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Obtaiio DqptftOMiiit of Agticiitiie

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEQR

Ir! :

r

BULLETIN IM, . . ^

S OF ONTARIO

8¥

J. B. nOWlTT. M.S.Affr.
Lecturer la Botany

H«Ti»tjl ffom BttOaftin t28. which ww originally prepared by F. C. HuilMa, B.S.>^
In 1900, and raVtwd by Win. LochhMd, B.A., M.S., in JMSuid 1906, ftnd iadud
InK BoUetin 164, "Tlie PereAiti«l Sow Thistle and Some Other We«d Pest*,'-
prepared by J. &. llowitt, M.S.A^., in 1908.

-■■.n\a r,-

Pi-inlcd by L. K. CAMERON. Priulcr to ttie King's Most Exeellent '
TORONTO. ONT.. /li»«i. IfllL

UP

S&Cd13.. CsiW^ c.l

5I

BULLETIN 1861 [APRIL. 1911.

Qnterio Department of Agncultuie

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

I

«

The Weeds of Ontario

By J. Eaton Howitt, M.S.A., Lecturer in Botany

FOREWORD.

A review of he hisiory of the Weed Bufletins issued from the Ontario
Agricultural College reflects the growth of the seriousness of the weed
problem throughout the Province during the past twenty years, the con-
sequent gradual mcrease of an interest in the practical study of weed
plan^. and the never-ending necessity for education in the matter.

w A w /^i n 1" '*"^°xT ''*^, P«pared by the late J. Hoyes Panton.
MA., RG.S.. Professor of Natural History and Geology. No. X., which

af>n#9rMi tn ifoit ••<. < ••nail *i..^. ^._-j • t_ *. .. . '

ai^ared in 1887
to the rapid incr
lariy agiinst th
its appearance i.
had been reporteu

small three-paged circular. It called attention
i eeds in Ontario, and warned fanners particu-
of the Perennial Sow Thistle, which had made

.iborhood of Stratford, and Pennycrcss, which
• • o • ^ , .." ^""'*V of Almonte. Bulletin LXXXV., appear-
mg m iSga, dealt with methods of destroying eleven of the worst com-
mon weeds of the time, viz.. Canada Thistle. Sow Thistle, Wild Flax
PtgeoHweed. Ragweed. Couch Grass, Ox-eve Daisy, Burdock Blueweed
Mustard and Wild Oat. Bulletin XCI.. "Weeds of Ontario!" iSin'
1893, besides listing 92 common weeds known in Ontario, drew soecial
attention XoPennycress, Tumbling Weed, Wild Carrot, Clot Bur^znA
« m. «, . " ""^ * ^^^^ seven-page circular. In 1900. Bulletin 128
"The Weeds of Ontario," by P. C. Harrison, B.S.A.!wks issued In
1Q03 a second edition, revised by Mr. Harrison and Wm. Lochhead M A
M.S., Professor of Botany, was issued, and in 1906 a large third edition
revised again by Mr. Lochhead, was published. From the small three
pages of the first bulletin prepared by Prof.. Panton, this had grown to
a full-sized nmety-six-page bulletin.

sr i '^u'i-i

Owteff to Urn npid incrcue in Um spread of PfrtmM Stm Tkiith

TWgetod^ OA«r Weed Petto. ' hyl. E. Howftt. MSJigf., of

£S?^"**^* of BoUmy, wms ittued in 1906.
K.. k^ ?• «*•"»*!«« .0' »h« "uppJy of these two foioier buUetins, it
nuacmdeoned advisable to incorporate them now into one publication.

w!h&!LJ?*J^*' ofbotanical study during the put fonr^Sr
WJAb «l»MtiTe revuton and many additions made tfiis bulkSis
Sh£J^.S31 IirJ- nTS'u**'^?*' ?' «>« «et7 cuts used in this
{« i,iS2*Ti.^* its distributioB amongst those who are activelymgaged

StiSS!; i;, ^•^'JS** P"P"' '? *« «<=hool8. and others^SJ ire
mterested in our weed problems, may have beneficial results.

S. B. M cCaSADY.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT^

Ofoemformatton about the weeds recently introduced into Ontario hu

2?iw2!lfe u ^*^ y^Jj"' °' Canada." by G. H. Qark. B.8A..
MO «r. James Fletcher, of the Dommion Department of Agriculture.

WHAT IS A WEED?

•• A^^a^ **T^ definitions of a weed, viz. : " A plant out of place " ;
«^2r. 51 *^'' *'?^"«»<»ne «• un«ghtly plant that is at the same time

of the crop to which the field is temporarily devoted."

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF WEEDS.

M \ '^^ absorb soil moisture and thus lessen the supply of water avaH-

!S* ii V***^^' P'*"*^' "^" **«'"»^ Mustard plant pumps from the
sou about fourteen ounces, or seven-tenths of a pint, per day "

a. They use up the plant food in the soil, and thus rob the crop plants.

A!S'i!!I'°!^ * S' °^*" ^**'^'"^ *^*''" 5*^ before the crop plants, and
dunng the tmie they are npenmg their seeds draw heavily up<m the plant

fh!^«l5«'?' ' »"V^"!J*/'''*= '5*''= *^"*"« ^°^ the crop plants when
they require it to mature their seeds.

3- They 'hwie, crowd «nd choke out utefu? planta. Weeds frequeatiy
ffow more viy)rou8ly than the crop plants, and thus often stand above
them, preretttinc ^^ Kght and air required for healthy growth fron
reachiiig tfien.

4. Weeds are a constant source of expense. Ther faicrease the eoet
of every operation, in the preparing of the land, and to the seeding, cul-
tivaniur. harvesting and marketing of the croo.

5. They may interfere with the regular r la v >n of crops. It is some-
times necessary, on account of some particular weed, to drop some crop
from the rotation entirely.

C Some weeds, as Watier Hemlock and Horsetail, are poisonous to
stock. Quite frequently reports are received of stock being poisoned by
eating such weeds.

7. Milk is often tainted by the cows eating such weeds as WM Garlic
and Stinkweed.

8. The market value of seed grain, clover and grass seeds is much
decreased hv the presence of weed seeds in any quantity.

9. Weeds often harbor or favor the develo[Mnent of injurious insecto
and fungus diseases.

13. Weeds are unsightly, and their presence detracts very materially
from the value of a farm. No man cares to buy a weedy place if he can
secure a dean one.

INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF WEEDS.

Most of the injurious weed<: found in this Province have come directly
or indirectly from other countries. fThey are brought in and convejred
from field to field and farm to farm in various ways :

By the wind. Seeds whicl "e carried by the wind usually have
tufts of fine, silky hair attach) them. Such are the seeds of tiie

Dandelion, Canada Thistle. Sow ihistle f annual and perennial). Willow
Herb, and Cotton Grass. These and similar seeds are wafted to and fro,
till they become attached to the soil and commence to grow. In some
c^ses, as in the Dock and Wild Parsnip, the seeds are winged ; in others
the pod containing the seed has flat ^nd extended edges, exposing much
surface to the wind. The Pennycress is an example of the latte^.

Some weeds are rolled alone the eround by the wind. To this class
belong the Russian Thistle and the Tumbling weed* of the North- West.
When these weeds ripen,, they break off close to the ground ; and, being
ligh^, they are easily carried by the wir \ especially on an open prairie,
and the seeds drop out as the weed roll? irom place to place.

An examination of snow drifts in Dakota, a f -w yetrs ago. showed the
presence of many weed seeds. Thirtv-two se-.ds of nine species were
found in two square feet of a drift. In the same place it was observed
that a twenty-five m'^e wind carried wheat seed a distance of thirty rods
in a minute.

8€«ds which become iHdcy when wet often Mlhcrc to leaves, and go
wherever the leavet are carriM by the wind. TW« is true of the PlaataSi.
s. By water. Some seeds, especially those of aquatic plants, are dit-
tribotcd bv water. Darwin mainUbied that manv seeds, dropping into the
sea, or betng washed in fron the shore, might be carried nmly a thou-
sand miles hf the movemenU of the water without injuring tfa^ vitality.
Seeds which float on the surface of water are carried to and fro by the
wind tin they find a lodgment and begin to grow ; and many, of various
kinds, are csrried from hi^ to low ground and distributed far and near
by the rills and streams which flow from mountain, hill, and upland after
heavy rains and spring thaws. The commdn Speedwell and Ragweed
are often distributed in this way.

3. By birds and other ammtds. Seeds are distributed by animels in
a variety of ways. " It is estimated that about 10 per cent, of all flower-
ing plants possess seeds which are dispersed by means of barbed or
I jiVed processes." By these barbs or processes the seeds cling to the
feathers of birds and the hairy coats of animals, and in this way are
carried from place to pUce. To this chus belong the Bur, Burdock,
Hound's (Tongue, Bedstraw, Gxkle, and such like. And the seeds of
some phmts, such as Mistlftoe and the Meadow Saffron, exude sticky
substances which cause them to adhere to birds and other animals.

In the hardened earth taken from the feet of birds Darwin found
a large number of seeds, many of which germinated ; and it is, undoubt-
edly, true that seeds are often conveyed from one place to another m the
dirt that clings to the feet of animals.

Seeds often pass through the stomachs of animals without being
digested ; and. during their passage, they are conveyed hither and thither
by the animal, and finally deposited, to grow and reproduce their kind,
whether of weeds or useful plants. Every farmer knows the truth of
this statement as r^^ards cattle, horses and swme; and it may be men-
tioned that Darwin picked from the excrement of small birds twelve
kinds of seeds which were perfect in form and germinated in nearly every
faistance. '

Ants, locusts, and other insects also do something in the way of dis-
tributing the seeds of certain plants, including noxious weeds.

4. By man. Man himself, however, has most to do with the spread
of troublesome weeds, chiefly through the agen.7 of railroads, imple-
ments, farm yard manure, feed-stuffs, and impur- «J.

Many weeds are carried from one province or country to another
in the fodder and litter used by animals in transit on railways and in
grain carried by rail. More or less of th» grain, litter and fodder are
scattered at places along the track, and at stations where grain and
animals are unloaded and cars cleaned out. Weeds thus get a start and
spread to neighboring farms. The Russian Thistle was introduced in
this way.

When implements are transferred from one field to another pieces of

dry cftrth or tod an fr«|tMntly dislodf«d, and new weed seeds are intro-
duced. Thie if • conunoa metiiod of sprauUng weed seeds aU over farms
and Ihroa^ioat whole neighborhoods. Threshing macMnca ^rom dirty
§utn P'.t well known sources of trouUe under this head.

Pre«h banyrard nunure from dty staUes is very often full of weed
seeds, and should be rotted or piled and allowed to heat thoroughly before
it is applied to dean hmd. Wild letttwe, for examfde, wu brought from
.Toronto to the ncighboriiood of Burlin|;ton in manure; and in this way
many other pests nave leen distributed from towns and d''*s to the
farms of the Province.

COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION.

Not only every seedsman, but every farmer, and every teacher in a
rural school, should have a roUection of w<^ seeds for reference and
comparison, in order that he may be able ^ detect and identify such
seeds when th^ are in grass seed, clover seed, rape seed, or any other
Idnd of seed which is sdd or offered for sale. A good collection can be
easihr made in the summer months. All that is necessary is a number of
HnaU bottles and a little attention at the ri^t time. The so-called homeo-
patUe vials of one drachm capad^ are suitable for the purpose, but they
should be carefully and plainly labelled. If they are not so labelled, the
cdlection will be valueless.

Fig. A. Tripod magnifier.

Vig. B. Lioen tetter.

A small magnifying glass is very useful in identifying seeds. Per-
huM the most convenient glass for the ptuiKwe is the trtpod magnifier
(Fig. A), costing about fifty cents. The Imgn-tester (Fig. B), is cheaper,
but yet quite serviceable. . .

CLASSIFICATION OP WEEDS.
ioll^ "*'' ^ ^^'^^ according to the length of time they Hve, m

«r ,£^'0"^ weeds which germinate, bloom, fruit, and die in one year
or season. Com Cockle is an exan^le. uwucjepr

th^^Z il'*'*!!^' "^^'"^ germinate late in smnmer or autumn, pass

their existence by bloommg, fruiting, and dying duruur the fSkwin^
•unttoer. Such are Chess and Shephf^d's PurJe. ^ loUowmg

.„H .!!J!^' '''»'* Foduce leaves and roots the first year, and flowers
and seeds the second year, after which'they die. [The Wild G^^^
Evramg Primrose are familiar examples. •"**

jdlv TW^' ^-!i *5** '^**^ ^T *° y«"' blooming and seeding arniu-
«fly. Thoe are divided into two classes : «=«»"•« »nnn

Thiitii **°** '''*^ underground creeping stems, such as the Canada

Chii^i,'R^t«?.tJXj:*''' '° '^^ 'P^**^ underground, such as
mfSLi'^ir^!?"!- *° '"^'^ the class to which a weed bdoags. as the

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CONTROL OF WEEDS.

».^J*i ^r^ *'^°'^ ^*;**^ *° "**"" s*^''- Cut those on the roMlsides
th?S'' *" ^ ^** '" *' ^"""' comers,. as weD m ttSefal

a. Be constantly on the watch for the appearance of new we«d< TV*
not wait until a weed has become establish^^fore finS oi^^hat^
ZJtZ^*uu^''^''^\ f .'^ ^^K^° ^^* "** °f * ^^'^ plants of PeSi

^ 3- Sow only pure seed. Impure seed is dear at any price Pare«*-H
IS the purchaser's right by law. and he should insist oS havi^r k

4. In deahng with perennial weeds with creeping underirround roote
^ ?vi "hriield "" °' '""'''**' ^'"■''"^ pat<Aes^and d^^h? w''

S- Sec that the separator is cleaned before being brought uoon thi.
SSre hSJ. "" ^™" ** ''P*''^*^'' '"'* ''^ "°* ^'^ ?t^ 2e

*'»- ^e.^T^'^ feedmg stock upon chop containing weed seeds in anv oum
tity. Sucti food should be boiled before being fed. =«" «» »ny <!««».

fl

GENERAL METHODS FOR THE ERADICATION OP WEEDS.

I. Csop Rotation.

Crop rotation is of utmost importance in dealing with weeds. Some
sharp, short rotaticm of crops should be adopted which will allow of the
ftvquent use of the cultivator, the cutting of the flowers before seeding,
and At introduction of a smother or hoed crop. One cannot recommend
a system of cxappiag which will be suitable to all kinds of farming. Each
farmer must sdect the rotation most suitable to his conditions, keeping
in n^nd those features of rotation which will best enable him to fight the
particular weed or weeds with which he has to contend.

The following short rotation is recommended for the eastern provinces
by J. H. Grisdale, ^j;riculturist of the Central Experimental Farm :

" ICo destroy weeds, probably the best rotation possible is one of three
years' duraticm, including clover uid mixed hay, followed by roots or
com, the land rfudlow-plowed in fall and sown to grain the next spring
with ten pounds of red dover and twelve pounds of timothy per acre.
(When the land is heavy or clayey, the ten pounds of red clover may be
replaced by six pounds of red clover and two of alsike.) If a portion of
the arable land must be used for pasture, then the land might be allowed
to remain undo* grass or hay for two years instead of one year, the
second being used for pasture, thus extending the three-year into a four-
year rotation. The pasture land in the four-year rotation, or the hay land
in the three-year rotation, should be broken up early in August and cul-
tivated at intervals to destroy the successive growths of weeds as they
appear. The land should be again plowed, or preferably ridged, in the
faU."

3. HoED Crops.

The growing of such crops as potatoes, com and roots provides a
means by which many weeds may be effectively fought. Hoed crops alone
do not give entire satisfaction in fighting creeping perennial weeds. This
\i due to tiie fact that in cultivating and hoeing the rootstocks are cut but
not all destroyed and in a short time some begin to grow again. Hoed
crops, therefore, should not be depended upon alone to eradicate creeping
perennials but should be used in connection with other methods as out-
lined further oo.

3. Summer Fai,u>wing.

This metiiod is extremely efficacious with all sorts of weeds, induding
the Perennial Sow Thistie. By fallowing for weeds a bare fallow is
understood, or at least one which is given sufficient cultivation to prevent
weeds frcnn reproducing themselves by seeds or "roots." A n^lected
fallow is nothing more or less than a weed bed, and is useless and a source
of contamination for every field on the farm. The chief objection to

i

J

4. EaM,Y AWI«-HA«V»ST CuinVATlON.

weeS^Jch?.'p/i *«^''*y» *° ^^^^ annual and wmter annual

5. Se«DiKG Down.

cWniS^^J^'S^ '^^ *°"* *?"^' °^ ^««^' particularly annuals, may be

CiiffJn»%tf 1, ^ ^ . " '**^*"' ''^^^ »* expensive at the present time
qShr of ^d'^^fir'^ ^ " P"*^* most'^Seds from lt^T,y
3rrSy^n^V:^ids.e^^X2: "^^'^ ^* '''^^' -»^*^'

6. Shssp DesTsoY WssDS.
A flock of sheep wiU do much to keep a farm free from weed, »nrf

?a^° -iSR^^"' *1! ''.'^ "^°^ ^'^ generaltykep^upTn'^tSo
i?^viA.H !S *" a'^un^^ance of succulent pasture of the finer graces

^?t o? Aeir'dlf IS^wn'r ^ '*•' *" ^ ^*T*^^ '^y '''^^'^P « »^^
• J J :. "• ^"««P will, however, even when eood ns^tnro io rXr^

^^in^^Z'Vtt'^o^ "T^r^ seedli„gttTjSe"f?I5;

sheep feed readily on Wild Mustard, Ox^^ey? Daisy ^Ya^row ffiSn'
Per«,n,al and Annual Sow Thistle. Wild vSch or&are SJics S^^^^^^^
UmVs Quarters. Milkweed. Ragwort, Burdock /ndSheSs Pu^i'
In fact, there are few weeds that sheep wUl not eat to the «rten? nf n^* *

Tsa^fff them""!?""^"^' '' *^' ^T'' enough'oKhe^yvS ^'S
tha? shel wnw J " rt "J:^^" *f '"PP'y °^ ^°^ » unusuallfshort
h«?« ^^ ^ ^^^ °" P'*"*^ ^*^°8f '«aves and stems covered with bristlv
SSSc^.'P'"*'' ^^ V^ *.^*^*»'' **»* " obnoxious to th«S^ When SJ
plants are young and tender, however, sheep have been observed to !S
^uch weeds as Ragweed, Blue-weed. oickle^S.^ iSwS^ H^^^^^
Tongue, Stickseed. Mullein, Canada Thistle. SrifkS, TWdflax aSld
• ftan W-^s of CasaSi.

often that are tuistly or have a pungent flavor. Thorou|^ cultivatioa
wtdi a qrstematic rotation of crops, combined with the maintenance of as
many sheep as can be kept to advantage, is a certain and profitable means
of keeping weeds under control."

7. Smcthkumg.

The aim of this method is to kill the weeds by depriving them of light
and air. This is accomplished by getting some quick growing crop, such
as rape or buckwheat, established on tlw land while the weeds are in a
weakened condition. The result is that the smother crop soon occupies
every available foot of the land and forms a dense shade in which the
weeds in their weakened state cannot continue to grew.

8. Hand Pulling.

Hand pulling and the total removal of weeds is the most eflFective
means of destruction, but of course is only practicable with shallow-
rooted weeds not very abundant in a field. Small patches of perennial
weeds can be destroyed by diggings out the plants with a foric, roots and
all, and burning them. Great care must be taken to get every bit of the
" root," and the patch should be watched, and if new shoots appear, they
should be taken out at once. In an ordinary season several diggings will
be required in order to completely exterminate a creeping perennid; .

A FEW FACTS REGARDING WEED SEEDS IN CLOVER AND

GRASS SEEDS.

Alpalpa Seed.

Out of 147 samples of alfalfa seed submitted for test by farmers and
seedsmen, 15 were found to be absokitdy free from weed seeds of any
kind, 98 to be free from the weeds covered by the Seed Control Act,
though containing other weed seeds in various amounts ; 34 were found
to contain sufficient weed seeds to disqualify them from being offered for
sale in Ontario. Out of the 147 samples tested 7 were noticeably dark
and discolored, indicating lack of germinative capacity, and 4 were found
to contain very large quantities of grit and other inert matter.

