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Toua les autres exemplairas originaux sont filmis en commencant par la premiare page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illusuation et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, salon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE '. le symboie ▼ signifie "FIN". Lai cartas, planches, ubieaux. etc.. pauvent atra filmis A dea taux da reduction diffirants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour atra reproduit en un seul clicha. il est filma a partir de I'angle sup4rieur gauche, de gauche a droite. at de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imegea nacessaire. Lea diagrammaa suivants illusuent la mathode. 1 2 3 4 S 6 MIOOCOPY RESOLUTION TKT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) A APPLIED IIVMGE '6' • East Mom SIrwi ("6) 482 - 0300 ^ Pho-, ^ (7'6) 288- 5989 - u,. DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM OTTAWA .... CANADA TOBACCO DIVISION FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IN CANADA I. GROWING FLUE.CURED TOBACCO IN ONTARIO II. TOBACCO SOILS, ROTATIONS, FERTIUZERS III. CO.OPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS BY D. D. DIGGES and H. A. FREEMAN BULLETIN No. 38 SECOND SERIES m ;f.'es and If. A. Free- man, officers in the Tobaceo Division of the Fxpcriiiieiital J'liruw bnineh. The growing of Hue tobaeccp in t>ntario has be.'onie, during the last few years, a well e-tablished indu.stry but there has so far been very little relial)le data available on the subject as to how far the srrowitig of tliat type of tobaci'o may bo carried on in Canada where conditions differ materially from tliose obtaining in Virginia or the Carolinas. The bulletin is the result of much experimental work on the tobacco station at Harrow, of which Mr. D. D. Digges is manager, and the information in that section is supplemented and widened in its scoik; by the rei>ort of investigations of tobacco soils in southern '^)ntario made by !Mr. TI. A. Freeman, tobacco inspector. The bulletin should prove a valuable one to those engaged in the production of tlue tobacco and I would recommentl its distriliutio-.i among the tob.teco growers ot southern Ontario at an early date. I havr; the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, J. TT. ORISDALE, Director, Dominion Krprrimrnlal Farinji. 10029—2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. liilriiiliii'iiciM PAUT '— <;itO\VIM; Kl.riMlUKl, TOBACCO IN ONTAUIO. '!rt>winB the .SicdliiiBg — l-d'iitiMK the sciU btil. The iiiouM Types of bpil Stprilizlngr the doed b(>il. Seedlnp Sprouting the deed. . . . Cure of the Seedlings — Watering Ventilation. , .... Korcinp the plant?. . Hardening Preparation of the soil. Rotation 'All! 7 » 9 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 i6 17 Fertilizing the crop I.liiiiriff soils for fliie-oured tobacco.. .. ....!..... Trnnsplantlng — Selcctinfr the plant.«< Transplanting Sp.Ting the plants ". JJ Cultivation.. '' 17 Insect Pe.sts — WIreworins. ... Cutwnrm.s " Fighting the hornwonn. .. .. .. .. '. J? (*asshoppers ' Diseases of Tobacco — Tobacco root rot Bed rot or damplng-nfr fungi.. o? firowing Tobacco Seed — Selecting the seed plants Care of the seed plants ," Cleaning tobacco seed. . Topping and Suckering- Topping Suckerlng 21 22 Harvesting — Maturit.v „ Methods of harvest . . . . . »! Hanging in the barn oj The curing barn 1. Curing — freneral principle Yellowing Fixing the colour Prying the leaf Drying the stems and stalks. Handling after curing Fteaniing tobacco into order. . . Varieties of flue-cured tobacco. PART II— TOBACCO SOILS'. ROTATIONS. FF-RTIMZERS. Scope nf the work — method.s General discussion Origin of the flue-cured tobacco soils 6 27 27 2S 29 29 29 29 30 31 32 32 0 PART II- 'rOBA(X;0 SOir^S, dotations, fertilizers. —Concluded. Faoe niassiflcation 32 The proper soil for flue-cured tobacco 35 Fertility studies 36 Description of samples 36 Rotation of oropi 37 Fertilizers for flue-cured tobac<"o 38 Does Inbiicen exhaust the soli? 39 PART III- rO-OPKRATlVi: KXPKRIMKNTS. Kxiurinients with fertilizers <1 Fertilizer and clover on flue-cured tobacco 42 The proportion of stalk to leaf 43 References 44 INTRODUCTION. Ihc Ki'iiuiiiir uf llui-riiml tMliacL-o in CiiiiiKhi dalos bark h, tin- lii>t experiiiii-ut foiidiiftfil \,y Mosr^. Fux JJnillaT,-, in the viciuily „t' UutUvt'ii, Out., wlirre very liglit .-.aiidy loam.-, M,iiiing of tobaec u of the JJrighl Virginia type. The .'irea that e.-in le dev.Mid to the growing of that leaf in Canada is rather limited. In Fa^lern (ana, la ue can hardly e.\peet to see the culture of the flue-cured ""'""•' xliiided to Mth.r i.an- than South Ontario, a> this is the only tobaeeo dis- trict where the season i> -iillieiently long and warm to allow the full ripening of the leaves before they are taken to the kiln. A- to the i)ossibilili,s ,,f British Columbia for that type of toba<-e,, they have nnt yet lie.^n eon^iden-d. Therefore it is very probable that the growing .>f that type o( leaf will be-oine a specialty in the hands • >( the farmers who own land really >nitable for this iMirjiose. The price of land on which line tobacco can bo grown has eon.>idcr,ibIy im-reasid during tln' la-t f,w years, and has imw reached the price paid for orehar.l laml in the fruit bell ,,( the Niagara IHiiinsnla. While an overpniduetion .d" White linrley wa> e\perieiic,«d in •■.•in,, da a few years ago, it can be said that, owing to the limit.-d acreage than can be devoted to the growing of tlue-cured tobacco, this nei'.i hardly be feared as far as the latter type is eonceriHHi. 'I'hc growing of flue tobac'o in South Ontario i> tlurefore one of the safest uud( rtakings. Apart iVoin the sueces.-fnl curing nf the croii in order to nbiain as large a propor- tn)U id' bright leaf as possible, the nio-t iniportain problem at pre-cnt is the inainten- aiiee or even the improvement of the f.Tlilily ,,f the soils di'vot.'d to bright tobacco, r.emrally the fertility of those very light san.ls is much b.lnw the averag..; in fact the hot bind for Hue tobacco in Ontario has l,een toiind uh.re it was practically impossible to rai.se sneeessfully any other emp ...xeepf. in smne In-tances toniatnrs or other vegetables at the cost of very h.'avy applications of manure anrices the net return in money per acre mi^'-ht in .1 few yc.irs fall short id' what it has been for the last two or thn-e seasons, iinle- .-i -. ii,,us elT..rf is made with a view to increasing the yield per acre while maintaining lb,' .piality of the baf. This is tlu^ iiinin problem which we are tryinir t.i -..Ivo at pn-ent. Thi^ cbjei-tive of the grower of duo tobacco -hmild be to ,,l,t.iii, ,1,,. I., -t .■ .1 .nr and lb. Hia\ii,iiini possible. yii>ld at the same tinio. This will rcpiiiv tli.^ niiiinlnian ( tb.' W rlility ..f the tobai'co land to n nice de^r,.,.,. ,,f eiiuilibrium -.. a- li> pre\,nt lb.' ],-,,( luc^.ininir to,. course for a successful curing. On the other hand, tl iiring pn.cos.. l.y it-, If v.-.|iiiri-s ,-xp, ,■■ li.indliiiir. the knowledge- of which so far. at least in Canada. ]\:i< bii-ii ma-lered by \< vy finv. A eoiTiprehensive ib-seriplion of the euriiiL' pr -. .1- f.-ir ;!- (Miidilb.n- in Sniith Ontario are coni-crned. uiil •■ foim,! In ibr lli'-i p;,rt of tbi- ball, lie. Tin i-e is ,,0 •ibsolute rule, as much .bpend- upon tin lilinn ,,f the rv..p at tb.' time it is taken into thc< kiln and the we.ilber .■..iiditions dnring the pi- --. Still. \u- \«\li'\,- it will be possible for the Ontario gr.Aver .d line .iiri-d tob.i > to .brlve much brnelit from the comments on tile ineth.uls of curing as iiracti-nl al Ilan-ow. In our opinion this i- the first intelligent and practical di-eription of tb.. line eurlns.' proce- so far pub- lished in rnnadrt dealing with s|M'eial conditions in South Ont.irio. .\s will be nottMl by the reader, the -oil of ih,. Tnbacco Station :it Ifarn.w is eni>- -id( red n little too heavy for the growiiiL' of tb.- brightest Irat". bnl. ,v,.n in .ipii,. of 1029—3 T s the uiifiiv<.uriil>lc wciifliiT (•i.nditions of tlie lust few .vcnrs, a coiiiptiriitivfly larsre pro- portioii of lirifrht leaf has hccii dhtaiiicii. If this lia- hc-n ixissihlo . ,i um Tohacoo Station it ran also be done I'lsewliere. This pratifyinf? eonrlusion oannot he too much emphasized as, if the demand for Canadian fluc-etn-ed tohjicco inereases to the extent that the l)e.st land will not sutfico to meet it, it ",ill he necessary to jrrow the halanee on land slightly heavier in texture, which in tiie hands of sliilfui growers will produce lire tohacco of niarkotahle quality. Moreover, there is not merely an active demand for really hriffht leaf, hut other pradcs of flue tohacco like the semi-hripht, the hrifrht red and the red can also finil a ready market in Canada. Those darker prades are used for special purposes, which require a heavier leaf, more elastic and jrunnny, that can hardly he produced on the lightest type of soil. We may. therefnre, look in the near future for a clas-itic tion of flue tohaccos into Irifrhts, senii-hrifrhts and reds, with possihly several grades of each. While the first part of this hulletin deals especially with conditions at the Harrow Tohacco Station, as far at least as the ty|)o of soil is concerned, the second part con- tains a more general description of the soils that are most suitable and of the methods to be followed for raising a crop of pood quality without iniimirinp the fertility of the land. The experimental work aloiip fhes(> lines has 1 n carried on for oidy three years, still it was con-^idered advisable not to wait any lonper before publishinp some of the result^.owinp to the rapidly increasinir inqiortaiice of the tine tohacco prowiii-.' industry in Canada and the necc s^^ity of providing the farmer with some data on which he could rely for infonmition. The same aipplies to the experimental work carrieiiti.)ii than uves the tobacco seed bed, for the degra^ of success attained in tobacco growir. is largely dependent on the seedlings; and a lack of care is nowhere sooner in evidenc , for without proper attention the seed bed may become a total failure within a few hours. Locatinfj the seed bed. — The seed bed should be located on soil with ii<' pbiee the spring before -t is to be ua ><tiil'l' manure and turning tlio mixture, at intervals, until tlio wlin'.c max iia< cuiuiilctfly decayed. Where efficient means of sterilizing the soil are einpluyed the soil used in irrowiniv tlie sce('nngs should lie ehanged every two or three years; however, if the soil is not sterilized it should he changed every year to i)revi>nt the bed liecoining diseasid. Tyiies of hid. — An ideal type of beil for jiroduciii^' early seedling* i< cme uiijiin : greenhouse. However, there are other tyi)es of bed which are almot^t as satisfactory for growing early seedlings and less expensive. ']he ordinary cold bed. in which tb" soil is tnerely well pulverized and cover(>d with glass, i- fairly satisfactory. .