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^7

Canada's Interest in Forestry

ADDR

Bv

B. E. Fernovv, LL.D.

Betore The Canadian ( liih ot Montreal

Jamiarv. llHiS.

I'Ki «- ,-1 I III IMKM 11

I,.,., AU.

• - . ; C

CANADAS INTEREST IN FORESTRY

Dr. Fi-RNOW.— 6Vn«fe»im,— I consider it a great honi)ur to \te called upon
to address you because 1 feel that by such a call I am admitted — a new comer —
to the patriotic endeavour which animates the young generation of Canadians who
desire to place their country on n basis, economical as well as political, such as the
vast natural resources and possiblities of your great country warrant.

I read in your Constitution, " It is the purpose of the Clul) to foster patriotism
by encouraging the study of the institutions, history, arts, literature an<l re.sources
of Canada, and by en<leavouring to unite Canadians in such work for the welfare
and progress of the Dominioti as may be desirable ami expedient."

1 am glad to see that not cmly the development of patriotic sentiment and
public .spirit in the al>8tract, but cf)ncrete activity, nork for the welfare and progress
of the Dominion, is called for. I hope that this activity exhibits it.self not only in
listening to talks and in forming your own opinions, but in impressing these opin-
ions on yotir fellow citizens and governments, and in real active work on behalf
of some of the many reforms of national character which call for a slurdv disin-
terested patriotism.

' IS is an age of reforms everywhere. M every hand political, economical
nal questions and problems clamour for consideration and solution, and, if
lid not lie swamped in our endeavoilV to be good all around, it becomes
essary ■ cla.ssify the many problems, and select for our first endeavour those
which caw-.ot wait for their adjustment without entailing serious moral or material
detriment to the continued welfare and healthy progress of our civilization. We
must recognize that there are some reforms which, while desirable, may be postpon-
ed without serious impairment of our welfare, while there are other troubles
which if left without consideraMim and adjustment at the proper time cause
irremediable damage, become incapable of adjustment, and with sadness wo may
recognize too late that we have lost the chance!

Whether to extend the suffrage to women, whether to abolish or reform the
Senate, whether to have a high tariff or no tariff, an income tax or a headtax, direct
or indirect taxation, bimetallism or a single standard, national banks or private

4 n E. FliKNOW. LL.D.

banks, are i.uitterH which may. if i.-t pn-porly adjusted, cause temporary incon-
venience, but no permanent liann can ...me to the community by delaying their
adjustment.

Hut whether fertile lands arc turned into deserts, forests into waste placen,
brooks into torrents, and rivers changed from means of power and intercourse into
means of destruction and desolation - these are <iUestions which c.uicern the
material existence itself of society. There are ill adviseil procedures which, with-
out causinj: in.metliate tn.uble „r injuring present interests, insidiously undermine
the very foundations of your national structure, and which, if not checked in time,
cause irreparable loss — and these we must attack first.

In the last analysis all prosperity, power and happiness of a nation is based
„n tw.. factors: -nan an.l soil. The permanent prosperity of your nation depends
on the moral character of its people and on the wisdom with which your natural
resources, the soil in particular, are used.

In spite of the fact th.it you have still a vast unsettled empire, to my mind the
m<.st pressing problems of Canada wh.ch urgently require adjustment with a view
to a satisfactory future, are proper immigration, colonization anu land policies.
'llies,. three problems are n.ost closely related. They are, indeed, interdependent
and the one cannot be solved without touching the others.

As to the first two 1 .an oidy briefly warn you against repeating the mistakes
of our neighbours in .•onsi.lerim: .piantity rather than quality, rapidity in amassing
wealth and expansi<.n ui trade instead of character and solidity, the ultimate
national aims. If von have any concci)tioii that Canada is capable of enduring
as a nation for a" thousan.l years, do imt be in a hurry to dispose of your
resources wastefully. Do not think that permanent prosperity comes from
opening up all your mines at once, marketing all your timlier as rapidly as pos-
sible, disposing of all your farm lands lavishly.

Develop wisely rather than rapidly, and at every measure that is pre.sentcd
with a view to increase of .-peed, h.ok sharply to make sure that the factor of safety
is not neglected.

