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MiCROCorr msouition tbt chart

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

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A /APPLIED IIVMGE

I65J EosI Uain Str«et

RochMler. New York 14609 USA

(716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

(716) 288 - 5989 - Fo).

BULLETIN 198

1F£BRUA

Ontario Department of Agriculture

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Lime-Sulphur Wash

JW L. Caksar.

In this biilk-tin an attempt is made ti> j^ivo the results of tlie latest
investigations and experiments on the making of the lime-sulpluir wash
and the various u«e- to wliicli it can ho applied.

DItTEKEXT EoK.MS oF THE WASH.

1. Concentrated lime-sulphur :

(a) Commercial or factory-made.
(/') Home-made.

2. The old home-boiled lime-sulphur, 20.15.40 formula.

3. Self-boiled lime-sulphur.

Of these different forms No. i is by far the most u.-ed to-day. A few
years ago No. 2 was popular, but the concentrated form is now rapidly
superseding it. The reasons for this are as follows: The old home-boiled
is intended for use only before or as the buds are bursting and has to be
applied warm, otlierwise crystals s(.>on form and clog the spray pump and
nozzles, whereas the concentrated wash can be used not only for this early
spraying, but also for the later sprayings after the foliage has appeared.
It does not require to be applied warm, can be kept for months without
deterioration, and, therefore, can be made in spare time in the spring and
stored away until required. Moreover, being nnich more highly concen-
trated and, therefore, re(|uiring a great deal of dilution, it is more economi-
cal to manufacture. Numerous tests have shown that when <liluted to the
proper e.xtent it is just as efil'ective against San Jose Scale or other pests
as the old home-lxMled form.

No. 3 is ncvt much used yet in Ontario. It is intende<l chieH^ for use
on peach trees after the foliage is out to control IJrown Rot and Peach
Scab. The other forms of the wash are not satisfactory for this purpose
because peach trees arc very tender and these mi ures would have to be
diluted so much to prevent burning that they w Id not be effective in
controlling these peach diseases.

I

CoNCEXTRATKn LlMK-SuLPHlK.

As indicatwl above there are two kimls of the concentrated lime-
sulphur, namely, the commercial or facK»ry-mad€ and the home-made.
These are identical in character, the only difference being that the coiivmer-
cial form is considerably stronger than the home-made and therefore will
permit of a greater degree of dilution, and, as sold by most of the com-
panies, contains little or no sediment. This is removed before barreling
because it has not nearly so much value as the clear liquid and therefore
many purchasers object to its presence.

There are several companies, situated in different parts of the province,
that are manufacturing lime-sulphur. The writer has used considerable
of the product of two of these and found them quite satisfactory. He
believes that all the comi)anies make good washes and that it is quite safe
to purchase from any of them. The only objection to purchasing the
commercial lime-sulphur is the cost. Home-made concentrated can easily
be made and the rules for diluting it quickly learned, and as it is much
cheaper fruit growers should learn to make their own unless they live"
near a company's factory and can purchase on very favourable terms.
The comparative cost of the two kinds of tlie wash will be discussed
below.

Home-made Coxcentratkd Lime-Silpiilr.

Formula

—50 lbs. fresh stone lime, grading high in calcium.
100 lbs. sulpiiur. either flowers or a fine grade of flour

of sulphur.
40 to 50 gallons of water, cither hard or soft.

The amount of lime given in this formula can be modified profitably
as mentioned below under the heading: " Best limes in order of merit."

When sulphur is purchased in bags containing 112 lbs., it is con-
venient to use the whole of this amount at a time instead of weighing out
100 lbs. In such cases 56 lbs. of lime would of course be required to keep
the above proportions and 50 gallons of water are always preferable to 40.

Limes Suitadle for Makint, the Coxce.vtratkd Wash.

During the last season an attempt was marlc to o])tain sainples of lime
from all the different limestone formations of the province. These were
all tested and. whenever it seemed desirable, were chemicallv -inalyzed
through the kindness of the staff' of the Chemical Department'. A num-
ber of these limes were found to contain too high a percentage of impuri-
ties, chiefly magnesium, to make a good wash without too much sediment.
•Prof. \'an Slyke has shown that the presence of large quantities of

* Bulletin ."^lO, Geneva.

magnesium injures tlic wash in other respects also. Of the remainder
some were miuli suiK-Tior to others.

BEST LIMES ARUAXQEU IN U HAT 8EE.MS TO BE i HE OKDEIt OF MERIT.

Name of Lime. AddregB.

Beacbville Th*- Standard Lime Co., Hearbvllle.

St. Marys Standard White Lime Co., St. Marys.

Renfrew (two Kradt's; gt't tho

purer I The Jamleson Lime Co., Renfrew, Ont.

Ottawa tilouceBter Stone & Lime Works. II. RobllUrd A

Son. i';!6 Chapel St., Ottawa.

Selkirk !•'. Ilelka. Selkirk, Ont.

Coboconk Cimada Linn- Co., :!4 Yonge St., Toronto.

Port Colborne lohn A. Reob. Port Colborne Ont.

Trenton W. II. MIron, Trenton, Ont.

Note.- Frult-Krowers alouK the St. Lawrenie <an secure an excellent grade
of lime from The Hackctt Co., OgdenHburg, New York.

Fir. L Shows the comparative amount of sediment produced
' V each of nine kinds of lime boiled under the same con-
tlons. The white line near the bottom of each vessel
Tiaiks the height of the sediment.

A e limes are not all of the same strength the amount to be used

with each loo lbs. of sulphur may, with considerable advantage, be varied
from the 50 lbs. given above in the formula as follo^vs : About 48 lbs.
seem best for Beachville ; 50 for St. Mary's, Renfrew, Ottawa and .^el-
kirk; 54 for Coboconk and Port Colborne, and 60 for Trenton.

It is very probable that there are a few more districts where suitable
lime can be procured; hence fruit growers wishing to know whether
the lime of their locality may be usc<l should send to the writer samples
of not less than one pound in weight.

DevICKS luK MolLINO.

.\fany different .levicc« arc ii>ecl f,.r !>.,iliii;,r ti^. inixturf. It is not
at a 1 necessary to have an i-x|.cnsive outlit. A cheap one will uive as
good results. A kettle luMiua frcnn 25 to 40 hhU. uater will serve tlie
purpose, but It IS rather «luw. as ,,tilv part »i the auiutnit indicated i„ the
lonntila can ite boilivl at a tiiiic.

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Fig. 2. Kettle used for boiling the lime-sulphur wash.

Fig. 2 .hows such a kettle. A more economical device i> shown in
Fig- 3-

Fig. 3. Box with galvanized-iron bottom; a
good outfit for boiling the wash.

!;

1:

'i'!ii- (.•■>ii«i«t'» 111' a -I'liit, cl"M.- lit till;; li"\ witli wo. mIcii .iilc- aii'l cii'l-* aiul
gahaiii/ol-iroii Icitiom. Tlii' '.■^>\ «Ii'iulil Kf lar^c I'li. >iij;li t-i 1>, .il ;(i j^al^. of
tilt iiiiNtiirc at a tiim-. l-'.ai-li li..\ i* ali^iu (> iivt loiij;. ,^ lii-t \\u\v aiul
from 14 1(1 18 iiu'Iu'^ ili-i]). 'I'Ik- -idi- aii'l ciiils arc iiiailc ot j iiu'li planks
clii'i'I) litictl t<iy:i'llicr at the i-nriuT*. Tin- js'^'lvaiii/fl iron l»ott«>in .■«lu)ul(j
exti'iitl !«liKlitlv lifVoiid tlk' plank' to protci-t tiu'iii I'mm tlii' lin-. It is
n:iilc<l to tlu'iii by ordinary wiri iails. Tlic box thus coii«nuoti'd i-, placi-d
oil a brivk, slniu- or rmuTfic foinulalioii from iS 10 jo iiulio liiyli with one
i-iid open for tlin'winjLr in tlu' lud. and tin- otlii-r |)rovidi>il witli a couple
oi lon),'ths of stovt'iiipi- to rrcati' a drauj^'h' and carry otT thr snioKc.
It i' found vor) i-oiivini«.tit to place a " nio',i^«i> uatc " or laiu-ct with
a ;:o id >izc<l ajHTturi' m.ir oih> ooriR-r to (.'iialiU' tlif operator :.■ draw oil

Fig. 4. Small steam generator, boils two barrels at a time; scarcely

so good as the box.

the wash when reau}-. Ilcfori- usinjj tlic Ixix it should he filled with
water, and let soak a few liours. It is found that the mixture ean he made
verv rapidly in these boxes because vi the larj,'e amount of surface exposed
to the llanies. To prevent unnecessary loss of Iieat there should be a
wtMiden covering made of three or four boards running,' leti<,'thwise and
fastened toj,'ether by crosspieces near the ends. An <ipenin.',^ fiist be left
between the two luiildle boards wide enough for a hoe handle to run
throu^'li easilv ti> permit the necessary stirrinj^'.

Instead of boiling by direct heat from the fire many prefer to u-e
steam. This is the iiii'"-*^ i)leasant method and the most c .iwenicTit.
e-jieciallv wliere a large ,uamity ha- '.o be prepared each day.

Mki\

Il il is dcsircil t.. buil only two barnl* at a time l-iu'. 4 >lio\\, .1 vcrv
convenient little Mi-ain gciicraiur costint; about Mxtytivc .lullars. ^

KiK. .'.. ThifHhltiK eiiKliio iih> i| for bollliiK the wii«li.

