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MKROCOPV RESOIUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

1.25

■ 4.0

1.8

^ /APPLIED INA^GE I

^^ 16?! East Main Slreel

S^S Rochester, New York 14609 USA

,^S (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^S <"6) 268 - 5989 - Fa«

iDBmUTE UBRART. WEST BLOCK, OTTAWA.

Circular No. S2
(Ntw Horticultural 8trl«»).

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(UOBTICULTfBAL BRANCH).

Diseases of Stone-fruits in B.C.

A^

Peach-leaf Curl.

S its name implies, this disease shows itself in the curling and
puckering of the attacked areas of the leaves. When infection
is .severe the leaf falls off. Almost complete defoliation, with total
loss of the crop, may result. The new twigs may also die. Only
peaches are affected, the Elberta being by far the worst variety. Only
otic infection occurs during the season— namely, when the buds are
unfolding in the spring. Even after a bad attack, the second crop of
leaves is free from the disease. Cold, wet weather at the time the
buds are expanding greatly increases the severity of an attack.

Control measures consist in destroying the fungus- spores which are
lying on the buds at the time growth begins. One spraying with a
gnod fungicide will control the disease. It must, however, be put on
with sufficient thoroughness to soak into the ha'ry coverings of the
imd-scales of all the buds, and spraying must be completed not later
than the first indications of the swelling of the buds. Its value is not
li'sscned by being made two weeks before this time. Lime-sulphur
s' liition, not weaker than i to 12, the spray usually given. Where
l«ach-worm has also to be fough this should be made i to 9 and
a] ! 'lied at the time of first swelling of the buds. Done at this time
curl will be controlled and the worm greatly reduced. For worm
alone, however, better results are obtained by postponing spraying
until nearer blossoming-time, but it is then too late to spray for curl.
It s not possible to secure maximum results in the control of both
1" ts by one spraying.

1^

m

Spraying at or just before thr Mme the buds are swelling will
control curl and much of the \ m. Later spraying kiUs more
worms, but is useless against curl. Bear this in mind and plan
accordingly.

{See also special circulir on iwadi-worni.)

Peach-mildew.

Stunts the young growth and forms disliguring patches of greyish
mould on the fruit. These reduce the market value and also cause
till- fruit to rot in transit or storage.

(Krom Hull. 24, Duni. Kxii, Farms.)

Trees regularly sprayed with liine-sulpliur for curl or worm do not
siilifer so much from mildew. W here it is bad, however, an additional
spray of atomic suli)hur, 4 to 5 lb. to 40 gallons of water, may be
a: plied when the first signs of mildew ai)pear. Especial care should
1h taken to cover the fruit with the spray.

Brown-rot of Stone-fruits.

\ ery destructive to stone-fruits in moist climates. Sweet cherries
aiv especially liable to suffer. Twigs may also be killed and gummosis
^ inkers formed.

8

Control.— Tht principal source of the disease each year is the dried-
up rotted fruit (mummies). Whether these are left hanging on tin-
tree or he on or near the surface of the soil, they produce large numbcr>
of spores m the spring. It is of the first importance, therefore i-
prune or knock them all off and collect and burn them, unless they can
be buried deeply enough to prevent them from being brought to tlie
surface again in spring. This disposal of the mummies is one of tlu-
most difficult problems in the control of the disease. Good air-drainag ■
for the orchard and sufficient pruning to ensu. ventilation to tlu-
interior of the tree are also important. With the larger fruits thinning
should be practised, since the rot often starts where two fruits touch
Spraying is also necessary. Use winter strength lime-sulphur before
growth begins. Other sprayings are given when the shuc!:s have bet-
pushed off the developing fruit, and about a month before the frii

■t-ti

Brown-rot in plums Not." the nuniprous massos of
sporos. (f^rom Bull 24, IJoni. Exp Farms )

is ripe, with an intermediate one if necessary. Ordinary lime-sulphi
cannot be used for these sprayings, being too injurious to the foliaj>.
for some plums, 4-4-40 Bordeaux mixture may be used. For cherri.
and sensitive varieties of plums, 2-3-40 Bordeaux, whilst for peacl,,
only the self-boiled lime-sulphur is safe. It is to be feared, howev,
that the grower of the Lower Mainland, where the disease is wor

cannot afford to adopt all the measures necessary, since the growers
in the Interior do not have to fight brown-rot, thus having a great
advantage in stone fruit production from the standpoint of commercial
r< impetition.

Shot-hole.

Various causes may result in "shot-hole," among them, spraying
with a badly made or too strong fungicide. The form here referred
to. however, is due to a fungus which kills small areas in the leaf.
These fall out, pr dicing a " shot-hole." If these are numerous, much
nf the value of ihe leaf is lost. Usually the disease is not severe
enough to call for special treatment. If it is, give a dormant spray of
linic-sulphur, and follow by sprayings of 2-3-40 Bordeaux mixture.
If the fruit matures early it may be sufficient to do this after picking.
If not, spray also after the fruit is set, as for brown-rot.

Shot-hole of chprry. Some of the attaeUJ gpotn
nave fallen out; others are alioiit to do so. (Fruui
Bull. 24, Doni. Kjp. B'arms.)

Gummosis.

The cell-wa"s of stone-fruit trees are very liable to undergo a change
"iio a gummy substance which exudes at the surface. Tl.is formation
'■: gun? is known as ummosis. It may be the result of mechanical
'.jury, of insect punctures or boiings, of winter injury, or, more
I -Illy, of fungus or bacterial infection. Gumming often follows brown-
y' t infection of the twigs. It may, however, be spontaneous, especially
1: trees that have made a forced growth, due to too much water or

nitrogenou. fertilizer, or both. Such trees are also more liable i„
extensive gumming as a consequence of any of the injuries abrne
mentioned. '

Sweet-cherry trees, specially in wet or other unfavourable siti, v
tions, are particularly liable to guinmosis. although the virtilent bacter, .1
formof the disease, so destructive in some rf the Pacific States Iv.s
not been observed here. It is very important that sweet ci,erries 'ha^ .

„» JlC'^'r''*. '"' *'?'"'* chprrlM. The lower figure ghowa a lerlea

a well-drained r subsoil. Gumming very often follows win <■

cherry-trees have been winter-injured. The proper cultural methu U
and the growing of adaptable varieties for the section is of the great. 4
importance. Where cherry-trees have become winter-injured on t c
trunks, a good practice is to slit open the bulged part with a kni: ;
this will allow the air and sunlight to enter and prevent fermentaf n
takmg place. Where the bark on the trunk has cracked or the b.k
heaved away from the wood, a few small nails should be driven in o
brmg It back and hold it in place.

6

Urge cankers should be cleaned out, cutting away all diseased tissue
until a sound surface is exposed. Disinfect the wound with corrosive
sublimate, i to .,000 of water, to prevent infection with fungi or
l.ictena, and paint over with a lead paint free from turpentine.
I ..How those cultural practices that will lead to a firm stocky growth,
of moderate amount, rather th.in a forced growth of soft wgod.

Victoria, B.C., issued May, 1918.

This circular has been prepared by , W. Eastham, B.Sc, Provincial Plant

rathologist. at the request of the Horticultural Branch
t opies of this circular may be obtained free of charge on application to
0 Horticultural Branch, Department of AgricultureT Victoria, B C. or

ii.ni local branch offices of the Department. «, o.v,.. or

VICTORIA, BC. :
Printed *y William II. Ci'lli.<«. Printer to tlic KIngV umi Excllwit MiiJ*»tr

V !8.