d, g), many of them being subclavate, like (c i' h i)- (Tthers
have a median smooth zone, (j, k); but much greater numbers are niuch smaller
irregular spindles (m, o), double heads and double stellate forms and othei^
forms with a median narrow naked zone and few relatively high prominences
figure""^ ' '''''" ''"''''■''*' ^*^' '' *^' '"'"'^' ^»™^ occur that are not

The largest specimen and a small one were taken in Richmond gulf, about
three miles from the entrance, east side of Hudson bay, on a bottom of stones
^ht!^^' i" ^^ ^*^°"'?' -V'^- ^\ ^^20. The other spccin.en was taken near

XyA':i^^:^ttoZ:':i ^"^""^•^' ^" '' '^ '' ^^^'^°"'^' ^^^°- -^^

These specimens agree in form and mode of branching with the Euntphthm
flavcscens of Molander (his I'l. 2 figs. 15, \1\ The spicules of the latter, ns shown
by my figures of those from the type of E. Jiavc.ccis, agree much l,etter with
my type specimens than .0 those that he refers to in his E. ylomcrata. Those that
he figured and described from the latter (his text-tig. 13, op. c.t.^ are mu.^h
s outer and thicker, both the chibs and spindles, an.! the clubs are less evi.lentlv
cluh-shaped. His figures of the anthocodial spicules (figures 13, a, b) agree
much better with those from the cortex of the branches of mv tvp,., not taper ng
rapidly to an acute end, as they do m his Jlmc.Tcns an.l in luv'tvpe. He -tates
hat he had examined also the type of Danielssens' floic^ccn,- DanieNsens'
hgures of the entire organism and of numerous forms of spicules are excellent
and .ngree with those of my type. (See my PI. XV, ligs. 3a-f, after l)a.,i.-lss,.n.)

these specimens, like the type, contained eggs and planula; in various
stages of development. (See figure 12.)

^n,7^%u°''',^ am convinced that I). ft,.,esce,>s is a ,sj-no„ym of the true nlom-
eratn. J he glomcraki of Molander is el; her a stronglv marke.l varietv or a
ai_s inct specie.s, if the spicules are corrcctlv ficured and desevibed The mode
^liw " J"'^.."""^ arrangen,ent of the polyps is e.<seniially alike in both forms,
allowing for the unequal efTects of strong contraction seen in alcoholic specimens
of this and all other species of this familv.

V

4K(:

I'diiailiiin Arctic Hxpctiitinii., I.OI.l /fl/ V

The cliaructiT of the spicules of >[oliiiHior's species is imifli liki' tliose of
I), islanilicu Donii'lsscii in most respects, and it may he referable to that species
or variety.

Gersemia studeri, \"errill New name.

ParaKpoiiijodcK (iani<If!.scin Sti UEU, op. cit.. IWOl. j). 31, pi. III. fijjs. S,
X, fifjs. 1, 3, 7 ynun ^larenzeller, species, 1877).

9; pi.

Since this species also belongs to der.temia, it should have a new name.
In mode of branching ami form of the colony it is like G. rubifwinis. and like
that species it has an abundance of coenenchyma between the entirely retractile
polyps, but the polyjis are more crowded with spicules in the anthoco<lia and
tentacles, while in the proximal part there are transverse rows of stouter and
rougher spicules. The thick spindles of the stalk are covered with sharp spinules;
those of the anthocodia and its wreath are slender spindles. ( 'olor in alcohol
was grayish brown. Off Newfoundland, in 12G7 m.

Gersemia rubiformis Pallas. (Ehr.)

See above, page 4g, and Plate I; Figs. I-lf. Plate II; Figs. l-4a. Plate XVIIa;

Fig. 1.

Additional specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Johansen in
1920. One is from near the entrance of Richmond gulf, in 25 fathoms, sand and
stones, Aug. 2'd. Two other specimens are from near the same place in 15 to 20
fathoms, stones and algae, Aug. 24, 1920.

With this was a very interesting young specimen in hemispherical shape,
about 2mm. broad. It has a central polyp, surrounded by seven slightly smaller
unequal ones, and there are about eight to ten still smaller younger outer ones
irregidarlj' alternating. The base has a thin transpaient outer edge. All the
polyps are entirely contracted. The tissues are translucent and show the usual
iiright red spicules. The outer polyps arc quite young and imperfectly developed.

Another specimen was taken between Great Whale river and Richmond
gulf, L. 50° X., August, 1920 (Johansen coll.).

Gersemia longiflora Verrill.

Gersemia longiflora Vehkill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, vol. XI, p. 44, pi. Ill,
figs. <)-tJb, 1S83; Annual Report U.S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1883,
pp. 513, 533, pi. II, fig. 13, 1885.

Plate IV; Fig. 8. Plate XIV; Figs. 3, 3a, variety. Te.xt Fig. 13. Type.

This species has a naked stalk, sometimes bulbous at the base and enclosing
mud, though it evidently starts adhering to some solid object; most frequently
a dead gorgonian axis. It branches openly and the polyps lie along the elongated
branches, rather loosely. They are longer than in most species and nearly
cylindric, with little or no ranenchyma between tliem. The spicules of the type
are notably slender (PI. IV, fig. 8). Most of them are slender warted spindles
and slender oblong foinis; KJnie are almost rod like. They are more slender than
in any other described species of this genus, and quite unlike those of G. fruticosa,
which has a similar mode of branching. Jungersen's supposition that it was the

Alct/iiniiriii

G 4!t

saint- as (,'. fnitiro.iu is incorrect. Tiio typo was taken hv the •Blake" in USti
fathoms, off Dcleware, only one specimen was then found. It was taken liy tiie
"Albatross" and the "Rlake" off New Jersev and Delaware, in llSli to"H)17
fathoms, and off Georges Rank in 8.58 fathoms, in ls8;{. Common in the deeper
stations.

If^^

Fig. 1.3. (lersemia hmiiflnn Verrill. Type, a. one of the timnilje.,, cnlurged about twioe; 6, one .it the
polyp-*, more enlarKed: c, some of the spicules.

It is possible that the later specimens, such as the one figured on mv Pi,
XIV, fig. 3, are not identical with the type. The latter, as originally figured,
has elongated cylindrical calicles, resembling those of a Telcsto, with no crenen-
chyma between them and the spicules are more slender than usual in Girsiinid.
while the later specimens are more like Gersemia fruticuM in form. Unfortun-
ately these types are not at present available for reexamination. It is possible
that the type does not belong to the genus Gersemia.

9343-

50g

Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1,01.'^

EXPLANATION' OF PLATES.

Pmte I.

Fig. \.Oersemia rubiformis (Pallas.) One of the polyps nearly pxpandc.l, s :,incwhat llattened by pressure.

From Station 20(i, Port Clarence bay.

la. The saine. Another polyp, less compres.sed, sln.win»; the small spii-ules of the anthocodinl por-

. , !'""■ ,„ „ . . , X about 20.

la*. (.>ne of the smaller immature polypg.

lb. The same: two of the tinta<liv-. i about 45

8. s', s", spicules from the anth(.codia. i 45.

Ic- The same: tip of a bran 'hlet with retracted polyps showinir the <hara(tcr of the calicles.

Id, Id'. The same .secti . of branche.s showing the arr;ingemcnt of the lonjiitudinal tubes- Id is

from a large brar.i ! . , about 10.

le. The same; disk of a po sn with the tentacles reinovid. x 20.

If. The same: group of »• ■■ -.iiis from the tubes, some are immature. x 20.

. 2, 2a. (jcrBeniiacanademui. new sp. Type. Twoof the exsjTt polyps, somewhat contracted, x 20.
. 2b, 2c. The same: two nearly retracted polyps, exposing the anthocodia above the calicle; 2c

has some young polyp calicles around the mature one. j 20.

2d. The same: end of a branch showing a group of stellate calicles and one anthocodia. x 20

3. Gertemia ruhifiirniin: a pale variety from Opphan Hank. A large calicle and anthocodia from the

tip of a branchlet, surrounded by immature calicles. j 20.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Figs.

Fig.
Fig.
Figs,
Figs

Fig.
Fig.

Alcyanaria

g61

I'UTI I.

9343— 4J

S^CJ

Ciiiiiiiliiiii Antic KTlHihlioii. I'Jl.i litis

Plati II.

Fin. 1. •cratmia riihi/urmij (I'.hren.) Red spicules from a Port Clarence bay apeoimen. Station 20g.

I ■ ,. Ti_ , . • 1 , " about Ifift,

1 IK. 1. I he same; Krnup of red spicules from a specmien from Station 24; a— « are from the superficial layer
of the calicles: e, f are endwise view.^; h -k are from the stalk. x about IB.).

KiK. 3. The same, lied spicules .' specimen from point Barrow— mostly from the superficial layer
of a branch. ^ jg5

Figs. 4, 4a'. Tht, t,ame. K pale variety with nearly white ■ipiculos, from Orphan Bank; Figs. 4, a— c are
from the stalk; 4a, a— m are mostly from the eit^-rnal layer of the calicle, and surroundinir
surface layer; j is a compound cross; i,j, k, are end views. x 165

Fig. .j. Gertemia canadensh, new species, type. Group of spicules from an entire branchlet and the ba-aal
expansion; a— g are the larger spicules from the thin attached base; a, b, c, are classed as
warted double-spindles; c, f, are irregular double spindles; ii.-o, are mostly white double-
spindles from the surface layer of the calicles; n, n, are end views of the same kind; p is an
irreitular compound cross; q, r, r, s, arc simple warted spindles; t', t", are slender spindles
from the anthocodial portion of the calicles. x 16.1.

Fig. 6. G. rubiformU (I- hrenberg). Red spicules of the larger kinds from a specimen from Point Locker,
c is seen endwise, e ia a compound cross-shaped form frequent in this species. x 16.").

^1^1 1

Alcyortiirid

i'lKlT. II.

6
I

3 iX^

J s;

4

m^

-^--#^

54a

Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1913

Fii!,

Fig.

I'lATt III.

1. Stylalula Columbiana Verrill \cw ,pcoip8 Type. One of tl.o wing, or pinn» from near the
2 Th« 1^J^''nirl^''^,'^r^ number ot polyp,, a«n,e of which are noifrly expanded x about 10
' ■"?*■ , "?■"' "*■■' "' ''"«• ""^ cnlargod to show arranKement of the spicules on atalk and

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

spicules. ..

5. 6W../™.c,..£a«.)^ l|p of^»_^^^^^^^^^^^

6. The same Another polyp as compressed under the cover glass to show the arrangement of the

bplCUlCB- nr\

7. The same. u-«, A group of spicules from polyp-walls and tentacles; b-g. are slender spicules^frora

the larger or anthocodial portion: a. one of the largest spindles7probably fro... the coHar-
..^„ f f* '.T"' ''"'■ '■■?'" tKe narrower proxin.al portion; k-o, mostly from the ten-
taclcs; p-t, from the cortex (if a branch. '' , i,w

8. (.meminr„nm/<'.,.M,^ Verrill. Type. One of the nearly expanded •entaclea.

X 105
X about 45

.VII iiy the.-iuthor.

Alcyonaria

u 55

I'LATI III.

50 u

( iimiiiiin, .l/i/u Lj/ikIiIiiiii, tUI.J lifts

iig- 1.
Kilt. 2.

Kig. 3.

Fifjs. 4
Kin. ti.
Fig. 7.

I'm. b. IS,

I'l\Tlt IV.

Ihe wrne. .Xpirule, froii, a „w,i„,en taken at i:R,tp<,rt, M.. a r. tr,.i„ thp antl ' 0^,11; anH

"'\:r't',v;.;t:'T.ul",:,.;;l4!;'' """-'"^ '"''*"^^- '•"'"•'- »••"-- ">" '--■- -■■ ---"— t

n?„J; "",'■■««'''";•"*>' "Pimllo; j~n. imix-rfeot double spin.llos l.lunt at 'n. - -q snm^

Altyunuriit

r. 57

I'UTI IV,

5

i

.. ^"^u

■-^^^X"^-'

■'^m-

^"^ in--

,<3 *^

,1^

^.^^

\

58 <i

Cnni.ihaii .\riln l-:.i iH'litiiin, mid-l'Wi

I.;-',
fitr.

1 i^

I] UI'-.-u!.

I. A.'i.». /.'.rtjri Ihiytoidi-a V.Tnll lyiw frum .ap. ,

fliiiw 111. nrrBnuenifiit ami (citriiidl 11, e spic ,

""''"'■"■>■'''"'■ '■ 'it' l<'"tnrli-:ire HtrmiKly inc
lu. IlicwiiiH-. .>pi.'uU.». a. ;i ri>liut<-.l and rtiiii,..,

one 111 ihp more eoninmn I'lirirn; I), a one-sn

more slendor fnrni of , In), frum ii,e nntlin..

tpitulle from a teiitacli-.
:'. lirija u;..m,r„(„ Vrnill. Spiii,lc» (rmii the typ- ff h uneiMhy,, uh"^

rouKli apiinlliMrom the iinthoc-.«lia f..r cnnipii-i-;!.!! with tho.so.jf fm
-a. Ihciamu: a— e, various tr.rrm 'if chilvi from t' i- anth I

p<itiiul (Toiis: i— 1, snialliT .IuI.h; m.

o-- r, ainall "piruica from the tciitaiie.-
i (lersemia clai\ila Dan. \

I,a«rotirt.. ! hu a ,ti,o, .„li«l rt^iiinn i:, >K>nve»h:it ilmt™.-,! I,y i.r,.s«urc, and th,Tef,.7cap|H>ar

a~h. tr Hi the anthoiodia: i

SPI!

■'• I.
Ml .

111) (rrii
cluh f-

■m- d, 1.

-pitin

. low (if ono of the p<ilyp8 t..
■onvei hurfhfv of thr antho-
xM

I r rowK !■( the antho iia.

'.t'lf the rtatno area; c, a

; irilolicd form; c, a »niall

» 70

•ila V". a-f, clulin and a

^i. X i;)2.

: f— ij, oiii- lidixl clulis; h, a com-

m one side: n, a normal spimlle-

I vp partly expanded, tr.iiii in ahoholie specimen, from the Kult of St.

relatively too wid,.
I he same speciii'^Ti -lirules.

:ia

hranihlct; n p fiom a tentacle.
I. Gersemiii citimla Dan, Spieule.s of thii tyiic, after I
j, I. from the i^ortex of the Jtoni: k -m, fr.

m, from l!ie eorncnehytiin of a

nielssen. a-c, apiciiliH from the anthocodia;
1 the iiirlej of a braneh.

. f.„ ■ •• ......_..,.„.... ...^ -, v.... » -11., .1. ill lue I iiriex oi a oraneri.

.1. 0«-.«mw m.MifK, Dan; >pi.„les from the typ<... after l)anielH«>n. a. b. o. spindles fn.„> tl
8ntho..,d.a: d k. from the tentael.-,; I.- I, from the eortei of stem and baao

Alcyunnrid

a ."lO

'LAf« V,

^fW^

GO a

('aiiadiiii, Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918

liK.

lift.

lig.

Fin.
Kit?.
KiK.

liK.

PlATF. VI.

i: Th'e*!lm" '''■""'''^''"' '•""" '^'''"'" * ""' '"-^ f^""' ""^ '>"'• 'l-«"U.,l in l*..i9.

ah. spiculi-s from tlic anthorodia anil tentailts

a, c, Hpinates.

1>, curve.! or liow-form from wreath at l.a»e of anthooodia.

;1. h. smaller forms from the tentacles,
o. 1 he !>anie;

a-f, spicules from the cceneni-hyiiia.

4. The satiic;

a— It. wpirule.'s frcm the aii.s.

5. ( nrnulariiHu m,.,l,.-l„ Verrill. .--..ii-uli.s from the type,
a. I>, spin lies from the cortex of the ba-ie.

G. I he «Hme; a. b. e, spicule!" from the calicles

7. I he same. Spicule from the polvp.

8. I'nrnmuricea plai-vmush.) K611.

a ^p. Spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles of a large \<
a. U, c, h, bent spicules from the anthocodia.
d.c, e'. straight spindles.
'. K. h, j, j', irregular forms.
1-p. small spicules from the tentacles.
'• '"'"Kular small clubs from the c*licle.
8a; l"lie same;

a-e. spirulesfrom the calicles and crrnench.vma.

X S.
>66.

I 66.
I 66.

Xl32.
X 132.
X 132.

sorweiiuin specimen.

T

Alryonmin

.; ()!

1'l.ATE VI.

62 a

Vunadian Arctic Expedition, 191 3-191 S

Figs. I
Fie. I.

Fi(i. 2.
Fi«. 3.
Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

PUTE VII.

- 7. Trachyihih rudis Verrill, new sp. Type.
.Vnthiicdiiia and top of calicle, end view.

■llie same: si.le view of anthocodia and spicules in the base of thp tcntaclp.M
\ jow (ii a part ol a stolon with calicle removed.
1 he same.

a- a, spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles.
1 he same.

a- o, spicules mostly from tlie coenenchyma.
1 he fiaine.

a-K. spicules from the inner part of polyp, mostlv irregular forms.
1 he same: spicules from the inner layers of the ccinenchyriia.
a, one of tlie lancer clubs,
b— d, larger forms of spindles,
e—k, smaller forms of clubf.
1 — o, irregular small forms.

x7.

I 7.

x7.

xS6.

x56.

xM.

xW.

Alryoiiiiiin

04 c

Canadian Arctic Eipeilition, 1013 WIS

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4. T

I al>out 4S.

X V). Hy .\.H.V.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 1. Lepidomuricea grandia Verrill. Type.

Croup o( spicules from the coBncnchyma.
a— I, tiat rougli, irregular, scale-like forms,
g— h, elongated irregular spindles.

y.^'slfn^ple'tl^derspli^X '"^'" '""' *'**' *"' ""'■" ""'''"""« '""" *'><' -'-' '•
2. The same specimen. Group of spicules from the calieles.
Br—e. Ilatteneil somewhat scale-like imbricated spiculoo.
f— g, similar flat forms with short acute outer tips

' uLZt "™'f '"'""'l T^^^ *" ^""^f **'?**' projecting tip and a branched r.iot-like inserted baie
beloncing to one of the proiunal series of the spiniform calicinal armature. ""^^'^ "»*"

1, a more spinifnnn spicule troiri near the margin of the calicle.
j, a simple spindle with a spiniform tip.
-p, bent spindles from the basal collar of the anthocodia.
, Paraaorgia paciftra \errill. Type. Part of a section across a hranch. » 15, original by V H V
a-a-a. larger longitudina canals and / smaller canal in the cocnenchyma or outer layer
a— d,g-g,8mp,ller canals in the middle layer. "luuLermiLr.

h, h, canals in the inner or axial layer.
i, central canal.
c, ccenenchyma.
s, 8,», polyp cavities.
-•- , '^J '■""' sPe^'.'nen : spicules from the outer part of the ccenenchyma. , i m

Fig. 4a. The Si,..ie: spicules from the middle layer. , .on

Fig. 4b. The same: spicules from the inner or aiial lajer; i, h, are seen endwise. i lijo'

A Icyonaria

a 65

Plate VIII-

8 _flj5,^.»j^-j

9343—5

66 u

Ciitiiiiliiin Antic I'hiHililion. I.'tl.i I. 'US

I'UTE i\.

Pr,„„o. -^,<^;-,.^^rh.,..n.ph^^,.n..,,..rlar..s,,o..i,„en fro.,, .,..„ ,,,„..

'ttf i^laiiil^, Uriti-h

4

Alcyoiinrin

r

9343— 5i

68a

Canadian Arctic Krpedilion, 101 3-1. 01 fi

Plate X.

Upidomuricea araniis VorrUI. Typa. Photograph of a law spociinea about J n«t. ,ii

Alcyonarin

u 60

Pi*t« X.

70 <i

Ciniiuliiin Arctic Krpffitliiin, lui.i HUH

l'l.\TE XI.

C«-,,mi«f„r„r«fA«) Verrill. Pl.otogmph of a I

ar«e speoimon contra.uvl i„ ,.l,.„h„l. About Mat. »i«..

.Mciintiiii lit

n 71

i'LUI \I

i

(at,mi,u,. ArcUc KxiKthUvn, ini.i loi.s

VUin XII.

■rjafc^^f"

■ Ill //«/■((/ HI

«73

l""i> Ml

i
i

i

74 o

Catioiiinn Arctic Kximhlion. IDIi IIHS

Fig. I.

i'latc xnr.

''""'"'"""' "' " ' f-^- A l.ran.-!,. ,.U,u, S natural ,i,.., ..t ,.

ratlier slondiT specimen

Alcyonuria

PuTK xrn.

^^

:<^

^^•)

a 7.-.

76 G

Canadian Arctic ErpalUion, WlS~l9tS

Vit. 1.
Fig. 2.

Fig. 2«

Fig. 2b
Fig. 3.

Fig. 3a.
Jig. 4.

Fig. .').

Fig. .5a.
Fig. (i.

Fig 7.

Fig.,

Plate XIV.
'^'''^'7Te;!:;':^^^^^^^^^^ branch. e„,arg.., a,K.ut >,.

Oersemia longtjto^yl^m V.r A ."nil:-'*'""' *'"' "" •»"'« enlarge.ncnt

'■ ». «. 7 by J H. J-...,«V,«; the other, by the auM.or

-iT^

.-1 lajonaria

ri 77

I'UTE XIV.

"H .;

''""<"l'<"i Arctic Expf,Hti,ni,lltU I HIS

1 if 1

I'iK. -•.

Kie. :!.

1' If- ii.i

l-'i«.

n. .,1 (IM ,uli.l,.- „,„,.|, ,.„|,,r„.,,,| n, ,|„. ,,„ti,„^

.{Iciiii,

r. TJ

I'l ^T^ W

80a

Canadian Arctic Expedition, I9l3-I9t8

I'l-ITK XVI.

ih. ,tt,„o A Kr„up„f polype ,„.., „„„,:„„. l:nlarc..,|a(,,ut.iti,„es

J

lW>i'^'^^

Aleyoniiriii

r.Hl

VUTt XVI.

9343 ti

mmi

82 (i

<a„o,l„in Anl.c Kx,.r,liti„„, IDIJ HJIS

tm- i

y>g. la
Kw. Ic
KlR. Id.
yig. 2.

^'ig■ 2a.

Fig. ;b.
Kig. 2c.

Fig. 3.

Fw. 3a.
Fig. 4,
Fig. 4b.

icd-likp foriii-
li' ft irrt-Kular

Pi\ ' XVII.

^ "'*""'»''""• liriin,liji,.nt'< \ rr .-^ni..,.!.. ! .i

-pi™!....; „ „. Miiail .n,,.^ P an ur", Th.nl T"' 1'"*.' '■'"'-'•''P fur.,,.,; |, ,„

almut 7 time-. 'Ius(,-r „f f„ur

Tl„. saiii... .■<,,„.ui,.,. „,„ „„ 1^

ia. nernttnsis nrnijffi Wrrill T..„ i- i i

,, — .Hi.- ikllli )

Mi

yoiiiina

<i 83

f

I'htk XVII

smn ,.

84 <i

Can.uinn, .\,rt,r Ar/./,/,/,,,,, Hu.i-lins

^'■^:■ I. a,

">i"i rul,if„n,ns (|:|ir.i.

I'lATK XVIIa.

.•'p.T.ni..n:onlv|,;.Vnvron!rnH,.?fi'';''Y''' '',''''!•■'" "■'"•■ '" •' lure,.

frnlil

.Mriiittiiirin

uH5

I'lnr XVIIa.

MiaOCOPY RESOIUTION TfST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2|

M -APPLIED IM/1GE In

'653 EosI Mom Street
Rocfiester. ^4»» York M509 u<iA
(716) *82 - 0300 - Phon« ^^

(716) 288-5989 - Fg,

86 G

Cniinilinn Arctic ETpeditimi, 1.913 lOlS

I'LAfE XVIIl.

Fi(!;.-i. 1, 2. /Vnfi.1^,^1 „cu/,,i/,i iSar^l Dan \ iIcciv-pi vari..ti- /,. ., ; ^l • ,

.1 U'ljitnnnii

a 87

I'l vTK xviir.

III.

The Actinaria of the Canadian Arctic Kxpeditions, with Notes on Inter-

est'-s'. Species from Iluison Bay and other

Canadian Localities.

Hy A. ]•;. Vkkuii.i,

I'rofvKKdr KnierttuK, Yah I'niirr.sity

fWith thirtcin platr.s uuil nine trxt figuris).

Only M few spccinifiis uf Actiiiiaris were roccivcd l.y nic froni llic CaniKliiiii
Arctic Kxpcdition, Hti;5-18, l)csi(l(■^^ a few larval forms, l)Vl()nniiif; to a Ctriunthus.
One sj)c(i,ncn is of intcri^t iKTaiisc it is in i)roccss of dividiiiji hy fissiparity
Three species of Actinians of considerable interest and no previouslv known
from Hudson bay were obtained by Mr. F. Johansen in 1!»2(). Otiiers were
collected there by Dr. A. P. Low. Three species from Hudson l)ay are now-
described as new sjieeies.

In addition, I have thought it best to include a number of litth' known
species, from both coasts of Canada, that need revision, and especiallv thi-se
from the rich fauna of the fishing Banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
Hut this article is not intended to include a comj;' «e list of the Banks species,
tliough it includes most of those commonly found tliere.

The drawings from living specimens were mostly made by Mr. J. H. Kmerton.
I ar- iiuich indebted to Professor Alexander Petrunkevitc'i of Yale University
for the pains he has taken in making foi mc photographs rom several difficult
subjects figured in this part and the pieceding part of this report. Several
of the anatomical drawings in each article were made by Mr. A. H. Verrili.

Order ACTINARIA
Family SAGARTL\Dyf; C.osse.

Actinians usually with numerous retractile tentacles, and always having
acontia and normally cindida'. Acontia may be emitted from the niouth as
well as from cinclidae. Cohunn variable, cither without suckers or with suokers
or verrucae. Sphincter muscle is usually mesogloeal and more or less diffuse,
or it may bo in two parts; rarely it is more or less endodermal. Mesenteries
are usually hexamerous, but they may be pcntamerous, decamerous or irregular.
Often only 6 to 12 pairs, including directives are perfect down to the bottom of
the stomodseum, and the six primarj' pairs are nearly always sterile; more
pairs may be adherent to the stomodseum near the oral disk, and .sometimes
for its whole length. Variations from this normal arrangement are frequent.
There may be two siphonoglyphs and two pairs of directives in the more normal
species, but dome species of Sagartia, Metridium, etc, may have only one siphon-
oglyph and one pair of directives, as often as two pairs, or there may be three
or more pairs and corresponding siphonoglyphs. Such variations are believed
to be due to their asexual modes of reproduction. See below under Metridium.

Among the eastern American species that have such nota' v'ariations are
Sagartia (Tkoe) lueicu Verrili, and S. spcmgicula Vcrrill, and McUidium dianthus.
(See McMurrich, Zool. Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1897). Among English species

<K)(i

('iniiiiliiiii Arrtir Hx/Kililion, lUI.J miS

=:iili ;;;'i;^:»;;;. it, -il:;-;;-;;, s;;i:;;:r:t;. c,.7;r"S.i';5'

Siil>-faii,ily SA(;.\RTIN.-E Viirill, l^ti,S
tlu.-knu.lt,.l..,vl^^,'r v,Tni;i ' ^"""" '"""■^'"" ^"•■'^"••^- ^^"'""'t

Metridium dianthus i;ilisi ((|«ii.

Aclnnn .Uanlhn.s l-Lu.s, l>lnl. Tnms., \ul. »7, ,,. J^S PI \ I \- fj. ,;- ,-,.-

"-'"• ' "• V"'- !;.i' ^^^ .-":"m:-m,1:;;;;;,"„^:„i!-S:;;^:;:;;!

Ac:i(i. (if .S(i(

-l<^Wr-»/ ,lu„lhu. (M,.A..NNn.,,K) C.ssK, Act,. ^a, iJri, „

1S..(I. Am.hks. Attmk., p. i;j;{, fi^. j.:; „f„,A;nssK, '

iSt'ctioiis^
I-'. I>1. I. fi(r. 1,

IS.-) 7:
iitlicr

\'i;ui{ii.i.,
AinciicMii

Kssox In.t., V..I. IV, p. l.-,(), isti.-,, ,1

Mdrltliinn fniiliriiiitnii \'Kiii{ii.r,, I'r,„-

I'lihcd from Ciilifiirninii si>i'(i(>imi .
.U(Y,/,//„w .svv,,7,M,M,uiurii, Tnuis. |{ov:il S,.,. Cni-nl., \V,I TV *• .

P. .J.. 10.0, (,.ot .u,,.n., ..... Us,., 1707, ,;::r'fc^;i l-;,;;^'^.^:

n,it,. XXVI; lifT. -2. J'laf XXXI; Fig. (J.

large luimlMTs of small •ni,i r- tl...r ., . , -)■• '"'""« ''"verc. I with

Hmall.r th:.,. tl„. inn.; oil's " '""'" "■•"■■'•''-■ ""' -"t.T ones maH.

increa.«e. ^ " """^- ^ '"^^ '••^* '* " fi"""Hiii mode of

Art mil

<i 91

L

It niav li;ivf ritlicr

v:iri;iti()ii^ in tlii'ir arninirfiiiciits
I' afrxilal npiiMlinlioiis.'
c.-oi'litiallv a shallow water j^pccic*.

'"II, tlirif i)r more si|ilioii(.irl\ plis aii<l diii'ctivc
pairs of nicsi'iitcrics ac-conliiin to the positions wlicncc fiatJiiKiits an> taken
or a basal 1)U<1 arises. It rarely buds from the stoino.leal lenion. I.onKi-
tiidinal fission is not infrecpieiit.

The niesenteries also show coiisideral
larKcly, no doubt, in eonse(iuenee •■{ ih

Its distribution is circuinpoi' ■ . It is es>entially
seldom found in more than L'.") fallioms. Jt frecpn^ntly oecuis above low-water
mark amongst stones, on piles of wharves, and espeeiallv in cavernou- placis
in shore elifTs. It likes the shade.

On the Kasterii American coast it extends southward to J.onn Island -ound
and northern Nt'W Jersey. It is much more abundant north of (ape ( od, on

the coast.- of Ma.-^sachusetts and Maine and in the i5av I'f I' ly, etc., wImK'

it becomes very larKc; also in the (iulf of St. Lawrenci , cti .

()n the northern Kuropean coasts it is abundant an, I , .\tend.> .southw.iid,-.
to Kiinland. etc., and varies in colour:- much as it d'les on the American loast.
It sometimes becomes lar^e there.

The Canadian Arc.ic i;xi>e<lition sj) 'ciniens were from I'ort (larence bay,
Alaska, Station 2()y, in 2 to .i fathoms, mud and thread .alfisp, Aufju>t l-lii!
Two medium-si/.e(l si)eciniens, coilecte.1 ..y ]•'. .Johaasen; sevcr.al voiinj; one-,
were on a ;-i>onj;c, from the same place.

Its rMige extends southward on the P;;citic coast to San !• iaiici,-co, wlure
it was found by Dr. Win. Stimjison and described by me :,-• a new sjiecii .- iM.
JiinhriiitHW) many years at;o (lSt;,-)j. His sjMcimons were verv lar^e, pale or;ii\j;e
or salmon-colour, dotted with brown; li|)s orange.

(»n the North Pacific coast it has iieeii recorded from only : few jiImms
betwcei, HcriiiK strait and San I'lancisco. It was recorde.l bv me. in bStiU,
from I'u^et sound. Prof. Coe, jis mentioned above. ^ive> Victoria :,s ;i locality!
McMurrich described it from Punet sound, and recorded it from Sitka (observed
by Calkins).

Possibly it has been carried to San Prancisco from more nortiicrn localities
on the bottoms of vessels. It is well adai)tcd for such transixirtation, like
Sagarlid lucim, which has now been found on the luifilish coast, .-it Naples,' and
at San Francisco, although oidy known from southern New IjicLnid a' few
year.s ajjo, HeinK a very hardy shallow w.ater sincies and very >)rolilic it ina\
well be carried across th(> oceans on vessel bottoms.

Mitridiiiin didntlnis is also very hardv, as indicated bv its northern and
arctic <listribution. Like N. lucicc. it caii withstand freezinfi. I have kept
speci'iiens in dishes of water until frozen within a solid mass of ice. When
slortly thawed out they comi)letely revi\c(l.

When de])rived of food for a lone time a l.arfie oiu' will uraduallv decrease
in size and nuniliers of tentacles. Some that I have tried became less than half
their original sizes and looked like younfi ones.

After an experience of over fifty years, I have not been able lo fii
reliable differences between the NortJi Pacific
also failed to find any taiijjible an;itomica
theri' seems to be no doubt of the identity
forms, thoufth .\ndres kept them distinct.