Fi.1,' 5 .-Iiow^ an ..nlii.ury ■.w^m cn-lnc <>i al. nit i; liorse-power whwh
may Itc iiscil to bdil tioiii cijjlit to ten I.arrcis at a time.

Fig 6. An outfit for boiling the llme-sulphur in larger
quantities.

I'"'^', «> >liuws a :»lill lary;iT oiitlit wIkti' tlic iniNtitri' is IhmIoI in lar^e
tank', each having a i"a| acity t>t M-vcral barrels. Tlic tank', it will b«
observetl, are placeil i>m a |»latf(>rni wliioh \* a few feet lii){l»cr tliait tlic
spray tank, .'o that tlic wash, wluii rt-aily, can flow tlirmi^'li a tap
aii'i laryt- lioic int(. the MT'-en ami he xtraiiinl «lirtvtly iiitu harrf!* or
otlur Murage rtvcptaclc>.

It i" pcrhap- iu'iv>«ary t>» mention tluit, altlimiyh l><»i!iii>,' by "tram i^ a
very convi-nient and 'ati«lactury way. it tn.nkvs no In'tter wa>h than v.in
be maile in the kettle 'T hox or some uthei heap ileviee.

Fl< )\V T») MAKK Till- WASH.

\\V 'hall lirst ili>cii>s tlie nietlKul ot iKiiling in a kettle or l»o\ hy
direct heat anil then the method of boiling by steam.

I'ut enou!,rli water in the boiTiH mitUt to make a modera'ely thick
paste with the sulphur, usually aUnit lo j;als. Then li>fht the tire and.
while the water is hea'tinjj up. throw in the sulphur and stir well with a
hoe to make a paste and break any lumps there may Ik*. Next add the
remainder of the 40 or 50 j{ils. of water and. when it is nearly -eady to ln>il.
adtt the lime. When thi is begun to slake, stir well with the hoe to
prevent cakinjf on the bottom and to keep the lime ami the sulphur in
suspensiiiii. as this hastens the chemical process of combination. iThe
stirrinj; xho.dd be fre»iuent for almut 20 or 25 minutes until all the lime
and suli)hur is in solution, after which it iieed be done only occasionally.
Boiliny; should he continued for one hour or at lea>t 50 minute- and water
atkkil in small (piantities from time to time to keep the total always up
to at least 40 jjals., but preferably to 50 wherever the outfit i> large enougli
to boil this amount. In <»rder to keep track of this a ineasuring stick
should be iised tt» mark how high the t(»tal amount of water reaches when
it is heated up. If a small crosspiece is nailed on the stick at this height
it will be easier than a i otch to see in the steam.

This niethofl may be considerably vaiHed to suit the venience of the !
individual. If the boiling outfit is so small that the liciU' vill ImmI over if
tne lime is added after all the water has been pu m. thi> difficulty can be |

overcome by throwing the lime on top of tne . •li)inir paste and adding |
sufficient water to slake it thoroughly ".ml then, lu-n the slaking is over. ;

addini,' the rest of the water and boiinj: as befou' lor 50 minutes or one
hour. The lime must of course be .i.rred when it is slaking. Some
prefer to place sufficient water in the oufit to slake the lime, heat it to ,

near boiling, then add the lime and. as soon as it is well slaked, add the j

sulphur and the rest of the water and l>oil for 50 minutes <tr one hour. |

The writer has found the fir-t way the mos't convenient, but it i-> n>t j

necessarilv the best : in fact one way in his tests gave ju> as good results !

as an.Mher.

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\\lien boiling ])y steam practically the same mode of procedure slunilil
be followed. If the boiling is done in barrels these should be only about
half full, otherwise they will boil over. Xo water has to be added here
to allow for evaporation, but care must of course be taken to see that
the proportions given alK>ve in the formula are a<lhered to closely. There
is somctinies a danger that the noise caused by the passing of the steam
into the mixture may be mistaken for boiling, hence we must see that there
is plenty of steam. If the pipe conveying the steam into the barrel reaches
to about lo inches from the bottom, this helps tt) keep the ingredients
stirred up.

Points oi* Si-ixiai, Lmportanck in tiii: Boii,i.\c of thk Home-made

CONCKNTPATKD.

1. The amounts of lime and of sulpiuir should be carefully weighed
out and never guessed at.

2. Air-slaked lime shouKl never be used as it does not combine well
wuh the sulphur; hence always use fresh lime. If the lime, on its arrival,
IS placed in a dry room in well-covered vessels, it will not slake nearly
so rapidly as if left exposed to the air, especially if the air is damp.

3. If possible, use 50 gals, instead of 40 gals, of water. In the writer's
tests it was seen that where the same proixtrtions of lime and sulphur
were used, but the water varied from .^o to 50 gals., there was considerably
more sediment from 30 gals, than from 40, and slightly more from 40
than from 50. When each lot was made up to 30 gals, at the end of
tlk- boiling and the strengths compared, the one biMJed with 50 gals, was
considerably stronger than that with 40 and much stronger than that
with 30 gals. This shows clearly that we must be careful, when boiling,
never to allow the ii<|uid to get below the 40 gal. mark and preferably not
below the 50 one. The only objection to keejiing it alwavs at 30 gals,
instead of 40 is the need of a larger outfit fc^r lK)iling than soine have,
and of extra receptacles for storing. Where this can easily be overcome,
the 30 gal. should be used instead of 40. This shows that for the fruit
grower it does not pay to attemjjt to make so highly concentrated a wash
as the commercial companies do. ft is easy, of course, to make it just
as strong.

4. The process of bringing the sulphur and lime into solution and
lessening the amount of sediment is aided V.y frequent stirring, especially
during the first 20 or 23 minutes.

3. The boiling should be at a moderate but not furious rate.

6. Sometimes excellent mixtures are made by boiling only 43 uunutes,
hut it will be found safer on the whole to boil one hour.' The boilin^
should not be unnecessarily checked by adding large (|uantities of water a*
a time: it is better to add small amounts at frequent intervals.

7. If lumps of sulphur arc fouml in the sediment that do not go
through the screen, these may be crushe<^l and thrown back into the boiler.
This small addition of sulphur will not injure the next lot.

8. The colour of tho HMlimeiU varies with different kinds of lime.
This does not affect the value ot the wash.

9 The amount of sediment from une kind of lime compared with
another, while a fairly good test of the purity, is not an accurate one
because the sediment of some kinds is much ligliter and more floccuk-nt
than of others and <loes not settle so low. The liydrometer reading of the
clear liquid is much more reliable.

SroRi.NC, riiK Wash.

.'\s soon as the boiling has lasted for one hour, the mixture can be
strained through a fine screen of from 30 to 40 meshes to the incl; into

' Fig. 7. (((» Shows the comparative amounts of sediment from
boiling the same itroportions of lime and sulphur in 40 and
.".0 gals, respectively. Note the larger amount of sediment
in the latter case, thus showing the importance of keeping
the water up to at least the 40 gal. mark. (6) Hydrometer
in glass cylinder of the liquid.

a barrel or other receptacle and covered well to keep the air out, as this
slowly but gradually causes the wash to deteriorate. If the liquid is going
to be used in a week or less, it is not necessary to be particular about
excluding the air very carefully. Empty kerosene or other g jod barrels
may be used for storage. If the bung is remove<l. the liquid can be
■^trained through the hole and the bung replaced wlien the barrel is full.
If vinegar barrels or barrels that have held any kind of acid are u<ed,
they should Irst be filled with water and allowe 1 to soa'v so that all tlie
acid may be removed. .Acid dei-onijioses lime-sulphur. Open barrels
or tanks may be protected from the air by pouring about one-eighth of
an inch of any kind of oil over them. Tlii.-; can lie skimmed off before
using the wash.

If the weather is very cold, the barrels must be protected .igainst fm^t.
They do not freeze nearly so easily as water. The writer found that a

I

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lO

S^ihA'*" ''^'"'' «".'"> '«'t "ncovcred did not bcriii to freeze
""alf^nfZZr; SS;* " '=■ ""'■' "" ''"""^«'- "— '

Amount of Homk-Mauk Concextkated Lime-Sulphur Required
Fur Und Acre of Orchard.

thirJv fZ^'f^Y'l is composed of fairly well developed apple trees from

rnldTin Jntr . rf ''" n't "^ ^^^' ^"'^ ^^"^^ P^' ^^'^^i the home-
made concentrated hme-sulphur, made according to the directions given

i^r^f^fU^'"'^'^^ f''"'"^ ^°': '^'^ applicat.on;will ust,ally be stSn"
Rn.,J^hlv l^l%- '^^^^' spraymgs that every orchard should receive.
S l^ tf ^"^' ^"^^"'^/ 1:^"'*°" *''^t ^^^h tree on an average will be
wa,h %t^J^f 'T"^^ ?„''"'^ ^"'^ ^''^" °"« Sa»o» of the concentrated
^tf^n-^ T I ^^f r"u '■^''"''■^ ^ proportionately small amount; for
nstance, one barrel of the concentrated would ordinarily suffice for at

InoKi *"" °^ *P?'^ ^""^^^ *^^"ty years of age. A little thought will
enabe anyone to estimate fa.rly accurately how much of the mixture
ne will need to make for the season's spraying.

The Best Time to Make the Wash.

Except where one is making large quantities to sell or for a co-opera-
tive association and finds it impossible to get the work done unless he
begins very earbr. it would be wise to leave the making of the wash until
some time in March or April. This will avoid the necessity of so much
care m protecting it against frost. '

How TO Test the Strength of Concentrated Lime-Sulphur and
Determine the Proper Amount of Dilution for each

Spraying.