The following weed seeds were found to be the most common impuri-
ties in alfalfa seed : Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis), present in 56 samples ;
Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album), present in 42 samples; Russian
Thistle (Sedsoli kali, var. tenuifolia), present in 35 samples; Buckhom or
Ribgrass {Pkmiago laneeolatd), present in 33 samples; Curled Dock

I

10

convolvulus), W^t(MJ!hnZ\ ^1^' ??'K B "dweed {Polygonum
lif iMir Thi^i. fl"^.v^""«o sp.), Water Hemock (Cicuta mantlaia\

fC.V««mX^e) Ba™,^ fv.T. ^^»'l!*?'" /J^'^W). Canada Thistle
(i:*/^«m^^ire) "X, (?r^^^^ rn«-^«), Cow Cress

\m^ rotundifoZ) Cromwell (Ltthospcmum arvense), Maflow

AtSIKS SiKD.

RtD CtOVCR SeSD.

wer??JeJ^jlf't!2*'*' T"^/ ^*' *^/°'"»*^'y f*-*^ f^'" weed seeds- «
t:S:d'Te^i:^ds*Jv:^^^^^^^^^^ fe„tfAl ''"'*"' ,^^ "« ~"-

Lrge amount, of g^raJd S,^ ine^JSlt ' ^ ''""^'^^ *=°"**'"^'^

II

tThe fonowins: were found to be the most common impurities in red
dover ieed : Green PoxtaU present in 50 samples, Buddiom or Ribgnra
present in 35 samples, Curled Dock present in 36 samples, Lady's Thumb
pment in ai, Racweed in 20, Lamb's Quarters present in 17 samples,
PJde Plantain (Phntago ntgelH), Night-flowering Catchfly, and Sheep
Sorrel present m za samples.

Other weed seeds found in red clover were Mayweed, Wild Oats
(Avtna fatua). Black Medick, Canada Thistle, Yellow Foxtafl, Common
Pkntain (Plontago Major), Bladder Campion (SUene htifolia). Heal-all
U'runella vulgaris). Pigweed, False Flax (Camelina sativa), Bracted
Ptontam (Phntago anstata), Catnip (Nepeta catario), Vformsted Mustard
(Brysmum chetranthoides), Sticksecd, Evening Primrose (Onagra
btenms), Old Witdi Grass, Barnyard Grass, Cow Cress, Knot Grass,
Blade Bmdweed, Wild Carrot, Wild Vetch (Vicia cracca). Dodder.

Timothy Sksd. '

Out of 33 samples tested 3 were entirely free from weed seeds, 17 con-
tamed no weed seeds covered by the Seed Control Act, 13 ctrntained weed
seeds covered by the Act

The following were the commonest unpurities found in timothy seed:
Pale Plantain present in 16 samples, Lamb's Quarters present in 11
samfdes. Evening Primrose present in 8 samples, Rit^ass or Bucldioni
present in 7 samples, Pepper Grass and Cone Flower {Rudheckia hirta)
present in 6 samples.

Other weed seeds found in timothy were : Mint, Ergot (Clatdceps pur-
purea). Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata), Night-flowering Catchfly, Spmv
Annual Sow Thistle. Old Witch Grass, Finger Grass (Digitaria son-
gumale), Wormseed Mustard, Common Plantain, Rough Cinquefoil,
Green Foxtail, Bugle Weed, Curied Dock, Mayweed, False Flax, Lady^
Thumb, Sheep Sorrel, Catnip and Mouse-ear Chickweed.

SECTIONS OF THE SEED CONTROL ACT.

[Reprinted from The Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, Vol. m
Chap. ia8, embodying the amendments passed January SS, 1910.]

Prohibitory Clauses.

Section <J.— No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his pos-
session for sale, for the purpose of seeding, any seeds of cereals, grasses,
clovers or ionp plants, unless they arc free from any seeds of the follow-
ipg weeds: Wild Mustj^rd or Charlock (Brassica ««o^irtnwfi, Bpiss.) j

.

■■■

I 1

! ;

Si

/!% «r?l' *^* *"" ""™ *"^ «<^<*'«» o' the seller :

l,c/ witn tne common name or names of the weMl« tiofS^w./^.^
~««d the seeds of which are present in tS sSd *M oJ^e^S ±SS
or had m possession for sale. 4-5 E. VH c 41 s 3 °"«^«"' exposed

Andre VoJdaT^^^ rCow^ftw «,f,wi, Crantz.. and mierocarpa,
riiiarr.; »^anada Thistle (Cmcus orvensts. Hoflfm "i • Ox-evo n«?.»

Sirs fi^- "T^- «^tsL,!-js,'7r

«.%.IS ^ *>»""'«' »n^sses and clovers, of which ninety-nine s«SV
ninety seeds must he jrerminahle. / 5 R. VH c 41 s 4

proportion than five to one thousand of the seed sold. ^ offered e^^
or held in possession for sale. 4-5 E. VH c 41 s 6 ''"^^> "posed

««if«'?** ^''r^'' P^^'?" '^*" »«"• o*" off^.exiose or have in his oos-
sesnon for sale, for seedinif. any seeds of cereals grasses cwi«fnE2l
P^ts. field roots or garden vegetable crops whidh arc'nS SawTS
?«rmmatmg m the proportion of two-thirdsTf the percimtsS sSJdard nJ
Vitality for g^ood seed of the kind, tmless eyery r^d^^^^'^

'3

or bag oootaining nicfa seed/or a kbd Mcordy attached thereto, it f^^
in a plain and indelible manner with the name of the kind of seed and the
pcrcentafe of the seeds that are capable of germination.

RacntATioNS at ths Govxanrat in Councu.

Sections 6, 7 and 8a are modified by subsections a (a) and a (aa).
The r^ulations made by the Governor in Council, under section a of the
Act, are subject to change. On April 18, 1910, an order in council was
passed ordering that the r^ulations that were approved on August 26,
1905, be res 'nded from and after the first day of July, 1910, and the
following regulations made in lieu thereof: —

The number of seeds of the weeds named in sections 6 and 7 of the
Feed Gjntrol Act that may be tolerated in any seeds, without a£Fecting
their character as being within the meaning of the said sections free from
the seeds of the said weeds, shall be as follows: —

(a) For seed of oats, barley, wheat or other seeds that are similar in
size to these grains, one weed seed in one pound avoirdupois.

(b) For seed of timothy, red clover and alfalfa, five weed seeds in
one ounce avoirdupois.

(c) For seed of alsike, ten weed seeds in one ounce avoirdupois.

STANRAItDS OF PuMTY F0« TiMOTHY, AlSI^, Rbd ClOVCS AND

AxifiKLTA StSD.

The following table combines the standards of purity for timothy,
alsike, red clover and alfalfa seed defined by the Act and fixed by order

Kind of seed.

Sections.

Weeds named in
sec 6 allowed
witliout \}>el-
iing.

Weed seeds
named in See's
6 and 7 al-
lowed.

llmothr ■.
Alsike ....
8ed Clorer
Altaic....

Maximum num-
ber per ounce.

5

10

6

6

No. 1 Quality, Section 7.

Other weed
seeds allowed.

(1-100).

Section 8.

(5 weed seeds per
1.000 of the
good seeds).

Slaximum num-
ber per ounce.

5

10

5

6

Maximum num-
ber per ounce.

822
425
184
146

Maximum num-
ber per onnoe.

410
212

02

72

■ia

KXPLANATION OF REPORl ON PURITY TEST.

t«ta Act in «^^15u,JErI SSfl '!?*«*»«" 6 "d 7 o? the Seed Con-
of t^b^aSToL^^ r^ ^,P*^ **^*^« °^ timothy, xo per oance

JETT^^ ownoi o of the Seed Control Act : but thev mav not la mulli

of tiSZ^f^°i"!?.?"f^y "**^ *<^' P'"-'*^ t«t are half «, oance
STm^ „«^?*//2?*°^®^ •? °""'* *^t ^ used in nial£?S»

ran 6e legtUy sold, but it caniiot be rated as first-dass seed.

•Seed TMtint R„i„d ,,,0, b, Geo. H. a.rk, Serf Commi»ten,r,

A NUMBER OP COMMON WEEDS, WITH

POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES

ON ERADICATION

«S

Mi

r

DtsounioNi or th« WttD-t««M IixumunD om Orronn Paoi

I. Grttn Pox-T'M. About one-twdfth of an indi long; oral n
blunt ends; uneqi Ay bi-convex; brown and often mottleid; turf
irranular and striate. Yellow Fox-Tail seed is about one-eifhth of
iiKh kwg, fdano-conrex, witii fine, distinct cross ridfes.

3. Ch**s. About one-third of an inch long; back rounded; glu
7-nerved; middle nerve projecting as an awn; the palet bears a r
of s|^ne-like hairs along eadi nerve.

3. WUd Oat. About diree-fourths of an indi k»g; siMndle-sh^»
l^ume 9-nerved, middle nerve fonnii^ a twisted and bent awn; a t
of brownish hairs arise from scar at base.

4. Couch Grass. Seeds about one-half inch in length ; raUier si
der; oval; and tipped with a short awn.

^. Cwrl Dock. One-eij^th to one-twelfth of an inch long; poin
elliptical, with three faces; surface smooth; reddish lm>wn.

6. Shitp Sorrel. Seeds about one-twentieth of an inch in leng
uiualljr greyi^ or reddi^ Inrown, and finely roufl^ened; provide} w
three equal faces, esg-skped, each face of the cover of the seed be
central ridges witii tranches.

7. LamVs Quarters. Circular, lens-shaped, and black; groov^
one face ; often partially covered with the seed covering.

8. Purslane. One-twenty-fourth to one-twenty-fifth of an inch
diameter; jet black; flattened ^;g-shaped; notches at smaller end; s
face finely roughened.

9. Com Cockle. Seeds from one-twelfth to one-eighth of an ii
long ; angular in outline ; color jet black, occasionally dark brown ; »
sumce is crowded with ridges or spines arranged in circular rows le
ing trim tiM scar.

■■Hiillil

ne Pack.

oval with
1; rarfaee
(hth of an

ed; glume
«n a row

He-shiqwd:
urn; a tuft

kthcr aten-

g; pointed

in kngdi;
dded with
seed bears

[Tooved on

m inch in
end; sur-

)f an indi
own; each
rows lead-

t^

S •!

«

Tlie small dnmiigi betide the enlarged drawings represent the natnral sise

of the seeds.

INiriiiiiomoytiMiWi

XiAumATv o» Orroem Pam

u.iJ? ^'■^ C««i^<wfc Aboat OM-tixtctath of an bdi b kw
nQi«orlinfaicoaeciitriero«rt;U|litbroirnineolor.

vjJ.''«22S'i.^*?^ RetembUng BliMlder Ounpion. bat lighter
^otarMroaadish and not so ugulu-; depreMkm about scar not so w

• IS. Ni0khrtmmi^^ CateMy. Resembles whhe eockk. bat dark

li. PtPPtr-Gfu. Aboat ooe-sixtcenth of an inch b lenkth: ci
shaped bat much flattened; the groove U canred and quite evident; 1
<wiswWte;red«shyelk»irtowddishbrown. ^ «"»«»».'

14. ^f(My Cmf. Seeds one-twelfth of an inch long; somcwl
WshaMd and flattened; surfaces have i».X4 curved ndges, whi
start and end at the pobted end of the seed; coter dark itdSsh brow

^15. JPiW Af njtarrf. One-sixteenth of an inch In diameter; da
Mowm to reddidi brown m coter; ahnost sfdierical in outline.

Id. Worm Seed Mustard. Abont one-twcnty-fourth of an bch
lenjfh; mo$t aro pobted at the end opposite the scar; the groove
qoite evident; surfaces smooth and dull; reddish yellow b coter.

17. Shtpkerd's Purse. About one-twentieth of an inch b lengt)
somewhat flattened; oval; each face has two grooves; coter reddii
yeuow.

J *?l/r^ .Srrrfrd Poise Flax. Reddish brown; more or less ov
and sltfiUy flattened; about one-twentieth of an inch long; the grooi
more evident 00 one face than cm the other; a whitish scar at one end,

io. Pitld Bmdweed. About one-sixth of an inch teng; oval; coI<
dark brown; surface is somewhat roughened; outer face convex; inn<
face divided by • ndge mto two plane faces.

ao. Dodder. Ranging frwn one-sixteenth to one-twenty-foarth <
an mch b length; slightly egg-shaped and flattened; notch near or
end ; resembles red ctover seed, but is smaller, with a dull, roughene
surface; cotor is yellow to brown and reddish, or often veltewish greo

ai. Hounds Tongue. Seeds are spiny nutlets, one-eighth of an inc
long; upper side flat, oblique and roughened with hocdced prickles.

rgPiUM.

b Imth:
I amnged

lighter in
ot w well

at darker,
identr^c

•omcwhat
es, iHiich
sh brown.

ter; dark

n inch in
groove is
or.

n length;
r reddish

less oval
le groove
Me end.

ral; color
ex; inner

fourth of
near one
ragfaened
ih green.

I an inch

|1

• •

9

0

The snail drawfaigs beside tiie large dnwfacs

of tSesetd.

•:l

Dtscummrs at tbs WntD-nos Iuustkatsd on Onount Pac

aa. Blut Weed. Stone-like in hardness ; about one-tenth of an
in length; surface rou^ened and of a gray color; the scar it laige
triangular at flat end; the ridge along the outer face is' convex.

23. MuUem. About one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length ; thin
shaped; base flat widi scar at centre; thin^le slightly six-sided, 4
side deeply jntted; pits of adjacent rows alternate; U^ to daric brc
The seeds of Moth Mullein and Common Mullein are rnnch aUke.

34. Rib-Gnus. Fr(»n one-eighth to one-twelfth of an inch in len;
oval inshi^ with one face rounded, die other deeply grooved bea
a central scar ; dark brown or amber colored.

35. Ragtuffd. Ranging from one-fifth to one-twelfth of an mcl
length; top-duped; apex-pointed, and hearing a crown of four to e
spines; light to brown in color.

a6. Yarrow. Seeds about one-twelfdi of an indi Ituig; small
thin; slightly ^g-shaped; color varying from yellowish-white to g

^7. Ox-Bye Daisy. About one-twelfth of an inch l<mg; ten slen
white ribs running from end to end; a knob at the broad end;
slightly club-shaped.

a8. Burdock. One-fifth to one-fourth of an inch in length; p
matic and mottled; four or five faces; apex broader than base; a
star in centre of a distinct brown ring.

29. Ctmada Thistle. From one-ei|;fadi to one-twelfth of an ind
length; brown in color; somewhat spmdle-shaped, but often flatten
top end cup-shaped w*'th a rim and a small central knob.

3a Chicory. From one-eighth to one-twelfth of an inch in lenj
usually light brown; usually cylindrical; top flat and crowned v
scales.

ar

mt Pack.

\. of an inch
Is laife md

li; thimble-
sided, each
laric ta'own.
I idike. -

h in length;
ired bearing

an inch'in
tttr to ei^

; small and
te to gray.

ten slender,
1 end; and

ngth; pris-
Mise; apex

an inch in
t flattened;

in length;
mrned with

The tQuU drawings betide the enlarged drawings represent the oatqral rise

■fin ff

-till

I>88CUVT10NS <» TRS WttD-SUDS IlXUSTRATBD OK OpKMITX PaGE.

1 J^' la!'^ f"***^*- Seeds one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch h
length; bfowny hnce-shaped; each face has 5-7 ribs; color dark brown
somewhat nottled with black ; apex is tipped with a beak -hich is ahnosi
as long as the seed.

- 3a. Spiny Sow ThistU. One-eighth of an inch in length; varyini

from oval to lance-shaped; flat; eadi face bearing three narrow ridge!
whichmeet at the ends; surfaces smooth; color straw-colored to red
qimi orowu.

^ 33-^*««»««'/«w ThistU. Slightly spindle-shaped with bfamt endi
and often much flattened; five coarse, finely v/rlnkled ri^et mnnms
MVthwise on each face; dark reddish-brown; about one-e^th of an

34. PMbane. Seeds one-twentieth of an inch long; oval ; remnants
of pappus bristles remaining often at the apex.

35. DandeKoH. Seeds one-eighth of an mch long; exclusive of short
"^V**?^*****^ " outline; ten ridges running lengtfiwise; provided
with barb-like teeth towwtb the apex; color vanes from light to dark
browB.

2fi.WUd Carrot. Seeds each one-eighth of an mch in length; and
flattened on the bade: primary ribs slender, bristly, and five in number;
secondary ribs, 4 in number, each bearin^i a row of barbed pridcles.

37- Pigton Weed. Nutlets one-twelfth of an inch long; <^g^shaped
and curved; scar is conspicuous; surface roughened; gray in color.

38. Broad-Leafed Phmtoin. Seeds about one-twentieth inch long*
flattened ; outline variable from oval to rhomboidal ; wavy lines on sur-
face; color, brown.

f. Pig-Weed. About one-twenty-fourth of an inch m length ; flat-
egg-shaped, or lens-shaped; polished and jet black; a slight
n^di <m rinrp edge is Ae scar; near Ae scar-notch is a small project
point.

s«

• •

The timU drawinp beiide the enlarged drawings reoresent the natoral aiie

Of the peed«.

I>t8CUITK)NS or TBK WnBHUtSDS IlXUSntATKO OM OpKNOTK PaGS.

4a Bomyard Gross. One-tenA of an inch lone, plano-oonvex <
mandoliii-shaped. If is a smooth, glossy seed, and fbt color is usual
greenJsh or grayish yellow.

41. JVUch Grass. A small, shiny ^y seed, about one-sixteen
of an indi loa^, oval and somewhat flattened bi-convex.

43. Black Medick. Often found in the black, ribbed pod or legun
whidi is somewhat coiled up. The seed is e|K-s^aP«<*> *>"* otherwi
resembles AlLJfa seed.

43. Common Chkkweed. Very small seed, one-twenty-fourA *'
aa inch in diameter, somewhat wedge-shaped, with a notch at the poii
The sur&ce is finely tubercled, in four or fi^ looped rows on each (
the parallel faces, and the color varies from reddish to gray.

44. CmquefoU. Minute, ydlowisb-gray seeds, somewhat kidne;
^aped, and covered with curved ridges.

45. Orange Hawkweed. Small torpedo-shaoed seeds, about on
twelfda of an inch Itmg, and grooved. Ripe seeds are dull jet bhc
immature seeds reddish.

46. Cone Flower, Yellow Dmsy, Black-Byed Susan. A small du
black seed, curved and somewhat angular, with Tie longtiudinal stri
tions on At four faces.

47. WUd Lettuce. A tWn, ** , oval seed, with a slender beak
tip. It has a dull black color ^^d faint cross-ridges, and is about ot
sixth of an inch in length.

4B. Wild Buckwheat, Black Bindweed. A jet Mack, shiny thi
sided seed, about one^i^th of an inch long. It is broadest near t
abruptly pointed apex, and the ^des are slightly concave, but the angl
are rounded.

49. Heal All, Self-HeaJ. A brownish seed, about one-twelfth of
inch long, oblong-oval, tapering to a small white triangular scar-appe
dage at the base. Dark Imes follow the margins and centres of t
faces, lliese pretty double lines are characteristic.

50. Evening Primrose. An angular, reddish-brown seed, usua
with a narrow wing along the edges. The four faces are finely roug
ened, and faintly ridged. Some seeds are pyramidal, some prisma!
g^iert wedge-shaped, but commonly four-sided with one face roundt

^ HORSETAIL FAMILY (BQUISBTACBAB).

HOMWAtt Ot SCOUUITG RutH.

> BqnUfhm arvemt (L).

•hoots l^ST T^; is f^S^.',**T '*^*5f7' *»"-«k« »«*fy »"
being UkTmti; Dine^Lf t*^ ♦?*'? descnbed by correspondwt

•oon disappears frSm^tivatS fidS^' ** '"PP''**' *« '^^

THE GRASS FAMILY {GRAMINEAB.)

Tig I.

Fox-TAit, Yeuow Foxtail os P,cw>n Grass.

5'^/ana glauca (L).

At the summit of thatpLt oTtiiH^f whi^^^i "^L*^^ '»"* o* S^owt
there is a fringe of ^ST Th? li '^hich "heaths the stem (the liguk

'*neath. The^eSe S'se iSfki whir3 ^^ i?I«^«' '^ ^
tawny yellow in rotor ^ ' ^^ «»«nbles millet, is bristly an

with tiLI^Se" ri'„W« • felrSuS '^"iS'^ °1»».~^° '° ^I^*-. «>"

& °/ «°*"'"«. July-September. ^'*^ '****"•

i'"!.°i.s«d>ng, August-October.

thoroughly repeat cuItivSton^ rfh th *1 ^IT" .*2 'P*^*' ^^^^t'^**'
board ptoW the last tK l^Lf die Li' p°^ .^**.'' <*0"ble moul,
toes, roots or com) nelt sori^ ani^^^i*; K^^ \" * ^°^^ '^^P Cpota
the growing seW. FoltoT^A , ^^''**' tlwroughly thr^hou
muSut plowing after ike ,Ji,trL^ ^'*h clover

to bring more ^ed to the s^face wLJi .i*'*'' « plowed it is liable
sh.lk>7in the latter part of harvwt^lL?,! ^^^'^ broken up. ptou
vator throughout the faU. and 'rup 'as aWe '^ ^"'^^^ *°^ ^"^^'

cultivated
"ained tub-

ith yellow-

eify green

mdents as

it uiually

ity always
the weed

t has an |
f growth,
be Itgule)
d smooth!
•istly andj

olor, andj
olor, and]
mL (Seei

eep early
cultivate l
e mould
P (pota-
'oughout
clover,
is liable i
ip, plow
id culti-i

Fu I.
YtLLow Fox-tail.
(Sftarw gUmea.)

