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. OTTA.WA,'OilNAl>A.
BRANCH OF THE DAIRY iU COLD sfORAGB OOMMISSIOSER.

■»T^ w fc* %rW';.r'»-<

»"W* • «^«c».-*^

CO-OPERATION

IS THB

MARKETING OF APPLES

By A.. McI>rEILI..

BULLETIN No. 18.

)AIRY AND X^OLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES

PITBLT8HEU BY mRKfTK iN ( il THK Uf>N. SYDNKY A

VTN!STV;i! <>! ^■i\ I'tMl l.'K. orrAWA.

MAY, 19.07.

SJ^" ^xf^^

DEPARTMENT AGRICULTURE

OTTAWA, CANADA.

BRANCH OF THE DAIRY AND COI.U STORAGE COMMISSIONER.

CO-OPERATION

IX THK

MARKETING OF APPLES

By A. MclSrEILT..

BULLETIN No. 18.
DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES

PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF THE HON. SYDNEY A. FISHER,
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA,

MAY, 1907.

LETTER OF TRAN8I11TTA1.

1

Tb« Honourable

The Miniator of Agriculture.

Sir,— I bex to tubmit Bulletin No. 18, Dairy Mid Cold Htorage CoinmiMioner'ii
8erie*, entitled ** Co-openition in the Marketing of Apple* " which h*« been prepared bjr
Mr. Alex. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division of thin Branch nf your l>epartnieiit.
The bulletin prraenta a vary timely nubjec^, and one of much int«>rett to fruit growen.
The sueceM which ha« attended the operation* of a nunitierof co-operative fruit grower*'
aaaooiations, already organized in Canada, haa attracted comiderable attention, and ha*
created a deaira for the information which thix bulletin i* intended to supply. It i*
important that the true principle* of coH>p<>ration nhoulii be recogniased, and Accepted
by thone who propoae to embark in any enter[>riM under Ruvh auspice*. The mere form
of oo-operation will not be sufficient ; the true spirit of the movement must be present
in order to ensure succe«s.

I have the honour to recommend that this bulletin be printed for genera! distri>
butiin.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient nervant,

J. A. RUDDICK.

Dairy and Cold Storage t'ommi$iiwner.

1941— 1 J

CO-OPERATION IN THE MARKETING OF APPLES.

Uy A. Mc>N«IU.

INTRODLCTION.

C<>-opemtion U no naw thing on CanMli»n farmt. The piontwr*, Andini; th*t
twenty men working together for on* d»y »t rla«ring Und cmld Jo more work ♦* .
one man working alone for twent/ dmj; ooopemted in l<>gginK iie<*« until the no ' .1. '
for UMee pewid. Thejr itill ooofterate for threshing grain, for dairy workan«t '
extent for other purposes. There is n 1 special virtu* in cooperation ex»<pt in • .a
lines of work. These lines, however, Canadian farment do not quickly r*cuKniz«. They
apply co-operative atp' . • is to souie extent in batter and cliet>M- inakinK, but not to tli*
production of bacon, C- ugh one cannot see any fundamental r^aaon for the diff)«rt>nci>.
The Dane*, our greatest ooropetitors in butter and baoon, oo-o(ierat« with great auceess
in the production of both. In both industries there exisU the neceiuiity for larger
i|uar/ities of the finished product of a uniform grade, and also the ne<-fiisity for greater
economy in production.

It would be interesting but irrelevant at this time to enquire why tlH>se necessities
were met in Canada largelv by a semi co-opertitive ay*t4im for cheese making and for
the production of bacon by a factory system, owned and managed excluiiively by
capitaiista in no way engaged in the production of the raw material. It is worthy of
note that both systems are developing in the apple iuduxtry as the result of a slight
difference of conditions in 'liffereot parts of the country. The mont important Mature
of the new development is a central packing houi-. system. In some eas** capitalists
own and manage central packing hous*-^. though they are in no way engaged in the
production of the f -uit.

The purely co-operative apple packing imti selling as. >tions in Canada had their
iii-igin in the southwestern portion of the province of Ontai tnd inasmuch as the appli-
cation of the co-operative method came in the wa ' of a na.dral development, arising out
of the condition of the industry in that sect'-n -f Mu country, a brief reference to the
origin and progress of apole growing in Cauu la and the varying oonditionx «»f the
market for Canadian apples, dur. ; the pa.il <)■■. v y»«r«, in necessary if the circum-
stances attending the origin of the ••«* ^iationi< an- 'o i>e properly understood.

XVVhV. Ct'LTlRE IX ONTARIO.

Forty years ago the Ontario farmer found a ready sale for the fruit grown in his
orchard in the local markets, and no part of the farm yielded a more profitable return
for the money and labour expended. As new settlers came into the province they
adopted the common practice of setting out trees, and eventually the planting of an
orchard in the establishment of a farm became as much a matter of course a.s the
clearing of the land or the erection of farm buildings. The varieties to be grown were
selected with a view to covering the entire season ranged from early harvest to late
winter. A few novelties were almost always added at the instigation of tree agents,
whose methods were frequently open to question. The result was a great admixture
luid confusion of varieties but nevertheless ther- wa* an orchard planted on every farm.

In this manner originated during a qnarV . of a century, the numerous small orch-
ards that aggregate today from 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 bearing trees in Houthem and

Western Ontario. The v«rietiefi were not selected with care nor were the interests of
the individual owners sufficiently important to encourage them to become experts in
apple growing. Natural conditions, on the other hand, were very favourable ; insects
and fungous diseases were at first not numerous ; and as long a< the local market absorb-
ed the entire product, the multiplicity of varieties was found to be an advantage. About
the years 1865-1870, however, the pressure of over-production began to be felt, and in
the following five years apples became almost wholly valueless, especially in the thou-
sands of orchards that were somewhat remote from the larger cities.

BEOINXIXG OF THK EXPORT TRADE.

It was at this juncture that th^ export trade in Canadian applet, which now aggre-
gates from $4,000,0<X) to :$5,000,000 in value annually, began. The price received was
at first very low, but the cheap fruit was quickly intro<luced into the British market,
where it was classed with American apples and found ready sale. In. a short time the
tra-le became firmly established, and the buying of apples in Canada for the British
market, became a regular business with a large number of fruit dealers. The apples in
the first few years of the trade, were bought in barrels ready for the market. The in-
experience of the farmer in the (grading and packing of the fruit, however, and the dif-
ficulty of inspecting a large number of small lots, led eventually to a change in the method
of buying. Henceforwr. '.-d the buyer bought the apples on the trees and organized
gangs of packers who proceeded from orchard to orchard picking and packing as they
went. The farmer at first furnished board and lodging for these gangs and often did
the picking ; of late years this in many cases has been discontinued.

RFMULT^OF THE EXPORT TRADK.

The immediate result of the establishment of a profitable export trade in apples
was that the orchard again became a very profitable portion of the farm. New plant-
ings began to be made, more especially along the Northern shore of Lake Ontario and
on the shores of the Georgian Bay. These orchardists, profiting by the experience of
their predecessors, exercised greater care in the selection of varieties, the industry being
directed almost entirely with reference to the foreign market. The number of varieties
was limited in most instances to three or four, while at the same time the average acre-
age of orchards was increased from three or four to plantations of ten, twenty or even
thirty acres. As the new orchards came into bearing, it naturally happened that the
more accessible foreign markets began to feel the pressure of tl a increased supply. The
result was that when the phenomenal Canadian and American crop of 1 896 was put on
the market the demand was again n^ore than supplied ; once more apple prices in Can-
ada fell 80 low that little or no margin of profit remained for the grower, and thousands
of barrels in the year named were fed to stock or allowed to rot under the trees.

THE DECLINE OF PRICES.

The extent of the waste of apples in 1896 and succeeding years will be appreciated
when it is stated that the apple yield of the Province of Ontario was, on the authority
of the Ontario Bureau of Statistics, placed over 12,300,000 barrels in the year 1900 :
the exports from the entire Dominion for the same year were 678,651 barrels, and as
' it is hardly probable that more than 4,000,000 barrels were consumed locally, a total of
over 7,620,000 is left to be accounted for. Doubtless the most of these were entirely
wasted. A feature of the situation which it is important to note, however, was that
the waste of fruit was by no means evenly distributed over the Province, but was con-
fined largely to the older orchards. The reason for this was not that the fruit of the
older orchards was poorer in quality, or the yield mvh less abundant, but that the
methods of harvesting and selling the crop were too expensive to enable the owners to
maintain the contest with their competitors who owned newer orchards. As a result,

repaUble buyers praeticaliy abandone<i all except very limited portions of Soathem and
Western Ontario, except in years of scarcity. The field wan given over instead to irre-
sponsible buyers whose method was frequently to secure the <-onfidpnce of the growers
during one season and defraud them in the following year, many having in this way
taken from a few hundred to thousands uf dollars out of a single neighbourhciod. It is
not a matter of wonder that many farmers chopped down their orchanls, though for the
most pal t wiser counsels prevailed.

INtJUIRY INTO SITlfATION.

An earnest inquiry was made at this juncture by both governmental and ])rivate
authorities to determine why orchard planting should go on with vigour in one part
of the province, while in other parts orchards were being chopped down. The con-
clusion reached was that the requiremente of the foreign market wer»> being met by the
newer and larger orchards, where the industry was in consequence profitable, whereas
it was impossible to fulfil these conditions in the older and smaller plantations.