.r.^r7 ^'"'f power Should learn to test the strength of the concen-
trated hme-sulphur, whether it be home-made or commercial, and how
to determine the proper amount of dilution for each spraying In this
way alone he kno\ys just what strength he is using on his trees and
therefore is acting in a more business-like manner. To test the strength
of the wash a small glass instrument, about a foot long, known as an
hydrometer, is used. / See F,gs. 7 and 8.) These hydrometers are of two
kinds, one with specihc gravity readings and the other with Baume The
writer prefers the specific gravity one, because the proper amount of
dilution can always be worked out with it from a simple rule given below
while, with the Baume scale, one has to consult the table which is
also given below. It is convenient to have an hvdrometer with both
readings, and such are manufactured. Some of the commercial lime-
sulphur companies sell hydrometers speciallv made for the puroose
the price varying from 75 cents to $1.00. "Afost wholesale druggists
keep at least one kind of hydrometer for sale. ~

II

The specific gravity readings on the most convenient hydrometers run
from I. OCX) to about 1.350 or 1.400 and on the Baume from o to 40 or 42.
When an hydrometer is placed in a vessel of water it sinks to i.ooo on the
specific gravity srale and to o on the Baume. If the liquid is denser

Kig. 8. Hydrometers 1 about >L' t e). The one on the left has
specific gravity, the other Baum^, readings.

than water it will not >ink so deeply. In home-made concentrated, it
usually sinks to somewhere between i.20t) and 1.240 specific gravitv, or
24 to 28 Baume, where 40 gals, are used in boiling, and from about i.175
to 1. 210, or 21 to 25 Baume. where 50 gals, are used. In commercial
lime-sulphur it sinks to about 1.300 specific gravity or 34 Baume. What-
ever point it sinks to is spoken of as the reading or strength of the wash,
and the greater llie number the mure tlie wash will stand to be diluted
before using it on the trees.

12

Precautions to ue takev ix L'sixg the Hydrometer.

1. All the sediment must first have settled to the bottom and only the
strength of the clear lujiiid be tested. If this is not done the reading will
be much too ihigh; for nistance, the writer tested a wash before the
sediment was settled and it read 1.J40, and after it was settled only 1.200,
the latter, of course, being the correct reading.

2. The wash should be left long enough to have cooled down to the
temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. In a number of tests it
was found that a more accurate rea<ling was obtained by waiting until
the second or third day after the wash was made. The reason for
this IS not clear.

3. The hydrometer should be washed each time after the reading and
not allowed to get dirty. If it is found difficult to clean, rub it with a
little ymegar on a cloth and then wash this off.

It is convenient when storing the wash to keep out sufficient in a vessel
about a foot deep to test when neccssarv. The strength can then be
marked on the barrel for reference.

Rules for Diluting Before Spr.wing if a Specific Gravity Hydro-
meter IS Used.

Tut the hydronwter in the clear licjuid when it is cool and the sedi-
ment has settled. Note the reading. Suppose this is 1240 sp er The
proper strength for use before the buds burst is 1.030, but if San lose
bcale has to be combated it is better to make it 1.032. To determine
how much to dilute a wash reading 1.240 to get a stren^h of 1.030 divide
the hrst three figures to the right of the i bv 30. that is 240 divi,!cd bv
30=8. This means that each gallon of the wasii mav be diluted with water
to make 8 gals of the strength of 1.030. For San lose Scale divide
by 32 instead of 30 that is 240 divided by 32=7>i ; so that in this case
each gallon may be diluted to only 7'/. gals.

For use on apples and i>ears just before the blossoms burst t'-e
proper strength is about i.oa;. 'Po get this strength from a wash reading
1.240, divide m the same way the first three figures to the right of the
I by 9, that IS 240 dividcl by iy=26 -, This means that each gallon
ot such a wa&h for this application mnv he dilulod with water to 26 ^C or
27 gals. -'

For the application just after the blossoms have fallen and for
subsequent applications, if any are given, a strength of about i ooS is
satisfactory^ To get this we proceed in the same wav as above and'divide
the 240 by 8, which gives us 30. thus indicating that for this application
each gallon may be diluted to 30. In brief the rule is: Take the readinq
of the -.i'ash and divide the three figures to the right by 30 ( or 32 if for
San Jose Seale) for the first applieation : b\ 0 for the second and bv 8
for the third, and dilute each gnlhv, zdth water to the number thus
obtained in each case.

13

For the convenience of those who may happen to have an hydrometer
with only the Ii.-iume scale on it or for anvone who prefers to use a table
instead of the above rule even with tlie specific gravity scale, the following
table is given :

XoTK. — In this table the nnml)er of gallons of water to be added to
each gallon of the concentrated wash is given, whereas in the rules just
given above it is only t!ie total number of gallons of spray mixture that
each gallon of the concentrated wash will make that is given, and the
number of gallons of water t<i be added is tlierefore one less than that total
in each case.

TABLE FOR DIUTIO.X OK CONORNTRATEI) LIMESlLPHrR.

Reading on
Hydrometer.

Specific

Gravity Baum6
Scale. Scale.

1.320
1.310
1.300
1.290
1.280
1.270
1.260
1.250
1.240
1.230
1.220
1.210
1.200
1.190
1.180
1.170
1.160
1.150
1.140
1.130
1.120

.in

34

33

32

31

31.

30.

29.

2S.

27.

26.

251

241

23'

22'

211

201

13.

18.

16-1

15'

First Application.

Lime-sulphur. Water.
Gallons.

1 with ;>t

1

1

1

or ••-,

8^!,,^ or 9':,

8', or 9.". —

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
, 1

il

! 1

8
-%

''3

or 8:',,....
or 8'j. . .

or 8

or 7-<. . .

(i% or 7j{,.

6'.
6

or I

or 6-'.',

or 6i ,. . .

5' J or ti

5I4 or 5-';,. . .

5 or 5' j. . ,

424 or 5.

41/; or 4.;..,

••73
3

or 4'_i.

or 4 . . .

or ?,-••.

or V,>'t.

or ;! . . .

Second Applica-
tion.

Lime-
Sulphur. Water.
Gallons.

I with

1 ••

1 ••

1 •'

1 •■

1 ••

1 ••

1 "

:^,4 1-
33 »4
32"-

3i:.'
'■',(>. .

29. .
28 . .
27. .
25-^':
24'2
23''>

21..
20. .
10..

IS. .
17. .
15- i
1 4 ' •.
131..
121 ,

Thi

d Applica-

tion.

Linie-

Sulph

ur. Water.

Gallons.

1 with 39.

3S.

36'::.

35.

;!4.

33.

31'::.

:'.o.

29.

2S.

26 '2.

25.

24.

• jn

2110.

20.

19.

IS.

16'...

1-".

1 t.

* The fraction need not be taken iii'o aceount nnletjs ilie user \vi.shi>s to
do so.

•;• The smaller niimb-.M- is for use against San .lose Scale, the larger tor use
where there is no scale.

larsei

\11 that is

NoTK 1. — One sliould not test the srrengtli of the diluted sp:ay
necessary is to dihUe according to the rules .given.

Note 2. — After determining the strength of a barrel of tlie home-nuide con-
centrated wash, it should al^va.^s be well shake:! i)efore spraying, to dis-
tribute the sediment so thai the mixture each time may be uniform in
strength.

14
Comparative Gist of Commercial and Home-made Concentrxted

LiME-SULPIIUR.

Each bajrel of canjiiiercial lime-sulphur costs on an average $800
f.o.b., and when the freight charges are added to this many of our growers
have to pay at least $9.00 per barrel, but we shall, however, speak of the
commercial wash as costing $8.00.

Those who make their own concentrated can nearlv alwavs secure
their sulphur from the companies which are dealing in lime-
sulphur for about I'l. cts. per lb., but as there is freight to pay
on this, we shall suppo'-e the sulphur costs 2 cts. a lb. IJmc onlinarilv
costs not more than 25 cts. per bushel, but as some will have to obtain it
by freight from a distance, we shall suppose it costs them in all 42 cts
per bushel. There is in addition to these the cost of barrels for storing
though usually there are several on hand ; the cost of fuel and labour]
and the interest on the original cost and maintenance of the boiling outfit.
Taking all these into consideration wo liavc the following:

Sulphur, 100 lbs. at 2 cts $2 00

Lime, 50 lbs. at 42 cts. a l)ii< [[] ^o

Labor, at $2.00 per dav -o

j""^! • ■ .'.■■■■■.■■;;;; fo

Interest on outfit jq

Barrel '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. i 00

Tota' cost «;^ 00

This wash is about two-thirds commercial strength. <;o the cost of an
amount of it equivalent to one barrel commercial strength would be
$6.00. This leaves a balance of $2.00 per barrel in favour of the home-
made.

Whenever it is made in large (|uantities the cost is less, and therefore the
gain per barrel greater than .<>2.oo.

THE OLD HOME-P.OILED LIME SULPHUR.

As mentioned at the beginning of the bulletin this form of lime-
sulphur was until the last few years very popular and in fact about the
only kind used. The mosi cotnmon formula is 20 lbs. good fresh lime
15 lbs. sulpihur and 40 gals, water. The lime and the sulphur are usually
boiled in about 15 gals, of water for one hour, and then are diluted
to 40 gals. The mixture must be applied while still hot. or at least
warm. The same kinds of outfits and the same methods of adding the
ingredients as in the case of the home-made concentrated wash should be
used. The water should he kept up to about 15 gals, during the boil-

ing ami the saint- care taken to stir frequently. iTlie wash, before using,
mu>t be strained through a screen of 20 to 30 meshes to the inch. This
form of lime-sulphur, as mentioned ab(ivc. caimot be stored, but nnist
be used the same day as it is made, otherwise it will crystallize and clog
the nozzles and spray pump. It is only used for the spraying before or as
the buds burst. It is not, of course, so ecom^mica! to make or convenient
to use as the home-made cnnoeiurated. but is just as elYeetiv e and is much
liked not only for the good results it gives hut also for the way in which
it lcave< the trees very white. thu« showing cicarlv wlietlicr the work was
well done.