In the early mfter-hanrett ctdtivation of ttnbUe ground, iorre ^it^

"*!LrV^°r'i'* ** ^'* *^'' •"•* "^^^ ^ ^*^ •^^ h»ve -Ptjuted
ondw ^ light cwering, then gang-plow and harrow, and tlu afte^
ward! with the cuttiyator as time permits throughout the fall

Gush P<a-TAn.

Setiria vMdis (L.).

A gnss very similar to YeUow Fox-tail and found in shnihir situa-
hons. It can, however, be distinguished from YeUow Fox-taU by the
denser spiln with green or golden bristles, and by the seeds which are
smaller and with the cross ndges iess distinct. The seeds are v«ay fre-
quently found in clover and grass seed. The method of eradiccrion is
the same as for Yellow Fox-tail.

F16.3.

Chess, Cheat ob Wheat Thibp.

Bromus secaUnus (L).

A weed naturalized from Eur<»e. It is a winter annual, with fibrous
roots and rough, coarse leaves. It has large spikelets, dark green in
color, of dwracteristic shape, and grows from Aree to four feet high.

Many look upcm Chess as d^enerated wheat, because it amiears
among fall wheat that has been winter-kiUed. This idea is erroneous
and without foundation. The fact is that Chess will mature seed under
adverse conditions, even though the plant be only a few indies high.
The seed possesses great vitality, and is often found in wheat and rn.

Chess is most commonly found among wheat and rye.

The flour made from it is dark-cotored, and has narcotic principles.
Ij ' C*""* »n the selection of seed grain and careful, cultivation, tending to

prevent the maturing of the seeds, are the chief remedies. The pUnt-
mg of a crop that can be harvested before the Chess matures is a cood
plan in badly infested localities. An average plant produces about
1,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, June. Time of seeding, July.

" Chess is a typical plant belonging to the genus Bromus. Wheat
belongs to the genus Triticum. Chess will produce Chess and only
Chess, and a seed of wheat cannot be sown to produce Chess, and Chess
cannot produce wheat under the most favorable conditions of growth.

"In instances where parts of a plant, apparently a combination of
Chess and wheat, were so united as to seem but one plant, close exam-
ination proved them to be pans of separate plants, and that the appar-
ent union was not real."

Eradication. Avoid sowing Chess in seed grain. The seed is com-
paratively short-lived and a four-years' rotation exclusive of winter grain
will clean it out of the soil. Patches in grain fields should be cut befwe

Fia 2.

Cnns.
(Bromus secoimus.)
the plants mature their seeds. Thick seeding with early red clover is
cSSe^tt S;.*^11^ infested fields. The Irst crop of haTsSd £
cut before the Oiess has had an opportunity to produce seeds. ShaUow
after-harvest cultivation wUl do much to keep this pest in chwt

Aptna fatua (L.).

. ^" «int»l weed with erect and nnooth stems. The leaves um

2S*^'!i.~^*[*1 ''^.* '^h'ilNoom. which give a peculiar white-greei

SSr.Si^'']?*'* £?"*:, ^""Jj?^ '<>™» • ^^^^ P*n'cl«. with nod
Sf ^ nw««fing branchkts. The awn is long and bent, aud covered

2S rT^JK^ ^* ^* ^1 "***"* "^^ dry; but if moistened, it an-
«J»i^ wrigfles aroand, thus causing the seed to move appreciable

The principal pofaits of difference between the wild and cultivated

ff^^ ^^Vu ?l* *^™*r ^'x *2lf* " *^''* •»<* ^fy- while b the httei
it isthin andhairtess; and (a) The wild oat has a long, stiff awn which
is bait and twisted when dry, while the cultivated oat either has a much
smaller and less stiff awn or none at all. An average pUnt oroducei
about 800 seeds. -• k y v«iiv«

TJne of flowering, Julv. IThne of seeding, July-August
£n8per8al--Conveyed from place to place ty threshing machines.

and as an impurity in seed-grain.

^\\^oats are at home in any soil that will grow cereals, and they

'*^ *5*'7 ?^ *^**®^ **"<** "y ««"«*' crop- The seeds possess

wonderful vitality, some of them remaining buried in the soil for years
and germinating as soon as they are brought under favorable conditions.
Bradteahon. On a field infested with wild oats, cereal crops should
be dro^)ed out of the rotation as far as possible; and hoed crops, soiling
crops, hay, and pasture should take their place. To get the land under
grass, It should be fallowed during part of the season, the cultivation
beiMT n^uent and diallow, to destroy all seeds that may have germin-
ated in the upper layer of the soil. The land can then be sown with
winter wheat and seeded, or with an early variety of bariey, which should
be cut on the green side. The treatment mentioned is suitable for pas-
ture land, or land which has produced a hay or soiling crop during the
f(M-epart of the season. Two hoed crops in succession will do mudi to
exterminate this pest.

\

Wild Oat.
(Avena AHm.)

OoUCB-GBAfS, TwnrCH-GMAM, QUACX-OUM, QuiTCBSaAII, OB

QmcK-QMAu; auo Whsat-okam.
Agropyron rtftns (L.).

Coach-fTMi it a creeping perennial which grows from i to 3 f«
nigh. It has a jointed root-stodc which penetrates deeply into tl
ground and possesses great vitality. The plant produces spikes fro
3 to 8 inches kmg. The small spikelets altemat«t at each notch of tl
aower staUc, with the side of the spikelet turned towards the stalk.

The seeds are about yi in. long, and rather slender (Pig. 4). A
average plant produces 400 seeds.

Time of flowering, Tune-July.

Time of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal— The root-stocks are carried around by imi^ements, ai
the seeds are occasionally found in seed-grain.

Whatever value Couch-grass may have for pasture, its haUt <
taking and keeping possession of the soil renders it extremelv objectio
aUe It flourishes best in loamy or humus kHs, from idifch it is e
pedally difficult to eradicate.

SradkatioH. As soon as the crcm is harvested plow lightly, th<
harrow widi the ordinary harrow, and, if necessary, cultivate with tl
sprii^-tooth cultivator. This shakes the roots free from the soil ai
makes it possible to gather them up with the horse rake. Bum i
soon as they have dried sufiidently. Repeat this process two or thrt
times. If the weather at this time should happen to be dry and be
so much the better. Late in the fall rib up the land into drills, ar
allow to stand over winter. The frost, in all probability, will rend(
material assistance in the eradication. The following spring plow aboi
the end of May, cultivate well, and put in some hoed crop, or summt
fallow, sowing buckwheat, the crop to be plowed in. A carefully cu
tivated crop of rape is recommended as being particularly effective
destroying this pest.

I* *

iCoNfA Grass on right of figure and part of a stalk of nertanial ryt'grau (LeUmm
I Ptrtnnt) on left Note the arrangement of «£leU in i^-^ua.

34
Fig. 5-

SxUNX-TAIt GkASS, WiU) BaRLBY, ok SOUIWIKI.-TAII, GSASS.

Hordeum jubatum (L.).

This grass is very troublesome in the West, and is now quite fr
quently found in many parts of Ontario, especially along railways.

A native perennial grass forming tufts from 8 to la inches hig
Leaves are pale green in color, from 3 to 4 inches long with rough ma
gins. Flowers are in a silky, bristly spike, from 3 to 4 inches long, pa
yellowish green in color. The seed is slender, sharp-pointed, somewb
resembling a small barley seed, and has a long upwardly barbed awn.

Eradtcation. Cut the plants whenever they appear in waste place
and thus prevent them from going to seed and spreading. This weed
not troublesome in cultivated crops. If it becomes abundant in pasture
mow as soon as the heads come out. This will not injure the oth(
grasses in the meadow.

Old Witch Gsass os Tumbls Grass.

Panicum capillar e (L.).

An annual grass, very common in neglected hoed crops, gardens an
waste places. Hants stout, with hairy leaves and large, finely branchinj
loosely spreading tops (panicles) which are often seen rolling over th
ground on windy days in the fall of the year.

Barnyabo Grass or Cockspur Grass.

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.)-

This grass is often abundant in hoe crops, headlands and waste place;
The seed occurs occasionally in commercial seeds. A coarse annual gras
from one to three feet high with broad leaves. Inflorescence i to 3 inche
long, consisting of several one-sided branches crowded together and beat
ing numerous short awned spikelets. Seeds dark green to brown, flat o\
one side, rounded on the other, ^ inch long, very smooth and shining.

Eradication. Proper cultivation of hoe crops and taking care to cu
in waste places before it seeds will cause it to disappear.

Finger Grass or Crab Grass.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) (Scop.).

. A troublesome grass in lawns and sometimes in low fields. A mucl
branched, leafy annual, from ten inches to two feet high, spreading on th

Fla s

SxuMK-TAa Gkass.
(Htrdtum jubatum.)

36

growid andfrequentiy rooting at the lower joints of the stem. (The leav(

aZI^'^ ^Zl° 5"f '"'^^*'' I?"«^ ^'*^ ""o^S^ margins. Flowers are pn
duced in spikes which come off from the stem like the fingers on the han.
hence the common name, Finger Grass.

, Eradication. A much harder grass to eradicate than the Fox-tai!

hecausei* roots so readily at the joints. Repeated cultivation after hai
v«t wffl do much to destroy it. Spud out patches in lawns and stir il
soil with a rake and sow heavily with lawn grass seed when the groun
IS moist.

THE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (P0ty(;0iV^Cfi.4£).

r" Fig. 6.

Dock, Cuslsd Dock, Sour Dock, or Yexlow Dock.

i ^: Rumex crispus (L.).

A deep-rooted perennial weed introduced from Europe.
It occurs around buildings, in neglected lanes, along waysides ani
m pastures. The stem is quite slender, and the leaves are from six t(
twelve inches long, with wavy margins; hence the common name

curled dock. The flowers are in racemes, green in color.

• J «'"** ** winged, and is carried considerable distances by thi
wind. The manner of attachment of the seed to the wing is showi
in iUustration (Fig. 6). The seeds are light brown in color, tri
angular, with sharp edges and tapering point. They are smooth an<
shmy.

The wind acts as an agency in scattering the seed, and it is a ven
common impurity in clover and other seeds used on the farm.

An average plant produces about 17,000 seeds.

Time of flowering and seeding, July- August.

BradicatioH. In most cases this weed can be kept in check bj
the frequent introduction of well-cared-for hoed crops into the rotation
The shorter the rotation, the better. The later sown hoed crops
especially rape, are more effective than those sown earlier in the season!
Before the hoed crop is sown, this weed may be kept from breathing
above ground by going fr luently over the field with a broad-shared
cultivator, whidi will cut e plants an indi or two below the surface:
but, as the roots are tc ,1 and strong, it may sometimes be necessary
to use the gang-plow, or even the single plow. About the ist of July, the
land may be sown with rape in drills, say 26 inches apart, and kept
dean, or nearly so, by the horsrhoe and more or less hand-hoeing. Tlie
nqie can be pastured off in the usual way during the fall ; and, occasion-
ally, it may be necessary to put another hoed crop on the same ground
She following spring, say a crop of com; but much depends upon the
jmeliness, regularity, and thoroughness with which the hoefng h done

37.

Fra. &

Guild Ooo.

(RunuM eritpm.}

3«

|i ii

Fig. 7.

SoutSL. 08 Sh«sp Sowux,

Rumex acetosella (L.)-

.^J^r^xJ''^n^''f^ root-stocks. The stem is slender ar
«rect wiA branches. The leaves are spear-shaped and quite du^cte

nju^^^^ s -eris^^i-'^rr!;;

plant produces about 10,000 seeds. ^ ^

Time of flowering, June-September.
Time of seeding, July-October.

ck^er^^J^^iSUU.""'"^ ^"'*"*°^'^' ^"' " ^" '"-P-^y '

^^^!^S^i. ^°7^' " 'JS"*"? *" indication of a poor, sandy, c
gravdly soil. It prefers arid soils, hence liming and manuring ar

iuenT^ if %.l^ *!f applicable to Sorrel, only it requires more fr«
Sr*L"!LS! fe broad-shared cultivator which should be used so as t
SVS^.™- '"'* below the surface of tRe soil, without bringing up an
of the creeping nn, odes. s s -i* «"'.

^Jf^I^ ^^^: °r Smartweed (Polygonum Persicaria). This plan
S?v wiS. "S**.u^ " *\'^ •"**"• ^*^ ^«^" are lance-shiped

Treatment. Prevent from seeding, and sow clean seeds.

f

Fia 7.

ShKEP SiKOtlL.

(Rumest oceto$aia.)

Fig. 8.
Wiu) Buckwheat oa Bi^ck Bindwisd.
Polygonum convolvulus (L.)-

An introduced annual found commonly in cereal crops througl
Ontaiio. It IS a twining herb with branching stems and thin, smo
Jrow-shaped leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in clusters in the axil:
tee leaves and at the end of the stems. Seed, black, buckwheat-shai
>^ Of an mch long, but when found in grain the outer black coat is oi
missmp^ and the seed is then white and waxy in appearance.

.jjT'"^ of flowering, from June to September; seeds ripe about
middle of July.

Dispersal— By seeds.

BradicoHon. Sow pure seed grain. Cultivate lightly after han
and cause the seeds to germinate, then harrow out the young plants

throughout]
in, smooth,!
the axils ofl
eat-shaped,|
}at is oftenl

: about thcl

ter harvesti
? plants.

FkLa

Woo BuCKWBKAt.

{Polygonum convohubu.)

ffHE SPINACH OR GOOSEFCX)T FAMILY (CHBNOPO-

DIACBAE).

Fig. 9.

Lamb's Quartsrs, or Goosbmot.

Chtnapodium album (L.)*

An annual weed widely distributed in cultivated land. It grows to
a height of from a to 6 feet. The stem is grooved and much branched.
The leaves are whitish green below and dark green above. The flowers
are inconspicuous and greenish in color.

The seed (Fig. 9) is black and shining, lens-shaped and round,
about 1-16 hi. in diameter.

Time of flowering, June-October. i

Time of seeding, August-October.

Distribution — By seeds, especially as an impurity in clover and grass
seeds. .

Eradication. Late cultivation is especially necessary in combating
this weed, as it flowers and seeds till very late in the season. The land
should be gang-plowed shallow and harrowed immediately after harvest,
and cultivated at intervals until late in the fall, when it may be plowed
or ribbed up for a hoed crop the following spring. Subsequent treat-
ment the same as for Foxtail (Fig. i).

Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Usually spreads on the ground. Its leaves
are like minute white oak leaves.

Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Grows erect, with large, thin, triangular

leaves.

Strawberry Elite. Resembles the last, but has red seed clusters.

Spreading Orache. Somewhat resembles Lamb's Quarters, but has
larger and thicker leaves, goosefoot shape. It is much branched or
spreading and the seed covers are warty.

43

Fia 9l

Lamb's Qoarteks.

(Chenofodimm album.)

Pic. io.

Russian Thistli.

SaUota Kali, vtr. tenuifolia (G. F. W. Mey).

This is a new weed which hu appeared on many farms in Ontario
during the past season. It has been introduced as an impurity in Alfalfa
seed. A large percentage of the samples of Alfalfa seed examined at the
Department of Bcrtany this sprir^, 1907, contained the seeds of this weed,
and already this fall several specimens of the weed, found in Alfalfa
fields, have been sent in for identification. The Russian (Thistle is a very
serious pest in several of the Western States, and is found in the Prairie
Provinces, but has not yet been reported as being very troublesome there.
The ^.^ts, when ripe, break off at the surface of the ground and are
rolled long distances by the wind, scattering their numerous seeds on their
journey. It is this tumbling habit that makes this weed particularly
adapted to the prairie lands of the West, and it probably will never be
a serious pest in Ontario w'^re fences, trees and other obstructions will
prevent its being spread far ; n '. wide by the wind.

Description. The Russian Thistle is a native of Europe and West-
em Asia. It is a nearly smooth, bushy branched annual, from i to 3
feet high. Mature plants are more or less spherical in form. The stems
and branches are red in color. The leaves are awl-shaped, i to a inches
long, ^oh and fleshy when young, very prickly pointed when mature.
The flowers are inconspicuous, being small, without petals, and solitary
in the axils of the leaves. The seeds are about 1-12 of an inch long,
obc(niical in general outline, with a cup-shaped depression at the upper
end in the centre of which is a pointed projection; color dull grey or
green, embryo spirally coiled.

Eradication. The Russian Thistle being an annual weed is not hard
to exterminate. If once cut off at the surface of the ground it never grows
agam, and hence in well cultivated fields it is not likely to prove a pest.
Fhe chief danger lies in neglect. A single plant produces an enormous
number of seeds, and if a few specimens are allowed to mature they will
seed down a whole field and cause serious trouble the following year,
especially in a crop which does not allow of the frequent use of the culti-

45

»J!^''.-5'!i!r!" '" *^**"*? •'^"''*' therefore, be on je lookout for thb
ri^ ^.£; ^J[ *"^ •pecimcns they may find in their fields, fence co^

seeded, repeated plowing will be re(,u»red in order to clean it. *" When

Fig. 10.
Russian Thistle.

the plMt is not more than six inches high careful plowing with » Hr.-
Cham from the end of the doubletrees to the dIow h^^^ • ?"?
so as to have every plant dragged uTder%he%tTow."w'uhtfSw1^^^^^^

♦"Farm Weeds of Canada." by George H. Clark and Dr. James Fletcher.

THE PIGWEED FAMILY (AMARANTHACBAB).

Fio. II.

Picwhd, ok RiDaooT.

Amurmttktu rttrofiisut (L.)>

An Annual, with pink root, stout, erect stem, and many branches
it grows from i to 6 feet high. The leaves are light green in color,
and ovate in shape. The flowers are in spikes, which terminate branches
or are from the axils of the leaves, and are green in color.

The seeds (I^g. ii) are round and lens-shaped, smooth, and shiny
black in color, resembling the seed of Lamb's Quarters, but slightl)
smaller and thinner. An average plant produces 15,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, July-September.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal— The seed is distributed by the wind and as an impurity
in grass seed.

Bradicotion. Special attention must be given to fall cultivation
of tiie soil, so as to prevent plants from ripening, and to sprout and
destroy the seeds which have fallen upon the ground. The land should
be gang-plowed shallow and harrowed immediately after harvest, and
cultivated at intervals until late in the fall, when it may be plowed or
ribbed up for a hoed crop tAie following spring. Subsequent treatment
the same as for Foxtail (Fig. i).

Tumble Weed, or White Pigweed (Atnaranthus graectMans). This
plant resembles Russian Thistle quite closely, but can be distinguished
from it by its round, shinjr, jet-black seeds, and by its leaves, which,
although small, have a definite blade. It is a low branched annual when
growing in sandy, open fields and roadsides.

Treatment. Prevent the maturing of the seeds which ripen in Aug
ust. The plants, as a rule, are conspicuous, and may be readily col-
lected and burned. The seeds are often found in grass-seed mixtures.

Spreading Amaranth (Amaranthus blitoides-), forms large mats on
waste ground, along roadsides and walks.

FU. It.

(Amaranthu$ retrofitxut.)

THE PINK FAMILY (CARYOPHYLLACBAB).

Fic. la.

CoKN Spusbvy.

Spergula arvensis.

This is an annual weed introduced from Europe. It is found chiefly
on sandy soil. It grows from i8 to 15 inches high. The flowers are
small, white and in loose, terminal clusters. The leaves are needle-like
in whorls at the joints of the stem. The seeds are dull black mottled
with brown, round and flattened with the margin extended into a narrow
rim.

Time of flowering, July; seeds ripe July to August.
Dispersal. — By seeds.

BradicatioH. Frequent stirring of the soil to make the seeds sprout
and frequent harrowing to destroy the seedlings.

49

Fig. 13.

Com Spomr.

(Sftrguia arvtniit.)

50

Fic. 13.

Corn Cocki,k, ok Corn Campion.

Agrostemma giihago (L.).