\ still more satisfactory tyfie of bed. froin th(< standpoint of < !^•line^s, i> the ghis--eovered. semi-hot bed. Tliis is made by first digaring out a treneb about eigiit incbe- dee|i i.nd any width desired; the treneh is then till<'(l with straw ..r coni-talk- to a 'b pth 'ix inches, after which abotit ti\(> inchi-- nf soil is pbiced on the straw or stalks atid the whole well packed. The bed is then ready for sterilization, after wbicOi it may be seeded. The results of three years' experiments liave shown the glass-covered semi-hot bed to be vastly superior to the glass-eoverod cold bed for producing early plants; in every instance the semi-hot bed. which was steamed and seeded at the s,ime time and with seed of the same variety of toliaeco as the cold beil. produced jilants ready for setting out four to five days earlier than the cold bed and in some instanci's eight days earlier. Even when oovcriMl with canvas, the semi-iiot bed is superior to the eanvas-covered cold bed, other conditions being the same. The advantage of thi> semi-hot bed lies in its ability tti retain its heat longer: the layer of straw breaks the condui'tion of heat from the :op ,if tin" bed to the lower la.vers of soil and. as a result, the teinperatun" of the semi-hot bed is lowered much mor" slowly tlian that of the cold bed and generally remaitis one or two degrees higher over nidit than that of the latter. StcriUzin!) Ihe Srid lird. — After lh(» Ix^d has been inadi' it shoidd be thori>iighlv sterilized before seeding. Tlii' i)r(>valence of diseases of tobacco, sur'h as root rot {Thii'lai-iii liiiaicohi) and bed rot or damiiing otT of tlie iilantr;, necessitate this treat- ment. Sterilizat- n ha,s been found to be the mo.st effective means of controlling tlieso diseases in the bed; the ofioration may bo performed in a nmuber of ways; luimely, by burning the soil, by steaming the soil, or by treating the soil with cbemicals. t)f th(^o methods, the first two are most satisfactory, as 7iot only are th(> disease germs killed by burnitig or steaming but the weed seecls as well; while with the chemical triatniiiit very few, if any. weed seeds are killed and beds so treated must be weeded several times before the seedlings are large enough for traiisjilanting. Often the beds ean be steamed f ^r what it costs to wied tbr'm once. If the bed is to be sterilized by burning, it should be burnt in sections; each sec- tion having a hot fire burning on it for about thirty minutes. I'nder most conditions, sterilization by steam will be foiiiKJ nio~t I'onveuieiit. .\ galvanized iron pan \i feet long. 0 feet wide, and •! inehes diip i~ inverted over the bed. the soil of whic'h iia> been well loo-ened and ptilverizeil. and after connecting the pan with ii boiler thi> steam is turuc^d on for thirty minutes. To b(> most effective the steam in the boil(>r should be imder .,ot ies* than liMi ponnds pressure; for at the ' ' -he- ])ressures the st<'am is drier and imu'c i>enetr\tim.'. .\s long a time as ))o-sil>le 1 ■ lapse after steaming before seeding, as the high temperature to which tiic |j raisi^l during the steaming process renders ('onditions in the soil abnormal: and tin- yomiff seedlings will not make a thrifty growth under such condition<. Cold beds steami-d in the fall, and well coven'tl lo iirevent the wind blowiiiar in weeil seed and unsterili/(>d soil, an' .inst as s.iti-factory as sprimr-, teamed cdil beds. However, with semi hot beds the resiilts miirbt liot be ipiite so satisfactory, as thiy would have a tendency to ,( ftle too nuich diiriiar the winter and the layer of straw would lose s line of its effectivi'iu'ss as an insulating medium. 12 Not only is stpaininpr a very cffeftivc moans of (-ontrolHnp plant diseases but it lias also jirovcn otfoctive as a means of hastening the development of the plants. In some eases the plants prown on steamed sections, of the same bed, were ready for trans- planting from 5 days to ?> weeks earlier than i)!ants grown on unst<'amed sections; and the plnnt.s grown on the steamed sections were more robust and thrifty than thos3 grown on the imsteamed sections of the bed. Kornialin is the most satisfactory chemical for sterilizing I'bint beds. Tlie formalin treatment, consists of sprinlslimr tlie beds with a solution "f oiu' part formalin to TiO parts water at the rate of J gallon of the solution per square foot of bed. This should he put on in two applications :i4 hours apart. After each api>lication the beds should lie covered well to keep the fumes of the formalin in. About 24 hours after the second application the beds should be uncovered, and as soon as they are sufficiently dry the soil should be loosened up again to permit the fumes of the formalin to escape. The beds should not be seeded for several days after this treatnu'nt or tnitil after the fume, of the formalin have disajipeared. Two scriiPMs object i(iMs to the formalin treatment are its failure to kill weeds and the waterlogged condition in which it leaves the soil. The fri.mes should be i)laeed around the bed inmn diately after stealizing. Th,"se should be at least IS inches wide at the back and 12 inches wide at the front, and be .so placed that the lower side faces the south. Good, tight frames which will prevent the access of cold air are very important in helping to force the plants. Si'cdin;i. — For early plants, the beds should be seeded about the 10th of April with well-cleaned, home-grown seed. Most growers seed their ])lant beds too heavily instead of too lightly; and while it is desirable to strike the happy medium in this operation, tiie thinly s found satisfactory. For seed giving a higher or lower gennination test the amoimt sown should be regulated accordingly. Sifti'd wood ashes is about the most satisfactory medium to tise in sowing the drv tdbaccii seed. The use of corn nioal or similar materials fev this tiurpose is oliiectiou- able nil ie'count nf the ninulds vhich afterw.irds fr'^ieently aiipear on the bed and which irrow on these materials. Sliraiiliiiii llir si'i'fl. — T'niler Si.me Cdiiditioiis ^ f|i\v .hiy- ni:iy -I'nn^tiiiK s lie giiiiieil by sjirouting the seed before it is sown. If this is done, the seed should be Siia'ctions to sprniiling the seed are the dlfTiculty of sowing such seed uiiifornily over the bi-d and the danger of killinir a larire i>eri'entatre of the sorms. After the bed iias been seeded 't should lie well tinned and spriidsled with water. Plate II. — Seed bed aeratioa. (Period of aoclimatization). Bed sown with k oz. of seed per 100 square feet. Vertical shelter. I'LATR in. — Seed bed aeration (Sliding sashes both ways). Kind of canvas used at niuht. 14 CARE OF T"E SEEDLINGS. Watering. — The beds should always be kept nictly moist after being seeded, unless the daiuping-oflf fungus api^oars. When the seeds are sprouting they are very »;asily killed by drying, and often on suniiy days it will be necessary to water the bed two or three times. To permit the bed to become very dry at any time before the seedlings have covered it with their leaves is exceedingly dangerous. The beds should never be flooded but should be watered with a finely spraying nozzle. Too much water tends to give the plants an unthrifty appearance and makes conditions more favourable for the development of diseases. It is beneficial to have tlie chill removed from the water in si)rinkling the beds. Sprinkling the glass lightly with whitewash will servo to diffuse the sun's rays and aid in preventing the beds drying out too rapidly wlu^n the plants are very small. After the plants have covered the bed this whitewash should be removed, as the shading will have a tendency to make them too tender. Ventilallon. — A change of air is absolutely necessary for the proper development of the plants and as a means of holding diseases in check; therefore, the beds should be ventilated slightly every sunny day, and if the fair :.~'li the young plants have an unthrifty, pale-yellow appear- ance, or i* it is desiretl to hasten their growth, they may be sprinkled with a solution of nitrate of soda, in the proixirtion of 2.J pounds of nitrate of soda to 47 gallons of water at the rate of one gallon per eighteen sipiare feet of bed, with, good results. However, nitrate of soda should not be used ton frwly or growth will be forced too rapidly, resulting in weak, spindling, watery plants which will not stand the shock of transplanting well. Generally, when the soil of the bed is fairly fertile, two or three applications at intervals of three days are sufficient. Care must be taken to sprinkle the plants with pure water immediately aft(>r applying the nitrate of smla or the sun will cause the latter to burn the plants seriously. On fairly fertile soil no other fertilizer than the nitrate of soda is re.)il sueli as are found on the Harrow Tobacco Station, a four-yiar rotation of c(n'n, tobacco, some cereal, and fxrass has been found (piite -^atis- fai'tory. The corn preeedinf,- the tobacco tends to removt> any stirpln- of ammonia diitnifreii) in the soil and thereby chi'ck the tenden<'y of the tobacco to become too coarse and heavy. Since. (.11 these >oils. the use of clover has been found to have an adverse effect upon the c|Uality of the tobacco a mixture of timothy aiid red top is seeded for hay. On the lifjliter types of soil, on the Station, wl- re the tendency is to produce a thin leaf lackiiifr in body and wi !frht, it is found that the above rotation should be altered in such a way that the tobacco does not ininieotasii, as otluT forms of i)otasli ncneriilly contain chlorine, which element tends to cause the produc-tion of a chaffy leaf of poor burninp quality. Tiie ammonia sliould Ikj dt'rived from some (juickly available source, such as sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, or dried blood (preferably tlu? first two). If supplied by some material such as cotton seed meal, which Rives up its ammonia very slowly, the tendency is to prolong the Rrowth of the tobacco and thereby prevent it maturing early ann " " This gives a totid of S40 )>ounds of fertilize'' p"i- acre. However, the plant food contained in tl.i: S+O pounds is approximately e!]uivalent to the plant food derived from 1,100 pounds of a ready mixed fertilizer with an analysis of 3 per cent ammonia, 8 per cent phosphoric acid and 0 per cent jxitash. LIMTXr; SOILS FOK FLrE-CITRED TOBACCO. Praeticall.v all skills contain enough lime for the direct requirements of tooacco; nn •■! soil is lio-t ns a hindrnnpo to tho spread of that disoase; and hy liinin^r that acidity \vo\ild he eorriM'ted and con- ditions made more favourable f ■■ its sjjread. As a rule, it would he be.