SEI.F-BOILED LI.ME-SULPHUR.

The following arc the d-rections given by Prof. Scott of Washington,
D.C.. for making this wash.*

" This mixture is composed of 8 lbs. of fresh stone lime and 8 lbs.
of sulphur (either flowers or flour may be used) to 40 gals, of water.
Thi« appears to be about the correct strength, although in mild cases of
scab and brown-rot a weaker mixture, containing 6 lbs. of each ingredient
to 40 gals, of water, may be used with satisfactory results. The mixture
can best be prepared in rather large quantities, say. enough for 160 gallons
at a time, making the formula 32 lbs. of lime and 32 lbs. of sulphur to be
cooked with a small quantity of water (7 or 8 gallons') and then diluted
to 160 gallons.

" The lime should be placed in a barrel and enough water jwured on to
almost cover it. As soon as the lime begins to sJake the sulphur should
be added after first running it through a sieve to break up the lumps. The
mixture should be constantly stirred and more water added as needed to
form a thick paste at first and then gradually a thin paste. The lime will
supply enough heat to boil the mixture several minutes. As soon as it
is well slaked, water should be added to cool the mixture and prevent
further cooking. It is then ready to be strained into the spray tank, diluted
and applied.

■' The stage at which cold v\"ater should be poured on to stop the cooking
varies with different limes. Some limes are so sluggisli in slaking that it
is difficult to obtain enough heat from them to cook the mixture at all,
while other limes become intensely hot on slaking and care must be taken
not to allow the boiling to proceed too far. If llie mixture is allowed to
remain hot fifteen or twenty minutes after the slaking is completed, the
sulplnir gradually goes into solution, combining with the lime to form
sulphides, which are injurious to peach foliage. It is. therefore, very
important, especially with hot lime, to cool the mixture quickly by adding
a few buckets of water as soon as the lumps of lime have slaked down.
The intense heat, violent boiling, and constant stirring result in a uniform

♦Circular 120, Bureau of Eutoniology, Washington. D.C.

fl

I

centaKc ot iic >ulpbur in solution. It shoiil.l bt- stra ne.l to take out the

The writer has used a ko.k1 manv barrels of this wash and found it

Sf^r; '"wTit t? ?'^ 'T '"irr" ^^:'"'^ boiling. Vhi'laffound
thi w\ -; , H " ""' ''""^ "''°"''> be raised merely a little way from
he^bottoni to et the water down and so prevent caking. It should m^
be brought to the to,, as that tends to check 'the boiling. The stir i^gmu
not begm until slaking has got well started.

As there is a great deal of sediment in this wash it can be ^trained
much more easily if t^rst .lilute.l ,o about half the totala nou t K
screen of about jo meshes to the inch mav be used

,. - ..^'^.^^.''--'r^ """ ''r''"' "" ^""^'^'^ ^••^''■•'' precautions should be tak n
to >ee that it is kept well agitated.

low''''' I ,W r7.!M''''V'f '^''r''' "'■ tl'e materials given above is very
low . i.ime 3 cents, sulphur lA cents, total ->i cents.

TIIK rSK Of I'OISOXS WITH I.lME-SULPIirR.

Lime-sulphur itself is not an internal poison. It kills scale injects
and some other very small but very troublesome pests, but does so n'

that protec s them or by depriving them of the o.xvgen thev need to
breathe.* It does not k II the Codling Moth, Plum cfrculio or am- ^f

he larger insects except in rare cases when, in their verv earK- 1 age\lie
little worms may happen to get covere.l bv the wash. For all these ?n sec s
we need a poison wh cli we can put on ilie leaves or frui o that X„
the>e are eaten, the inject will be killed. There is onlv one Ssoi a^
present that we can safely rec.mmien.l to be use.l with inH"s„K ™f
this purpose, namely, arsenate of lea.l. Other arsenical poisons d/a

an. green and ar>en.te ot hme. when combined with lime-sulphu very
f eciuen ly bum the tohage severely, especially in the later sp vitr?
although some years they do not do .so. It is never safe to relv o„ 1 mi,'
and for that reason they cannot be recommen.Ie.l. It is verv n, nl e
that new po,sc>ns e,,ually as goo.l as ar.senate of lea.l and til tea * e v
be combmed with I,me-sulpli„r will be discovered Ix-fore long, u ta i n
w 111 then be called to them through the press, or in other ways

Arsenate of lead is a white paste, costing from 8 t.. 14 cis a lb ind

ron . to 4 lbs. are used with every 40 gals, of the dilu.ell Im'sllm

L.e tore adding it to the lime-sniphur, it must always be stirred u i a

^1 Ion or tw,. of water until i, is all i„ suspension ami is tit il e „ lU^

When It .s added to the limc-sulphur. it changes the colour of the latter.

•See Technical Rulletin No. II. Mic^gan A^^^^^^l^^^^^i~^e^77^I^~^

17

a chemical change being hr. night ahoiit hy the oomhination of the two
substances. This chemical change results in tlie fnrination of a blaokish
precipitate which settles to the hi'ttom rather <|uickly unless kept well
agitated while spraying.

DoKS TiiK Additiox oi" Arsknatk oi- Li-ad to Limk-Sulpihu I,e>5EN

TIIK \AI.rK OK KlTMKR SlIiSTANcK?

This is a very im])ortant <|uestion, hut as the rcsuh of several seasons'
careful experiments conducted by himself and by others, the writer lias no
hesitation in saying that the value of neither the lime-sulphur nor of the
arsenate of lead is lessened, in fact it is believed that arsenate of leail itjelf
has considerable fungicidal value; and careful tests by Wallace, of Cornell
University, have shown that lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead combined
is a better fungicide than lime-sulphur alone."

LIMIvSL'UPllLR ri-RSiS I'.ORDEALX MIXTURE.

Numerous (piestions are aske<l as to the comparative merits of linc-
suli>hur and I'ordeaux mixture. There can be no doubt whatever that for
the first api)lication, which should be made before or as the buds are
bursting, lime-sulphur is very much the better spray for fruit trees and
shrubs because it not only controls diseases that may be spreailing at this
time of the year as well as 1 Bordeaux does, but it also at the same time
kills several of our worst insect pests, such as San Jose Scale, Oyster-shell
Scale and Blister Mite, which Bordeaux will not dO.

For the other applications on apples and pears one mixture seems just
about as good a fungicide as the other, as either of them will control the
fungus diseases that are fotmd on these trees in ( hitario in a verv satis-
factory way if properly applied. It is just possibk- that the foliage is a
little larger when I'ordeaux is used, but this is not fully proven yet and
whether it be so or not the foliage on trees sprayed with lime-sulphur
is very healthy an<l (|uitc as large as normal. The great objection to
Bordeaux mixture is that it undoubtedly russets some varieties of apples
very badly, making them look far from attractive. Lime-su!pluir on the
other hand leaves the skin itf the ap|>le smooth and as beautiful as in
nature when not attacked by any disease. I'urthermore lime-suliihur i^ a
good deal luore convenient to use because all one has to do is to go to the
barrel of the concentrated wash, take out what is wanted, strain it into
the tank and then add the necessary amount of water and the arsenate of
lead; wliereas Bordeaux mixture has to be made u|) fresh each day and
this re(|uires considerable time and work. Moreover, if tlic orchard is
infected with scale insect^. iIk- later ai)plications of lime-sulphur help

* Buflf'tin 2S9, Cornell rniversity, Ithaca. X.Y.

18

to supploiueiu the spring' wash in controlling tliesc. N'cither mixturt if

Thi nJ /r "''f.' ""''i ""'* ^"y appreciable injury to the tollage

or siigMtl) less than that of llonleaiix nuxtitre. In tlie writer's ooinion

nis ofLnir/n """"'I'*'""' '" ^''^'''"'' *" R«^^'-"'- »*'^'- all theTiy"
ings oi apple and pear trees. 'k»»/

i* ♦

INSECTS THAT CAN' BE CONTROM.K0 BV WME-SLXPHUR.

San Jose Scale.
{Aspidiotus pcrniciosus, CoiPst )

forced them to use a wash which has greativ' heined Zi; T^^ • .^'
ways than merely by destrovin? the scl\e h(V^ "^ '" ^^^""^

to any great extent for comSg thi^ pe.i ' ' '^' °"'^ ^""^'' "^^^

t..iK permit; ^f(,rc the h\\<\> burst, u^ne either tlip nM ^l/^»,o k -i j ,:
sulphur (2c .o formula) or the con^^entSted t^h ofThetr^^^^^^^^
ab<.ut 1.032 .pecfic gravity. X'ery ba.lly infested trees shouS "fcdve

»9

two application*. Thoc may Unh be madr in the si>rin« with an intenal
of a couple of clays or mort- lH-t\\cen them. >>t <>ne may Ik- made in autumn,
as soon as the leaves have noariy all fallen, an<l tlie « Mier in spring. Very
large apple trees are hard to free from the scale, much harder than
smaller or medium-sized ones. To make it easier to treat them thoroughly
fruitgrowers in mfeste<l distri . are heading the trees back severely.
In doing this care should be taken to cut close to a side branch, sawing a
little on the slope, so that the rain will run otT, and to see that the wound
is thoroughly jrainted over to prevent disease getting in and destnying
the trees. It need scarcely be said that the pruning of infested trees

Kig. 9. San Josfi Scale on pear.

slioiild be done l)cf(jre si)raying. and t!iat all prunings should be burned,
not thrown into brush-heaps and allowed to remain there. If the loose
bark be scraped off with a hoc early in the season it will allow the spray
to reach scales tliat otherwise might ocape. Careful cultivation and a
liberal use of manure will assist iho spray in giving renewed vigor to
badly infested trees.