An annual adventive from Europe, about i to 3 feet high, with erect
habit of growth. It has but few branches, and the stems are all very
hairy, wMi whitish-green hairs. The leaves are rather long and nar-
row, with pointed ends. The flowers are red to purple, and the flower
cup Ocalyx) has long lobes, three or four times the length of the petals.

The seed capsules are gentrally well filled with seed which is black
m color and kidney-shaped, with tubercles (small conical projections)
arranged in rows around the sides of the seed. (See Fig. 13.) The
seed is about i-8 in. across. An average plant produces about "»
seeds.

Time of flowering, July.

Time of seeding, August.

Dispersal— By birds, in manure, and as an impurity in seed.

It may be noted, in passing, that the seed is injurious to young
diidcens, and the husks of the seed often elude the miller and appear
as black specks in flour, wbich is seriously damaged thereby. An old
writer, Gerarde, says :

"What hurt it doth among corn (wheat) the spoyle unto bread, as
well in colour, taste, and unwholesomeness, is better known than
desired."

Eradication. Sow clean seed ; and when the weed is not very thick
pull it by hand. Otherwise use the same treatment as for mustard.

fiG. IJ.

Coax CocacLE.
(Agrosttmma githoga.)

;|IT3 Wm

lii

Fig. 14,

B];,ASDBs Campion, Cow Bbu. ok Bladdsk Weed.

SUent laHfolia (Mill).

This is another bad weed which is becoming a serious pest on many
farms in Ontario and about which a great many enquiries have been made
during the past two years. It is spread chiefly as an impurity in clover
seed. A large number of the samples of clover seed, especially those of
red and alsike clover, sent to the Department of Botany this past sea-
eon for examination as to purity, have been found to contain the seeds
of this weed. As it is a free seeder, and very difficult to exterminate
once it beccmies established, too much care cannot be ttdcen to secure
clover seed free from this impurity, and to dig up by the roots and bum
any sfaay specimens that by any means may find their way on to the farm.

Description. The Bladder Campicm is a naturalized, deep rooted,
freely branching, perennial weed bdcmguig to the Pink Family
(Caryophyllaceae). It grows from six inches to two feet high.
The leaves are ovate lanceolate, smooth, in pairs with their bases meet-
mg around the stem. The flowers are white, nearly an inch in diameter
and borne in loose clusters which are often drooping. The petals are
two-deft and the calyx much inflated and bell-shaped, with distinct pur-
plish veins. It is from the inflated calyx that the plant derives its com-
mon names, T<ladder Campion, Bladder Weed and Cow Bell. The
capsule or " seed pod " is enclosed by the inflated calyx and opens at
the top by 5 short recurved teefh. iThis weed flowers from June to
August and matures seed from July to September. Large quantities of
seed are produced. They are about 1-16 of an inch in length, irrc^idarly
kidney-shaped, light brown to dark grey in color, the surface covered
with regularly arranged rows of tubercles. fTypical seeds show a marked
depression at the scar. This character, and the more conical shape of
the tubercles, make it possible for a careful observer to distinguish them
form the seeds of the Night-flowering Catchfly and White Cockle, which
they resemble very closely.

Eradication. The roots of this pest are very long, thick, and much
branch"-*. A good-sized plant will have a root over two feet long with
numerous deep rootstocks. A weed with such an underground root
system is necessarily hard to combat. Some means must be taken by
which the deep roots and rootstocks can be destroyed. Small patches
should be carefully dug out early enough in the season to prevent seed-
ing, taking pains to get every piece of the root and rootstocks. Badly
fajfested fields should be plowed deeply immediately after harvest; and
then thoroughly cultivated and cross-cultivated with the broad-shared
cultivator in order to cut up and weaken the underground root system.
The following spring continue this d«cp cultivation at intervals of about
two weeks until it is time to put in a hoed crop, which must be kept
thoroughly clean u order to be effective.

^^

Flu. 14.
Blaodd Campioh.
(SilgH* latifoHa,)

54

Fic 15.

Whxti Campioit, ok WHint Cocxut.

Lychnis aiba (h.).

A biennial weed introduced from Europe, with hairy and branchin
stems from i to 3 feet high. Like the Night-flowering Catchfly, it hj
a visad secretion, which attracts many insects. The leaves are obloni
with acute tips. The flowers are in loose panicles, white or pink i
color, and nearly ^ in. broad. As a rule, they open at night, and remai
so until the morning of the following day. The pod has short teet
around the top, which curl back when dry, and the seeds are distribute
ly the winds swaying the stem, when the seeds drop out. In wet weathc
these teeth straighten out and completely close the opening at the top.

iTje seed (Fig. 15) is grey in color and kidney-shaped, wit
tubercles r^ularly disposed over the surface. An average pistillate plan
produces 10,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, Junt-August

Time of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal— By wind and as an impurity in seeds.

Eradication. Exercise great care in cleaning seed grain, and examin
all purchased grain with a sharp lookout for this seed. If the weed b
on the farm, follow the method outlined for Fox-tail (Fig. i).

Cow Cockle or Cow Hehb.
Saponaria Vaccaria (L.).

A weed common in grain fields in the West. The seed is often foun<
m gram from the West. During the past few years it has been found ii
many parts of Ontario, but has not yet become a serious pest in thti
Province. It is a smooth, glaucous, annual plant, frwn i to 2 feet high
TTie leaves arc oval lance-shaped, opposite and clasp the stem at the base
Flowers are bright pink, about J4 inch in diameter. Seed pod is enclosec
in the inflated, 5-angled calyx and contains about 20 black, spherical seed'
about 1-12 inch in diameter, with the surface minutely pitted.

Time of flowering, July ; seeds ripe in August.

Dispersal— by seeds only.

Eradication. The plant being conspicuous is easily hand pulled. Fal
and spring cultivation will do much to clean badly infested fields.

T>i .P« Night-flowering Catchfly {Silene noctHlora, L.), resembles the
Bladder Campion; but it is an annual, tall and very leafy, with a viscic
secretion all over its stem, often so profuse that the stems and leave-
are covered with small insects entangled in it. It opens at night and
possesses a fragrant smell. It is not so bad a weed as its relative, th«
Bladder Campion. In Fig. 14 are shown the seeds of these two plants,
natural size and enlarged. That on the left is Bladder Campion, thai
on the right is the Night-flowering Catchfly;

Ra IS

Wbiti Cocku.
(Lychnis alba.)

PURSLANE FAMILY (PORTULACACEAB).

Fig. i6.

PUBSlANt, 01 PUSSLEY.

Porhiiaca oleracta (L.)-

Purslane is pre-eminently a garden weed and is readily recognised
by its fleshy leaves and stem, which lie prostrate on the ground. It is
an annual.

The stems are red, and the leaves wedge-shaped and chistered at the
ends of brandies. The flowers are bright yellow, about % in. across
and open only during fuU sunlight for a few hours in the morning. The
seeds (Pig. i6), in smaU capsules, are black, Iddney-shaped, and extremely
small. An average pknt produces 60,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, July, until frost.

Time of seeding, August, until frost.

Dispersal— By seeds.

Purslane has been used as hog feed in very dry seasons, but the cost
of gathering it is too great.

Bradkation. Careful hoeing and constant cultivation. The latter
should be as early as possible. The same treatment should be followed
as that outlined for Foxtail (Fig. 1).

agniaed
. It is

at the

across

:• The

tremely

he cost

! latter
>llowed

Fig. 16.

PUISLAmL

iPortulaea oltraeea.)

THE BUTtTERCUP FAMILY (RoHtmculactai).

Fic 17.

Tau. BvTTgicup. Tau. QtowfooT, MtABow Burmcvr.

Ra$Mtnculus aerit (L.).

A noxioas weed in low meadows and pasture lands. It crowds ou
the grass and cattle will not eat it on account of its hot tasting, blisterini
joke. It is seldom troublesome on well drained land under a short rote
tion of crops.

An introduced perennial weed with fil»rous roots and an erect, some
what hairy stem, frhe leaves are three^arted with tiie divisions agait
three-deft with deeply lobed segments. IHowers are produced from earlj
m June until frost. They are bright yellow in color and conspicuous
The dry seed-like fruife are in globose heads.

Time of flowering, June to September; seed ripe by July.

Dupersal— By seeds.

Eradication. When possible the iand should be well drained c r
brought under cultivation, and not seeded down agam until the w ^
has disappeared. On pasture lands which cannot be cultivated the r cod
should be cut closely two or three times each year; once early in jan<
and again in July or August. {This treatment to be successful must be
repeated for two or three years.

Fx& 17.

Tall BmmcuF.

(RtmuHculiu aeris.)

THE MUSTARD FAMn/ (CRUCIPBRAB).

Ptnm-cuu, BAtTAiD-ciisst . kaw u WttD, Wod Gaiuc, m

Thhupi jT..>u,e <^ ,.

k

A winter annual, introdttced from Enrr tc, and a very bad wc
It is very abombnt in Manitc^ and i i .. /ninf rather ooosmon
Ontario. It grows as an erect plant, with a n jotber of bran^ei fr
the upper part. The leaves are numerous during the first of the seaa
Mid daap the stem by ear-line Irbes. The flowers are wUte and sm
with s|M«adii^ flower stalks. The pods which suoMed tlM flower ;
very diiracteristic. They are nearly ortncular, abovA half an u
broad, quite flat, with a larouA wtag aJl around, and notdied at the t
IHg. i8 shows this pecnliarhy. JSMh pod produces about twelve sec
wfajdi are dark brown to Made and oval in shape, with curved lines. .
average i^ant produces about ao,ooo seeds.

Tlie pkmt has a peculiar odor, resembling that of garlic, hence so
of the common names. The seed also has a very pungent taste. Wl
eaten by mikh cows, it imparts a disagreeable flavor to the milk.

prime of flowering, May-September.

Time of seedii^, June-September.

Dispersal — Chiefly by the wind.

Ert^cation. Contintious growing of hoed crops with thorou
cultivation thereof, followed by heavy seeding with rye. In places whi
the weed is very thick, mowing and burning is a good remedy. 1
method outlined for eradicating Mustard is applicaUe to this weed.

uc.

btd weed.
ommon iri
ichea from]
the scMon,j
and small,
flower are I
' an inchl
at the top.f
etve seeds J
lines. An I

lence sonMl
te. When!

nk.

thorougbl
ices where!

ledy. Thej
weed.

Pkmht-obss.
(Thkuh anwHM.)

6a

Fie. xg.

Ptmt Gkass, ok ToNcut GsASt.

Upidium apetalum (Willd.).

Fig. 19. ^'^'^ ^'*'* *^ P<^ «s shown nearly natural size i

Tune of flowenng, Tune-August. ^^

Time of seeding, July-September.

Dispersal-By birds and as an impurity in clover seed

ad a half I
saves ter-
g^tly cut

mtn are!
ced pods
xtranhy.
1 size in j

i-i6 in.

»

, and do

erminate

IV plants

for the

tuL ig.
P^not Oust.

M, i

i

FiC. 20.

Fitu> PsppEs Grass or Cow Cress.
Lepidium camp e sir e (Br.).

This is a comparattvdy new weed in Ontario, about which many
enquirie' have been received during the past few years. From informa-
tion gathered from correspcmdents it seems certain that it has been spread
as an inqmrity in dover seed.

Fldd Vepptx Grass or Cow Cress is an introduced annual or biennial
weed bel(Higing to the Mustard family (Cruciferae). It grows from i
to a feet h^ and branches freely above. The basal leaves are petioled,
oUoc^ and entire ; Mem leaves spesr-^haped, entire or sl^[fatly too&ed and
clasping the stem by their arrow-shaped bases. Flowers are ttnaU, white
or yellowish in cdor. The seed pods are l»-oadly ovate, boat-shaped, being
rotmded below and hdlowed out above, thtv stand out stiffly from the
stem on pedicels of about their own length. The seeds are reddish brown
in cdor, about i-ia of an inch Icnig, sharply egg-shaped, rotmded or some-
what flattened, and the surface is granular and slightly scurfy.

Bradieation. Hand pull small patches. Cut clover eaffy enough to
prevent seeding. Plow up badly infested fields, and put in a hoed crop
for one season.

Vta. aa

FkiLB PBrm Giam w Cow Qmu.
{Ltpakm emmptttre.)

66

^. :^4.

Flc. ai.

Shbphkbd's Purse.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (h.).

A vinter annual, naturalized from Europe, with a long, deep, taj
root. The root leaves are lobed and form a large rosette which lies clos(
to the ground, and in this state it passes the winter. The following
spring a more or less brancheo stem arises, with arrow-shaped leavei
thereon. The flowers are very small and white in color, and are mud
less conspicuous than the seed vessels, which are triangular in shape, an(
are attached to the stalk or pedicel at the lower apex of the triangle
Frwn the character of these pods, the plant obtains its scientific anc
common name. The triangular pod is divided down the centre by a par
tition, forming two cells, each of which contains from lo to 12 seed;
(Fig. 21). In size the plant varies greatly from a few inches to tw<
feet, depending on the soil and locality. But even a very diminutiv<
plant produces many seeds. /The seed is very small, light brown in color
and oblOTg in shape (Fig. 21). An average plant produces over 5o,oc(
seeds, ^^ig. 21 shows shape of seed, also the arrangement of seeds ir
the pod.

Time of flowering, early spring till the bq^inning of winter.

Time of seeding, early spring till the beginning of winter.

Dispersal— As an impurity in grass seed ; also by birds, as the pod<
when ripe open and drop the seeds, which are eaten by birds, and often
evacuated without digestion or injury.

BradicaHon. It easily succumbs to cultivation; and as the plani
spreads only by seed, persistent effort should be made to prevent seeding

&

nam.

Sbxphob^s Poin.

(.CapstUa burta-ptutoHt.)

Ill

Fig. aa.

Pai^ Fi,ax, m G<Mu> or PutASunt.
Camelina sativa (L.).

This weed probably came to diis country in imported flax seed. Ii
Europe it is cultivated for the fine dl extracted from tiie seed, which i
used in feeding cattle. Its common name arose from its suppose(
resemUance to flax.

An annual and winter annual, with simile or branching stems; th
lower leaves' are long, with a stem, or petide; and the upper ones das]
the stem with arrow-shaped bases. The flowers are numerous, yellow
Mad somewhat inconspicuous. The seed vessel, or pod, is pear-shapei
•or (lobular, with a small projection from the upper end. Hie little stalk
hdding the pods are slender and spreading or ascending. The seed t
brown and ku-ger than that of Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. aa.) An averagi
iplant produces about 40,000 seeds.

Tbie of flowering, June-August.

Time of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal — ^As an impurity in flax and clover seed, and occasionally
ingrain.

EradieaHon. Plow lightly as soon as the crop is harvested. Harrow
and ^en cultivate frequency throughout the autumn, to destroy th(
young seedlings. It is unportant that this autumn cultivation should b(
thorough. Grow a hoed crop the following year. Itbt rotation of crop;
shcNild be modified in the infested fields hy dropping winter wheat ou<
for a time. Grass seed should be sown along with the spring wheat 01
barley.

F^ ax

{CmnHm saHva.)

Fic. aj.
Bau. Mustako.

Neslia ptmtculata (Desv.).

A weed of European origin, coninum in grain fields in the western
provinces and now becoming frequent along railway lines and in waste
filaces in Ontario.

A slender annual or winter annual from a to 3 feet hig^. Leaves
oblong, p<Mnted and clasping the stem at the base. Rowers small, orange
yellow in color, in long, slender terminal clusters (racemes). Pods round,
vemy, ridged and containing a sing 2 yellow seed. Tliey do not split open
and are commonly taken for the seeds. They are frequently found in
seed grain and screenings from the West.

Eradication. Avoid sowing seed grain containing the "seeds" of this
weed. Hand pull and bum when in small. quantities. Badly infested
fields should be given thorough early after-harvest cultivation, followed
by spring cultivation and a hoed crop next season.

Fn. 43.

Bau. MoRAm

Vhi. fti.

WOD RADIfH.

Rafkmms raphanistmm (L.).

This is a weed of Eoropean ongin lAiA is a serious pest in tii
Maritiine Provinces and wUdi has reeenUy been introdnoed into Oiitari<
It is an annaal and winter annual from i to a feet Ugh. In scnen
appeahmce it is Ulce the Wild Mostard, bat its yUldw ibw.rs hav
{Ntfldish Tefais on the petals and tiie pods aie much more jdnted in a»eai
uoe. The seeds are i-io of an indi long, light reddish Imowu, oval i
outlhie, and wilh the surface finely roi^iaied.

liine of flowering, June to September; seeds ripe by August.

Diqiersal— By seeds.

BrmKatfiofi. Hand puU when it first mpptan to iMwent it Iron
spreadii^. If it becomes very jdentiful, follow the method of crotmini
outlined for Wild Mustard. ^^

Fn, 24.

WosRaksx.

(Raphamu rmplmmittntm)

Fia »$.

Wiu> MutTA», Chamocx, ok Htnicx«
Bratiiea arvtnrit (L. Ktte.).

Among the worst weeds in Ontario is the Wild Mustard, an annw
naturalised from Europe, with fibrous roots and erect habit of growt
TJe stem is rough, with stiflF hairs somewhat scattered over the surfac
The branches arise from the upper part of the stem and bear obloi
leaves and the lower leaves have one terminal large lobe and sever
smaller lateral ones (lyre shaped). The flowers are yellow, showr, at
about ^ in. broad, with stout flower stalks, which are more noticeali
when the plant is in fruit. The pods, which appear on the lower pa
of the stem whilst the top is still m flower, are from i to 2 inches Ion
and are either sfH-eading or ascending.

^The shape of the pod is characteristic; it is constricted between tl
seeds, thus givingthe appearance of a rounded enlargement where eac
seed IS borne. iThis an)earance is termed "knotted." The pod te
minates in a two-edged beak, and the two valves of the pod are strong
veined or ribbed.

The seed (see Fi^. 25) is black, i-io in, in diameter, perfectly spher
cal, and very much like rape or turnip seed, and it retains its vitalii
for a long time when buried in the soil. An average plant produo
15,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, June-September.

Time of seeding, July-September.

Dispersal— By birds and implements, but chiefly as an impurity i

Eradication. Owing to the great vitality of the seed, Mustard
a very hard weed to eradicate. The seeds, once in the ground, live ff
years, and continue to germinate as they are brought near the surfac
Hence it takes patience, a great deal of labor, and a long time to get ri
of the weed, when it once gets possession of the land. W\en present on!
in small amounts, hand-pulling is the best method, provided the pullin
is done before seeds have formed; and as persons pulling in a hurr
cannot wait to examine for seed, it is best to put the weeds, as they ai
pulled, in bundles where they can be burned when dry.

When fields are overrun with the weed, it is best to proceed as fo
lows: Harrow stubble-ground early after harvest, or gang-plow an
harrow. As soon as the seeds have had time to sprout, cultivate thoi
ougMy; repeat cultivation at intervals; and rib up with a double mouk
board plow the last thing in the fall. Put in a hoed crop, either rooi
or com, Ae following spring, and cultivate it thoroughly throughot
the growing season. Cultivate and barrow well two or three times afte
roots or com, having first mn the plow along each row of com rool
to cut the roots and tum them up; and rib up before the frost. (If th

Fia 25.

MUSTABO.

{Brassica arvensis.)

76

plow it used after roots or com, it is lilsdy to brioff more teed to the
sttrlMe.) Sow a crop of gndn tfw foDowtaf tpmg and leed with
dofcr. Pun weeds by hand oat of die grain crop; tan a crop or two
of hay, or pasture; and break up tfie dover sod, tretftinff it as outlined
in the note to Mr. Rennie's method oi deaning land. (See page 138.)
When necessary at any stage in this method, use a grubber or subsoil
plow to stir the soil to :. greater depth than is reac^ by tiie surface
cttltiTatioo.

Spiaying with CHtancAis.

Repeated tests have proved that solutions of blue stcme (blue vitriol,
or copper sulphate) or of green stone (copperas or iron sul{diate) can
be used suocnsfully to destroy Mustard in cereal crops without injury
to die Aandii^ grain.

(The expenments conducted by die Botanical Dqifiment would indi-
cate diat iron sulphate is on the whole more satisfactory for this purpose
than copper sulphate. A 90 per cent, sdution of iron sulphate should be
used (80 ibs. to 40 gaUoos of watu ) and die fidd should be sprayed on
a br^^ iw oy da3r when the young Mustard jdants are wdl up and
just rbout to come into bloom. If te sdution is ^^ed too late some
of the older plants will not be destroyed and may produce senis, and the
results, therefore, will not be entirdy satisfactory. If ccq>per sulphate
is used a a per cent, solution (i lb. in 5 gals, of water) is suffiaently
strong. Stronger sdutkms would be apt to injure the crop.