-i o apply tlie lime to some otlier erop in the rotation coming after the tobacco, and two or three years before the tield is to be jiut into tobaeeo again. About 5(X) pounds of air-slaked lime or l.fHW) iniunds of hi>rh-grade limestone per acre should be sufficient. This should not be applied more fre(piently than every four or five years. TRANSPLANTING. Transplanting should be begi « soon as all danger f fro>t Is ever, during the latter part of ^fay. if at all favourable. As a rule the earli(>r the i , ,risi)hinting the earlier the erop will ripen and the better the conditions vvill he for curing. Selecting the plants.— X careful selection should 1* made when drawing the plants; only the thriftit>st, most robust plants, which show no signs of being diseased, should be used. It is also very desirable to have the plants straight and of a uniform size, and to have a good lot of roots remain on the plant; however, too much of the plant bed soil should not be allowed to remain on the roots. The prest>nce of this soil in large quantities tends to retard the sending out of the ri'^w rootlets hy the i)la! consc should be >et so deeply in the sround that only the hud and leaves remain above the nrfac(\ When much of the stalk is left exposea it generally becomes hard and woody very quickly, es-peeially in dry seasons, the development of the plant is seriously cheeked and it s€?ldoni attains its faM growth under those conditions. Spacing the plantn. — On fertile soil, the tcndeix-y to produce tobacco which is too hea\'y in body can be rectified somewhat by setting the plants close together in i.ie row. On such soil the rows shouM be aho\it threi- feet apart and the plants should be set about 20 inches apart in the row. On a lighter soil, where the tendency is to produce tobacco which is lucking in body, it would probably be more satisfactory to have the rows 3J feet apart and tlie plants about 2* inches apart in the rmv. A good uniform stand i« also of importance in procnrincr a fine, smooth, nicely ripened crop. Where some of the plants are missing, the surrounding i)lants will be overf(vl and rendered coarse and overgrown; and on that account will neith(>r ripen, yellow, nor cure satisfactorily. About four or five days after transplanting the field should be gone over and reset with the best ])lants available. rri-TlVATlON. The first cultivation should he given as soon as the tobacco has taken mo', usiially from eight to ten days after transplanting, care being taken not to disturb the newly estahlishrd roots. This cultivation should be fairly deep and each succeeding one more and more shallow until towards the last only the crust is being broken. A good hoeing by hand, especially at the time of the first cultivation, is very helpful in starting the plants to grow. The soil can be loosened more thoroughly close to the plants without danger of disturbing them too much with the hoe than with the horse-drawn cultivator. 10029—4} 18 Tlie tolmcoo should be .■ulrivatr.l u* ^oon un possible aftor ov.tv n.in in onl.r t,) or.ns.Tve he inoistur.'. nnd tho li,M should bo k..,,t as n..arlv bnul as ,,ossil,lo for the snmo r..u..on. Cullivation .ho.il.l b,> stop,K.d afLT toppinjr.'as to cultivafo nffr this opcrati.,„ has a t.>n.l..n.-y to keep tlic tobac.-o unnviiiK and it .lo.s not riin-n up as it has IXSKPT PKSTS. Tho most ponimou and troubb'sonio iiisc'ts which tbo Canadian toba-co u- ver ' '"'"'* '"■•' ''"^ wirinvorni, oufworni, tobac.-o hornworni, nnd prassl p,.r. ir,V, ,r„n».s.--Th,. Nvinworn. usually atta-ks th. plant soon after it has been trans- MUte, p,,er.,ll,v start.n^r near the n.ols. it l,ores its way into the plant and upwanl ..•o„..h the heart. S,n..e the plant. a,.a,.ke,i .]„ not .lie for son,e ti and. if tie "ea.ber >s elnudy and e.,ol do uot ev,., wilt, this ins,.,., is espe..iallv troublesome in Mvnnnu a ^o,„l stand ot tobae The Hei.i n,ay b.. res..t s.-veral tin.es. under s„,.h inni|iti..i,>, wKlioiit any imlii.atiotis of daniatre. Tl„. most eir..,.,ivo means ,.f .•ontmllin^. ,his ins.rt eonsists of rotating- tlw ,.r,.ps n. su.h a nu.muT that toba.vo follows „„„„ ..,•„,,. „„.„ as oats. wl,i,.h ti,e inse..t .loLs .jot u .as a plaee t,. harbour: and fall plou.^binff followe,] by spring -•ultivation to k.vp .lown th.. ^rrass and wee,ls and ther.l.y starve it out before the tobaeeo is transplanted. C„f,rnn„s-Tho entworm is also a serious drawbaek in obtaining n aond -find of tolMe,-,.. I his mseet euts the plants ofiF near the surfae,. of f],,. gn.nn,! .ui,! ('■■ (pu'iitly n(i-<.^>itates si'Veral replantinjrs of the Prop. The entworm may 1... lar^-ely eontmlled eitla.r by pn.ventive n:..,Msures „r bv tlie use „t po,s„ned ba.ts. ].all ploUfrhin^r atn-r the I'lUh of Sep,en,b,.r. about whieh dat- the moth st,.ps laymp ,ts ejrps, is very efTeetive as a eontrol n,ea>iire. The u=e of a m.xtur.. eons>st,npr ot 1 pound nf Paris ^rr. ,■„. ."iO ,,onnds of bran, a,, 1 o„e gallon of molass,. ,s also benehe.al. Th,. bran and Paris j.reen should be ndx.i whde L. Jh,. the inelasses. and enoufrh wat.r is ad.l.vl to form a paste. This should I,.. so«' >-er the field bmad.-ast several d,-,y. l.fore planting, enre beiuff taker, first ^o ^o over the hehl ami «i or eov.-r up all w,...,ls a.ul ^msses. Cloudy da.vs are espoeinllv adapted to the use ,.f tns nnxture as ,t does not .Iry out so rapidly and lose its attraetivenes. so soon on sueh da.v^. If .h,s mixture is app!i,.l after transplanting it is not so efTeetive .md fre.iiiently the tohae o plants ar.. killed by ,.on,inff into eontaet with the Pari, preen. The quantity ot nnxtur.. ^nvn above is suiT;,.i..nt for one aere. Spravinjr the I.lants with a solution of nrs,.„ate of b^ad. at the rat., of U oun.'es „f ,lrv p„w,br,.,1 ars,.nat.- of lead per gallon of water, lo;,s: enouph before setting to allow the ph,.. 'o .by, IS also bonefieinl. Fnihllnfj /'„. /K,rN»'orm.— Sprayinir th.- toba.'eo with ars..nate of lead, as soon as the worms apiM-ar u, appreeiabb- nunib,.rs. is about the safest and most .-ffeetive m.'tbo.l .,f .•..rnbattinsr the tol,ae,.o hornw,.rm. Paris creen is also piod for this piir- posp; however, there is more dauff.T of burning the tobaeeo with the Paris green: and to.,, if the tobne-,, is spr.iyed too freipiently with the latter, there is a temleney 'f,.r the l,^■lf tissue to be kilb-d .inst at the point where the leaf ioins» the stalk, nnd as a r.'siilt the heaves br.^nk off mneh more easily at the time of harv.-st. The Paris ..yV,.(u also war .-nn-i.,,. is .l.j. air-.I..k...l |i Tho , -.1,. .l,„„I.l 1,. .,,,,11.,, o. b M tl,., „,„ „„K w ,il.. th.. .1..W IS „„ an.l ,vl,..„ rlu . i, ,,, wind l.l.,win.^ . tlu- a . ot nv,. ,,.un,l, ol tl... ar.,.na,.. „f l..a,l p..,- a ,. lar,.. t„l,a.. r ,hr....:„,l one: Ijalt im.uikI, 1.IT acTc ,,ii small t.,l,ai'.M,. In i.nr.iw.sinjf tl,e arM-nate „f ]....!. tl.c !.uy.-r sl.oul.l ,!..n.a,ul th- f„r,„ i,nvi„u' at .■ast ..(. ,„.,. .,.nt ars..,,.- .,xi,k.; otiu.r .orn... with a s,nal|.T ars..,,!. „xi.I.. .■„.... too slow .n .lK..r uct.un to give the be.t rosults. It i. also i.nporta.u that th, l,';." ■ .lo..s nut have ...oru than 1 .vr cent of the arseeic oxide in a free or uater- l.lnhle j.tat.,. as a hiRher pereentaKe ot water-soluhl.. arsenie oxLh- n.av .-anse th, liurn the tobaeio. If the paste fonn is uv.!, th.- amounts previously mention..,! shoul,! 1... us tins form contains only ,,n,.-lialf the str..ii(rth of the jx.w.Kr. Grasshopiwr,.- fiumcycar^, prasshoppers are a source of co„sl,l.>ral.l,. loss to th,. prower. I „.<.. posts fly from one i^lant to anoth..r. ..atinp stnall hol,.s in the l...,v..s atul tn a short wlnle ..ause the whole fl..],l of toba,...o to have a v.-rv rapfr..,l apn..,,-" at.ee. \ ery little .-an he .lone tovvar.Is ..onihattinff th.. prasshopp,.,< after th.v r'a',.], the wii,K<-d stap... S,.atterinp tl... ix,is.,„ed hran mixture previously r,.,.om.M..,;.le.l for .•u wortiis t,. vvhu-h the jui.-o of six oranpos or l..,„o„s ha. h...„ a,M,..l. aroim.l the .,l^.> of th-^ field w i.le they are still ,n the ho,,,,inp stape will W fo,,,,,! verv l,..l,,f„l \V here possihle. it is also I,..nefi,.ial to plant s..veral rows of eorti aroun.l the tol,'a.'..o ...Id These pests pass the wi„t.., in old f,„ee rows, n„.adow lai.,1.. nn,l we...lv fi.>lds. n,..l fall pl„„ph,„p of such lan.ls will s.rve to .l-.-r-as,. tl,..ir numl,..rs a,.pr.^eia1,lv >pri.y to olllil.,], niSEASFs OF TorAcro. 7Vw..„ r«o< ro/.-Tl.e t.,ha..,.o root rot, ..au.,..l l,y ,1„. |-.,„.„s Th;,,,,,;,, l..,,;,.ol„ Ui. A: Hr.) (/opf.), is one of the most con.m.m .li.,;.-, . of tol,a,.,.o i„ Canada This disease causes the pr.jwer. thousands of .lollar. i„ lo-s.s at.n.ially. .luc to d..cr,...ed yi.'l.ls inferior ,|uality, and. in some cases, total failur.. of the c,.op This funpus attacks the entir> r.,ot system, esp... ially th.- vo„„p fil,ro„s root- of the plant, caus.np th.-m to d....ay: wh,.r.-npo., these roots .-..ase to fu,„.tion as food carriers a..d. as a result, th.. plant is starved. The d..pree of starvation d.-peii.Is upon the extent to wh.ch the plant an.l tl,.l,l are in.-ct.H], the .-litnatic conditions, prevailinp at the time of transplantinp. and th,' rohustnr.s of the plant. Some plat.ts mav die- however, with the majority, the ro.^ts apparently function jn.st lonp en,.uph before becom.np diseased to keep the plant living but t lonp enouph to enable it to make any prowth. The diseased pla.its peuerally rema.,. small until lat,. in tl.,- s.>ason wh,.., t l.ey may bep.n to prow: however, such plants never attain tl... siz,. whi.-h a normal plant does and usually must Ix- harveste.l prccn. This disease atta.-ks the plant in both the tli-ld and th.. ,,lant b,.d. In the pi,.,, hed the plant tist.ally has a y,.lIow. unthrifty a,,p,.aran..e nn,l its prowth is ,.ompara- tively sl,.w; however this ,s not alw-ys the cas,.. Often. ur..n examination, pints which have a po,.,I c.lour „nd are makinp satisfa,-tory prowth in the be.l, will be found to be ,nf,vte.l In th.> Held the plants show the same unthrlftv appean.nce an.l hck o. prowth nnd often the fiehl will have a ch,.cke,.ed appearance, there beinp several small p ant^s folhnvcl by btrpe. healthy plants. This condition may pr..vail throuphout the f,..l,l. In either case, upon cnr..full,v pullins- np the plant and examininp the fine roots. It will be seen that they have turned black and are rotten. After the plant has become infect.^d no amount of ciltivation or fcrtilizinp appears to bo of value ,n st.ar^.^p it to pm.v: however, if h,.althy. robn^t plants are transplanted in sl.phtly diseased fields, winch have been thorouphly prepared, and climatic condi- tions are favonnible to quick pi-owth. the plants are apparently capable of resistinp the disease and makinp a normal prowth. On ^b^ other hatid. a cmtinned wet spell 20 or auitliing whieli tends to weak.n or ..