Prof. ^IcMurrich h:is endeavoured to restore for this species a n.ame (sn-ilin)
used by Linnajus, for a small indelennin.abli' s])ecies very imixrfectly described in
17G1. (Fauna Suecic'a). The docription does not in the least ai)ply to this

rit^"^ ilcscriptions ,inil ili><'iis..^ii,ns "f tlip niiiiierous variations , if tlic iiicscntcrics ai d siplion^ Klypha
olMelndwm, and al.so its sexual m(.clos<it rciirodurtion, see (i. 11. I'arkor:— 'I'lie nifsrili-ries and t^iphomj-
Kiyi.is in Mitndium ma •malum, in Hull. Mii>. Conip. Zonl., \'iil. .\.\.\, No. .5, pp. W9-27:i witli pl.-ite-
also ;n tho samp work, V>. I. XW.pp 4:i .W,lS(m. !I. !<. T'lrrov. Observation.", on M-.n.ot-i-n'p;:- in ^!p^I
ridium, in Proc. lalif. .-\eacl. Sricnec, s<t. :!, vol. i. No. 10, pp. 34.')-;i(i6. pi. XXI, 1898; aiso in I'roc. Wa,sh-
innton Acad. Sci., Vol. I\'. pp. ;i9,>40ti, I!t02. ( '. W. Ilalin, DiT.iorpl.istri and Hegeneration in Mi-iridiuin
in Joum. r.xpcr. Zool., Vol. ii, No. 2. pp. 22.)-2:!.), I'JO.).

nave noi iieen aoie lo mm any

and .Vtlantic forms. McMurrich

ditYereiices (l!t21}. At present

of the .Vmerican and Furojieaii

!t2 (J

Catiadi ' rctic Expedition, 1913-1918

s|Mci.>. \\v .l.wTilHMi his Tiling lis the Bizc of thc hi8t joitit of a hncer, sor.li.l
r..u>jh, with a Mil.conactM.UM tunic. Such a description could not possihly apDlv
to this soft an.l snmoth species, which is not in the h'ast sut.coriaceous It
won d apply Lett r to a ndlin or to Aciiinn digitala, an.l other U.cal speci. s
aviiilal.le for hull, I. 'it it would he mere guesswork to say what sp<-cies he had

Kurojuan writers, who have had the best opportunities, have not 1 e< n
alii(' to agree as to this (piestion. Moreover, aside from this uncertainty, most
niodein writers have rejected most of the Linnican names of actinians on r.cc.,unt
ot their oLscenity or iiulecency. Prof. McMiirrich (HHO) tried to idemify
this species I >y means (,f the earlier works locsclv quotc.l hy Linna-us, but that
IS not ci.nclusive. '] he hgures referred to usually represent rudely more than
one species, and none agree with his descriptions.

Kuropeaii writers have given the name sanlis to at lea.st four verv diverse
species. Many have api)lie(l it to Vriicitia rm.smcorfn>t, e.g. ( 'uvier, Hrugiere
labricuis, Hh.inville, Lamarck, etc. Martens, 1838, used it for Ccrnis hdlis
or paliinculatNs. Macri (1778) identilied it with AiumoMa nulcat . Adams
applied It to diarithiiK; Ehrenlierg to coriacea, etc.

All this confusion shows the impossibility of fixing the name, even if it
were not otherwise objectionable. It shouhl be forgotten or ignored like the
generic name used by l.mnajus in 17()1, and by some others of that i)criod for
si>ecies of Aclima. Their indecent names were usually the Latinized forms of
vulgar names used by fishermen, some of which are still in use among the fisher-
men ot ,)iir own coasts, for similar things.

Mdridium dianthusf (See above p. 89g).

Tlie specimen mentioned above as undergoing fission is placed under this
species with .some doubt, partly on account of its apparently larger tentacles
and the peculiar areolation of its body-wall. It is very strongly contracted
at)out an inch in diameter, and half as high, and subconical in form. It does
not show the tentacles externally. Its outer integument is irregularly rough-
ened or vermiculated by minute broken transverse and longitudinal wrinkles
In life, according to the note accompanjnng the example, it was red. It has
scattered cinclulse, from which a few broken acontia protruded. It has a distinct
parapet and ribbed capitulum. It has two well separated disks and mouths
and two complete sets of tentacles. Not wishing to destroy the single specimen
1 h.ave made only a superficial examination of its internal structure by partial
sections. Its state <)f preservation is not suitable for a positive identification
of tlie genus or species, but it seems to be Mdridium dinnthus.

■ •, 7'"' ,Y,;''' "^ the body is thin, but tough and not lubricous. No suckers are
visible the tentacles are rather larger than usual in preserved Mdridium, in
a simi ar state of contraction. They are entirely retracted and much com-
pressed in flattened forms. No acontia were observed inside, except those
lodged in the cinclida". '

The sphincter muscle is strong, mesodermal, nearly round in transverse
sections. Mesenteries toward the base are in about 90 pairs. There are about
twelve pairs of wider and mostly perfect mesenteries; those of the third cycle
are well developed; those of the fifth cycle very small. All or nearly all of the
mesenteries bear gonads. The longitudinal muscl.- is definite and well-developed
in the larger mesenteries, and placed near the middle. There is considerable
irregulanty in the mesenteries above the middle of the stomodaeum, due to the
hssion. It was taken oy F. Johansen at Station 41, in Bernard harbour
Dolphin an'! I tiion strait, Northwest Territories, in 10 meters, on a bottom of
sandy mud, July 20, 1915.

.l(7';i(;/i'(i
Suh-fumily CHONDKACTININ.f; Hi.l.i,,,

m

Chondmrl initial Haddon', Sci. Trans. Hoval. Diililiii Soc, vol. IV part V,
pp. .{()», :<((."), IHH'.t. (Kcvisi.iii Uriti.-ih .Vitinia-, I'art |). .MiMriiitn ii,
IVoc. r. S. Nat. Museum, vol. .\VI. j). 18;{, lH!(."i.

Lower part or most of the eoliimn is UHiiallv more or less firm and often
vernicose; upper i>art is difTereiitiated. It is softer or more II. \il.|e, oft<'ii
with crests or flutings. or delined Ky a transver.se row of verruea;, and is cainil.le
<if iieiiiK strongly infolded; outsi.le of the lower i>.irt of the column may have a
more or less adherent epidermal coatiiiK; cinclida; few, not to l.e easilv 'detected
unless ill u.se while living. Acontiir are present liut not numerous, 'reiilades
contractile, lartje, numerous, in several hexamerous cycles. Two siphonotdyphs
and two pairs of directive mesenteries are normally present. I'sii.illv there ;ire
six or twelve i)airs of wide ))erfect mesenteries, which mav l.e steril.', I.iit m.any
other pains inay l.e attached to the upj.er j.art of the stomodiPum, near the oral
di.sk. Sphinctir mu.scle is niesonhL'.ii and usu.illy .stronn. Hasc ni.iy enclose .i
l.all of mud for anchoraiie, or it may l.e .•ittached to stones, etc., or it may cl.isp
and surround slender sujjports, such as the axes of alcyon.irians.

Actinaufie Verrill.

Acliiuiiiiif Vkuuill, IJull. Mus. Com)). Zi.'.l., \ol. XI, j.. .-)(l, lss:{. Type .1.

nrrillii, formerly i'ltirinti iKnlasn Verrill {iii,:i Miilleri.
Aciinauijv II.^ddon, op. cit., I, \>. 317, IhS'.t. .McMi uhk ii, op. cit., ji. ls:{, IS'.KJ.

I.ar^!;e actinians (.f the subfamily ('h..ndra, ■nina", having the tentaihs
and upper i)art of the i.ody (.r capitulinn capalde . ' involution. Intcuument
(.f the I.ody form. (I (if two kinds; that ..f the lower pai t is tirm and often thick,
with persi.stent. solid verrucce (.r tul.ercles, usually in v.Tlii-al rows, and ofliMi
more or less covered with a thin, tou^h, epidermal c..atiim; that of the upp.r
part of the h<.<ly forms a nuirttinal, l.rijjhter colouri'd capitidum l.ih.w the ten-
tacles, where it is softer •ind lul.ricous, secretinti niu.i.us aliundantlv. an.l
usually risinn into lonjjitudinal ridps, crests, or ohlonj; tul.ercl.s, which run
to and unite with tlie l.ases of all or nearly all ..f the tentacles. Cimli.he are
fi^'W, scattered, and incon.spicuous anu.nji'the verruca-, Acntia are present.
The l.asal disk may l.e hn.ad and flat, adherent, or it mav l.e l.ull...us, ,las|>inn
nnid, or it may ensheath the hninches of doriionida', etc'. Tiiitaclis lonj; ;,tid
larne with a l.asal al.oral lol.e, contractile an.l retractile. The l.as.al lot,e mav
he mc.inspicuous in stronjily contnicted specimens, or the distal j.art may l.e
I)artly mvafiinated into the ha.sai lol.e in some ca.se.s. J.ips with lar-;c folds'and
two Konidial jjn.oves.

The .soft sulmiarKinal hand or capitulum is usually ph(.spli..nscent. due
to the mucous. In contracted specimens it is usuallv' I'litirelv invecteil anil
(■(.ncealed.

This Reniis, like Actinerniis, has marirn,,.! , l.'vations of tin- wall, running
to and uniting -vitli the outer l.ases (.f the tentacles, l.iit in Adinrrnus,
there is uo spec ■ lized .submarjtinul zone or cai)itul>.im, and the hodv is not
verrucose.

The sphincter muscle is lar^e and mesodl-ral. Six (.r twelve pairs of
mesenteries are perfect and usually sterile in the i liddle part of the t.odv, but
many more may be perfect near the disk; usually (.nly the six larne primary
pairs reach the base of tlie stomodreum. ?\I. senteries" may form four to six
hexamerous cycles, or even more in large examples. Mesi)"gla>a is very thick
especially in th(> upper part of the column at the parapet.

lt»(.

i iniiiiliiin .\ I rill F.xiiiililnoi, I HI. I l!>IS

Actinaufte verriliJi Mr .Mum. h.

AdiiKi',,,,- nrnllii Mi Mi hhh ii, i.p. cit.. ii. |-| |,| \\\ i.i„. sii vo- i»i
Adin.n,,,,' nwlom _ii,.nsi Vkuhii.l, Miill.tii, M,is. C.,!,,,,. Z,„.l.. \„| \| ,, .-,()
f.ir IHM, pp. ,,i» (12); -,;m (S-)); 1M. V. fi^. 2<». I^h.").

.tr//,^,,tfyrrnW* \VnirKAVKs op nt p. :is. I!HH IIau.^.tt, Ai.tln./oa ..f
WooiIh Hole llcKloil, p. 219, 1(1! ».

Pint ?IX: iV I. IMat.- XXMI: Fir

(ati.'.tiiiriy
lias

I'lat.. XXX; KiK, 2.

The n..,i<t .•uii.m.,r, adult fnr.n in .xpaiifM.m lias tl... l,.„lv ni.,r.. .,r l.'ss

.•>^u..lri. a I yan-iMK to honr-KJass .hap... T|,.. ),,.;. ,„..„. | « ,,r.,a,l ,„„1 flat

..ft... ,,.„.!, I,r.,a.ler than th- l..,.|y. an.i a.llMn.nt to .ston'.. an.! slwILs; it „" v

l.,MJ> ..la.p .y hn.ln.al «.,rn..tul.,..s. l.ran.h, .h .,f ^.r^.uuU.. .U:, or n.or,. offn

PI VIY !•■'■'.■,■ '■"<"■'■"'' '""' ''" '"'I"' '■""' ""■'■'*'• ••' """-'< "f «""<! •""I "'U.I.
(I I AIA, l-,K. I . >p.xmi. i,« with th.is.. .liir.mit .itvi..^ of Im.s.- VAny all of.-ur
ui tl;;; Niiii.. l.Mnlity, without ..thcr .•oir.'.spon.niiK .li'fT.T.-ii.Ms

v..r.., '■ T '""""•■ '""'■'■'■ ','"'■•■'''■'' "'"' '""■''• I'romi.u.nt, an.l p.rsist..Mt

!«' I "■'■••'"«'•'' '". Pivlt.v nnular v.rfi.al n.w.s, th.. upp-r o.i.h h.ro.ninn
In.pr an.i ...or.. proiui,„,,t. .,ft.n with a hai.l ..harp tip, th.. low.ron.s Kra.hiallv
dunn....sh,„K an.l .l.sapp,.annK -l-.s,. ,„ ,h.. ha.s... ' Isuallv tli,.r.. ar.. TJ 1 .K.'r
roun.h.l on,.s m a lran.sv..rs.. row, l,..l.,w th.. .apitulu.n. In v..rv lar^.. ..xan.|^..s
tl... low,., part .,f th,. l„„|y ..- usually nrarly ...nooth an.l nakV.I, with a firm
.•artiha,in..us t. xtuiv. .1„,. to th,. thi,.k nw .„^h..a, hiit hi>rh,.r up th-r,. will usually
..■ som.. .•oni..al ..r nmn.h.l v.rnna. .>r .-mall tuh.T.l.s, .w. s„m.. .,f whi.'h th"..
liioMiiish .pi.l.rnial .•oatmn is still r.tain.<l

al.l,. '"wlih','.*'"'!'" '"■"•A"'^ '"''■•■ ''"■*-"■• "'"■'"•^"-'.v """(I ••'■'.I rath..r stout, .lia..^,-
il li', with 11... tip:; ..|th..r arut,. or ..l.tus..; an.l with a ,listin,t swolh.n i.asal

row« I "'^'" ;;'"""l''''^. •'"■>■ «^;' ""'""-..us, up t.. 120 .,r n...r.., torn.inn '"■v.ral
r..ws. In small.T sp.cini.-n.s .ift.'u 72 or 'Jti. Plat.' XXX Fiif 2

\\ h..n pr..s..rv...l, th.- upp.T part of th.. .•olun.n is K,.n,.rally'stronKiv involnt...l
ml th . t..nta..l,.s an.l part .,f tl... .apitulum ar.' .•.,n....al...l. 1„ this .•on.liti.m
th. ...pitulun IS ..„v..r...l with (■onv,.ru,.nt, sti-.m^ly rais..,l fol.ls, or ..n-st-lik.-

hf nun. iyrT "A ?"■■''"'', """' 'f''^"''"-'.^- "It'TnatiuK. Th.s.^ ..n'sts ,.orr,spon.l
m numl„.r to th.- trnta-'hs, an.l run up t., th.'ir ,.ut,.r luiM's; th,. lar^.-r „n,.s,
which <.orr,.sp..n.l to th.. uin.r ..r primary t.-ntacLs, .an he tni.-.'.i iuw.' i
H.tw.M.n th,. .,ut..r t,.nta.-l..s until th..y run t.. an.l i-oahsvc with the ..xt. ,al

.Xmn'" ."" "//'";,'""•••• .""•■'• ' P''^*'' ^^^' !•''»?■ 2)- Th. upp..r portion ,h,.

..lumn ,-,A,.ri.,l hy th.'s,. ri.lK,.s an,l crosts, is ,li(T,.rentian.<l from th,- part i„.low

It, for Its int..Kum..nt is soft and luhri..ous, and usuallv ,lc.ci,I,.,llv r,.,l ,)r pink

n!„n.,','f vll'-'r*^- ^^:"' "";' *'r 'r*'""' •"''' *^'' t<>nta,.l,.s, .s,.,.r,.t,.s an al.uiulant
nuuous, whidi IS strongly phosphoresc. n.. A r,)w of roundel warts or larger
tubt-rclcs, or a mor.. or loss mark,..!, trai.svcrs,., vcrrucose ri.le.. or "parap.t '
separates this upper ..r sul.margirul eapitulum from the gen..ral surface .,f th,-
column whi,.h is firm,.r mor.. ..r less verru.'.^se, and K,.n..rallv wholly or partly
t..,v..n.d ;vith a .hrty, hrownish, tough, and firmly adherenfeoatiiiK, whi.'h is
stronjrly wrinkled in ....ntraeted specimens, and sometimes has hydroi.ls, bryozoa
a. . ey.n su<.h shells as Anornia adhering to its surfac,.. ThisVov(.ring is often
partially, and sometimes wholly wanting, espec: illy in yery large examples.
It often I'prsists on the hirger upper verruca., even when absent elsewhere,
anH in soi e rather exceptional specimens it is much thickened on these warts
or even forms for them hard conical tips, sometimes afTecting thus only the
uppermost row, but at other times several s. ries of them

The colour of the body, in life, is usuallv dull p tie red, flesh colour or sal-
mon, where it is not concealed by t'le dirty, dark brown epidermis; the verrucic

Ai iiiiiinii

.; <j:.

arr ofi.M wl..li>h ..r pink, whilr il..' wiinkl.^ ;„>,l khm-v, l.,lw.,,. i|„.,„ ar."
(lark l.rowii or imul-(o|„ur; tlif Mil.iimrKinal luuv, wli ,1, i, l.", t„ 20 nun or
more l.rnml in tlic l.irji.r .xanipl.-, i-. l.ri^l.t r.d. oran«,-l,ro.ui -r .horolat -
l.rown. t .,. colour is oft.n in .tripo of .lark.r aiul linhl.r tints. Ih. t.nta.l..s
an- nsmlly .lark |.ink, salmon, orani:.. or oranB.-l.rown, varvinc to <|iill rr.l
aim rh(.colat.-l.rown Di.sk usually orango or r.-.l.li.sl, brown, or .horolutc,
with linlitcr and liarkcr radii.

Sp..ri.n.nf. from Htony lK)tton.s luiv.' tl..' I,as.. I.road and liriniv .-idlMrcnt

(. pel.blcM .slu-lls, rtr On fine san.ly and nniddy l.<.ttoinH in d.cp water the
Uim- usually hccoinrs l.iilbou*. and sw,.ll.-n. endosim and m-arlv surroundiim
a larnf' mass of si.nd or mud; in tlirs.. situations thr basal part of th.' .oliann is
' vidently burii-d in thr materials of the bottom and as the base has onlv a Mudl
oiH.ninK to Its larue eavity it is unable to withdraw itself from the en.l.is.d mass
of dirt, of whieh there is often several ounees in .a.l. of the lartfe aetinians, and

here may be a hundred or more of these in a sinule liaul of th.' trawl ' The
liaul (iave exe llent sample, „f (!,.. bottom deposits unalt.Ted l.v wa>.hini: out
llMS sp. ...s like several ih.-rs Iso has the habit of attaehinu it>elf to
the dead sterns of Koriionianv to stem- of larye hvdroiiN, to spiMUies {Cla,lo,h-<i
f/r«»rf/« ami espeeially to the lar^e ,,uill-lik.' tubes of the h.ru.' anneli.l, n„„h,i.
<Tcm artifex \er., whieh is often very abun.lant on th.. sam.' mnddv bottoms
where this aetinian abounds. Sueh .xamples, as thev grow larger, fohl the basal
disk aroimd the supportinji stem or lube until the two edu.^s meet and the
itself '"""' '"*'''"'*■'■• ^'- " '"""'■• "" "'■" •'"• -""' '"■•"'^ «" V." Ihrouuh ll... base

These three forms ol the base oeeur in sperimens that are otherwi-^e similar
and also m several varieti.'s ba.se.l on the tubeniilation of the >urfae,. ,<,„.,i-
mens havmn Hat and others with bulbous ba>e> often ornir in the same hirl
and .some have b.en taken that are interm.diate, havinu one edne of the base
attaehed to a small shell or pebble, while the rest of it enrlo>eu nuni
w. i "';;;,^I'«'«'"'''^f '«•■' «' fi lartic size. Kxample> were ,,fi,.n taken th.at ^u■vv
>«) to 100 mm. (I .nehes) in diameter, and lOO t<, ir.O mm. ti in.hes) hinh.
wr.inary adult .speeimens are AO to T.", mm. broad, and .so (r, loo mm lu-h
with the larger tentaeles about 1.") to 20 mm. lonp. " '

It |>as lM.,.n taken by tl„. U.S. Fish Commi.s.sinn at a larye mimb.r of stations
"" ''•:,';!l'f ^''■'''V" ''"'"'• ""■ ''^^'"•fl'H's Vineyard \antueket, .and Long I.sland.
and otl ( he.sapeake bay, during bs.so, to l.ssti, in Mi to 1,0!»S fathoms. In this
remon it is often very abun.lant an.l of lar^e si/.r. The smallei •>nes h.Te mostlv
<>• ur easpiUK the larjie tubes of H yalnn, ch, : t\u- l.-uiie on.^s in the deeper lo.'aiities
«• MTally enclose a ball of fine sand or mud in the bulbous has.

Actinauge rugosa. New species,

u:a no.; .v) labr.) \ kkkili,. .Vmer. Journ. Seience, Vol. VI, p. HO- vol
" ."•*' i''..'^,'^' ^K- "• ^^'' (""" J'A .K'lis sp.), l>r<,e. .\nier. .\ssoe.
peienee, \.d. for 1873, p. 349, U , (Exi)lor.ition of ( 'aseo Hav)
Xcltiuiuge nodosa VsnuiLL, of 1SS2-3. Smith and ]| koku Trans
A.^ad. Seieiic . Vol. Ill, J)., 11, 5 J, 1,S74.

i'&ite XIX; Figs. 2 & ;i. J'lat.^ XXIV; Fig. 2. I'late XXVII- Fig 1

Text Fig. 14.

*«n!i /mostly rather rigid with a thick .and firm cortex, with .some adherent
epifler, gem r:dly iwarly cylin.lrieal with a .somewhat expanded ba.se; upp.r

P^' .. itu'.uH lefin. ' by a transverse row of about twelve larger or more

'At 5- . ■ '-- ., -!s£

hundreds f)i iir* n

part of »ijc I,

■-r •-•ff |!,f i:.Tu;r:i5tcrr. I'nito.i .s(al..^ .oust, at Ii-aai u imrn-i iuii <ir
,i?ht up in a singU- haul of the trawl. Thk species made up the greater

0«') <i

('anndian Anlir EjiM<ht)on, Hn.i IHIS

Ih-Iow .hrs.. th.. Hurfar.., ..xr.pt noar thr \„m; in ,ov..r...l with ra.h.r s ,., .r,"i
an. un..v..,.ly p arr.J firm tuLorrl... varying in .u... n,„l n.o.tlv tr anV Irn Vv
•lMnKaf,-.| in .ontnu-tion; »H-tw,...M th.-s.> th. M.rfa,. „ MrnnRlv tranHvr ., I , ,1
......... I.nnlly wrink ■ ,n rontra.tion. The tul...r.lrH in larK- «,K..in..'n,

n. tipiMT part, „r .;apit.:l,nn. ha. a .soft.r intcKunwi.t an.i is vUmW ."..v. .1

w th nuinrr...iN prominfi.t f,.l,|.s or rrv^U, ha^inK thr thi.k.r ahorai li.u.r ..Ik,.

.. hmI ..r v..rru....so„r .m.^u arly s,.all..p...l ..r .nnulaf...!; |...s ... i„ th.- v , ..«'

.... fh.... ..xt,.„, s .. an.i j..,ns a t.-nta.!.-. l,..,.,.n,i„K thin an.! s„H,.,th n ...r h.:

:tl r.' '::;;::;';:!;;;;:.,;.:;" ■'"""''"■'^- '■""'^"'••"•' ^""' -' •'•- '"«■"-

in alM.ut I, . ,j,.I,.^. ll„,v ,,r.' rath.r .sl.M.t n..t v.tv l..iMr, „. „,,]|v l,l„nt jn

to v.. > „„, ,„ ,|„. ,y,M.. I WO Mphon..Klyp:,s an.! ',. ..-IoIh-s are iMrn.-.
II- .oionr of th.. .ohin.n when .■l..an,..| of it.> dark .'..ati -^ i ow th.. .-apit' .Inn
'. .•..Il..r .n hfj. was UM.al ly .i,.l p,.,|,. „■,! or (l...sh-.olo„r, ...,1. th.- .'xpos • "

1. 1 .lo u.To ...th.r .lull saiin..i,-,.olour or hn.wn, sonuti.n.s .•ho..olat. -rolour

Im. It.

Atiiiiiiugi riiyom Virrill. Iinixtf
Konfiifs panly rrini)vt!il, much i'.

-1.

.■iitiih-, ,if tlif Itli ,111.1 .•,ili

cyilrx witli tho

It u,.s .r>t lak.n y tl„. iJad..., ,n W,i, in iM) fatho.ns, ..IT (•vor^'-s
M V. It alM, ,KTurr...i ol; , a..., Lay in |S7;{, i„ .,:, fatli.m.s Also in th..
...It .,f .sj.a.. "..„.■,. ((.,., V.lnt..av..s). A nun.lM.r of spo..inH.ns tak.'n , ,
Ms'," •'"'■- ";' ""'•■'•'■•'""»< '-'^-^ -r.. l,r.i„pht in hy th.. (;h.u..,.st,.

.. II. tions as 1 lynllri. It has also l„.,.n tak..n i.v th.. C. S. Fish < omnii-Mon

it .i'^'i, ^;;'; "ir^iVt."" '"'^^'v • *"^^ "^ ^'"'""' ^•=i-"''-t»s Lav iiav :!

1 un(i\ , ni oO to IfiO fathoms; oil Nov; • • • -

■a S(.otia, in :>() to 110 fatiionis, 1S77.

On.. UA (of 2) was fron^ .lifhniond gulf, almut throe niih.s from the entran...
..a«t SI,!,. ,,f H.aU.n hay, .n 12-i;5 fathom., stone,, san.i au.l r.-.l aJKa- a A
N. lat. ot,°, AuR. 23, 1020. Colle.tion ..f F. .lohansen '

il

I -

.i ihiiii, ill ,- Ik-

Th. ,,ll„i »,.,t, .., .I,ln.,h.| L'ull M. .•:. iMlliorn-, \uu Jl I'-.'.p ,,l„;,,,„.,|

I....'., .Mil,.,,,,-, (.,||..,,,,||„ V |. i.„„ .|,„„ ,^.,., |„, ,11, ,,„„„,. V,,,,,,,,
M'^niMri:.. Mii-fiiii, ' ., \, ,- i •,,.1,.,,,. . ,,, ..

.\:ilri .

It «;i- 11,1, |ni\ iiMi-l\ kii<m i, I,.

Ill -II.!, .li:,h.,\v

II h:i> mN,. |,r,,„ iMk.H l,V ll„- I ■•;. Il-h ( ,„„|„|-M,>II ,,|| ( , -.I, ,

M tallH-,„s f;„|t ,,, M,„„ .M:,-.,.,.|n,-,,t. It:, : Hmv .,| h.n.lv, ,„ :.., ,,, |,^„
tiithiiiii^; iitl .\u\.-i Mull.., Ill .'ill t.i I In |,itlii,iii-, XSll.

In l.Mimtu.liiu.l M..-,i,,„- I'l. WVll, inj. I ,1,, .,,,,„„„ „,,„ i, ,..,.,^ ,,, ,,_,
v.Ty tliirk. ,-p.rm ly u, tl„ u|.|m., ,,.„t, ,.r |,Mi:,|„.t, m.M ih- ,Mpiii.l„ni, uwnm
t,. tl... tlnrk 1i.,-.,kIm.:.,,.>|m.,.|,.|IU ,f t|„. „...,,„„ ..,„. ,,,„. „f ,|„. j,,,.,,.,. \,,,,.,„..i.
llH- >|.i.„..t. , m„.,|. i- yiv l:,iu.. ...ii.l ,|,i,.k. „i,|| , ,i,ni,|, ,,i,„i;,l.. a, nnm, m. i.t
o II- rm.-,|,. 111,,-,-. II,.. >.,„i„„|;,.uMi I- l:,u.,. u,,|, -,n,„ir |,.i,uii .i,li,i:,l f,,|.|-
< Mil\ a li'w .iiniili-i w..,,, Iiiiiii.j.

'" ■' 'i^'ii-v.-r-,. -,.,■, ,1, ,,l ,., -,ii...|l -|.,.,.i„„.M li.„ii ||„.|-,,„ |,..,v ;,|„„„ ,;i,

'"'" I" .ll.ini..t,T. I.liu.l, t|„. „|i,|,|l,. ,,,■ ,|„. -,,,|||,„|h.u„i. ,1,,.,,, ,,.,. |,„„. ,.„,„,,i,.,,.

l„.xai,M.n„,- ..ycU.s ol .i„.>.,.,t.ri, ■ rii. -ix ,.,i,i,;,iv i,,.|i,> :.,,. ,.|!„ii,. |,.r|-..,., :,i„i
s„nl,.; Ihj.ir l.,n|ritii,|inMl l„ii«ri „ ,,„. i,„li,., t|,i„ Mini ..m,„,I ,„.arlv m.to*.

H'M. All tl,.. ..tli.r .....Mti, ..,„■. M,v r,,v..n.| uith t:,.,i..|.|,, „|,i..|, ,.,„ „,1,.

,11 Ml III.. .•,i..M. l-..tvv,.,.„ fi„. ,„„„.„y pMi,., I'll.. ,..,.,„„|..„v ,,Mi,- ,„.,,, Iv r..Mci.

I,.' M..ii,.„I..mI -vmII: tl,., l.fti..„i,., ,.,,■,. M„all l.ui u.ll ,|,.v..|..i,..,l: tl,.,-., .,f tl,.'
toiirll, i-y..!., Miv .Hill.. iiair.,u ;,ii,| ihiii. |,ut .-,11 |„.ar

>:(ii,M>|..

In :i t,:ii,>\t.i>,. ..itid,, nia.l. ailii».« tl,.. iiiiihi

,1 I ,■ , ,. , , ii|.|H.r part .,r tl.., >t..iii,„|.,.|,iii. II. ,r

tlK- "ImI . .>k, ,„.,st .,» tl,.. I.,„ta.,....-, .„• th.-ir 1,,.,...,1 |„|,..,, ,.,iv ,.,,1 ,.,..,. ,s., t„i th.^v
MP,, i„t.,l.|...i witim, 11,., .t..l„,MlM.i„„: li,.|.. til,!.. :,,., 12 p:.i,, ,,f ,i,.,.,,-K ,.,,„ai

|M,r <.,,t pair, .,t ;,„,M,|,t,,n.,.-, aii.l ii |. u„\ .■a>v t.. .|i>t;,imn-l, tl,.,> ' i|„. lirM

Miul MT.,.ul .'v, l.,s ..vvpl l.y t|,..ir p.,>iii.„i.. i„r all an- ,nu.,|i aiik,,. il,.,ii
imis(,|,,s MIV llii, k.,|,.,,l. I„ l|,i. M.,.|i„n t|„. ,„..,.i,t. •■i,,s .,f til., thii.l a. I.I -,„i„. „t
tl,., f„uill, .■y,.|..s JM.ar ij.i.ia.i-; tli,,„. ,,| ih,. ,-,„alh ..v,!,. alv \ , ,v -„iall a.i.i ...iii,.
arc lacking.

This wa- r.,nii.,||y l,.>li..v..,| l,y l,,.. t.i 1,.. tli.. Ii'ii.. .\rlnn„ „..,!„<„ ,,1 i>
l'al.ri.,,,1-. I7,S(I,. in.,,, ,l,.„p ua,,.| ..(T ( ;,■, ,,,ila,„l. v.-rv l.ri.dv an.i , -jv

Ila,|.l,.ii ,,,p. rit.. |,S!t(l, p .;u,s. I'j. .\.\\1||. U^, i.j. y\ \\\\ 1,. j)

dc.-.,ni....i ami f,n,..-.,,l a v..,v ,|ill,.n.|i, ki„u sp..,.i„„.„, ,..,k.,„ .,lt ( .....nlaiHr

asth, ir'ii,, /,.»/„..<,. ,1,1.1 I..),.,,,,.,! it t.,|li. •'.vwi>ch,„i,l,;„-lni,„.uiu-r Liilk.,,,, ISOO,'

Ha.l.l..ll'-. >p,.,||„,,„ |,„,ks l„„r,, li. „iy r. inh.rrul.,..,, th.,,, |ik,. ,|„. pi,.-,.|il
^pcfl.'s, \vli„,|, ,: a tni,. Artimvnj,. jiaviim ill." .-.ipit tlhuii ...x..,-,,,! uill, l,it?h
<r.>;ts lli> sp.,<,|ni.,„ iia.l a <ii,..„th .ai.ituliin, aii.l tl,., .•..hiniu tiihcni.'s ..n-
-•..iiical Mii.l in ivKular v.'Hi.-al i.iws, uliij,. tli. t.^iita.!.- ia.k tl,., l,a-il !,,!,.■'
Its |,.)iiil,iii wall was 1,11,1-iiaily liKi.j.