An ordinary barrd sprayer with a hand pump or a potato sprayer
wkh a broad-cast attachment can be used to apfdy these sduUons. Inir-
tfaer information on sprayiiw to kill Mustard may be had bv aj^lying to
the Botanical Department, O. A. C.

Fig. a6.

HABS's-tAB MUSTAin.

Conrmgia orientaUs (L.) (Dum<Mt)'.

A weed which is quite general thron^^out the West, in grun fields,
o>i stubUe and by roadsides; spreading rapidly. It has been found in
one or two irfaces in Ontario. An tamvail and winter annual with a
straight, slighdy branched stem from i to 3 feet high. Whole plant
smooth and when young covered with a bloom like that of a odibage.
Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong oval, entire and dasping the stem by two
rounded lobes. They resemble in shape a hare's or ratMt's ear, hence
the common na^ne, Hare's ear Mustard. Ftowers are creamy white, about
% indi across. Pods are four-sided 9Qd 3 to 4 indies long. Seeds, are
dark reddish brown, i-is of an inch long, somewhat wheat-shaped, with
the surface granular roughened.

Hau's-iai MmTAU).
(Comnmgia onmtaljt.)

'I II

78

Time of flowering, July; seeds ripe in August and September.

Dispersal — By seeds.

BradicaiUm. Hand pull small patches when the weed first makes its
^ipearance. If a field beaxiMs badly infested, try thorough, early, after-
hanrest cultivation.

, Tumbling Mustard.

Sisymhrimn altissimum (L.).

This Mustard, which is troublesome in the West, is now found in
nany parts of Ontario, though it has not yet become a pest in cultivated
fields in tSiis Province. The fact, however, that it produces great quanti-
ties of seed indicate that if neglected it may become a aerious nuisance.
It is therefore adviss^Ie that a watch be ktpt for it in order that any
plants which appear in cultivated fields may be destroyed before they
inafure their seeds.

TnnUing Mt^tard is a bushy-brand»d annual or winter annual,
from 3 to 5 feet h^h. The lower leaves are pinnatifid with the segments
pointing backward (rundnate) ; the tq>per leaves are very variable in size
and outline bttt are all deeply {Msnatifid with narrow s^ments. The
flowers are numerous at ^ end of the braackes, pale yellow, and about
>S of an inch in cbameter. (They are succttded by long, sloider pods,
each of wlndi contams nmaerous seeds. The plants, wh«i mature, break
off near the surface of the gromid and are ndled about by the wind, scat-
tering^ their seedb as they go. It is from this tumbling habit that the
plant gets its naav, Tunrflfag Murtard. The seeds are very small, less
than 1-24 of an inch is length. Tl^y are greenish yellow to olive brown
w color and somewhat U-slutped. Boag so very snnll they are not readily
crushed by grinding and thus frequently find their way unharmed into
dttop. It has been estinmted tliat a single plant may produce a million
and a half seeds, but fortunately they do not appear to have the vitality
of the seeds of Field Ma^ard.

Time of flowering, June to September ; seed ripe in August.

Dispersal — By seeds.

BrculicatioH. Pull stray plants along the roadsides and in waste places
before they mature. Hand pull in fields unless very abundant. Badly
infested fields may be cleaned by fall cultivation and harrowing over
siting grain to destroy the seedlings.

Pic. 27.

GuKN Tansy MimTARO.

(Sisymbrium incisum (Engelm.), var. filipes (Gray).

A common weed in grain fields in the West. In Ontario it is found
chiefly along railways and in waste places. During the past year ( 1910)
it was reported as growing as a weed in cultivated fields from ont county

79

F^ 27.

CaMMS TaKSY MUiTAIB.

iSisybrium incisum.)

8o

in Ontario. It is a biennial weed and produces the first season a rosetti
of finely divided leaves whidi Ue on the ground; the second season i
produces a much tomched stem from a to 4 feet hirii. Leaves brigh
green, much divided into fine segments. Flowers l^^t yellow, H 0
an mdi across, borne in doogated clusters (racemes) and succeeded b^
narrow, smooth, slightly curved pods from Ji to ^ inch long, on slender
Hx^adng stems. Seed is brownish red, about 1-35 of an inch long, some
what oUosy in shiq>e.

{Time of flowering, July; seeds ripe in August

Dispersal — ^By seeds.

Eradication. Hand pulL
dean badly infested fields.

(Thorough fall and spring cultivation wil

Fig. a8.

WOKMSSSD MUSTAU, OK TB«ACI,t MuSTASD.

Brysimim chtinmthoides (L.).

A native weed, which seems to be spreading rafHdly throuf^ the
ProvMiee. Many specimens have been sent here for examination during
the past year.

An annual or winter annual with erect and branding stems from
8 in to 2 ft. high. The fdiage is bright green and abundant. The leaves
are loDjg, tapenng at the base into a short petiole, and they are covered
j^f. T-shaped hairs. The flowers are ydlow and about J^ in. across.
The httle stalks (pedicels) holding the pods, come out from the stem
^hqudy, but the pod stands erect on the pedicel, parallel with the stem
The pod is about an inch Iwig and four-ai^ed, with one row of seeds
m each cell. The seeds are i- 16 in. long and light brown in color, with
a furrow on one side. An average plant produces 35,000 seeds.

Seeds give a bitter taste to feed obtaining them.

Time of floweriiur, June-July.

flTime of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal — Frequently as an impurity in dover seed.

Bradkaiion. Hand pulling and burning is the best remedy when
the weed occurs in small quantities ; but where there is much of it, the
following procedure is advised : Harrow stubble-ground early after bar-
♦tst, or gang-plow and harrow. As soon as the seeds have had time to
sprout, cultivate ; repeat the cultivation, and rib up the land with a double
mould-board plow the last thing in the fall. Put in a hoed crop, either
roots or com, the following spring, and cultivate thoroughly throughout
the growing season. Cultivate after the roots or com, sow a crop of
grain, and seed with clover. If not too much, pull weeds by hand out of
♦ihe growing crop.

Fig. a8.

WmMSKD MusTAao.

(.Erytimum chieranthoides.)

I

is

/' <i

ROCMT, OB SAI.AO RoCKtT.

Brvcasativa (lAia.).

EMrn^'.i'/i,''*^ recently introduced into Ontario. It is a native of
Europe, and has been recently brought here in alfalfa seed. At a little
distance I would easi y be mistaken for Wild Mustard or Charloi. which

rJ^^u' "^"^^^y ? '^1' ^^^' °f «^°^' *o>i«S« "d flowers It
requires however, only a glance to disHnguish it. the leaves are more
or less deep y pwnately lobed. The flowers are light yeUow and the
SL DlaJrJn'K^ veined with purple. When thi p<S are"^?
£J SZL t^ ^ '^°'T "*•,* certainty, for the upper third of th^ is a
nat empty beak. As the plant has been introduced so recently we have
fint roS°" V .*° *?«ther it is likely to prove a bad weed or not. It
Mf?lr.^?«^ 7*** * ^** ***** '" •*' "**'^« «=°""tn'. but that is not very
Stu K^? •"' u° ^° "P°"' /'"*=« »^« °* o"*- «^o"t weeds are of
nSlr? "fu '" ****• "''""^'y °^ *"'■ °^«*"- So far we have no infor-
mat on as to the persistence of the weed after the breaking up of the
alfalfa and the putting in of a hoed crop. We should beSuI if Uwse
whose attention is called to the matter Sould make observSs to tfiis
end Md so extend our exact knowledge of the habits of the plant.
fr« :*!^* '^ t^^ '■*'***°" t*' *e Wild Mustard and is evidently a
aSjn,?tr w*'"'' 't advisable that farmers should take due precautions
tiTu iL^' 7"-** recommend hand pulling before it goes to seed
JJ^JI^^ °"'^ '" ""*" quantity in gram. When in the hay crop
and more numerous we would recommend cutting the alfalfa before the

W cL- °^^ *'•!?, '^.*"'"^- '^^^ plant >s an *""«»» and if kept

fr^W^L^.T? '*?'**'y *i* °"*- '^°*' 8^*^a» *=a^« <^nn°t »>« «er«sed
m selecting seed free from the seeds of the weed.

THE ROSE FAMILY (ROSACBAE).

Fig. 29.

Rough Cinquewju.

(Potentilla monspcliensis (L.).

i„ .^ "***!* *"r"^*' '^^*** t°""d frequently in meadows and hay fields
m some parts of Ontario. Stem erect, branching, rough-hairy. Leaves
compound with 3 somewhat oblong, oval, toothed leaflets Flower,
bright yellow in terminal clusters (cymes). The seeds are Ught brown

1«Stnir«^i° •*" '"^':J°"&' blunt and slightly curved, wi* branc*m?
lOBgitudmal vems on the surface.

Time of flowering June to July; seeds ripe July to SeptenAer.
Dispersal— By seeds, which are frequently found in timothy seed.
bradtcatton. This weed will not persist in cultivated crops Rtteated
close cutting m hay fields, meadows and waste places will destT^TiT

Fig. ag.
HovcH CiNQumo.

J

RoUGR-nuiTID ClMOUgfOII^

Pottntitta rteta (L.)-

m>ut ^i^'SSL''^ "^j***. ''if*^' l**«^' y^^^ *»^»«» thM the Iwt
^UI^^T!^^^^^^' I» »• 'ported tf bdnf troubleiOBie it
mjdowi and hayfields in fame ptrti of Ontaria Bmldng up the fieic
■nd patting it under a cultivated crop should clean out this weed.

THE PEA FAMILY (IBGUMJNOSAB).

Whiys Swwt CunrxR.

MtlUotw alba (Desr.).

This and the yeUow species (MtlUotus officmalis) are found com-

SSZ^" "^tSi* ^'^"^ ""^ neglected fielcb about dttes and along

^^' S*y "" ^' ™* ^^^"^ ?>«»*»' «"» thrive best on heavj
Clay sous. They are bienmaU and produce the second year tall, toueh

iJSJJf!2f*^#" which^bear the sweet scented flowers so attnuSve
toboneybees. These phmts have the redeeming features of being nitrogen
gatherers and good sod formers.

5r««f(rf»(m. Keep closely cut for two years in succession. Hants

w!2.Y' *i"* ®° **'!X '" ** *«»^ "»y P"®^ •«*»*» «"<* produce seeds
before frost comes. Two or three cuttings are therefore often reqnired
m a sug^e season. ^

WlU) TaSSS ok PnXNNIAt VfTCH.

Vicia cracea (L.).

n^tJ^i^Pf!^!*^ plant with a deep system of root-stocks. It is
often reported difficult of eradication. The flowers are Mue, and there
are lo to 12 pairs of leaflets to each compound leaf, ffhw phmt appears
topersist most tenaciously in damp soil. The same cultivation wtK^is
used m controlling the Canada and Perennial Sow Thisties wiU subdue
the Ferennial Vetch.

THE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY (ONAGRACSAM).

Fig. 30.

Common Evsninc Pumboss.

Oenothera biennis (L.).

1. ^.^'' t*°"*' .^^"^^ biennial weed found frequently in Ontario in
hay fields and on the edges of cultivated fields. The leaves are from i to
6 inches long, oblong to lance-shaped with wavy, slightly toothed margins.

Fta-ja

Common Evkning Pummmi.

iOtnotkera bttrnms.)

gowm open in the cvemng and ut luve and bright ydlow in color.

^"LKK.^***** *** *•" •*"» •*»** «"« "«»* •» «»ch in length. Seeds
are reddish brown and irregular in outline, 4 to 5 tided.

TJae of flowering, June to September; seeds ripe by August.

DwpersaJ— By seeds. 1- / -•

Eradication. Spud out plants on the headlands and in the fence
corners. Never troublesome when a field is brought under cultivatitm.

THE PARSLEY FAMILY (UMBBLUFBRAB).

Fig. 31.

Spotted Cowbane, o« VVate« Hemu>ck.

Cicuta maculata (L.).

A weed of wet, marshy places. Cattle are frequently poisoned by
eating the roots of this plant, especially early in the spring when pasture is
scarce.

A smooth perennial from 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves compound, of 2
or 3 divisions, the stalks with expanding bases which clasp the stem the
leaflets lance-shaped and sharp-toothed. The flowers are small, white
and in flat topped clusters (umbels). The root consists of a number of
spindle-shaped " tubers."

BradicatioH. Watch marshes and low places for this weed and hand
pull any plants that are found. This is easily done if the roots are first
I«x>sened with a spud or other implement. Be sure to destroy the plant*;
after pulling them. ^ r

V

Fio. 31.

Spotted Cowbane or Water Hemuxtk.

(Cicuta maculata.)

^-2?5?>

MKROOOrV HMUinON TBT CNAIT

(Aral and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

[1.0

lis ■" ■■■

£ Itt L£ 12.2

V^

U Ma

|t.4 ||.6

A

/iPPLIED IM^IGE Inc

ISM ea>« Main Strad

RoehMtar, Nnr York I4«M USA

(716) 4a2-aXI0-Pt>0fM

(7i») ;

-roa

Fic. 3a.

Wiu) Camot, Bibd's Nbst, or Dvnt's Pi^gui.

DoMCKs earota (L.)-

Wjw is a biennial, naturalized from Europe, with a deep, strong tap
root, a bristly stem, and much divided leaves like the cultivated oirrot
The dusters of flowers are in compound umbels which resemble bird-
nest cavities.

Time of flowering, July-September.

Tfane of seeding, August-December.

Dispersal — ^By seeds carried by wind and animals.

SradkatioH. Spudding is quite effective when the roots are cut
before blossommg the first season. When the field becomes badly infested
It should be plowed and cultivated and treated to a hoed crop, as described
for tile treatment of Blue-weed (page 94).

MILKWEED FAMILY (ASCLBPIADACEAB).

MiLKWcxD, ot SaKwnD.

Asclepias syriaca {h.).

This plant quite frequently appears in cultivated crras in Ontario,
and once it becomes established its extermination is a difficult task.

It is a deep-rooted perennial weed, with a stout stalk from a to 5
feet high covered with soft hairs. Leaves large, lanoe-oblong to broadly
oval with fine down on the under surface. Flowers dull purple to white
in cotor and borne in compact clusters (umbels). Fruit, a larse pod
which opens down one side (follicle) to allow the white plumed seeds
toesc^w.

Eradication. Cut early to prevent from seeding. Spud out scatt«
^ts in meadows and grain fields. 11 a .l^vl :; very badly infes
weak it up and follow one of the methods suggested for Perennial Sow
Thistle.

tgtap
arrot
bird-

e cut
'ested
ribed

tario,

to 5
MuUy
irhite

pod
seeds

Sow

Fia 3z

WuD Cabiot.

(Dttuctu Carota L)

\

9>

THE MORNING GLORY FAMILY {CONVOLVULACEAE).

Fig. 33.

Bindweed.

Convolvulus arvensis (L.)-

A very troublesome weed which winds its tough and curling stems
around the stalks of various plants, partially chokes them, and thereby
hinders their growth. It is a perennial with a very extensive creeping
root which penetrates far into the soil, and any piece of the root possess-
mg one or more buds is capable of starting new plants ; hence it is neces-
sary to clean implements very thoroughly after they have been used in a
field contaming this weed. The stems are branched and either trail on
the ground or climb by twisting around swne other plant. The leaves
are rather small, with 2 to 4 lobes at the base, giving them an arrow-
headed shape. The flowers are white or rose-colored and i inch across.
The seeds, three in number, are large, black, and angular, and are held
m a spherical capsule (Fig. 33). An average plant produces about 160
seeds.

Time of flowering, June-September.

Time of seeding. August-October. Often no seed is produced.
Dispersal— Chiefly by means of its creeping roots ; sometimes as an
impurity in seed grain.

Eradication. This is a very difficult weed to eradicate, and careless
cultivation only increases the trouble by carrying the roots from place to
place. Salting is recommended by some practical farmers who have suc-
ceded in eradicating this very troublesome pest; but we cannot speak
from experience as to the value of this method of treatment.

The weed may be kept in check by the frequent introduction of well-
cared-for hoed crops into the rotation, and the shorter the rotation the
lietter. The later sown hoed crops, especially rape, are more effectual
than those sown earlier in the season. Before the hoed crop is sown, the
weed may be kept in check by going frequently over the field with a
broad-share cultivator, so as to cut all the plants an inch oi two below
the surface without bringing up any of the creeping rootstocks. About
the 1st July the land may be sown with rape in drills, say 26 inches apart,
and during the early growth of the crop the weeds may be kept in check
by means of the horse-hoe. with more or less hand-hoeing. If the land
has been well manured or is naturally rich in vegetable matter, the rape
will make a rank growth and smother some of the weeds. The rape may
be pastured in the fall, and in extreme cases may be followed by another
hoed crop, such as com. If the corn is well cultivated and hoed, most
perhaps all, of the plants will be destroyed.

Fte. 33-

BlHDWBD.

IComvohmlus arvtnris.'i

92

In same cases it may be advisable to suininer-f allow, and in sucl
OSes It M bMt not to plow more tha^ is absolutely necessary, but t(
depend mainly on the broad-share cultivator. Buckwheat sown on sum
mer-faUow and plowed under when coming into blossom, followed b
surface cultivation with broad-share cultivator, will assist very much ii
kiUing the weed. If necessary, the summer-fallow may he followed by i
hoed crop. ^

Fig 34.

DcnoBK, Dsvii's Gut, or Stkangle Weed.

Cuscuta epUhyntum (Murr.).

This weed is spreading very rapidly as an impurity in alfalfa anc
clover seed, t is by no means a new weed in Ontario, but during th(
past year has bcM especially abundant. Judging by the numerous samples
sent in lor identification, and by the host of questions asked concen ing it
more information is required as to its appearance, habit of growth and
•"""od of control. It is therefore discussed rather fully here.

II *^<*«'" differs from ordinary weeds in possessing no leaves. Th<
yeuow thread-like stems of the plant twine around the clover plants and
send into their tissues small short rootlets, which are called suckers or
haustoria. By means of these suckers the Dodder draws from the dovet
the food necessary for its growth and reproduction. It thus kills the
Clover 1^ robbing the plant of its food and causing it to starve. The
yellow thrMd-hke stems of the Dodder first appear quite early in the
season, ffhcjr soon spread from plant to plant until a tangled mass of
yellow threads covers a whole patch of clover. Badly infested fields may
t>ecome entirely covered with this pest in a short time. On these yellow
threads arc produced dense clusters of small white flowers, which are
succeeded by rounded, brown seed pods. Each plant produces a large
number of seeds. The seeds vary in size from 1-24 to 1-15 of an inch;
are grey or yellowish brown in color, vary greatly in shape, but are gen-
eraUy somewhat oval in outline, and the surface is dull and roughened.
— ^ f?* ff^* should be taken to secure clover seed free from Dodder
seed. Alfalfa seed containing this impurity is dear at any price. Small
patches should be mowed, raked and burnt early enough to prevent seed
mg. Ii by any chance some of the seeds are scattered before the patches
are mowed, several thorough hoeings should be given in order to prevent
any young plant" from getting established. Badly infested fields she ' J
be plowed and put under a hoed crop for a season. Clover or alfalfa
should not be sown in the field again for two or three years.

« Flowenng Outer; ft Qttster of Dry sSd\ sUis. From .
(^R«,r«H«r.^ K .X. I*oto««I*- Natural size.

F^" • ten~^"';^i*'' U^ S Dept. of Agriculture, from
manners Bulletin 306 Dodder ,n Relation to Farm Seeds,"
by F. H. Hiltman.)

94

THE BORAGE FAMILY {BORAGINACBAE).

Btint BiTK. SncKSUD, ok Shmp Bui.

Lappuia echinata (Gilbert).

A diMgreeable weed on roadsides, iit waste places and in pasture*
The burs become matted in the wool of sheep.

An introduced annual and winter annual. Erect and branching

^?T***^**'* ^^^^ ^"- ^^^ ""«"• oblong, stem-leaves withou
stalks. Flowers small. X inch across, pale blue in long, slender one-sidec
clusters. Seeds greyish brown in color, pear-shaped, about X inch lone
with hooked spmes around the margin.

Time of flowering, from June; seeds ripe in July.

Dispersal— By seeds.

Eradication. In pastures and waste places continued close cuttinj
for a number of years will prevent its seeding and finally cause it tc
disappear. If a field becomes very badly infested, break it up and put il
under a cultivated crop for a year or two. Hand pull stray specimens.

Fic. 35.

Blue Weed, Viper's Bugloss, Blue Thistle, o« Blue Devil.

Bchium vulgar e (L.).