All the great diversity of activities, of industries, of sources of wealth, which
characteri/.e the m<»lern civilization and give employment to the millions, have
their origin nu re or le.'^s directly in that primary source of wealth, nay of life itself,
the soil.

And next to it stands water. S,il an.l water are <.iu- richest treasures, the
^^aMe of which threatens the very foundations of a comm<.nwealth. The fertility
and t he st ability of the soil are in closest relation to water conditions and these again
i,re most .lirectly dependent on the con.lition of the .soil cover.

CAXADA'S IXTEREST IN FORESTRY S

And here it is that the broad problems of colonization and land policy touch
tbT narrower problems which during these two days has brought together for its
discussion a small group of devoted patriots, the problem of soil cover, of
forest preservation, the forestry problem. It is in this problem more particularly
that I am expected to interest you.

If you are the active citizens that your membership in this Club stamps y m to
be, you must, of course, have become familiar with the arguments which have been
advanced for the last qu rter -century, namely ever since in 1882, in this very city,
the first American Forestry Congress met — the arguments lor a reform in the
manner of the treatment of your timber resources.

Every possible argument has been brought forward — 1 could not formulate
any new one — and these arguments have been I'eiterated in the public prints over
and over again, so that I should feel possitively inane were 1 to repeat them before
such an intelligent audience. All I proi«)se to do is to accentuate those aspects of
the question which come nearest to forming a part of the broader problem of a
proper land policy. *

A few weeks ago I addressed the Canadian Club of Toronto on this same sub-
ject and there I laid stress on the material value of our timber wealth. I pointed
out that, relatively speaking, the timl)er area — the area of commercial timber of
Canada is small, that the saw mill capacity of the United States would suffice to get
rid of the entire estimated log timber supply of Cani'.da in less than fifteen years.

But withir these last few weeks, the other side of the forestry question, namely
the relation of forest cover to soil and water conditions, has impressed itself on me
as in the end the much more in)pr)rtant, the more pressing, and of much more
mom. . han the material considerations.

While the rapid and uneconomical destruction of our timl)er wealth must
appear foolish and prejudicial to the material prosperity of the country, after all
we can perhaps e.xist without wood, at least we could get along with very im.'ch less
than we now use, substituting iron, stone, concrete; and perhaps there is still time
to reproduce what we need before the virgin supplic- are exhausted, .\gaiii, you
must have heard \i good deal of talk about the piioimious inroads which the paper
pulp industry is making uimhi your spruce woods, and that the Fnited Stales
manufacturers have fixed their eyes upon your vast supplies of (hat ilcscription to
feed their mills. It should be patent to evervsune man that now is the time to
carefully consider . le i)ropriety of sonianagiiig this vahialdcresoiu-cethat not only
for the present but for all future 't yield the gieatest profit to the country that
holds it.

There is no question that Caiiada, if she adopt now a wix- forest policy, can

B E. FER!^OW, LL.D.

n

soon become the controller of the wood markets of the world, and of the paper
trade in special.

But even so, while it would be poor political ec' .my and foolish to let the
destructive policy continue, an ' to allow, without adequate compensation, the
decimation of this rich resource, and, while it would be a pity .f m the cuttmg of
the spruce, as is likely to be the case under present methods, a large amount of
valuable material of the wealth of the nation were wasted, it would not be as
great a disaster as some try to make us believe, for there is really no need forpulp-
wood in the world. The world has existed, and quite comfortably, before paper
was made from wood, and it certainly can again. A number of other vegetable
fibres will answer; it is only a question of cost that has brought wood so prom-
inently into use for paper. To be sure, a lar^e amount of unnecessary and unde-
sirable printing would perhaps be eradicatea by the increase in the cost of paper
to the advantage of the world.

Yet while r" this mismanagement of a resource that would be kept producing

forever must be detriment to the material welfare of the country, .t could be

■ endured, and means for alleviating the evil can be devised, and moreover the re-

storation of mismanaged forests is by no means an impossible thmg as Germany

has proved, provided the soil is kft.

But there is a danger, a damage, a disaster which lurks, hardly realized in
the reckless treatment of your woodlands, infinitely more serious, the >««8«f the
soil Denude your soil of its protective forest cover by axe and repeated fires,
expose it to the wasting of the waters, and it will lose its stability and change its
location — it actually runs away.