Il..w.,v,.,-, ai„.,iiK III, many l,„„.in,,|> ,,i >p,.,.i„i..,i. ,,f tliis m.,i,p, ,i,-.,,l-r,.d
l.y the • \ l.ati.iss II, .l,...p wat.r th<.iv w.'iv s.,n,., that ha.l vcinica- ariMiiu.-.l
as 111 Had.l,,,, s ( . ,„„l„s(i aii.l pr.,l,al.ly w..i-., lli,. sanii- sp,,,-i(,>. Th.-v wcr.- 'it

that tunc classed as , .,1 the varieties of th.- pres.,iit sp.,.,ies Th.-v .uv 11. ,t

now aee<>8sil)le for examination.

The .1(7///,/,/,/, vodosa of Danielss.'n is also unlike Ila.l.lon's C. i,o,f„sn ,r.|
inav be i.lentical with mv r/,-,i;„/iv. /./;.,;,, /,,;wv,. ,,;,.,... i. • ,.,,,.,.-1 .. :,. .'

irregular tuhercles an.l ha- a siii.Kjth . apituhini. T,.„ta.,les rath.-r lo-i-' -UKi
stout, round tipped. ~ '

',t:{4.S— 7

its li Cavadinn Aictlr KTpcilitliin, 1013 I HIS

Actinaujtte borealis. Xi w spf(i<'s.
I'hitc XXIV; Ficur.s l-lli.

Aiiioii)? tilt' IfiKlsdii !i;iy MctiniMiis were tw(i s])ccimciis tliMt mciii ti> tirldiiu:
to nn un(lcsciit)(Ml species reseinliliiin Adhiaiiijr riiijosii extenially. Imt liMviiic
nuicli l()ii(ier telit;u'les wliieli luck the liirsre basal lohe iis\iall,v seen in that aeinis,
and (litTer in other ways.

Hoth siK'ciinens arc very stronnly coutracteil, so that the internal ortian.s
form a (i>nii»act mass. 'I'hc longer invected tentacles reach to and iielow the
liase of the lonji stomoda'um, or (|iiite to the liasal disk in some cases.

The column-wall is firm, strongly « rinkled lioth lonjritnilinally .'.nd trans-
versely: it also has vertical rows of low. Imt ))ersisterit , verr\ica'. The whole
surface below the capitulum is covered with a firndy adherent, thin, dark coloured
eiixlermal coating, much as I'hillin. The cai)it\ilum is strongly invected, but
sections show that it is covered by numerous raised ridjii's. with a ])l;.in edpe
toward the margin, but thickened .■iiid ciiindated toward tiie |iara|>el.

The verruca' on the |)arapet are not much more ))roininent th;.n those
below, and iiave the s;ime structure.

The tentacli's are numerous, uj) to M to ltd. sleiidei-. the inner ones nearh
as lonn as the column; the> are so crowded b,\ conti.'iction that lliey ; re angular
in sections.

The stoliiod.Tum is elonfjati il with the walls stioinly ])lic;.ti d. 'Iwosilih-
ononlvjjs are jiresent.

'i'he si)hincter muscle flMate .\.\IV. tins. I, la) is iii< .-ofiheal :.vj\ very well
develoju'd. In transverse sections, made ne;ii' the or;d disk .tin>. Ib-lc) and
includinn some of it, there ,ire about 24 to Id perfect mesenteries, which are
all very nmch alike, with stronji retractor muscles extending nearly across their
whole breadth.

Hetweeii these perfect mesenteries there are p;.irs of small, narrow ones
which bear fionads. A little lower down tliert^ are twelve i)airs of pel feet mesent-
eries; iind below the nnddle of the stomoda'um there are oidy six ))airs. Thoy
are sterile (fin. If). All the other mesenteries bear dense clusters of gonads and
filaments, s(iuee/,ed com))actly totiether by the seveic contractions of the walls.

between I'very i)air of mesenteries there is a narrow, annular, raised endo-
dernial ridp' ir, r.) which apjx'urs triaup\dar in the transverse sections. These
occur of larger si/e and less acute between the primaries, and are \(ry small
between those of the fourth and fifth cycles (fin- If).

The ectoderm (fins, le, If. h, h) is moderately thick and hrm. with <h'ep
prooves caused by wrinkles, and containinn more or less of the dark e|)id('rnial
coatinn. and with thickened places caused by the verrticiP (fins- Id, In. v, v\

The mesonl"':i is nuich thicker than the ectoderm and endoderni com-
bined (le, In h, h). It is crossed by numerous very fine, nearly strainht. muscu-
lar lines, runuinn out from the eiidoderm at nearly rinld annles. often more than
half way across. In .some sectit)ns they are i>ent a little in zinzan forms.

Xone of the orininal colour remains excei)t a tinne of linht red on the retracted
oral part of the disk and upper part of the mesenteries dig. 1, m).

The contracted specimens are nearly cylindric anil higher than broad.
The larger one is 2o mm. high; ]:{ mm. in diameter; length of the longer retracted
tentacles 22 mm.; outer shorter ones, about 10 to 12 mm.

These two specimens came from Richmond gulf, east side of Hudson bay,
in 2r> fathoms. August 24, 102(i, obtained from P'skiinos by F. .Johanseu.

The generic position of this species seemed a little doubtful. It looks
much like some species of PhcUia, but ditTers in having a verrueose wall and a
ribbed capitulum. From tyjiic.-d Artinmun- it differs chiefly in lacking notable
basal teidacuhir lobes and in h.-iving very hmg slender teidaeles. However, a
careful examinaticm shows the basal lobe on some of the less jiowerfully com-

m

Aiiiiiiiiid

<; !«)

pressed ttntiii-lts. TJieir nppaieiif al.s.iicc on olli.rs i- prohaMy .luc t.. tlic
violent i)it>>ure i)ut on tlieiii iluririn eoiunietion. , , ,,

The (lark ei)i(lennal coalinj; i< tliicker roiiclier, and more tiiliily adherent
than in the allied speeies. It eovers the hasal liisk and all the eohinMi--vall np
to the capituhini, and penetrates (leei)ly iutti the wrinkle- ot th.' >urta.r. as -i.ii
in seetion-.

Stephanaufte \enil

MI.

11.-,. not,.. V<\>.. IVM)

is.Vt.

Sli iihiiiKtiKji Vkhhii.I.. Anier. Joiiin. Sei., \

'r\'l)e, .s'. iktIUs Ver.
Sli i)hiii(nii.-< llK.UTWKi, Voy. ( 'hailen^i.r, Zool. \ol. \T. |i. >^T, ISN_'.

.s'. iii}>(rriil(ilii, pi. iii, Htis- ~-"a. ''<"" VeniH, !><•>'•''.
? Honiiiillna (io<se, .\iui. an.l Majl. Nat. Hist., ser. '■',. vol. HI.. I

? 1Im>iion. <>!>. eit., ISS',1, ]). :{(l!l lin jiart?).

( hitonaetininu' with the fjieater ]iert (.f the cohiinn-wall thin, llexilile,
Muooth or nearlv .-o helow the thiekene.l palaixt, with or without an lini,elle.t
epidermal eoating, and with few small and usually ot-setire eineh.he: am.
hearint; toward the to)), in typical speeies, a transverse row of verrma; on Ihe
parapet <iefiiiinn the eai>itulum, which is more llexil>le and <-overed with tolds
or small ridfies runnnip to the bases of th.' tentach-s. 'lVntach> are numerous,
swollen at the ahoral li.is.-, and with the capitulum, they can lie .'ittncly retracted.
Sphim-ter muscle mesofrUeal and ralh<r laiKc Tsually 12 or more pairs ot
mesenteries mav he ])erfect near the oral di-k; lower down I'.' pans may he
perfect: near the base of the stoino.heum only (i ])airs ar.' ixifect : all mesen-
teries mav hear gonads, except perhaps the six ],riinary i)airs. .\(ontia h^w.
The base mav be either ainplexicaiil or Hat. The typical species seems V> dilter
from llormaihin mainlv in having lobed t.'ntacles and the capitulum <'overed
with ridges, and not havinp so notable a row of submarcinal tubercle- or verruca'.
The ami>lexicaul habit is not a generic character.

Stephanaufte nexilis \ errill.

Aclhuiiui, mxllis VKiiuii.i.. (ip. (it.. lH,s:{. p. .-,.-,, ],!. \T. lis:-. I. :>: oj,. ,it,. ISS."),

pp.' .-Ml, r>:U, pi. VII. Ii«s. 2-2. L'Ja.
SltphdtitiiiiK iihii.^tirDla Vkkuu,!., Amer. Jour. Sci., WA. VII, \i\>. 1 lo, 217, note,

fin. '.i\. IS'tO: uitiii AldSKi-KV s|i.).

Plate XXII; Ki>:s. a, (i. Plate XXVIll: lifis. 1-1. I'latc^ XXX; lip. :i.

The column wall is rather thin, but strcnifi. and it is nearly smooth, exni.t
for wrinkles, with no notable verruca-; folds of thi' cai)itulum are notable. The
sphincter muscle is mes(.nl(ral and somewhat thick. Tentacles are moderately
stout, numerous, about !)(i to KIS in the larger specimens, arranged m four or
five hexainerous cvcles. Their bases are somewhat swollen, opiiosite the
capituhir f.ilds. In'a transversa s,.,tion, near the disk, the mesenteries of many
pairs join the stomoda-un and disk; b.^lween most of these pairs there is a smaller
pair of the fourth or fifth cvcle. mostly bearinii gonads and not attached to tii."
stomoda-um. Lower down oiilv about 12 pairs are perfect, and near the l.nver
end of the stomodspum there are only tl perfect pairs. :Many (.f these, especially
those of the second and thinl cvcles, bear gonads (Plate XXX; Iig. -i.)

■Vcoritia are apparently few; solit.'irj- ones are occasionally .seen emitted
from'the small scattered ciiiclida". which are seldom noticeable when not in use.

9;ji:i 1\

100 fi Canadian Arctic Kxptditiim, l!/l.i-l!JlS

One specimen (PI. XXII, fi(<. 7) had several very distinct ciiieiida^, ami some
(Ulter iiitetjumeiit. It iiiM>- he a very ilistiiiet species. Xo sections of it were
made.

This s))ecies is ve.y closely relate(l to Acliiiivniv, to which I formeiiy referred
it. The only notable distinctions seem to l>e the lack of tuhercles lielow the
para])et and the thinness of the walls with a corresponding; decrease in the thii ' -
ness of the s])hincter muscle. ']"he character of the capitular ridges, the swollen
liases of the tentacles, and the arranp'inent of the mesenteries are nearly the
same if speciinj'us of e(|ual n(je he com|)ared.

It has heen sungested that it minht he related to Kuitnin iiinnidiitn of
Danielssen, 1S87, hut that a).))eais t(» he (ptite diiTerent, althoufjh it has the
same aini)lcxicaul hahit, as do many otiier unrelated si)ecies. KdioiIii lias a
nearly smooth column with a few perforated pa])illa', ])rohahly raised cinclida",
and with some similar ])apilla' on the disk. The marfjin is crenulated and there
are no capitular folds. Its tentacles seem not to l)e retractile. It has 12 ])airs
of jierfect mesenteries. It i)rohahly l)elongs to the sanii; subfamily.

It ma>' lie nearer Actinia uhjiKxiculti Moseley.

Uur species lias heen taken on the fishing Banks off Xova Scotia many
times hy the <doucester, Ma.ss., fishermen. It was dredtjed hy the "Hlake"
a'nil l)y thi; " Alhatross" at several stations in 108 to 245 fathoms, nearly always
attached to hare portions of the axis of living liultiriiiu, sometimes singly, hut
more often in clusters of three or more, united together hy sutures ami so large
and heavy that the Hulticiim hends over. The (Jhalknijcr specimens of S.
uhyssicula had the same hahit and were from the same region.

Hrrtwig included two s])ecies in his genus Sli jihanactis, \iz.; first, N. tiihir-
ciduta II.; and second, .!>'. idjijfsicoln Moseley, s)). He very fully descril)ed the
former externally and internally, hut owing to the state of the two specimens
of the second lie did not give much new inforniation, hut found tha^it agreed
in most structural characters with the foriner. Hut he noted th(> relative
smoothness of the capitulum and the presence of a few cincli(he.

His N. tidnrculatii had strong caiiitular ridges or folds, some of them lohate,
and a verrucose (laraiiet: the tentacles had swollen hascs. and he found a few
j)ai)illiform cinclida'. It is, therefore, very like my >'. H(.rili)< in appearance
and structure.

The generic name. Stcphanactin^ was, however, used hy me many years
I)rcviously for a very ditTereiit genus. Therefore, I jiroiiosed in 1899 to use
Stciiliaitaxifie for the generic name, hut I erred in thinking .hat >'. ahi/Kslcola
was the same as nexilis, and figured the latter under the name, S. idii/ssicold.
The real ahyssicola may he gmierically distinct, if the character of the jiarajn't
and cajjitulum are to he considered imiiortant in this group.

Stiphaiuivge tuherculaia (Hert. sp.. o]). cit., j). 87, pi. Ill, figs. T-?!)") was
taken in ■^^r^ fathoms, I.at. ;5.'>° 11' X.: Long. V.\\)° 28' I'.ast ; attached to dead
parts of the axis of a Virgiilaria.

Raphactis Verrill.

Raphactis Vekkill, .\nier. Journ. Science, Vol. VII, p. Hi. 1890. Tyj>e,
R iiitida Vkkhill.

Stephanactis (pars) Hkktwig, op. cit., 1882, (non Verrill, 1809).

My genus Raphactis (op. cit., 1899, p. 144) is much like Slcplianaudt exter-
nally and internally, except that no acontia were found, so that it was formerly

^ t$trphnnnrH» Vprrill, il*ror. Khshx Inst., Vol. VT, p. SO (liK). 1809). w.os the name jriven to >;. in4t('a
Ver., of the family Disco-storaidic. It was from (Jaspar Strait. 'I'he type has 12 very mu-icular perfect
mesenteries. The sphincter muscle is endodemial, oircumscrilwd, large, oval in section: column is without
vemicae or suckers noticeable in alcoholic specimens; cortex is strongly wrinkled in both directions.

AcliiKirm

G 101

iclVncd to riiiiu ti.la'. ProlmMv its inunlia liiitl Imtu l.i>t liy Mroiin coiitiaction.
In that casf it would l.tloiip to tliis siilifimiily iind would conic near llonii,ithi<i.
on account of its smooth capituluni and scai)us, l.ut it dilTcrs tn.ni tiiat nciius,
as at present understood, in lacking a circular nm of coronal verruca' on the

'*' 'in these characters it is like the .1<7//m<; ah!i.-<.<iculii Mosclev, referred to
S/f /)/(((» 0(7/6 l>v Hert\vi(j. Both he and Moseiey de-crihed tlie i.arai)et as thick-
ened liiit not veiriico^e. Hertwiji louml a few cii.li.he, l>ut no acontia.

Raphactis abyssicola .Mo-riiyi \.irill.

Aclini<i (i////.v.-/V(J(f MnsKi-KV. Trails. I.iim. Soc, Ser. -'. \o!.

fin. •">, 1N77. Andres, op. cit., p. i^tlt.
Sttiihnxiirti!' iiljii.v^icdlii Hf.ktwki, op. cit., ISN'2.

L".t7. I'l. 1.'),

Plate XXIl: FifT. TC!)

According to Moseley, in life its colour on the cotunin was reddish yellow,
paler on the iiarajiet: capituluni rose-red, with darker radial lines; disk rose-
red, tentacles i)aUr red. Height was .'> mm.; greatest l.readth. :i.') mm. _lt
was taken in lat. 40° 17' X., south of Nova Soctia, in 1 .:5.->0 fathoms, in 1^<.|.

It iH'ohablv should he .'aUed Ii(ii)li<nti!< ubnt^t-icola. for it anrees well witli
the type of that tienus, in most resi)ects. Peihaiis my fip. 7. ot pi. XXII, is
the same s))ecies, from near the same rejjion.

Synanthus mirabilis ^ t rriil.

Sipinrithiis iiiirdbilix Vkuuill. Amer. .lourn. Science, Vol. X}'1II, !>■ -174, 187<»;
vol. VII, p. 211. fifj. 2;^, IS'IH i/K/;>); Bull. Mu>. ('oin|). Zool.. vol. xi, !>. 4H
ISS.'i. iProlial>lv not fisi. 9, pi. VI i.

Kip 1.5. S,,mmihus mirabilis Vcriill. Two imiividuals siirroiin.litm aii.l C'nllmj; a hrati.li of
' Pnmgnrgia (i-, il,), ami united by ;i suture above and brlow la, I'..; \ .it''' ij.

This small species has not yet been olitained in a suHicieiitly jjood statt^
of ])re.servation for comi)le,e aiiiitomical studies hy .sections: it has about 4S
Iiairs of mesenteries: on'.y six iiairs are i)erlect : si)hincter mu. .le inesogUtal.

thick. , ,

It has the amplexicaul habit, common to many other ileei> sea .six'ciis.
This particular species seems to prefer to attach itself to the smaller branches
of Parngorqia arhona. It then si)reads its base around the branch, the two
opposite lobes meeting nn.l miitin!: by a suture, thus irirdhnir the branch and
sometimes cau.sinfj a deep constriction, at which the branch may easily break
off. Frequentlv two or more unite topether, to form the prdle, as in the htjure.

102 (J

Canatlian Arctic K.rpalitioii, WlS-fJlS

1 1.' c.luinn and Imsal .-xpanso aro ^ooth, with no ei.i.lcnnal .oatinK;

■ntaH.s an. nnmeruus. al.out !»(, small an.l not very slen.ior. An.ntia w.-re

no .i.s..rv.., , l.wt IS K..n..ral ha .it an.l internal structure are so mud. like some

of the N.Kartia. a. that it prol.ahly l.elon^.s to that family. It is ix.ssii.lv related

to H.iphiuiis ndnlo \, .frill or t(. l{. <i/.(ys*/ro/« (Mos(.l,.y/

H..„u' H'^.ii" '"'<" ^""'' -■'''•'"'' "" ''"''^*' ^P«'"""'"« <'f I'oragoryia from the
H..nk h^heries, >ucli si,e..mu.ns an; Ken..rally drie.l, an.l so the Actinian is
spo.l.;d. .sp,.,.,m..ns on the stalks of .l.a.l gor^.-nians in al.-ohol, formerlv
d..Mr 1.,.,! and hKure.l l.y m.. as this species (up. cit., 18M, p. IS, pi VI fi^ ci)
may !„• a .iistmct species. Its internal structure was not slu.lied ' >- - '

Chondractinia Lutkon.

Foren. Kj.ihenhavn,
Haddo.v, op. cit. J). 30,"), 1889.

Lhofulrnrtuno I.Utkkn-, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist

p. 184, 18()0. (Tyi)e ('. iUqitatn 'SliiVL.)

^IcMiKHicH, op. cit. p. 187, 1893.
Actiiiawn (pars) Vekuill, op. cit., 1883.

v,....,r"'""'"*'*\""*'.*'™' '^'^"""g on the greater part large, permanent, thick
^cuu.■ie ..r tuherch's in more or l..ss evident longitudinal rows, and usually
more or es.s covered with an imperfect epidermal coating, ('inclidfe indistinct-
su .margmal zone softer, flexible not hearing crests or fibs. SpEter m^^de'
larg(, thick, mesoglojal; mesogloea unusually thick and firm. Six primary

^tout uith,".Tr"/'''''?if""^' ''"■""• '^^^■^ ''"■«^' siphonoglyphs. Tentacles
stout, witnout nasal lohes.

Chondractinia tuberculosa (Verrill).
Aclinauye nodosa yar. tuberculosa Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology vol

f^. 'l88?',f ;p ' f V.^f =^= f "'?"'.^^^I^«" »f <'o"""- of I'^i^h an.l l^sheries
t.)r 1883, J). bl2, 1)1. V, hg. 20a, 1885.

C';*o,(.//Y,rt/ma ^/,Vrr't/.Mv, McMurrich, op. <;it., 1893, p. 187. Whiteavk.s, op.

Plate XIX; Fig. 5.

The body in this si^'cies is covered with remarkably large (.") to 10 mm
iToa.l) i.rom.nent. otf.n hemispherical, firm tubercles," arrang,.d invgulaHv
and n..t vry numerous The integument is very thick and firm, ..xc..]>t on the
p,nk or ,0.1 ..aiJitulum, bd.nv th,. tentacles, where it is softer, slightly longitu.li-
nally ndg..d, .,r nearly snu.oth, and probably capabl.. of secreting a i.ho^phores-
cenl mucous, asm .1. ((-n/////. ^ i" l"i'>n>

The lower tubercular part is usually covereil with an adht dirty bn.wn

or mud-....loure. ei)id..rmal secretion. When this coating is n ,1 thV clour

is usually light brown. H..sli-..olour, or pale red; the tubercles , jsh

ihe tentach's ar.. numerous, dull red or red.lish brown, rather long, usually
noM.ulbous at the bas.. nor much tai)er..<l. The sphincter muscle is large and

The mes..nt.Ti..s aic rcgulariy hexamen.us in the specimens .lisse.ted and
yei>- un,.,|ual. Mx pairs are wide an.l perfect, and some mav bear small gonads
K.ai tne Dase. I h.Mr l.)ngitudmal muscles are not very strongly deyeloDed
lH.i,.g scarc.ly thn-ker than the plL-at...! transverse ones." Those of the second
cycle are nearlv as wi.ie as the primari.-^ in the lateral systems. All r.rc muscular
an.l hear larg.. gona.ls. Much narrower mesenteries of the thirtl an.l fourth
cych's occur in all the systems and bear gonads.

AdiKuria

a W.i

Till- -toiiKiiliLMiiu is Imirc mill luiiR. It liiis live <ltc|) l.itciiil sulci. :iiiil
four l;iitfi> iiitcrv inn wrinklol loins dii cucli siilc. Sii)hoMoKlyi)lis ,irc h.me
1111(1 (Ict'i). No lini'litUi' were found.

The tli'scn])tioii aliovc^ was iiiaik- mostly from a nictlium siznl specimen
from the Calf of St. Lawrence, in 112 fatlioins (Coll. .1. V. Wliiteaves). It
urows to much larger sizes. Some specimens are about ItIO inni. (I inchi's)
hi(ih and I.') to "lO mm. in diameter. In contraction, tiiherdes are often ."> to S
mm. in diameter, or more. None of the siiecinieiis taken alive would exj)and.

It is only known from rather deep water. Many specimens have lieeii
taken on the fishing Hanks off Newfoundlaiul and Nova Scotia by theClou-
cester, Mass., fi-hermeii a-ul presented to the U.S. Fish Coniniission in |S7S to

1881. , , ,. .

The (doiicester, Mass., tishermen brought it in fron» a nruiber ot localities
on all the fishing banks, from Ceornes to the (Irand liank, 'w 'M) to :{(M) fathoms.
It is particularly common on the stony bottoms of 1/ Have bank, Western
bank, and Hampiereau, off Nova Scotia. It was also dredged by the l.S.
Fi.sh Coinmissicm off Nova Scotia and in the (iulf of Maine.

I formerly (1883) classed this as a doubtful variety of .1. nmhsd. but it
appears to !)(■ a distinct species. .\ccoi.!in(.' to the classification of Hadd n
lo]). cit., 1889j it belongs to Clumdmctiina, for it lacks the ribbed or crested
capitulum and the tentacular l^'bes found in Aclinauge. It seems to be rather
closely related to V. nodosa of Greenland, as determined by Had(l<in; but its
^erruca> are larger, fewer, and not in such regular rows. Danielssen's Arlintniiie
nodosa, as figured hv him, is much more like this sjx'cies, and belongs to the same
genus, for Danielssen states that the capitulum is smooth, without ribs. Very
likely it may be the same spp<Mes.

The original description of Actinia nodosa, from deep water off (ireeidaiid,
was very brief and imperfect. It would ajjply equally well to any of th<'se large
verrucose species. Probably several species occur there, as on our fishing Banks,
and very likely lie considered them all the same species. As Haddoa's specimen
came from (ireenland, it may be the correct one.

Family URTICINID^. New Name.

BimodidtK flossK, .\nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser! :\. vol. i, !>. 417, 1858: Actin.

Brit., p. 183, 18W). Vkukill, Revision Polyps, p. 15, 1804.
Tealiadw R. Hertwig, op. cit., 1882.
Hunodactidtv Vkrkill, op. cit., 1890.
CnhriiiiSa' McMuuuicH, op. cit., 1902, p. 590.

Actinians with a large, circumscribed, endodermal sphincter muscle; imni-
orous (12 or more pairs) of perfect mesenteries, mostly fertile, often sterile, some-
tiines in i)art. No acontia. Tentacles retractile. Column u.-sually has adhesive
suckers or vernicie. Many species are viviparous.

Urticina (Ehrenberg, restricted, '.'''ifi).

Urticina Ehkkxbekc, Coral. Roth. Meeres, p. .ii (as sub-gemus), 1.834. Tyi)e,

U. crassiconiis.
Rhodactinia L. Ag.vssiz, Revue Zoolog. S;)- Cuvier, p. :j',i., 1847. Vkkuh.i.,

Revision Polvps K. Coast U.S., p. . . 18ti4. CAKi/iKE.\, Olga Fxped.

Actin,. p. "O," 1902. CuBB, Antarctic I'.xped., Vol. IV, p. 9, 1908.
Tealia Gos£E, op. cit., p. 4'" i ' Actinologia Brit., p. 205, 18G0. Also of

manv other later autl.e

^^■^ "i I'liniiihtui A I (tic KxiHilitloii, ll'l-j Uns

I, p. 4Wt, ISti!>; ( •„,„,... K.ss,.x Inst., Vol. VI. ,,. 02 (2Hj, IHm.

Aftini:u.s, .,ft..i. of h.iK.' .siz,', with iiunHTou. laiK,. n.tn.ctil.. t.ntarl.w
M ally ,„.rforat.. at tip Colu.nn furnislH.l with lonKitu.lh.al rows . , .,li
rHra.til,. .surk.rs rapaM,. of atta.'hinK Ionian ohj,..-ts l.„t Usi.allv m .11

A"fS''pa;;;5:'" '""""■"'' *" "••' '" "^'■' ■••■ "'"^ •"">• ='>•'"■- !--iy"''.N'

ltrf.Tt aii.l unprrfct incsnit.n.s i.iinicrous; m-arlv all of tli.- ...■rf.n „,„.«
.s.n,t Uo .hn.t,v..s ,„ay l...ar ,ona,ls. as wHl as inai.y of f hos;' th U , p .^l

f.it . thos.. of the first ami s,.,'on,l ..yrl.s oft-i. steril<.. Thr tvi... -p.-.i,.. „nv 1 c
h.xanu.rous. .ataiiurous, or .1. ,a.M..rous, na.st fnTpa-ntlv .hra ...r ,us \ ■ h r
=Ko..t.a nor .inHula.. Crrular n,us,.l,.s of thr fnta-'lis niav 1. artlv ■•to-
tr' ,,;';': ';'"""' """ ""■ ""•^"»^''"" '"■ "'">■ '"■'>• •- •■ntin.lv'nu o,L^^
1 .\ I)c siM'cics IS vivi))arous. ' >.i«.ii.

Urticina crassicornis, (Mull.) Khr.
Acllnia .^iHCtahilis ? (). FAnm. irs. F.Muna < Ironlan.iica, p :{.-,! I7S(I
Bhodndun,, dan^i A.;., ,,,,. ..j,., ]S47. \-KKuiLr,. M.ni. Host.m. .<o,.. \ Hjst
U.I. I, p. 18, pi. 1 fiR. 9 (.U.scriptions, variations in colours, rtr")' isiu''
Anicr. .Naturalist, ^ol. II. p. 2r)«» (hal.its). '

TiuVm im.sivonn^ pAviA^VM, 1770). Ckssk. ArtiiioloKia Hrit.. i,. 20-1 „l 1\

Nat., \\\l\ ],. <o2 hg. 9, H»00. H.ak(;iit, Antliozoa Woo.U Hol^

Hfgion, p. 244, fig.s. 3, 4 (sections). 1914.
r/<,Wm, cms,./f<„7u-. EliKKNiiKH.;, 1884. p. 83. Vkkkim.. Trans. Conn.

.Wl. .sncnc... \ol I, p. 4.9, 1809; Coinni. Essex Inst.. Vol. VI. ,.. i^
.S.<: Ilowpat.. Polar Kxp...l.. p. 1.^2: also of many lafr arti-h-s; An.er

.lourn. .srien,-.., Vol. \ II, p. 21«, 217, fig. 32 (lu-xanim.us), 1S99
RhMtrmi rm,H,vornis (i>or..) (\HUntKs. Olpa Expel.. Actin n 39 1909
urn,. </«n-.) Nat. Antarrti. Exp.d., vol. IV, p. 9. pi. iii, fir ■22';pho o^

jnaj.h ol Eiijjhsh spcfinun), 1902. '

rrllrimMhn, MrMvKKT.H, trans. Koyal So,-, of Canatia, vol. lY. section 4

91)'?no;'" >V"'""ri'' ' ' "'• "• ^^'- -''• (^''^•♦i--^; Pl- iii, «S. r,, ,soction);
i'.n\i, (not A.fiiiiiii ol I.inn.Tus). > r- , , y,

Plate NIX; Fi^r. 4. pi,.,tp XX: Fig. 13. Roth from life. Plate .\XVI-
I"ig. 7. Plate XXXI; Fig. .l.

l"his when well grown is a very large, slou nd l.right roloured -neei.-s
with a great nuniher of large, thick tentacles. :ally banded wh re ni
'\hitc. In large specimens there niav he ],->() or ,.iore

The e.xterior of the column usually has many longitu.linal rows of rather
d s ant, very small, imperto.ate suckers, which are capable of attaching fore g,
ol jects, though more fre(,uentiy, when in still or deep waters, none are carried
i hese suckers are seldom conspicuous -.ml when not in use ar.. often so r.-tracted
as to he hardly noticeable. espe,i,.,Ily in specimens from rather deep water tliu
contnus ing with the species of Trnliops;., in which they are conipi.-uo i.s a d
peisistent he column wall is very .soft, flexible, and changeable in form

J he en a.-...s can be entirely retracte.l and the capitulum and column
margin rolled mwanl over the disk. The form, therefore, is verv variable^n
specimens more or l.-ss contracted. In full expansi<.n the height u^'u-il'v exceed"

dttallv"eu.'" "*' '^" ^'"''-'' ''*"''' ""'-■ ''" '•■""•'"'' '" ^^^■•^"^" •" the middle, or

lIllKIl lit

1(15

i

Tlic ((iliniis. iilMi, :ilf \t TV v:ili;ililf. 'I'lii iHnly-wall i> ii>il:illy nunc nr l(^>
red, viiryiiiK fnun jmlc red nr pi-ik to lpii({lit nd, crimMiii, iiiiil dark ml, (ilten
streaked or lilotrlied uitli lijjiiter and darker red, nr in the case uf littoral .-|)eei-
mens, with lilotehes of dull olive ureeii or dark red on a lirownish nd nmund-
colinir. -McMurrieh (o|). eit., litlO. PI. I) ha> well tijjured this littoral roloiir-
varietv. More rarelv the hoily-wall is Hesh-r'olour or |ia|e ]iink. or e\en yellowish-
white. Thi disk is iie;irl\- alwa\s li>jh,er-(oloured, and marked li\ eonspieiioiis
doiiMe lines of hrinlit red or crimson railialinc fidin the mouth to ll.i- hases ot
the tentacles, which they enclo-c, j.s in fin. i:{ of Plate \\. These markinus
are ver>- characteristic of the -peeies and are s(>ldom lackinjr. The tentacles
are nearl\- always ;iimulated with i^aiids of led and while, or they are red with
.one or two iiands of white.

The specimen titjuied on IM. .\.\, hg. |;{, from life, hail the lioily liri(;hl
cherry-red. I.lotched with jialer red, ami with p.ale reil sucker-: disk tle-li-
colour with crimson radiating lines and deei» red lips; tentacles Kri^ht red
with a median hand of white and a white or ])ink tip. and a V-shai>ed lavender
or pale lilac-coloured mark near the iimei liase. runniiin down to the h.ase as
a iutrr(»w line.

The si)ecimen ti>rnred on I'l. XI.X. hit. \, from life, was fie>h-colour. -treaked
with a very lijjlit red, and the tentacles were very p.-de red. with a siilitermlnal
hand of white, hut the red radial lines of the disk were distinct. Thi- cx.iinple
wa.s over li inches i |,")() mm.) across the e.\i)aiided tentacles.

The sphincter muscle is very lar>je, roundish, and conl-like. or well circum-
scribed, often a)>pe:irinK oval, reniform, or suhcordate in a cross section, fPI.
XWT. fijj. 7) with the radiating lines „i niusde tihres ver\ numerous, line,
and (liehotomousily branched. The i)roximal ones are arri'nicd |)innately;
the distal ones in a ])almate manner.