The most important requirements for successful catering to the foreign demand
were found to be four in number, namely : —

1. Large lots of fruit

2. Few varieties.

3. Uniform packing, grading and niarkin<r.

4. The employment of skilled labour.

aYSTKMH OF PACKING AND SELLING.

To meet these conditions a variety of methods are in rogue for each of which some-
thing may be said.

(1.) The grower of the fruit may pick, pack and sell on his own account.

(2.) The grower sells on the tree, the buyer doing the picking and packing.

(3.) The grower sells, picking the fruit, the buyer doing the packing.

The selling may be " by the lump " or at a price per barrel with a level price for
1st and 2nd, or a different price for each grade.

The first method does not enable a sutticienl .[uantity of fruit to be gathered U>
inipiess the market. The expense of securing a suitable market is considerable and is
almost as much for a small quantity as for a large, and there is no opportunity of
securing uniformity tor larger lots. This metluxl is largely confined to the local market.

The second and third methods permit a larger quantity of fruit lieing gathered
under one brand with some degree of uniformity. But the cost of doing so is excessive
and must ultimately be borne by the grower.

The men employed in apple picking are hiretl for only a tew weeks annually, and
it can be readily understood that high wages and indifferent services frequently prevail.
It is not uncommon for a single buyer to have ten or fifteen gangs. It i.s a88erte<i that
a well known operator employed at one time 70 gangs working hundreds of miles apart.
A proper supervision under ^^uch circumstances is impossible. As a result time and
money are wasted partly as a necessary result of the methods of working, partly as the
result of the class of help obtainable which cannot be trusted except under close super
vision.

In 1904 many thousands of barrels of apples were bought at fifty cents per barrel,
whereas it frequently cost no less than forty-five cents per barrel bo pick and pack the
same apples. ■ ■ - l

In 1005 and 1906 prices for apple* wei-e lii-her but there was n<> re<luction m the
cost of packing. It is asserted too by the buyers, that where the apples were bought
by the barrel, the growers either by cajolery or bribery induced the packers to put in
many inferior apples to increase the number of barrels.

In the older orchards in which varieties covering the whole season were grown, it
was also found impossible to %4sit the orchards at the intervals necessary to pick and

paek the diffisrent vkneties at the proper stage of maturity. A heavy source of loaa, in
Mmaequenoe, was the waste which resulted from picking apples either before or after
they were matured, or in allowing them to gu to waste entirely. It not unfrequently
haf^ns too that the buyer through failure to barrel promptly, and leaving the fruit
expoeed to sun and frost, caused a partial or total loss. Generally the grower is the
immediate loser. In a very few cases does the average farmer have an agreement so
drawn as to cover these points and if he does secure judgment, the buyer too often has
no assets upon which he cau levy.

The method of selling ' liy the lump ' is very unfair to the grower, inasmuch as the
buyer is likely to be very skilful from long practice in estimating the quantity of fruit
in an orohard. The buyer and seller are thus not dealing on equal terms. In the few
cases whero a grower gets moro than the orchard is worth he is in the dishonourable
position of receiving money for which he has given no equivalent

Lump buying is also responsible for having placed upon the market an exceedingly
poor grade of apple. As has been pointed out frequently the average buyer has poor
fiicilities for disposing of his culls and lower grades. The temptation, therefore, is very
strong — too strong to be resisted in many cases — to include inferior apples with the
better grades, and to pack eveirthing in the orchard with the hope of getting some
price for the poorer qualities. But inspectors under Uie Fruit M&rks Act, have fre-
quently drawn attention to the fact, that the packages upon which they are obliged to
make an adverse report were very frequently from these lump orchards.

It is said by the buyers that sometimes when the orchard is bought by the lump
the growers are very careless of the fruit after the sale. Stock are allowed to break
in and eat all the fruit in their reach. No precautions are taken against theft, if it is
not actually invited, nor can the buyers depend in all cases on proper protection in case
of frost or other contingency. Of course the buyer is the loser in these particular cases
but he provides for this in the average price he gives. The losses therefore in the last
aoalysis do not fall altogether upon those who are responsible for thetii. but upon the
whole body of apple irrowers who sell in this way.

SELLING BY THE BARREL.

In selling by the barrel the grower is often defrauded by a very simple device on
the part of the packer if he does not do his own picking and packing. The packer will
set a very high standard for his No. I's with the result that the grower will find pro-
bably not more than ten per cent of his orchard product graded No. 1. The staudard
of the No. 2's will also be high, making a large percentage of culls. The bargain as
understood by the grower, presumed the ordinary grading ; but there being no written
contract, the buyer usually has his own way. Of course the presumption is that these
apples are afterwards re-niarkod, but if not, they are sent to special customers where
their extra quality will secure an extra price.

On the other hand buyers are sometimes deceived by their own packers. These
packers by personal friendship or by direct bribery are induced by the grower to put in
a poorer quality of fruit than the grade would call for. There is no possibility of a pro-
per inspection by the buyer in most cases, and these packages go forward to the market
bearing the buyer's brand that are nevertheless fraudulently marked by his subordinate
The fraudulent nature of the marking is not discovered until it is too late to punish the
perpetrator of the offence even if it were possible to identify him. The variou packs
are mixed in such a way that it is not often that the individual workman can oe pro-
perly identified. It will thus be seen that the method of buying apples is a hazardous
one both for the buyer and the seller and should be replaced by something better.

CO-OPERATION AND THE FRUIT MERCHANT.

In a great many cases the co-operative associations have been vigorously assailed
by the apple buyers, and in some cases by the commission merehants. It is taken for
granted that the co-operative associations will eliminate the middleman. This is only

partially true. Cooperative auocialions will reduce the nnmber of midcUemen undoulii-
edty. Tbit is in the interest both of the grower and the legitimate fruit merchant.
The middleman who will be dispensed with is in n»oet cases unneceiwary to the legiti-
mate fruit merchant, as well a* to the grower. The ctM>perative associations do not aim
to sell to the consumer direct. They appreciate the fact that there is an absolute
necessity for the fruit merchant to come in direct conUct with the consumer. Their
only object is to reach this fruit merchant as directly as possible. This direct selling
will undoubtedly prove a very great benefit to grower*, merchants and consumers. A
secondary object of the so-operative association is undoubtedly to prevent an unscru-
pulous buyer from playing off one wea'j kneed grower against his neighbour for the
purpose of lowering the price of the fruit below its actual value.

THE VALUE OF A GUARANTEE.

Confidence in the uniformity and honesty of the quality and grading of the fruit is
the baais of sucoesaful trade. The buyer must he perfectly confident that the box which
he is getting is exactly as the m'irkings upon the outside would indicate, and the
package should be so marked that it would describe accurately the fruit which it con-
tains. It should also have marks to indicate whether the packer or the shipper was to
blame. It is of course distinctly understood that where the fruit is not as represented
for any reason, the association will make good. A guarant e of this kind that is faith-
fully carried out will require of course protection on the part of the association. They
will have to adopt devices against unscrupulous buyers who may make false reports.
Wherever it is possible a trusted individual makes personal examination. Where that
is not poswble the fruit is Uken out of the hands of the person complaining, immediately
and completely, even where it is sol^ for less than the person complaining is willing to
give for it. By making this rule, trivial complaints are not likely to be made. Until
the brand becomes well known it is certainly a goo<l advertising device to place a slip
in each package stating clearly the association's guarantee. These slips may in all such
oases carry the number of the packer as well.

SELLINQ BY COMMISSION.

There are different methods of selling fruit. Tu. petlshable nature of fruit and the
uncertainty in the quantity and in the quality of it until it is packed ready for market,
makes it very difficult to sell except by consignment. Consigning fruit is a necessa'-y
evil as the fruit trade is organized at the present time. One of the objects of organiza-
tion among fruit growers, is to do away with this method of selling except to a very
limited degree. It is perfectly true that there are many reputable commission mer-
chants whose record for fair dealing ib unimi eachable. On the other hand, there is
scarcely a fruit grower in business! to-day who has not 8uffere<l severely in consequence
of too great a trust in the commission business. It is absolutely impossible for llie
average fruitgrower to tell whether he has been dealt with fa-ly or not. He cannot
audit the accounta nor folbwh's fruit to the next purchaser, and he ts practically
obliged to take the word of the commission man for all facts connected with the sale of
his fruit. He says in fact to the commission man, here is my fruit, give me what
you please for it. It would be strange indeed if some commission men did not yield to
the tempUtion and sen 1 returns far below what was received for the fruit. It is not a
question of the responsibility of the commission merchant. His standing may be high
m financial circles, but if he wishes to be dishonest he need not want for a plausible
excuse to return almost any sum to the grower. The first device is to report the fru t
arriving in bad condition. This is usually accompanied by a request for instructions
how to deal with the fruit The fruit grower hundrefls of miles away and exceedingly
busy with the remainder of the crop, can only reply, do the liest you can with it. Not
unfrequently the commission merchant even reports that the sales did not equal the
charges and asks the fruit grower to remit a further amount

1941—2

10

But preBumiog that tha commiasion man ii perfectly honest and haa done hU best
with the trait, the syttem ia yet a very bad one. There is no regulation of the amount
of fruit which is shipped to any partiouUr point. There may be twice or three times as
much fruit as the market can absorb at profitable prices, yet the commission merchant
is obliged to lower his price until his sales take place.

The evils are still worse where the commission merchant also buys upon his own
account. Then he is sure to push his own goods first and hold the goods sold on com-
mission for the poorer market, probably after it has seriously deteriorated by the delay
in selling.