There is no insect, in ( )ntario at least, that requires more careful and
thorough work on the part of the sprayer if he is to get good resuUs,
because, if even a few infested twigs are left unsprayed. there will fre-
quently be enough scale (tn them to produce great numbers by autumn.
From a single fertile female in spring at least i. 000,000 offspring may be

i

i

produced before iIk- en.l of tlic .i'a,oii. Ilcuc trunks, branches and
twig*— in Jhort. every part of tlie tra ~-imi«t he very carefully sprayetl.

OVSTKH SlIKIX StAI.K . .K Al'I'l.K 15 ARK-LofSK.

(■ /..•/>i(/<».v(;/iA,-.v 1,1 mi, I,.)

Though not nearly so clestructive an insect as the San Jose, the Ovster-
•hell scale (see Fiu- lo. ,. .lu.njj nearly as „„u-h .lainaKc to the pnfvince
as a whole, becau>e it is foim.l in almost every orchanl. whereas the Sm
Jo,e scale IS still almost entirely conHne.l to the few south-western
counties, "tsicrn

FIk. 10— Oyster-shell ScaU'.
Treatment: Spray in spring at tlie same time as tor San lose scale

not fes";- n""' '"'■^■r''''- ^" '''^'" "^^' '"^^ ^"■^■">^'^'> "•• ^ '*"'»-' ""eaker. but'

» hM r '' '','T'"" *?■?"'> '■''="''"^' "^ •''"'"' '".V'. A second spraying

nth the hmo-sulphur diluted to i.ooS sp. ^v. just after the blossc ms aU

^.ITY "',"'J^ ^'"■*^^' '*'"■ ^'""•"" -^'*^»'>' ''^'I'^ ^'^ ^'estrov t e t ny
,uung sea es winch hav jt,.t finished hatching bv bis date. Scrane the
nnigl, bark oft the trunk an.l lar^e branches so that the sprav ml;-'reach

t I ''"'•,: V'"'^'^'" .'■''■''• ''■"■' •"' ^''^' "■'^■"' ^\'t'i the wasb. ' Cultivation
of the sod m the early part of the season to ^Hve v-Vor to the trees help"

at

ajjain-t titi* »cal«-. a* it tlirivci 1h-.i mh tn-v. that arc ii.t 'tnmj,'. It n
sclili.iu that all the n-alcs are killcil in <>iic «.faM)n. but at tlic t m1 of two
or thri'c ycavdj... if tin* orchard has Iwcii carefully sprayvl. the trees will
Ih.' fouiul to be free from titc \k<h. OM empty «calcs 1.' .ijj on li.r a year
or two, but their pi ence is not a proof that tlf '|iray was iiv.'tttcien'..
T!ie»c }.cali's in win -r will have no egjjs umlcr tlicm, while t!ie l'.ealth>
scales will l)c foiiiul to contain from about ja \n no tiny while e,i;j{>.
Tl'.cse can easily be seen with a small magnify inK-nIa-"**. c-i'ccially it
worked out upon any black surface. Duriii),' the last four years numerou.
orchard' in the province have been almurt tota'.iy freecl fr.>ni the ( Jystei-
thell Scale bv the aUive treatment.

I.KAi-nusTiiR Mm:.
{ liriof'h\i-s f>yri, J^cht.)

The I.eif-bli'ter Mite (see Fig. ii ) is a very tiny creature, so *ma!I
that imleN* a number are clustered tofjether they are invisible to the nake-l
eye. in spite of their diminutive size tiiey make their presence very notice-
able on Ihith apple and pear trees by causinjj; numennis blisters on the
lower side of the leaves. These sjx.ts are often confused with fundus
diseases, but can easily be distinjjuished by their beinj,' slij,ditlv raised
beyond the surface (►f the leaf. As the nan'ie indicates, they are blisters
or -iwellings in which the tnites live and reprtHlucc. AtYected leaves are
<|uite cons|)icuous in the later half of the season. On the apple leaves
at this time the bli>ters become reddish brown in colour and visible on
l)oth the upper and lower surface. ( )n the pear leaves thev are usually
more clustered alonj( the mid-rM) tliatf on the apple, and become nearly
black, often (li<ti},'urin>,' the foliaj,'o very j,'r.atly and beiii},' visible several
n iN away.

The I'lister Mite ha> j^railually been spreading all throuj^h the pro\ nee,
and !« now found in numennis orchards. It dot. . not, <o far as we know,
cau-i the tret to die, but weakens it ;,'reatly by interferini,' with the power
of the leaves to perform their proper function of manut" turii",' food for
the rest of the tree, and by causing; them to turn yel!o and drop earlv.
especially in a dry season when the tree neeiK them most.

Treatment: Many tests on a lar','e scale throufjlioiu the province have
shown that even very badly infested orchards can be almost complete!}'
freed from this pest in two years by a sin^jle application of lime-sulphur
each sprinjj just before or as the buds are burs.inj,'. The strength mav be
i.o,?o sp. jjr.. or even weaker. Kairiy jjood results may be obtained bv an
earlier spray. It must not be left off too lonj,', for the mites enter the
leaves when these are just iMccly o|)-ne<l and still very small. Once under
the surface of the leaf the mite cannot he reached, l-'verv twij,' and bnd
should be covered carefully, as the mites wimer imder the protection of
the bud scales.

Pear Psvlla.

( I'syilii pyricola, Forsh. )

TlK- IVar I'sylla (see Fijj. i ? ) is another verv small insect, beiuR not
more than abont one-tenth of an ind, in length. Its uings are dear
arpe an, .nud, longer than the body, which, as >een bv the naked eye is'
blackish to brown in colour. When one approaches near an a.liilt, it will
usually fly off to another leaf or part of the tree. The presence of tie
I syllas on a pear tree can easily be determine.l bv 1. Hiking to see whether
there ks any clear, sticky hqu.d anywhere on the leaves. This substance
IS known as honey-dew and is secreted in great abundance if the injects

Kij;. 11.- Ulistt-r .Mit<. on leaf of apple and jk ar.

Zl; ^TT\ •" ''''■^'' ''"'"'•^■' -^ 'l'''^' >■"""? l^vllas arc tinv, pale-colored
cun,,us-lonk,n. creature., w.th conspicuous red eves, and with scarcdv

"thi^dr'n'^vr '" ';'""^- /-"^""^ '^"^ ^^■'" ^-^'>'^ -e Jo s^;;^ ;^

?ni o , ' ' i*^"^'y-dcw A t.nious grows in the honev-dew after a
TheP vl'""'"^ ' r ''"'^ "'''"'. '^ '^ ^" ^""^ '•'■''^■'^ '-^"^ verv unsightlv

on o, n y''r "■;"'"■ '" -'^'^ •'"'"'' ^'^-^ ^" --^"^ S-*' ImUng place

on o, ,u-,r the tree. an,l come nut with the warn, sprin;.^ weather and lay

their little yellowish e;,'g> .mi liie t\vi,i;s before the buds have burst. ,The
cg-gs begin to hatcli about tlie time the leaf buds are bursting, and soon
after the leaves are out the ailult insects die. iThcre is more than one
brood in a year. Every few years we have a severe outbreak of the
Pear Psylla, and much damage is done, but Ontario is seldom so severely
troubled by tliis pest a> .\ew \(jrk or some of the neighbouring states.
Natural forces seem to keep it well uiuler control most years.

Treatment: Ordinarily the I'syllas can be kept in check by a very
thorough spraying of lime-sulphur of about the strength of 1.030 sp. gr.
This spraying sho-ild be done just after the leaf buds have burst in spring,
but before the blossiMu buds Iiave d.jne so or the leaves have unfolded.
Prof. Parrott, of Geneva, and his assistaiu. Mr. liodgkiss, have proven
that this wash, if thoroughly applied, will not only kill the young insects
that have already hatche<l out. l)ut also most of tlie eggs, which are by
this time nearly ready to liatch. Kreshly laid eggs are not destroyed by
the wash, nor arc the adult Psyllas. Jt would, therefore, seem wise for
fruitgrowers to leave their pears to tiie last to be si)rayed. If ncccssarv

Fig. U'.- I'ear I'sylhi, adult, iiiratly onlarRi'd. The small cross boucatli >iio\vs
naiiiral sizo. (After Marlatt.i

the lime-sulphur spray may l)c sup;>Ienu!ne(l by an application of P.iack
Leaf 40 as soon ;is the leaves have unfolded, 'i'his is a tobacco wash and
can be secured in small p.ickagcs from lIic Kentucky Tobacco T'roduct
Co., Ivouisville, Ky. Half a |)ound of it is suflicicnt lor 40 gals, of water.
It is seldom, however, that it is luedf.l in ( )iit;irio for the Psylla.

.\l'll ID

Most kinds of fruit trees are attacked in the early jiart of the season
md again towards the end of it by aphids. These are very destructive
some years, causing the leaves to curl and turn yellow, and dwarfinir the
fruit, which often, in the case of apples, hangs in small clusters that ripen
prematurely and are worthless. iTIie winter is passed in the egg stage,
the eggs of most kinds being sma!!. black and glistening, and laicl on the
smaller branches and twig-. Tlicy ■r-ua!ly liatch al>r.tu a week hct>re the
buds open.

