crHM ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches (IMonographs) (monographies) Canadian Institut* for Historical IMicroraproductiona / Institut Canadian da microraproductions hittoriquos Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques Ttw Institute has attempted to otitain the i)est original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibiiographically unique, which nnay alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D D D D D D D n D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurte et/ou pelllcuMe Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^raphiques en couleur Coloured ini( (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bieue ou noire) Cotoured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relid avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Mition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion atong interior margin / La reliure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6X6 ii\m6es. Additional comments / Commentaires suppldmentaires: L'Instltut a mk:rofilm6 le melileur exemplaire qu'll lul a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-Mre unk^ues du point de vue bibii- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une nwdlflcation dans la m6tho- de nomfiale de filmage sont indk]ute ci-dessous. I I Cotoured pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged/ Pages endOinmag«es □ Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurtes et/ou pellkniMes 0 Pages discotoured, stained or foxed / Pages dteotortes, tachettes ou pk|u^s I I Pages detached/ Pages d^tach^es |/| Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies / Quality in^gale de I'impresston Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl6mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es k nouveau de fa^on d obtenir la meilleure inruge possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discok>uratk)ns are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmdes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. D D D Thia HMD Is fURMcl at tlw raduetion ratio ctMctad below / Ca doeumant aal fllin« au taux da rMuction indiqu* et-daaaoua. lOx 14x Itx 12x 16x 20x 22x T 26x 30x 24x 2Sx 32x Th« copy filmed h«r« hM b««n reproduced thanks to tho gonorosity of: Librwry Agrieuhurt Canada Tho imagM appoaring Kara ara tha bast quality posslbia eonsldaring tfia condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping wKh tha filming contract apacifications. Original copiaa in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copiee are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated imprea- aion. and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The lest recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever appliea. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ara filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 4 5 L'Mtmplair* film* fut rcproduK grles A la gAnArotit* dt: BiMiotMqiM Agrieiilturt Canada Lm imagM tuivantas ont 4tA raproduitM avac la plus grand toin, eompta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da I'axamplaira film*, at an conformM avac las conditions du contrat da fllmaga Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast ImprimAa sont fiimte an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraasion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la caa. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmis an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaftra sur la darniira imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbols -^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmto i daa taux da reduction diffirants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour ttra raproduit an un saul clich«, il ast film* k partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha i droita, at da haut ^n bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nteassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mithoda. 2 3 5 6 MKMCOPr MtOlUTION TBT CMAIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CMAUT No. 2) A '653 Coal Hoin SIrM ('16) 462 - 0300 - Phon, "** ('16) 268 - S9S9 - To. M^ mf DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTU NEW BRUNSWICK. / PUBLICATION NO. 34. Tussock Moth. Bv William McIntosh. Whith-mahkkd TlsstHK Moth. — a, larva: A, female pupa; c, male pupa; d, e, inali- moth;/, female moth; ^, female laying e^K": *■ '"fOf-'""*''! '■ *> I'ocoons, all slightly enlar);ed. (After Howard, I'. S. Dept. Agr. ) Hon. J. K. TVVEEDALE, Minister of Agriculture, Fredericton, N. B. April, 1917. THE WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH. Himerocampa leucostigma (Sm. S- Mb.) By WILLIAM McINTOSH. fN New Brunswick at least three kinds of Tussock Moths occur. Notolopus antiqua(RustyTu88ockmoth). Hemerocampadefinita(Definilen.arkedTus8ock moth)jand Hemerocampa ieucostigma, (the white-marked Tussock Moth.) The two species first named are very generally distributed over the Province, but do not occur in sufficient numbers to cause great damage. The white-marked Tussock while not so evenly distributed throughout New Brunswick, is a far more danger! ous insect than either of the others. It seems to thrive best in towns, villages and thickly populated districts. It is claimed that the reason for this is the protection afforded by English sparrows, which drive away the native birds that formerly destroyed the catemillars of this moth. Halifax. Charlottetown. Montreal. Toronto, Hamilton and other Canadian cties have had serious outbreaks of this insect during the past few years, and w a great number of the cities and towns of the eastern United States it has been . veritable scourge. While.its activities were more marked in the more populous centres, m 1908 very serious damage was done to the apple orchards in some sections of New York state, a number of growers estimating their loss at twenty- five per cent of the total crop. In the past ten years there have been numerous records of damage to fruit trees by this pest. Utely, this insect has been increasing very rapidly in south-eastern New Bruns- wick, and last summer (1916) the Tussock caterpillars appeared in immense num- bers m the City of Moncton and vicinity. Throughout the summer they did a great deal of damage to shade trees, and caused much inconvenience to citizens by swarmmg into houses and places of business. In one or two cases, families had to leave their homes to escape the caterpillars which could not be kept out of the houses. Uh Hblory uhI HaUto. Thia tnMct pmunn the winter in the egg »t..