•heck the growth of the plant apparently lessens Its resistance to tlie disease and the defo-ee of infection is incrc^iseil. In eontrollins,' the disease it is nwcssary to produce absolutely healthy plants and transplant them to undiseased ti..l.ls. Tju- plant beds must be thoroughly sterilized l.clore scHiing, anj the same s<,il should not be u^ed too long for growing plants No plan.s should be transplanted fn.m a .liseased bwl. as the use of diseased plants will -•erve to spread the disease over the entire field v,ry (,uicklv. If the fields become, diseased a good 4 or 5-year rotation should be practisst plants of the Thhlarin h„sirola they should be left out of the rotation. 11, d rot or Dampinp-off fum,l.--lW rotting or damping-off of the voung seed- lings in the plant bed is caused by fungi which spread very rapidlv. 'xiie plants attacked by his dis<>ase usually b.'gin to rot near the surface of the gr.mnd. though the intection may .prcad on up the stalk an.l even the leaves may b-vonie decayed. Infected plants generally bend over, wilt, an.l die; though some may re.v.yer. giving evidence of the attack by a brownish, dea.Ieneil ;irea on the stalk n.-ar the r,>ot Such plants should be discarded as they seldom prove satisfactory if transplanted This disease is most i-rovalent in thickly seeded beds which are verv moist and Inrl- vptitila- lion. Sterilization of the bed an.l seetling thinly are the most ePFective method* for pre- venting the disease. After it occurs it may sometimes be checked by throwing out the intected i)lants, lowering the temperature by ventilating the bed well, and allowing the bed to dry out for a while. In warm, rainy weather it is very difficult to cheek it and at all times the best method of control is preventive. GROWING TOPACCO SEED. That the tol,acco plant is one of the most susceptible of all plants to changes in the soil and climatic conditions has be,Mi conclusively proven bv experiments and in actual held practice. Varieties which were practically ideal for the production of a certain tyiK> of leaf m one section of the country have. ui)o„ being taken to another section, where the soil and climatic conditions were different, bec,.,ne so changed in their characteristics such as length, breadth, and thickness of leaf, elasticity yield and quality, as to b.> practically worthies for the (iroduction of that same type of leaf ' Even when this was not the result is has been el,.arly h,nh.-.U M.l.M.ting 1 plants, the gr.wer should go over the wh..le t,..l. s,.veral days l,ef,.r.- topping an.l. with a fix,.! idea as to the type „f plant best smtcl I,, hi. s,.,l and .-limate and most desirable f,,r hi- market, select about twice as many plants as be requin-s: marking them so tb..y will not bo topped. In making this sel,.ct,..n. h.- shoul.l take into eonsi.l.T :,o„ the general character of growth of the plant .be number. .bn,K.. sl.e. and i,ni,.>rniity „f ih,- havrs. rhr iei.^ri, .,f (he Inf.-r- node or distanee betw..,.n the leaves on the stalk, the time nn.i uniformity of ripening 21 heiffht of the plant nuu.k.r uf .ucker.s produ.-cl, tl.e .nluur of tiu,- loav., at tlie ti.ne ot n,.en.nt^ and, a ,...bl,.. tin- colour of the ,-u.;l l.-av... I'lan,. .Uut^,^^ h ■ v. "■'" """■"' 'r'"' "••'-'. ""-'-i--"''!- -\i'-- •!-■ I.nlinmu.ry .oKvtion ,l.e field itTibiic's uiS(.'iUat-"u. does^iu^l"" ^'r^'l'f "'--"J^-^^- ;=• ■lalurally a .elf-fertilized plan, and ordinarily th „ , ""^^'?"''' ^'"'^ =""' "t''^"'- "'^''•-•'■-' ll.vi..*r fron, flower to tiower will earrV t e ollen iron, one .lant to anothe,-; and if a poor plant or a plant of another var e y .-lould l.oon, out near the selected plants, there is dan,..- of th..n. hein^^ ero-.e,l and ■he heneht ot the seleet.ou lost unles> the seed head is protected in sont wav- . ust elore the frst Howers open each seed head should he trinuned up until .Mhef^ve top branches roma.n; ,1ns „,,ure, the ..-ower ohtainin,. ,he seed from the earlU-.t ca 1 were t let, untr.mmed. ,s re^ervd f„r the .levelop.n,,,, o, ,he earlier po.ls which ...suits ,n plnn.per sc „ ...vater vi,ali,y. The 1 head sh„„ld ,hen he cover,;! wi,l a our,..cn-pound n.an.h. ha^- ,h,. nu.u.l, of wind, is »ied loo..]y around ,he stalk iust helow the lowest rcmannn^^ branches. About every „•„ days these ba,r< -hould' be r..;|oved ^d all suckers, hne p„.ls. and fallen bl,..,„.s taken out and the ba^s I d a httle. W hen the seed pods hav,. all f.,r, 1 and be^in ,„ turn bn.wn. the l,a.'s shnul be removed and the seed heads allnwcl to rip.n in the open. This causes ,1"^ .ced o rip<>n earlKT ami -ive a hiirher frermlnalion ,cs,. Af,er ,he f^rcater p„r,i„n of ,he .cd is ,urn bmwn and before fros,, ,hev should he harvested and hun,. up ,n a dry place f„r about ,uo „,„nth. to Hnish ipenin^ a to cure. After this they may he IhiHihL _ n usually requires from twe„,y-,ive to thirty .ed hea.ls trimme.i up as previously cescnbed to i)roduce a pound of cleaned seed. rsually about ten leaves should be left on a seed plain. CLEANINC TOHACCO SEF-ID. The weight or spen,s with li.^h, and heavv s...l. in whi h .t was cnclus.vely shown ,ha, hn^er yi..|ds and more unif„r„, crop. „f be„cr qualitv were ob,amed from larffe. ,>lump s.vd than from small, lijrh, -eed " Wlnle the general far.ner has n.,t been sl„w in ■ jrni.in^r the value of ^roo,! heavy sc« >n pro.luc,nR Ins crops, umu^ various n,e,h„d. „f .epara.in^^ ou, the heavies", seed before plantmp, the ,oba, ^^rower, as a rule, ha- overl„„kcd ,he importance of this point. And ,n ,obacco ^rp,„.i„K^ when we take i„tn ..nn.i.leratinn ,he short .'rnwiUK season, the comparatively few plants nn an acre, and the relative value per acre as compared ,0 other er„p-. i, is readily -een ,ha, plump, hcavv .ced for the produ_,.„on ot strong, v.p.rou- ..,.lli„... i. nvilly more impoHan, than in producing praeticidly any other crop. Tt h..,s been found ,ha, the heavies, s ]. do ,,0, ;,|way, .nominate Hrs,. neither ■io ,l,e plants trom tho-e sc.K always attain the proper ,i/e for ,ransplantinff firs,: however. ,he seedlings ,ro„, ,he honvies, seeds are always „,ore robust and vijrorous than ,ho>e produ..ed from l,i.d,, seeds, and. when ,rausplan,cd. the most vigorous plants produce the heavies, yields and ,he ,no«, uniform eroiw. T, i-^ ,.rac,i,.ally impossible, in selec,in»r plan,s a, ,he bed. ,0 ,li.card mH of the weak s.'edlinir< produced from .lualL lisrht seed: therefor.' th!= =e'e,t;.ni rn-r !- i n" hy eleaninp ,he seed l>efore it is sown, Fur,hermore. the av.T.^tre ^ennin,^,ion 'pl>r- eentat'e of undeaned ^.mmI w abou, tif,y whil,. welt cleaned -.e..l should ^-ive a (rermina- 22 tion percenta!--e of about ninety; so with cleaned seed a s^maller bulk of seed is handled at the time of sowing and, as a rule, a uniform stand is more easily obtained* After the seed has been cleaned it should be stored in a dry plaee, in a container into which the air can penetrate. Stored under such conditions it may be kept satis- factorily for about ten years. TOPPING AND SUCKERING. The natural tendency of every plant is to reproduce itself. In the tobacco plant this is demonstrated by its eiTort to tlower out, and, after beinp topi d, to send out suckers from the nxil or junction of the leaf with the stalk, which will also flower out and form seed if the growing season is long enough. ro;)/)in.7.— rsually, in seasons of normal growth, the plant will begin to show- signs of flowering out about 8 to 9 weeks after transplanting. It must ihen be tojiped or the quality of the leaves will be imi)aired; leaving the bud until it has fully developed and begins to flower out is an unnecessary waste of plant food an^l also retards maturity. In topping, the grower must exercise careful judgment, taking into consideration the capabilities of the in soil from twelve to fourteen leaves. Care should be exercised in t.ipping not to damage the top leaves of the plant • when injured at this time they seldom develop satisfactorily. f^urkrrin(t.—^nov -.. r topping. th(^ plant will begin to send out suckers. These should be broken off as soon as they attain a length of about four inche=. To leave them longer re^nlts in ;, waste of plant food wlii.-b should go to the develonment of the plant, i.nd if left too long tliey get woody, are harder to break out, and may cause more leaver to be broken from the r>la!it .lurin- harvesting operations br weakening the attachment of the leaf to the stalk. Sometimes, when th,> plant has begun to ripen and a rniny season sets in. they may be left for a while longer with beneficial results ns they aid in preventing the plant starting a second growth. I FAR VESTING. .y./,-r,7,/.-rM„di.v, about ninety-five to one hundred days after transplanting or iibou ,l„rty or forty days after topping, the tobacco is ready for harvesting W^ie rM.e the leaves generally beco„,e „ greenish-yellow eol .ur or become fle.-ked with vcllow spots, thev are said to gram up, changing from the smooth, velvety feel of a green plant ;;;;:'i*';':S;;:r;r;:r::,rr i.Sr/;s;:'":;;;v''V'"'r ""^^ ^ 24 tliL- middle :ind bottom leaves, the riiK'ness of the plant as a whole must be taken into i-onsideratioii when harvesting. To allow tobaceo to become over-ripo before harvt>stiug make^ the leaves more brittle both at ;he time of harvesting and after being cnri'd, tends to reduce the yield, and often results in an increased iiercentago of red leaf after curing. Methods of harvest. — Of tht; various methods followed in harvesting tobacco the split stalk method lias proven to be the best; both from the standiHjint of economy of labour and the final colour of the cured leaf. In following this method the procedure is as follows: Several days before harvesting the tobaceo laths are distril)nted along every fourth row in the fields; then when the tobacco is ripe it is harvested by splitting the stalk from the top of the plant to within about two inches of the ground; the plant is then cut off close to the ground and allowed to lie where it falls until sufficiently wilted to handle without breaking. After it has wilted sutliciently each harvester walks between two rows placing the plants on the lath by merely slippin;.