IrcatiHcnt: It is claimed by many that limc-suli)liur will kill these
tggf.. The writer has several times tried to destroy them with it, but
never with much success. He has also tested the wash on the freshly-
hatched aphids, but has not been able to kill more than 50 per cent, of
them by the most careful work. Durinjr the last spring many of the
most enthusiastic advocates of lime-sulphur as a remedy for aphids were
forced to_chanj,'e their opinion as to us merits aj,'ain>t this pest. For-
tunately for our fruitgrowers, weather conditions and natural enemies
usmlly prevent very serious injury from ai)hi(ls. Where it is necessary

Fig. n.—Cht',mes abietis. Spruce Oall-loiise, fonnd chiefly on Norway spruce.

to spray for them. Black Leaf 40 applieil as Sdou as the insects are noticed
to be abundant is probably the best mixture we can use. Some experi-
menters claim that the P.lack Leaf 40 can be added to the lime-sulphur
without injury to the tree or to the value of either wash. It was planned
to test this mi.xture last sjjring. but unfortunately the Rhck Leaf did unt
arrive in time. Fruitgrowers should experiment with the combined mix-
ture on a couple of bailly infested trees applying the spray just as the
buds are ready to burst, as tbc cggr will bo liaicbcd li\ ibis time. It is
the young in.-ects and not the egg- that we slumld aim to kill.

J«5
Ri:n Si'inFR

( Tctnmycliits biiiiaiitlatiis.)

In dry seasons tiny, pale or re(ldi.>li-coloiiro(l spiders, bv workinj,' on
the under side of tlu- leaves and suckinj,' tlie juice- from tli'ein. cause the
foliage to become blotched and reddish and the plants to be greatly
weakened. Tlie injury is often most conspicuous on cmram an<! rasp-
berry bushes.

Treatment: Spray the plants well from beneatli with lime-sulphur,
strength i.cx>S or i.ocxy sp. gr., whenever tiie spiders are noticed to be
present. Repeat if necessary in about a week or ten davs.

Fig. li.~Chermes similis. Spruce Oall-louse, fouiul chictly on while spruce.

Si'Kicii Gall I.orsi:.

(Cltcniics abietis, I.iim. i

We have tw<> very de>tructive gal! lice attackini; .-pnice trees in
Ontario: Clicniics abietis and Clieniies similis. Tlie i)hoto<i^raphs show
the difference liotween them. Tlie former is found most commonlv on
Norway Spruce, and the latter is almost or po<si!)ly altoijetlier confined to
White Spruce.

21 >

.aHlir^„:^^i:t:^^^;j;-,-.|-,;,^^i..-;;w..^^c^

Fig. 15.— Apple Scab on fruit.
1030 sp. gr. would thoroughly control Chennes abictis. The .may man
kill tliese. Smce Mr. Smith's discovery the writer and .several others

Fiii. !*>.— .Applt' Scab on leaf.

27

f? will'nVlf '*"''--^">'^''"'- a.Kl fuund .r Muit. s.tK>fa.-„.rv for tl.is species.
It will not. however, control Chcrmcs senilis. Fur this species we hive
not yet been able to tin.l a really sati-factorv rvmclv '

DISEASES THAT CAX BE CO.\Tk( >[.I.ED IW THE IIME-

S['EPHl-R WASH.

Apple Scai!.
if'ciituria iii'iiujiiiilis (Cke.f AJcrii. i

Apple Scab or IJlack S,.ot ni the apple .- a disease that everv ^nnver
lyamihar with. It attacks the leaves a. well as the fruit Tsee Eigs. . -, and
/5j. In seasons that are wet or foggy at the time when the biossomlrnds
are bursting and f.,r a week or two later, it >> much worse than in seasons
that are dry and sunny at tins tune. It is alsr. worse where wind-breaks
or other causes prevent a g.-ini. free circulation of air through the orchard
or where the trees are so dose together that tl,e -.unlight is shut out from
the lower branche.s. Eameuse, Mcintosh Red and a few other varieties
are regularly much more sul>jcrt to the disea>e than the rest of our apples.
Ihis disease, by gettmg on the stems of the v,.ung forming fruit, is ..ften
the cause of considerable dropping of apples'.

Treatment.- I'sually in Ontario two thorough airjilications of lime-
sulphur will completely control the disease. The first should be ju^t as
the buds are beginning to burst, as this is the time the scab is starting to
spread raj^dly through the orchard. Use lime-sulphur, strength i.ooo
for this The second must be at once after near'v all of the blossoms
have fallen. iThis is the same time as the C.dling .Uoth sprav Eo- this
u>e hnie-sulphur, strength jxx^. In moist localities, such as along the S^
Lawrence valley, another spraying with the same strengtii of lime-sulphur
about two weeks after the second should be given.

Occasionally we have very moist weatlicr c..nditi,.ns in August and a
late attack of Scab. This, however, happens onlv verv rarely. An extra
spraying under such conditions would. .,i .nurse^ be very valuable.

Go.-xl pruning and the removal of unnecessarv wind-breaks to allow
plenty of sunlight and air help greatly. Apple Scab is not. however, verv
difticult to control if the spraying is thonmghlv done.

Bordeaux- mixture may be substituted for lime-sulphur in this case.
but will russet the fruit, especially of some varieties. The n^soting is
much worse some years than r-thers.

Ili.ACK koT Canki.k \.\i) I.r \F-Si'uT.
I Sf'luh-ro/^sis iiitjl,)nnii. \'k. <

In many orchard- of the Province, but esiiociallv in the part cast of
Toronto, numenms canker- .)r dead areas ,irt t < be seen .11 tin !)r,'uiches

and trunks of apple trees. These
cankers, as shown in Fig. r~, be-
come after a time charred and black,
riiey arc caused by tlie Black Rot
fungus, which also attacks the
leaves and fruit. On the leaves it
.•auses small, round, dead areas, and
on the fruit a firm, not a soft. rot.
The diseased fruit at first becomes
i)ro\vn and later black. The disease
on the leaves and fruit is seldom
very destructive, but on the larger
branches and on the trunks it is
often serious. The cankers are
usually found on varieties that are
too tender for the district and so
sufifer from sun-scald and winter
injury. These injured areas and
also wounds of any kind make fav-
ourable places for the fungus to
enter and grow. Having once got
a foothold, it usually spreads slowly
around the branch or trunk until
it encircles it and kills the part
al)ove.

Treatment: (i) Plant only
Iiardy varieties well suited to the
district; for in-tancc. such variet'«s
as Fameusc and Mcintosh Red will
thrive in district^ where Baldwin.
(Irecning or King will die.

(2) Kec]) the trees thrifty by
cultivation or by mulching in tlie
early part of the >eason. but do not
cultivate later than the middle or
end of June in cnid districts. Then
sow a cover crop and liarden up
the wood in this way for winter.

(^) ( )n trunks or large l)ranches

cut out with a draw-knife the bark

over the cankered area, taking pains

t^^ l>e sure that all is removed up to

ctly lieahhy bark. Then wash this cut with strong lime-sulphur,

bluestone (i lb. dissolved in u or 14 gals, water). The un-

i-o!icen t rated hme-^ulphur will not do any harm, but may be

few tmie- it de-ired. After washing. coVer tlie woimd either

Fig. 17.— Black Rot Canker on apple
branch.

the pcrfc
or with
dihited
diluted a

29

with coal-tar or witli while lc;i.l tret- from turi.intim-. Do the iiittiii};
out before the spraying bejjiiis in tlic spring.

(4) Spray the trees at the re>jular limes imlicated in the Sprav Calen-
dar, page 40, using the strengths in(hcate(l there. \\ hen spra'ving. he
careful to see that the trunk and main brandies are cnvered.

Peak v^^cah.

[Vciitiiria pir'ma, Atlerh.)

ike

Pear Scab (sec Fig. 18) resembles Apple Scab very closely, an.l

it. attacks the leaves as well as the fniit. It i- ot ten found also on the
twigs. Sfmic varieties, especially l*leini>li lieautv. are verv siibjeci to it

Kig. IS.- I'(>ar Sia') on fniit.

It- i^eneral habit of growth and ilio condition- that favnur it are \ erv
similar to tlio-e mentioned under Api)le Scab.

Treatment: The writer ha- ontrolled it c.inii>lete!y >>\\ i'lemi-li r.eaiity
frees by four applications of lime--ulphur ; tlie la<t of the-e might y>v.>h-
ably have been omitted. Spra} at the time- and with the ,-trengtlis indi-
cated in the S])ray Calendar.

Tkaih I.i:\r Cnu..

(lixoostiis ilcfoniittiis i I'.eck ) i-"nckel.)

Every peach grower i< familiar with this di-ease and kn. nvs that it
attacks the leaves early in -pring and cau-o them at lir<i to become
thickened, cnrlcd and di-tMi-ied. and of a pale whiti-h nv often reddish

30

colour, and later on to Ihvmmu- brown aiul dead and fall oflF. (See Figs.
19 and 20.) It IS, next to \cllows and Little iVaolt. the most destructive
disease that peach growers in Ontario have to combat. The loss takes
the followmg forms: (i) J„ seasons of severe attack m^ny young
nursery trees are killed the first year they are set out before they have had
a chance to get over the shock of transplanting. (2) The e is a ereit
drain o„ the vitality of the older trees from rhe loss often cf a large part
01 their foliage early in the season and the necessitv of producing a new

Fig. 19.- Peach I.paf Curl.

crop of leaves. Such trees are freqiientlv not properly matured for
winter and are sometimes killed by the cold.' Trees severely attacked two
or three years in succession not infroquentlv die. or at least'lose a number
ot their branches. ^3) The trnit is dwarfed, and often, in severe ca^e,,
drops oft. This is to be expected from the fact that the food that makes
the fruit IS nearly all maniifactiired in tiie leaves, and that this source

3«

of supply is cut otY fur a c.:isi<lcial)lc pcriixl by the ilisoaso. ^4) The
disease often attacks youny sli(^ot< ur trti;;« ami kill< thoi-.