Another evil has been frequently commented upon. Qooda on consignment can be
used very effectively to undermine the trade of a competitor not in the same combination
with the commission merchant. It frequently happens that a stranger appears in the
dty with a few car loads of fruit which he endeavours to sell. This uf course is an
invasion of the territory of the merchants already established there. But if they were
obliged to meet the competition of this new comer with their own goods, they might
hesitate before they lowered the price so as not to yield a profit But where they have
goods on consignment they have no hesitation in forcing this upon the market with the
object of lowering the price below the legiiimate point upon the newcomer's fruit.

These evils idone would be sufficient to condemn sales upon consignment. All these
evils are intensified where the sales are made by auction. In such cases not unfre-
quently there is an easy combination of buyers that limits the price so as to give them
an unwarranted profit on their sales.

SELLING BY TENDER.

Selling by tender is an excellent plan after a reputation has been established. This
plan is adopteid by the Hood River (Oregon) Apple Growers' Union, and also by some
of the Ontario associations. This method is only possible where the organization is
fairly perfect The manager must know very definitely the quantity of fruit which he
has for sale, and the quality of it Of course this would be impossible without very
stringent rules, both as to the growing of the fruit and the celling of it. It is reported
that the Hood River people selling by this method have been able to raise the price of
their apples from eighty cents per box to |2.00 per box.

It takes a number of years to secure an organization as well as a reputation, conse-
quently this is probably not the best method of selling fur new organizations.

DIRECT BUYING.

Whatever method of disposing of the stock is adopted, it miy be taken for grcnted
that the only safe way is to sell at the point of production.

A more serious defect of all these methods is that the interest of the buyer in an
orchard does not continue from year to year and does not begin early enough in the
season to permit him to improve the crop in any way.

The methods of harvesting and selling account in some degree for the want of
improvement in orchard culture in all its branches. This want of improvement is of
course intimately associated with small profits. Indeed so small have been the returns
from certain sections of the country that in years of low prices, thousands of bushels of
good apples, and thoM that might have been good with proper care, have been allowed
to go to waste.

INTRODUCTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE METHOD.

It was with the object of providing at least a partial remedy for the eWls abow
referred to that the cooperative method of selling apples was first adopted. The experi-
ment has been to a certain extent successful. In Ontario the original purpose of organi-
lation was for the combining of a number of small lots of fall apples into car lots for
shipment with the object of securing thereby a reduction in freight charges. Each

11

member of the originiil associations graded and packed his own apples, while the selling
was entrusted to one wf the membsrs having a business connection in Western Cunada,
or some of the large commercial centres. Tlie adaption of this method was the raeana
undoubtedly of securing a considerable saving to the producer, but it was only a ])artial
remefly, and related only to one of many evils, namely, ii high freight rate. Among the
disadvantages which it failed to mitigate were, a lack of uniformity in grading that
militated against good prices, and the absence of general interest among fruit gowers
and of incentive to secure many (puch needcl improvements. It wus dei-ided therefore
by the pioneers of the movement to obUin more formal organization and added definite-
ness of aim by incorporation. It was found in the case of Ontario, where the movement
for oo-opei-ation originated, tnat legislation auBiciontly comprehensive in character to
meet the needs of the situation was ali-eady on the statute books of the province in the
form of an Act passed in 1900 to provide for the incorporation of co-operative cold
storage associations, and up to the present time no additional legislation has been sought
with the exception of cme or two amendments to the Act passed during the present
year to secure its adaptation to the requirements of the developed form of the asaoci-
fttion.

COOPERATION IN PACKING.

It is proposed to Bubititute for the ordinary methods mentione<l alwve, co-operation
in packing as well as selling, and incidentally in any other phase of apple growing that
will lend itself readily to this mode of operatii/n. The following advantages will be
gained by the adoption of co-operation ; —

(1) Large stocks will be controlled by sellers who will act as a unit.

(2) Uniform packing, grading and marking will be prHCticed.

(3) A reputation associated with a permanent brand or trade mark will Ix! estab-

lished.

(4^ The cost of picking, packing and marketinj? will be reduced.

{H) Fruit will be picked and packed at the proper time.

(6) Less -jommon varieties will be utilized.

(7) Storing facilities will be better provided for.

(8) Direct selling at the point of production will be encouraged.

(9) Packages will be bought in large quiiiitities or manufactured on the premises

with a material reduction in cost.

(10) The placing of the purely commercial i>art of the industrj' in the hands of

competent men whose interestn are connecte<l with those of other members
of the associiition.

(1 1) Spraying by power outfit., co-operatively, wi 1 in most cases be adopted.

(12) The manager and the better growers among the patrons will have every
inducement to stimulate the less progressive members to better work.

LARGE QUANTITIES.

The influence of what merchants call " long lines " is seldom appreciated by the
producer. The cost of selling is almost as great for a smali quantity of produce as for
a large ; but the commission on a hundred barrels is ten times the commission ten
barrels. It is easy to see the incentives that prompt merchants to look for lo 38

of goods. Again the large quantities give a c.istomer a choice. It also gi he
merehant an opportunity to sell upon sample. Nothing oifei-s a greater hinderance to
■ales than new or unknown brands. ReUilers are obliged to make an individual
explanation for each sale in such cases.

UNIFORMITY IN PACKING AND GRADING.

Of course the value of large stocks is lost if the sample is not perfectly uniform
throughout. Hence the necessity of having apples not only in large quantities, but uni-
formly packed and graded. This can be secured only by co-operation, when the fruit ia
grown in small orchards.

IS

BEPUTATION.

With large qoantitiea of any particular article nniformlj marked and packed, a
reputation ia very soon e^tablighed, and even if the quality ia not the highcut it will
secure a price much above small luto that are not uniformly even, though of higher
quality tlian the other. Under the co-operative method there i« every incentive to main-
tain this uniformity in packing and grading, and to belter it if possible. Under the
ordinary system of buying and selling, the whole machinery of commerce from the trrf>
to the markets, offers inducementH for fraudulent packing and marking. The managt .
of a CO operative concern ia personally intereated in securing the uniformity of marking
and packing. But of more importance than this, is the fact that he has the power by
means of the central packing house system and a direct personal oversight of all the
work of the packers to enforce uniformity, not only for a single season, but from year
to year. It is not too much to say that the extraordinary prices procured by the grower*
on the Pacific coast, is the result largely of a reputation for perfect uniformity in grade
and marking. It must be added at once, however, that the only grade shipped is that
of practically perfect fruit ; but the quality of it tested either by the eye or by the pal-
ate i8 certainly not better than the aame grade giown in the eaat If there were no
other inducementa than simply the aeouring and preaervation of a reputation for a brand,
oo-operation would justify itaelf.

ECONOMIKS IN HARVESTING.

The history of Canadian orchards presents hundreda of examples of wasted fruit,
because the varieties were not grown in sufficiently large quantities to pay for picking
and packing at the proper time by the ordinary methods . For year& the Red Astra-
ohan. Duchess, Oolverts and Jennetings have been allowed to go to waste in nearly
every orchard in western Ontaria It would be too much to say ttat the only reason
for this was want of organization ; but it ia well within the mark to say that organlxa-
tion in co-operative societies would have made it possible years ago to harvest these
varieties at a profit. During the seasons of 1904, 190IS and 1906, the Fruit Division baa
received numerous letters from growers of these earlier varieties complaining that they
could find no market for their fruit at a profitable price. During the same seasons tha
cooperative societies in Chatham, Foreat and Walkerton were selling these varieties for
a price, all things considered, equal to the best winter varieties. One large grower
having from two to three thous" id barrels of Duchess for sale says, that he has never
found any difficulty in selling his output at good prices. All these facts emphasize the
importance of the economies which can be practiced by dealing with large quantities.
Even the less common varieties of summer and winter fruit become under the co-opera-
tive system a marketable product.

ECONOMIES IN PACKAGES.

Following directly up n co-operation in selling, comes co-operation in bujdng pack-
ages. Packages form a very i.^portant part of the fruit business. The coet of these is
often twenty per cent and even twenty five per cent of the value of the fruit which they
contain. It is therefore of the utmost importance that every economy in connection
with tli<!se should be practiced. The co-operative methods enable these to be produced
at a minimum cost; the quantities needed can bo more accurately estimated ; the orders
can be given earlier in the season ; both these considerations are conducive to the in-
terests of the cooper. He can buy his stock in the beat market, can keep his men em-
ployed for longer periods during the year, and, perhaps more important still, he can rely
upon the contracts which he makes with these associations.

STORING FACILITIES.

It must be taken as a fundamental prineiple in the production of apples, that each
variety should be harvested and placed on the market when it is mature. This, how-

13

ever, muit l>e iD<xliHi<<l U^ the exti'iit of siiyin;* that <)iiiisi..njilly it is dpNirablc to hold
for a few iIuvh in the caso of early uiiil full fruit ; iimi it is ilt'siruhic t4> hold winter fruit
M« aH to supply tho miirkot as lat«' as p<»isibl.'. It is tlK'n-fort- with no thought of hold
ing early varieties for lonj{ pt-riods, that stoit houses arc su^jgest*-*!. Nevertheleiut largi-
«iuantities of fruit cannot Ix- projM-riy asscnililiNl iiml preimrt-d for shipment without
storehouses and packing sheds involving tli. , \prniiiture of comparatively large
amounts of capital. Thi'sf storehousos and packing sheds have not been provided at
the points of shipments under the present system of buying and selling apples; and it is
fair to assume there never will W', notwiihstiinding the imp prtJinco of such buildingD.
The matter becomes easy under the uo-operative system. It is one of the best evidences
of the permanency of this co-(i()ertttive movemcnl, that we can point to excellent store-
houses and jMicking shcti in the case of all older ass<K-iatii)ns ; and it can be taken for
granted that ample storing facilities will be a feuture of every one of the succewfal
associations.