- the lath in between the split halves of the plant. The tobacco is then ready to be put in the curing bam. By splitting the stalk the surface offered for the evajioration of moisture is greatly increased; and since the colour of the cured leaf depends upon the rapiiiit;. with which the moisture can be e-xpelled, at certain times in the curing process, it is easily seen that this is an important factor in securing a satisfactory cure and in shortening the curing process. When the stalks are split there is also less danger of swelled stems. After the tobacco has been placed on the lath it should be immediately hauled to the barn. If exix>9ed to the sun and air too long the vitality of the len'' "ells is greatly diminished and, as yellowing takes place while the tobacco is living, tht .obacco will not yellow so well. On ho., sunny days there is also danger of the Icavr? being scalded by the heat, after which the scalded portions will always rem.'iin a dark -green, ugly colour. Ilnnoinii in the ham. — The sticks of lobaceo should be hung about eight inches apart on the tier poles, -^r far er ''ugh apart to prevent the tobacco touching that on the next stic'k. It is .ally a good plan to regulate the distances between plants on the same stick af* .an,.ing. as there is a t<>ndency for the jilants to run together on the stick and t.icy will not cure satisfactorily if crowded ton much. THE CURING BAR^r. A properly ( onstructcil curing barn is a very important consideration in curing the tobacco. Since at certain tinicB, in curing the tobaceo, a close burn is desirinl and at all times a uniform temperature is necessary, the barn should be tightly built; moreover, it should be well provided with viuts both at the bottom, near the ground, and at the top to permit nf the escaiw of the enormous amount of moisture given off at certain times in tlu> curing priM-ess. A barn 2fi feet wide, on the gable end side, by f feet 11 inches long, inside nicasurements. and 21 fii't to the eaves is a very satis- factor.v size. This gives five rooms or sets of tier poles to hang tobacco on. The tier poll s should run lengthwise of the barn or parallel to the widest side and should be .T feet R inches apart horizontally, from centre to centre, .T fe<>t •"> inches apart verticallv and tlie bottom or lowest tier pole should be at least S feet above the tines, .^uch a barn should have two furnaces for heating it. from each of wliich a line of 1"2-incl; galvanize! ))ipe should i-xtend alonir each side of the barn to v.i.bin nbn(l into the barn. For firinor with pas the furnaces need not l)e 30 hirge. The foundation should be of concrete and should extend about 4 feet above the surface of the ground on all sides. In these walla it is well to place about three 4-ineh tile on each side near the ground in such a manner that they will protrude throujrh the walls and serve as a means of ventilation. Small doors should be cut in the pable ends near the top which can be opened for the purpose of ventilating; and a jxirtien of the peak of the roof should also be so construi.'ted that it can be raised or oitemd for the same purpose. ^.^ ■■:^->y'i^5<^'!«^?5i^.^ Plate VII — Kxtcrior view of curing barn, showing fire-places and top ventilation. CURING. The most successful curer keeps constantl.v in mind, all through the growin;: season, the type of leaf which he wishes to produce and the factors which will influence the colour of the leaf when cured. He transplants, cultivates, and 'ops with due cnn- sideratioii lor the soil und clinialic coiidilioiis and \Nith ihe fixed idea of producing .i smooth leaf, not too coarse and heavy in body, and one which will yellow up nicely in the field just before rii)ening time. Such a leaf is about the ideal type for the best ivsulLs, aiul unk-ss the toliaoco is grov.n iirni.orl.v in tho fi.'l.l it .■Miiiiot 1... cun.,! sati<- fiu-toril.v. Tlion at harvesting tini.. h,- carLfuKy m-I.m-is , slants „f tii.> sanu' .-nlnnr, h<, day. Grnrr„l ,„■!„, ii.!,,-Tho f„n.lani..ntal ,,rln..i,,l,. nn.l.ryint:- th,. -u,.,.,.-,ful ,.„rin- ', ""«'-''"rf"l t"l'M' is th.. ,a.op..r r..L:ulation of ?!,.■ hun.i.lity of tho air in th,. harn In the hnnmhfy wo tind an expr...sio., of th.. wat..r-h,,l,lin:.' ,.apa,.itv of tho air and thcrofore .ts dryin.. ipaoity. Tho hnnn,li,y is r,-..Milat,.,l hv th.. toM,p,.,-at.n.,. o'f tho '""■"• "'' ''"' "-" "• .'"itioi.! h,-al. and l,y th,. vntihition. I'.v rai-in^^ ti,.. finpora- tnr.; th,_> wat..r-hohl!n.- ..ap.a.i.y of tho air i- in,.r..aM..I. .•,.n„..|U, nllv i,, ,,,pa,i,v for .Irvmir is ,.„.r..a<,..l : and as. in tin-,., tho air in tl„. harn will l.,.,-oni,. n.'arlv .atnrat.^1 »>»h n,oi>t,nv, ,t^ ..a|.a,.iiy for h,.l,linir wat.-r or .Iryinir l..-,.on,inir t'r..atlv r,.dn..,.d. it i~ .io..,..sarv to ropla,.o th.. satnrat...] air with air of f:,...at..r wat-.r-hoMin^ ..apa.-itv. hv ""'''""■"• ,"'■ ;• "■ ">" f"'^' >'''ff'- "'■ '!"■ '■'Tint, pr -. wlH^n th,- ,.nrir,^ or .li-vinf. nni-t i,ro,...,.,l sl.nvly. a hif.^h r..lativ.. Inuni.llty o,- „.arly .a.urat.,! .•,tnio.ph,.ro ■, low t..>np,^ratM^^ and vory littl,.. if any. von.ila.Ion i. ,l,.-i,,,l. Hot ;„ ,| nri,,..- :Hlvan,.os ,)„. n.lativ,. hnnn,li'y ,,f th,. air in ih,. harn nn,-t I.,. Iow.t,..]. hv in.r. ,.in..- tho t..inp,.ratnro an.l v..ntiialion. in ..r,|..r to in,.p.aM. ii~ ,1,-vi,,..' r,.,pa,.iiv |.\p,.ri .M..nt~ ,n,h,.al,. that, with hVh.-l,o,li. ,| t,,!,,,,.,., ,i,. ,,l,„iv,. hnnii.iitv of ,h,. harn '.honhl 'O approxunat.-ly as follows:— .\t)..ut SO'; to $■'; ,vh,-n starling' t., .lir.., 70'-;, when the bottom Ipriv.-s bPL'in to y,-i;ow ;; ''I ■_ •• IM- -m;,- ■, :,.- I,...,:-: : , V ■ , „' _] *';^'; " "le lip loavp.s bpcrin to ypHow. '*''■ " "'« '"''^^■<".'' fiavo all bPf-onie about yellow piioiiKti to fix the colour. With hoavi,.r ho,lir,l, vory sapj.y t.>ha,.,.o. th,. r,-iativ,. lnnni,litv -iioold h,. l,,w,.r,.,| fjistor aft.-r th." hav,.s h,-yiu to yrllow than with lidit.'r l,odi...I tol.a ,„• tl,,,,.,. will oo .lancor .,f the l.-af havinar t..o nin.-h in,.isturo to tako a ,lryinf.' laat uiihont s.'aldin-' wlu^n tho yollowi.i!,' i,ro<.oss has h..<.n o,,mpl..t..,l. Th,. pr .linir tiirur,.s aro .m^v ^ipi.roxiniat.. and ar.. th.. r.'^ults .,f only tw.i y.-ars' o.Np..riin.nt- i,.„r.. thov should not li," takon too litorall.v. Tho rolativo humidity of tho harn is d..t,-nni,ad I,y ,pi,taiion .iftir tin,lin-r th.. .lifferonoo in tho toinp.>raturo of tho h;-rn -w r. ,i, .1 hy a livsr,-,,,,,,.,,.,.. ,„. f„o th.a.in.i- in..t..r> Ih.. hull. ,,f ,.!„. of whi,-!, i. ,.ov,r,.,l with a pi,., f nnii Ir hi-i^.r than' in ,'o.i! or dry w..alli..r. \o tixod rnl,. .,r s,.t formula .-an h,. f,,llow,..l M...,.,-..fully in tli,.-,.urinL' toha...-, ,l)itf..ront typos .,t t.,ha..,.o and dilT,.r,.nt ..limali.- .■.,n.liti,,i,s n....-ltal.. <,. nianv .■h.-mjr.s m th.. t..inp..raturo and humi.lity ..f ih.- harn that it is <,.l.|o,n lliai fwo l,.im's ar.. ..un.d iin.l..r oxa.-tly tho sam >n.liti..ns an.l with tho -am,. ..han;^-,.. in t..inpera- tnr.'. IIl,ao.>o n.irimr tho y..llowin^' iir,.o.ss tho .•,.], ,nr of tho l.^af ,.han«',.s fr,.n! !rr,...!! to v,.!!,,w art.! ...-rtain ohotniotil ..hantr.s also tako phn^o. Th..-,- ,.hanff..s aro lif,. i,r.,....ss,..,. ....ourrinir whilo th,. 1,.af ,.,.lls aro still alivo hut -lowly dyinir from starvati,.-! and if tho oolls aro kin,..l hy d h,.f.,ro thoy .ur. th.. toha..o.. onrcs 28 nut with ti>o niucli green. On the other hand, if the yellowing jiroeess is too .-l.iw, that is. if tlic temperature and vcntihition are not increased fii.st enough during the hitter stages of the proctiis, a punipkin-yelhiw colour will result — the tohaeco will he ton sappy to take a curing heat without scalding — the leaves will bee -..lO splotched with red. (•allrd sponging — and may ail run totally red hel'ore the luring is completed. When the tohaeco begins to sixjnge the only remedy is to give all 'he ventilation jiossible and raise the heat as fast as possible not to scald. The main idea in the yellowing proi'e>s is to change all the tobac" V. and llO' F. Whii«> the leaf may yellow a little at temperatures up to IjO F. it is rapidiv killed after the temperature passes 110^ F. and should be practically ilirough yellowing before the latter temperature is passed. T'sually a slow fire should be imilt immediately after the barn is filled and the temi>erati\re run up to about S.")° F. in tw.i or three hours after the fire is built, if the weather is fine and warm; if eo(jl and windy do nut go over 10" V. above the outside temperature at first. Hold the temperature at S.")" F. for several hours, then gradually raise the temperature, at the rate of about ."> degret^s an hour, to from 90^ F. to 1(K)° F. The rate at which the heat is raised wili depend on the tobacco; if it is heavy and sappy the heat must be raiswl more -lowlv than if it were lighter in body or there will be danger of scalding it; however, if the tobacco is very light it will also l>o necessary to go very slowly in raising the heat or the tips may dry out before they are sufficiently yellow. A good plan here is to watch the tobacco jiist above the poii where *he ilue enters the firebox, whieh is the point at which the heat strikes hardest, and if it shows signs of drying too fast or scaldiiu. lower the heat. The tips will begin to dry and turn up when it is scalding. .\s a rule the more heat, up to 110° F., the tobacco will stand in yellowing the brighter it will cure. Hold the temperature at from !t() to 100° F. until the bottom leaves are yellow, then raise it gradually to 10.5° F. Fsually. it is best to begin to ventilate slightly after the bottom leaves become yellow unless the tobacco is very light in body. The idea is to try to dry the bottom leaves sufficiently to prevent them sponging while the other leaves are yellowing. When tb(> leaves in the body of the plant become a nice flesh-coloured yellow raise the heat gradually to 110° F., at the same time increasing the ventilation, llohl at 110 until all of the leaves are sufficiently yellow to fix the co'our. fienendly, it is b(>st to begin to fix the colour while the leaves still have a greenish-yellow east a .id there are traces of green around the veins. Curings handled this way generally uive the c'earest, brightest leaf. Fixinfi the colour. — The next stage is called fixing the colour, and is the nios; critical of all the stages in the curing process. It is at this stage that th<' leaf gives off its moisture fastest and it is here that the most ventilation is needed. The idea here is to stop the yellowing of tlie leaf and to dry the leaf as quickly as possible with- out sc.'ilding. This is accomplished by gradually raising the temperature from 110 to 12."«° F. and increasing the ventilation. A good plan at this stage is to watch the tobacco at the hottest place in the barn (where the flue enters the firebox") and at the coolest place (in the corner just ovc- the first elbow joint) and govern the increase in temperature according to which place the tobacco is doing best. Tf the tobacco has the proper temperature and sufficient ventilation it will fed silky when the tails nf the leavi^ are allowed to slide over the back of the hand; however, if it feels sticky the heat should bo held steady and the vcntihition increased until it does feel silky. This procedure should be repeat<>d until the heat has been raised to 120° F. If the tobacco should begin to sweat very profusedly during this stage the temperature had best be lowered a little and the ventilation increased until the sweating is considerably decreased. 