In general terms the influence of forest cover on stability of soil and equableness
of waterflow is well known and understood, but it is perhaps not fully realized '.hat
the importance of this influence is variable with topography, character of rock and
climatp. While there are, for instance, in the United States large areas which
suffer but little from the erosion of bared slopes, your country is particularly un-
favourably situated from this point of view, for a large part, the larger part of your
eastern provinces at least, is country com.K,sed of hard Laurent.an and Huron.an
rock which makes soil only slowly a: ' i.-r the most part only thinly overlaid
with soil.

Destroy the protective forest cover of this rocky country and soon tjie thin
. soil is wash.a off and the naked rock remains, a stone desert.

That this is not mere theory, but a result experienced over and over again in
all parts of the world, even on this continent, and in your own counter, can be
attested by many here.

CAXADAS IXTEREST /.V FORESTRY 7

If you want i study the effects of denudation in your own country, visit the
Sudbury or the Muskoka districts and you will see how a rock desert is started.

As yet, only here and there noticeable. <ion the repetition of fires - and they
repeat themselves easily on ground once burnt — will produce results such as
are described by Prof. Roth from Wisconsin ; a close neighbour in some respects not
unsimilar to your conditions. A careful inspection from town to t>wn made ten
years ago brought out the information that of the eight million acres of cut over land
one half is as nearly desert as it can become in the climate of Wisconsin. A dessert
of four miUion acres made by man in kss than fifty » ors.

It will take hundreds of years l)efore this and -as similarly conditioned can be
made useful again. Contemplate what a loss to .le commonwealth, what a hi, ■
ranee to civilization within the State, such foolish and unnecessary mismanage- .ti.
of natural resources brings in its train !

But while the los- " the soil calls for active interference with the destructive
tendencies of our present generation, this is not the end of the disaster.

As I stated at the out.set, water conditions and soil conditions are so intimately
interwoven that the deterioration of the latter means in.ariably the deterioration
of the former. Again to quote from the report on Wisconsin:— "The flow of all
rivers has changed during the last forty years; navigation has been abandoned on
the Wisconsin, logging and rafting has become more difficult on all rivers, and the
Fox River is failing to furnish the power which it formerly supplied in abundance."

First comes the washing of the soil from higher to lower levels, and that
means ultimately iito the riverbeds, I', ngthemupwi* debris, then, as there is
nothing to retard the run off or to soak in and retain for j; . lal drainage the surplus
of rainfall, high and low water stages, floods .ni dro; .., in the rivers become
accentuated, and what was once a stream for tl.o i,i-oduction of water power has
become a dangerous enemy to civilized life.

You all ha|e heard of the mag . . ent water powers which are to make Canada
a iiwM industrial nation. Let your Hydro-Electric Commissions look out that the
conditions which are essential to the utilization of these powers are not destroyed
before, or perhaps still worse, after their development hjus been undertaken.

Axe and fire, and esjieciaily the latter, are greater ei.emies t>f your prosperity
than monopolies of capital or lalwur. These latter can Ijc controlled, but the re-
sults of the former, especially of repeated fires, l)ecome ultimately irremediable.
As the apostle St. John in his later hfe came to the conclusion that in the simple
prescription, " Ixve one another," was included all Christianity, so I have come to
the conrlusion that in the injunction " Keep o . the fire," is expressed the principal

need of a forest policy, for forestry
instituted where fire is master.

B. E. FERXOW, LL.D.

conservative use of the forest — cannot Im

Even if we were to cut off all our timber and squander it ever so wastefully,
our loss would l)e small and it would l)e capable of .-storation. But where fire
and water are allowe<l to do their destructive*work, the foundation is torn away
and the loss may become irreparable.

What then is neede<l in Canada everywhere above all other measures in dealing
with the forest problems is: (1) reduction of the causes of forest fires; (2)
increase of the forces to prevent the oripin of forest fires and to extinjtuish them;
(3) such division in the use of soils as will open to settlement only bona fide farm'
Hoils; (4) such administration of the remaining timl)er wealth as recognizes the
interests of the future.