SELLING AT THK POINT OK I'KODUCTION.

Closely connected with this matter of storehouses is the very important one of
selling at the point of pnxluction. Too much cannot be said for this method of doina
business. It is desirable both for the grower and for the fruit merchant. That it has
not been adopted in Canada is solely the fault of the pnHlucer. The fruit merchant
cannot be expected to travel long di-tances involving large expense, upon the mere
chance of getting something that will suit his trade. He must have a certainty of large
quantities of uniformly gra<led g(X)ds, packed in standard ]>Hckages, de>i;;nated by thor-
oughly reliable grade mark.s. These cannot be furnished under the present system of
apple selling. It can be accomplished by co-operative methods. Already more than
half the co-operative associations .sell their entire product directly from the packing
houses, receiving the cash before the g<«Kls are shipped. Fruit is bo j.erishable in its
character that it becomes necessary t<j deal with it on a somewhat different basis from
ordinary staple commwlities. If fruit is movwl from the original jMi.king hou.se with-
out a definite agreement as to the price of it, the shipper is at the mercy of the con-
signee. It cannot be held at the market end, and in very few cases can the represen-
tations of the dealer to whom it is consigned be etVoctively examined ; the shipj^r has
simply to accept whate\er the seller remits. Hence the necessity of having all ques-
tions of price and quality .si'ttled before the goo<ls leave the s}iii)ping station, because it
• is only then that buyer and .seller are acting ujion teiiiis< if equality. At that point the
seller can accept or refuse an offer without jfsipaidizing the condition of his fruit. The
buyer is ecjually free to accept or refuse an offer without running risks with reference
to quality and condition. The coojierative metluMl promi.ses to make possible the sale
of apples at the point of protluctioii, a reform which will enable apples to be placed be-
fore the consumer at a very great reduction in price.

UTILIZlNd TIIK BKST BUSIXKSS .\BILITV AMONG THE GROWERS.

It is a matter of common observation that ability \arying in character is developed
to a very different degree in different men. It is baying much in favour of co-operative
methods that we can utilize the highest ability of each man in his special line. The
ability to grow excellent fruit may not be associated with the ability to sell it ; and it
is quite iwssible the contrary of this is true. A co ofK^rative organization enables the
man with the ability to sell fruit and to manage >)usines» concerns, to take charge of the
business end of apple growing, ieauug ti.e others skilled in the growing of fruit to
follow their bent. This may not seem important at first si^ht, but a careful survey of
the apple industry shows that there is a marked deficiency in business methods of the
growers. In *.w industries are all rules of the commercial world so persistently
ignored. It is not too much to say that i)ne ot the chief benefits of the co-oper««ive
movement will be to place the business men among the apple growers at the head of
the concerns.

1911-3

u

TH« INFLUKKCR OF THR MANAGER.

Tliiit confiiHnration shuuld be one of th« itrongeal inducamenU for ecM>perAtion.
Ita value in uertainly undereitiniated if not altogether overlooked.

It hat often beun pointed out that under the preient syitem of buying and Millittg,
the buyer h«8 no incentive to improve the product of the individual grower. There iH
only a remote possibility of hie buying the ume orchard two yean in succewion
becauiM; hiii inducements do not bind the orcbardi«tR to him pemonally. If he did
Hecure any improvement either by advice, the inveatroent of money, or in any other
way, none of the advantaged would accrue to him. He therefore does nothing to
improve methodH, although from hia petition as a middleman, he is frequently most
competent to give useful information. Not so with the manager of the co-operative
association. In most cases he pouesses not only the best business ability, including
the same information as the ordinary apple operator, but at the same time he in a
thorough fruit grower. Unlike the buyer he has a direct interest in the improvement
of the fruit and therefore he takes advantage of every opportunity to induce his patrons
to improve their methods. His reputation as a manager is at stake and it is therefore
reasonable to suppose that the ability which placed him at the head of the association
will be exercised to improve the product of the organization. His patrons remain with
him from year to year. Of necesHity he suffers from the mistakes of eu< h, but the
nature of the business makes it necessary for him to meet them frequently, j,'iving him
ample opportunity to admonish and advise on the defects noticed.

INFLUENCE OF THE BETfER GKUWERa

The manager will not be alone in striving to improve the product of his individual
patrons. He will have the help of his best patrons in the general improvement of all.
The reputation of the fruit and the price following it depends in the last analysis upon
its quality. If therefore, the patrons who grow good fruit can improve the quality of
their neighbours' fruit, they ai e directly benefiting themselves, which, considered with the
fact that they are benefiting their neighbours, becomes a powerful incentive towards the
improvement of the product. It is not remarkable, therefore, that there has been a
very great improvement in the fruit grown by the members of the co-operative associa-
tions already established.

The benefits which have accrued to the dairy interests by the adoption of co-ope-
rative methods have often been cited. Although it is true that Canadian dairymen
have in a very large number of instances indeed departed from the true co-operative
principles, they have adopted the best methods of these principles in the factory
system of making butter and cheese.

FRUIT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Co-operation in apple packing corresponds to cheese and butter making by the
factory system, and it may be reasonably expected that the name benefit will follow its
adoption. Indeed the apple and dairy industries have so many things in common that
the analogy becomes almost an identity. Both industries are incidents of the system of
mixed farming likely to be followed in Canada. It is hardly conceivable that milk will
be produced at one point in large quantities on a scale comparable to the manufactures
of wood and iron. Ten, twenty or even thirty cows to the farm may be kept with
profit. More than this will require a rare combination of skill and favourable conditions
to yield a dividend. It is equally certain that the small apple orchard of five or ten
acres will be the rule in this country, although it must be conceded that the large
orchard is more likely to be successful than the very large dairy. In both industries
the individual interests in the raw material are likely to be small, and producers, there-
fore, cannot profitably fellow their finished product to a distant market. There is then
an equally strong incentive in each industry for co-operation, whiuh has been acted on
in the case of dairy products but only to a small extent in the apple industry.

IS

COOPKRATION IN OTHKR UNWi

The co-opemtion movement cannot he stopped wmply »t the wiling point. It will
ejcten.1 certainly to nearly all the work oonnwsted with apple prcluction. It hiw alre.uly
developed in the direction of co-operative .prayini,'. «M»perative pailunB and the itorwiK
of appleTa. weU a. the cooperative buying of packages It w thertfore conhdent y to
be expected that where coK)peration in the apple induHry has proved »ucceH»fu . it
will be a comparatively easy matter to Introduce coK)nerative method* m other linMi.
There U 8till much to be done in perfecting the coHjperative lyHtcm in connection with
dairying. The poultry industry is one that might be develope.1 to enormous proportions
in Ontario, in connection with fruit growing and dairy interests ; and yet it is alnimt
impossible that the poultry industry can succeed except by the introduction of co-ope-
rative method, in the selling of poultry producU, as well as in the deve opment of
poultry stock. Having developed the true cooperative spirit in the«! branthes of farm
work where cooperation in comparatively easy, we may then hope for cooperative
methods in baton production with the certainty of great improvement m the quiility of
the product as well as in the profits to the farmer.

VALUE OF OROANIZATION.

The successful nrrhanlist that always sells better than his neighbour, sonietiiiios
hesitates to throw in his lot with his less progressive neighbtmr. He feels that by
avei»King with such he is lowering the price to himself. Huch is not often the cas,..
As a matter of fact, his less progresMve neighbour by hU want of knowlclge of markets
and possibly of the relative merite of hU own products, is an ea*y victim for the shp^wcl
buveWwid sells his output often below the market value. After a few actual deals of
this kind have been closed, it is almost impossible for the best sellew to realize proj^er
prices. Every well informed grower has had experiences of this kind whi^h erophwize
the fact that he only w .y to secure proper prices, U to place the selling of the whole
as far as possible in the hands of skilled salesmen. Thus the growers who lack the
commercial instinct are protected from the wily ways of the apple buyer, and the best
salesman will be able to improve his prices.

The members of the cooperative association in Ontario sold the greater portion of
tl -i crop for 1906 at $-2.2^ per barrel. Many of the outside growers did not succeed
in selling their eariier varieties at all, and on any sales they did make, they did not
secure more than »l per barrel, the equivalent of «1.50 free on board. One apple
buyer reiK)rted that he had secured two thousand barrels in Southern Ontario at titty
cents per barrel. The only explanation for this is want of orguni/atioii among the
growers.

OKGAN'IZING AN ASSOCIATION.