Leaf curl is well known to he not so severe some vears as others.
E.\|)erience has shown that it is favored hv (lanip. late spring's, wliile it
is almost completely kept in clicok hy dry. >iinnv weather aroimd the time
of hioomintj and while the leaves are still (juite small. In the year H)io
the spring was very late, cold and wet. .ind so the disease was cxception-
al'y severe. I.a-.t year. n>ii. the ^prin;,' was earlv and we Iia<l heantifiil.
hot. sunny, dry weather, with the n-ult that tlurc was no l.caf Curl, or
almost none.

Fig. 2(».— Peach Tree almost (iefoliated by Leaf Curl.

Trcatiucnt: S])fay wiili Iime->ulphiir, eitlicr old liomc-lx)ilcd or con-
centrated, of the same strength as for San JosC scale. This application
must he made early in spyuKj and before the buds liaxe begun to S7vell.
The disease apparently bcffins with the growing hud, so to prevent its
getting a start we must spray early before the spores around the buds
can germinate. Most of the failurex to eontral the Leaf Curl are due to
spraying too late and not taking suffieient pains to see that every bud is
thoroughly covered. Bordeaux would al-o control the disease, but is not
recommended, liccau^c in iiiii->t i>(.;u-h districts Sati Jose scale is either
present or likely to be introduced, and the linu'-sul|>hiir will keep it in
check, while Bordeaux will not.

liH

3*

. Kill (i> Tin; l'i:\iii.

{Sclf'nttiiiiii fnntiiji'm ( IVrM Sflirovt. i

This i. the >ai.u> .liH'a-.c that i, s,. comm..i, ..n plums and cherries
Fo tunately ,t ,s n.-t >., clc.tn,ctivc. a. a rule. i„ ,.,„• ;n.vi,K-e to e.X
as to cherries aiul piums. or a< it is to peaci.e, i., .vine parts of the
Lm ed states, where it has Ikvu know,, to '.le.trov as hi^d, as'^o per cent

n nv'. f T*'' '",' ^'''''- .■>'^-^-^''t>'^-'^-^--* we- son,eli,nes lose . ^
.n> peaches nm, tins rot. Triun.phs and a few other varieties%?e

n;::?^;Suhif£,r '"^ •"^^•^'••^' •"- '^"-•- -"• -- -^ •••••■ ^>tS"

Xot only ,s the ,-niit atta.ke.l. hut aUo the twi^-s and small hranches
on winch diseased tnnt is borne. The .li^ease in sud, cases see.ns tm.a f;

iXa^l^Jnlie i';""T'M "' ' "' '"*"'"' '''"^ T "" ''''''^ ^■^ ''-"^'' •■'"•'

Fi.. 21.-MM„„ni.,. ,.I„n,s a,„I i';;a.l.^du.^ n, „... n.ow.. Uot. About o„e-ha!f

and r^£:5^j^^ si-.;- ^-:^r ^"^ ^-

a. ... i,o„ „. ,„av ,u.,„ ,„-„a,.;i'7„;k ru^i'vs'p'f;;,; ';;,':':',;'

.1.1

bv iiulidoii, piiiiiii,-. ,^, KiiMck all ..1,1 miiminiol pcadu-s aiiJ pliiiiH
ott tiK- trcc^ in till' rail ami citlur «aiiur aii.l l.uni ilum ,,r pl-.n^'I, tlinii
under early in ^pnii- (3) Thin the pcadies >,, that no two will ho
touching' i.ne another. (4, Spray with linie->ii!phiir f..r I.cat Curl an.l
till- will pn.teit the l)losv.m* fn.m attack. (S) If tlie Ciirnilio i^ trou-
blesome, spray with j or 3 Ihv ,,i arsenate o'i lead t.. 40 ;,m1s ,,f water
S'>.n after the fruit is set. an.l remove ail ruhhish an.l thickets from
an.und the feiue e.>viier>. as the beetles winter in sinli rubbish (Two
or three p.jund« cf fre>hl> slaked lime may W a.l.led t.. each barrel ni
the spray uii.N»"ro a« a salV^iiar.I a«ain«t biirniii;;. > fi>) Sprav with
Self-lK.iled lime-Milplu;. about a m..ntli ..r live weeks bef..re the iriiit i<
ripe. Bordeaux or commercial lime--iilphiir is often iiijurioti, to the
fo'.ia^'e. even wlien i;sed very weak.

F:?. iJ— tViich Scab. N'otc iln' .siu:ill l)lu<klgli spots ami tlic cracks In tli" fruit.

I'KA.. II SC \l: OK r.l.ACK Sl'oi.
I C Iddos/'oriiini carf^nl'liiliiiii, Thuin. )

riiis disease cau-c^ ~m;il! blackish ■.p(jt> Ihtc ami tlicrc over tlic -ur-
face of tlie fruit. Sometimes ;lRvse arc very ainiiulam and disii-urc tlic
fruit };roatiy; occ;isioiiaiiy a fruit i- s, , lia.ll, attacked that it cracks odcu
in the same way is a l'"lcmi>Ii Itcaiuy pear doe< wlicii attackcil by I'ca^-
Scali. (See l-'iy. 22 k As a niic, this j, n,,. a very destructive disease
in < >ntario.

Ti\ii(,iu'ill . Spia\iii,i^ witli tile .s(.-lt'-boiied liiiic-sulpliur aimut a uiouiii
after tlie fruit i- -et will u-ually Control tiiis disease i|iiite satisfactorily,
as shown iiy ilie experiments of rrofcs-or Scott, of \\"asliiui.'!oii. D.C.

.44

Hkown R(»r ov TuMs am» Ciiikhiks.

(Schlcrotiiiia fnut'uirna ( Pers > ScImK-t.)

^ A.S nuntiuni-.l alH.vf. this is the same .lisca,^ a* attacks tlic peach. It
u frciiif fitly very .lestnictive The otuliticm. ihat favour the (li.ea*e
on tlie>e fruits are the same hose mentioned un-ler Mrown Rot of the
Peadj.

r,;atwnil. A, in tl . -se of the jH-ach. the trees >hoi,I,l receive plenty
of sunhjjht and jjoo<l air circulation. (M.l mnmmii-, si,,,,,!,] he knocked

FiR. 2:?,- I.raf Blight or Shot-hole Fungus of chpriy and

plum.

off in the fall and eirher gathered then or ploii-Iu-d un.ler earlv in snrine.
In addition the trees should be sprayed thoroughlv at least three times
and with the mixtures indicated in the sprav calendar. Tt would he better
to sprav plums again as late before picking as it is safe to do so withoit
di.scolormg the fruit.

Whether lime-sulphur is as gomi a fungicide for plums and cherries as
Bordeaux mixture is still in doubt. Some who have n=ed it advocate it

.15

very stroiiul) ; nilur.-. »;»> that lUirtUaiix i<. tUii.U.llx bitti-r. The writer
haj not had a chaiu't' t" make a cuinparativf te-t «'i tlic two mixtures, nor
have an\ of \\w plant path«>l«i>»i^ts with wliom he ha- talked. It is proh-
a!»Ie tliat for Japanese pliiiu« ami p..*»iM\ i',,r -weet i-iierrie* Hordeaiix will
prove the better, except Inr tlte applieatii.ii Itefure the l»ti<ls have biir>t,
when lime sulphur, "f the tmliuary >priii)s' Mreiiijth. sh.Mild he u-ed.

l,F.\r r.i.h.ii r. uk Siimi-IImi.i: I-'inhs oi- Cickhhv wd I'l.i m.

t r\7i/i(/ri ».«/•< /I Mj/j f>iuli, Kars!i.>

This disease eau-e- »ma!! <Iead areas of \aryiiij( »i/e on ilie leaves of
cherry and plum. I''re<|uently the-e dead part> (Imp out. ieaviiii,' little
rr,un<' hoIe< a» if the leave* had been riddletl by sin it. Some reasons
cherrv .rchards in eertain hn'alities are almost tlef.iliated. I Minns arc
seldom so severely injured.

Fig. 24. Plum I'oeketH or Illi.iliifr I'lunia, Th.- 'n.li on tli.' l.ii Im hnalthy, that

on the right dlHeai^ed.

Treatment: The onlinary sprayinjj uf plums and cherries, as given
in the spray calendar helps to control the disease, but sometimes it is
necessary to spray aj,'ain as soon as the .herries have been picked, b'ither
lime-sulpluir or Bordeaux may be used, as indicated in the calendar.

I'l.LM iViCKKTS. OR r.LAHnKR Pl.fMS.

{Exoasciis pruni, Fuckcl.)