The mesenteries of th»' first three cycles may all be perfect and many of
them may be fertile, thounh those of the first two cycli's ..r^ often sterile. The
perfect mesenteries have a loiinitudin.-d muscle, on the inner half, with branehiniJ
supports, but becomiiin very ''lin on the outer h.ilf. Tin' mesenteries of the
fourth and fifth cycles are imperfect and mostly fertile. I'rof. McMurrich
lop. eit., ]!»l(t. i)p. tJo, tj(j, PI. ii and iii), has well described and fiuured the
sphincter muscle and mesenteries. Harjjitt foj). eit.. ]!tl4, fi>:s. ;{, 4) h,is also'
fipured tlu-m.

Tlie form of the sphincter inirsclc, as seen in cross sections, varies a jinat deal,
larjiely du" to the various states of contraction and modes of i)res:rvanon. but
also according to the ajje.

The arrangement of the mi'senteiies. which are very numerous in l.arp'
examples, as wj'll as of the tentacles, is most often strictl\- decameious. but
hexamerous and octamelous sjiecimens ;ire not tliK'ommoii. Two well developed
siphonpylplis and two pairs of directive mesenteries arc usually well developed.
Xiimc^rous pairs of perfect mesenteries of about three cycles are present and
like most of the imperfect ones may Ik .'ir gonads, except the directives. Large
specimens may have five cycles, the fifth cycle often incomplete.

Kggs iire retained in the body-cavitx' until they develo]) into well formed
red young, with two or more cycles of tentacles.

This specie's is circmnpolar, extending down on the Eastern .Vinericaii coast to
Xaiitucket Shoals. Hh.ck Island and Watch Hill, IM., and I'ishers Island sound.
It h,'is l)een found off Alaska and Rritish t 'olumbia on the west coast, and
|icrhai)s in Puget souiul. On the Eurojx'an side it reaches llngland and i)crtiaps
the Medi1errai\ean as ('. curincin} It was taken in Hciing str,-iit and the
;i(lj:uent Arctic Oi'eari in cuUsidciabic tnuiibers by ihi- XiKiii P.-ic-iiic l-'xploriiig
Kxj)edition ( iK.")2-.")()), as recordeil by me in ISi»7.

' AocdrilingtriCarlKren '1902i. flii?^ form is a ili-tinot sperifp. Mnti' vitiiu'cim', i-tr

1(M> <i

(aii(iili<in Antic Kxf>fdUii»i, 1!U3 l!>IS

Jdliii Miirdofli, ISH."), ]). 102, rcpDrtcd from tlie roKioii of Point Harrow.
rrlliina c: issifiiniiK anil I'hiUia nrclini Vcr. ('), now I'xi iidophrllin arclicn
Vcrrill. The former wax descrilied a.s orange red splashed in stripes v.ith
erini^on. It was washed ashore in a nale in IHS2, and was said to he jjlcntv
on the tisiiinjt grounds in 10 to 15 fathoms. A few were ih'edued otT I'oin't
I'raiiklin in \'.\\ fathoms, it is mainly a rather sliallow water speeies. The
greatest jh'pth in which it was taken otT the Atlantic coast, hv the V . S. I'ish
Commission steamer "Ailiatross" was 111 fathoms. Not common l)eh)w .j(»
fathonis. It is ahunihmt between tides and in sliallow wiiter and often of
larne size on thi- shores of the Hay of I'undy in tlie cracks and crevices of ledges
and also fully exposed. It is also common there in 10 to 20 fathoms. The
specimens from off Watch Hill, U. I., and Fishers Island sound were taken in
tihallow water in 1S7.'< and 1H74, l>y me. The tyi)e of l{. ilarisii was from
Nantucket shoals, south of Cape ('od.

So.ne, at least, of the specimens from I'ujtet sound, referred to this species
t.y McMurrich (l!»01), seem to me to lielonj; to a distinct species, having a
hrmer texture, more numerous and more prominent verruca-; a hrijfht reil
Ixidy; tentach's usually not annulated; and the disk often without red radial
lines. See below under ('. Columbiana.

U. crnssicdinis, the type, is, however, the only sj)ecies cle:irly determined,
U]) to this time, as helonninR to this genus, unless l'. coriarea (Cuv.) is distinct,
as claimed by many writers. .\ closely related species, descriix-d as the same,
occurs in the .Vntarctic waters.

Hnindt (Frodromus Descr. Anim. a Mertensio, p. Ui, 183.")) described in
few words, from drawinRs made by Mertons, his specimens haviiiR been lost,'
two species, one or both of which were perhaps colour varieties of this si)ecies.
Hoth were from Alaska.

His .4. laurenlii hud the body red, blotched irreRularly with green and
iiroviii; tentacles Vermillion; Hering straits. This was pretty certainly V.
crassicornix, littoral form.

The colours described are essentially like those of some specimens taken at
low tide at Kasport, Maine, by me many years ago. (See Revision Polyps
E. Coast, 18(j4, ])p. 18, 19). Br* dear red tentacles seldom occur on specimeuH
on our coast. No gaod notes on th(> living actinians of .\laska liave been pub-
lish! il in later years. McMurrich (op. cit., 1!K)1, p. 31) refers to a coloured
drawing by Alexander Aga.ssiz, of a specimen referred to this species, which
was coloured like the littoral form. He stated that the column was grass green,
irregularly blotch"d with deep red; tentacles pinkish, with a dark red band a
short distance! above the base. No suckers were represented. Locality of th(!
specimen was not given. Mr. Agassiz collected mostly in the Gulf of Georgia,
while employed on the U.S. Coast Survey, about 1800.

Actinia eleyantisaiina Hrandt was described as having the body pustulous,
greenish red or s|)otted with red or purjile; tentacles of moderate size, dilated,
white in the middle, purple at the end.

McMurrich has referred this to his Crihrina eleqnntissnia, which he had
from Puget Sound (oj). cit., 1001, p. 18. PI. i, fig. 7; PI. ii, figs. 8-14), which is
a Tcaiioiisis or former liiinodea. He may be correct, but the latter has not
lieen obtained from Alaska in recent years, so far as I know, while Evactis
arlinii-vn, which is also a green vorrucose species, is common there. Brandt's
species may possibly have been the latter, but may have been the littoral colour
variety of ['. crassicornis. in which the colour is greenish mottled witii red or
brown. This form could hardly be called pustulous, though it often has rows
of small papilliform sin'kers.

I'ruf. I.ouia ApLssiz tolil mc, many years auo. that Morten's coUectiona were lost in a shipwreck.

Arliiiiinii

M 107

I'riif. .MiMuiiicli, i>)). I'it., I'.tKt, li.i> crnil, I liclicvc. in ailiiplinu tlif .-piM-ilic
ixumv filiiia, a> I'riiin Liniiii-ii.s. fur tlii- -;>•■' if-. It <'(rt.iiiily is ihpI lii- -pnic-. if

hi.- fivc-WiiliI (l('.-rli|)ti(ill l 17(17 > )"• takril illtii .icrdii:!!.

It lla.s no "(//(!//(/( iniiniiild :" luii air llic wmd- \^liiiilii Imns" applicalilc
to tlli- slM'rii'.-i. His n'fiTflirc 1(1 Masl.l'- tl>;iirrs sliuiilci nut lie taktil very
seriously I'ur lie was often ViTV loo-c in iii- refelfncc*. to tiie linuies of raiiier
writers in various groups of animal-, and at that time very few rerojinizalilc
figures of actiniii' existed. I.innii'us himself hail onl> the sli(jhti..t anil nm-t
Slipertiei d knowledge of aitiniaiis and applied to the few that he did mention
oliscene 1 indecent names. .\Ian\ writers, for the past hundred Mar-, ha\e
rejectt'd the names he nave to his .\rtini;e on aeiount of their indee'iiey , in
addition to the iii.M.ssiliility of deeidinjj just what he tlid try to deserihe.

lMiro|>ean wn.rs have not agreed as to what sperii's I.innieus had in view.
Although some have identified his A.fdinii with the present sju'eies, others have
leferred it to .U. dianlhiis (e.g. Hruguiere, 17H!»). The name and description
by LintiiLMis apply fur better to a gephyreait worm, with a iiiuricate |)ri)bo.seis
(iirined with hook.s) than to any actinian. His names should be fornotten.
He, iiiinself, rejected Iiis earlier generic naiiu', I'lii'iiii.s, tl7t'»l) apparently on
account of its too conspicuous indecency.'

Urticina coiumbiana. New species.

i'rtiriiiii cniysironii)< iiiars) IMcMurrich, o]). cit., MMIl. pp. 28-;'l. iil. 1, tig. <>.

Plate .\XIX: Figs. 1, 2. I'rom life.

This large rod sppcies, often over four inches in diameter and hi'ight, occurs
in Paget sound and in Port Town.send hay, etc. It has large and long tentacli's.
It apjMjars to be closely allied to tiie preceding s])ecies, but is, I believe, specifically
<iistinct. I have three good coloured drawings of it. mi'de friun living Port
Townsend specimens by Mr. .J. (i. Sw.an. .Mthough I have forme.ly seen
large alcoholic specimens of ii, and also drawings, 1 have made no recent dis-
sections.-

'Vhv, body-wall in the type figured is dear bright orange-red, and the very
numerous conspicuous, raised, verruciform suckers are light yellow. They
form many regular V( rtical rows and are much more notable, larger, and more
IMTsistelit than those of ('. cnix.sininin'. The textine of the wall is rather
thicker and firmer, and in partial contractioiL it usually forms man> stro ig
concentric wrinkles or "ruffles," on which the suckers, standing in rows, "look
like bead-work."

The tentacles are long, thick, tajx'reil. often subacute, and the larger ones
are often more than one and a half inches {'M to ;iS mm. ) long. They are trans-
lucent, l)ale flesh-colour, dy yellowish, without liaiids. but the 12 tinier ones are
red 'it the inner base. In the drawing there are about 72, but the numlier may
be up to 200 or more. Tlie disk has a broad bright red band near the tentacles,
with small rays rupuing from it ])art way to the mouth: oral region light yellow;
lil)s ])inL-

It lacks the pairs of radiating red or ])urpli-h lines usually coiisjncuoiis in
i'. cnissicornin, and the type lacks bands •.!n the ciilaelc-. The base ' 'eep

' I'ndcr (Imt Konii.s (pd. X) lie inrluileil l"'lli Kiiiliyrivin worms iind uctiniiins. T*crsi>iuil!.v 1 lii-iii'vi-
that hiai original P, felina was a iiiuricate or iiriiicil Kepliyrean, lo wliii-h his otherwise ohsiMtre iliMoripi ion
would apply, aa well as its resell hlance to a cat's iK'iiis. indicated by the ninii i'. hlma. Xu otl'LT eiplana-
tiuii can account lor the use of such a niime, imr tor iii> use ot " uliml' murimt'i.

'In 1861, just before the Civil War, I prepared a report on the Anthojii collccteil by the parties on
the Northwest Boundary Isurvey. Several specimens of this large spec.es nere in the collection. They
were dreilged in Pugct .Sound. During the w:ir that report and the illustrations and collections were lost,
like many other things in Witshington.

lOK..

Ciniiiiliiin Aiiiii' H.4iiiililiiiii. nil,! IHtS

(I'll Ixiiiatli I'll)' t\|M'. M> tiKUiril ticiiii lilV. WMs (i iiii'lii'>i I l*>0 ini;i.i {mthhx tln'
triitiii'lf^" ill t \pjili-iiili; iliiilllrtrr uf l«<i(|\. >\|m'|i riiiitnii'ti'il. alxillt t illi'lics I |(N)
mill. I

Till' larKr«t M|H'('inif'ii<. tliiit I lia\c »((ii, i'itii<ii|i'riilil\ lai'U'i' than ilir uiir
ilr-cril'iil. raiiif friilii tlic nilli'cliiiii- nl' the I'.S, \()rllnv(>t Momiilaiv Siirvcv .
'I'lii-y wcic iliii|(jtM| in I'liiict Siiiiiiil. 'I'lir t\|M ili .ciil.i'd ami liKUiiil wa- fniiii
I'ldt TiiWIi-riKl l)av, in lid falliKlii'^.

I'n.li— -HI- McMiirii.li <i<\> lit,, l!Mi|, |.|i. •JH-;U, I'l. I. fi>t. •'.! ha> -l.xiilw d
similar »|Mciiiiin--, in alcdlml. Inmi I'unct ^(miikI. find lir rclVriiil tlniii to / .
(/»i.s.M((i////>. tilKlill^ tliilii. a;, til aliatnliiiral ilialarlrl-, like llii' iaiiil Hill I
think 111' liiil I fully a|i|in ri.'.lr flii'ir iliUViint |i|ii'aiaiiri' in lite. It nliin
ha> liaii|)rni'i| that nn apiianiii ililVi iiiico in inli ^lal aiiatiniiy can In lniiiiil fm
ili-liiiuiii«hiiiu -perils that air pcrl-clly <li»liiict, in variiiii* nihir i'la»»f>i nl
ahiliial-. a- will as aliminj aitinian>, •■.fi. spnif^ nl Stiiiinlni alll<>ii|£ Artilialia i.
'riirlcforr llliwl nf hi-* >pi'cini(n.«. if imt all. may havi' licrii nt this spiiii-. I'spcii-
ally the variety that wa^ fniinil liviii): Imrii'il in ^aml. Miit it 'm* p(i.'--^ili|i' that thr
Inic r. rnissirnniis miiy iil.so ncnir in I'lijfi't smmil, as wi'jj as in Alaskan watfi's.

.McAfill-rirh stated that snme nf his spi riliieiw had liallds on the tililafli-
'rill- inliiinn nf his aliliieulniis \aliely was hriulit nil. "like a nmatn hakiii
III Ineail riiimlis," and had sand atlaeiied tn the smokers. j MeMuiiirh

examined niv drawinns, imw deserilie I isee his nnte, np, fit., p. Ull and linlid
the eoliiiiis. ite. and stated that they represented a speeimeii ••i\idenlly the
same as the areiiieolniis vaiiety" descrilied ti\ iiiin.

The exposed specimens th.it he de«cril)eil were either imifnriii red nr nranue-
liinwii He fiiimd much variation in the niiiiilpir and size of the sinker^, ow-nu
to ilitTereiit stales of contraction. Imt in nearly all the cases descrilied lliey
wen evidently more numerous and more lu dile than in our .\tlaiitic I', criinsi-
cornifi.

He foiUHl eoiisideral'le variations in the form and structure of tlii' sphincter
muscle. His specimens were decamerous with irregularities in the lifth and
si.xth cycles. He found from SI to 104 jiairs of mesenteries.

The notalile variations in the form of the sphincter muscle, iiartiy due to
varialile contraction, are such as to preclude the use of this feature as a reliable
means for distincuishiiiK allied species in this (jrnuii. Anions the I'li^et sound
specimens ]\IcMurrich found the himellic of the sphincter usually arianned in ,i
palmtite manner. Imt in one case in a pinnate form (see his fin- tl. IM. li. In
this the form of the section wasohovate, lieiiin one-tliil<l longer than luoad. In
east coast criissironriK it is often luoailer than lonn.

He found the loiinitiidinal muscles of the tentacles entirely nn sonheal.
and the niesiiiteries of th" first and second cycles were sterile in the siieciinens
examined.

Having -tinlied maii>- hundreds of liviiij: specimens of I', rnt.^yironiis.
comintl from niinnious localities and varimis dejiths. I have never seen an>-
from the .\tlantic coast, liavinj; a simil.ir colour pattern, or the .same almiidance
and ])idminence of the paiiilliforni suckers. Therefor. I lielieve it should he
considered a distinct species, even if the siihincter muscle and me-eiiteries are
much alike. It is ohvious that the form and size of those muscles must vary
Hreatly aci'ordin^, to the amount of contraction. The\ have also Keen found to
vary even in ilitTereiit examples of a specie- from tin- same locality and preserved
in the same way.

With our ])re>ent knowledfie. it ajipears that some of the internal organs
are about as variable as the external colour, etc. At any rate it is unsafe to
rely entirely on -section" of alcolio!!,- -iH-eiinrns, variou.sjy contr;icii-il, for t!:e
sei)aration of allied spc- f a Kcnus, or for uniting them. MviiitJ >pecinieiis
must be consulted, a: nternal structure, to determine the real status of

nctinians.

At 1 1 mil tti

It)!*

*

11

I .,■,„..„■„, I,,... Illi.Irr t|„ ,l,>r„i l,'l„„l„rh„.„,,.fs.„r,„,n.. I,,.- !„,.|. I .rul.lr.l
th,m tl.. Al.tiiHlr l,\ ,). A. • ,l.(, .\atlu.r,l \„. nn,, |a,...|. \;,, 1,,,,.,,,
\ 111. I\ . I iflihfiiMt.i, p. 'I. I'

A- III ..lIl.T ,„-,-. tl„. , ,ni,ll r|,;,nHt,|. .,t t(„- hMMU -|M,||„..„- HV
liut kliu«li. Ih.ivlniv I roll 1,1 tl,.. i.l.„hti,:,tlnn .■,« .Allvin.lv ,|,H|),lli,|

. ,,„.s,,...„,s. .„ t:ir M-. klluu ,- ,„,! :, ,|,,.|, „.,., >,„.,.„,, ..,,,,1 ,.„ ,„„ ,.,,,,, „
lia- iiMt Im,.m |,,iiii<I inttrli ...iitl, i |..,mi: l-i:,ii,|. u, t(„ ,Ai..n«i\. -.ii.-. ..( .ii,-,l-
iMim, tn.'Mlr Mil :il,.lm I|„- I S. , ,,| :,,„| ,,, ,|„ \\ , ,, j,,,!,,.. |,^ ,|„ ..,,|. |^, ■•

MmIimIiu--.. :iiii| V:irjuii» .ithi i ■■-»(|-.

■rial, I,, IV. I \v..l|l.| |(r.,|M,-r I, rail (hr Alilai.tir .|.,ti.- I ,h,,,.., ,n,l.,,,l.,„
y I..I- llir ^■Mii> l{h„<l,,tun,. II I- a plain Miicnviii ..t y,„/,„ („,.-, jli.i ih,'
l.iitrr i« ,1 -\iiciii.Mii III I ii.ini.i |;|i . |s;;|.

h'hn.l,„ln,u, ha. I I,.. ..luiit. - .tn^ III liulii.n.latMi,- uhlil | p,.|-,,M:,lh

' \ I „

ill

i\L ,IC I

IIIC'I I

link

■ I. -cnlinl i! ill |s«.!

ami witliiiiii III.
Ia|-(£r IimI .•irtliiiai
\ ii'iiiilx , I piTsir
It w.'i.-. Mill ;i luini

I lii'lillilrly '■
rrnssK'iiiiii.^' Mi,
111 that t!>'i"ip li'' I
He lilil imt ipio.r K
Mvii ~p(iii'».

\ aliiiil> ~pci
luliTiiai -timtii;'
Ui'iicra. Of till la -I \(iii
nujiisii \'c|-. aiiii '< lull,),

.\l\- t ' . Ill I'll a \i I ■
I'niiiitiii, -iiliiiiiiiii t .■e /

/ . fotifi-is \ .rcilj I -•
ciiloiirt'd, (Ici ■ -pc !. -

is a !^nij(ir(iii hiiki,

■•■rr rf({lil;ill\ \aiilri.

tiiiiii-r in Miili (i|.. ( ',,,1

Till' splllllrtir IIHI-
ihi' upper is ciliiitii'al
twd ]);iii> (if ilircctivf^ ,n-
■il the hast' of the >toiiiM.i;f-,!i
i:i>!iy ilc-li(iyi'(| in ])Vi--v
•■mil li.ard to sic.

-<]/. Illli. u-i'ij tllf ll.lllli' \Mlh,,ut ,ali\ .|rv, i|p||,,||

'"" ■'"" '• -i"'i'i'». Ill «puki' 111' it nil i.|\ ,-

■■"' ~"^' ''••■'' l.'iiUi' ii'ii :iitiiiiali- iMuii ill, -am.'

f*^ i* '""■' " li.'iviln: -laai tl uuilial -pi ,1111,11.

?t W!i- (••■nar ' , ,a,/Nx, ,,„■,.,.., :,. |„,„ kiiim,.

" ' I' '" 'lii- '.\ pi' 111 l^^'il. 111. I nam, .1 A,

"•« I' ":i> till' lll-t lit till' -p, ii..« 1,1, ii,.,|

• l»" arr. - with hi- ,||ai:ilii-llr lll-il ipl inn

•istn.l. it. l.iit -,ii| 'hat i;a)ip ha, I ,a,iitii-,.,|

" '' '" ' l'.\ 111' ■■iliii iillni-. uiiili III, 11

'•'■ -Hill' ,'11 t,iiiin| t,i liil'iiit: I,, iiihfi

" 'III I lU tu . I, 7m. ,/!„/, . \ i/.; ,.,„/,,.„, ;

I Sli f,/, I,, mill, . <i-i- aliii\ 1 .

i..,. >,.- 'llM , V.'ill.utili

ill !>.•'•.

lii'P u.'itii -pi.'i, -. i, a

I l.■ll■^l■ h'.iiiUiiiiii', jiirht I,-. I. ,,,- (|,.-||.

' •iinini'ii-al ,,|i tl,,' liai'k ut .'i lin mil -cial,,

iiiriia aii'l -ratli'ii'ij ,'in,'li,la': it- iin-iiiii-ri,'.

■>'' **"• pail- ,'ir,' p,'it',', t :,ii,| -I, lij.. .si,.,.

\ 'I M. P t", I'l Mil. liL' I iss.V

- ■■■ A. -Iliiiiu, .ami ,li\i,|,',| ill!,, tu,, p,,iii,,i|,;
' li Ml linn. .Mr.-riiti'iiai liiii-,'l,- :,!■,. thin:
•■'1 '1 il.iwiiu .1,1 ,AI,ii-ii,ii- ,.!■ -iplailaiyK ph-
\li M.iihra i- lirni: ,i!,„|i||ii j- thin. -,,tt , :,ii,|
P"iln' "- ' iiM-li'la' all' in,i-lly ai„i\, ijir niiililli'

I riilliitii, X.'ii'ill IS a i.'ii-t;,', fin,, .,ii.-,',,ii.',, ',.:,„,. ,-,.,1 , „• , ,r:, ,„.,-,., ,|,„iii',|
-imi'what v.'rni.'osc siMa'ics. ttimi ih'i ^atl'|•. w ith virv iii:,„\ -.hmi H'nt.'i.'h.s'
t was niaih' the type ot thi- n.'w K.'iiu \rli„„st„l.i W-y., i„ |ss'.). i„ ,|„. ,-,„„ii,.
I •nartnli,. .\iaa,nliiiK to .M Miirriil,. uho .•xainiii..! thi'tvpi'. ll,.- Kiiiu.- /;,/.v,r//,s-
lit Mcilwin, 1NH2, is iili'iiiii'.il with Aithiiistiiln op. lii., liitll p •>(l<») Tii,.
HMiii.. DijRiuiis was u.s.mI liy in,, in jsilt. f,,r a vri'v .lillVri'iiI icniu-'. "tIi,' rrtoi'i'
AvhiioHlotn must be uscil.

rinl«TK qu,)te<i .-1. cransn-nni,, (.m,-!,,, ;„„1 I :.„,:,r.-lc, with <i,i,ibt, m .svn..iiviiis. a,„l lio .i,.-rril>oil
una niaiiii.imhryaiithemum, .,n a„.„l».r jm^'o p. :im tr.ii,, p.'rr.„„:,l ..l.s„v,.ti,'n II i- ,'',A,,',.r,. " v^,

^u««i'nted naiHlloaa I'.hr. :is ttie type , -cr^.irnrnit). Tl.i-i. li,. ttii.ik-. n,i«l,t nv.ii.i u,l^ ,l,>ul,t

noii

(itnililtiiii Aiil ■ HriH'hli ,11. I'>l-i I'.iis

S>i<iuf, Vol. \ II, pp. •_'. l;{,

17. Hint ol I'.IIHKMir.lUi, \M\,

iiixl later

IValiopaiN Diiiiit't.x.'X'ti.

TnlliiiiiaiK |).\Mf;'.>.>».N, <ip. <it., pp. l.'i-|7, |h!M(. Tv p<', 2'. \HiliiriH Dun.
HunoiliH (;<).^«.h, rraii*. I, inn. Soi., .\.\ I, p. iT I, iH.Vi, ' nut t>ti),\M»;l,>-.n\, IMHI,

nor i)f llKiiiWKi;; nmni' in prrocciipit'il li\ ItuumUs I'Iicmwm.I), Ih.'»;{, fnr

n l'ol«^il.

HiintMlfitiii ami HuihhIiUh Vhituii-I., .\nirr. .Imirn

Jan., IK'.KI.
Cnhniiii MfMl liUKIl, <pp. lit., IVtif.aiul Hl(l|.]i.

nor of H.vnnoN, IH'.mi;,

( 'oliiinn wall ii niiiscurir anil tiixiliii'. Iiiini>lii'il \\itli loMKitmlinal rii\\< nf
tnir, pi'rniaiiriit. vfrruriforni :>urk<'rs, to wliirli toniun lioilic-i ina>- !iiiln'r<';
the rows ina\ not nai h tlir iiasc, distal mux arr iisii.ally l.iriJi'sl ; Irnlarlrs laritc,
niuiu'roiis, ri'iartilf, roniinoiily with a tirminal porr. Walls generally, it not
nlway.-, iinj i rforatc. No aronlia. Sphinctrr miiim Ic larKc, rininnsiriliril or
t'onhfiirin, cnilodcnnal. I'trfn t nKxntrrics usually in 12 to IS pairs, often
Varialile in the same sjieeies.

Siph<>n(>dlyj>hs usually two sometimes one or three or more, with eor-
respondin^ paii^ of directive ine'enteries.'

All or most of the perfect mesenteries, except the directives, may hear
gonui's; also must uf the imperfect ones.

The followinu species and others an- vivipartius. Tin' jjenus
Dan." is apparently e«iiiivalent to the t\pical limioiivs nf ( iosse
vvriti'rs, and to liuuotlintix V rrill. As HiiihmUx is ilearly preoccupied, it must
lie dropped. T'iiUojiihk is tin nex' in order of priority and should lie used.
The type iT. iioliiris Dan. I is well ihscrilied and illustrated. It is leuularly
verrucose and has IX i)erfect mesenteries (See his PI. 1, li({s. 7, S; PI. VIll,
flKs. 2, :<'. It resemliles T. Ktdhi, liut is more strongly verrucose, the lines of
verrucie reaching the hasi'. Danielssen states that the walls ;ire imperforate
1111(1 acontia are lackinjt, and that the musculature of the column wall is endo-
dernial.

Ttiitii>iiKis will rercivf iiunifniU" -'Jifcic-. Amoiin those that .seem to lielonj;
here ;ire T. nrr acorn I Peiiii. ) ; T. Iml' ( 'ocksj ; T. Ilnillin ( Iosse ; T. liijiiliifi I And. j ;
T. siihilh'iili.s (Aiid.j: (all of I'uiojie^ T. hmniiila Ver., Honn Koiik; T,jui>onica
Ver.; T. iitiiriii (Drayton in Dana): T. stillin'itin. West Inilies; T. miiinn Ver.,
Hawaiian Is.; T. fh<i(t)ilisxi)>ii' (McMurrich, as CrihiiniO, Putjet Sound; T.
hiirKHlifiiimis (Ilertwi^.); T. oclorodidlit K'arlKreni and T. hnrndphrmlitim
(Carlgreiii us liiinofJex, Antarctic. See alsoCluhlt, op. cit., I'.tOS. Pi. Ill, for figures.

Prof. McMurrich (vy. cit., 1<K)1, 1!»02) has used the name Cr'thriua (ex
Khrenhern, l...i1) for this (jenus. 1 explained as early a.s lSt»J, that Crihnmt
Ehr. is essentially a synonym of Ctrtus Oken, 1!)1"). » 1. more tyjiical sjiecies
were the same in each. Khrenhern did not fully descrihe his (;enus, hut pave a
Latin diatjnosi.s^ and applied to it the vernacular name, " Sieii-aneinoiie" (Sieve-
aneimme), which i.s merely a translation of ('rthiina, clearly referring; to the

' Sec Dixon, (1. Y. and A. K. on the variutiims found in Bunndit Ihitllia and B. trrrucota. I'roc. Koyn!
liul.lin Society. N. Scr., vol. VI, pp. SKW.'ti, Pliitee IV, V. 18«9.

U'arlgren (IQCJ). according to .McMurrich (1!»10. p. 7H) haa identified Uanielssen's type with Htvmi'hi.i
cofon<« = .S. carneota Ver. This cannot be lorrect, for tlie latter is a perfectly smooth species, with iiu
verruwie, and its cirtular muscles are mesoulceal. It tx'lontjs to I'aratidie. If Carlgren tiade an exam-
inatiiin of the supposed type, labels must have been interchanged, Uaniclssana figures ai^ good.

His general figure from life shows conspicuous rows of verruciform suckers as large as in T. *tella. and
hia lipirrs .-if srrtirins o! the wall alao show Yermciv. He de«crit>»"l the vernii-J« and dencrilied the circular
muscles as endodertiial, oa also shown in his sections. His type seems closely related to 1 . alella. ^l••
below and Plate XXX, tig. 1 for our Hloviphia carneola.

' His diagnosis is as follows; "Poris lateralibus inatructa (latere respirantia, tentaculis non perforatis)"
op. "it., p. 40.

.I<'', iiiniil

U 111

iHrforiitim.. ii, th. 1..-. > uall, i,n« .mII.-.I , iiuli.li... .hMnr.rn^fi,. .,f il,.. |.„„ilv

.Sj,„„rl„„l,f. H. plM.r.l in tlir^-.n.l- 10 -p,..!.-. At Last 7 nf th.-.r Im I,.,.,; I., tl,,.
>o,,„rha,l„ ilir ihr... timt h.- Ii,„| ihtsmumIIv Mii.lir.l wrr r. .,r„t., .n.! r
lmh„,„H. now in ( >lll,„rlls: ( . iHillialo. how tlir Iv,... of ,l-/,„.,v,„ 'ot|, ., «,.|,'-

''I''"'"""- "''• •>! '■ ^l>l'i-l>'»>' » 'km: ,.,n.| /..//-.v. il... iv| I t , ,, „s i .k.n »

'hmiK''"' ''''"'' " " ^■■''''"'''•'"'- ' 'l'"l'l<->"' 'H;ipl" i^'.'ii .l,y./,/.v„-. .. il,. l^uw

Th.' atliniti.- of tin tl.iv,. ..ili.is;,,,. .litf.T.h): ,..,„„,„,-., ,„v.,V.-,-wV .
"•lont'- to t ;/„,„„, in wlii.li it vva- iii.lii.l.'.l on a pr.vioii^ ,,;,«.. ,,, .t;);. |,v
iini. I «-M.ili. I sp,rii -,,,,,■/(,»,«/ .•,.i.|<//'i»'./«//...v.».li!iVfl....ni.f.iiv.l lo /.'„„„/,>
I.Uf li.' .l.-.nl.-.l l,ot|, ,,| ||„.n, as liasiim s.iliral iow> of por.s. ||,. .vi.l.ntlv
ini.took th. M.rk.i,-., as tiKUi.,1. ;.„ por,■^. Of IIm' ,,rron,s,i. |,i. :i|s, .p..,„„ |„.
slMt.'.l that 11'- H'""l Imuiv .Aisf.l. li is a tvpiral l{i,m„l,.s or 7". <//-../..,.- without
p..n'.s. ^.t MrM.Mt'i.l, p.ak.s it thr tvpr of Cril,,,,,.,. th.' '^i.v. -all. Inoln - ■
pivsun.ahl.y hrraiis.. ,t was th.. hist in th- list .,f sp,.i..s. thus ntt.ih iuiio.iii«
l-.hr.;nh.rK ,s ,l,aK....Ms. Hut Khi. i.h.rK .li,i „ot alwavs put his iiio,,. txpi-al
sprnrs hrst, iMit ratli.r ii, th.. mi.i.il.. of his li-,,. Atanv rat., it i, al,s,„'| t..
tak.. .,r til., typ.. ..la Kilills a sp.. i. s that is ij... .,ppo,ii,. of what th.. author
J" 'I'-h'.! alul .h.s..riM.. . an.l on., that ..vi.hntly ha.l a pla.... ., :..|,. .,u-lv in h.s
list only li('(ai|.<.' ot lia.l litfiiits.