To or"iinize an association is a comparatively simple matter. Tt is exi»-cte.t of
course tliut tlie whole subject has been tliscuased in the neighbouriiood and that tl..-
exixxliencv of organizin- is conoede<l. In such cases a preliminary meeting' is usually
held for tiie purpose of selecting officials. The officers that are usually ap})ointe<l are a
president, vice-president. secreUry and treasurer, together with five or more dirw.tors.
Sometimej the office of secretary and treasurer is combined It w.l. b.- foun.l better,
liowever, to combine the office of secretary and manager. It is desirable that all the
officers should command the confidence of their fellow fruit growei-s. Perhaps the most
difficult office to fill would be that of manager, nevertheless it is a nmtter of exp«'nen.e
that men who have made a success of their own business by generous metluKls ( <> not
fail when they are placed in ehaige of a cooperative as«.tiaUf.n. ll.ivinjt rlr.-ulcd uj.ui.
the officers, the next step is to secure incorporation. The exact steps f..r this purpose
will he somewhat diflerent in each province. The secretary should write to the Pio-
viiuial Department of Agriculture asking for information with reference to the incor-
poration of apple sellers' associations, and he will receive full instructions how to
proceed In British Columbia incorporation will probably be under the Agricultural

1<

•ml Hortifultoml 8oi-i..ty'« Art. In OiiUrio the tV<^n»tive Cold Ht-.r»K.. A«.K-i»
ti.Mi n Act will hf Avnilablc TTM-n. in m> nin-i-M Act f(ir auch mH-wfutt in tlie Maritiiii..
Pn.vinc*. ; but the OeiM-nil Htock Company Corjiomtlim Act will ever the citxe thi.uuh
the fws are Ui'Ker than in thn cuwt lif Ontario and Hritish dlunihia.

In the appenilix will be fijoml Mimpleii of coniititutiont and r.y Uwi luiUble for
th«org«niMtionof c.M)r«r»tive aMoeiatioM. Of coune In all caM« tho cnuitution
and by-law. mu«t 1)0 in accordance with the Act under which the aM<i<iatl.>n i« incr-
porated. With thii limitation the proviaionit of the constitution and bylawN may vary
to Ruit the ciicuniiitunceR of cuch particular case. In Ontario in*»t i.f the co-operative
aDiM«iation> have n constitution and by-lawn similar to that of the Forent Fruitffrowera
and Forwarding AMociation which is given in tl.B appi>ndix. It will be noted that the
by-lawn n thin case anticipate trade in apples only. Tlie conntitution and by lawM of
the K owna AHsociation of Hritish Columbia, given also in the upfiendix, will furnirli
hintu >n the case . f afsociations that may with to handle seneral prwJu ce. The appen-
dix alROContainK the oonstituiion and by lawi of the Island and (lypsum Fruit CompiuiV
of Ohio. ThU will exemplify the methods of a very suooesdul company hwidlinrall
claiMes of fruit, but more enpecially peachea and grapes.

Of course where the bu.iiaess is small it is quite possible t« ship and sell co-opera-
tively without incorporation if the menibert have perfect confidence in each other and
in their manager. It may be expedient sometime* to delay incorporation until such
time as a larger business would warrant it.

Tho advantages of incorporation are evident. Until the association is incorporated
some one member must be legally responsible for all obligations connected with the
business but may not legally be able to get the uxual compensations that go with such
rewlonsibihty. A claim for bri-ach of contract or for damages might arise through no
fault of the one who took the responsibility. He would not only have to go u> the
expense of defending the suit, but also would have to depend on the generosity of his
associHtea for reimbursement. The risk is not great when the business is small and all
the iiKMiilien well known to each other. Incor(H>ration, however, cosU nothing practi-
cally, and places the responsibility where it bolongs, on all in proportion to tho l>enetiu

GENKHAL PUINCIPLES.

Divisio.v OP PKurrrs.

N.. dividends on 8t<jck greater than the rate at which moiipv could be UirrowiKh
shou!.! I..' paid. This is only another way of Hayin;u' that tho ass.K;iation should hi-
jmn-ly c. ojierative. All money received should be piiid out to the shareholders in nro-
IK.iti.m to the fruit shipped by each, less the actual exjienses iiiounwl in opeiatina the
association. A concrete example will illustrat* the justice of the principle Two
growers have each one share of stock. One ships one hundred barrels of pples the
other a thousand Wrrtis, bringing . qual prices. The a.ssociati.in makes a char.-e, let us
say, of lo cents jk^t barrel f..r Nellin-;, but the actual cost is found to bo only 10 There
will thus l)e a surplus fi-om the shii.inentsof the.two men of h cents [mt barrel or a total
..? #.J5. If it is divided according to st.sk, that is if dividend; are de<l.ned, then each
fieU Jj-JT. This would \h- a inanit'e.st injustice to the shipper of the thousand barn-Is
He ;ld receive ^.)() and the other shipper ?.">.

••etimes the excuse is made that mure capital is ie.|uir«"d than can Ik> conveniently
rais< sto«k among growers, and that outeide capital can l« most easily secure*! bv

selling shares to non grower,. This is a mistake. Outside capital cannot U- indu<<'d
to invest in co-operative assiKiation st.K:k, and sliouhl not be pxf)ected to, except on the
promise of dividends. If these dividt-i.ds never excee<l the usual ir.terest on iiionev
then there is no injustice done. But it is the history of associations having such share-
holders that sooner or later they join forces with the fruit growers in the c -<jpany who-e
shareholders' intereste are larger than their fruit interest, and gain cont. ,i to manage

17

•II the opMktfoM to bmIm diTidaads. Whra thk oMvn, «ll or iMsriy all UwdifcM
moMj adrMUmm of o»o|>r-*Uv« MioototioM aeorvo to tho eopiuliat and not to tho
fruitgrowtr aa n ihovld.

If onUida oapital ia iwedeil, it ia batUr to Meora it on tha eradit ol tha aianoiitinn
and iu anati, paying for it at tba regular rate of interest, which will appear in tha
aoooanta aa one of tlia espeuaae <rf managing the aaaociation.

Banliera naaalljr prenr to make loitni on tha peraonal notea of the director*, who
have the management of aifair* in their hand* and can thua protect themaelvea from

Ail nemben aluMild be bound to ahip their fruit through the aaaooiatioa Th: -
■My be done in two waya. Firat, by having a clauae in the oonatitution, or by lawt
binding the memtierBhip to that no hUx can lie made except by tha auMciation, and
Moond, by a apeoial contrao'. '^he binding oliiu«e iho'ild be inserted in the by-lawa
of every aiaociation, even mUva it ia deemed expedient to um the i| oial contract The
lattar ia aomawhat more eaailr enforoed, bat ia apt to be neglected. The contract
alanaa in tha by-law eatAbliahed tha principle and mrmberahip will imply the contract.

Too much Btreaa cannot be laid on tha value of tha contract. WiUiout it the mana-
gar does not koow what he haa to aaU. Ha ia not aafe in arranging for aalca ahead, aa
ha may not be able to fill his oontr^t. Thia naoertainty would deprive the asaooiation
of the great advantage of arranging with the beat cUaa of onatomers in advance.

The oontraot ia neoeaaory Moauae of the many influeiioaa that will be brought to
bear to divert the fruit of members into the hsndt of outside operators. Therr - <
many men who derive very large incomes by levying toll for small aervtcea betweeu . .^
growent and the regular fruit merohanta. auch men vill offer extra inducementa, aueh
aa a price above what tha market would warrant, for the purpoae of introducing dia-
cord into the aMociatioa and breaking it up if powiblo. In Nova Soutia it ia said that
the co-operative movement haa been greatly impedeJ by agent* for transportation oom-
panir i and Britiah aolling firms. These men get a rebate on all fruit that they can
divert to particular steamship lines and selling agent«, and naturally do not like to loue
thia income as they moat certainly would if co-operative prir iples were adopted. In
Ontario the apple buyers I ave so long enjoyed a revenue from this industry for a few
weeks work each year, that any invasion of the selliag end of the apple busineks by the
cooperative association, looks to them like a destruction of vested interests. For want
of the contract clause tome of the Ontario associations saw some of their best grower*
dispose of their fruit oubtide of thf organization. Some of these found out later in the
season that they did not get as good a price as they could have secured through the
asaooiation. In some cases they individually got slightly more. But if the association
should be broken up, the little advantage they get lliis seaiion will be lost many times
over in succeeding years. It is not even guo<i business to desert a co-operativp associa-
tion having once joined. Neither is it honourable, inasmuch iis the losses in the aggre-
gate to all the members may be many times the gain to the deserter.

IDRETIB8.

For officers and directors, choose only men whom you cao trust. Officers such as
the treasurer, or the manager who have the handling of large sums of money will in-
spire confidence by insi»ting on giving the usual sureties whether the patroH'i aik for
this or not. There are few positions of trust in the business world where such a guar-
antee is not required, if the a-ssociation does not take guarantees from o ...side parties,
it must be prepared to take the risk itself. This can be done in most cases with safety
and economy. The value of the personal element in the case can be estimated more ao-
ourately by the auociation than by the outside company.

AUDITINO.

In all cases and under all circumstances there should be the most careful auditing
of the work by competent auditors. Every mem tier of an association should try to

u

ihteHMfeiiiiltervilhthcdataikddlwbwlMK HctiMMldi
iImI bookkMpiBff and tkt MidlUB| of book* to m bmIi » piohwloa i
Thorrforo wboilMr ia kto MtiiMtioa tho books mo rifh» or wraag, bo
bi» Jw^pMftt tUl il to eoaOrmod by mb ol aWUij who h*f« maA it
•uaiiiM iato tbo ooiTMtooM of boek&

ibor, bowovar.