29 rlanfbfi^n" ""■^^■aZ-Hold the temperature at 12u until the leaves i„ the l,ody of the plant bc^^m to feel hu.ky or dry. then gradually raise the h.at to U'.".^ F. • now watch the tobacco at the hottest and coolest places and. if it is d.ins all ri.^ht a the ho tes and 140 i. ,s reached. If the tobacco be^'ins to scal.l at the- hottest p*,i„t the rate of 'snc^iXt:'- """ "^ *""'"^"'"^^ '-'-' ^" -" ^^'■^- -'"^' r. V^'r ^'-"tilation may ho gradually decreasej after a temperature of l.'i5= F is L retted ' " ""'" ""'*'"*"" " '^''^ "* *''^ '"^'' "^^^ « teu.perature of ISO^" f! hour^-or'n^ ''". ''""' ''f f ''^'^■^•— ^'t-^r the leaf is dry raise the heat 10 dep-ee. everv F is rea b' tZ " t/'T T7 '' "^ ''V^' "^ '^ ^^^^''^'^ ""•'^ " te.nperat.t of 9o' ^ten.s and stalks The heat may be run up to 2(X) or 225= F. in drvinp the tdks- rrce'';' h" 1'TT 'f "«'"—->• "-l -i--^ the heat above 190' F r dins he face of the leaf. The heat must be held at 1-,H)° F. until all the mois ure ha! been dr.ed out of the stems and stalks. If any moisture is left in the ten u d staS the tobacco w: 1 run red when bulked down and may even mould and rot. Ihe best places to look for mo-ture or swelled stems are just over tlie firebox a,»l in the corner just over the first eL^w joint ' " ^ It generally requires from 36 to .50 hours to yellow ; from 12 to 18 hours to fix the colour; and from 40 to 58 hours to dry th.. stalks With tobacco which is extremely lipht in body it sometin.es happens that the L'^, ih to fiTt'he /'^ "' i;-"Porature of about 90° F.. before the tobT" i - „ow enough o fix the colour. 1 h.s is due to a lack of moisture in the barn an.l may hi remedied by wett.n^ the floor of the barn well. However, it is not .'dvi a e to use aTt K-n'Theret V ''7 ""'''' 't"'" '•^'^""'" ^"^'''^^^^^ ^'^"-^ to fi.x the c ,.ur as tlitn there is danger of causing the yellowed leaves to sponge. HANDLING AFTER CI'RIXG. the Largo part of the m-ddlo vein should not bo so pliant. The tobacco s},, Id Zn be bulked down shingle fashion in long bulks. W en shingl 1 dowtin o^ "tl/a h". ;"'' ^•''"^""'*-- ♦'- '-'f -i" -prove considerably in oo.r n In v ^ h a light pea-green e«st or a pea-green colour along the veins this ..ree,, will run Soin anT b t".'''""'^-'"'^""^^^-^^- ^''^^ "•''""* ^^ '^^vs the bulk sho , e taken outside The tob; '" " '"""" "'r:- "'*'^ ^'"^ •'•^^ overlapping and the butts to the outside. The tobacco is now ready f„r stripping and assorting. STEAMING TOBACCO INTO ORDER. .o^brio^^^^rt;:!-^^:-^^ not a bad substitute. Tn steaming tobaccot'^ir'^hrbTr " tl ^ f^^rti^M and the steam must be under a low pro^snre; about 2.5 po„nd. prp==urV he m. ^ results. Care must be exercised not to get the tobacco too high in order and it trust be handled as soon a, possible after steaming as it will go out of ordt v'v rl^Z 30 V.i -jiTlKS OF FLUK-CUUED TOBAC(X). The many varieties grown and tested .luiy be divided into two general elasses, based on the siiape and size of leaf, namely, tlie broad-leaf types and tlio narrow-loaf types. As a rule the broad-leaf types w^'re somewhat later in inaturinir, darker in colour v;hen eurcd, and coarser than the narrow-leaf ty|>es; and when both typt>s were planted at the same distance the broad-lenf types were the lieaviest yieldt'rs. Tlie iiroad-leaf types grown ineluded Long Leaf Ciooeh, Conqueror, Adeoek, White Stem Orinoeo, Virginia (iold Leaf, Wariie, Jiester, Iliekory I'ryor, and C'rit<'lier. Of these Long Leaf (Jlooeh, Conqueror, Adeoek, White Stem Orinoco, Virginia (iold Leaf and Hester grew very rank and coarse; and while tliey were heavy yielders they were too heavy in body to cure satisfactorily. However, on a very light soil the, iinite siniilar in their characteristics; both will give a cured leaf of a bright, tia-liy face and are fair yicbbrs, though not -■> good yielders as the Warne. Of the two the Hickory Pryor is the belter yiclder and has the smoother li-af, ami on the heavier soils gives the nio-^t satisfa<-tory results of ^ny of the broad-leaf types. The narrow-leaf types uinwii includeil Flanagan and Gopher Skin. The Flanagan has a fairly smooth, meiliuni->izi'il leaf of good body anil ciu't- up with a bright, flashy face. It is a fair yiclder and the results of the expnriment indicate that, on the heavier types of soil, if it is planted a little more closely than is customary in iilauting the broad-leaf tyi)es, it will yield just as well as the latter and give a brighter coloured leaf of good body. The (iopher Skin has a smaller and n little rougher ty]ie of Uaf than the Flanagan. It cures up bright and is a fair yiclder but the leaf is not of quite as good a (pnility as that of the Flanagan. 81 II TOBACCO SOILS, ROTATIONS, FERTILIZERS. ir. A. Fkkk.man, M.S., Tul.Hco Inspector. SCOPE OF TIIK WOltK-.MKTJlODS. r.cr V .?' '"■ "•'^"'?'*' !" ,'"""*■ ""l"'"''^- ""^1 "■' "'•'•"""t of a sorions luok of data regarding the physical and chonuoal nature and .•o,„,K.sition of Cana.Iian tol,a«.o soils as well as a lack o data regarding tlwir corn-lation, fortiliz.T needs .' d extent it «-.^ proposed to „.ve.t,gate the soils of Canada nou- producing tobacco and any p;„po ;d tobacco so.ls, m order to secure this iuforn.ation. Tli.se investigat.ons an- 1 tii^^ conducted on the flue-cured. Win,. Hurl.,-, and Quebec cigar toba ^ l.nds \ r ' doin number oi samples are taken over vhe entire area, as an isolated soil analvsi. i, „-,..„.. sa isfactor.v because there is no standard of comparison. We get the bulk' of our know- edge by comparison and for this reason extensive and general ana.ses of ,ri , "."o be V..;" S"'T"^" ''"■•^ ''""^ "l"'^'^- ^""^ « •^^"*-" -'■" ^'i- ^— .1 «>andards that il DC \aluable in every com|)arison. Soil sanipk-s are taken according to the method of the Official Agricultural Chen,, , bulletin >.. Bureau of Chemistry (1). Physical analyses are made the ba of the survey and the meth.Kl used is that given in hnllcin .>. Bureau of Soils. Cited States Department of Agriculture (2,. The metho.ls used in the chemical analvl^ arc given as official l,v the Association of Otfieial Agricultural Cle.ni.sts (.r, Tn„„ir^ and observation are made on fields .shonir.g better adaptability than other fiel, s of appa, ntly the same nature. gexp:ral i)is( rssrox. Since the investigation of soils durin-'- the Ii^t h'ft.wm ,. i i , ,. tribution of crops to be so .lopendent , I^ bv i 1 ' ^.^^ h. ^f ^"'r "" ''"" climate, it is readily s..n that data n^galding this ^^l^'of t e " ^:^. ^ ^ ^l .^^ f we are to adv.se with very much accuracy regarding soil „uestions. The vXa amibMS IS r commended as most valuable for soil survey work. In fact it sho.l f , rm the ba IS of the survey because it alone takes aceount of tho.e pl.vsi.-al fun,,! , -tl e emulation of the water supply. a,.d therefore ,he temperature.'tlie ,.ir s.lv a^e I of tb oTV'": "■"" "''•■''^"'''"r "''''^ "'''■^- -" '--^^ " "-' '■" .l.terminini'th,. V lue ot the soil for the production of any crop. The tobacco plant probably move than any other i. Iodised according to clinnte and soil. Each distn,,. soil formation, ai.1.1 by climatic con.litions, give p • H ualities o the cured tol,a...o leaf as ,o .e.xture. flavour, colour, and specia tl s for .aned uses, and for different m,,rko,s. The same soil often has the ch.ic v ^f producing „.perfectly all the clashes of tobacco, but such soil inot f, ,' to le avouralde for yield.ng the highest excellence in any of the classes. So eontrol./.. J" in- character .,T t.,e >o,i that one parr of a farm may pro.luce the finest g,:.,d; of tobacro, and the othe^ part will grow only the commoner' ..ticle The Bmeau of Soil: of the Tnited States Department of Agriculture (4) have shown very conclusively that it is possible to locate a soil that i. adapted t. the ro- 32 duotiiPii of a ccrtiiin typp of ttilmccn by ii study of tlio pliysi.-iil niul chi-inicul comiiosi- tion of the soil. The productimi of a very ji.iod cijtnr leaf tobacco in Texas is the rt>sult of such a survey. In a soil siirvi'y of the Connecticut Valley by tlie Bureau of Soils, soils were obs«>rve(l as heiiiff ailapti'd to produce certiiin <|unlities of leaf of the same variety of tobacco ditf ;j; markedly in texture and colour. Practical results since secured by provvi rs b shown the ileductioiis of the liureau to be very valuable, and in most instance , ,'t. KxiH'riments conducted by the ronnecticut Statin \ have also shown the . le of a careful soil survey of any proposed tobacco districts. ITnll and Ttussell (.'>) h;iv(> shown that there is n close relation between the mechanical or physical analyses of soils and their suitability to potatoes, barley, fruit and hops. ORIOTN OF TITE FLrE-CrUED TOBAf'C^O SOILS. The soils now producing liri^ht tobacco in Canada belonj; in the Rlacial lake and river terrace soil province. At the close of the placial o]m-]\ the lakes in this part of the United States and Catuida were very numerous, and the water level of those which remain was very much biirhcr, and covcnvl areas that are now from a few feet to two hundred feet above their i)rescnt shori' line. These soils are derived from placial material and debris which has been reworked and redeposited alon^r lakes and rivers. They vary from beai'h sands and jrravels to heavy clay soils. CLASSIFICATION. "The (0) te.xture of the soil is expressed in the mechanical analysis of a separa- tion into seven grades, the sizes of which are arbitrarily fixed. The results of the analyses show the percentages of sand, silt, and clay. When, aside from texture, the physical and chemical properties of the soil and its method of formation are alike, we have what we call a soil series extending from the coarse gravelly or sandy soils on the one side to the finer silt and clay soils on the other, and in such a series the i^'xture of the soil determines the distribution of crops. Such soils are given a soil generic name (generally the i :.iii.- -i tlie place v,i,ere first noted) with cjualifying textural terms." We have for example Tx^amiiigton sand, Leaniinu'ton fine sand, and Leamington fine sandy loam as iirotnincnt tyi)es in the Leamingtoi series. " In the classification of soils, the texture is used to determine the place in the series, and the structure and colour to determine what series the soil can be correlated with. In the flue-cured tobacco section only one srijl scries has been foind which we have arbitrarily d(\signat«l as the Leamington series. Tli(> risults of the pbysiciil Miialyses of a few tviilcal soils of the district are given in Table I. .^.^ ^ s r J -; tt ^ I " I " " " "^ - '■* '"^ •■* " ^ -^ '^ -^ -^ I- '- -i' -^ « c r: -i^ -I ..i ^ ^ i i ^ ."t ,- ^ i ~ 1; .'-; _== . • . ^v -^ r'.- •.• r - -r ~'^*i - = »^ — r >'i--f — rt^iiV-iiiT^iii s<$ > O I 1 il 5 S .* -^ T = : ' ' ' ■ ~ " — - " ~ '■" - "^ - Z E ■'"^ - ""^ " '< — = « ■-= f r'l ^1 ^i = (,- Ti ~: -r i li i l-e?; ^' 1- •■= Ti ri -. Ti ri - ^ ^ _ r, - r, -■, _ i i s _ _ _ ^ i .-, ,i .i _ .