Tin- ..nly ival piirri.' .haia.t.i. that h.. in,|i.at...l i- i,, p.rloiat. ,1 will
hv,.ry .sp,.,.|..s that \u- uuUuU,\ .ith...- has |...rforatioi,s ..r .is., ih.. t,m,i..s, th..n'
availal.l.., li..| hiin t.. .h'sml... th.ni as p. if., rat.. I. How..v..r t,r.„. „( ok.n
HI., wa.s l.asr.l „u th.' sain.. tValur.. an.l iii..lu.l...| s.,i,i.. .,f ,|„. „.,„„■ s|„.,.i..s*
lli..r..fon. f ,.,/„.|,,» sh.uihl prop,.|.ly 1... n.^anl..! as its sviionvni. W.!.- it to
I... ifvivo.l i.t al , It shoul.l .hsplace A,hn».v., or Cillimhy. fo'i thos,. „,.„. fhe
[..rins that h.. ha.l p.isonally st,„|i,,| ..„„i ,.„rrt.,.,lv .1, ,s,.|.,t„,,|. M„r,..,v..r
li.. Iiad alr.a.ly put /»//,*//<.«, an.l ..th.r v..rru....s.. sp..',!,* un.l.r Crhrhm ..n -i
piwious iiap., tatinn that th.. papilla' ai.. iinjurorat...

Heals., put .■..;.v.v/,..„./,/.s. in r/7/..//H, iliist sp..,i,.s,. ..,„,! that has initH'r-
forat.. papilhi. or Mirk, is, an.l may !... hU'iithal with ,;,r,„r.„. whi.li h.. p|a....,i in
<nhn>w, nush.l l.y (ikuivs. as in the ..as.' .,f nmims.,. 'rhus, t., us,, on,. „f
tlu's.' moneous sj-ri'irs as tlf typ,. of Crlhrn,,,. as M.-Murri.h has .i„n,., „.„il,|
iimkf < .■ihnna a synonyiii .if jiis I'rlicliKi.

Such a ivsult shows the iil.sur.lity „f ..ntinlv shiftily th.. iiiLntioi,,- an.l
in..aninK of th'. author as to his g,un> Cihrum. If us,..l at all it shouM |„. i,.,,i
only lor p..rl(irat,. sp,...i,.s of the lainily Sanartia.la..'

Th.- spech's that Daiii.lss.ii i...f,.i.r,.,| t,, liin„„l,s IkuI a..oiitia an.l v.rru,,,-..
walls, with an ..inlothriiial si.hiii.t.r iiius,.l,.. It sh,,ul,l 1„. nlVr,,.,! to a .lilT.r nt
p.niis an.l also t.. a .lilT,.r..nt family. INrhaps it sh.,iil,| ^,. in M.nlonlnrtnlw
(\hin.), If that family is to he kej.t sepalat,. fn,m SaKurtia.he. That f miilv h.s
:u.,.iitia, an ..|i.h..le|.mal si.hinet.r miis.l.., aiul v..rrui...se or sii..k..|-l.,:..rinir
walls, ac..or.|iiif; to l)ani,.lsseii.

The tyj.e melius, Mailoniactls. hr stat.s lias six st.ril.. p,.rf..,.t iiu s.nteri...s
lU- ext.n.linii th.. tamily to inehi.l,. K,.ii,.ra with 12 or inoi.' pirf,,! iii, s,.,it,.ri,>s
It tnifjht m.lu.le all the >t,.n,Ta liavinn aiontia and an eii.lo.l.rina! sphinet.r
an. often verrueose walls, thus ns-mMin^ typi..al li,n,o,l,K or T><,h„nsis ext.r-
iitilly. when the eineh.lir are not .asily to I.,. s,...n, an.l still mor,. elos.lv
ifseml.hnR A,hna,i,i, an.l alli..,l neiiera. Th.s.. .lifiVr in havini; 'h.. spliin.t.T
niesoglceal. '

HmwigV li,u,o,l,.s was a Chitonanis, one of the SiiKartiada; (.f th.. sul,-
taiiuly Chondraetiniiiae, and his fatnily Bmiodi.L-e is a .synonym of Sagartiada>.

' Sec also Uml.lun, „p. cit.. 1889. pp. 32:!, .fl'4. «1,., has in<lepon(l..ntly e,pro,s«..,i the san.e views.

112(;

Cininiliini Arctic Kxiuih'timi, nn.l V-HS
Tealiopsis stella Ncrrill.

liiinixlis fitcllii \'KHltll.I., IJcvisioii I'nly))^ \'.. <'():i>t U.S., Mciti. Mostoii Sue,
Nat. Hist., vol. I. p Hi, Pl.itf 1, lifis. I-S lold and yoiiiid). 1<S(U : .Viiicr.
Natiiialist, V(il. II. p. '2'>S. I'akkkk, Syii(ii)sis. .Viiicr. Xatili'Mli-t. \'i)l.
.\.\.\1V. p. 7.")L'. lifi. 10 c.ftci' Vkkkili,".

liiiU'nl'icli'.'! shll'i Vcriill, .Vinci-. .luuni. ."^cicaci', Ndl. \'II, p. \'2. .Ian., 1S".>'.1.

T; i7)r;>('/ .-./(//(f McMrUKK'll. Tlalls. Koyal Siii'.df (aliada, IW -rr} . I. )). 7t>. i*l.

III. fi(js. ti, 7. Mtld iscctioiis). WiiriKWK-. ( 'at.d. M.aniir liivcit. I',.

Canada, p. .i\l lltOI (alter McMunicli i.
lliiiNidis sjiirtiihiti-s Vkhkill, Ilownatc I'diar llxpcd.. Uiillt'tiii I'.S. Nat. Mil-;.

Ni). 1">. ]). 1")2 1 111)11 I'.aiiii<'ii>, I7S(I1.

I'latc \.\; rifis. I-IJ. Plate .WVI; Fiu-. I-H. Plat.. X.KXI: F'si- .S.

'I'lii> six'cics, wiii'U well fiiowii, lias alioul 120 rather lonn and large, sinixilli
tentaeles, in about four or live cyc'ies; onlin.ary mediiiin sizeil -peciinens have
about 72, when about 2r)inin. in diameter. The body-wall is eoveied. exeepi
near the biise, with many loiiKitudinai rows of prominent, adhi'sive. verriiei-
t'orm suekers, with lonnitudinal suleatioiis between the rows (PI. X.WI, fins,
(i, liai. Most of these suekers in jjreserved s])eeimens are transversely <'llii)lieal,
with a central cavity and a raised erenulated margin. 'J'iiey vary in size and
elevation in adjacent rows, and are often mi crowded as to be nearly in contact,
but are se))ar;ite(l by wrinkles. The in.irj;in:d suckers or verruca' are jjener.ally
larger than the others and often swollen. While in the sea, fragments ofilebrisor
grains of sand , are usually held by the suckers, but in a(|u.iria they are gener.illy
soon discarded.

The colom' of the colunm i^ generally tr.iuslucent olive-green, vaiying to
llesli-colour and to d.arker grei'U. The disk is usually a lighter shaile of the
same colours, and almost always has six conspicuous radial lines of o))a(iUe
white, each line running to one of the inner i)rimary tentacles; the lino running
from till' two sii)honoglyj)lis ;ue the widest; the others are sonn'timi's faint or
lacking: similar lines .sometimes go to the tentacles of the second cycle. The
tenta(l(^ are generally of the same colour as the column, but i)aler and more
translucent : they often have a crescent-shaped s])ot of oi)a<|ue whiti- on the
ador.al side of the base, and a band of the same near the middle, and some-
times another Ixtween these, but the latter may be lacking on thi' two inner
cycles of tentacles. Inside of lijjs usually light orange.

Large si)eciniens in expansion may be .■)(! nun. high .and about HO-tO mm.
in diameter of body.

This, like m.any allieil >pecies, is vivipai'ous. The xnuiig in various stages
of growth are to be found in c<insiderable number> in the body-cavit>', below
the stomoila'um, between the mesenteries, and sometimes in the tentacles and
stomoiheinn. When extruded they var\' in size, but most are about 2 — ^inun.in
diameter and have from 12 to 2t tentacles and then are well formed; some are
larger, u)) to :{ 4 mm. with asmauy ;is 'M') leiitaeles, and when of that size often
have the radial white markings on the disk, (Se( PI, .\.\, tigs. S-il.i

The larger s])ecimens from Hudson Hay, l'.t2l), contained eggs and well
develojied young, soiiu- of which I have tigure(l, and also an egg 'fig Sa).

The larger sj)eeimens may liave five cycles of mesenteries, with more or less
of the sixth cycle. Those of the fourth and hflh cycles are fertile. Two or
more cycles of mesentries are perfect, with rather tliin but widt; longitudinal
muscles on the inner part. PI. XXXI, fig 8. Muscles of the tentacles are
ectodermal. The spliiiu'ter is large, well circiunscribed or cordiforni, siiort
ovate or nearly roiuid in section, with the l.imella' line, much branched and
palm;itely arranged. (See Pi. XXVI, figs. 1, 2.)

Alii full ill

o 113

Colctiiics of this species are soiiietiines foiiiul in I.iikc miiiiheis, occupviiiK
the cracks and crevices of ledKes covered with alme at low tides, as at Kastport,
Maine, and Cirand Manan island. In otiier places it occurs in sheltered tide
pools, liiiried to its tentacles in san.l, as at (ape lllizalieth. Maine, where it
was first found; or sonietiines under stone>.

The specimens from Hudson iiay. taken in I'.l'.'d l>y F. Johansen. were
found in shallow w.iter, huried in sand. All the adult- contained younjj. They
comprised one specinu'n from ;i small island between Lonn island and ("apC
.lones, .\uKiist ;n, and two spe<'imens from the t)av outside Hichmond Kulf
Angnst I'.t.

I have ex.iinineil many lar^e specimens received from ( 'umliirland nulf.
Penny h.irliour anil (iravel lieacli. head of (lulf. June 1, IS7S, from the Howjiate
Kxi)edition to Maffin Island. It is a very local species on the northern coasts
of New Kimland and the May of Fundy, hut it seems to lie common in arctic
waters. It has never heen taken liy us in di'i-)^ water. It is essi'ntiallv ;i littoral
and shallow water species.

Professor McMurrich ilOKIi descrihed younjj >j)ecimens from Passam.i-
(jUoddy hay. N.Ii., and (jave figures of the sphincter muscle anri a perfect
mesentery. The latt<T has ;i wide hut not very thick longitudinal muscle on
the iimer half. His fifrure of the t^phincter is not very ililTen-nt from mv own
Hftures from a Hudson liay specimen. (See PI. XXVI. fins. 1. "J.i.

One Hudson hay specimen h.id a large amphiixxl crustacean in it.- -tomach.
.\nother liad a long, slender nematode p.arasite. al)out 2.") mm. long, halfwav
througli the hasal memhrane.

Evactis Verrill.

Evactis Vkkkill, Trans, ('(uui. Acad. Science, \'ol. I, part '_*. p. 471. l.SWt.
Type, i'. urtcmiain.

Cribrinii t [Mrs) IMcMiRrtint, op. cit., 1<»()1, p. 17 (not nf Fhrenhergi.

Trticinidifi h.aving ectacmeous tentacles and th. column wall perforated l>v
pores, capable of ejecting water, and hearing m^s of notahle verruciforiii
suckers. Internal strucuie sindlar to that of Ti'iihojisU.

^McMurrich (oj). cit.. IIHII) united this genus to Tealiopsls {■.{!• Cribiina
hecause he failed to find lateral pores in his hadly contracted specimens. The
evidiMH'e th;it such pores exist and are of use seems conclusive. ;See helow. '

Were we compelled to unite the two genera, the name Knitiix would have
to he ■■idopted for the whole, for it has [)riority over any other avail.-iitle name.
That course, however, seems to \nr to he enlirelv UM \V:uranted.

Evactis artemisia (I)r.iyton' \".Tiill.

Adiiini iirtriiiisii, DuAvros. in Dana, il.ii.irt l.'.S. Kxpl. lixpi'.l.. Z<H,])livtes
!). nil. Atl.as, PI. IV. fig, ;is, iSKi.

Kritiiis iirfritiixin \'eim\ia,. o)), cit., ISti!), p. ♦7I,

Ciihruiii aiiiwisiii Mi-MiKiiint, o]). cit.. I',H)1, p. 2:!, I'l. II, figs, i,"., \r,- |'|. Ill,
figs, l.S 20 (structure). Tokukv, op, lit,, lil02, p, olM),

Tlds species w;is originally described from Discovery harbour, I'uget soumi.
where it wa.s said to he abundant living buried in s;uid. The specimens seen bv
me, ISlii, were also from Puget - imd, .as were those (lescrd)ed and figured with
structural details by McMurrich, Torrey records it from Sitka, Vakutat, Popof
island and Dutch harbour, Alaska, .ibiindant.

!t:u:? S

114 (i

('(inadian Aictlr KxfwiUiion, 1913 lOIS

The type spiciniciis wcr.' fiRuml as fullv t-xpandpil. Thcv wore ycllowi-^li

gr.'t'n with (lark sap-green suckers, fading out below. Tentaeles variable in

colour; disk greenish, darker near tentacles: lips flesh colour. Diameter in
expan.sion, 2- 2") inches.

Mc^Murrich quotes Prof. ( "alkin's notes on the colour. He says the coluinii
was greenish yellow above, and yellowish white lower down; tVntades with
scarlet or purple tips. The type had the outer tentacles one inch long; inner
ones ()•,) inch. It ejected water from small lateral pores "as from a watering
pot. ' McMuirich failed to find any pores in his stronglv contracted .specimen-,
hut that was not strange, they are often hard to find in alcoholic Sagartia<l;p.

Prof. \V. K. Fisher has told me that specimens, kept by him in an aciuarium.
did eject strong currents of water from the sides when «listurbed, as when he
was cleaning cfT the mucous, secreted abundantly by them.

The existence of lateral pores and the ectaemerous condition of the ten-
tacles, very unusual in this family, certainlv warrant the a-tention of the genus
hvactis.

Epigonactis Verrill.

£'/*/(/«/(«f^.s- Vkkrill. Amer. .louin. of Science, Vol. VII, j). ;578, :May, ISO").
Tyjie, E. ficHiiilii \'khkill.

Two large and remarkable s])ecies of this genus have been brought in from
the fishing Hanks, by the (doucester, Mass., fishermen. Neither of them has
been seen in the expanded conditicm and their colours are unknown. Hotli
carry numerous eggs and young embedded in deep jiits on the ui)i)er iiart of
the column.

They were (Uscrihed and figured bv me in the American Journ. of .Science,

vol. VII, pp. ;}7fi-:i8(), figs. ;io, m, i8<)<».

In internal structure they are similar to L'rticimi. and doubtless belonir
to the family I'riiciiiida: ('a))itulum, ai)ove the thick collar, is smooth, tint
sulcateil in contraction.

They seem to he nearest related to FKcudnphdlin. which carries the eggs and
young m the same way. but the. ! not have the firm epidermal <'oating iiresent
in that genus. The sphincter n.asde is largely circumscribed: jierfect niesen-
tenes are numerous ;md fertile, up to 24 pj.irs or more. Tentacles are stout ami
numerous.

Kpiiinmidis fccHitdn Vi'rrill, (op. cit.. j). :{7S, fig. .'-i.")) I'ame from the Mank-
off Xova Scotia, in l.l to 200 fathoms.

K. r'viilaris V(>rrill, (o)). cit., j), :iSO, fig. ;{(J), ciuiie from the Xewfoundl;,nd
banks, in deep water.

Pseudophellia \errill.

I'sniilojihdiiti X'kkuill, Anier. .loiirn. Science, vol. VII, )). 1577, IS'.MI. Tvjir
/', iircticit \v\\

Column, except the capitulum, is covered with a firm epidt>rmal coating:
toward the middle it has transv(>rse rows of sunken pits containing eggs or
young, ^ ('n])iti!h!ni smooth. Tf■ntacl<•^ of nioilcrali! si/c and not v( rv nuni.i-
ous. Sphincter muscle is endodermal and circumscribed. Perfect mesenteries
numerous.

.-)

Aclinanii
Pseuduphellia arctica Xciriil.

IIT)

\'KKniM.. Aiiicr. Journal Science, vol. VII, |». ;177, fi>:. M. type, IS*»'.t.
riiilliii tirrtlai Vkkkii.!,. Proc. Kssex Inst., Vol. V. p. H2S, iMid; Trans. ( i.nn.
Aca.l., ^■()l. I p. I'.tU. ISdit. Ml uniM H. op. cit.. ISS."). p. |C,2.

Plate XWI; Tin. 2.

This s))ecies is one of the few actinians that cany the enijs and >c>umh
attached to the exterior of the iiody until they (leveloj). The ureater pait of
the column is covered with a thick epiilernial coating, as in I'hillin. hut it is
easily removed. \o verruca' nnr pores were seen. SphiiK'ter muscle is lartje,
ovate in section. Perfect mesenteries in 2 1 pairs; their muscles are thick. It was
taken north of Herinn strait in M) fathoms (N. Pacific \'.\\)\. Jixped.i It is.
ai>i)arenlly, allied to l-:i)iiiclis. The I'hflliii nirtini.' recorded hy Murdoch was a
roujjh thick species covered with sand. It was taken in 2\ to .'> tathoin- on
the Arctic coast of Alaska. .Another si)eeinien, i)erhai)s not the -ame spei'io,
was white and translucent. .\s the internal structure was not examined in eiliier
case the identifications are <loul)tful.

Kandly BOLOCERID^t McMurrnh.

Larue actinians havinn numerous stout tentacles which are not retractile,
liut usually readily cast off. ( olumn usually .inooth. secreting; mucous aliund-
.intly. No cinclida> noracontia: usually no suckers nor verruca'. Mesenteries
rejruhirly hexamero\is: many i)airs fertile and perfect. Sphincter nuis<'le
relatively small, endodermal, niostlv diffuse.

Bolocera (iosse, l still.

T,\pe. Hdlornii tiudiw (Jolmst.) (iosse.

Carlnren has separated the followinf; species from li. Iniiliu. witii winch it
had loUK lieen united. No doulit th.'y are closely allied, hut our .\niciii:ni
siHcimeiis ajijiear to h;i\c mui'h loiider and more numerous tent.icles than the
t>])ical li. Iiuiliii.

4

f

Bolocera longicornis < ariynn.

HiiliH-ti-ii tiKiliii \';nuii.i,. .\mer. .louin. Sci.. \', pp. .V If, 1,S7:{: \'l. p. H();
\II. 1,S74. 1)]). IIH, odO: \ol. .Will. p. :il,-). |ns2 idistriimtion): I'.ull.

Mus. ( 'oin|(. /.ool.. .\1, ih,S;{. ]). ,", iiiiit 111 (lo^^ei, \\llirK\\K>. l,i-t.

Invert., ]). l\. lilOI. Vkuhii.l, op. cil., ISS."). pp. .Ml. Xi\.
lii<l<nrra hiiifiinirnis C.MtuaiKN. ( Ifversijit af Vetenskaps-Akad. I'orii.andlirnai',
-No. S. pp. 241-2.")(), ISKI. M(Mi liKK n, oj). cit.. ls«H, p. I.",.',.

Plat.' \.\lll: liir. 1.

1 his is a hu'ne ^])ecie-~ e;isily di>tiiijjuisheil ii,\ it> smooth. Iuliric(iu~, -lnul,
usually cylindric. orange or red liody, and liy the very l.irjre, n<in-retr;,( lile
tintacles, easily cast off. It often e\i)an<ls to l.")() to 2(t(l mm. Mi to S inciiesi
.-tcross the tentacles. Th,' lonirer tentacles are often .')(> to 7.'> nun. i2 to :{ inches i
in iei'gth. and 10 to 12 nun. in diameter. The Imdy i- ordinarily .')() to 7.") mm.
I 2 to A inches) in diameter .'ind height, often hinher lh;in Inciiel when expanded

116u

Canatliini Arctic Exiteditimi, lUtS l.'tIS

th.> I. '""K*^ '"":•' '•■"♦"'•l''^ are larK.> aiwl long an.l usuallv .wull,.,, towanl

loi.Ki u.linal stTvMum. .lue to inus.M.lar filu-rs; at the l.as.- thev Imv,- a s i" 1
.•ircii ar nius,.!,. rapaM,. „f .Ictadiing thnn l.v .•ontrai-ti..,, "^

la... .; t;;:i,;';L":.i'::,.;!;:"" "■• f'""- -'"»-«*-'' --.■ n,.. i,„u-.. a... .......i.

wl.i,.ll''",' ''"f?"' "^ !.'";.''''^S'-^ •'^"*'I' <"..nK..-re.l, finely ra.liat.-.l whl. .laikor li.,...
Nl . •. a.v oft..,. „,,l,st,.,ct, l„.t so.,„.ti..,..> vny ......spicuo.is. MarRi,, of ,n , uh'

ro.se oi n.,l-l..a<l colour, l,„t sometimes the same as the disk \t each e.i. tl, en
J-S a arge s.pho..oKlyph forn.e.l l.y two eo,.spi,.»o..s thiek fol.is with . e ■ s X .s
Letween hem Th.'se are „s.ially hnght re.l or rose-.olour. varvi... ,' „ r .
.jnd ,n«hter than the hps, both withi.. the stomo.la.,m,. a,„i at t he' .iV

NMth 1, ,.s. wh.eh an. alternat..|y highly eoloure.l a...i moir or le.s t.^ins[.R.,.nf

and the tips an. usually pale and hav.. a te.minal pore.

hnt M li -T" " ""'r'"'' ""'<•"'«>">•<■'• '".d of tl... sam.. eolour as the ,lisk
but mostly pal..r: ,n.,st fn.,,u..ntly ,l....p salmon. orauK... <>.• onii.K.-n.d. «.' ,erallv'
snlooth an.l usually having a faintly v,.rmieulate app..aran,... due to ,•. nt e-
tion. On,. sp..,..m..n had th.- .lisk an.l t..nta,.h.s l.riKht .•..,s..-n.d wi h 4 ,
oal'';u '"•/';■ -phonoglyph purpli.sh re.l. the bo.iy .l....p saln.on ILi^
oraiK. towanl th.- l.as.. an.l n.sy t..wanl the summit. I , this tl... I,.,.lv m
partial eontra.-tion was bn.a.i urn-shape.l: transversely an.l I. . 1 i, al v

the surface wa.s rais.'.i between the intersecting gr.)oves

tenfl^r'tl'''"'""''"' ¥'^ *'"' '*"'^'' >'"o«i-'h white .,r pale salmon an.l the outer
teritacles the sam.- .•.,lour, .,r even translucent white with ..pa. ' lines

but the iniu.r t,M.tacl..s and .lisk .leep r.,se-re.l in .,ne an.l ..railge. „ ther

m to former t ... b.,nier of the mouth was .lark bn.wn, the siph.moglvphs , dmoi '
in the ..ther th.- bonier was pale lem.,n-yellow with rosv angle \ ,." I "•
specimei. ha.l a bright orang.. b.,.|y and outer tentacL-s, but'th.- hm,.r t ■ ta. ..s
an.l disk .lark bn.wn; the bonier of the mouth bright orange-m .

\\hen .letache.1, which ..ften happen.s, the tentaci..s retain th..ir nlumDiiess
and fusiform shap..au.l an. ..apable of ..ontraeting an.l ..xpa i ig ? t,

iSfothurianr" '" ^"•"' *""' ^" '''■'' ^^^>' ^^'-^'^' -'^'^ living worn.:
The.s.. detached tentacles have pow..rful n..matocvsts an.l are capable ..f
.n!^:"^ %"""'"' '''"'*' P-'^"lf^My, especially when the skin is so7 e el |
o . ha.ihng the w..t ..ontents of the dredges. They were ..ft.-n v..rv plen if, 1

i, Lbilr '"'Vr"'' '^'ir^ '»=^t-rials an.l gave some of us much tn.ubk. bv tl, .
st„ ging Ihey are often about ...s long an.l as large as a man's smaller 'fin2,.r'

!.!.''• L 7 ^'y'■ u '•"'•■''• "•■^•■''"•" '""•'*'■'« tliat clos,.s th,. aperture whe v
they break off. >M,t the opening m th.. .lisk remains .,pen for some time
s not ,incomm.,n to hnd .Iredge.l specimens from which all or part of thet..n-
a..l,.s hav,> broken away. Iea^•ing open pores in the .lisk. We often dre.lg.. 1
larg.. numbers of loos.. t..ntacl..s with no corn-spon-ling bodies ^

HertAvigs g..n,is Lip,wnm (V.,y. ( 'halle„g..r, VI, p. I.^S) was base.l o„ •,

nho ha. examined the typ... (S.... Pn,.-. U. S. Xat. Mus., XVI. ,. 209 18.)4

I tl. speci..s IS abundant a,.d wi.l..ly .li.stiibuted off the F. .S. ( 'oast 'esne.i-
ally on more or les.s mu.l.ly bottams in rather de..p wat..r. Its ki.<nvn ninLe i,
f ron. the hshmg Banks off Xova .Sctia to deep water off Cap.. le r V ' I

100 Lth,nnr' " ' '" '•'"' '^'^''""^' '"'' '^ '* "'^^ -!....,,„ m ti -than
C.-irlgren n'conls it fn.m off th.- Scandinavian coasts in 40 to 80 fathoms.

A (I I nil rill

(. n:

(••

.».o ^',m' ''''Sl'/''''";'""'"r 'V'' "'"' '''■'•''«<'•' '•>■ 'h«' "niak.." at Stations :<0;j,
.109, .no. Ill .104 and 200 fathoms, cIT southern New Knjjland.

It \va.s (Ir.-dKod at a hirjj.' numlK-r of lonihtifs l)v tlic T.S. Fish Commission

'.nn^V'^, "' ^'^l^x*" ^^^"' '" ^'"" '''■'■•'*■' P'""^'^ »f <'"• 1*"V of t''""lv, i'l .^0 to
109 fathoms; off ,Nova Scotia, in .-)() t(. 10(( fatlionis; Culf of MainV in .^)0 to
li)0 fatlioms; off ("asco hay, in 40 to !»0 fathoms: Massacliusctts bav in 40
to ry2 tiithoms; off Cape Cod, in :',7 to 90 fathoms. Off Martha's Vin'.vard

on the (.uif Stivam slope, it has 1 n dredged, often in ahiindiince an(' of iaine

WA'S, at many loeahties, in 1 tiO to .-)(M) fathoms, and >pariniilv in (m to 100 fathoms
111 1880 to 1887. ■ '

A few specimens liav<- heeii l.ioiinht from the fishinn Hanks, ..If Nova Scotia
l>y the (lioiicester, ^lass., fishermen. '

.\ closely reLited species i />'. hcniiichnsiti) has I.een de-Tril..',! l.v Studer
Horn the .\iilaictie ocean, off Kerfruelen island; and another, H. „rrul,„i l.y
AlcAlurrich from the F;icific.

P.MUSITK.s .\M) C()MMKNs.\l,s.

We often found in the stomach of this speci.'s, a verv remarkal.l.^ parasitic
lernean crustacean \A)ilhiitiinns iliihtuli Saisi. It i> Mij't and usually pink in
colour, or like its host. The sexes differ much in form and lioth are often livine
in the .same stomach.

We also occasionally found a large commensal orange coloured .-caly
annelid (Polyiun amantincn Verrillj living aiiiong the long teiit.ides and agreeing
with them in colour. (.S>e Verrill, o)). cit., 188."), p. .■)I4. iil. WWI hg< ItiT
lti8; pi. XL. hg. 17.''.)

Eubolocera. Xew genus.
Type, Boloctiii iinilliconiis \'kkkill, 1879.

I propose to establish a new genus for this itiiiarkaMe -pecies, ,in account
of Its short, hroad form, with a multitude of mesenteries and tentacles the
tentacles almost covering the very wide disk, aii.l staii.ling crowded in about 20
rows 111 the large .-iiecimens. The sjihincter muscle is similar to that of Boloara.

Ihe disk and tentacles are not retractile. The muscles of the mesenteries
are thin and feelile.

Eubolocera multicomis \eriill. New name.

Uoloarn mulllrtiriKs \erkill, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus.. ]). 19,s. Xov.. ls7;i: IXplor-
ations made by Albatross in 188;i. Annual Heport Comm. Fish and FisiuTies
lor 1883, p. rVM. [14] 188.").

Plate XXIII: Figure 2.

EnhoUicim nniltinirniti i.s a large, bright red species. c,r .Miiout red-lead
colour, with over 200 crowcied teiit:icles. which arc of moder.ite I. ngth, U-IS mm
long, or about eiiual to (me-tifth the diameter of the disk. The tentacles are of
alx.ut the same colour as the column and not banded. The verv broad disk of
the type is ccmvcx and about ;{-7.") inches i 194 mm.) in .liainet.'r; total height
at centre is M) to :<:5 mm. The column is very short and tliick, mucii narrower
than the ilisk, when in full expansion.

It was first known from . !T Cajie Cod. on • Clark- I.cdge." lu'ar Ceorges
D.'ink, in 1.") fathoms. l;itiT e!s,.w},rn- "ff C;ipe (\,d. [•■ :};j t:. W f.ithoiiis. in
1881 and 1882. It (Umbtless lives also on the other more nortliirn fishing
Hanks, in rocky places. li. hirrininiin M'Muriich, from the Pacific, seems to
he a similar spec .'s.

llK<i

<'(inii'ii(in Antic Hxixilitioii, 11)1. i l!>IS
I'lmiily PARACTID/E H.rtwiK fenHiidp.l).

Actiiimiis (lotilulc of iicoiifia niul ciriclidii-. Tentacles numerous. Spliinr-
tei' iiiusele is inesoKlu-al, eitlier thick (.r (litTuse. Isuallv more than one cvch'
ot pertect mesenteries, iij. to three or four or more cvch^s; all or nearlv all iiiav
l>e tertile. lmi)erlect mesenteries usually numerous, ui) to the sixtli cycle iii
some adults, and mostly fertile.

Xo acrorhatji nor pseudoliVanohia-. Column usually smooth or wrinkled
hut without real yerruca- or notable suckers, thoujjh sii'iall suckers may occur'
Ahoial disk adherent; it may he laijie or much reiluced. In some "■
Kenera the tenliu'les are not retractile.

leep se;i

Stomphia (Josse.

Sfnmphia (;(..ssK, \nnals Nat. Hist. Ser. ;{, Vol. Ill, p. 4S, ISoO; Vctin Hrit
1). 221. IStiO Cakuiukn, op. (it., lS<t2. Vkhrill, Amer. .lourn. Science,
•N-r. 4, \ol. Ml, I.S'.M.l. M.-:Mi uuicH, oj). cit., lltlO, p. 77.

Colmnii soft, .smooth, without verruca' or suckers, yery channeahh- in form,
thiii 111 sections. Miisal <lisk, thin, hn.ad in expansion, hut'can coi tract to small
size I)i.sk may he tiat. concaye, or convex, -ery mutahle. Tentacles numerous
moderately stout, retractile. Two siphonoglyphs; l.d.ial lohes numerous, small
Mesenteries tlim, numerous, 12 to 24 pairs or more perfect and mostly fertile-
lonnitudinal muscles fcehle.

(;os.se (op. cit., IHtid, p. 22.-,) .states that the .sexes, in the types, are separate
and that the nonads of the male are salmon-color, whih' those of the female
are l.ri hant scarU't, in ••jjrape-like dusters." He also records the discharge
'V.'^. ''"'•"". "^■" "f ^''•' '"^'' "f mustard seed and of a rich scarlet hue" (p. 223).
lhi> is of interest, hccaiise I'rticiiut craysiconiiK is viviparous, discharning
well developed youiiK ones, often with two or more cycles of tentacles.

.Vccordinn to McMurrich (I'tlO) Carlnreii has unit.'d to this smooth species,

strongly verrucosa Txiliopsifi imUiri.< Dan. and also Smjitrlia irpiiis Dan..

others. Danielssen described N. rijuns as having acontia.

Neither sp.^cies, as fifjinvd from life, looks like Sl„inphi<i nirnnila.

tin
an(

Stomphia cameola (Stimpson) Verrill.

Adlnin canwiitn Sti.mi'.son, Invert. (Irand Muiian, p. 7, lSo2.

Avttniii nitidn (provisional name) .1. W. D.vwso.v, ( 'anadian Naturalist. 18,')8.

Rhoilacthiia ddvisii ip(irs) N'kkkill, op. cit., 1S()4, pp. lit, 20.

Stomphia chinrhiw Ckkssk, op. cit., IS.V.t; Actiii. Brit., ]). 22, pi. VIII fig .->

18W). AsDKKs, op. cit., 1S84, p. :m*. ('.\kl<:rkn. KoiirI. Svenska Vet'

Akad. Handl., vol. .\.\V, 2, p. 8(». PI. I, VIII, l.\, X, 18<)2 (anatomy).
Stomphia coi-iKola Vkkkii.i., op. cit., 180(1, \^\^. 2(M)-2()8. fifrs. 24-24d Kh'scription

structure, synonymy, etc.) '

Stomphia coccima (par.s) CMiHiKKN, op. cit., 1002. Prohahlv not A. cocciimi

MtJLLKR, 177(). MiMuuuun, op. cit., 1010, p. 77.

riate XXX: Fig. 1.