•a trail growiaf .

bo tbootd withboTd

tboir boainoM to

oo-onmtnn BOoiBianiM^

Co-oponttvo bookkeopiaf doea aot difbr in fiBonl priaoiptoa fron buokkeapirg <if
aay othar kind. Manj •aaoolation*, howo<rir, will botr* ita bookkeaping done hj th(M«
wbo havo had littlo oxparianeo in bookkcopiag inrolving the intareaia ci othcn than
tbamaelvea. To auck it may bo vM that oforr Balorial iaot skookl bo a mattor of
roeord. CVwtraota ahoold bo in wriUnit. V«ml agraamoata ahonkl bo coaflnnod by
lottora. Ab ontry ahoold bo nado immadiataly of money paid and raeeiyed. Raooipta
noting axaot aoMXinta or quantitiaa abovM bo takon and givoa for money or produce
iotarehaagr' Wbenoror a traaaaotioa to at all oomplieatod a written aUtement of
all the faeta aboald be on rooord in addition to the bare entriaa in the regular aoeoonta.

It will nanally be fband that mnoh time toiaToti and more iattofacto^ work to done
by baring printed forma for reoaipta, Rtock IbU, paoking Uble rooorda, etc. In the cnao
of raooipta for fruit they may bn padd«d lo that a oarbon panar between two leavoa
will giro daplieatea, one of whieh can be died at the oOeo and tho other given to the
pa..OB.

It will OBoally pay an aaaooUtion to consult an aspart aecouptant who w*ll aogftet
booka and forma to auit the apectol needa of the oinnmatanoea. Each aia oiationnaa
aooMthing peoaliar in ita mode of working that needa a special proriaion, but no drvice
will take the place ol conaoientiona eareinlneas on the part of the bookkeeper and a
record of all material facta.

APPENDICES.

SI

APPENDIX 1

■ The following Ctwjperative AssocUtions were in successful operation during the
season of 1906 : —

ONTAKIO CO-OPKRATIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

N(une of AMOciatiun. Nanw of SecreUry or M»na((rr.

VMut I«nibt»n Fruit Giowers' Awiciation W. J. S»-yiuour.

Belleville Apple «rowet»' Co-oiwrntivi- AMOciatioii. . F. S. Wallbridge, Belleville.

Brant Packing Association F. M. Lewis. Burfonl.

Bruce Fniit ( Jrowers' Association A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

Bui'gesBville Packing Company 3. B. Wallace, Uurgessville.

Burlington Fruit (Jrowers' Association Clarence Kmigh, Burlington.

CmadUn Apple Kx|X)rters, LimitiKl W. H. Denipsy, TrenUm.

Chatham Fruit Growers' Ass.«iation \V. I». A Ross, Cliatliaui.

Dunwick Cooperative Association K. Caniplirll, Cownl.

Forest Fruit Growers' and Forwarding Association. .U. Johnson, Forest.

Georgetoii-n Co-oiierative Association F. .1. Barter, C-orKit'.wn.

Grimsby Fruit (Jrowem', Limited f. D- Biggar, Grimsby.

Ilderton Fruit Growers' Association K. T. Caverhill, I van.

Newcastle Fruit (iroiiers' and Forwarding Asuocia-

jjo„ W. H. Gibson. Newcastle.

Meaford Fruit (Jrowers' Association l>r. .1. I). Hamill. Meaford.

Norfolk Fruit Glowers' Association .las. K. .lohnson, Simcoe.

Oakville Fruit Growers', Limited \V. R. Davis, Oakvillc.

Orillia Fi-uit Growers' AsstKiation K. A. Li-hmann, Orillia.

Oshawa Fruit Growers', Limited Klmer Lick. Osliawa.

Owen .Sound Cooperative Association W. P. Telford, Owen S.Hind.

Parkhill Farmers' (Jniwers' Association Wm. Leary, Parkhill.

Grtirgian Bay Fruit (ircwers' Awociation I. G. Mitchell, Thornbuiy.

Sparta Fruit Growers' Association .LA. W.-bster, Siwrta.

St. Catharines Cold Su>rage and Forwarding Com-

I«ny, Limit.Hl R- Thomiwon, St. Catherines.

Iiig.'rsollCo-ofs-rativeFruitGrowers' Association. ...I. C. Harris, Ingtraoll.

BKtTISH COLIMBLA CO OPKKATIVK ASSOCIATIONS.

Okanagan PriKluo' .Vssociation, Limitrtl Thos. (i. Wanless, Vernon, B.C.

Chilliwaek Farmers' Kxohange, Limited Chas. \V. Webb, ChiUiwack, B.C.

K^islo District Horlicultnral and Fruit (Jrowers'

Association U. Wm. Cockle, Kaslo, B.C.

M ission Fruit Union P- E- Lazenby, M issu.n, B.C

Hammond Fruit Gwwers' I'nion. Limited N. G. Knotts, H.-»mmond, B.C,

The Kelowna Farmers' Exchange.'Limitetl C. Quinn, Kelowna, B.C.

Armstrong Farmers' Kxcliange, Limited CD. Ranks, Armstrong, B.C,

Kootenay Fruit Gmwers' Association, Limited D. C. McMorris, NeUm, B.C.

Peachland Fruit ( Jrowers' Association. Limited R. J. Hogg, Peachland, B.C.

'Farmers' Exchange' in coursf of organization at'.'<almon .Arm, B,C.

APPENDIX 2.

THE FOREST FRUIT GROWERS AND FORWARDING ASSOCIATION.

COMSTITUTlOSf.

1. This Awociation of Fruit Growew shall be known aa ' The Forest Fruit Growei •,
and forwarcJiDg Asgociation.

b itg'in^mtere*'"'* **' *''* ■^"°^'*''**" *' *•*• ****««" production and sale of fruit grown

3. The Annual Meeting of the members of the Association shall be on the first

iTr^L r^K T"^*" I"k •**'''• ^^^ ' ?P^'*' **'^*>''«» "^y ^ »'«''<' •* "y ti«"« "po"

the call of the President by written notice. j r"

4. At the Annual Meeting the Directors of the Association shall be elected.
.1..11 ^^""/"'•^t'nK of the Directors a two-thirds representation of the Directors
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Secreter'^/rr?Mi^r °^ *''* '^**^'**''^ *'"" «'"«'** ^^^ * ^'resident, Vice-President and

7. Immediately after the Annual Me«Mng and the election of Directors it shall be

V L P ^ -^ '. ! ^'"^u*""' ^: "'**='. ^®"'*'' " •'*""^ *" by-'*'' s«. th« President and

V ice- President to be chosen from the Directors. j >

nf ,hl' i^^^ P';?«dent or in his absence the Vice-President shall preside at all meetings
of the Association. In the absence of both a presiding. officer shall be chosen from
tnose present.

fK- n" ^^ ^'***J7 Treasurer shall keep a record of the proceedings of all meetings of
the Directors and the Association. He shall also keep a record of all the receipts and
disbursements of the Association. , "j

10. Any Fruit Grower within a radius of eight miles of Forest shall be eligible to
become a member by a two-thirds vote of the Directors of the Association

U. The constitution or by-laws may be amended at any- regular or special roeetin"
upon a two-thirds vote of the Directors. *^ rawun,

THE FOREST FRUIT GROWERH AND FORWARDING ASSOCIATION.

BY-LAWS.

1. The Board of Directoi-s shall meet semi-monthly or monthly or at the call of
the President, such meetings not later than July Ist of each year

2.- It shall be the duty of all officers to attend regular or special meetings of the
Association and hold office until their successors shall be elected.

i,oiil.^l!!f */f *'»<^y /h*" happen by death or resignation in any of the offices, it
shall be filled at the next regular or special meeting

r^nnl;,^*. t**^ "'""fl rafting of the Association in each year the President shall
render a statement of the business of the season in full.

5. Each and every member of the Association shall pick his fruit in prime eon-
dition and deliver same at Packing House or shipping point,

6. An Inspector or Manager of the Association shall be appointed bv the Direc-
tors to supervise the work of grading and packing of the fruit of the Assiiation, the
salary of the said Inspector to be determined at the time of appointment.

.. The Manager shall give personal instructions in their orchards to every shipper
Fi^TllifarksTct ^'"^'»*'°" ''"^ *« K'"«d« »nd mark their fruit according to fhe

8. That he will see to the ordering of and securing of cars, and will [obtain what-
ever necessary Refrigerator cars, which he sees are properly iced.

9. He sh«ll keep in constant communication with the Salesman, ami siiall receive
orders and communicate them to the members of the Association.

10. He shall see to the making up of Car Lots and notifying members when to
pack and deliver fruit at Packing House or shipping point.

11. He shall keep a record of name and grade of fruit of each ^ihipper in each
car and forward a copy to purchaser.

12. He shall also inspect a certain number of each shipper')* barrels in eiuh car
and immediately before shipment in order to ascertain if the Fruit Marks Act has
been carried out, and if he tinds that any shipper has intentionally dinobeyed the Fruit
Marks Act he shall be refused acceptance of fruit and held responsible for space in car.

13. It is agreed that shipper shall be responsible for space ordered in car whether
he fills it or not.

14. If the Inspector disagrees with shippers regarding grade apples, for the settle-
ment of such disagreement he shall choose one Director, the shipper one Director ami
both jointly . .y disinterested person, who shall decide, basing their decision on the
Fri °t Marks Act.

15. All charges for icing cars to be paid before car leaves, such charges to be col-
lected by a levy on each barrel the ear contains.

16. Each and every member shall have the right to give away such fruit i>t' his
own raising as he may elect, but he six)! not make sale of fruit outside the Association
except windfalls and cull grades or any fruit that may not be accepted by the Asso-
ciation. Any member so doing shall pay into the Association treasury the sum of 50
cents per barrel for all fruit so sold excepting gradr aforesaid.