-, ;:^ ^ .-, g X r; S :- D s !5 >; - — = rj ■ — — » — = *'"! — fl— 'C-J?!— Tl«jc«-Cl ■Jl -l-J^J.:g-^^-^^-^^xislil-Xi:-^-X:^lJ-gd-Al^lljig^i^ai III I X — ="' » ?? Xi ^ CO -- -o ?? •-£ r- -C ?t X ?? ?= -r ?* t^ ^ :D ^ I ^C;«6c;OC!«£C;:CCj;CZ:-^=:;3S r^ I* r^ ^ ro re : I -J r^ -^ ?T t^ i.-; If? «: t.t «: ic «? »c ut ic ».t .c "C »c ih ."c »>; u; .'?: -r* r)5 2? ^^ .^ i^ 2? ic ri? ic i"c ? ."?: .' 34 s o •■*■ — --i c: jc jc I - ao £ i\Z-r. ^-•^ ■ « 1 -^ It -T" 1- I- -r "T -r cc— tT~ = ^l O ' S = - = — r-. I- -^ ?-: /: r-r ?-i C £ — Q q X Ti to ri ri -r -• — §1-1 i I 2- — _.-i >— = I •• ■'- r '^ «"!= "»■ — = — tl = • 71 ?l — — 5; Ti ti ■U. a^ ?ii='f.:^S-: WJ .-: .•: >c 7. a ?! 7 7 7 — it f ~ — t; if is c n 'A X 3 3 r. kJu Mh« = !^' !l taj Ci *t --1 ■.-I iri -^ Si "t 35 It can 1.0 s.-..,i from tlu*.,- nriiil.vses that our fli... imu-cI f,,l,nr .„,iU l,„v,. ., hldi pn;,,„rt.u,, ot nu. i.un .a.ul and n low silt and .lay ..ont,.nt. In the case of soil No. ..1 .and ..1. a rathor lar,.,. amount of silt and .lay for th,. nsual tobacco land is found. lh.> hod i,r,,duc„ la very frroon and ^rnnuny f,,l, ,l,at w„uld nnt y.-lluw .,„ ,ho hill wi;i,.h\ " f'u'l ^ -- /'-'■"'•'>• -'"" i" I-rt, to th.. „it,npon contont „f ,ho .oil. vW. . h ^a, found la.r y i„,4,, ,ut was no .loubt due lar,..ly to the rathor hi^h clav an.l s,l oontont of ,h,s .,,1. Pracioally all -amphs s..!.,.,,.] .„ ,.,. ..,,;,.,, ,„p„..,,,; so,ne of h. h.st and n.ost suo.vssful tol,a.-o farms in ,|„. diMri,.t. hav,- .l,„wn ,1,.... sods to he of tho !.oaM,in^'ton sand typo. Son.o nf ,|,.... tarn.s havo I,,., n und.-r olH^orvatio (or sov.-ral s,.as„ns. and havo shown ir 1 adaptahilitv to lluo-nrod t,.I.a, ,,"■ "'■--■'■ ■•■■>'.'■; Iho Harrow Tol.aro,, Station far.n i. a littl.. la^avior in tvpo iiau ,,<. avorau.-. .. , as hoon found that a lon-or tinio i, r.Hiuir..! to nialuro tho -hn. ., O,, ,!„. .„„1 ;,,,„ „„ ,1„. „,,,,,.,. ,,,;,,,„ ,^,,,^„,,.„ ^, .,_ ^^,^^^ ^,^^^^ ^,^^ ^ ,^^^^^ 1^^^^ ^^ ni^. ,,,<■> !o p l.ryo and roinain irnvn i„stoad of riponin- and -Hlin- v,.]l,ov in tl„. no.i ,. tvo, .,f .,,1 ,i.,os nnt soom woll adapto.l i,, tl„. pr,.do.-t l..n ,.( tho i.-t r,,I,,ur iH.t tho y,..d an,l .., ly ar.. ponorally >: I. Soil X,,. <;,m; ,„...dnood a v,rv 1„ aw rank irrow h ,, l„...ourod tohaooo that was so .roon and -o that i, had t. I ir-", " ho fo rdtty of Ins parttoular so,| is ,.„„1, „„.| „,.. ,,,,,;„„,„ -, ^ , ,„„ „„. ,.,, iohaoo,','. " '" "'''"'"' '" *'"' '"•'"'"'•'!•■" "f I-"""! Muality tluo-..„rod Tho on,|,s of ,„1„„,,„ „„ ,i„, Loatnintrton sand ty,,o showo.l ,„. vrrv niarko.i varia- tion that <.onld ho nttrihnlo.1 to toxtural dlfTor, .„,,.. ,,f tl„. ,,,11 In Tn...hanioal oo„,p,^ition, f'atn.dian lluo-onn.l toha.oo '.oil, ;„v nn,.-h oo.,r...r toxtmv, , ,,,, tho tlno-ourod tohaooo soils of tho south (7). Tho silt and oh.v oontont of th,. Ontario and southern sods ,s praotioally tho sa.no. Sinoo tho oxtromo'hoat a,?d oonsonuon, oxo.ss.vo evaporation ox,.>rionood in tho south is not cn.ntnon o O • r i o prao toal.y ,ho santo wat.r relation to .^rowth -l,„uld exist in tl „... „.„.,," 'Ts' as olitains on tho finer textured sonthorn -o'.l- Tho loss on ifrnition, which represents the .'.ruanio .natter, lounus. .,o.. i, ,,„i,,. ]„„. .n our so.ls. Afueh tnoroasod yiehls w„„hl no doui,, r,.,dt if the hunn,, .-on on, wa .noroased w, hout tnoroas.n.. the nitrogen content too n.u-h. Kve turned nn.h-r ■„ d proper rotat.on of ,.rops are the host ,n..an- of s„pp,,i,„. this ov.anie ,u tr TIIK PROPKK son, Foi; IT.IKcimjKD T0|!.\( CO. pa-t';;n^''t!;'''''.:''r"''r''^ 'f '^r "" "■"""■ ^"•"' '■^'"''"•""" -"-"'-^ -- <'- anada should ho a loose. ,.,rous sand, oontaininrr W to T<. „r ..,,,f of n,o,Iiu,n s,,„l drained soil of any kind. ' "".n m, , .,nnot 1... profitably produo,.] on ,.H>r!y Soil a.l:,ptation is a very i,n,H,rtant factor in tho satisfaetorv prodtiction of flu^ • '"'.,, •""' '"''■• '■;';••" 'f'-""-" "1 -•"! t'u" i^ not suited to it is not likob- to .-rade w,.h any other o,tahl,sh...l typo, and likely to s,.|l as nond.^o,-;,,, I ho tneohanioal and ehe,„ieMl ..onditio,, of the soil is often Indi-.iod l.v I,, eolour FEKI'ILITY STIDIKS. Cht'iiiii'al analyses field experiinents, and eo-oiieralive fertilizer tests are l»-iii,; earried on with a view to determining and iii<'ri>asinK the fertility of the tohaecd -oils and seoiirinff profitahle yields. Every soil contains two kinds of plant food, usable, that which the jilant can f;c! without difficulty; and unusable, such as enclosed in rocks, particles and eoniiiounds. A ^reat mass of jieople still believe that all that is iieeessary to k/iow li Alumina and In Insoluble and so Loss on ignition n ( )xiii«'. uhlc Silica 0-08 3 1!) 95-01 0-94 I No. .iOS. No. .509 No. 510., No. 511., No. 512.,. No. 513. .No. 514. No. 515 Phosphoric :u'i(i Nitrogen Potash I.itiic MjiKncsin .MuiDina :tn<) IronOxiilc 1nsi>tulil<' anil ^olul>U' Silini I.OSS (jn if;nition 0-10 OO.' 0-21 0-07 0 05 2 15 94 75 1 99 0-OS 0 05 0 IS 0 12 0-13 2-39 95 33 1 (!fi 0 OS 0O4 0 10 O-OS O-llli 1 90 94-40 2-02 0 08 0O2 0-12 O'OO 0-07 2-12 95-92 0-98 i O-OS 0 08 0 OS 0-00 0-04 0-88 97-01 1 65 0-03 0 04 0-13 0O4 0-03 3-90 95-07 0-97 0-03 0-03 0-25 0 03 0-09 3-«2 93- 1« 2 4.5 O-OS 0 01 0-33 0 14 0-21 4 35 93-00 1-.5G i No. 51fi. No. 517. No. 51S No. 519 .No. .520.; N,>. ,521. No. .522. No. 523. Phosphoric Hciil Nitroccn PoUtah Limp MiUjnesia .\luininii ami Iron < )xiilo Insotuhlc anil solulilc .'-^ilii-u. Loss on iKnition i 0 12 0 OS 0-Ofi 0 05 0-09 1 0-08 0-08 0 05 0-2S 0 113 0O3 0 02 0-08 , 0 03 006 0-1)2 0 74 0-Sl 0-10 0 11 0-22 ; 0-22 0 20 0 2ft 0-29 0 30 (l-OS 0-09 0-04 j 0 05 0 09 0-10 1 14 0 20 0-02 0 05 0-08 i 0O8 0-08 0 o« 5 U) 3 25 2-21 3 01 2-90 ! 3-20 4-00 4 62 S5-07 92-85 95 89 95 -.30 94-45 i 94 70 93 12 93 26 8-48 1 98 I 81 I II 2 20 j 1 45 2-20 1-62 DESCKIl'TlOX OF SAMPLES. Xo. 5fW) — Surfneo soil, 0-0 inches, dark sand, from farm of \Vm. Mills, Ruthven. .Vo. !H)^ — Suksoil, 6-24 inchrs, liirlit yellow sand. Xo. r)<)2 — Surface .soil, same farm, dark .sand, O-fi inches. Xo. r>0.'!— Subsoil to TiOL', *\U inches, lipht yellow sand. No. .'lOl^Surfacj- wiil, O-.' tnehei<, Conover's farm, Leamington, dark brown sand. No. 50.-.— Subsoil to r,04, yellow sntid. |: »"--;:i,^"s:s"L^-;\r':::i''' "- "-" "-'■ •-■' ■•'■"'- X- f :~^"''?"'' ^« •'••'• '---t !■"■''-• .v'^'l-v «a,ul. ^o. 513— Surtnoe soil, (i-ti inches .lark l.n.wn -mid Nr,,, <,f W -^ c X... Sin-S„l^oil to fil4. r-24 in.-lM s, dark «r,.v snnd. ^';- ■' l^J'f "?;' ^*^i'- '^-l-'^ ■■"'■l'-.'^. I.la.-k snud lonm. y.o. .)!,— .Sul^soil to Sir. ir)--M inel.i.* i;.r|,, ,.11 1 , concession. J^-aminpton. •''""'' '•"""'•'■ '"^""- ^"'•"' "^ t'">^. ^i'-'l ^''^- «_^-Surfac,. soil O-f, inches, rather rolling and Patez. Ilntliv,.n, dark san.) soil Xo. 51!^S„l,soil „> 51S. .1-24 inches, yellow sand. stat^: niinl:"''"'"'^ ^'"' "^ '"•^"-' •'-- -■-'>■ >■ -No. ..--Surface so,l. 0-fl i„ehes. niediun, dark can I W \ !■ „„ ,• v Jlarrow. ■ujn. >\ . .\. i.amet s ha Xo. n2.-!-Sul,s.,iI ,0 .^L'i, .i-24 inches, yellow .an.l lTo„inchen.ical.-tanore .s a ...rly close relat in plant f , cnstituenis l:ZnJ\:Z;: :T "'" .-'■nipact soil, farm of \Vm. 'Min, Harrow K.xperimental anil. KOTATIOX OF CROPS. .ea^^=rr::,r:^t::;: nrJ:;::-'^'- ^'^ -'-^ - ^•■" -'= -re rotate from the standfviint of soiHw li i oL ::;i ''""f ''""'" •^"" " "'^.v« to fhe^oweroverany fair period of tine WI— ""'"' ""'*' "'"^ '"*"' '"-"fit to on the same soil, over a Lre or le s exto,, £ I ? T """ '"''"'• '' *^"^^" '■«^n'i"uousl.- all of the diseas.. comm" Z c " n h" ^me'Z'r ' "7 ''"''' "'""•^'^ '^'^^''^«-- -'^ the end unprofital.le. if not in„.Ji,r I:;';: '^^1^," S7"''^"^ '-'^■- 't in For th,- production of tobacco of the best qu.ditv if , , ■berallysuppli..! with vegetable niattcr or hum, „ ' ,rnT"'''' """ ""/"" ""^ IFumus mcre.-.ses the friabilitv and vit.>r 1, ,1 advanc,..! stau'e of decay, tho yic- nd the nu..lity of thr la 'o "'.'.'; '^^^f "\ ^ ^-'- »"'! '•--ases maxim,.., yi.-ld of th,. best -lualitv t,.bncc '•'^, ''"' ^"""' ''>• '^MH'rimcnt that .. were very low in h,m,u,, no ,nn h. 1 h c '""• "'"'""'-'> -^ -i'' which humus is h..t obtai,icd bv fo vij:,,,'; ";";':'■•;: ■^' ^'^'•"""r'- -- "-1- Thi.. are include,!, ft has 1 „ f..,n„I , , v„ , . ■'"'"'r "'"' '"'"" "'^■'''- "^'-PS -lover sod tnrne,! un,l,.r hal tl, . . , t,"! r T'""^ /''T "T"' '•^"'" '^^ •■^■"■" cure,! tobacco. The same is tru, of „ ,- ' ',''''""" " ''"'■'<-"lo>>r..! coarse f1„e- rnther infertile, 'ipht Tnndv .oi s „ crn' f T ••"'^'"■■•^♦'•■" "^ '-m.vard ni.nure. On 1- of benefit, an,! the s, me is , ,o ofT,, 1 t'" T'^'^ ""''"^ o,.easie„:,llv mi^h, manure. Even then it wi be ,t, r t '^ ,1 th'V; '"" '" !''7 '""^ "^ '""•"•^•^'^•' T,. {riM« tlie .-lover or apply the manure after lli.. 38 tol.uvo and in a regular rotation rather than immediately before .t. As a rule the si' ly ofTumu. had best be maintained i,y ploughing under cover cro,« of oe and sods of timothy and red top grass. , • , „ ,.„ n or the Imd hi The rofitiou shoul.l be so T>lann.-d that there is always a erop on the land ; / f . ,lilv nviilible l>ln.t food, it would be best to follow tolnuvo ,mm.> ':Z11 ^irl ^r^ f 'X -a rem.,ves large quantities of ammonia that ..ten ■atisf..^ I In U s n,.a,iou rye should bo sown after both eorn .md toba,-eo ami med der the spring in order to keep "P the humus supply o the sod he ;Z',:::;;id ;" fer,iH.ed wi,h . e,.mn,..reml fertilizer. Manure w„u.d be applu.! to '., tl.f. f.ill iftiT the rrain had bieii liarve^ttnl. The three erops reoommended heing < lean ( uiinano ''"^^nJ.:::.:^'™t::;;:n for ,be s„iU very light in eolour and low in '--^^ouhibe , . t ve, tobaeeo land manured and fall ploughed and seeded to rye: (.'ud year) r>c , l.t Mar) tohaero a Q , , , ^^.,, „„,„. (^^d .rear) rye turn..l under, gran. t„r "d '-•''■'•::;"V^'';,Ji,';f '.;;,,.„. In this rotation the tobaeeo crop should ,1:^.1-:::" vm : i:;:^!:; ler:n;:-r. ^ye eou,d be u.ed ns a winter «.ver crop each he tertLizoi ,„.,,vided the gra n was to be used for feed. In ■ ^rtni out all of the rve. and anv remainin- ,.lants bend out and are harvested ; th, r in f be 4ai 1 wa- u^.d for feeding p«r,,os^ this would not be a ::Z<:^S::L. Vu wo„ld ... be sati.,a,.,oi.y for ^ed grain. If the rye is not present iti too great quantity, it -•ould be p.dled ,.ut at h-ading nme. FERTIUZF.KS TOR FLIK nUKn TOR.\C('0. n„. ,l„....ured tobaeeo soils r. -pond re.dily to fertilizers, and fer.ili;^'rs givT. very s in increased yields .d" tobaeeo if p.np.r'y balam o,l and used in sull.cient pKid relunis i i)uantity. '"'"" eomplete ferti'izer-that is on. containing ea..h of the time materials, an, noma Citri...,". phosph.>rie acid, and potash, is nee.le.l. Th..se ..in be bough. r..ady mix.l. „r th.' ingredients can be bought an.J mixed u' h.mie. ,-. f .1 Hroldlv .peaking .-b ..f these elem.m.s has a s,H.eia effct ..n ib.- .,ual, y of b leaf, nn.l i.: limiting the yi.ld. T.... much ammonia if used wub an ,nsntr„.