A biennial weed naturalized from Europe, with deep tap root, which
penetrates to a great depth. During the first year, the portion above
pound IS a rosette of leaves; and from the centre of this, next season
bristly, hairy, and erect stems arise i to 2^ feet high. The leaves are
oblong, 2 to 6 inches in length, with both upper and lower surface hairy.
The flowers are numerous, arranged in a rich spire, and are azure bliie
m color. The seeds nre hard and brown in color, with a broad base and

f^ Jr*^^'i^u° ^ '^^^ '°"l {^'^- 35)- An average plant produces
3.500 seeds. The seeds are probably dispersed in winter by the wind, as
fhty remain for a long time on the plant.

Its names, both Latin and English, are significant of the notion that
It was an effectual remedy against the bite of a vipc •.

The weed prefers gravdly and lime soils.

Time of flowering, July-October.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal— By seeds, especially in winter, when they are blown over
*he snow.

Eradication. This weed gives very little trouble in arable land, if
the cultivation is at all thorough. In fence comers, on roadsides, and in
waste places, cutting below the crown with a spud is practically the only
effective method of destroying the weed. Sometimes, however, this is
impracticable, because of the number; and in such cases some special
treatment, similar to that recommended for the Dock may be resorted to.

I

m

Fto-jS.

Blue Weid.

(Eekium Vulfare.)

Pic. 36.

Houm>'8 TdNGvz, Doc Bus, os Bum.

Cynoglossum officmalt (L.).

brtnAed, 1 to 3 feet Wgh. The lower leaves have petioles; the ttppe
ones ctarn the Stan. They are 6 to la inches long and coverd with downi
hair, and have a Asagreeable odour resembling that of mice. The flower
are niaU and lurid purple-red m color. The fruit consists of a broad

I2^iS[' ^u,^.^\.'^* *T ^* •*<*« "^ «»y««d '^th »hor
sptnes which enable it to adhere to clothing or to anitnals (Fi*. v6). Ar
average pbmt produces about 600 seedsT^ v •• j /

Time of flowering, Tune-August.

IRme of seeding, July-September.

Dispersal— Chiefly by animals carrying the burs.

* A ^I^^S^ ?^ or cut deep in faU and early spring; the fonr.ci
to datroy the plant Jn tts first year, and the Utter to complete the destruc-
tion by removuig those that escape the first cutting.

Pigeon Weed, Wheat Thief, Red Root, or Com Cromwell (Utho-
sptrmwH arv0nse,U). A winter annual naturalized fran Europe, with
reddish roots. It is usuaUy brapdied, and grows to a height of la in. -
The leaves are sessUe. narrow, and harsh to fed. The flowers are small
and white; at maturity, four smaU smooth seeds are produced, which
have coositoable vitality.

Time of flowering, from April to July.

Tune of seeding, frwn June to August

Diroersal—Mamly through seed grain, such as wheat, rye, timothy,
and alsike clover; often spread by birds and distributed in the manure.

BradicatioH. Drop fall wheat from the rotation. Cultivate lightly
after harvest and cause the seeds to germinate. When three or four
inches high, harrow or plow them under. If this treatment is repeated
each fall, wheat can agam be grown.

Flo. 36.
Hound's 'i oncue,
iCynogloisum oMcinalt.)

THE nOWORT FAMILY {SCROPHVLARIACBAB).

FJc.37.

MuiASiir, OK VstvflT Dock.

Vtrbatcwm tkapnu (L.).

The mullein is a weed introduoed from Enrape; verr coamon in
WMte piMM, roMlsides. and gravelly or sandy pastures. It is a biennial,
with large, long roo^, from which spring a taU and unusually unbranched
!^'^ *** 9 **^ **«"• °P^ •*«» "wJ ^f** »re densely woony all over.
4 u^'TS?*^ ^"- ^^ ''•^» "^^ ''Wtish, thick, and velvety to the
touA. mtt flowers are vellow and arranged on densely crowded elon-
gated spikes. The eaosule containing the seeds U about H in. long, and
the seeds are sumU, sJwttt i-ao in. loi«, six-sided, with inegularridges
ranmng lengthwise between the sides. flPhe color of the seed is dark
brown. An average plant pi-oduces 6.000 seeds.

Time of flowering, Jttly^S«>tember.

Tune of seeding, August-November.

Dispersal— As an impurity in ck)ver and grass seed.

BradicatUm. Spud or cut below the crown ; or dig up the rooto when
yomig; or break up the soil and grow hoed crops. It easily succumbs to
cultivation.

The Moth Mullein (Verbaseum blattaria) is a worse weed than
conunon mullein, as it infests meadows and bears far more seed. The
seed IS often found as an impurity in ctever and timothy. The plant
Itself IS smooth and Render, from 2 to 6 feet high, with dentate leaves.
The flower is yellow, with brown marks on the back of the petals: and
the stamens have violet filam»- . The seed is brown, very small, and
six-sided. ITreat it the sariie a:, cwnmon mullein.

In Fig. 37 are shown the seeds of the mulleins— the upper seed is
the common mullein, the lower is the moth mullein.

IS

Fia 37.

Mullein.

(y«rbascum Thapsut.)

••» .

100

. •' >'

Fig. 38.

Toad Flax, or Butteb and Eggs.

Linaria vulgaris (Hill).

iliis weed has become very plentiful in Ontario, and is now found
in many pastures, on roadsides and in waste places.

It is a deep-rooted, persistent, perennial weed. The stem is slender
and erect, somewhat wiry, and from 13 to 18 in. high. The leaves are
narrow, stalldess and scattered along the stem at very short intervals.
The flowers are showy, distinctly two-lipped, about i in. long, bright
yellow in color with orange lips and borne in a long- terminal dtister
(raceme). The seeds are dark brown or black in color, about i>io in.
in diameter, flat and disc-like, with a distinct wing around a thicker
central portion which is roughoied with little projections.

Time of flowering, June to September ; seeds ripe by August

Dispersal — ^By seeds and rootstocks.

Eradication. Adopt a short rotation of crops and jive thorough deep
cultivation in spring and fall. Hand pull when the soil is wet in pasture
lands which cannot be broken up. Break up badly infesteid pastures in
July, keep under clean stunmer fallow until fall and put on a hoed crop
the following season.

lOI

Fig. 3a

Toad Plax, ob Bunn axd Eggs.
(Linoria tmlgaris.)

!M

THE PLANTAIN FAMILY (PLANTAGINACBAB).

Flc 39.
Common Piantain.
Plantago major (L.)-

A weed of me«xlows and lawns,- the seeds of which are too often
found in grass and clover seed.

A perennial with a short, thick rootstock bearing numerous large,
dark green, oval, l<»g-stalked leaves close to the ground. Flowers incon-
spicaous, borne in long dense spikes. Seed pods oval, dividing about the
ouddle and containing from 8 to 16 small, flat, irregularly-shaped brown
seeds.

BradicatUm. A short rotation including a hoed cic^ will keep this
weed in check. *" Plantain in lawns may be weeded out when the soil
to firm by tordn^ a small implement like a chisel, with a half-rounded
blade having a pomt like the tip of a spoon, between the soil and the fleshy
CTOwn of the weed to a depth sufficient to break the plant away f r«n its
fibrous roots without disfiguring the turf."

PAtB Pl^NTAIN, OK RuGEL's Pi,ANTAIN.

Plantago rugelii (Dene).

This Plantain is found as frequently as Common Plantain, from
which It can be distinguished by the paler green leaves with the stalks dark
purple at the base, the longer and more tapering spikes with the flowers
less crowded, and the seed pods, which open below the middle and contain
from 4 to 9 flat, irregularly-shaped black seeds, which are larger than
the seeds of the Common Hantain.

*"Fartn Weeds of CMada." by G. H. Qark, B.S.A.

los

CoifKON PLANTAOr.

(Plantago major.)

i

Ss.-
P

104

Fic 40.

PtANTAIN, Bl,ACK PlANTAIN, RIB-CKA8S, OR RiB-WOST.

PUmtago lanceolata (L.)-

This plant was oact very generally believed to be a favorite food of
cattle, yet the opinion of most agriculturists is against it It is considered
a bad weed, especially when it appears in lawns. Numerous inquirers
ask what it is, and how to get rid of it. It is a perennial or biennial, with
a short thick root-st-vtk, of erect growth, or more generally lying oo the
ground as a rosette of leaves. At the base of the leaves there are tufts
of brown hair ; and the leavte themselves are lo^, narrow and tapering,
with prominent veins, or ribs running lengthwise; hence some of the
popular names. The flower-stock is slender and channelled, is without
leaves and terminates in a dense spike. The stamens project from the
mconspicuous flowers, giving a whitish appearance to the whole head
The seeds are enclosed in small pods, each containing two seeds. The
seeds are about 1-12 of an inch long, brown and shiny, with a groove on
one side, in the centre of which there is a black spot. [The opposite side
it rounded, as are also the ends. An average plant produces i,aoo seeds.

Time of flowering, June-September.

Time of seeding, July-September.

Eradication. If the plants are not numerous, cut below the crown
with a spud. If they are, break up the field and put in a hoed crop.

3d of
lered
lirers
with
Dthe
tufts
aing,
F the
thout
1 the
bead.

(The
re on

side
eeds.

pown

Fig. 40.

PlANIAW.

(Plantago lanetolala.)

io6

THE SUNFLOWER FAMILY (COMPOSITAB).

Fto 41.

Canada FttABAint, Hoiss Wcsd, ok Burnut Wno.

Brigtron conadeusis (L.)>

A tan, hairy plant, very commoQ in meadows. It is a winter annual.
The stem is much branched, hairy, and may yaty from 3 inches to 10 feet
in hei(^ flPhe leaves are downy, from x to 4 inches long. Ilie flower
heads are numerous, about yi in. broad, with white flower rays. IChe
seeds are small, light in color, and 1-16 in. long, with a pappus of short
tufty hairs. An average plant produces iao,ooo seeds (Kemer).

Time of flowering, June-Sq>tember.

Time of seeding, June-September.

Dispersal— Chiefly by the wind.

BradkaHon. Having a small root, this weed can be easily pulled.
Hence, where there is not very much of it, lumd-puUing is a satisfactory
means of eradication. As a rule, the weed is troublesome only in mead-
ows, and the frequent breaking up of meadow land tends to keep it under
control.

^ Daisy Fleabane (Brgeron aunuus, L.) has larger and fewer flowers,
}4 inch across. It is common in meadows and along roadsides from May
to November.

107

Fia 41.
(Xrigeron comaOeHtU.)

lot

Pic. 4a.

GUUT RaGWXKD, OB KiNCWBXD.

Ambrotia trifida (L.)-

A weed in Western grain fields and in waste places in Ontario. A
rough, coarse-growing annual weed from 3 to 6 feet high, with laree
opposite leaves which are mostly three-lobed. The flowers are of two
lands, the sterile borne on tapering spikes about 4 inches in length; the
SMd-produang flowers grow close to the stem in clusters in the axils of
the iMves at the base of the spikes; sterile flowers J4 inch across, cup-
shaped,, noddmg; stamens yeltow and conspicuous. Seed-produdne
flowers mconspicuous with slender purplish pistils.

Time of flowering, July; seeds ripe by August.

Dispersal— By seeds. Wheat from districts of the West often con-
lams Great Ragweed seed.

Eradication. Hand pulling and mowing.

Fn. 43.

C^XAT Ragwud.

(Ambrosia trUUh.)

tio

Fig. 43.

f

Racwvcd, Hocwud, BiTfMWMD, <m Roman WouiwstD.
Ambrosia ortttmsUfcMa (L.).

Ragweed it an arniual The tfem b much branched and slightly
faaify, from x to 3 feet high. The leaves are very finely divided, the
lower surface being of a li^iter color than the upper. The flower heads
are very numerous, from x to 6 inches long, green and inconspicuous.
Bbe flowers are yellow, 1-6 inch across, infertile in the terminal spikes,
and fertile only at the base of the spikes. The seed is dark brown, with
a diarp tip, around which are arrviged 4 to 6 spines, 3-16 inches long.
They have great vitality and remain in the soil a kmg time without in-
jury. An average phmt produces about 5,000 seeds. The seed has a
bad taste and gives a p«Kuliar odor to the milk of cows which eat it.

Time of flowering, July-S«>tember.

Time of ' eeding, August-November.

Dispersal— As an impurity in seed grain; and by wind and water,
being borne Icmg distances by freshets.

BradicaHon. For the eradication of this weed, special attention must
be given to the fall cultivatkm of the soil, to prevent seeds from ripening.
Gang-plow or cultivate, and harrow stubble ground immediately after
harvest, and repeat cultivation at intervals until late in the fall; then
plow or rib up, and follow with a hoed crop. Care should be taken with
the hoed crops that no specimens of Ragweed go to seed. AHien in
grass, go over with a mower in September or October, if any plants are
likely to mature seed. Do not sow late maturing crops. Ragweed when
eaten by cows causes bitterness in milk.

Ill

Fte.43.

Rao Wa
iAmbrona arttmili*'

lis

F10.44.

YtUOW DAIty, COMt-PLOWSS, BlACX-SYV) SVSAII, OK NlGCtBHSAD.

Rmdheckia hbrta (L.).

A biomial and tometiines annual weed found in pastures and mead-
ows. It grows about i to 3 feet high. The stenu are maringly hrandied
and very bristty. The leaves are tMck, hairy, oblong and tiering towards
the point The flower is about i in. aoves, with orange y^ovr rays
or petals (10 to ao in number) and daric purple brown discs afanost
sptokal or cone-shaped, fllie seeds are dark brown, ahnost Uadc, firir
angled, and about yi m. long, with no pappus, or tuft of hair. (Fig. 44)-
An average fdant produces about a,ooo seeds.

frime of flowering, Tune-August.

Time of seeding. J[uiy-Scptember.

Dbpenal— As an impurity in seed grain.

Ufoikatien. It can generally be killed by mowing, but it is some-
times necessary to break up meadow or pasture land, as suggested in
note to Mr. Rennie's method of cleaning land, and follow with a hoed
crop. If this is well cared for, it will destr<^ all Cone-flowers.

Fro. 4*

Con Funmu

(Rudbekia kirta.)

"4

Fig. 45-

OxEYB Daisy, White Daisy, White Weed, or Poverty Weed.

Chryxcnthemum Leucanthemum (L.)-

The Oxeye Daisy is a weed naturalized from Europe, and is very
closely related to the Chrysanthemum or national flowfer of Japan.

It is a perennial with short, thick root-stodcs, possessed of much
vitality. Very many stems spring from one root. It grows from 6 inches
to 3 feet high. The leaves slightlv clasp the stem, the lower ones, narrow,
long, and toothed along the edges, the upper ones, small and without
teeth. They are slightly arcmiatic, more perceptibly so if bruised. The
flowers are i to 2 inches broad, on long stalks, with from ao to 30 white
rays and bright yellow disc. The seed is about 1-12 in. long and angled,
with ahemate white and black longitudinal ribs. It has a short point
but no pappus (Fig. 45). An average plant produces 7,500 seeds.

{Time of flowering, June-August.

Time of seeding, June-September.

Dispersal— Chiefly in grass seeds and by birds.

Eradication. The Daisy is moi^t troublesome in past\ires, and can
be got rid of only by breaking up the sod. It can be eradicated by the
method outlined for Canada Thistle, or by seeding down to clover and
plow up after one crop has been cut and taken off. The clover sttuuld
always be cut be 'ore the Oxeye Daisy has had a chance to mature seed.

n

Fig. 4S.

OxiYE Daisy.

iChry$aHthemufn Leucanthemwn.)

at6

Fig. 46.

G)MMOM Ragwort, Tansy Ragwort, or Staggerwort.

Senecio Jacobaea (L.)>

This plant has been sent to the Department on one or two occasions
from the neighborhood of Guelph. It has probably been reported before
as occurring in Ontario, since it is mentioned in the otticial list of the
Toronto Educational Department Herbarium, but as it is not recorded,
to our knowledge, in any other list, it is for all practical purposes a plant
new to the Province.

This is the weed which has caused so much trouble m the Eastern
Provinces. It is a very dangerous weed because, when eaten by cattle, it
causes a curious and fatal disease of the liver (Hepatica drrhosa). For
this reason farmers should keep a sharp lookout for it, and destroy it
whenever it appears. It is easily recognized, being a large, conspicuous,
strong growing plant, about 2 to 3 feet high. (The flowers are in numer-
ous heads in corymbose clusters, bright yellow in color and very showy.
The root leaves are 6 to 8 inches long, petioled. Stem leaves sessile and
clasping, all leaves dark green, deeply twice pinnatified, the segments
crowded and overlapping, crisped and waved. This being a short-lived,
shallow-rooted perennial it is not difficult to eradicate, all that is necessary
being to cut it in time to prevent it from seeding for several successive
years.

"7

Fig. 46.

Ragwort, Tansy Raow(«t ok Stagcekwoet.
(Senecio Jacobaea L.)

lit

Fic, 47.

LxssSK BusDOCK, BuK, CtoT-Bxnt, ob Bsggak's Button.

Arctium mmus (Berah.).

A biennial weed with tremendous roots, probably the largest of til
weed roots. This root is uniform in size for a foot below the surface;
further down it is much branched and has a great hold on the grotmd.
iThe stem is much brandied (from 4 to 6 feet high) and rough, with broad
rounded leaves, the lower surface of a lighter green than the upper.
The flower heads occur in dustcs and are purple in color. The flower
receptacle, or involurre, as it is called, is composed of hooked spines,
yfiudi are very adb ve aad do much injury to the wool of sheep. 'Hw
seeds are browr , ^ in. long and spotted witii darker brown (Fig. 47).

Time of .lowering, July-September.

(Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal— Chiefly by animals carrying the seed from place to place.

The plant when burned yields a good quality of alkaline ash, equal
to the best potash; and a decoction from the roots is saiu to be equal
to the juice of Sarsaparilla as a blood purifier, etc.

Eradication. Cut below the crown with a spud and bum the tops.

119

m

Fte.47.

BUSDOCK.

iArtHum mtiKr.)

lao

Fig. 48.

Canada Tbistls, ob Cuxfing Thistuc

drsium arvtnse (L.) (Scop.)*

This weed was originally introduced from Europe, and hence incor-
rectiy named Canada Thistle. It is a hardy perennial, with numerous
underground stems whidi bear a large nundjier of shoots. (See Txg. 48,
illustrating two of these shoots.) It grows to a height of i to 3 feet.
The leaves are narrow and long, deeply indented into very prickly, lobed
s^ments. The leaf has a criiiq>ed appearance, and at the base slightly
clasps the stem. The under surface of the leaf is wodly, the upper sur-
face less so. It produces numreous heads containing flowers, which are
^ to 9i{ inches across and of a lilac-purple color. {The flower is smaller
than that of other thistles. {The seed is grey, oblong, and about X in.
long, with slight longitudinal markings. Attached to the top is a con-
spicuous tuft of long hairs (the pappus) (Fig. 48). The seed is carried
long distances by the wind. An average plant produces 3,500 seeds.

Time of flowering, June-August.

Time of seeding, July-September. Many plants produce no seed.

Dispersal — Chidly by the wind.

Great care should be taken to prevent Canada Thistle from seeding.

Eradication. The Canada Thistle can be eradicated in several ways,
if thorough work is done at the right time :

1st. By careful and persistent spudding, done in such a way as to
prevent the plant from developing top above the ground.

2nd. By early after-harvest cultivation of stubble ground.

3rd. By the frequent introducti<Mi of hoed crops into the rotation.

4th. By the seeding much with clover, taking one or two crops of
hay, plowing the clover sod shallow early after harvest, and cultivating
frequently throughout the fall.

5th. By summer-fallowing.

Assuming that all land should be plowed in the fall, we may outline
briefly one or two methods of destroying thistles :

(1) In stubble ground for spring crop. Gang-plow shallow and
harrow early after harvest (immediately after the crop is off) ; and as
soon as seeds have had time to sprout or thistles begin to appear, culti-
vate thoroughly with a broad-share cultivator, the points or shares over-
lapping far enough to cut all plants ; and harrow again, to pull up and
expose the plants that have been cut. Repeat th:: cultivation at intervals
throughout the fall, and plow in the usual way, or, if possible, rib up
with a double mould-board plow just before the frost. This systematic
cultivation from harvest till winter will check thistles and other weeds
very mudh, and when followed by a hoed crop (mangels, com, turnips,
carrots, beans or rape), properly cultivated, it will not only clean the
land, but put it into good shape for a crop of grain (oats, barley, etc.),
the next spring, which crop should be seeded with red clover.

lai

Fig. 4a
Canada Thistle.
(Cirsium arvetue.)

laa

(a) In sod (meadow or fasUtrt) for spring etof After one or two,
Imt not more than two^ cropi of hay or putttre, plow shallow (not more
tl)an four inches) early after harvest, say the ist to tiie 15th of Atv^ '
and harrow at mice. Let it stand a couple of weeks, and then c
the same way it was plowed, two or three inches deep, with i ^tg-
tooth cultivator. After a while cross-cultivate a little deeper. If possible,
cultivate a thirds or even a fourth time, going a little deeper each tinie.
IThen, if vou can manage to do so, rib it up with a double mould-board
plow the last thing in the fall. This will make a good foundation for any
crop die following spring — grain, roots, corn or rape — and if the por-
tion in hoed crop is thoroughly cultivated with horse and hand hoes,
venr few, if any, thistles will be left. The portion intended for rape must
be kept dean oy surface cultivation till the time iot putting in the crop,
say the last half of June or the ist of July, after which it should be treated
like other hoed crops.