17. Whenever in the opinion of the Directors it is impossible for the As.suciation
to receive at its packing house all fruit grown by its members, they may permit
individual members to grade and pack the same for shipment through the Association,
such grading and packing to be subject to the inspection of the Inspector appointed by
the Association.

18. All members of the Association shall spray their orchards at least four times,
and as often beyond that as they deem proper.

19. Xo fruit grower shall be admitted as a member of the Asstx:iatioii except by a
two-thirds vote of the Directors.

II

APPENDIX 3

KELOWNA FARMERS' EXCHANGE, (LIMITED.)

consTiTUTrotr asd by-laws.

1. The object of the Kelowna Farmer.' Exchange i^ the marketins of all kinds <,f
produce grown by the Members of the Exchange. *

the E'xchan^'"** °' shipment for the produce shall be decided upon by Members of

whn "Ih.li* ^^^;^ • "?' ^**"°? *''*. *'«"be" "•'all elect a board of 5 (five) Directors,
Prtrt^r'thdAtmr'^^ ••"^^ *'••' ^''"*'^''"'' Vice-President. Ld* 2nd VicT

yea. tni?J.Jrvrfor'lS. •''"'"' '"'""''"^ '^^ '^«"'" *"" ^h-" "old oftice for one
♦k-j^' '^!'y.<^»'*«*o'" n^y bf removed from office at any time f„r any cause when two-
thirds majonty of the Members of the Exchange consider the removal of slh WrSr
m the best mter^Us of the Exchange. In the event of such removal .,f a Dit^cto^the
vacancy so made shall be tilled by the election of another Director by ballot at £ ame
meeting, for the unexpired term of office.

6. The general work of the Exchange shall be carried on bv a Secretary, chosen by
dtin?1 JJ" "'"^ ""'^ "*"!" ^ '^' ««"''™' management of the Exchange, tlsolf
^i ,f« fnl v''" ""fT"!*' »»'« '•*»"^i»« ot produce and i,.spectiD« the san.; loading
nlvXt.l''r".'''''*P'°5"lrr°*''' ""'^ «*"*" receive an sums of money due or
annrn!J f K .f p"»!:,'"'i* ?.^*" '^''^''^ *" "'°"«y'' "'"^'^^'^ '° some chartered Bank,

oCfth! if ''.' ^^ °* ^''"T? •^" P^y'"^''^ *° ^ """J^ without the written
order of the Secretary-l reasurer and the President, or in the ca.s,. ,.f his absen.e of the

Irti^ZfTh'T '"•'"' '»''«*«- ?f *^" -"•* Vice-President ; give due not,'; o all
meetings of the Association and of Board of Directors; keep a record of all proceedings
of same ; wnte all etters in the name of the A,ssociatio„ and conduct its correLonde. cf
shall keep copies of the same in a book t<, be provided for the purpose. ^

,.nrlJ' ^*"''.^'^''«*'''«;Vhe exchange be open to inspection of Directors at all times,
and one specihed day of the week to ordinary iiKniliers

Board' of^DireX'f'^ '^''" ^'^ '''''^''"'^ ^ 8'''^ ^"'^"^ ^° »" »'"<»""» satisfactory to the

!» Each member shall have a number or mark, which shall be placed on every

.ow;.V?h'.' i."' i",'^^^^\'P"'f^ <"• thing shipped by him. The Direcfors shall decidi
how such mark shall lie placed.

10. All produce for shipment shall 1« inspected before shipment, and if any or,.-

sort^e.^TnU"/'^ ''"'''''•L? "^"^ '"'J'^ ™"*^'''°" ^°'- shipping such pi-ocJuceshilf he
produce b^lonT"^ prepared for shipment at the expense of the party to who,,, such

11. A fund shall be created by assess.nent on each sale to cover all losses bv frost,
transportation, or bad debts, or any other cause, not due to the shipi>er.

12. Payment for produce will be made to the .shippers on the receipt by the

Board of Doctor"'"' *''^''' ^'''^"''^' ""''""' "'*'"*"'*« "^dered by the full

13 In case of their being more of a certain class of produce on hand than the
oiders for such produce for the time being demand, each member shall, as far as the
TmoMts *^ ° ' convenience of shippers will permit, ship proportionate

r,.n^^*' ^'°;^J.«™'^.'"'** '^'»''" ^7 shipment of produc.. shall be considered unless such
fn.?f■^fi^l ^ ''^'•^'•^d *t 't' 'l''»"""'>«d point of shipment, has been inspected and
found fit for shipment, or has been prepared for shipment as provided for in rule 10.

»

s

15. The aUndard of quality re>|uirecl in produce and the condition in which it is
to be delivered for shipment, im lading the kind and -luality of the saekK, crates, boxen,
or other packages used, thall be decided by the Board of Dircctor-

16. The amount of salary to be paid *o the SJeoretary appointed under Kuie 7,
shall be decided by the Board of Directors.

17. Three meml^rs of the Board of Directors shall form » ffvorum.

18. Any member of the Exchange obetructing the work of the Exchange, causing
loss or inconvenience, may be suspended by the Secretary until such (|ue»tion shall
have lieen dealt with by the fioard of Wrfctors. Any nwraljer agreeing with the
representative of the Exchangn or th# Board of Directors on the price he will t ake fur
any certain produce sholl not dispose of ft at another "rice unless he first gives to tlw
Exohange the refusal of the same

19. All complaints must be made in writing to the Board of Directors.

20. Two Auditors shall he elected annually who shall audit the b<>oks and
accounts of the Exchange at the end of the shipping season, or oftener if re<iuired by
the Board of Directors.

21. The value of each share in the Kelowna Farmers' Exchange iliall be «t.j, and
each member shall subscribe for not less than one share.

22. A meeting of Shareholders .shall be railed at any time to give the price which
they are prepared to accept *or their produce, and in tio ease shall it Ije deviated from
unless the Board of Directors see it is in the intere.sts of all parties to do so.

2.3. The expenses of the Exchange shall \ie met by a percentage on returns for
produce sold by the Exchange, the amount of such "percentage to be decided bv the
Board of Directors.

24. A two-thirds majority vote of the nieml)ers of the Exchange shall o\er rule
any action or decision of the Directors, and any member may appeal from the Decision
of the Bosrd of Directors to the Members of the Exchange. In such ease the decision
of the Board of Directors shall be final.

25. Any changes to these rules may be made by a two-thirds majority vote of the
memljers of the Exchange, taken at u meeting call, d to consider such change, of which
at least ten flays' notice shall Ite given.

25 (a) A majority of the stock subserilied, up«m wlii;h all legal calls or assessments
are paid in full, shall constitute a quorum at any 8h-., beholders' 'neeting, and no vot<?
shall be counted which is not .epresented by one share of stiM-k upon whicn all calls or
assessments have been paid.

25 (b) The Directors shall have power to levy and collect asses.sments on the capital
stwk, the same to become delinquent in thirty days from day of notice in Ujcal paper of
such asses.sment. The Directors may s'll such delimjuent sto.^k at public auction to the
highest bidder for cash, first giving thirty days' notice of such sale in a local newspaper,
such sale to be made at the door of the otfice of ilie Exchange.

2.5 (c) That no dividend of nion than ."> per cent he paid on the stock of llie
Exchange, any surplus funds to l<e applied to the running expeii.ses of the .Exchange.

25 (d) The President or Chairman shall vi.te upon all business, and shall have r...
casting vote or dual vote.

26. The annual meeting of the Kelowna Farmers' Exchange shall !«• held on tie
first Monday in January in each year.

2«

APPENDIX 4

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ISLAND AND GYPSUM FRUIT
COMPANY, INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF IDAHO. CAP
ITAL STOCK, «5,000. AiTT AMENDED JUNE 13th, 1900.

CONSTITUTIOK.

Section 1. This aasociation of fruitgrowerH, being incorporated umier the laws of
Ohio, shall be known as the Island and Gypsum Fruit Company, its capital stock being
in the sum of t&,000.

Section 2. The object of its organization is for the sale of the fruits grown by its
members, also to buy tind Hell such fruits during the season as opportunity presents.

Section 3. The annual meeting of the stockholders of this company shall be on the
first Saturday in Decemlxtr uf each year. Special meetings of the stockholders may lie
held at any time upon the call of the President by written notice mailed to each stock-
holder of record.

Section 4. At the apnual meeting of the stockholders five Directors shall be
elected.

Section 5. At any meeting of the stockholders a two-thirds representation of the
stock, either in person or by written proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transac-
tion of businesii.

Section f . The officers of the company shall consist of a President, Vice-President,
Sf cretary and Treasurer.

Section 7. Immediately after the annual meeting of the stockholders and
Directors are elected, it shall be the duty of the Directors to elect the officers as named
in Section C.

Section 8. All elections of this company shall be by ballot, plurality electing,
conducted by two tellers, appointed by the President.

Section 9. The President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, shall preside at
all meetings of the stockholders. In the absence of both, a presiding officer shall be
(.'hosen by the stockholders.

Section 10. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of all the meet-
ings of stockholders and directors, and shall receive as remuneration the sum of S
for each and every meeting, when such servires shall be duly rendered by said Secretary.

Section 11. The Secretary shall keep a correct record of all the receipts and dis-
bursements and report the condition of the finances annually, or as often as the
Directors shall desire.