The general characters of this species are stated above in the generic des-
crii)tion. As indicated it is very i)rotean in form in confincmont. Although
normally cylindrical, rather higher than broad, it may become more elongated

.\c(iiiaiiii

V. 119

-If cxtrciiiclv short; it miiy l.t- Iioui-kIuss slmpcd, or ItocciiiK' iiiiu'li .swolloii,
:is in PI. XXX, fig. I, with till' l.;i>,il .li.-k Mpi.cMiinK rdMlivrlv mumII. Tlic diski

iilso, IS proti'aii in turni, clianKiiin from coi -avc li nvcx. Tciitaclcs an? ralliiT

stout in full ixi)ansion, hut may lie latlicr loiijj ami taixTciJ, numerous, up to
()(■> or more in nood size specimens. 'I'lie re.rion of the sphincter muscle sonie-
Unu's shows a slight thickening.

The colour is ul.so vari.aiile. I.arn.' specimens usually have the column trans-
lucent i)mkor llesh-colour or pale ureenish. with paler mesenterial striju's .showing.
l>ut It may also l>e mot led or streaked irregularly with pale red, rose-red, or
>carlet, I. .it the ca])iniluni, just ImIow the tna yin, is nenendlv paler, without
rt'd niottiinns, hut thi.s area is often poorly ilefiiied.

Tlie tentacles are often translucent pale tlesh-colour or pink, with two or
more, olten three, hands of carmine or li({ht rose-red, Ijie distal one at the tip.
The hasal hand usually extends around the sides of the tenlado and often
extends inward as a partial i..dial line on the disk. The disk is coloured similarly
to the column; it often has .-i circle of li^ht red or rose-red spots, or a continuous
ring ot red or .scarh't around i he mouth, and another ciri'le of red spots farther
out towards the tentacles.

Nearly .alxyays there are two small Hake-white spots in front of each tentacle
• it tlu- imier circle, more noticeahle in the younp, in which the other colours
are j)aler and the texture more translucent. The two siphonoplvphs ar.' usually
iiriRht r.'d or scarlet: inside of mouth is i)ink or salmon-colour! The sphincter
muscle m the larjier specimens is well dctined in sections with an ovate or I'lav.-ite
outline, varymn '•> f'>iin according to the amount of contraction and the ,i(;e.

It often urows to rather liirne sizes. Some examples had the column in
exi)ansion over 2 inches (oDmni) hit;h and nearly as hroad; others were consid.T-
ahly larger. :More conunonly it is ahout half th.at size; tentacles .ahout l(l-l(inun
lonjj.

This handsome species often closely resend)les I'rIin'iKi r/v/.«,V,</7,/.s in its
colours, esi)eci;illy when youn(i, and it is very often confounded with the latter,
when they occur tu»?ether, as they often do in the hav of Kundv and the sheltered'
hays near Kastport, Maine. It seldom has the notahle re<l "radial lines on the
disk and runniiiK ""t hetweeii the tentacles Renerallv. hut not alwavs, chanic-
teristic of / . r-K.s-.s/ro/vi/.v.

Th(> hest way to distinguish it is to make a tian>verse section of the sphincter
muscle, which is nie.soKheal instead of l,einjr large, circuinscrjhcd eiidodermal
as in f rtiniKi. '

It never has .sniidl suckers, usually more or less evident on I'lilrii^n, nor
any verruca', chaiacteri.stic oiTi nlmpsis. i.-^ee ahove, j). 1 10 <;. note). Itisde.s-
tituteof acontia and ciiiclidir, which distinguishes it from all the Sapiitiathr.

-McMunich (19]()). followiiur < '.irljireii. adoi)ts for this specii's the name
sti>wi)hin vMriiicn (Miiller. 177til. 1 fail to see anv S'"'d evidence th.at the 1
torvntm of Muller was this species. ( los.se and oth.'rs have referred it to Suniarlia
cuccnun, with more reason. I helieve.

This is essentially a rather shallow water species, and seldom litt.ir.al. It
occurred freciucntly in my many dredninds. from IStiO to 1,^7:.', in the h.iv of
luiuly, Kasti)oil harhour, M.aine, .S.uth h.-iy. etc., in 8 to :<.") fathoms. It 'did
not occur in the later (h'e)) dredftinjis of the U. S. Fish Commission. It has
not heen found South of ('ai)e ("od.

Daw.son dredfjed it in the mouth of the St. Lawrence. .M<'Murrich records
It from I'assanuKiuoddy hay, younfj, (1!)1()). It Kcnerallv occurs on gravelly
or st.my hottonis, .•ittached to -tniie^ aiul dead .sheii^. It sreins lo he nnlior
rare on the northern European coasts. (Jos-" records sever.il examples from
Moray Firth, Loch Lonp;, etc.. all hroujiht up on the lines or nets of tishermeu.
there are no reliable Arctic records known to mo.

^2<* f* ('aiiiulitin Arctic Kxprditioii, l.'tl.i-l.'fIS

Kiiniily HALCAMPIDif; An.lres, 18K4.
Ililinithiiltr (/7(/r.<i). Many authors.

I.,.v„l 'i;''!"'" "T"'' """"",•""' """••' •■l<'njraf...l, gnH-rally without a .U-finit,.
hasal disk or with a v.ry Miiall oi,,.; most oft.n th.. l.as.. is tM.int..,| with or with
out a ...ntral ,H,r,. 'IVntarU-s usually tVw (H . » , ; .....s, fr'qu" ntK- I2 M ' ' ■ -

fe til. , th<.s.. of th.. s,.,oih! ,y.!,. may t„. i,n,„.rf...t : >om..tin...s the n,.s,.nt,.ri,.'
ex,-r.,.,i th.. m,ml..T of t..ntad..s. Sphinrfr musrl,. U.-hU; .iiffus... or laVkinR

inuKcit

A roiwhula may l.c fith.'r well .Icvcloprd „r laikii

>H.

Hub-fiiniily IIAl.CAMPIN^ V.rrill. N.w i„iin...

Hal.ain,.i(ia> whirl, la.k a .onchula an.) apparently a por.. at the al.oral
" .1 01 ,h.. hojly .s.-apu .ulral...l. it n.av I,.. nakV.I or if nmv h. rovr.. w
Ij loosHyattach..,l..p,,l,.rn.al .oatiuK ronsistinK mainly of mucous, fin. sand, ct,
I.nt clrs usually 12. son...tim..s IC, 14, 2(», or 21: m..s,.nt.Ti..s 12 to •>4- 12
usually p,.rf,.rt and f..rtii... I.onRitu.iinal m,..s,.nt,Tia! mu.sW.. strong •str^.-'tHi

Cii-nus Halcampa (

• OSSf

reach:,! (,m,-x) (iossK. Trans. Linn. Soc-., XXI, p. 271 l«,-),j
Hulcuy, (;„s.sK Ann. and Ma^. of Xat. Hist., ;ir.l s,.ri.'s'i, p. 41S, 1858-
Actmologia Kr.t.. p. 240, 18(i0. Anukks. op. ,it., ,,. hm), 1884.

,n^ ll.l'.'"'!'.!'t7'''' ^■':""'"«'''<'' "^"'^^J' <'l<'nKat...l an.l slen.ler in .-xpanmon, ...•.upv-
ip hohs m th.. earth or amonK rocks, ..ti-.. I,ut al-le to creep al.out, adh.r uk
l.> th.. .sules.; m contraction irn'^ularly cylin.lrical, ..ft,.,, with const coii^

Tl f ;, \ {■ J*'-^*' '•'I'"';lj' ••<■ '••''.nR <-nla,.Ke.i and jrreatlv dist..n<l..d, without a
I t.nct ,hsk, hut capahle of adhering slightly l.y its surfac.. to fo eipn h, i..
l.^ u-ry minute sucker-hke organs; apparently imperforate. T..nta.les o
rarely 10, sh..rt in two .-ydes. Perf,.ct m,.senteri.^s usually 12 '^.v • r"
yery t nn .....xt th.. w.'tl , hut n.-ar th,. mid.lle haye a y..ry strong longi. din'.
mus..u!ar th„.k,.nmg, whi,.h narrows hoth ahoye and helow.' Th,. jHr p e , n ^
of the m,.s,.nt,.nes are large an.l w,.ll ,i..fin...l; six pairs ar.. i,np,.rf,',t

Halcampa duodecitncirrata (Sars)

Edm,rd.m duodcamcnrotnM. Sak.s. Xyt. Mag. Xat. Hist.. \l. n. 10 u U'^

tm, t^x n: ii!r"'- '''''■ ■'"-'■ '■ ^'""^'''■- ••''»"•• ''■ •'■ ' <^- -^'

AV(W_^/,,/«r/,m,7a (/M,>) Vkkhii.l, Am,.r. J.Hirn. S,-i., V,,L „1 \iii Hl' ',

18,4 (n,it hg. 4, nor the text >. ' "'"'-••'»

Hdlcdiiipii f(irii!(ic((i i/xir.si Anduk.s, >. cit.. 1SS4. p. 102.

Plat,. X.\I: Figur.s 1. 2. 2a.

■ ,k 'ohimn ..hang..al)le in form, oft.n n,.Mrly .ylindi-i.-al, at ..ther tim..s swoll....
in the mid.le ..r p.,steri.,rly. ..apahl,. of ,.,;ntra..ting to l,.ss tL n Inl If
length. ( olumn is usually ,.oy,.re.l with s.-att..,-,.,!. f,.,.hly a.lh..n nt, hne graii^

.^i.T ^M'ly^^^

Aril II II I Id

121

of saiul aiul snmll forMinii.if.ra wh.i. tir«.. .a.iKlit, Init it >.„.„ .|i>,ar.|. thf«p
\vh«-n 111 ail aciiiarium.

Til.; f<>llowinK .l.-scription,. are Hum living sprriiM. ii. lak.n in thr H:.v ,.f
HiiKly. in «.(» fathoms on a soft muddv l.utinm. i,, |h72 Tmta.l,.^ I' , ,il...r

sh.irt 1. unt. at,„ut halt as I..mk a> th. .lianMl.r .,'• ,|,.. winn AlN:rnal,.iv

a littif longer and nhoiter.

tion 'nMo''l'''.nnr''''"''' "'' '" *" """' '''="'"'''■'■■ »-''"""■ !'"«"' '" ''•'•tra..-

Colunni usually .vliiuiii.-. pair saiin.u. .MJour, va-vii,K .„ veJIoNvi,!, I,r..wn

roate. i. iinly with n.mute Kiains ..f san.i an.l luraniii ..a, exrept near the ends'

I he disk usually i.l„trudes; near fh- lips (her- i. a .irele of small purplish

l.rown spots and another eirele of the same eolou, n.ar the l.ases of the ten-

taeles. the two e.uineet.d l,y l.n.wn radial lh.es Thes.. spots are l.,nu-..val

their ,«,,nted eml outward. Kaeh tei.tarle has a spot ..f reddish i.n-wn on ea.h

side of Its l,ase, and has al:out six wavy or ereseent shaped transverse .p..fs

o reddish or pah- l.rown. allem.-.tinK with whitr or llesh-eolour. Th.' siv

alternate shorter tentacles are a little darker than the oth.rs du.^ to thr d'.rker

.rown spots. I he hrown marking, of.,,, run down to a point or Se.-ome

\ -shaped on the inner side ot the liases of the tMitailes

Column Lelow the te,.ta<les dear salnion-eolour, «ith pair puiph^l, 1 n,«„
doul.le si.ot.s alt.inatmK with th.. tenta.le Kases. On the >horl.r daik t,„tHl...
the hrown transverse markil,^r. „ft,.„ run together on tl... outer -ide fo,„,inK
a median l.rown sjiot. '^

One small speeimen from the same j.lac.- has a m.dian line of hn.wn -pots
on he tentael.'s mterrupte.l l.y tlake-white s,,ots; li,,s whitish, surrounded l.v
1-' .rown spots, midway hetwe..,, the mouth and tentaelo, and with anotheV
• irele of l.rown spots near the l.a.ses of the tentaile-

Another spetinien from th<> Hay of Kundy. ofT He,„| harl.our. ( hand Manan
island in oO to (iO tathoms, was UK mm lonti. .'. to ti mm in diameter 1 ike the
preeediiiK. it was covered in the miihile with fine san.l that it >oon entirelv east
(.n, leayinjj the whole surface clean, smooth and translucent, -howinii tlie'inser-
tions of the mesenteries as white lines l.ordeivd with purple; k,.,„.,„i ,.a\unr of
the column i)ale salmon. Tentacles .salmon-colour, crossed l.v al.oiit five
wavy hands of purplish l-n.wn; most of the.s,. surround the tentacles and iim
dovvn mto a \ -.shaped or W-shaj.ed mark on the inner surface: the l.a-.d h.,nd is
darke.-t. Ihe mouth hiis 12 white labial lol.es; a cii,l<. ,.f small purplish snots
alternating with white, surrounds the mouth; aiu.ther ciide .,f trianiriilar
puij.lisi spots IS situated farther out; at the inner l.as.v- of the tentacles there
1- another circle of lighter purphsh l.n.wn .-pc.ts. Melow the ..utcr l.a-es of the
tentacles there is a circl.. of 12 i.tiiple sp..ts, divided l.v white lines' the
alteriiate spots run .lown as purplish lines aL.npside the ineHiiterial white "lines

Ihis siurmien agrees dc.sely with one fitiund ,.n l>l;,te \.\1, fii;. 1.

This speci.s was divdned l.v u> in many l<.calitic> ie tlic 'Un\ \>\ I'undv
■.astp(.rt_ harliour; South Lay. iier.r K.'istpoit, Maine U1-IS72 and in (••,<,"•„'
Lay. IJS/ii.

It occurred only si)alinj:ly, u>ually ,.nl\ (.ni^ ;,t a time, in C, to 'M) latli-.n,-
on .saiul or mud Lottoms.

Variety nitida. New variety.
I'latc \.\I; I'igiiivs, 2. 2a.

Fei'taces H). sla.rt. thick nLtii-... ii-iiallv aLi.Mt h:'.!!' ,•■.■.. \:,r," -.- x] ,■ dii-
mct(T ol tlie disk, (.r .s(.n,ewl,at longer in full ,'\j,ansi(.n.

The column is cylirnlrical and has a thin looselv atta.'hed coating <.f hue
-and prams on the ini.ldh' ix.rtion; Loth en.ls withc.ut sand, soft and -mootl,
translucent, with ten longitudinal white lines, due to tl,.' mesenterie- (.n the

12-.' <i

Vutmiimn Aula: EjriHiliiuni, H'l.l IHIS

••ajntiiluiii td.rc un- t.ii Htri|K>>* of dull l.n.wii. altinwUflv linlit.r uikI <li»rk.r
«nin.|H.ii.lm({ with the tiiilu.l.. 1.,,,.,^: t|„.M. striprs iiri' s|MMk.'.l with (lak<'
whilr irn'Kuhir sjH.ts. li<«oiiiiim iiion' .vi.liiit n.-iir the tfiilaclr l.atcH.

I he t<iita(lf.s havt! a pair of lateral l.rowii wiM.ts on their outer Lanes, form-
IIIK a eolinpieuouw eirele ol 211 l.rowil >pots; their tips are traliwhieeut ; on ihp
imier surface there are aliout .') wavy l.rown l>an<U ami spots, sonie of them
exten.ling ar..un.l l.aek of tin- tei laele,; they alterimte with transverse lines
of yellow or white; the hasal Land is the darkest ami often V-shape.! or
Al-shaped.

j'he mouth ha« Id ' rnwnish laLial iol.es: the disk is pule yellow, with 10
radial rows of pale I. row. spots, riinniiin to the teiitaeles, separated l.y pah- or
w^hite mesenterial lines, i.ennth al.oui I iiieh i2.-.mm); diameter of eoliimn
about .{ mm. Described troiii hviiig specimens.

Type loeality, off No Mall's Land, in l<» fullu.ms, Sept. 2iid, 1.S71, l' S
li-li ( oinmission.

Ilalcampa i?i anomala. \. w form.
Plate .XXXI; FiK. i.

This form, wliieh must be .ibiKuiiial, is remarkable ""or having an unusual
iHimbir and iirianKement of the fent.ieles.

It has 14 normal shaped teiitaehs, about ecpial in lenntli. and .i smaller
ones, each united to one of the larger ones as if it were paitiallv split off from
It, or had arisen as a bud from its side. One of the larger tentacles stands
nearer the mouth than the others. The larger tentach's are thick Illostlv
obtuse, rather longer than half the diameter of the disk as seen in the living
sjiecimen, and i.robabiy not fully expanded. Thev are ero.sscd by about 7
more or less curved or waved reddish brown markings or bands, a'lternatini;
with bands of yellowish white.

The disk is ornamented wi li circles of reddish brown spots alternating
with those of yellowish white. Two lateral white sjiots at the ba.se of each ten-
tad.' run down on the cai)ituliim. Column is pale flesh-colour. Length, in
e.vpansion, 11 mm; diameter about t> mm. Internal structure wi's not examii'ie.l
On account of us similar colour:. ti<.ii it is referred with doubt to this genus,
though It has an abnormal number of tentacles. IVsoribed from -i livinii
specimen.

A single spe.imeii was taken in Ma.ssjichu.setts bay, off Ha.^e point; Station
2!I2. lit fathoms, fine sand and mud. by the U. S. Fish Comm, in 1H7!».

The branched form of some of the tentacles is doubtless abnormal.

Ilalcampa farinacea (N.rrilli .\iidres.

KiltrnrdKHi faritmaa Vkkhili., Amer. .lourii. Siicnce, vol. XLII, p. US, IHdil-
Ann. and 3Lig. Nat. Hi.st., Ser. \, vol. IV, p. \{\:>,. ISti't- I'ro.'. Amer Asso.'
Adv. S.'i.. for 1S7;{, pp. ;{.-i:i, ;itlS. pi. VI, fig. l; .Xm.r. ,Iourn, Sci., Vol,
MI, p. 4i:i, PI. VlII, Hg. 4, lh74 (not fig. .-)).

IliiJaimpa fivinaaa {pars) Andhks, ..p. cif., 1884, p. 102 (.references incorrect.)

' Plate XXI; Pig. li

('olum!! chanirc.'ible in f..rii!, jiot v-ry ;-^le' '.-u oftrii .MVullt-ii in the iniddl.
or near the ba.,.-, tapering upward, but .sometimes swollen near the tentacles,
partly covered with small, firmly adherent grains of sand, the inteinal lamella'
showing through faintly, but becoming more distinct on the naked, transparent

Ailiniiriii

l2:i

gwollrii l>iixiil portiiiii, uhi'li i"' iiijiikr.l l.v IJ . ..ir. -*|>..ii.liii|{ \vtiiii,|i ..ii1,..,Ii..im.
nifftiiiK at the •11,1 and iiltfriialinn with ^..mr tiii.^ liiif^, I |i|..r jiait ,.f i.^Imiiiii'
ijt fiansparint ami naked I'nr alidiii H m 1 nun.

T.iilarlfH 12. rather ^ln.it. in a -iuKle nrele at the inaiirm ..i the di-k,
ni.t riHW.I.Ml. pale yelhiwiNh white, sprnikled with tine llak. -while .peek^. whieh
heei.nie incic criiwded nii tiie inner median hue ami at the tip> f)i«|, small,
often prutriuled: iiionth lariiely dilatal.le, scnieiime,* elevated on a idi,. lipw
with I-' irremilar l.il..^.. |)i,«k and nak-d space l„.|,,w the tenlaeles p-.le v.'llow-
i.sh white, finely sperkhd vith llake-white, the disk With laint v\hiti.sh radiatinu
linex. l.ennth, rj-io mm diameter. »-.') mm: ..f di,sk, :i-l mm. Ihe tvp.
I.ieality was South lay. near laihec'. .Maim , in S fathoms, mud. IsTJ. It waw
»iil)sei|ueritly taken hy us in various* plaees m the Uav of I'lindv ami (asm l.av
in 10 to !».-) fathom.s.

Th.> fi)J. .■>, a^< of the disk. ))l. \ III. .\m. ,|. Sei.. Ih7», is |,.,t this speeies.
It helonus to //. ,liii,ilniimnnil<i. .\mlies iiniti'il thi' two speeies ,ind erred
in his references.

Siil.-fiimiiy SIPIION.\CTlM\.« V. rrill .\. w n„ni.'.
family SiiihinKicliniilir .\\ii|{K>. IHKI, feinendedi.

Hah'iimpidu- havintt one sipliono«ly|i|i proloiiited into a lohed loinhiila
eapahle of lieinji protruded. I'osteri.ir end usually providnl with ;, p,,,,.'
'IVntaeh's usually 12. rarely N or 10. ,'^ix pairs of perfeet stionuly museiilar
mesenteries; often four or more pairs of narrow, imperfect, fertile' ones.

Some of the spc'cies are parasitic' on jelly-fislu's, at least while- vouni:; others
liiirrow in the e.irth.

'«

Siphonactinia Dan. .ind Koren.

Sii>lioiiiivtiiiiii Daniklsskn and KOhkn. I .i ■■! Liti. Ne.rvii;ia\ ii, p. s.s. p|.
12, fids. l-t», Ih.'tti; .\nnals and Mau. N. .al Historv, Ser. 2, vol Will
p. 2 lit. 1)1.. IS.lti.

liiciilnini 1,. AeiASMZ. I'roe-. Mohton Soc. N. Mist.. \I1, p. 21. I.s.">'.i. \kuuii.i.
Hevision of the I'olyps of the Kasti'rn (oast of the Inited States, .Memoirs
of Hostoii See. of Nat. Hist.. Vol. I. p :n. PI. 1, fins, II. I,-), l.sti.-..

N'liichid (ptirx) (ietssK. .\ctinolodi;i Urit.. p. 2i:i. IStiO (not of l.s.").')). VKiiuii.i,
(/m).sl, op. eit.. I.Stiti. \S~'.i.

I'liiloiiH'iliiso (/«//>•) Anduks. op. eit., p. 112, ISM; \'' not of .Mii.i,i;ii, IStiO).

hiciiliiun McMlUKKir. I'ldce'edimis y,,i,il. Scjc. London. II. p. '.Mi7. I'.tlli.

('olumn naked, soft, eloi 'ted, in lu ry chalice alile in i'oiin, often

cylimirie', or tanerinn to the r .i end. wl-re there is no disk, lent a eeniral
contractile pore, often tiuhtly eloseel in c'o- lion. Both e iids are- e-apal.lc' eef

invwtioii. In expansion the oral end it* us....uy the larpr. Tentacles .s or 12,
usually 12. Mesenteries usually 12. all perfect! with thie'k longitudinal miisehs.
Circular mu.scles of the column are- nusojtlaial. modeialelx- developed, .some-
what stremner near each end; sphincter little or not at all diffc-rentiate-d.

I sually there' is only oni' siphonotilyph. which may liecdme tuhiilar hy
union of its edjtcs, eniliiid in :' simple tliree-lohed e-onehiila. eapalile of pro-
trusion. Si.irfuce of ••'.'!umu eapahle of adhesion !;y nu-aiiK :>f !!iiii!',!i- --!icki-r^,
usually not visif)le to the naked eye unless in use.

The p'luis Siiihonuctinia Dan. and Konn, 1S.")(), appears to he identical
with Jiicklium Atiiissiz. IS.'ill. Its conehula is terminated hy three simple lobes,
as in the hitter. It is represented as uiiich exsert and tulmlar. Imt I have seen

^ ^^'it T m^ ~i..-ii. ' •Wi icKT

124 <i

('iiiiailmn Aiclir HjriMililinn, IDI.l IHIS

the I'oiK'hiilii iif Huuihiim fmntiiiliniin expert to m-itrly thf Hinnc fxti-iit. iunl tlit
fdlti'M of \Xn Kiph<iii<>((lyph caii ritlitTf, rimkiiiit it tuliular form.

.\n<lri'« iiiukrw it iilfeiti"iil with I'tarhia (iimHi-. iH'i'), Imt /'. hiiKtolii, thi
t.vf)icMl wpfri' ■< of I'liichiii. \\i\n II) (liiir!* of iiK'Hi'iiti'rii'H ttnd a inon- i-oinpli'X roii-
cluihi.

I'hilohiriliim Moll. (iStM), p. .'•T. PI. 2, Ug. li is now hrlicvcd to l>i> th»'
parasitic larval form of a Mi'iiitt'rraiU'aii llalaiMinUu. ai-cordiiiic to lladdoii.
Hut if idfiitical with Hiciilnim. an Aridrfs supposed, thi' latt<'r iiaiiir aiiti also
Siphdtiiirtniio arc lioth carlit-r iiaiiu'.s.

The iarvH' of a npccics of Kuropcaii Unlcawitu ill. chr\imi>lhrUum) arc almi
parasitic on jelly fislu j (t. Ilad(li>nl. A closely related species i//, fniiiiiicm
Ver. ) is common on our coast and its larval form should l>e looked lor on <<ur
hvdromedusif.

Siphonactinia parasitica lAc.). New name.

Hiriiliuin iKiiasilicum I.. .XiiAssiz. op. cit., p. 24, lh.'>!». \'kukii.i.. op. cit.. p HI,

pi. I. )i(i> H. 1."), IMit. llAiKiin, .\nthozoa \V Is Hole l{e(jioii. p. SM),

»i(r. 2, n»M. .M(Mi iiui. M, op. cit.. p. !«>7. i>l. itH, tin. h, l!ti:{.

I'ldchia imnixiticii Vkukim., I'roc. Hoston, Soc. Nat. Hist.. \'ol. .\, p. XiS. IStifi;
invert, of N'ineyjird Soun<l, p. 7H!I, (44.")). \H7'.i. H.\nn<)\, I'roc. Koyid
Dublin Soc, 1X87, p. 47."i.

I'hilomidiim iiiini»ilira Anuhks, l.e .Vttinie, p. 1 12, fi\if*. it, !tl), after \ errill, IMH4.
I'late XX: Figures 2, -i. I'late .\.\V: I'inure 3 (section).

The following! d(<(4cription was made from livinjj specimens parasitic on
('lianiii (iichiii in Ivisti»ort harhour, Maine, where it was aliuiidant.

Mo<ly variahlc in form and si/.e. In full extension elongated, up to SI) mm
lonn anil 12 to 14 mm. in diameter; the .same specimens in coiitraiMon usually
lapcrinj: ti- tin- lia>e. in coiitraction usually elliptical or ovate, often swtillen
toward till liii.-ial end; sometimes nearly spherical; no basal disk; ahoral ei'<l
often involuted; true pore seldom visible.

The visible pore may ofti'ii be due to a temporary deep infoldinn of the
intefjimieiit at the center. owiii)j to the contractile movements of the mesen-
terial muscli's and the circular muscles near it, even when tile real pore is tijjhtly
cloM'd liy its sphincter muscle.

The coluimi-wall is soft, and it has 12 sulcations corresponding to the
mesenteries, visible tliioU)ih the wall; intcrvids between the sulci arc I'onvex,
crossed by many transverse wrinkles, and towanl the base each has a lonci-
tudin; . row of six to eiuht minute paler or thin spots. >imulatini; pons, but
probably servinn as suckers, not always visiiile to tlu' naked eye.

The tentacles, in expansion, are about 12 mm. lonu, thick, often swollen
at the base; tips have a tern inal pore, often rathi'r conspicuous. l'erhai)S
microsc ipic suckers are present, for the sides of the body are adhesive to the
sides of an a<iuariuni, etc.

The mouth, when contracted, is often nearly regular, with nine ((jUal lobes
or folds, and three othi'Vs, obtusely rounded, st;indin^t a little farther back .at
one end of the mouth forininc a conchula in connection with the deep siptiono-
fjlyph. lint the mouth and lips take various forms, accordiiifi to the state of
I'oiitrai tioii. Tiie ri.ii-'huia can i>c miuii protnincd at times. It a.ilicn's xr,
the jelly-fish ])artly by means of the mouth-lobes.

The color of the body varies from uniform lijrht fiesh-coloiu' to lijilit brown,
greenish brown, or liver-brown. Sometimes the darker brow.i spc'cimons have
pale flesh-coloured tentaclcF, with brown tips, a narrow lifjht brown band on

Ailiiiiinn

•i 12.1

the fliKtal thiril, iirid it ditTiisf ^|)•lt of tlif miiih' "nluiir at raili xnlr of tin' lia-i-
lri,Hii|i' .(f li|m whitish; li|i>. tl ^li-n.liMir; .li.-k |ial<T v\illi wliiti' ia>lial \>iv'
rlinillliK nut lii'twcfll thi- t' ,iiarlc«. clue t'l ill.xiTtluii- (if till- inc-<iiitiT1f-

\\ Ik M Will •■x|mii'ii>l III lilr. till' rKiicliiiia i?" uftin iinnii iX'^Ttiil. >i>in<'tiiih"<
ni'iiiiy tiH Iciiiic as tjic tintarl.s. It ha^ thnr iiraily i'i|iial, luiiiiiliMi, thick IhIhh.
a simpli- iiit'tilaii aiiil a }«i!nilar Imt sliiiiti'i- lateral mic on t-arli -.idr, wjili a dri-p
uruDVr Ixtwiiii tlMiii (|M. XX. Hit, Hi. Sdiiiitiinc- tli<' tw.t adjar.nt lip-
l(»l)r». wliirli arc less piiiinnii'iit , sctin tn rciiifurrr ihr I'liiii'hula and arc llicti
larucr than the other lip-lulics, luit similar iii t'nrin. Mmilli ami llp« vcr\

c'llilllicealilc,

Thii »|iecies is not iiiicointnon on ' iiumn unlicn. trmn (ape (Hd to Nova
Siotia. in siiinincr. It i- niiccriain whether il> adult form is yet known.

The followwm ir'ncric' desi-ription applie- to the ^peeinicii' that I I'ornicrlv
eonsidered the adult slate, liut the e.iiichuia IS >o ditlerent th.il It may well
he entirely distinct. Moreover, it has It) pairs of mesenteric- .Vt any r.itc
nil interinnliale staues ha\f lieen found durinu the past 17 \ears. so f.ir .is 1
know.

Prof. McMurrich has dc»<crilicd a elosch- aliii'd -pecies from I'unct sound,
ntiir \aneouvcr island, under the nami- Hicuhniii miinniii, para-itie o'a a specie

of .HiiiKiiiii. He found no alioral pore in th nitraetcd speciini'ii, and im

coiiehulii, hut his (iKure of the lalual lohcs is much like those of the same part*
in sonif alcolidlic spi'ciinens of our species. No doulit it hclonus to the sanie

KHIUH. It had twelve perfect mesenteries. 1 lii'licve it should he called .S//i/i(i/i-
iictiniii iriiiKiifii . in spite of the rciliici-d I'onehula.

Bicidiopsis. Xi-w

iltiiia and I'liulim.
i .i|ir its Itody actively.

Form and general uppcuraiice much a
In life very chaiiKetible in form, contractiiin ,
cspee'ially wiicn hiirrowiiiK.

The column-wall is soft and naked, hut pro. ' .vith circular muscles,
more ahoundant towards the ends, hoth of whii'li are capahle of iii\olution.
■rhecoluinn-wall usually shows lOor'JOsulcatioii.sdue to the insertion of themcsen-
teriew; in contraction it is much wrinkleil. Tentacles usually 12. sometimes
•^ 'S, of moderate Icnuth, r.ithcr stout, alioiit eipial, nearly in oiu' ( irclc
Mouth larnc with laruc labial lohes. One deep and often tulmlar siplioiioirlyph.
capable of extension and bcarinji the conchul.a. The i-oncliiila consists of thrii
thick basal lohes, each .surmounted by one or twd small papilliform or nipple-
shaped jiroccsscs: often there arc live of these, otic median and two pairs l.iti'ral:
Imt there may be only one lateral pair.

The sphincter muscle is meso({l<i'al and but little dilated, even in iniich
contracted specimens.

The ini'senteries are 20, in 10 pairs; li pairs arc perfect, with tliiik lonm-
tudinal muscles, recurved in the distnl part: t pans are small and imperi'cct.
though some may unite with the stoinoila'i'm near its bottom; .some or all iiia\
extend to the aboral end; others to about the mid-length of tln' stoinoda'iim.
The pairs of imperfect muscles an' m the sulcar cxocd.'les and sulco-lateral
exoca'les, as in I'lurhiii hdstatn, as hiiured by Haddon (,op cit., iNhit, p. ;{:{!>,
(in. 1). \iewcd from the inside the 1:! perfect mesenteries, and sometimes the
others, reai'h nearly to the centre of the base, which is occupied b\- a sm;'!!,

niiiiulisi) Centra! iiire.

itstraction bv a th.ick area of muscular ti.i-sue.o.

^ closing it. Toward the aboral end of the column there are some very small

^ and nearly transparent spots, as viewed from the insiile, which may be small

suckers or else minute pores clo.sed by contraction; they are in rows, but not

numerous.