Frequently one rinds plums, especially of the American variety, that
are abnormally lariic compared with healthy plums, and th;it turn first

if'

favor its dc.vel„,H,K",.- " '■""• "■■""!'■ "''' -'"'"S^ "'"' «>

re
ime-

I

Fig. 2r,.-Powdery Mildew of gooseberry. (After closo.)

tion hctorc tlie buds I)ct,n,i to swell. ' • ^ "^ applica-

rdWDKKV .MfI.I.KW or Till- (".OOSKIIKKUV.
iS/'hiicn'tlh'ra iiiors-iivac (Sclnv. J!. \- C.)

somct

This mildew attacks the leaves twitrs and fruit -^t fi, t

.cti.nes also ..f the crnuu. rSe^j^i:"";^ r"?,^ , ^:f^^!!!'7>;--

^f. 25. ) The parts aliected

are at

first covered witli a wliilc, puwilcry Mih^t.-moi. l»iu later tliis becomes
brown and tough or felty in .ippearaiu-e. caiiMn,i; iniicli damage to tlie
plants and ruining atTecte.l berries, it is e^peciailv destructive to Euro-
pean varieties.

'Ircatment: Spray wiiii Iinie-Mil]>hur. eitiier the old honie-l)oiled

(20-15-40J furniula) or the concentrated (strengtli i.o.V) sj). gr. ) l)el«>re
the buds burst in spring. ( nve a second apuhcation witi'i the concentrated

(strength about i.cxx; sp. gr. or a httle stronger) just before the blossoms
open, and a third with the same strengtii as s.M.n n's the fruit is set. Some
seasons it would be well to give a fourth application about ten or twelve
days after the third.

Fig. 20. — Currant lA'af-spot.

Clkkant Lkai'-SpoT.
{Si-ftorlo rihis. De-ni. 1

This disease will easily be recognized fmni the pliotograpli. It is
very common in most cm-rant ])lantations an<l does considerable dama.i^e
to the bushes.

Trcatiiu'iit: S|)ray in the >anie way as just indicated for gooseberries,
but giving only the tirst tliree a)>|)Iicatinns. After the fruit is picked a
fourth application should at once be given. This treatment will also help
to prevent injury from Red Spider.

e'oXCI.LDIXC. KKMARKS.

The strcii«tl. of lime-^ulphiir rcconimcndcl tur use on the various
fruit trees and sliriibs afior the foliage has appeared is weaker than that
recommended by most plant i.athologists and entomologists. Most of
these recommend for these aiM.lications a strength of i.oio specific gravity
which IS just one-third of the spring strength before or as the buds afe
bursting recommended by the writer. Anv who wish to use this strength
instead of I. cxx^ or 1.008 can determine tlie proper amount of dilution to
obtain It by following the same rule as given above; namely, take the
specific gravity reading of the concentrated wash and divide the last
three figures of it by 10, and the number thus obtained will be the number
ot gallons to whK?h each gallon of the concentrated must be diluted with
water to give a strength of 1010. For instance, suppose the reading is
1.230 sp gr. ; divide 230 by 10 = 23 ; hence each gallon may be diluted
to 23. It a liaume hydrometer is used, consult the table on page n
and see what specific gravity reading given there in the first column cor-
responds to your reading on the Maumc- scale, and then, having found
tn IS apply to It the rule just mentioned to get the proper dilution

iThe writer has found in his experience, and knows that the experience
of many others agrees with his, that the strengths he has recommended
in this bulletin and in the spray calendar will give satisfactory results if
the work IS done thoroughly. He is strongly in favour of very thorough
spraying, and the strengths recommended permit a tree even to be
drenched without any appreciable injury to the foliage. There is more
danger of damage from the stronger sprav (i.oio sp. gr.). if heavy
spraying is done. Pears arc more subject to injury than apples

.Anyone \Vho watches the average man spraying must admit that the
work IS seldoin done thoroughly, either because the man is anxious to
get Jt done quickly, or else because he wishes to be economical. Some are
misled by the old rule to stop spraying as soon as the leaves begin to
drip, ihis IS not a safe rule to follow in most cases. A tree should
never be left till every leaf and fruit or part aimed at has been thorouqhh
covered even though in doing so the mixture max be dripping upon the
ground like ram. There is a wonderful difference between thorough
spraying and only half spraying; one pavs many times over; it is doubt-
ful whether the other pays at all.

Another matter likely to be overlooked in spraying is the necessity of
keeping the mixture well agitated, so that it mav all be of uniform
strength. Lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead combined require verv fre-
quent agitation. Get good nozzles: large disk nozzles like those shown
m the figures^are very good. Renew the plates when the holes get worn
too much. Keep the spray machine in good shape. Use as strong pres-
sure as vou can conveniently get. Sprav at the times indicated in the
spray calendar. Do thorough work. Everv evening, after the spravino-
IS over, pump a couple of pails of clean water through the nozzles to clean
out all the mi.xturc. This will save a lot of trouble from clo<^ging

i9

Ac K NOW L EDO M i: N T S.

In his study of the lime-sulphur wasli and tlic various uses to uliich
It may be apphed, the writer has received many very valuable suj,'gc>tion3

Fig. 27.— A gooa type ot nozzle and an elbow to control the direction o' tlie

spray.

from the publications of several investigators in the United <t.c.
1 Hose to whom he is specially indebted are Prof, fohn P. St.w irt
of Centre County, Pennsylvania; Prof. L. L. X'an SIvkc and his — «t'

Fig. 28.— Angle nozzles, very convenient, especially in spraying for Codli

Moth.

Qg

ants. Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. Krret Wallace, fornierlv of C..rncll Uni\er<'tv
N.Y., but recently transferred to Washington. D.C., ruid Po.f \V m'
Scott, of Washington, D.C. '

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43

FORMULAE FOR INSECTICIDES

J.— POISOX3 (for biting Insects only).

1.— ARSENATE OF LEAD— Two lbs. to 40 gallons liquid spray; 3 ll)s. for
potato beetles.

2.— PARIS GRBEX— (a) Vi to »/» lb. to 40 gals.; 1 lb. for potato beetles. If
used with water alone, add 1 or 2 lbs. fresh lime, (b) 1 lb. mixed with
60 lbs land plaster, air-slaked lime or some sl.i.llar substance, for dusting
on plants. (c> Poisoned bran, mix 1 lb. Paris Green with r.O lbs. bran
moistened with sweetened water. Scatter In evening on soil by plants for
cutworms.

3.— ARSEN'ITE OF LIME— Boil 1 lb. white arsenic and 1 lb. sal soda
(crystals) with stirring for about 15 minutes In 1 gal. water till all the
arsenic Is dlss-lved, then add 2 lbs. stone llm« and let slake In boiling
liquid. Add water to make up for what has evaporated. One quart of this
wttien well stirred Is sufficient for 40 gals, spray liquid. Arsenlte of lime
ran be made in large quantities and stored. Label barrel " poison," and be
careful to keep white arsenic Itself labelled "poison." Keep barrel covered
to prevention evaporation. Stir well before using. N.B.— With Bordeaux,
1. 2 or 3 may be used; with commercial lime-sulphur, 1; the others cause
burning.

4— WHITE HELLEBORE— One oz. to 2 gals, water, or dust undiluted over
the plants. For root maggot dust close to plants, or pour around roots.

II.— CONTACT POISONS (chiefly for sucking insects).

1— KEROSENE EMULSION.

Kerosene (Coal Oil) 2 gals.

Rain Water 1 gal.

Soap t._, lb'

Dissolve the soap In water by slicing and boiling; take from Are, and while
hot pour in kerosene and churn vigorously for five minutes. For use
dilute with 9 parts of water, so that the above 3 gals, of stock emulsion
will make 30 gals, of spray mixture.

2.— WHALE OIL SOAP— For brown or black aphlds, 1 lb. In 4 gals. For
green aphlds, thrlp and leaf-hopper, 1 lb. In C gals.

3.— TOBACCO WATER— Boll 1 lb. refuse tobacco in 2 gals of water for 1 hour,
make up for water that evaporates.

4— Black Leaf 40, made by Tobacco Prod\ict Co.. Loiiisvllle. Kentucky.

5— P\'RETHRUM (or Insect powder).

Pyrethrum Powder 1 oz

Water 2 to 3 gals.

Dry mixture, mix thoroughly 1 part by weight of pyrethrum with 4 of

cheap flour, and keep In air-tight vessel for 24 hours before dusting over

plants.

Note: Pyrethrum is useless if left exposed to the air.

6.— LIME Sl'LPHl'R WASH. (See under fungicides.)

44

FORMULAE FOR.FUNGICIDES

I— BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Copper aulphati' ( ill nest. m.) . ,k.

Water * ">»•

40 gala.

♦«♦,,,« J!,,"Z ? mixture In a saucer when ready, if this csuhm \t

to turn re<Miah brown, add more lime until no change taket place

II.-LI*.K SULPHCR WASH. Consult Index to find any heading desired.

III.-DISIXFECTANTS (for pruning tools and for wounds on trees).

1— One pint formalin diluKd to 2 gals, with water.

2. — Corroslvp »»jblimate. 1 part to i iiOrt bv woio-ht i ♦=ki„» * , . ^ .

water. Apply with a swab on .^d of a stkk ^ ~ ^ **'""' *° ^ P'"* "'
mternJfw ■~;^**'i^'7 «ublimat.^ is a deadly poison to man or beast If taken
internally It will also corrode iron or metal, so use In a Klasa or wnoHen
^essel. and be sure to wash these out very thoroug"hry'wh'en''?hrou'gh"uttn;

3.— Lime sulphur about iwi<p spring streneth or RiiiMtnno i ih ji- i ..

STICKER.

R^sin o ,h,

Sal Soda (crystals) 7 h

Water y\

1 gal.

Bo*} together till a clear brown , olor which takes from 1 tc IL', hours
rook in an ir,m kettle in an open place. Add the above to 40 gallons Bor"
deaux for use ^m smooth foliage like onions, cabbage or asparagus If

of fresh hme to fit-i.. io gallons of i-pray. "