Section 12. The Directors may select not to exceed three of their number to act
as an Executive Committee (the President to serve as Chairman of this Executive
Committee), to have general charge of the affairs of the corporation during the fruit
seiison. Thi.s committee shall order all purchases of supplies. The Directors shall
regulate the amount of compensation this committee shall receive.

Section 1 3. Any fruit grower in Ottawa County, this State, shall be eligible to
become a member by a two-thirds vote of the sti^ckholders of record at the time the
application is made, also a two-thirds vote of members shall determine the value of each
share of the stork that such party shall pay inti^) the treasury, if he or she shall be
admitted as a member.

Section 14. The Constitution or By-laws maybe amended at any regular or special
meeting upon a vote of two-thirds of the stockholders or stock in the affirmative.

BV-L.\W.S.

Article 1 . The Board of Directors, during any season when there is not a failure
of fruit, shall meet in session semi-monthly, beginning such meetings not later than
July l-'ith of each year.

VI

Article i. The Executive Committee daring the fruit mmoii of e*oh rear, shall
neet at leaat once a week, or oftener if the interent* of the company shall demand.

Article S. The President shall hare a general superrision of the businewi of the
oompany.

>,. ... Article 4. On or before the first of May of each year, when the fruit crop in not
a failure, the Directors ahall meet and name their Manager for the season.

Article 5. The Manager shall have charge of the buxiness of the company in its
detail, under the supervision of the President.

Article 6. Manager and Treasurer shall give bonds in such a sum ait shall be
acceptable to the Directors.

Article 7. The Treasurer shall receive all muneyH from the Manager and deposit
the same in Huch bank to the credit of this company. Such depository of the funos to
be designated by the Directors. The Treasurer shall check the same upon order from
the President, countersigned by the Manager, ur upon order from Manager, as may be
directed by the Directors.

Article 8. It shall be the duty of all officers to attend all regular or special
meetings of the company, and to hold office until their successors shall have been elected.

Article 9. When a vacancy shall happen, either by death or resignation in any of
the otfiveH established by the constitution or by-luw uf the company, it shall be filled at
the next regular or special meeting.

Article lO. At the annual meeting of the stockholders each year, the Manager shall
render a statement of the business for the Heason in full.

Article 11. Any member of the company may withdraw at any time, between
December or the first day of April. Huch notice of withdrawal must Im given in writ-
ing,' to the PreHident or any Director of this company. Thereafter it shall be the privi-
lege of such retiring member to sell and dispose of hiw or her fruits as they Hhall elect,
but this company shall not take or handle any »f such member's fruit thereafter, during
that season, unless it shall be determined by a two-thirds vote of all members in the
affirmative.

Article 12. In consideration of the several assessiiients which have been p>la('ed
upon the present stock of record, previous to 1900, to each and every member holding
such stock there shall be issued (gratis) another share (^50 00) fur every sliare so held.

Every member shipping not more than 5,000 bushels of fruit 'hall hold two shares
(8100.00) of the capital stock for increased output, as follows : —

1 share for all over 3,000 bushels up to .5,500.

1 share for all over 5,00<.) bushels up to 8,500.

1 share for all over 8,500 bushels up to 12,000.

I share for all over 12, (KM) bushels up to 16,000.

1 share for all over 16,000 bushels up to 20,500.

1 share for all over 20,500 bushels up to 25,500.

1 share for all over 25,500 bushels up to 31,(X)0.

Article 13. The stock shall pay a dividend of 7 per centum, le^s incidental expenses,
as repairs, insurance on buildings and taxes. This 7 per centum shall be collected from
each member's fruit account in proportion to the number of bushels of fruit with which'
each has been credited.

* 'icie 14. Dividends on stock, as provided for in the preceding article, shall not
apply in time of a failure of fruit crop. In such times dividends shall be void.

Article 1.5. No transfer of stock shall le lawful unless duly recorded upon the books
of the company.

Article 1 6. All peaches, pears, plums and quinces grown by each and every member
of this company shall be delivered to the company's packing house for grading, ]iacking
and shipment.

Grapes and other small fruits may be delivered to the company for cale or disposal,
and shall he disposed of for the grower oii commission of one cent per basket,
f" Article 17. ikch and every member shall pick his fruit in prime condition and
deliver same promptly to the company's packing house. In case green and immature
fruit 01' overripe fruit, or windfalls, he delivered by any member, same n)ay be accepted
and said members shall be credited with average price such fruit may bring.

hm ibdl Wf« tiM right to friva »wmj wmIi ftwh

bat iImU Mt Mk, wlMt «r wk* wkal

wiodidk Md «all mdw cf r r > 4r«it th«t Mf

IttMMMM

oonaurt

ArtidvlS.
ofMsowa nMagMht or
frait Mtsidt ti tM «PiqMUiy,

aot b* Mwimd bgr the Mmfmaj. 'Aaj mmW m (Mag •(•11 pwr into »h«
tnMwvttM wuB ol flftjr omI* par bwibil fir all aodi frohi ^iM^ mMiftim§
■JortMid mndm.

ArtUal*. AUfraHdaUTOTMlMdiday •bdlbcertditwl to tba mthb fnnkhiBC
tho HHM ot tko ovwrnffo prioo whMi tho fMt hna^* thM day.

OM-tirird ol tho oaouit w enditod m»j bo rotaiaod bjr tlio oooipoaT w
e)oMolthoMoaoBforfiaolwttloBMat,oiMlfraaithoafgregotoof thoMBOWitM. j

(rom ooeh poma thtro sboU bo, ot tho oad o< tho moooo, boiora pojriag Uk, ^mo
oTor to tho w^ooUto aoiborooftho compoay, dodactod oil oaptaow and Iomm. Al'
oxpoDMo of handling, packing and Barkotuig froit ihall be bomo hy the •ovoral memben
ol the oooipany, in proportion to tho number at bukhela ol froit with whieh each baa
bean oodited. All loaaea and rebatet shall be dedneted in propinrtion to the monoj
erodit ot eaeh member.

Article SO. Whenever, in the opinion of the Directon it ie impoanble for tho
oompanv to reoeiTO at ita frait houae all the praohca grown bj iu memben, thor may
permit individoal membera tu grade and pack the tame lor ahipment through tjio houae,
■nob period to be limited by the directon. Reaaonable compenaalion will be alk>wed
for auoh grading and packing.

Article 21. Permanent or temporary idditiona, eateneiona or any no.w bnildingt
from time to time that mav be conatruoted by the company including the praaent ice
houae, the coot of ume shall be paid by the <tock of iaaue l^ a fund suffioimit to meet
such coeta by an aaaommait upon the said stock aa it ahalf appear against each and every
member, and not as an item of general expense.

Article 23. The ocet of ice and coat of putting same into ice houae as it now stands,
%nd each and every Mascm when the said ice houae shall be flUed, shall go into the
^ general expense and be paid for as named in Article 19 to the By-laws.

Article 23. Before the annual meeting, aa named in iiection 3 of the Conatitution,
if there shall be available funds in the treasury after all debts shall have been paid,
the Board of Directon then, if in their opinion it shall be deemed best, can order a cash
dividend to be declared and paid to each stockholder of raoord up to the flrstj^day of
December of each year.

IJUATIONS

DA(KT AN[>COLD hTOBAGiSGOMllI^QNER'S BRANQB

Tttk.
Lift af •no* MittUh I«p*rtm of Farsi lYo4urU
MUk Iw Oln«M FMtorlM
MUK ftc OMMMflM.
■o4m Amm of Dkirytag In DtnaiMk.
Imyrwifit tf XWiy Emik.
(Jttmokml TunaOtt^au B«Ukiiw to IMnpiac ia 1M4.
Um of BxpK«m of ■•»• OuMfaw PNdveta.
■on* of «to I^Mlnp ttet OwOroi tfeo Wa*«r Oonteat of Bnttw
InatraetloiH te TMttr*c IndivtAul Oowi, Me.
Oxumttf Gold StoTMW

OoBonri Innraetiofla re Frah Kwln Act m AjBcmdod, 1902 uid

1606

OOV TwttBff AMiOcUttOM. Wllb HotM 0« tte SUBfllM »d

Tttti&c of Milk.

Swact-Creui Bnttor.

Aypufttai for tht Dottmrinattna of Waittt tad Tax in BntUr.

OftflMrod QriABi for :

Snbot^M for OdM flkorac* '

VotM Ibr OkaoMaudnn.

Baport of jtztoaaton of lUrkats DiTiiioa, 1M>4.

Bvldonoo of J. ▲. Xvddicfc, bofore Ooamittoo OB A«iloaHaro
ajtd ColoBlntioB, 190S.

EvidNica of A. McKelll, before Committoo on AfiioultFre and
Ooloaiatioa, 1905.

Evia ^ca of J. A. Suddiok, before ComisttUe oa Agrioaltsre
and Oolonia&tion, 1900.

ProceedinfB of the Second Oonforence of Fmit Orewen -of the
Dookinioii of OsfimAtk.

Bepsfii^. fl(:.ibe Dairy CommLiaioaer. January, 1900, to MJurch

B^Ut lacaod

. Ko

1»«5

1

1 SOS

*i

leos

•3

1906

4

1009

6

1005

0

190E

7

^^oe

9

HHhp«

9

^^^6

10

t lflO«

11

P 1900

18

B 1907

13

K 1*07

U

1^ 1907

•19

1907

16

1903

H»56

190f.

1906

1908

1906

aay

■^^

«i*9flpitfwn to tlie Dairy

tf.litid 15 ViR bewnt t^o the manager of
I one to each patron.