„ ft am.mnt of potusli, and ffiiieciully ol' i)hij.-.plinric aeid, will iiuike tiie tohaceo coarsi', dark, and late ill maturing. If sufficii'nt Minnionia i* iii;t ust-d. tlio toliai'Cd will lio small, thin and poor, although tho colour may be good. Potash, like ammonia, improves the yield and Uody of the leaf. 'I'liis element shoiiid be much more liberally used, as soon as the pri if it be<'oiue- normal, than has been the custom in the past. Phosphoric acid should be used in good (luanfity as it imreases growth and hastens maturity, and also strongly tends to brighten the colour beeanse of its decided effect in ripening the leaf. On account of this effect, acid jjliosphate should be used liberally in the tobacco fertilizer on the better inijiroved soils, which, from ..n accumulation of nitro- genous materials might tend to produce a dark, coarse leaf. It should not bo used excessively on light, unimproved soils because on such soils there i.s a natural tendency to "firing," and such a tendency would be i creased by an excessive application of acid phosphate, though increasing the ammonia supplied in the fertilizer or otherwise would help to overcome this difficulty and increase tl.c growth. This largely explains why turning under a clover crop, or two or three tons cl well-rotted stable manure on very sandy soils may sometimes result in ])osifive benefit. Potash and ncid phosphate, as a rule, may be used freely on flue-cured tobacco without injury to the qualit.v. but it requires a nice adjustment of the ammonia supply to give the best results. Ammonia in the soil comes almost entirely from decaying vegetable matter or manure, and the e.nantity to be used in the fertilizer should give due consideration to the amount that can be expected from sources in the soil. Fertilizers for flue-cured tobacco should be apiilii'd in the rowbfM'aiise with ordinary amounts better immediate effects are realized. When heavy ai>plications are used in the row it should be thoroughly incorporat<'d with the soil by runiiin-r a small plough or double shovel with small teeth along the row before it is bedded, or applied two or three weeks before planting time. Sulphate of imtash, .50 per cent is rei'i'mmended as the most desirable siuirce of potash, IC per cent acid phosi)hate as the most desirable source of phosjihoric ncid, and sulphate of amnioiiia, 24 jxt cen,, or dried blood, ^ ' per cent ammonir. (13 per cent nitrogen) as the most desiriible source of ammonia i r Hue-cured tobacco. From the r.sults of co-ciierative fertilizer tests con jiounds per acre would be orofitnble. Soluble fertilizers, sui-h as nientioiu'd are recomnieniiK' t.t' tlie erup, and what is required in tlie soil to product' tiio crop. Tlic roots and stubs rcinaiu in the soil, and the stalks should be returned to tlie bind sn tbat the only biss in plant food from th" farm is that sold in the crops. Samples of Uwvcs and stalks nf Warno and Ilickor.v I'ryor collected as harv(>sted from various plots and farms were analyzed for their nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, Una' and magnesia contort. The snerage content of these ingredients in l.fnlO jxiunds nf thie—ured leaf (7 per cent moisture) and r).''.2 pounds of stalks (5 jk-t cent nmisture) are given in the following table: — Ki.rixi itKO roBACro. Taiii.e III. — Showing pounds of plant food removed from the soil by a 1,000-pound P"r acre crop of fiue-cured tobacco. Plant Foods. 1,000 lbs. leaf. 552 lbs. stalk. Total. N'itrotjcn 45 6 45 21 18 .! 20 0 4 6.3 H 7X Phosphoric acid Potash Lime 51 Magnesia ''5 To replace the amount of j.lant fnods removed from the soil in the 1,000 pounds of leaf (and the proportion holds the same for a greater or less number of pounds) would recpiire 2(M» pounds of sulphate of anmionia, about .50 pounds of 16 per cent acid phos|ihate. 120 i>oun«ls of sulphate of potash, and about 100 pounds of grcmml limt^tone. It is always advisable to use phosplioric acid, and potash in excess of the I)lant"s re, and known as the typical Hiie-ciir.d or bright tobacco soils of Essex countv. I-ields of as uniform fertility and cont.iur as could be obtained were selected In each K^ld one-tenth a to determine the best formula and most economical fertilizer f.>r the i.rod.ieti f „ ^ 1 , i,,],! of tlue-cured tobacco of good qualit.v. In order to fertilize any cr,,p im.llif., ntly time things miL-t b.- known- what the plant re.|uires, what is d.-ticient in the -oil. and the best source of plant food to supply the deficiency. Physical and cjwmieal -ludi,.> of the various types and classes of tobacco soils in Canada an- siiiuil.nieiiting field trials, nianurial and fertilizer experi- ments. The experiments have i.een rtiiining two years and are to he continued \ fer- tilizer test should be run spveral ^^easons to determine manv points, vet two seasons nia.v he sufficient to show fairly accurately Tvhat fertilizers are needed and whether profitable on a tobacco crop. 100 r^sorr^' "^ fertilizers used in the various mixtures were sulphate of ammonia, T* 4^ '^ "i • f^^^^Plin'-'- 1« I'" '^''"t. 2<^ to fion pound- sulphate of potash •lO to 400 pounds. ' ' The yields increased with every increase in the addition of sulphate of ammonia, bn the per cent ot bright eat decreased with greater application than 1,W pounds unless an application of at least ,W pounds of .„]pl,ate of potash and 500 pounds of Ifi per cent acid phosphate were used. Yields were increased by applications of n.-id pbns,,l,.^te up („ .VH^ p„„nds per icre- heavier applications did not show a profitable increase. i • The sulphate of potash gave substantial in.Tcnses for every ad.lition up to 400 pounds per acre, with no deterioration in quality of the cured leaf. At prices paid for the potash, which «as $iOO per ton. the large applications did not pav. a, waVto be P'tpw^ted. but chea,>er potash is sure to come and the larger applications will then be profitable. One hundred pounds combined with 500 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate and 150 pounds of sulphate of ammo.iia made a very profitable return 42 bciiijr on the uveriipi of from tliCte to fo\ir dolliirs for c.u'h dollar spout for tlio oom- liiiiiitioii du ]>oiind- of ]r, jx.r cent acid phosphate, and 2M to ;!Oft iionnds of sulphate of jxitash.' FERTILIZKR AND CLOVKU ON' Fr.rK-(TREn TOBACCO. Although turning under a heavy crop of clover on fairly well iniprovetl land on wliich a crop of flue-enred tobacco is to be grown the same season is not recommended, it was thought worth while to try the effect under our climatic and soil conditions. Four one-tenth acre I'lots were staked. The fertilizer was appli(Ml in the amounts given in table IV, in the row. It was desired to see if good applications of fertilizer would improve the dark colour of the leaf that wa.s to be expected and at the same time improve the ,vicld. Fertilizers wire applied singl.v and in combination. The soil on which this experiment was run is of the T)unds of flue-cured tobacco per acre. Also the kind and amount of fertilizer applied per acre. Plot No. i 1 Lbs. red 1 tobacco. i LbH tob .ilarkj ucoo. 790 200 : 270 270 T,bs. Total. 1,2,'!0 1.440 1..S10 1,600 SulphatP .\mmonia None. None None .\(id Phosphate 1.. 2 . ! 450 . 1 1,240 i 1.040 j 1.330 1 None ' 600 None 1 4.. 200 600 i I Sulphate Potash. None None 400 400 IVrtilizor npplieounds per acre. The quality of the leaf was very poor. Plot ?<'o. 2 yielded at the rate of 1,240 pounds of red and 200 poimds of dark and green grades, making a total of 1,440 pounds per acre. The plot was fertilized at the rate of 600 pounds per acre of acid phosphate. The phosphate increased the total yield 1 XoTK— Mr. Fred WriKht and llr. VV. S. Corcoran of OxUy have uiven much palnstakinR and encourafftnfr help in condnctlnsr these expcrtments. 43 :iii(l iii('n.,is,-,l the iMrc.'Uliiuv ,.f ivcl t,, ,lMrk td.acr., v.rv inurh ,,v.i- tlic i... Icrtili/.ci- plot. Till' iiiiiility ot" till- cKiii WMs iriiicli sMiicriMi- \,, tlmi rmui \... I jihl uii- iimp. mature. Plot Xo. :;, vi.-l.l,.,l at the rati- of l.tMO | m.I^ ..I' ic.l ami liTl* ih.imd:. ,.f .lark au.l crccii -ni.l.'s i.uikiii)-- 11 t.)t:il of l.:!10 \u,uu<\-. |k r a.-rc Tlif [.lot was fcrtili/cil with sulphate of ix.tnsh at the rate of l*hl |„,u.i.U per a. -re. Th,- viekl wa. iiareaM.I ,.ver the no fertilizer ,.lot. 'Ihe pore. iita.;.e .,f r.-.i i,, dark trra.h- ua. ii..t as v'.mmI a> th- r.'siilt ..l.taiii.'il ..I, tl'.> ph.Kj.hat.' i,l.,t. Th,. i„„ly , f the leaf was iroo.i. iiiatiiritv wa> ii..t as w.-ll ailvaii.-..,! as .,ii th.. iih.,sphal.. n|.,t allh..ii::h p.,ta-li shnuv.! a v.rs 1., ii.'.lii^iai effect .III yield ami ipiality. riot Xo. f, yield. •ls ea.-h year for the past two years were weighed in order to .letermine if any corn lations of loaf to stalk .•ould bo not...]. (;r..win!r. t..piiinu and harv.stinu wciv d.me as i^ practised by the growers of th,' Hue-mired same. The Wuriie ami Ili.-k.iry l'ry,,r varieties were ,i;rown in th.'-.' e.xp.i-imeiil-. an. I per.- -Ajto of stalk to l.'af reniain.'d jiraetieally constant for both varieti.s. In no ease did a plot sh.iw less than 50 iier pent of stalk to l.'af, mir nior.' than fiO per cent. Most of the plots wore very -2 per cent. Hy eomparinff O.';:! p.nmds of -talk i",ir .a.-h I.immi p.iuml- ..f Hu.'-.'ur.'.l tolm.'.'o 1,'af pn.iiue0 p.)unds .if eurod loaf is iir.idueeil, in this e.mntry. The moisture content of the r-ured leaf is taken as 7 per .'.'nt and the moislnr,' .'.intent of the stalU as .-. per cent which is the pei nt i;iven by Davi.lsou for th,' eurod product. There seems to be little rea.son why the per.'cutajre .if stalk to leaf sh.udd b.- hit:he,- in ( nnnda than in the south, and it is believed that the explanation will be f.nind in the practice .if too late, and to., hidi. toppinp ..f Ihie-.Mired tobnco in tb.' f.iruii-r. If 44 this be the case, the Canadian grower is fertilizing, i iclucinK. harvestiiiB anrl luriiiir 200 pounds more than necessary of practically worthless stalks for onr-h 1,(MJ<> pounds of cured leaf, a large part of which could be converted into leaf by curlier and lower toppinsr. with improvement in the quality of the total 1,000 pounds of leaf prof'uccd. REFEKKNC'ES. Asriculturi'. Hurenu nf (!lii'niislx'y, liiillctiu 1. United States Department of Xo. 107. 2. United States Department of Adriculturf, Bureau of Soils, bulletin 3. Journal of the Association of Official Apriculturnl Cbeniista, ViA. February 15, 1010. 4. Bulletin 144 Texas Agricultural Kxpcriniental Station. r«. Agriculture and Sse.\, VM\ (pMiiird "f X^.. iculturi-) fi. United States Department of Agriculture, liureau of Soils, bulletin No. ."i."'. 7. United States Department of Agvicnliurc Biireau of SoiU. hullotin X 5. Tobacco Leaf - Orange Jurid f'n.. pp. "^.''. Xo. .s4. 1, No. 4, 11.