T.» my mind these four problems can only bo solved by a nidioal chaiiKo in
present methods of disposi-tg of lands in general, whcdierfor the timl)er or for
settlement, and in changing the attitude of governtnciUs .so that they will consider
Crown lands rather iw the cipital of the future than the spoils of the present.

The causes of forest fires are largely the existence of irres|)..risible people in the
W(M)(ls. in a minor degree the lack of respoaslbility on the part of the railroads for
the damage they occasion, but nuiinly that it has lu.t dawned on the people or
the governments that there =s value in the mere forest cover, and more value in the
young growth than in the old tinder. As .so<.n as this is fully i-ealiml, as .soon'as
the Governments will vigorously undertake to protect this property of the people,
not only the log tind)er. luit the young growth, which is now abandoned to its'
fate, the difficulties of reducing the fire fiend will vanish.

And when such efforts are made, it will also Income just and right to impose
upon lumljermen such conditions as regar.ls the disposal of their debris as will
reduce the danger from the slash they leave Itehind.

At the Slime time a vigorous educiitional campaign needs to|lH> carried on to
h;...w the jK-opIc that it is piitriotism to keep out an.l to put out fin's. An<| in
this campaign each one of you individually .iri.l jointly c;in bec(.nu> powerful idlies.

In carrying out such a policy the first sl..|. niiu;ht Iwst be llic willidniwid of all
utdicen.sed tiinlwr lands from the o|H>r.'ilion of the old Ijccn.sc .system, ,is liucU'c
has practically done last year, and placing them in forest n'servalions.

An examination of the comlition of these reserves witii a view of segregating
the lands fit for farm use and settlement, an I with a view of planning for the ra-
tional conservative disposal of the matiiit' limlHir on these lands, as well as on those
to be kept |M!nnaneiitly in forest resc'rvi-s, is luiturally the second step.

CAXAn.rs IXTEREST IX FORESTRY

9

The third step would l)e an equitable adjustment of rights and obligations
between Government and present license holders, with a view of preserving the
capital value of the limits and of remanding them in a reasonable time to the
Government's ownership and administration.

This involves also an adjustment of the quarrel between the lumlwrman and
the settlers. While undoubtedly lumbermen have repeatedly taken a.lvantage of
the opportunities for favouring thcin.selves in handling their limits, they undoubt-
edly also have had grievances which came from loose methods in |)ermitting settle-
ment within their limits. It in notorious that, as in the United States, pseudo-
settlers have again and again l)een i)ermitted to locate within licensed lands with
no other object than to get hold of the timl)er. abandoning the location after they
have robbed it of the timlier. or disposed of it to the licensee, and in other ways
having disturlwd i)eaceful development.

Even lK)na fide .settlers ignorant em)Ugh and [Mjrmitted to .settle on |)oor lands
are a menace to the interests of the conunimity, and arc frecpiently the cau.se of
destructive fonvst Hres. Vou may have nc.ticed in the papers lately an account of
sucIm. .settle ill I'ontiac County. Quebec, in clearing fur a five bushel potato patch,
destroymg timber to the valu.- of three million dc.llars. by allowing his fire to run —
and the land is now a worthless desert. A careful revision of the conditions of
settlement which permit such baneful usage is urgently called for.

That I may not ap|M"ar as only critici/lMg and faull-linding, I shall add that

bfgMuiings in deve ing tlies.- i.leas pra<-lically havelKHM. ma.leby the Dominion

Government in the West, ari.l by the I'r..vincc of Quelle. .\n.l only this week
the (lovornment of Ontario has conunitte.l it.self to all the prop<..sitions which u
forester could reasonably deman.l. namely, increa.se of the protective service, ex-
tension of the reservation policy, e.|uitable arrangements with the present license
holders, an<l dis|M.sal of timber henceforth under forestry rules.

All these steps pro|K,se.l are in the right dire.'tion. and all that is newlcnJ is to
learl.ssly lollow the trails ...hI not to be afraid to spend n.onev even for apparently
.lead work, which will bring r.-sults. at compound interest, in the end as it has done
in other parts of the world.