J

J'ilit;

('iuiikIkiii Arctic h.i'iicililiiui. IHI.I /.'//>

'I'liis ficiius sri'iiis closely nlMtcd to I'mclnn ( 'lossc. csiicciiilly to /'. In iilniHii,
whicli tins !i tlin'c-lohfd coiiclnila. Kut thiit \v:is not the typical s|)cci( >. Tlif
earlier (lescril)e<l species, /.. IkixIuIh. iimst lie taken as tlie type of I'mchid.
That species lias a lar lliore eoniplicated coiiciillla. tuit its iiieseiiteiies al'e airaniied
in essentially the sanu' way, thuiitih tli ■ lontiiliidinal niesenteiial niuscies .ire
very dilTerent in form, hein^ recurved, tiiiicli widii- and not so tliick, .•iml
i;<:,., ce 'iistead of reniform or crescent shaped as in our species.

I.,,!i, ii:i . • two cycles of niesi'nteries, those of the second cycle l>eiii[i iin-
(levi'loped in 1 <■■■ ^ulcuiar lateral exocieles, so that there are hut 10 pairs of nu seii-
t. I ,• s III :ai h ; .iiiis. Hut the arraiijienielit is strictly hcxainerous. The failure
•■, <|e\i'i>!p t\\ ) pairs of nieseiiteiies of the second cycle docs not chaiitie the
.<A'-" !■' xai.ierous <'onditioii of the six luiinary perfect pairs.

The onij external character for the separation of liicnlinii.'^h'i from I'kuIiki
that can now l>e relied u|)on is the fireat dilYereiice in the eonclmla.

In /'. Iidstdtn the eonclmla is descrihid and tisiilied l>y C.osse (.Vctiii. Hiit-
aiiicai as very lar^e, coiisistintt of two lar^e rounded loins, liearintJ 12 to Jl)
processes, more or less divided, ami therefore very different from that of our
species, lie states positively that it has a hasal pore, as in our specie s.

Mc.Murrich failed to find a leniiinal pore in preserved specimens t!iat he
ilescrilied Ulitler the name I'ciichiii (iininiiiiciiiiildlii, from Naiioese hay. \ aii-
couver Island, in lo to 2.") fathoms (op. cit.. litHii. I'lohal.ly the' |)ore was
tightly closi'd ill his specimens. His species lieloii^ss to liicidiniisi.i, as here
detined.

.\ndres descrilied ;i spi'cies. evidently of this Jii'llUS. under the name SijiliDli-
nclnini Incdjiitdld. but having onl> three iiapilliforiii proci ss( s on the conchiila.
One of his specimens had IS tentaclis; the other two li.ad 12 tentaclc> each.
He did not descrilie its internal structure l>ut j;ave a (rood coloured h<:ure.
It closely resembles /{. hihirold in foiiii and colour. It >lioulil be called Hici-
ihnimia Incd iiildld.

1 have separated this nenus from Si iili(iiiacliiiid on account ot the presence
of 20 mesenteries, instead of 12; and because of tlii' more elaborate conchiila,
which carries .a itroup of papilliform lobules, not found in that jieniis.

Bicidiopsis tubicola. Xew spc cies.

Plate .W; l-isilirc I.

The followini: description was made from two livintr suecimeiis taken by nie
in the harbour of K.asI port , Maine, at low water mark of a very low tide,
burrowinu in sand and jjravel, up to the tentacles.

The body of the larger specimen in i)artial expansion was nearly cylindi ie.il.
about three times lonuer than broad, obtusily rounded and perforated at tlii'
base, without a basal disk. The body-walls are salmon-colour and somew'li.al
translucent, allowing the mesenteries to show through as whitish lines. The
intervals between these lines are swollen and transversely corrugated by wrinkles;
posteriorly the surf;ice appears somewhat reticulated by wrinkles, iiiclo^inii:
piilv«onal areas. No suckers are ordinarily visible, but tie creature i an adhere
to the side of a tila.ss dish by the surface of the i)ody. iiidicatiiiK the presence of
minute or n'tractile suckers: minute round pits, which may be contracted
suckers, are often visible with a lens on the preserved specimens.

Tentacles twelvt>, larjje, stout, tapering, but usually obtusely pointed.
Tiieir roi(i;ir is pale s;ilmon, biown at llu- iiUH-r l>:ise. inid .•■r--:--ed by four band-.
of light brown. The disk is small, brownish around the mouth, outside of this
it has a circle of pale salmon, ;ind is then brownish al the bases of the teiitach's.
The mouth is salmon-colour inside. It is furnished with a large, prominent,

m

?

Aril

<; 127

(pflill I'NM'll. tliici'-liilirii ciilirhlllM ;it one rrid, riiiincclril with :i ilcip .si|)li(PMii-
(j:ly|)li. Tlic latiTiil lolics art' swiilltn ami lacli is liiiniiiatnl liy Iwn Miiall
(lark hiDWii |i;i|)illa'. A iiicdiaii nr icTiiiinai pruccss is Idiiiicsl. nttcii ri'acliiiiL
to tlic niiiiiilr (if till' Ic'iifai'Ics, iir inyoinl. wlicii ixpaiuicd in liiV.

Tlir laiiitT sprciiiicii. as stuilii'd in liti'. and ihpI t"iili> r\tciidi'd. was alinut
7.') iiiiii. 'Ill- ;? iiiiiicsl loiiji and "J.") mm. in iliaiiirtn: imlailis alumt HI nun.
Icint;; :{ mill, in diami'trr. Tlic otln r spiM'imc n u.a> almiit two lliirds as laini'.
10 mm. Idiiji and IS mm. in diamctii. \\ Inn (iisl Inimd liny wiic i-Diisidci-
• ilily Idiifiri. Takfii .\iiiiiis1 'Jti. ISTO, biiiicd in liolis in cr.-ivrl and s;ind. imdrr
lar^c stcims. at low tidi\ ;i littlr south of Don isl.-ind. I'iastpoit. .\Iaiiii'. This
was iH'forc the harhoiir lii'i'.amc polluted iiy the olTal from m;iii\- sardim- fai'toiii's
liuilt tlicrr in later years, which has now destroyed mi si of the rich faiin.a oiiirni-
allv fomicl there. e\i'n nndei- the wharvis. where the cMnrne tides were aliont
•_'S" feet.

This >pecies Was for maii\' years thonuht lis me ti> lie p(!»ili|y thi' :iiliilt
free st.aiie of the parasitic liiciiliiiin piird.^iliriiiii. ainl the description w.a^ not
pulilished for that reason, hopinj; that aihlitional free specimens mii;ht lie fi^und.
This has not happened diiriiiy nearly fifty years, so far as I know, until similar
specimens were found in Iluiison lia\' hy Mr. !■'. .hihaiisen in l'.l_'(). Si e
below. )

Its lieneral appearance is somewhat like the par.-isilie >pecies. hut the coloui
is entirely different, and it is much larger. The iiiosl imi)ortaiit external differ-
ence is in the conchiila. which in this species is l.arjii i', much elonjiated. with two
papilla' on the lateral lohes. and with the median process three-parted. In
the parasite, the three lohes are simple .and the orsr.an is much less developed.

1 ha\e never made sections fiom thise specimens and at present thi\ ale
not availalile for examin.atioii. Tin \ helom; to the collections of the \ .ale
I'liixersity Museum, now in stoiatje.

Bicidiopsi.s arctica. New specie-..

Plate XW; Fijrs. 1-lk. I'l.ate \\\1: I'iu. S. Text Kin. IH.

Two specimens sent to me from the (leoloirical Survey of ( '.aii.aila were
from the east siile of Richmond piilf. ill !■") to -JO fathom-, t.iken .lune. IS'.HV hy
A. 1'. l,ow. Catalofjiie No. ,")f. i ( 'n'leiiteratesi, \ictoria -Memorial .MuMum,
'Mtawa. 'I"\|ie. 1 ha\e made some sections from them, for analomieitl dii.-iils.
See Plate .\ \ V : tijjs. I Ik.

.\s stronjjly contracted in alcohol they .are soft, with main lr;in-\ ei'-e
uriiikles. due to contraction. One i- nearlx spherical: the other is o\oii|.

They are somewh.at translucent, pale lle>h-coloiir. and the mi-.enteries -liou
throuiih the iiitej;ument. They ha\e twelve stout, somewhat loiiu:, lihmt,
I'lpial tentacles, crowded in two alternate rows The\- taper hut little and .are
stidiijily aniHil.ated with wrinkles (fiji'. Ici, Their walls are thick and muscular.

I he mouth has at one end a prominent three-lohed "conchul.a." with a deep

sulcate siphoiionlxph, tuliul.ar in ])ail. PI. .\W.lii;. Ili.i Tin r hul.a has

two larjje liiloheii hateral loins, each iM.arinji two small nipple-shaped .ippeii-
d.ajres, the central lobe, as contracted, is smaller, less -wollen. ,ind lpi-,ai- a
small median p;ipilla. In the lariier Hudson li,a> specimen there is a linn
central muscular lhiekeniii)i at the almral end. with no pore to he >een without
careful examination; it is not larger than a small pinhole, in the other speci-
men tllire is .1 round lermiliai pole. lieall\ 2 liilii. ill di.ilnelM. uilh ihe lil.l.id

ectoderm extending into it by invectioii and foriiiinji a tube (tiu Ik). It was
tilled with a mass of partly digested food, (>tc., and the bottom lobes of the
stomoda'um were nearlv in cont.act with its inner lumen.

12,H <.

('(iiioiliini Airlic ExpaUlion, l!>l.i-19IS

III a t rails vtTst' scrtioii twelve coinplftc mesenteries uiul eight iii((ini|)lete
ones can lie seen (PI. XW. fi^. I; pi. XXVI, lie. 8). They are une<)ii;il in the
two sides of the Ixidy. due prohahly to contraction. Their longitudinal muscles
in the upper part are iartje, restricted, somewhat reiiiform or crescent-shaped in

Fig. 16. Biciilioi'Sii arelica VorriU. Type. I'roin a ponlractixi Hiulson hay spcoiiuon.

sections, thick in the middle region, thinning out towards each edge, and re-
curved (PI, XXV, fig. la). At the base of the stomod*um, they are thinner
and not recurved (PI. XXVI, Hg. 8). All the perfect mesenteries hear <'on-
voluted mesenteri.al filaments (PI. XXV. figs. If-lh). The mesenteries all
reach nearly to the central pore in the posterior end, and end ahniptly (figs.
Ij. Ik). The sphincter mnsde (fig. le) is thin and diffuse. The column-walls
e rather thin, the ectoderm layer (g). being thick, glandular, and soft exter-
lly (fig. li). The mesogloea (.1) shows five, six, or more, narrow parallel lines
for thi," circular muscles (hM.

This species is evidently very closely related to liiciiliopsis quinqurcupitala
(McMurrich), referred to Penchin by him. He described it as from Xanoose
bav, Vancouver island, in l.")-2() fathoms. (Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, l<ti:<. p. 9tW, iil. <,)8, figs. 1-4).

His species has the same number and the same arrangement of mi'senteries,

aiKi the letractor muscles of the mesenteries have nearly the same form. Its

conchtila is three-lobcd, the median lobe is small and bears a median papilla:

e- h side lobe liears two papilluc, as in my si)ecies. Thus the coiichula has

, iitialiy the same structure as in the Hudson bay specimens.

The agreement is so close that it is possible that the two belong to the same
species, but ad<litional specimens should be studied before this can be decidefi
definitely.

Prof, McMurrich, in the same article, (p. 9tj7, PI. 98, figs. .")-7) described
Biciilhun (rqiiornv, a new species found parasitic on tin.' bell of Mquoren forxknUi,
and suggested that it may be the larval form of the preceding species. It has
a rudimentary conchula, and lacks the five papilUe. It had only ti pairs of mesen
teries, all of them iierfect.

Its mesenterial muscular pennons were much thinner than in the preceding
species. It seems to me unlikely vo be the young of the latter. It was nearly
as large, I believe it should be called Siphonactitua aequorew.

ActuKiriu
taiiiiiy EDVVARDSID.E Anln , 1>m).

G 1_'9

Ciiliimn elonuiitfii, slcniliT, witlicnii an adiicn'iit l)a.sal disk; ii.sually with
thr- thicker iniildk- portion, or s<'ai)us, covcri'd with a iinnly adherent dark
epidermal eoatiiin, into which the naked capitiUum and the aboral naked area
can he retracted. Sometimes witho,:t a central coatiny;. Tentacl.-s mostly
slender, rather few, often Iti. rarely up to 4S. Perfect mesenteries fertile;
usually only ei)rht; two jiairs of diriM'tives; 4 lateral ones not paired; all others
narrow and imperfect. Sometimes small rudiments of few or many additional
ones occur near the disk. Some species are able to adhere to sto'ies. etc..
hy means of their sides. .Vpparently no ahoral pore. The species unually live
in tubes and crevices or buried nearly up to the tentacles in sand or mud; some
are parasitic on .ielly-fi<ii while yuunu.- c.i;. Eihranhia Icnhr Vcrrill. of the Nrw
Knviland coast.'

Edwardsia Quatr.

Edwardsia ijhir.-n Ql AltTUE^^\GE^^, ( 'oinptes rendus. .Vcad. Sci., I'aris. XI\',
p. two, 1S4'2; Annals and Man. Nat. Hist.. Ser. 2. Vol. XVIII, \}. tM-l()'.»,
1842. (losrtK (piirsK .U'tin. Brit., p. 2.j4. ISOO. Torbkv. op. cit.. I',t02. p. :i7ij.
Andres, op. cit., p. 90, 188i, (restricted).

Tentacles usually lt>, often alternutcly loneer and shorter. Scapus covered
with a firmly adherent epidermal coatiiij;; its wall is thickened by a thick
inesoKloDal layer, much thicker than in the capitulum or pliysa. Kudimentary
mesenteries about eijiht; sometimes more near the clisk.

The spei'ies havins; nior ■ than Iti tentacles were separatcii fii.ini tiiis seuus
by .\iidres, under the nanu' KduurdsiiUn.

Edwardsia elef Wrrill.

Edwardsia cle<jans \'errill. op. cit., IsiiO, p. 102. .Vxdres, op. cit.. Isst. p. 9-5.

Plate XXI; Figs. .'), 0. Text Figure 17.

The type' specimen of this species was immature. Its length in life was
2.') mm.; diameter, 2-.> mm.; length of tentacles, 2-.o mm.; length of hare capit-
tulum, 2 -5 mm.

Specimens subsequently found in the same localities were four or five times
as large, up to 100 to 150 mm. long, and differed somewhat in colour. They
undoubtedly belong to the same sp.'cies, but for convenience may lie ilesignated
as variety j)icta.

The type had Kj slender t^ ntaclps, which were pale fiesh-colour with a
median light orange-rec line beneath, distally; the capitulum was pale pink,
with 8 white lines due t^ insertions of the mesenteries: disk pale flesh-colour;
labial lubes pale yellow. Taken at low tide at Clark's ledge, near Eastport,
-Maine, and at Indian island, X.B.. .Vug. 21, lSt)4.

Edwardsia elegans, variety picta. New variety.

Plate XXI: Figs. .'), 0. Text Figure 17.

A large and long form, the longest being l.'iO mm. long. \ living specimen
75 mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter, had the naked basal portion 25 mm. long
9343—9

IHO <;

Ctniuditiii A Kill- tixiKilitiiJii. mi.s nns

'I'lic central ciiali'd pditioii or scapiis was slijilitly s'llcutiil ami tiaiisvcrsclv
wrinkli.l; cpiderinal cuatiiifi was liriiily adlirrciit, pale oraiiiic -Imiwn, nr iliri-
lirow II.

Tciitaclcs 1(1. Idiifr, sli'iidir, vt-ry nioliilc, variously I'lirvcd. soiiictiiiics
spirally, ami oftrii rcciirM'd. up to 10 to 12 nun. lonjr. 'J'liiy wcrr. in lifr. ))al<'
fitsli-colour or yellowish, with a reddish median stripe on the outer surface
distally ami to near tlie ti|): on the adond side, ne r the li!'..-ie, there is a trans-
verse spot of opaipie flake-white or pale yellow, and an oval sjiot of the same
on the outer .-iiile of the hase ruiiidnn downward in a V-shaped markini;, and
• xtendinti U|)war(l as a white line; on alternate teiitaclis the \'-shaped spots
sometimes connect with the yel' ,\\ spots on the capitulum.

I'ifL. 17. Eiludrdnid iltgatif, var. jiirla, \'crrill. 'I'vpc, view of tlic cxpaii'lnl ili>k ami lenlaclc
frciiii life; \ alxmt 4; b, en.' of tlic toiitaclcs, more iiihirjjccl. By the author.

The disk is usually projected in a low cone; the mouth has 8 small laliial
lobes; eijihl lines of reddish or pur|)lish lirown run from between the labial
lobes and split in front of the tenteales, so :is to psis.s etich side of a tentacle;
shorter radii of the same colour run to the bases of thi' alternate tentacles, Imt
often do not reach the labial lobes. Hdween t't'o reddish lines there are often
squarish white spots, forming a circle; or else a continu()us white line.

The naked capitulum, which in extension may be 3o mm. Ions, has eiiiht
pale depressed lines, at the insertions ,if the mesenteries. Just below the ten-
tacle bases tin re is a circle of littht lemon-yellow angular spots; below these
there is a band of alternately larger and smaller often ill-defined spots of light
reddish or purplish brown; the smaller ones situated , ttle higher, taper
down into a lin ,elow; th(> larger spots are usually emarginate above and
sometimes below. Below the reddish spots there is a band of 8 broad-oval
pale yillow spots, each 'livided medially by the pah' pink line at the mesentery
insertion. Below these spots the capituhun is pale orange, light tlcsh-coloiu,
pinkish, or yellowish, like the naked b.'isal area.

Found first at low water of a very low tide in gravel under stones at Clark>
ledge arid -.Vincc's cove, Eastport, Maine, iSui and 1SG8.

A slightly different colour variety occurred at Dog island, not far from
Clarks ledge, at low water mark.

R

Aclniiii /It

131

'I'iii^ li;i(l Id liinn ^Iciulcr ttiit;iclcs, (iltcu n curved ;iiraiii>l tiic (■.ilunin
wlini well (Ai>.'iiul((l ill Cdiiliiiciiiiiit. The disk wns oitcii |.iotriidtd in .u (•onicnl
1(11111, Willi the h siiudl i:il)i;d IuIhs proniinciit. 'l"hi' disk li;id S !lakr-\\ hitr
radi;il stripes sejjarated iiy narrower lines nt' |iiir|)li-h iiruwn. The teiitaeies had
a basal spot of red hrown on each siile and a lia-al si|iiari-h spot ot tlake-whit!':
towards the middle a (Tescent-shaped transverse spot, of white and a smaller
white s|)ot near the tip. Capituliitn liriffht salinon-col.mr with eiirht ni.senterial
lines of white and a circle of purplish in-own spots near the hases of the tentacles.
<ireat(-t length, IW mm. This, in addition to the littoral localities, has l.ecn
dredged by us in various i)l;ices, in the Hay of Fiindy and Casco hav, in lit to
til fathoms; also in l'ortl;ind, Maine, harhoiir in U fathoms, .lulv -i.^, Is7;i, isjieci-
nicn fidurcd, I'l. X\l, lisr. (i).

*s.

Edwardsiella .\ndre>.

K(lir(ir<l-<i(ll(i Andkes, op. cit., p. 93, 1SS4.
K/lirordain (pars) of most writers.

Tentacles more than lO, varying from about 20 to 2<», or more. l!iidi-
ineiitary inescnteries near the disk vary in number and arranKeinent, acconliim
to afje. often more numero'is than the tentacles, sometimes as m.iuv a^ 'Ai\.
Perfect mesenteries have a thick lonjjitudinal muscle; all arc fertile; two pairs
of directi\es; basal muscle well developed.

Wall of column has inibedde.l capsules of neliiatocysts; .scai)U> has its ineso-
ukea thickened; its eiiidermal coatiiifi is firmly attacheil.

I

Edwardsiella sipunculoides (Stinii)son) Andn s.

Arliniu sitiniaihinUs SriMrsoN, M.'irine Invt of (Irand Man;m p. 7 iil 1
fin. '2, 1S,>5.

Edicardsia fipuiicidi/ides \'KHHii,t., oj). cit., IStJl, [). 28, pi. 1, figs. 12, b!; op.

cit., 18(]3, ]). 58. Touiuv. Proc. Washin}j;ton .Vcad. Sciences, vol. IV, p.

378, fifrs. 8-1.-), i>l. X.\l\', figs. 1-3, 1902 (from Alaska).
Ldinirdsiella Kipunculoid-s Am)I{ES, op. cit., jip. 93, 9o, 1884, fi^s, ,'>, ,")b, (after

N'errill).

Plate XXVI; Fi-. 9. Plate XXXI; lifr. 1. Text Figure IS.

(^iliimii very elongated, cylindrical, with eight longitudinal sulcations.
between which it is .somewhat swollen in the form of broad, rounded, slightly
prominent ridges, crossed in contraction by numerous strong transver.se wrinkles.
The tentacles are about 24 to 30 in number, var\ing with the age, arranged
somewhat crowdedly in two rows close to the margin. They are long, slendei,
tapering to a point, the outer ones a little shorter than the inner, whicii are
twice longer tlian the diameter of the disk, or even moie- mouth with four
small iirominent lobes on each side.

The colour of the scajius coating is u-sually yellowish brown or tiiud-ctilour.
I'Ut varies according to the colour of the mud where found; the basal naked
area is pellucid yellowish white; capitulum yellowish whit(^ surroumled, about
midway between the tentacles and sheath, by a ring consisting of eight lunate,
arrow-shaped, or square, ona()iie white .spots, which are close foiri'ther and
sometimes extend downward at their lower angles, forming a white line along
lli(! sides of each sulcatioii; sometimes there is a trace of another ring of smaller
white spots lower down; tentacles transparent vellowish white, sjirinkled with

9343 9',

J

1^ «

132 <.

('(itifiiiifii, Antic r.ji>ii\itniii. HJ13-ICI1S

numerous flake-white dots, -oinetimes with small white spots at the outer
base. Lips ami stoniodfpuin liright red, disk usually convex, yellowish, with
faint white radii, and often witli white spots surroundin'i the l)a<e^ of the tentacles

Fig. IS. Kihrnrihii llii ^i/i'iiiculDiiles (.StiiiipsonV Traiif^viTsc ^prtion "1
a s|)rciiii' 11 from Alawka; b, basal iim^cli' .Vftcr Torroy.

u iH'rtc>''t iiitrsentei} ot

Length of the largest siM-ciniens, when in full expansion, aimut ■"> iiiolir~
{V2't nim,i; in diameter aliout 4-.J mm.; when contracted aliiiut :{()-}.") mm, in
length.

Some siM'cimeiis i No, lOSi from near Kastport, at Clark's leilge, differed
Considerably fr^m the typical ones in colour. Naked parts of the column weir
clear sahnon-colour; no spots on the capitulum, but light lines, due to the mesent-
eries: stomodaeum \ni\k: tentacles i)ale salmon, with a darker .sdmon-coloured
central line: disk salmon-coloured, no si)ots. Tentacles are about 'Mi, clos(>l\
crowded in two rows, very slender and pointed in extension: length about t-vice
the diameter of the disk, more numerous and more slender than usual in tyi)ical
specimens of the same size.

The epidermal coating o{ the scapus is firm, obscurely 8-grooved, colour
dark yellowish brown; length in life about 50 mm.; diameter, l-."i mm. These
were foimcl imder a stone in a tide-pool, some were lightly attached to small
pebbles by the naked aboral end or phym, probably by adhesive mucous.

Torrey fop. cit., 1902) has described the structure of this species with good
figures. He found as many as 32 small rudimentary mesenteries in a specimen
having 2') tentacles (PI. XXM, fig. 9). They were irregularly arranged: the
number between adjacent j.erfect mesenteries varied from 4-0; one occurred
between each pair of directives.

The muscle iiennon i>n the perfect mesenteries is very thick with branched
supports, and is restricted to the inner part of the mesentery. The column has
numerous scattered nematocyst capstiles, and a very thick mesnglcea in the
scajjus.

Common formerly near ICastport, ^Lline. near Dog island. Clark's ledge.
Princes cove, etc., between tides and at low tide mark, and at Grand ]\Linaii
island, N.B. One small specimen, ajiparently the young, al)out 25 mm. long,
was taken off Grand ^L^nan in tiO fathoms Dredged bv us in Casco bav,
1S73. in 48 to 04 fathoms.

AtllKllI III

i:<.{

J

Uitiinlttl Iiuin Ih'ulty luiiliour, C'iiatciiu lia\-, soullicni Lalirjulur, hy A.
S. Packard, INm. (lulf (if St. I.auicncj-, off rriiu-f Kdwartl islaiul iWliit-
<avis).

Tiirrry, Ht02. tlc-><crili((l ^|l<•(•iln( u> Iruiii Diitih liailxiiir, I'lialaska (Harri-
mau Alaska Expcd.j

This spfcits lias lifcu hiiiiul in very few |)iacfs, and u>iiaily v<'ry sitarinjjly
ill its localities. In the vicinity of Kastport, Mc, at a point just south of Dun
island. I once succccdfd ISdl in otitaininc several hundretl specimens in a
very short time hy t\irninn over the larjie stones. 'J'hey were seen i)rojectinB
from the mud, chiefly near the i'(lne« of the stones, lookinji much like some
species of worms. As many as fifteen to twenty were sometimes found under
a single ?tone. They here occujiy the lower third of tfie littoral zone, \\hen
put in sea-water they e.xpand reailily and move alioiit with worm-like nyrations.
When touched, they suddeidy jerk away the ujiper jiart of the body Jxfore
withdrawins; the tentacles.

Drillactis. New ncnu,-.

Type, Eduard.-<ia pallida Verrill. Hody lonp. slend.r. chanptahle, worm-
like, integument soft, with no adherent ei)idermal coating on the column: scapus
and capitulum not notably differentiated; tentacles 18 to 24 or more, chanpealiie
in form.

Drillactis pallida. Nt w

iianii'.

Ednardfia pallida Vekrill Notice of Recent Addit. to Mar.
in Proc. National Mu-^., II, p. I'.i.s, 1879.

Halcanifjd iiiilUda AxDREs, op. cit., 18.S4, p. 10,").

Plate XXI; Fifi\ires 4, 4a.

Invert.. Part 1,

%

sol t

A lonp, blender, soft, flaccid, pray or whitish species. Colunm smooth
destitute of any permanent investment, but sometimes v.ith graii.~ ol

sind. slightly adherent; surface faintly longitudinally sulcated. and sometimes
hnely wrinkled transversely. The form is changeable", elongated, nearly cylindri-
cal, but often tapered at the posterior end. and often swollen in some Jjlaces

Tentacles 12 to 24, often 18, very changeable in form, varyinp from short
fusiform or club-shapes to long and slender forms, which .-iri o'tt.u curled and
two to three times as long as the diameter of the disk, or even longer, often
acute at the tips, or when swollen the tip may be acuminate. (See PI. XXI,
tigs. 4a, b-ij.

Tlie tentacles are usually pale greeiush or grayish white, often with a i)ale
ohve-grccn central line, interrupted by a line of opaque white spots, often ten
to twelve on a tentacle, or sometimes by transverse lines of white; the central
dark line is sometimes absent, (."olumn is translucent, dull gray or grayish
■vhite, or pale flesh-colour, striped with narrow flake-white lines, du(> to the
mesenteries, between which the dark or purplish internal organs show through,
a circle of lunate .spots of opaque yellowish white is situated just below the
tentacles, corresponding with the broader longitudinal stripes. Disk is often
much protruded, yellowish white, radiated with opaque white spots; or these
spots may be prolonged into whitish lines, fading out lower down; neristome
'■ometmics brownish.

Length up to about 4 inches while living and in exten.sion (80 to 100 mm.);
diameter 4 to 6 mm. Tentacles may extend to 12-10 mm., or two to three
times the diameter of the body.

1^4 .1

('ii)i(iiliitii A relit t^JiHililioii, l.'tl.i l.'US

111 (■"iifiiicmciil this spicics sccrcti'd jrnm its cipliiiiiii ;i foatiiiK of suit and
ratlicr liiosc inui'ous. It is not attaclnci to tlic tiilics or hiirrovvs in wliicli it
lives. It twists aiid \vri>:»jl''s aliout like an cartli-worm when out of its luir-
rows,

Type locality. !'ro\ incitowii, Mass., in ^.iiul at low-water (I'.S. Fish Coni-
inission).

It is iiossihie tliat this species may prove to lie the adult form of the jxeuliar
|)arasitic species freciuently found ."idheriiiu to the jelly fish, M tiimiopsis UuUji,
on the co.'ist of New Kii(£l.ind in summer. The latter was named liy me Kdivaitl-
Kiti Ifiilii! in iS'.Mt (.\mer. .lourii. Science, vol. VI, p. t'.Ki, fi(js. '/, :{). It has
not lieeii raised much heyond the stajje when it has einht short tentacles, and
sometimes rudiments of S others. It is smooth and luliricous, vary channe-
alili' in torm, from very loii^: and ^lender to short ovoid or nlolmlar. Il^ colour
is reiidish, rosy, or |)ur))lish

I'amily CERI.VN.'HID.E. M. Kdw. and H;iim<'. 1S.-.2.

Body much elongated, tapere<l to the base, without a Kasal disk, hut u>ually
with .a terminal i)ore. Tci.'aclesof two kinds, marninal ;ind labial; all elonnatell
ami slender, very numerous in adults and arranged in many cvcles. One
sipiionotil\ ph. Nleseiiterie-^ \ eiy numerous, une(pial, aminied iiilaterall> .
tew iJ to 10 or more) reach ti.e posterior end. Most s|)e(ies form roll, i., it
lubes of mud, mucous, etc. Some live at the surface of the sea, even when larue.

Cerianthus Delle (hiiine, i,s:{().

Ceriant:.uii b.-)re..I's \'errill.

Ci n'liiilhuy horidlis \ louitii.i.. Amer. Jourii. Science. \dl. \, p. ."). isT:!: I'nrc.
.\mer. Assoc. Adv. Science, Vol. for 1S7:{. )>. :5!t|. 1S74 (in Kxplorations of
Casco Hay); Ann. Hejyort U.S. Fish Ctmim. for Ihs:',, p. .'):{4, ISS.'); Webster's
International Dictionary, Edit, of 1<>()4, pp. ItiOli, 1077 (good orijiin.al
fiuures of tyiie supplied by mo; also in an oarlioredition). Smith and H.\iK;Kn,
Tnins. Conn., Acad. Sci., \'ol. Ill, j). .")4, pi. II, fiji, .'>, 1874. KixcsLiCY.
Tufts Coliepe Studies. No. S. ])p. HbV^C.l, lijr-i. ;{-."), adult, and fiji. 1, three
views of youiifi Aidrhnnrlis, I'tOt.

I'uiunllnis b(>rc(ili.-< McMlhuk ii. in Journ. Morpholotcy, vol. V, p. 147, \A. I.\,
fifis. 1I-18, 1S91. ]■]. I.. M.\UK, Selections Emlirvolonical Monographs,
Polyps, nl. XII, li^s. l()-j;{, 1SS4, in Mem. Mus. Comi). Zool., vol. IX, ISSl.

Aiarhrinclix hrachioJaUi A. A(;.\ssiz, Proc. Hoston, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. IX, p.
loll, 1802; Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. VII, p. .j2.'), 180:5 (yotinsj.

Plate XXII; Fiffs. 1-4. Text Fif^ures 10, 20, 21, a, 1), b'; 22.

This species grows to ;i very large size. Ordinary adult sp<'('iniens may
iiuve the body from 17.5 to 225 mm. in length and 40 to 50 mm. in greatest
diameter of body; breadth acro.ss expanded tentacles 125 to 150 mm. (,5 to 0
inches): the Innuer inner inarsiinal tentacles beimi 50 to tiO mm. long; outer
marginal ones 20-25 mm.; the oral tentacles 25 to 30 mm.; larger specimens
sometimes occur. One from off the coa-st of Maine was about 18 inches long
'450 mm.) and 7 inches (175 mm.) across the expanded disk; others were some-
what larger.

AilniiiiKi

u Uh

It (iccii()iis a viTV lidin, rniiith, thirk. ti<Aili|r tiilic. CDiniin^'cil of niiiil ami
\iirious (|iliii>:, rt'ini'iitcd lonctlnr li\ lianlriicti mucnus, Imt \civ "iiiooih iii:<i(l('.
Tlifse tiilics, mil' to two tVcl loiitj, an- oiicii taken in d'Tp wat. r without tin-
ucfiipniit. Ill natural positions at the liottoin tluv arc proliaMy iruicli lonucr.

The liody is smooth ; in I'ontracl ioii isually inorf> or Irss wrinklcil Icimth-
vvisi'. It may taper reunlarly or lie somewhat swollen or vai^e-shapu toward the
anterior end, and expanded dose to the marKin.