Some recommend a crop of fall rye on land which is intended for
rape the following summer, but the rye takes so much moisture from the
sod in the spring that the rape after it is apt to be a poor crop, unless in
favorable seasons.

If summer-fallowing is resorted to, it will be well not to plow any
more than is necessary, but to rely on surface cultivation with the broad-
share cultivator and the harrow, done in such a way as to cut the plants
two or three inches below the surface, without bringing up any of the
numerous rootstocks which run along a little lower down. It will also be
well to keep the fallow covered part of the summer by growing some
kind of green crop, say a crop, of buckwheat, sowed ratlwr thick and
plowed under when coming into bloom. This will hdp to prevent the
loss of nitrates which bare land suffers from washing, and will improve
the soil by increasing the supply of vq^table matter in it.

When necessary at any stage in the above method of cultivating
either stubble-ground or sod, say for mangels, use a gnibber or subsoil
plow to stir the soil to a greater depth tluin is reached by the surface
cultivation.

Fig 49.

Chxcosy, or Wiu) Succobv.

Cichorium intybus (L.).

A perennial weed introduced from Europe, with long, deep tap-root,
which when dried and ground up is used in adulterating coffee and as a
substitute for it. IThe stems are almost leafless, from i to 3 feet high,
much branched, slightly hairy and whitish in color. The leaves, sproui
out on the ground, are long, with irregular edges. The flower heads are
numerous, occurring m clusters, without flower stalks, on the naked
branches. The flowers are about ij4 inches across, bright blue in color,

IK

Fia 49.

Onoonr.

(Cklcermm Mlyftw.)

•nd arc tttualfy doted by noon. The teed U about H inch lone, t^;>ering
to a Utnt point, the oppotite end having a fringe of minute hun aronnd
the crown. The body of the teed it corrugated. An arerage plant pro-
duce! about 3,000 teedt.

Time of flowering, July to October.

Time of teeding, Auguit to October.

Ditpertal — ^Frequently at an impurity in clover and grati teed.

Bradication. Seldom troubletome in well cultivated fieldt. A ihort
rotation of cnxM will toon caute it to ditappear. Badly infetted lieldi
may be cleaned by deep, thorough, fall cultivation, f(dlowed by a hoed
crop the next teaton.

Basnaby's Thinlc.

Ceniaurea soUMialis (L.).

Thit plant it comparatively new to Ontario. Itt home it in the Medi-
terranean region, but it hat been introduced into mott temperate climates
with alfalfa, clover and other seeds. It has become scattered pretty well
over Ontario at an impurity in alfalfa. It is a bushy-branched, annual
weed from i to a feet high. The flowers are yellow and surrounded by
contpicuout, ttout, yellow spines about three-fourths of an inch long. The
lower leaves are divided, the upper linear entire and run along the stem
at the base (decurrent). This plant being an annual and very con-
spicuous is not likely to become a bad weed.

Fig. 50.

Fau. Dandsuon.

Leontodon autumnalis (L.).

An introduced perennial weed reported recently from several places
in Ontario as occurring in hayfields. leaves mostly basal, springing from
a short, thick rootstock and resembling somewhat the leaves of the Com-
mon Dandelion. Stems branched, scaly and few flowered. " Flowers "
about I inch across, bright yellow. Seed is % inch long, brown, linear,
ribbed lengthwise and bears a row of feathery bristles about its own
length.

Time of flowering, July till frost ; seeds ripe by August.

Dispersal — By seeds and by division of the crown.

Eradication. *" Badly infested fields should be brought under cul-
tivation. Pasture lands that cannot be cultivated may be improved by
severely raking the surface with a spring-tooth harrow and sowing the
most vigorous grasses."

♦"Fanii Weeds," by G. H. Qark.

iss

Fio. 50.

Fall Dawdeuon.

{Leontodon autumnalis.)

Fio. 51.
^ JtuamiAL Sow TBinui.
-^*§v Sotuhiu anftniit (L.).

Thif it by all meuu the worst weed in the Province of Ontario at
the present time. It is found in ahnost every county, and iqwn ahnott
every farm. S-> rapidfy and so penistenUy U it spreading that in some
parts of the Province it threatens to entirely over-run the nelds and drive
out the farmer. In spite, however, of its wide dispersal there are many
who are not ablie to recognize this pest and who mistake it for its two
coc Mratively harmless coushis, the Common Annual Sow Thistle and
the hjpiay Annual Sow Thistle. This should not be the case, as it is a
very coospicuous weed, and differs markedly from the other two species.
The Permnial Sow Thistle grows freely on a great variety of soils, but
is etpedalhr troabksMne on rich, low, damp land. It appears the first
year in a field in scattered patches consisting of young plant \ each plant
made up of a rosette of leaves lying close to the ground, and thus, when
numerous, they completely cover it. These ^oung plants have but short
undenround root stocks, and are comparatively easy to destrcqr. The
second year a large stem bearing numerous leaves and flowers is pro-
duced and the roototocks grow long and send up Quantities of new shoots.
Once esUblished in this manner, it is no easy task to destroy this pest.

Descriptum—Tht Perennial Sow Thistle (Sonchtu arvttuis) is a
tall, coarse growing perennial weed with deep roots and numerous thick,
underground stems or rootstocks, commonly spoken of as " roots." Upon
these at intervals of a few inches are borne buds which develop into new
pbmts. The stem is smooth and hollow and the whole plam ^^ filled with
a bitter milky juice. The leaves are pointed, 4 to la inches long, deeply
cut with the segments pointed backwards (runcinate), slightly prickly.
The flowers, or more correctly speaking, the heads of flowers, are about
I to i^ inches across, and bright orange in color. The involucre, or, as
it is commonly called, the flower cup, and the peduncles or flower stems
are covered with distinct, yellow glandular bristles. The seeds are dark
reddish-brown in color, about ^ of an inch long, somewhat spindle shaped
with bltmt ends, and each surface bears a mmiber of very deeply wrinkled,
longitudinal rilw. Each seed bears at the top a tuft of white silky hairs
(pappus) which, when dry, acts as a parachute and enables the seed to be
borne long distances by the wind.

Points o? Distinction Between the Perenniai, Sow 'Bhisti.e and the

Anntjai, Sow Thistles.

I. The Perennial Sow fThistle is a taller, coarser growing plant than
either of the other two Sow Thistles.

a. The Perennial Sow Thistle has numerous imderground rootstocks
while the annual species have only fibrous roots. (See illustrations.)

^m. $1.

PnnNiAL Sow Thutu.

(Sonektu arvetuu.)

138

3- The leaves of the Common Annual Sow Thistle are deeply cut
and lobed and scarcely spiny. The leaves of the Spiny Annual Sow Thistle
are aUnost entire, very prickly and often decidedly waxy, ffhe leaves of
the Perennial Sow Thistle are deeply cut, but not lobed, and slightly
priddy. (See illustrations.)

4. The " flowers " of the Perennial are bright orange in color and
about lyi inches across, while the flowers of the Annuals are pale yellow
and less than yi inch in diameter.

5. The " flowercups " (involucres) and " flower stems " (peduncles)
of the Perennial Sow Thistle are conspicuously covered with yellow glan-
dular bristles, while those of the annual species are nearly smooth.

6. The seeds of the three species also differ as to shape an
marldngs.

How THB Pesenniai, Sow THisTtE IS Sfkeao.

The Perennial Sow Thistle is being rapidly and widely spread by
means of its numerous seeds, which are blown far and wide by the wind,
and to some extent by its abundant underground rootstocks which with
remarkable rapidity spread through a field, sending up new shoots which
soon entirely cover the ground and choke out all other vegetation. The
rootstocks when broken up are often carried from field to field by harrow
or cultivator. It has been esthnated that an average plant produces 2,000
seeds. There are thousands of these plants going to seed on n^lected
farms, on road sides and in fence comers. Many more mature plants
are harvested with the grain and their millions of seeds scattered at
threshing times. Is it to be wondered that the Perennial Sow Thistle
is becoming such a serious pest in Ontario?

Methods of Eradication.

These are discussed under the headings of General Suggestions and

Detailed Methods.

General Suggestions.

1. Bear in mind that a few patches of Perennial Sow Thistle, if
allowed to mature, may seed down a whole neighborhood. Therefore,
take every precaution to prevent the seeding of patches in meadows,
grain fields, fence corners, and on the road side. , , ,

2. Watch for the first two or three patches in the field and destroy
them before the pest becomes established.

3. Be careful not to harrow or cultivate through patches and drag
the underground rootstocks all over the field.

4. The Perennial Sow Thistle thrives most luxuriantly on rather low,
damp land. Underdraining therefore will help to control it.

5 Sheep are fond of this weed, and, if turned on a field after har-
vest, will prevent its seeding and by their close cropping weaken the
underground rootstocks.

ill

Ft& 53.

Smnr AmrvAL Sow Thimul
{Sonekm atptr.)

id

130

DSTAIUOD MXTHODS.

Seven} methods of extemunating the Perennial Sow Thistle are
here outlined in detail. (They have all been suggested by practical farm-
ers. It is hoped that those who are looking for information on this sub-
jcte will find among them a method suited to their own conditions.

Method No. i. This method is suggested by Professor Zavitz, who
found it eflFective in the eradication of Quack Grass. Cultivate the field
until about the middle of June, ri'xming over it frequently with the culti-
vator so as to keep the tops down and thus weaken the " roots." Then
apply manure at the rate of about 20 tons per acre (12 good loads). Cul-
tivate the manure in thoroughly and -with a double mould board plow
slightly ridge up the land, making the ridges about 26 inches apart. On
the ridges sow pasture rape at the rate of i^ lbs. per acre. It is important
that the right amount of rape should be sown, for if too little is sown
the stand will not be thick enough to smother the weeds, and if on the
other hand too much is sown the plants will be too crowded and not grow
vigorously enough to keep ahead of the thistle. Sow the rape when the
land is sufficiently moist to insure quick germination of the seed. If the
rape is slow in starting the Sow Thistle may get a start in the rows and
thus necessitate hand cultivation there. Cultivate the rape every week
or ten days until it occupies all the ground and makes further cultivation
impossible. If, when the rape is cut or pastured, any Sow Thistles
remain, the field should be ridg^ up the last thing in the fall and put
in with a hoed crop the following year. This should not be necessary
if a good stand of rape is secured.

Method No. 2. This is a syste n of intensive cropping suggested by
Professor Zavitz. As soon as a cereal crop is harvested, plow the land and
give frequent cultivation to the first or middle of September. Then sow
winter rye at the rate of about two bushels per acre. This can be pas-
tured the following spring, or cut for hay or grain. As soon as the crop
is off the land, put in rape, turnips or buckwheat. IThe advantage of this
system is that three crops are harvested in two years and the Sow Thistle
fought at the same time.

Method No. 3. This method is recommended by Professor Day.
Immediately after harvest gang-plow shallow and run over the field sev-
eral times with the broad shared cultivator. Later in the fall plow a
little deeper, •'nd continue cultivating every week or ten days as long as
the season r nits. Last thing before the ground freezes rib up the land
with a dc .; mould board plow. The following spring give frequent
cultivation up to the first of July, then sow pasture rape.

Method No. 4. This is a short rotation which has been recommended
by several Farmers' Institute workers. Qover is followed by a crop of
grain, then clover again. The clover is cut in June, and the land plowed
about four inches deep and given frequent and thorough cultivation dur-
ing the rest of the summer. The following spring a grain crop is sown,
seeding down with clover. For best results the grain crop should be one
which can be cut early enough to prevent the thistle from seeding.

^^^^^^^nggn

131

Fro S3.

Aknital Sow Thistle.

(Sonchus oltraceus.)

i3» .

Method No. 5. Directly after harvest plow the land J|f **/»„*»<*
then give frequent cukivaticm as long as the seascm permits. The follow-
ing spring gang-plow, and leave in summer fallow until it is tune to sow
fall wheat. Tht summer fallow to he effective must he a borefaUow.
JThe field must be cultivated thoroughly and frequently, with the object of
keeping the tops 6cim and breaking up and brim^ to the surface of
the ground as many of the " roots '^as possible. The gang-plow s^d
occasi(»udly be run over the field in order to insure the cutting of the
roots. Bart, summer faUow has given excellent results on Ae Couege
farm in seasons when other methods were at best only partially effective.

Fig 53.

Annual Sow Thistls, Common Sow TnisTut, or Max Thistw.

Sonchus oleraceus (L.).

An annual weed introduced from Europe. It grows a to 3 feet high,
has fibrous roots and leafy stem, and is not quite so large or coarse as
tile Perennial Sow Thistle. The leaves are much lobed, and have short,
soft spines. Eadi head is many-flowered; but die flowers are small,
about ij4 in. across, and of a pale yellow color. The seeds are brown,
dull or roughened, and about }i in. long, .with 5 longitudinal ridps
finely wrinkled crosswise, and attached to the top is a large tuft of fine
hairs united at the base.

Time of flowering, June- August.

5rime of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal— Qiiefly by the wind.

pradiration. Cultivate stubble-ground and sod early after harvest
and thru ^out the fall as for Canada Thistle (see Fig. 53). Follow with
hoed crop, preferably com or roots, and cultivate thoroughly throughout
the growing season. Use the cultivator, instead of tiie plow, after roots
or com; sow a crop of grain and seed with clover; if practicable, pull
the weeds by hand out of the grain crop ; take one or two crops of hay
or pasuure, and again break up the sod, plowing, harrowing and cultivat-
ing as for Thistle.

Fig. 54.

«

PwcKtY hvnvct.
LactMca Scariola (L.).

Prickly Lettuce is a native of the dd world, and has invaded this
Province both frcan New York and Michigan. It is a winter annual; it
springs from seeds in the fall, and surv?w8 the winter. The plant grows
to a height of 354 feet; the stem is leafy and usually smooth; the leaves

Fhs. S4.
Pbickl'' Lettuce.
(Laetuea teoriola.)

134

are (^ong aad sU^tly pointed, often cUspiiu; at the base; tiie under
lurface of the miuib of the leaf is spiny: Heads are numerous and
yeUow. ♦

Time of flowering, July-Smtember.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal — By means of its seeds, which are provided with a pappus
or tuft. An ordinary plant may produce 8,000 seeds.

Bradieation. The best methods of destroying the weeds are: i. To
mow repeatedly as it comes into bloom, or earlier. 2. To cultivate thor-
oug^y with a hoed crop. By this method the weeds in the sdl wiU^ be
induced to germinate. (Chey should not be covere<* deeply in plowii^.
Mature plants should be cut down and burned lest the seeds be blown
about aiMl scattered by the wind.

Farmers should be careful to buy only clean clover, millet and grass
seeds, and Hbt weed inspector should insist on the fulfilment of the law,
and have all fence-comers, roadsides, and waste lands cleared of the pest

Fig. 55.

Wm) Lettuce, Southekn Thistle, or Trumpst-mii.kwesd.
(Erroneously called Prickly Lettuce.)

Lactuca Canadensis (L.).

An annual or biennial plant with a leafy stem, which may attain a
height oi seven feet. The leaves are deeply lobed, terminating in an
acute point, amd have stalks or petioles, the lower ones being smaller
than those near the top of the stem. The stem branches at its sunmilt
into a compound flower-cluster. The flowers are small, yellow in color,
and open only a few at a time. The seed is dark brown in color, flat and
oval, with longitudinal ribs and a threadlike beak at the apex, and pos-
sesses a small white tuft of hair.

Time of flowering, June-October.

Time of seeding, July-October.

Dispersal — Chiefly by the wind.

Eradication. Where there is not much of it, pull and bum before
ripening. Where this cannot be done, use the same method as for
Mustai^.

Mm

MMI

iMHUiiii

iH

■ii

Fig. 55.

Wiu) Leituci.

(.Lactua Canadensis.)

136

Flo. 56.

PAxmr BivtB, Dtvit't Paint Bxvsb, ok C)kan<» Hawk Wna

Hitraemm tturtuUiacwm (L.).

Vus is anodier weed which is gaining ground in Ontario. It has
been conimon for some time in the eastern put of the Province, but is
now r^rted as being fomid as far west as Oxford County. It has been
found m the vidnity of Gnelph i<x many years. It is being dispersed as
an impurity in clover seed, and by means of its tufted se^, which are
Mown about by the wind. It is a serious pest when it gets into meadows
and pastures, as it spreads rapidly by runners and soon crowds out the
grass. Careful watdi should therefore be kept to prevent its establish-
ment upon tiie farms of Ontario.

It is a perennial weed of £ur(^>ean origin, and produces slender run-
ners, whidi lie near the surface of the soil. The leaves are all basal, and
lie dose to the ground, forming a rosette. Thqr are broadly lance-shaped,
from a to 6 inches in length, the " flower " is orange red in color, wout
^ of an inch in diameter, and borne in dusters on the top of a simple,
nearly leafless stem from la to 18 inches high. The seeds are provided
with tufts of down. When found in dover seed, however, the down is
usually absent They are torpedo shaped, about 1-12 of an inch long, and
ribbed lengthwise. Ripe seeds are dull jet black in color, unripe seeds
deep red.

Bradication. Paint Brush is but a shallow-rooted perennial, and
readily succunrii>s to cultivation. Infested meadows and pastures should
be broken up and put under a short rotation of crops. Salt at the rate
of lyi tons per acre is recommoided for tiie destruction of this weed.
It should be scattered over the patches so as to fall on the leaves. It is
daimed that it destroys the Paint Brush and improves the graisi.

w

FBI. si

Paint Bbuih.

{Sieraoium aurammeim, !<.).

Li

i3i

KNOW THE WEEDS.

It it rtry iiiq>ortant that those engaged in farming thould get to
loam the worn weeds and the weed seeds most frequently f oond hi oom-
nerdal seeds. This thqr can do with a little troaUe. Strange weeds
should be sent to the Botanical Department here for identification, and
a cdlecti<m of the most common wMd seeds should be secured for refer*
enoe and comparison.

WEED IDENTIFICATION AND SEED TESTING.

The Department of Botany is at the service of fanners, gardeners,
seed mcrchsints and others in the identification of weeds, we^ seeds,
' * "t diseases, grasses and economic plants. Gover and other farm seeds
are tested and reported upon as to purity absolutely free of chat^ge. Plant
specimens and samples of seeds should be carefully packed and addressed
with postage prepaid to the Botanical Department, Ontario Agricultural
Cciltgt, Guelph, Ontario.

ERADICATION OF WEEDS.

The most important points under ihis head are :

First, a determination to get rid of weeds and to keep the land
dean.

Second, the method or methods of tillage and cropping.

As regards the latter point, the writer feels that he cannot do better
than sulnnit the method outlined by the late Wm. Rennie, whose experi-
ence of over thirty "ears warranted him in speaking with some con-
fidence on the subject. Mr. Rennie's method not only cleans the land,
but increases its fertility, and those who wish fuller information should
consult the college reports for 1895, 1896 and 1897.

For various reasons very few farms in the older sections of the
Province of Ontario afe free from weeds, and the question how to
clean our lands without incurring too mudi expense is one of the most
important which can engage the attention of Canadian farmers.

In the first place, I would say that all obstructions to cultivation,
such as piles of stone, must be removed — ^hauled away to the woods or
an out-of-the-way comer in the winter or some other slack time.'
Secondly, places for harboring weeds, such, for exanq>le, as snake fences,

199

dhould be sot rid of M loon m pouiUe. On the Onurio Experimental
turn nearly aU field fences have been removed. The outtide and lane
fences are almost fhe only ones left. Portable fences are used when
required for pasturing live stock.

Annual and BitnniaU. Wild oats, wild mustard seed, and some
other «eeds beloMing to these classes, have great vitality. If down
pretty well beprond the reach o* the air. they will live for twenty years.

n^ femunate as soon as they are brought near tiie surface.

