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r

183.:

EVIDENCE OF Mb. JAMES FLETCHKK

BBKORK THB

SELECT STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS

ON

AGRrcULTUBE AND COLONIZATION

Session of 1896

PRWTED BY O.^OER op PARLIAMENT

InsectN inji

Holiwliiilil
<iritH)«ll>l|i|H

Tlifi'X|N'rii
WihmIm as ai
Dnratiim of
I'n'iHTvntio

IJ— I

1393

CONTENTS

In,»ctj. inj,mo„H to fn,it». and the rei.u^ie* .
M<iliMi>l,iiI(| |im,.(.t |,p^(,

<irHHMliii|i|it.rM

Til.. ..x|..ri„„.,.. ■ apiary ot tlm ContniV FHnii '

^ .-.■< s an affi^t.HK agric„lture-nu».t n.-xiouH .i^iJ^. '

Durati.m of vitjility ill h,^^1h i-'^"-"..

I'rtstTvution of bee« in winttir.

P.i.i>

8

. 12

.. 15

. 16

• • 17

......

.. a)

.. 22

■ I-

li— D

fliJ '

The
Mr. Spio

Mr.

mental Fi

as followi

Mr. (

is nlwayu

raembei-H

the Mem I

opportiini

bera. No

meetings <

liad not H

would be

own partii

I know th

tlic public

Inrgo, and

through nn

when wril

informatio

Member ol

made use o

farmers of

the mem be

tioned to ir

opportunity

Thewc

very eimila

umphrt in tl

able, now, t

doubt previ

with the aci

division dur

to fruits. 1

serious thai

ter of destrc

branches of

particularly

inHocticide.H ,

This simple

few has acte

been conduc

the rest of tl

this manner.

use of some <

is, those whi

1896

CoMMiTTBK Room 46,

H008E OK Commons,

Thn «!«l«„f Q. J. r. W1DNE8DAT, Ist April, 1896.

Mr.Sp;;u'ro,"Jh!r.t"^?r^^^^^^ Colonuation met this day,

ment^IV^;Twa>JZn^;'^ to the Dominion Kxpen-

as followH :— ' ^ request, and, oa invitation, addieHsod the Committee

is ^l^y^o^'oZi:^^^^^^^^ ^roro the Committee

membeiH of the Kxpi.in.ontal Farm S^.r. ^' ^''"''^^ ^« ^"^^ 't very useful, „8
the Members of PaSiamrt f cm all pa ts' of ThT V • ^»'««t commu„4,ion wUh
ppportunitioH of makinK our domrtmin's Llf^i ?^?I,'"'""' > that way we have
bers. Naturally, if a matte, irCiZbefr„li'' '^f constitu'entn of tho«e Mem-
meetings of thlH Committee, they rermberir«hm.l^ of Members at the

had not the chance of meoting thrSZ\^L\^ '''''''''''" ''"''^ ' whereas if we

would be lo.t. The.liffe.ontXmelof^h^7,;r^""^^^^^^^^ '"^'i "««f"' work

own particular work in the most Imnortant \n?h «t«ff "aturaHy conKider that iheir
I know that it in but I want f.. lo^'^ ^ th" country. With ro-'ard to mvown

the public at laige' Th^co .: ^rirc^Tth'a?!^^^^^^^^ '"; '""'"'^' 'f^ ^"'"^ '^-- ""
nrge, and we are frequently ablVto tr fee X^ fl.l^ '^VT'"'. ""^ ^*^« *''''"" ''' '-^'^^
through T'^nyof the bttor^that wer^Sv^f 1 t^fn"^^^ *'*'. P">'i'"n«"t

when writing, neem to think uJ'ay^llLa^^^^^^^

information, and they mention the" fact tl?./ fk ."'''•««tion to us when receiving
Member of Parliament. wL wi h it o bo w lilf"^ ''"^" 'r" *""* t'> write by theif
made use of. the better wo are , leaned wTtfl r'T" r^"' l^** '""•*« '^' 'Urm is
farmers of the Dominion to m«Lo use of th« 1,7 V'^ 7u'""'"*r' '^' '^"^ we wish the
the members of the farm s?arnrateiS^±T"''"" *H''' ''"^ l>ec'n gathered by
tioned to mo by one of the membe-^ of h^ SnWrf"'" "'? T''^' '^"^ '^*^«" '"«''-
opportunity ofdrawing attention to it. ^«'°"»"««. «"'' I am glat? . have an

IMKCTS INJUBIOtTS TO FBUITS, ANO THE BEMEDIK8.

vory^s?mi^;^/nrfoTos^or;riVu^^ ^-- ?- been carried out on

umphs in the way of practical r^emo,Is or ome oAU i' '° ^' ''■'''''^"^ ^'^'"« t.-i-
able now, to speak definitely of manv matterTLn • '"J"T". ""'*'*'tH. We are
doubt proviousV, as a rosuk o Srimen s car2l?r''"^' •^i"*'^ ^^ere was some

with the accumulated experience of rrevSvoarf'^ ""f'^- ""u' ""'^ compared
division during the past year has becT^e, v bfrl?; • ^^ ^""''^ ,'" ^ho entomological
to fruItH. This. I think, does not indicate fhitfhi^ '^"- '''^'"'i ^"^ '"«««^« •«J""on8
serious than to some other crops b.rthat mo ' „m •'"r '^\*^ .^'"'^ ^ave boon more
ter of destroying injurious inse'its bv the fnHf *"^"t.on has been paid to the mat-
bi-anches of agricultural industT T^,e fw K'^'*^''«'« than in some of the other
P«.ticularly, have adopted ve7*larrervtT;i,Sn7''? "^ 0»t«rio and Nova Scotia,
insecticides and fungicides tonLShL ""Pro^*^ methods of "spraying" with
This simple and che^aroperatrn hi '^''i;rS^ ""'^ ^uligouso'nemies.