The iiiar^inai tentacles arc Very numerous. ioiiK and slender, taperirm to
slender tips; the inner rows, nmch longer than the miter ones; not very eon-
tractile. Tiic oral or laliial tentacles are ahoiit one-third as lonu as tlie longer
marginal ones, or up to ahout '2(1 to :i(> mm. loiiij. The niimlicr of marninal
tentacles may he l,")(t to 200 or inipre, in larue e\;uiiples. There is a central
pore in the posterior cn<l. Aecordiun to Kiiinsle\- live jiairs of me.-eiiteries
reach the alioral ep.d, to iii-ir the pore. Iji' found it to he a hennaphrodite
s|)ecies.

The cilonr in life is somewhat variable. In the types the hody was dark
cliestniit-hrown, often tinned with hluish or purplish near the marnin; disk pale
vellowish lirowr.; around the mouth, within the circle of laKial tentacles, deep
lirown with paler fine radii; labial tentacles pale cliistnut-hrown; outer tentacles
liuht chest iiut-hrown or <lee|> salmon, the lonjjer ones transversely harred with
li\c to einht deep reddish hrown spots partially divided in the median line hy
paler colour. Some siM^cimeiKS had the Ixidy oranjie hrown: others dull Mui-li
or (ireeiiish Kniy, or mud-colour. Dther variations were noted. This -pecir-
lias lie.'U taken at many pl.aees in the Hay of I'uiidy; Uedford hasin; (iulf o)
Maine, no, !.')(> fathoms; off < 'asco hay, ;i.') to 7") fathoms; olV (leorms hank,
etc.. in 20 to l.")0 fathoms on soft mud'ly hottoms^ and also olT southern New

V.I 20

I'lg. 1'.). Cerianthus hur 'Uis (?) Vrrrill. .V younn sprcimcn wliicli lia.s lost its lu.iruinal ti nUicIci,
but rotaiuL'it the labial tentacles, thu.s resoiiibliiii' iiii UuantUus: \ 2. V>\ A. H
VerriU.

Fig. 20. The same (?). \ lar«ir abnurriinl .sixTimcn that apjK'ars to have boeii injurcii and
repairt'il and has also Icwt tlie iiiarninal tentacli's; .\ -. By. A. II. V'lTrill.

i:i(i .1

< at m An he hjimhlion, miS-U'lS

Knglaiul III IS to '.'W latlK.iii^. «»ff AVuich Hill. HI., in 18 fathoms, voimjs.
It was iiIm. Jiroujfht from llic Mitufi Hanks olT Nova Scotia l.y th«- Cilou'crstir,
Mass , linhcrmcn. It scinis to hf a coriimon siH-cics in deep water, jiulgind by
till' numlK-r of empty tul>e> Immnht up in the dredires. Jt also occurs in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence iWhiteuve's coll.) * *

YoiintJ specimens from 2.') to H.l mm. lon^ nro often found off the New
i-nfjland coast in moderate depths.

(>tie of these, alioiit ru nun. long, is figured (X21 on pi. XXII, fig. .1, from
life. Tliis h;i(l 'J2 slender marnin.-d tentadiv; the labial tentacles were rj'l.-itivelv
shorter than in the adult. The l.ody w.-ill was translucent, so that the l.-irijer
mesenteries could he seen hy translucein y. The ahoral end was mol.ile and
changeable in form, often inflated, as in the fijiure. In colour it was similar to
some of the adults, but the body wa.s pale greenish brown.

When the marginal tentacles of such specimens are broken off, as often
hajipens in a dredge containing stones, shells, etc., the young < intwthvs. with
Its margin contracted, and showing the labial tentacles, very much resembles
an Ilyanlliw, and may easily be mistaken for that genus when superficially
examined (fig. !!•'. When more closely examined the thick margin show> its
real nature. Of course an examination of the interior bv sections show.s the
difference at once.

A small specimen, about To mm. long and ti mm. in diameter, taken off
ANatch Hill, IM., July 31, 1S74, in 18 fathoms, had the body pale purplish brown
anteriorly, greenish brown to olive jiosteriorly : juft below the outer bases of the
tentacles was a ring of orange-brown; outer tentacles flake-white at iuise; inner
marginal tentacles had a spot of jjurple on each side and t>n the front <rf tfie
ba.se; labial tentacles were purplish, with some flak<>-white at the tips. Some
ol the marginal tentacles had a white stripe at aV)out the middle, on each side.

.\rachnactis brachiolata A. Ar..^ siz.
Young lar\' 1 of Cerianthus.
Text Figures 21, a, b, b', 22. Ph.te XXII; Fig. 4.

Two stages; of development of this interesting larval form were taken Oct.
4, 1 913, at Station 21 1, v, Collinson i>oiiit, Alaska, swimming under ice in about
1 I athom ot water.

.According to Mr. F. Johansen's noto, these larva- were floating with the
rountled basal end upward, and the four larger tentacles downward. The
tentacles were slightly cur.ed at the tips, and .-.j)read out in a quadrate. The
tips of these outer tentacles were orange-firown, elsewhere the larva were pale
yellowish brown, the ends being darker. The letigth was about 4-5 mm. Two
pairs of inner or oral tentacles were observed.

The three specimens received by me represent two diverse stages of develop-
ment. (See Text Figures 21, a, b). The younger stage (a) has two pairs of
outer tentacles well-developed, but somewhat unequal, with rudiments of one
ol the third pair. It lias two rudimentary oral tentacles and a large, slightly
emarginate, protruding oral lobe or lip. The body is short and thick, evenly
rounded posteriorly. One pair of mesenteries is conspicuous. The other
specimen (h, b') is considerably older. It has the third pair (i, i, i) of tentacles
pretty well developed and crossed by a whitish band on the inner surface. There
are rudiments of four oral tentacles rtwo pairs) unequallv developed. Eight
unequal pairs of mesenteries can be seen bv translucency; oiilv one pair reaching
nearly to the end of the bodv.

AiliiHinii

a 137

Till' ^|)<•t•inu■ll>' air writ priMrvoi in ii.rinalirir. l.iii an liia\il\ >(aiiinl with
(lark grri'iiiKh l.rown. >t. that tlif internal -tnictiin- taiiiii.t well \'r ti'Ii. Th«'
>t(i' KKla'iini is vi^ililf a,« a short -ac Im1<.« thi iiK.iith. 'I Im. arc Iw.i iarn''
distinct Clout h-ldliC!', iin('(|iial in >izi'.

fig. L'l. Ainrhnoi-Uf hrmhiolala A. A(Jm.-mz. TIk- l.irvu nr yiHiiig nf ;i Ci rdi.ll,',^, |,riili.'ihl\ >■!
t >H<rnilis Vcr. A Virv yminK sla|jr with but two pair^ nl tin- tiniucliw nf (In-
01. T row II, 11;, ami witli niiliiiicnts of ttircp tent :u' lit, of ihc inniT-iri'lc; ul«i trui ih
of S iiicpcntcrii*; nine li cnliiruiil. ('uiulI, An- I-xpiil. ( '. I ' A l.itir ntn({<- of tin-
-anir larva, vifwcil lroinii|i|>oMtiMiili;<;tlirpi' pairs of imtir icntarliH n. u. in) ;ui
now ik'Mlopiij, but of iiiKiMiiil sizrs; also two pairs of tin- innrr or oral cinli ,
in a niiiiincntiiry form; nutit uni'<iurtl mc^'.iitirii-H an \iMtili> urid al^o two pro-
iiiinent labijil jolx-, ;in'l tin- sfoim..!:) m,,. Mmli inliirt'nl. Dr.mii tiv tin
;iiitlior.

V. f JT ■/

22. The Kami-. rr(>iii a very yoi.iij; New Jinjilan.l s-p.riin.n.
Emirton.

M'li-h tnl.irgod. By J. 11.

Thf.-f sta)it'-< tlo not quito c-orri>poiul in tlic .^tato ot' ih vc loimimt with
similar larv» prcvioii.sly tlcscnlifil. Imt they aiijioar to In- iilcntical with the
similar larvsp founil on tho tiorthcm New laiulaiul coa.st. iScc 'J'cxt tin. 22, and
Pi. XXII, fig. 4). Thr lattor is i)iiilialily the l.arva of (:rnai,thu!< httrcali.^i Vor-
rill. a common form in the deeper waters of northern New I'lifiland, the (iiilf
of St. Lawrence, etc., and the only species known from the very northern waters
of America, init not yet reported from 'he Pacific coast.

For additiomd details concerninn Arachnnctin hrarhiuhitu. see G. S. Kinpsiey,
Dpscriptiorj of dr^nnthv^- hcrt-qU-^, T'l't-- r.iHotrfi Stu.iis'?, Nr-. ^. M"M, with three
figures of larvae from Casco bay. Also .) . L. McMurrich, The Genus Arachnactis,
Journ. Experimental Zookig>-, Vol. IX, Xo. 1, 101(1. pp. I.j0-ltj8, fig. 4, (com-
pared with other species'). Also ,)oiirtial of Morpliologv, Vol. \', j). 147. pi. IX,
figs. 9-13, 1891.

KiN <

'•»""• (iltKlildin AkIi) l''.J-)Mililn,ii. i:tt.i-]:ii s

A.Miii..inil s|M<ics ,)f A. iiaria Iroiii Alnikji an.i itdja.,,,! watrrs ami
ir..l,al.|y iiilial>itiiiK wal.rt ui Mritwh C.tliitnl.ia Iwivi- U'n\ nior.lr.l in thf
iilli)«iii({ wurk^:

II fiifiriilii, iifW Kcinis an<l simcic-h, Sitka, Ala.-ka.

I firtiiiiisiii- Hniili" iirii iiilsiii i I )mv ion i \Htuil.l,. I'lciiii Sitka,
>|)..l i-'laixl, Diit.li iKirlMMir, ami I'linct ..niiid. A'/;/'i.7/> i>inl,f,,,'i
•'roiii i'liKci somi.l tc. Smii I'.dro ami I'anlic (iniv., ( mI. Eniiulis
I till 1 1. iHW sp,, I'opdC islaiiil.

.1. I*. Mc.Ml liiiK II, Hfjiort oi, itic II, \aclilii:r ul llic ( ..hiliiliia I iii\ Kxix'd
li. I'liKct S.mii.| (liiriiiK the Miiiiiii.r uf lS<Mi. Aiiiial> .\.« York Xcad Scjciicc
\<.|. \|\. No. I, pp, MS, p|at.« Ml! lUOI. in this vv,,rk lir d-scrilM.,! 1/,///-
-////"/ diiiiilhus (Ij.i.isi an<l it- vaii;iti.>ii>. t>,„ii I'uu.t si.iind, itc,

Ciiliriiiti ihiianlissimn ihiiwDi) M.Mi itui. ii. Slimild \»- Tntlmnxi.^ , /, .

./rt»(//.v.s,m,; (M. Ml iiiiK II) Vki{. I I.Mllfi.d d..iiMtiiilv with Mrandfs ^pvci.'s

.•iiid ni.iy l.y til.. iuluiii> ha-rd ..ii Mrrtriis' diawinits. iJiraiidf, .Mitlimity

>ctt.T l.r .piiiiit,.d). Th.. spcciinriis cull, ct.d l.v M,Tt,iis .lie sai,l t,. liav,' Im-c'h

hist liy shipwnck. I'liiid soiiiul; Sitka i Mi'.-,ii,it ).

Crihrinn ,,rli nn.-in i I'l, KKKIN.;, in Dawi Hnnii.-^ ■ ■tnniyiii \i.iiiiill,
DiMov.Ty l,;i>. l{,ci,r,l,d from \l;iska \n Tliivx . >,•,■ alniv.'. ((1111111.111 in
I'llHit Miun.l. Sh.ir.- an. I >lial].i\v wal.r.

I'rfiniui rrii.'.sii-nnii.^ MCi.i..! Ijik. Aliat.niii.'aj ■ i a.li.'s, \ ;ii i.iti.iii-. .\,,\v
.'tiiisderfdailistini'tspi-cifiby inc. ^ V . rolitinhimni Vkkkii.i.. ^ S ■.• p.atj.- 1(17 (i.i

.\i(lhuf,li 111,1 .niiilliiKjnn/iinint Huandt). U.i.iv j;iv, ni^h t.i liiilit. Tip-
.>t l,iiii,-l.> pink ,.r hriuht iv.l. Acc.irdiii); t.> Mraii.lt. lii. .-p,,-i,.s li.id .■.,pp,i-
(in.ii i.iitachs. l,i,iiti(i<:iti..n is vtiy doul.Uill. l'..it 'l'.i\vn>cii.l an. I San
liaiiciM-i). iSitka, Hrandtl.

KlHiuiis piolifrra Vku., ,ip. cit. l.SC.'.l. p. Ht2: ,,p. cii.. l.v.iii. p ;(77 ii^ •),-,
U,'(<.f,lf.l In.in I'liKct sound to Facili,- Cimv,', C.il., In ['..rnv ('..hmr- ,k-
>.Til.iM|. Anal. iini, 'a! d.. tails Kivcn. First ncini. .[l.y in.. fr,.ii, I'iir. t S.,iind.'

J. V. MiMikknii. ill l'r.i.-,..ilimr>; (if til.. '/..., I, ..r;,..,i <..,.;,.*....( 1 1 ■ _

I

J

Aiivninu

i. \:v}

I

r.xi'i.ANATioN (»i i>[,vri:s.

k..4

140 Q

Canadian Arctic Expiditton, 1913-1918

4.

Plate XIX.

Aciintnigr ftrnltii McMiirrich. Side-view of a living specimen partly expanded. About

J natural size. The base enclosed a ball of mud for ancliorage.
Aetinauge mgosa Verrill. New species. A medium size specimen in life with the body

strongly contracted; about i natural size.
The same. Type. View of a large living specimen, nearly expanded. About natural

size.
Vrticivn crcunicornis (Miill.) Ehr. View of the disk and exp.inded tenlaclrs of a large

living specimen, with nearly plain-coloiu-ed tentacles. About J natural size.
Chondractinia tuherculosn Verrill. Tjrpe. View of an alcoholic .specimen. About

natural «ize. Drawin^ig by J. H. Kmerton. except Su 2. bv the author.

Acti)ittriii

G 141

Pi vTE XIX.

B

//r

I-./

J

142 r,

('ittiiuliiin Arrtic Expedition, 1913 191S

Plate XX.

Fig. 1. Bicidiopsis tubicola V'errill. New species. Type. Side view from life. About
natural size. By J. H Eiuerton.

2. Siphonactinia parasiHca (L. Ag.). Anterior part. From a large living specimen.

Conchula is nearly retracted; x 2.

3. The same. View from life of the disk and tentacles, with the mouth distended; con-

chula is but little protnuled; x about 3.

4. TecUiopsia Stella Verrill. Sii. view of an alcoholic specimen from Hudson bay; x 1}.

5. The same. One of the cotypes, contracted and covered with adherent sand, etc. ; natiu-al

size.
i>. The same. Type. From a livir.g expanded specimen: i natural size. A/t< r E. S.
Morse.

7. The same. Part of a longitudinal section, showing the sphincter muscle (s); t, ten-

tacles; V, verruese; u, mesogloca of body wall; f, foramen in a perfect mesentery ; r,
an imperfect mesentery. Enlarged.

8. The same; (a) an egg, x2; (b) larva, nat. size; taken from a Hudson bay specimen;

(c) one of the extruded young, contracted; x abet •'?.

9. The same. One of the young, soon after birth, from li:;'; x about 4.

10 and 11. The same. Two of the young taken from inside of an alcoholic specimen from

Hudson bay; x 4.
12. The same. Disk and tentacles; 1-4, are tentacles of first to fourth cycles; 1, d, d, two

directive tentacles; about | natural size. All by the author,
lo. Uriidna crassicornis (Miill.) Ehr., Disk ami tent.aoles of a large living deeamerous

specimen, about j natural size. Copied from ;i photograph by A. H. Verrill.

i'

Aclinar

143

I'HTB X\.

4 ;,^\'.lii'#'

144 r,

Catinflini, Arrtir F..ri><ilition, lOhl-tOlS

Fif?.

Plate XXI.

1. Halcampa diwdecimciTrata (Sarsi. General tigure from life; x 4.

2. The sump. Variety mfida, new. Type. View of the upper part from life, x 4.
2a The same specimen. View of the disk and tentacles; x about 3 J.

3. Hnlcampa farinacea (Ver.). Oeniral figure from life: x about 4.

4 DriUaclis pallida Ver. General figure from life; x about i. iype.

Ik Thrsamra, b, c, d, several forms assumed by the tentacles; more enlarged.

EdaaZia eleginl vkr. mcta Ver. Side view of upper parts from life; x about 6. Typ, .
o. The same. .Vnother colour variety, from Portland, Maine, general figure from lu'e, x i\.

Figures 1, 5, 6 w..re by J. H. Emerton: the oth 'rs by the author.

1

I'l AT!'; So 'S. V!

■ I

I4n c.

raiKidliin Arctir Kxi»<lnii»i, IDI.i UUS

Fig.

1 CeriarUhut hnrealis Vrr. Vi-w of the oxpan.lo,! disk and tentaelrs of a living spt-drnrn,

2. The same! -^^^^^l^i^- Ab,.ut J natural size. B...h by J. H. En.-r.on.

'i The Baine A young BiMTimcn. x 2. i ,^ '

t i£S,^:^/S ^irtS;l^re?^j|?^id ™.nd.ng the denuded

caul habit as the last, strongly conlrait.^d and showing plamlj a U « einoli(l.e,
Drawings by J. H. I'.merton.

6

Arlititirin

n 117

I'rATK XXII.

mil

ml--/

V^

934:1— lOi

148 CI

Canadian Arctic Expt'dition, t.')13-t!US

Plate XXIII.

Fig.

Not

1. Bolocera hngicorr,,^ Carlp-on. From a living upeclmen; about | na'ural ""«•

full grown. Uv J H Ein.rton. Colour, orange n-d; trntacl.*, pmk.

2. Bubo/ocera mua,cor«,« VerrUl. Type. From a frejh, but not living, specmien. .M.out

thretMiuarters natural »\7.e. < Olour, light red.

Artinann

u 140

c. Not
About

Pi UK Will

•>■

V^,

\

ir.0 II

Ciitiwliiiii Airlic Kx)»ihhi>f. IDI.i IHIS

Vm-

I-IATE WIV.

1. Adiiiauge ImrtuU. Now simmj,* Lutmitu-imiil s..lk>n of ihv u|>p<r purl .>f Jl.y
r.,luimi; p. spin., 'or iwK'ch- c, r.tnut.Hl .■.■ipilulum: h, inf«-.Kl.ia;K..cto.l. riu «itl

liug.r tub.r. Iw ..I the purapet; in, upfM-r iwls of the mrsvnUm«, pink im ..pU.ur,

n, oral rpgkm nf disk. . . , , , i i . ... ,„i..u

la Th.- -an.o, li^g rnlawl; Utters thr sain.-; tho mnor lonK Hl.ndor crow<l.M uiHad.'.-

(t t") wcr<! tumc<i inward, reaching the haae of the stonio.lamiii.
The skmr; part i.f i transv. ^e seetion ma.le near the oral <lisk, where the nusentoriea

of tlu first nn.i second cyolcs are all perfeta ami marly .(lual.
An. ither part of tho same section.
.\nother section tn in the saine region more enlargeil.

Another part of the same section; . .. . r

I I ,„csenteri..s of the first cycle; II, a ini«entery of the second cpl'N '•.'•. '"^''"'V^ "

inKiil.r ri.lges of the (mloderm; p, outer layer of stomo<leaI wall; 1., niesoglaa,

e, endoderm; p, ectoderm; V, verruca;; 1. enJcMlenri ,„;„,.,,

The same. Tran-sversc .s.-ction at about the nu.ldle of the stoinodirum : i, ;. primM%

,„ rf.-ct nic8.i.'eri.-8; li, iii, iv, mmntcries of socoml to fourth pairs with (Zona<l:-

removed; lett- rs as in la.st.
Tlie same. UmBitudinal S' tion of "iill , , .. ■ „i

The same, .\nother lonKilulmal section more cnlarR.-l; letterilig a.s in le.
\rl,,tf,vge r,gma Verrill. Longitu.linal s.Ktu.n of the upper part of the ,■ul.|■nn-^^.'lll,

r, , upitulum; e, sphincter miisel. ; h, m.-M.gla'a; c ectoderm; v, verrueieol parapet,

.l', disk; t, buses of tentacles.

II.

Ic.
Id
le

If

iK

Ih.

All .Ir.'iwini:^ by the authcr.

[fliHiirin

I.-. I

I'l ytr WIV

f

» '^ . . , >

'•'' .■* /..'«,-,.:-;;.L''v ■ .'A

152 o

Cavadinn Arctic Eriiedilton, I9I3-1918

lie. 1.

la.
lb
Ic
Id
Ic.

Plate XXV.

lilciilwpsis arrliai \fTri\l. Tvi>i . Transverse 1 luck (ilyi-iriuf section across near tlic
upper part of the column, showing IJ p.^rfect ami eipht iinperfeet intsenteries;
(I. suloar; il'. siile\ilar directives and siphononlilyplis; 1,1, (lonads on imperfect
mosenteru's; o. sloinodiruiii. Schematic, in part.
The same. One of the perfect iiicsenteries more enlarci'd.
The same, ('(jncliula and siphonotrlyph much enlarged.
The same. Distal part of a tentacle; much enlarp-d.
, a, 1). Sections of two tentacles compre.ssed into annular forms hy crowdinj;.
The same. Ixmilitudinal section, in the Piiion of the siihineter muscle 'e^: much
enliirged.
If Th' ime. I'lirtion of a niesenierial filameni partly uncoiled. Ig. .\nother portion

re enlarKi-d; Ih. trilid portion,
li. The s.iine; transverse section at hase of the stomodiiMini. sliowinu tlie lixsi^ of t;;e

direiiive mesenteric-i (d ; g, ectodei ; h, meso(tliia; h', lines of circular mu.si'les.
Ij. The s.iiiie; t( rniinal liore ,. 1 ends of -enterics seen from inside; cnlarRcd.
Ik. Section of alioral i iid an.l pore exi>andid; m, mesentery; p. pore.
■J, Mrliiiliiirii ,luii:lhu.< iKIli,-) .\ larue livinc specimen witli some acontia emitted;

from Mii-ssachusetts Hay; n, n. acontia; .ihout 3 natural size.
:;. Siplii^iiar'iniii ixini.iiliiii. Two of the mesenteries in transverse s,.ci ion. .\fter .McMur-
rich, with .-ome changes.

linurcx l-lk. were made fro-u rather tliak s.eiains mounteil in ^lyci rinc-jelly and therefore
dilTer from hardeneil section- in f.mad.i bal-am, H\ the nuthor I'lp. -'. after ,1 H. Kiner-
toii, with solid- ehaii(:e-.

Actitinrin

154 G

Caiiitiliiiii Arctic KxpcilHiim, I'Jt-i I HIS

I'l.ATE XXVI.

Kig. 1. Tcaliiipai!) nUtla Verrill. Vurtioal section of the sphincter iiniscle .•mil ;i tentaile of a
Hudson bay specimen; x 10.

2. The same. Sphincter muscle more cnlarRPil.

3. The Liaine. Part of a rather thick transverse .section showing a iruseiiliry of the third

cycle (III) and a pair of those of the fourth and fifth cycles iIV, V) covered with
pmads, densely crowded ; g, ectoderm; h, mesoghra; e, cinular mu.schs; i, cndo-
dinn; x 18. • i • j r

4. The same. Part of a transverse section showing two imperfect inesenteries deprived ot

gonads. ' Lettering as in fig 3; x L'S.

o. The same. longitudinal swlion of the column wall, showing branchiHl himellx of the
circular muscles, etc.; x 10.

.")a. The same. More enlarged; g, ectoderm; h, mesoglrea; i, endoderm; c, circular muscle
lamella.-; x 18.

(i. Surface view of some of the suckers on the middle of the column; x IS.

tia. One of the suckers more- enlarged; x 30.

7. f >/iV(iia crossicomts (Ehr.) Section of the sphincter muscle. .Vfter Ilurgitt.

>s. likidiojms arrlica Verrill. Type. Part of a thick transverse strtion made near the
lower part of the stomoda;um (P.), showing a perfect mesentery (i) and a pair of
the imperfect ones deprived of gonads. Lettering as in fig. 3. From a Hudson
bay specimen.

9. Edwardsiella mpunculoidcs (Stimpson). A diagrammatical section near the di.sk
showing the arrangement of the rudimentary mesenteries and btises of the tenta-
cles; d, d, directives. After Torrey, from an .\laskan sp:'oiinen.

All the figures, excer.t 7 and 9, were made by the author from rather thick sections mounted
in glycerine-jelly, to avoid more shrinkage.

Act man (I

\.

15t)G

(.'aiiudiuti Arctic Expediti.on, 1913-1918

Plate XXV II.

I'ig. 1. AelirMUf,!' rxtgosaWmW. New species. Ixmgitudinnl siotion. Knlar(£Pil- I'P. infoWrd
ciHiiluliiiii : a, a, tcniaclrs: c, sphinotcr niusiclc; d, f, vorruca; nr luborclc*; o,
r>ti>riioilxum; p, wall of stoiiuxla'uni; ii. its external layer; m, 8, 1-4, perfwt
inespnt(Tie.s of 1 to 4 pairs; r, a pair of primary perfect mesenteries-; g, iMtode-ni
of bixly wall; i, eniloilenn; n, iiie«)glua; e, cireular muscles of body-wall; 1, 1,
gonads and mesintcrial filaments; b, sufraee of base: t, section of bu.M'; \ about 2.
2. Actinauge verrilUi McMurrich. Longitudinal 8e<;tion of a rather small specimen,
enclosing a ball of mud (s) in the bulbous base. Lettering as in Fig. 1, with the
addition of b, tentacle lobe; ni, mouth lobes; k. section of disk; v, opening of
the bulbous ba.se; x about I J. Drawings by A. H. V'errill.

I'l.ATi. .\... xxvu

»!

n. _ Z

ii

l.-iS.;

Cano'lian Atrtir l-:.ri>i'lllin,i. I91.i lf)IS

1'l.ATE XXVUI.

Kij:. 1. SUphaiiauge ntiilis VVrrill. t'otypp. Ix)nf!itii(linal scctiun, finm ;i photograph;

X about 2.
2. The same. Another spcciuion. Transverse section arross :he Mjipcr part, rutting the

inner part of the retracted disk and invi'Cted tentarles.
;!. The same speciuien. A section made a little lower down.
•1. The same specimen. .\ section ma'le still lower down, \ 2. By the author.

.\ctinnii(t

a 150

I'lsTi: X.Will.

i

1.'

160 a

Canailitin Arctic Kiiiniitiim, lUtS HUH

Kij

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 1. Vrticina Columbiana. New specipg. Partly contrac'iNl. Alxjiit J natural size

2. The same specimen. View of pxpandod di.ik and tenta<'lc« from a living >*i>et'ii
AlK)Ut i natural siie. Both drawn in colors by Mr. .1. G. c»wan.

Colour d biKly brisht red, with pale yellow i>upilla or jiuckera; tentacles lighti>.- red: baa^ dark

I'i .■k'-K \.i \A»><.

■fr^msiflt WP^

'^//r

al sizi-.

ring siKt'ttip'ti.

; baa*" tinrW rci .

i

4

9343— U

lt,_> (J

CnwIInn Arctic F..ri>nl,tn,„, l!)l.i IffIS

t

I'lvri. XXX

Kii?

vuri.-lV, in nil.' nf Ilw ...M shapes it .iftrn litM-s.

ri.r" IV. V,); l.-nl:i.lr l..l>.-s (li; :ui.l in.iMclc-

.St,.,)'^'.'"'-!/' n.r-V'.sV.Tnll. Imm.; trai.HV.rs.
puir-l 111' Ilirsi'lll'Tii's;
iH-ti)ilcriii; li, iiH-sottl
Vcrnll.

s iinii. uf ii pill.- (UBli-c.ilcmr'M

|-r,im Hay o( Kiiii.ly. »y .1 II

il. .1.

(liri'itivi's;
(.liilii'lrrni

^JK.wiiii! lh<- capittilmn kH vi-r-
■ „- (I,. i;iilarKi><l. DrawiiiKliy A 11

..vii.m n.ar th.' disk; l-l, >\ primary
1' ,>i..iiiii(l:riiiii, s, s. sipli..i.ii(Clyplis; K,
I'.iilaiycl from a plmlourapli

l.v A II.

p. Ml No \ \ \

i

f

IC! ti

r \,rt,c t:r,,i<Mwn. WIS tUIS
( iina'ii'"' -1"'" ' '

I'l.ATK XXXI-

, Si,l,. view (.f tb.- >ii.p«T pari «'f ""

: :::;;hs:} '»;■':■ -"--"-"^^^ •

what iiil:irtE<'il

(■..liiiiin

,n..V.-.l.

I'l ATI \.l. XWI

r*^;:;^--'

•?'-. t

73 7

« %«A4%....k.K

Psit A
PftitB

Pwt C;
PwtD:
pMt E:
Pwt F:
P»rtG:
P>rtH:
Part I:
Put J;

MOLLUSKS, RECENT AND PLEISTOCENE.

in, 1913-18.

.TBKATBS. BTC.

By WilHwn H. DaH.
CEPHALOPODA AND PTEBOPODA.

§feX:^By"«Va^ (/.pr«.r.^).

ECHi??5DERM®/VAStrH:ctaA:::-: <'-rf/i'r5;JS2 •

Sgl?l8^A«'^g:ns^v;,::::::::::::.::::::^^
SSb^S2SiY5^D"I(^I?f«,^:^^^^^

S?gKSlg8^'^B^,c^MVl2^^^•...^.^";.^:.^!r^':::.•.•::;:;:/::".•^^^^

PORIFERA.

TOLiniB ixj annkuds. PAftAsrnc wobms. pbotozoans. rrc.

Part A: OLIOOCHAETA.

Lumbneuhdae. By Frank Smith. n..uMi Stottmbtr » t9t»).

Eachytrae d»e. By Paul 8. WaJch Vf^iv'^rl^r iT' ;«•/

Part B: POLYCflAETA.„Bv W V. Chamberiin "'t7luVX:^- !M,)'

Part C: HIRUDINEA. By 1 P- Moor.. '^TZ.Jju^W IMO)

?:S^H^:¥lffi'T«\^N^ g%bA;ByAVR;C^^

Srt I: TURBELLARIA. By A. Ha«dl (In pftpantxon).

?:j^i;SSSi'R^M: By Ralph V.Ch«nb«li. -^'Ajr^^a

?;St'i; l§§5S?StF^^'- WA°c.-u.a.::;::::::.v.v

TOLIWE X: PLANKTON. HTB«00»AWIV. ni»a, BTC.

Part A: PLANKTON. ByAlbmMaaa • 5/! E!!^I!I!SZ^

PartD: HYDROGRAPHY yn iir«p«r(UKm).

Part
Part

VOLl»B VI: GBOLOGT AND GEOOBAPBT

A: THK GEOLOGY OF T«E ARCTIC .OAST o.^ CANADA. WEST OF^THE^KENT
B: MAPS ANo'-GEOG^PHICAr^MOfElB^^ G Chipman -djJ'Jn^li^,^*-

VOLVMK Xn: UFK OF TBB COTVBB BKIM08

THE UFE OF THl COPPER F:SKIM0S. By D. J«bm« U,im,d January tl, tUt).

voLi«« «n: r^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^SSiSt''^'^'*''^ "" '"

Part A; THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS UF THE wrSTKRN AND COPPERE8KI
Part B: THK%TK^U>gTTfTHK WESTKRNAN^^^ ^^''"'•^^'"^'^^^'^F.CSS)'!
Part C: TECHNOLOGY OF THK COPPER ESKIMOS.- .■.■.■.■.■.■.■.:.• .■.".•.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.(To W^rtd).

VOLIJME XIV. ESKIMO FOLK-LOBB AND LANGUAGB

Part A- FOLK-IX.RE, WITH TEXTS, FROM ALASKA. THE MACKENZIE I>ELTA;^»

Part B. CO.MPAFW.TlV^ o^»^^^^ ^^^ MACKENZIE DELTA, AND CORONATION GULF.

Bj-D.JenneM (/« pr.j«rMu«u.

TOLUMBXT: ESKIHO 8TBING nCUBES AND SONGS

r>.^ i. BTBIKT. FIonHES OF THE ESKIMOS. By V 3mimm (.Reaiy for vrtu)

pS B; IoNGSOFTHE copper ESKIMOS. By Hel.nH. Soberwand D.JenD.«(/4pr.p.ratK«)

VOLUME XVI: ABCBAEOLOGT

a>NTRIBtnriONB to THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTBAN ARCTIC AMERICA.