^ .. The egg cluster* are conapic- UOU8 white masaes, uaually containing from one hundred to over five hundred egga, covered with a hard frothy aubatance. The egga hatch in late May or early June and the tiny caterpillars feed upon I lie soft tiasue on the underside of the leavea. As they increaae in size they eat holes through the leaf, and when full grown de- vour every part ot the leaf except the main ribs. The larval stage lasta five or six wucks, the caterpillars casting their skins five times. When they are nearly ready to pupate, they sometimes crawl to a considerable distance, and in this way spread to other trees. When they occur in great numbers, after completely stripping the trees upon which they have been feeding, they migrate to nearby trees. These may be protected by banding, which is described under remedies. In July the caterpillars are full grown and ready to pass into the pupal stage. They form their cocoons on the bark of the trunk or large branches of a tree, although the cocoons may be found on fences, buildings, telephone poles, etc. The insects remain in the cocoon about two weeks. The male, upon emerging, flies off seeking for a mate. The female is wingless and therefore cannot fly; but while she can crawl a short distance, she usually remains upon the cocoon from which she emerged. She deposits her eggs on the empty cocoon and shortly aftewards dies. The difference between the male and female is well shown in the illustration. These insects do not eat in the adult stage. Food Plant*.— The white-marked Tussok Moth feeds upon a great number of deciduous trees and shrubs, including fruit trees. Dbtributioil.— It is found from Jacksonville, Florida, to Northern New Brunswick and Quebec, and west to Nebraska and Oregon. '^••cription.— The various stages of this insect are shown in the illustration. ' il grown caterpillar (a) has a coral red head, a pair of long, black plumes er it, another tail-like plume at the end of the body, four yellowish-white •s or tussocks on its back, and just behind these two small retractile red tuber- cles. Along the back there is a broad, black hand bordered by narrow, yellowish stripes. The sides are dark grey with a black line indicating the position of the breathing pores. Below this the body is yellowish. The adult female is about five-eighths of an inch in length, grey and wingless. The male has feathery antennae and a wing spread of about one and one- quarter inches. The wings are marked with several shades of grey and greyish- white. The eggs, as already stated, are deposited on the empty cocoon and covered with a mass of white frothy matter which forms an effective protection for them. * Tb« moat tffictual mtthods of controllinif thi* inwct art (1) dtMtroyinir th* «ff cluattr*; (2) poiaoninff thr food of tht catarpillara by aprayinif. Ona of tha moat aatiafactory and aconomical remedita for thia peat ia Kathar- inland daatroying tha tgg maaaaa. In the United Statea, where thia work ia done on a large acale, the men uae a amaii hoe blade mounted on the end of a long pole. The egg maaaes are dialodgcd by meana of thia implement, careful';- collected and burned (for if left on the ground they wiil hatch. ) Another method ia to wet the egg maaae:. on the tree with crude creoaote by meana of a aponge attached to a long pole. The creoaote deatroya the egga and diacoldra the egg maaa ao that it ia eaty to diatinguiah the treated from the un- treated egga. Thia treatment ia not effective unleas the egg maaa ia thoroughly aaturated with creoaote. Aa the tittle caterpillars hatch late in May or early in June the egga ahotild be deatroyed before the middle of May. While the above met' -ids are adviaed tor the suppreaaion of theae inaecta on the shade trees in towni*, for the fruit grower apraying is preferable. A thorough spraying' of the fruit trees with lead arsenate -three pounOs to fifty gallons of water— will be found effectual; or better still, spray wit i poisoned Bordeaux mixture or one of the sprays recommended by the Horticultural Division. By apply- ing early in June, the young Tussock caterpillars are destroyed along with other fruit tree pests which usually attack the trees at that time. The female being wingless, the only way whereby this insect can spread is by the caterpillars crawling. Therefore trees which have been thoroughly cleaned cr those near an infested area may be protected by a strip of loose cotto. jund tightly around the trunk near the middle of the cloth, with the part above the string turned down; a band six inches wide painted on the tree with tree tanglefoot, or ordinary sticky fly-paper tied around the trunk also prove effective barriers. Natural EnemiM.— Fortunately, this moth has many natural enei..ies. In country districts the caterpillars are eaten by the birds, and in the egg, caterpillar and cocoon stages large numbers succumb to the attacks of parasites. It has been found that sometimes nearly ninety per cent are destroyed by natural agencies alone. If it were not for the efficient aid rendered by the birds and insect enemies of this moth, it could not be controlled and would cause wholesale destruction of trees and shrubs.