It goes without sayj.m that to .any out such prop(.sals will require the organi-
zation nf properly ninnned departments, and we h<.pe at the Ini versify of Tonmto
that when the graduates of ihe new Faculty ..f Forestry arereadv for responsible

*"■'"■''• "'•'"*•' ''•''•" ^^'" ''"^■'' '"•«•" inaugurated, as ind.-e.l, begiimings in that direc-
tion have already been made.

And now I shall try in the remaining live minutw to make you omiplete fomt-
ters, and give you seven axioniati. lore.stry tenets, which nobody .an deny, one for
oach day in the week.

10

B. E. FERXOW, LL.D.

1. Forests grow U) be ttsed.— Beware of the sentimetitalists who would try to
make you believe differently. WchkI is a necessity of civilized life, and both lum-
liermen and foresters are in the same business of supplying; wood materials. Only
there is a difference in the manner of their use, namely, destructive and coiuservutive
use, the latter providing for perpetual supplies, for future needs.

2. Not all forest growth is desirable and to be maintained.— VfUervver af^ricul-,
tural soil is covered by it, eventually the forest must l)e removed. But beware of
classinf; as farm soils those which are too thin to stand the drain which farm croj*
make on it and those which are wasted easily when cleared. These must be kept
under forest cover perpetually.

3. In the virgin forest there is jrractically no grouth. — The virRin forest, iia
far as production is concornod, is at a standstill, it neither grows more nor less,
for whatever grows in it Is offset by tlccay — it is a dead capital, the maiiiteiiaiice of
the inv&stment eating up the interest. To make it a live capital which by its
annual growth accumulates interest, in order to reproduce a new crop, the axc! is
needed to remove the overmature old stand and give light and room for a vigorous
gmwth of the young. ,

But there is no one method which is the iK'.it, as for instance culling to a
certain diameter limit. This is merely a device to rob the forest less; it may or
it may not lead to forest jierpet nation. There are various methixl known to the
te<'hnically educated forester which accomplisli the result, namely a vigorous
young crop, to l)e cho.seii according to varying conditions.

4. Forexis lire sil['jMrjHitinling.— Ax long as the fire is kept out forests may
l>e cut and will reproduce themselves even without the assistance of man, and s(»
far as a mere soil cover is concerned, Nature will |)rovi(ie it. But from the economic
point of view the reproduction may not l)e satisfactory, for Nature does not take
into account time and the requirements of man; she produces weed trees as readily
as valuable kiniis, and can-s not whether tiie best product in the shortest time is
securetl, and hence n»y fifth tenet: —

5. The forester is nredetl to diriet the irorh of A'tt/j^rr .—The virgin woods are
mostly compo.sed of a mixture of cconomii-ally valualilc and of weed trees Culling
the valuable and leaving the weed trws in possession r.m have only otieetl t, name-
ly, to reproduce the latter in larger number, and, therefore, to make a po rer forest
than it was la>fore, hence the himl>ernuin who necessarily works for the present
<lollar without an eye to the future, and takes out only the valuable kimls, is liound
to deteriorate the value of the future forest. The forester may decrease this deter-
ioration by the manner in which he cuts the old irop, or by proper methods he can
aUo secure a superior new crop,

6. Forest erops are slow ero}m.~- Kveii under l)est management it takes in our

CAXAD.rS IXTEREST IN FORESTRY

U

northern climate at least sixty yeai-s to produceasaw log from the seed, and to secure
an acre of saw logs of medium size not less than eighty or one hundred years must
be allowed. This time element is naturally discouraging to private enterprise
which engages in business for immediate results. The average lumberman can, there-
fore, not be expecteil to go far in conservative methods, unless he contemplates a
long future ior his l)usiiies.-<, or is compensated by the community.

7. Forcstn/ is thr liusimss »j (he SUitr or Munkifmlity. — The long time element
makes it incumbent on the guardians of the future to undertake the business of
forest cropping. Moreover, forestry, as far as it is concerned in the reproduction
of a cro'* for a distant future, niciins financially "foregoing present revenue or
making present cxi)endituic or investments for the sake of future revenues." It
is profitalile only in the long run, and hence again, although there are \v;.ys in
which tiu' forester can lie i>t financial value to the present day lumiierman, only
governments can tinally engage in providing for the fiitiu-e.