The best way to destroy annuals and biennials is by thorourii and
frequent shaUow cultivation early after harvest in stubble ground and
m sod plowed for the following year, and at the proper season (sprinff
and summer) among what are called " hoed crops,''that is. potatoes
carrots, tumms, mangels. Indian com, etc. By shallow cultivation
the seeds are kept near the surface, and by frequent stirring of tiie soil
they are made to sprout; and, having sprouted, they can be killed by "
further cultivation. Those which sprout late in tiie fall are destroyed
by the wmter frost. It is impossible to get rid of such weeds by plow-
ing the ordinary depth, say seven or eight inches, once in tiie fall or
at any other time. Plow shallow (not more tiian four inches in sod and
three inches m stubble ground), and barrow and cultivate frequentiy
as by each stirring of the soil fresh seed is made to sprout, and
what has already sprouted is destroyed. When necessary to kwsen
the soil to a greater depUi. use a grubber or a subsoil plow.

Perennials. It is necessary to study tiie habits of perennial weeds
to see how tiiey grow and propagate themselves from year to year in
order to keep tiiem in check; and a close examination of almost any of
them will show that the buds from which the young plants start are
near the surface of the soil. Hence shallow cultivation, similar to that
mentioned above, is the effective method of destroying them. Disc
harrows cut tiie shallow, creeping roots into fragments, which bud and
greatly increase the difficulty of eradication. Deep pfowing only trans-
plants tiie buds to a greater depth, and increases the trouble. Plow
shallow (see preceding paragraph), and harrow and cultivate frequently
using a grubber or subsoil plow when it is necessary to stir the soil to
a greater depth. As above, the cultivation must be early after harvest
and throughout the fall in stubble ground and sod, and in spring and
summer among com, potatoes and root crops. Ill-timed, irregular or
partial cultivation only makes all weeds grow more vigorously.

Canada thistle, perennial sow thistle, couch-grass, bindweed etc
can be destroyed by the following method : Middle of May gang' plow
the land about three inches deep and harrow thoroughly. In two
weeks, when the weeds are nicely up, cultivate with a common or sprinir-
tooth cultivator provided witii wide points that overlap so as to cut
off every plant two or three inches below the surface. Then harrow
to pull up the plants and leave them to die. In the middle of June there

X4B

win bt tiiollwr crop, and posnbty a groMr munber of plaiito. bat aoC
w viforoas m the fint crop. ReoMt the opcratkm with the wide
■oiat cttltintfor and the harrow. In July a few deheate planu win
make their appMrance aad wOl hare to be dettrogred in the mum way.
TUt wUl be sdieieBt tor rmi weeds; bat bindweed may need one or
two extra enttii«» with the wide poinU, and a oorreipondhic number
of harrowingt.

The preceding method will dean the land, bat it involves the loss
of a years ctvpi so it is weU to add that land may be kei^ compant-
tively free from weeds without the loss of a crop, by after-harvest culti-
vation of all fields not in grass, begun with each field fust oi soon as
tht erof is o§ and cratinned throo^out the fall, first ^ shallow gang-
fdowing and harrowing, and afterwards at intervals, as above, by the
wide^wint cultivator ami the harrow. This treatment fdlowed by a
hoed cn^ profsrly^ oHsndsd to will destroy most perennial weeds and
all annual aod biomial seeds that are near the surface.

Nott. To Mr. Rennie's method, or methods, as above given, we
would venture to add one which we have seen carried out with the most
satisfactory resulU by Mr. Rennie on the College farm, and with marlced
success by farmers in other parts of the Province. It may be put in
the imperative form, as follows: Sow much with red clover, in order
to have a rich clover sod to plow down for all or nearly all spring crops,
taking as far as possiUe oiUy one crop of hay or pa^ure before pbw-
ing, occasionally two, but not more Aan two. Plow the ch>ver sod
shaUow, not more than four inches, early after harvest, ny the ist to
the 15th of August, and harrow at once. Let it stand a couple of
weeks; then cultivate, the same way as it was ptowed, two or three
Inches deep, with a spring-tooth cultivator. After a while, cross cul-
tivate a little deeper. If possible, cultivate a third, or even a fourth
time, going a little deeper each time. Then, if you manage to do so,
rib it up with a double mouldlxard plow, as you would for a crop
of turnips. When this is done the available plant food (clover roots,
etc.) is preserved in the centre of the drills, the water runs oflF early in
the spring, and the drills can be levelled with the cultivator and harrow,
either for spring grain or for hoed crops.

This method will not only clean land, but will greatly enrich it.

Mllllll

141

AN ACT TO PRBVBNT TNB SPRBAD OP NOXIOUS WBBM.

PrsvteM of Oataria

1. Wkm mat ta tliis Act tkt twm "BOMvsMMit taad" iball nvtUr to tU

ii^;ri|«lttr, tad th« tens "rtMMt laa^i" thall anly to all Iu4i whieh ara
••"S*^ 2^.*"* •*• •^** *«^ P«WM rmUtnt wltkta th* oiaBktpaUty.
u L» ■k>l> te^tkt ««tjr of trtiT oeowaat of Uud. or, If tho laad »• aaoee«pk4,
K nan to t&o dotr of ttt owB«r, to eat dowa aad dootroy all Oaaada t^Mw.
osMTo dalv, wild 0^ rafWMd aad tovrdoek growlac oa hli laad. aad aU othor
anleno wo^a growtaff m hia load to wkleb thia i«t majr ba Mtaadad by by4aw
of tba moBldpallty, ao oftaa aaeb aad trory yaar aa la aofloloat to pronat tbo
ripmtaff of ttolr aaod. prarkM tbat aoeb evtUat or daatraetloa doaa aet lavtiTo
tba daatraetloa of tbo growlac fimla.

1^(1) Tba eeoadl of any elty, tewa, tewariilp or laeorporated Tllteca laay,
by bHaw. Mctaad tbo oporatloa of tbia Aet to aay etbw wood or waada, or to
aay a^ diaaaaa of grala or frnlt troMi or frolt (otbor tbaa tbo diaeaaaa kamra
aa "yfllowa" aad -Maek kaot " In fralt troaa). wbleb tboy declare to bo aoslona
^^^'i^^"^^ laideBla* la tbe nnalelpallty; aad all tba vrorlatona of tbIa
Afct aball apply to aneb aozloua weada and diaeaaia aa If tbo aame were barala
aanaierated.

(t) 8ueb eocadl may aad. npon a petlUon of fifty or mora ratepayen, aball
appoint at leaat oao lawaetor to enforce tbe prorlaiona of tbla Act in tbe Mnnl-
elpallty, and fix tba amount <rf remnaeratlon. feea or ehargaa be li to recelTo
for tbe perfOrmaaea of bla dotlaa aad la eaae a Taoaaey oeenra In tbe <Mfce of
laopactor, tt aball be tbe duty of tbo eovBell to flU tbe aame fortbwHb.

(S) Tba eooadl of aay towaablp in wbleb tbere aro aay large tracta or blocka
of waaU or aaoeenpled laad. may, npon tbe peUUon of not leaa tban tblrty rate-
pa«rera, by by^w, aovcnd tbe operation <rf tbla Act, In reapect of auob waate
or unocenplad taada; aoeb by4aw ihaU define wltb aoflkloitt olearneaa tbo tracta
or bloeka of laad ao esamptad, aad aball remiOa In foree until repealed by aneb
eoaaell; aad aatll repealed tbe landa therein deaerlbod aball be exempt from tbe
oporatloa of tbla Aet

(4) Tbe eooneU may paaa a by-law dlTlding tbe nnnldpality Into anch aee-
tlona or dlvlalona aa may bo neeeaaary for the carrying out of thla Aet, aad may
a9P<^Bt Inapaetwa for audb dlTlalmia whoae dntlea and powera abaU In all
reiQMcta bo the aame aa that of the townablp Injector.

4-— (1) It aball be the duty of the Injector to give or cauae to be glrea
notice In writing to tbe owner or occivant of any land within the mnnlelpalltr
wber'- tbe aald nozloua weeda are growing and In 4tengar of going to aeed
(and in tbe caae of property of a railway company, the notloe aball be glren
to any station maater of tbe company resident in or nearest to the munldpidity)
reaulring hkn to cauae the same to be cut down or deatroyed within ten daya
from the aervlce of the notice; and it shall be the duty of tbe luveetor to giro
or oaoae to be giren auob notice tor the firat time not later tSiaa aoeb date or
datea in each year aa may be fixed by by-law of tbo municipality.

(5) In case such owner or oecupant of land (or, if it be railway property,
then tbe atatloa maater upon whom notice has been aerrod) refuaes or negleeta
to cut down (H* destroy aU or any of the aald noxlona weeda within the period
afm-eaaid. tbe Inapeetw ahaU enter npon tbe land and cauae audi weeda to be
cut down or deatroyed with aa little damage to growing eropa as may be, and
he aball not bo liable to be sued therefor; or the Inapector. instead of entering
upon tbo land aad eauaing auch weete to be cut down or deatroyed, may lay
Informaftloa before any Juatice of the peace aa to aoeb rafnaal or natf act, and
aaeb ovaer or eccufiaat shall, upon cosTictioa, be liable to Uie penalties imposed
by aeetlon 9 of tbla Act; but no inapector lOiall bare tbe power to cut down or
daatroy noxloua weeda <m any land sown wltb grain.

(8) Wbwe such noxloua weeda are grown 'ipon non-realdent landa it shall
Mt be neeeaaary to give notice before proceeding to cut down or deatroy tbo

Z4a

<.—(!) TlM impeetor •hall kMp an Bceant* Mooont of Um «cp«im tnenmd
bjr lita IB cMTTlBt o«t tlM proTlflii»f Of ths pNccdljig Motkmi of tills Aet with
rMpMt to «Mh pmol «t land ontored upoo, uid ihall 4aUv«r a itatwnoBt at
raeh wp——, rttwrlMBi tho land ostored npim. and Tcrfltod tif oatli, to tho
ownw or ooeapant «f rasMMBt lands, naQlrtas him to par the amooat

(S) If aB7 owmr or oeespaat of land llalito mider tho provisioiis of this Aet
doeiBs so^ «xp«MO Moisslve, an aroeal maj be had to the said eoonell (If made
within thirty ^^Kn after the (UHtrwr of saoh statement) and the said eoonell
riiaU-determlae the matter In dispnte. <

(1) la oaaa the ownw or occupant of resident lands refuses or nsgleots to
par t^' *BM ivtthiB thirty days after such request for payment, the said claim
shall he ptwsatod to the eoonell of the muoielpall^ In which such ezpeme wa»
Incurred. and the said council Is hereby authorized and required to audit and
allow such daim, and order the same to be paid from the fund for general pur-
poses of the said municipality.

9, The inapeetor shall also present to the said council a similar statemsnt,
Terlfled by oath, of the ttpenses Incurred by him In carrying out the provisions
of this Act upon any non-resident lands; and the council Is hereby authorised
and required to audit and allow the same, or so mu^ thereof as to the council
may seem Just, and to pay so mudi thereof as has been so allowed.

7. The council of the municipality shall cause all such sums as haTe been
so allowed and paid by the council under the Tisions of this Act, to be by
the clerk seTerally placed on the collector's n.: ji the municipality against the
lands described in the statement of the Inspector, and to be collected In the same
manner as other taxes imposd by by-laws of the municipality.

8.— (1) It shall bo tbe duty of the oTerseers of highways in any municipality to
see that the muTisions of this Act relating to noxious weeds are carried out
within their respective hightway divisions, by cutting down or destroying, or
causing to be cut down or destroyed at the proper time to prevent the ripening
of their seed, all the ncnious weeds growing on the hi^ways or road allow-
ances within their respective divisions; such work to be pertormed as part of
the ordinary statute labor, or to be paid for at a reasonable rate by the treasurer
of the municipality, as the council of the municipality may direct

(2) In unorganized townships where road commiasl<m«r8 have been appointed
under the provMons of the Assessment Act, or under any Act rtiating to statute
labor in unorgaaized townships, it idiall be the duty of every owner or occupant
to cut down and destroy or cause to be cut down and destroyed, at the pi«per
time to prevwtt the ripniing of their ssed, aH tbe noxious weeds growing in any
highway adjoinlnc such land, not being a toU roi^, fnmi the boundary of such
land to the oratre line of such road, and in case of detauH, after notice from the
road cooHniasioners requiring such work to be done on or btfore a day named
in the notice, anoh owner or occupant shall incur a praalty of |6 for each M, or
parcel in respect of wbieh default la made, and npcm oonvtetlon thweof before a
Justice <^ the Peace baving Jurisdiction In the tomurtilp sueb Justice shall order
the penalty, togethw with the costs of i»oseoatlon and distress, to be levied by
distress of the offender's goods and chattels, and every penalty so recovered ahall
be paid the road commissioners, and be expended in Improving the roads in sucli
township.

(8) In caae of such default as mentioned in the preceding sid>-seetlon the road
ooimmlssioaw msgr perform the work in place of sucb owner or occupant, and
the cost thereof to tlie extent of |1.X5 for eadi day's labor Involved ahall be
recoverable aa a debt due by such owner or occupant to the road commissioners
in any court of omnpetent Jnrlsdlctioa.

9.— (1) Any owner or occupant <tf land who rinses or neglects to cut down
or destroy any of tlM said naxlons weeds, after notice given by the iaqteetor,
as provided 1^ oectiim 4, or who knowingly suflers any of the said n<niotts
weeds to ff«w thsrson, and the sead to ripen so as to cause or endanger the
W>read tberaef, shaU upon convictl^m, be liable to a fine of not less than $6 uor
more than ISO f«r every such offai oe.

(1) Any persm who knowintflr mUs or offws to sell any grass, dovsr or
other seed, or any seed grain among which there is seed of Canada thlatlSB,

143

• iao of not more Uinnm «»«■•. "AaU, apos ooiiTleUoB, be U«bl« to

coBTlotfcm Won any * » of^. o«ol. .J[f!n 2? "^ '•^•*' <*■ •««»aM«T

INDEX

Ball Mustard, 70, 71.
Bamaby'i TliiaUe. lz».
Barnyard Oran. U, IS. 84.
Bastard Oreaa. «0.
Beggar'a Button, 118.
Btodweed. 18, 19. 80. M. 189.
Blrd'a Neat. 88.
Bltterweed. 110.
Blac* Bindnreed. 14, 86. 40.

Black Plantain, 104.

Black Medl4^ 84, 86.

Bladder Campion. 18. 19, 62. 63.

Bladder Weed. 68.

Bine Bur. 94.

Blue Devil, 94.

Blue Thlatle. 94.

Mue Weed, 80. 81. 94. 96.

Borage nunlly, 94.

Buckwheat Tamily. 86.

Burs. 96, 118.

Burdock, 80, 81. 118. 119.

Butter and Xggs. 100, 101.

Buttercup Vamily, 58.

Butter Weed. 106.

Canada Fleabane. 106. 107.

^nada ThIsUe. 80, 81, 180. 181, 189.

Charlock, 74.

Chess. 16, 17, 28, 89.

Chicory. 80, 81, 188, 184.

Ohlekweed, 84, 86.

ClnqoetoU, 84. 85. 88, 88, 84.

Clot4>ur, 118.

Coekspur Orass, 84.

Gone Wofwer. 84. 86, 118, 118.

Com Campion, 60.

Com Coekle. 16, 17, 60. 61.

Cora Oromwell, 96.
Cora Bpurrey, 48. 49.

S^bSHS. "• "• "• »»• "»■

Cow cockle. 64.
Cow Cress. 64.
Cow Herb. 64.
OnOt Graaa. 84.
Creeping Thistle. 180.

SiT'** S^' "• "• w. «7.

Dudelion, U. 88, 124, 186.

DerU's Got, 98.

Derll's Plague, 88.

DerU's^Palnt Brush. 186.

Dock. 86.

Dodder. 1849, 98. 98.

Dog Bur. 96.

Bradlcatlon of Weeds, 7, 188.

Bjenlng Primrose, 84. 86, 84. 86.

JJ'ilf 5«. 18, 19, 68. 69.

Weld Peppergrass. 64.

Wgwort Family. 98.

^nger Graaa. 84.

Fleabans. 18, 18.

»<MrtaU. 16. 17.

French Weed, 60.

Cold of Pleasure. 68, »9.

Coosef oot, 41.

Qooaefoot Family. 48.

Crass Famay, M.

Great Bagweed. 108. iW.

Oresn FoxtaU. 16. 17. 28.

Ore« Tuuf MMard. 78, 79.

Hwrthear Mustard. 76. 77.

M AU. 14. K.

Herriek. 74.

M4

lit.
. M»tr.

BMMtaa ItwBjr. SI

I itatM. u. It. M. tr.

jMm «ff ITMii. S. IM.

LirtT^ ThoAi It.

It. 17. 4S. 41.
Mfoot. a.

^_ .^ ,, a.

liDk ntaOi. in.

Pnittr. It.
trWonr fiuBllr, to.

'm ii. M. M-
It.

J Ontetair, II. It. M.

(MtlMivaA OeoMftMt. 41.

(Hd Wlteh CNnmi. M.

Oruss HMTkiPMd. S4. ». lit, 117.

OMI* DtiiT. to. 114. lit.

Alnt mrii. IM. It7.

Pwrdtgr WumOy, It.

FMnmUr, 14.

Fnay Onm, It, It, tO, tl.

rmme onm it. u. a, ti. 14.

FvMuilal Sow ThtaOe. St. II. iSt.

1S7, ISt. IM.
Pannalal YatehM. t4.
PICMm Onm, St, S7.
FtgMB WmC SS. si, tt.
picwwd. St. SI. It, 47.
PlgwMd VkuBllT. 41.
PbA w$mttr, d.
FlutidB. Si. St. Its. Itt. IM, 108.
PlMKtaim ItoMy. in.
Puvwtjp W«*d, 114.
Friddr Uttnee. SS, St, IIS. HI.
PaialttM. It, 17. "«, 87.
Pordu* rUDlljr. 81.
Pnnlccr. Bt.
Qaatik. Qnm, SI.
Qalteb Qnm, H
Bagw«ed, 10, II, Itl, Itt. lit. 111.
Bvwort. M. 117.
Bed Boot. 4t, tt.
Bib Omh, 10. U. 104.
BnHWort. VH.
Bodwt, St.
Bom Faodly, M.
Boni^ Oiacoafoll, II, It.
Booi^ rndtod OtaanatoU. 14.
Bagol'o FteBUlB. IflB.
BoariMi lliMlo. 44, 46.
Bart Onm, It.
fHitA Boelnt. tt.
SooorlBC BnA. tt, 17.
floU-bMO, 14. St.

Bar. 14.
(Bio9 BarMl. It, 17. It, M.
BiMplMrdIi PofM. It. It, tt. IT.
■OkirMd. It.
OBultiaa Qnm, M» It.
It. -
It.
It.
BMttera ThMkb 114.
flow Thtatlo. IS. SI. ISt-lll
SptaMliiteiiflj, 4S.
Splay «<w ThUOM, IS. SS. ISt.
apottat Cowteaa^ It. t7.
Bgnsfi^ to DMtray If wtwd, 71.
SpTMidlag AoianuBtb, 41.
SprMdlac OradM. tt.
■tBlml4«tt anwi.14.
atmwwwt, lit, 117.
■ilatwat. 14.
tttak Wood. to.
fltraatfo Woad. tt.
mmAerry BUto. 4S.
Bwtfowor VmbUt. lot.
SwMt Otonr. 14.
TUl Bnttnev. tt. tt.
TaU Cnmiot/t, M.
TmA Has. 100^ 101.
Toagoo Ctoaaa. tt.
TNMlo Mnatafd, 10.
Trnoipot IfUkwoed. 114.
TvaiK»Qrmm 14.
TnaMa Wood. 4t.
Tombltv Moitard, 71. ^ ^<

YolTot OoelE, It.
^por*! BotloM. 14.
Wator Hooiloak, M. 17.
WlMOt G^aao, M.
Wlioat Tbiti, tt.
Wblto C^mploa, 84.
ynat» CoeUo. it. it. 64, 66.
WhHe Daily. 114.
Whlto PlKWOOd. 4t.
WUte Wood, 114.
WUd Barioy, 14.
^M Buokwhwt. t4, 16, 40^ 41.
WtM Carrot, IS. tt. It, tt.
wnd Oarllek, «0.
WUd Lottnoo, S4, W, 1S4. 1S6.
WUd Mottard, IS, It, 74, 76.
WUd Oati, 16. 17. SOb II.
WUd RadUh. 71.
WiM BaoooiT* 114.
WUd Tarao. to.
Witch Qnm M. St.
Wonaoaad Mntard, IS. It. tt. IL
Tamnr. M. II.
T^toir Oatey. 14, St. US.
Ymaw Doek, M.
Tallow IVxstaU. |t. S7.

lltMliil

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