few has acted as an olject leJ.rforThe^ !«?:„ th« S^^ 'T^l-' '• '^ '^' ^"'"'^ °^ '''
been eondnnfe'J '^V^l -=- " i • . ' '" the different district- wh«"p it h-.s

the rest ofThe fruit gfoiersTn ZSitKrof t^'^^'^"'"' " number has conv,-nced
this manner. There is, now Sothine ind«S'n?t„ ^ !? T? ?* f''"*ting their trees in
use of some of the arsenites or compSundtorarsriA''"^'^"' '^^''V^^ «^««t8 of the
IS, those which bite their food ''""P"""*^" of arsenic for treating biting insects, that

.>!,

11

*

All insectM, for economictil purpoHun, como into two larse onlerH, tliouo whicb
bito thoir too<i, nn<l thoso which Huek th» juicoH out of it. For thoHu which >>ite
their ffMMi and ont thu Hub'ttunco of thu U'livo'), poinonoiiH miitoriais piiicci on tho
Burface are ott'oclivo romo<li«H. liy caiuhilly conductctl oxpcrimunlM wo hiive found
which aru tho bent poinonH to iino und in what proportion thoy Kbotild bu applied,
the bent time to apply thoHu lemedieH, and thu cheapest way to ^ct piod ruhuliH,
During thu pant two yearH particularly, a large amount of work has boon dono ia
Bprayinjj fruit trcoH and other crops, and oxcoodingly j^oitd roNuUw have Jullowt'd.
In addition to the work dono at tho Central Kxpurimuntal Farm and the other Hta-
tionH nndor tli< control of thu Dominion (rovertinioni, thu Provincial (iovernnicnt of
Ontario are now helping this work along by publinbing valuable iiihtrui-tionH and
rcporlH, and I think it may bo naid now that tlioio Ik no farinor or f'luit grower in
Canada who may not get much help from biw own Governmont's reports on all the
ditteient parts of bin agricultural work. The Ontario <TOVorniiieiit during the paHt
year has curriod out a very suecoHnful «erioH of oxjwrimonlH in spraying orobardH by
meuuH of object loHhons conducted by Mr. A. II. I'ottil, of Grim.soy, a man of energy
and intelligonco ami of groat experience an a fruit grower.

In the province of Quebec there are a great many active farmorKand fruit grow-
ers adopting tho same methodH. In Nova Ueotia and British Columbia the r<ame
thing i.-' going on, and tho roHullB are always HUtlHtactory.

I have been preaching the gospel of spraying for ten years, and at the Kxpori-
mental Farm we l.ave tione all wo can to spread the requisite kntiwledgo, 'y pub-
liHliing bulletiiiH, and by pushing ihe work along in every pctssiblo way. Last
Hpring, Mr. Craig and I went to the Xisigara district and hold a series of meetings
in tho places most convenient for tho fruit giowers to moot us. This series of meet-
ings took about a week and wo were ablo to meet a large number of the best fruit
growers of the district. This effort has bud a good effect. At any rate it is evident
from our correspondence that a great many have adopted spraj'ini.', whiih they had
not before used, und with considerable success, I think spiaying is now recognized
as part of tho necessary annual work of fruit growers. They recognize it now as a
method to l)e adopted, as a matter of course, whereas, a few years ago, we bad
trouble to ])er8uade them that it was a thing they ought to try and from which they
would get good results.

The Canker Worm. — A large number of tho insects one notices ever}- year in
Canada are not necessarily injuricnis, and experiments are necessary to fi'id out
which are injurious, and which are likely to bo most injurious, so that particular
attention may bo paid to them. This work can only bo done by specialists, but a
good many are doing it, and there are no reasons why the farmers should not take
ailvantage of tho results. They can get information by asking for it and, by
promptly applying the remedies advised, they may save themselves a good deal of
trouble and avoid a groat deal of waste in labour and in money.

Among the insects which have been biought very prominently to my notice
from their frequent occurrence during the past year, 1 would' just mention one or
two. The canker worm, well known by that name, has been injurious in Ontario
and Nova Scotia, and I bring it before the Committee because there is a good deal
of difference of opinion in various parts of tho country an to what is the best remedy
of dealing with this pest. Now, there are very few insects concerning which there
are not a dozen or even a score of different methods which may be tried by way of
remedies, and the great object for everybody who wants to get practical results, is
to get to know the best of those. If there are a dozen remedies before the public it
is very likely that none will be used, because while you are making up your mind which
is tho best, the opportunity for applying any of them passes away. If there is only
one remedy recommended, we are likely to get the good results that we wish for,
bocaiif*© tho farmers arc in no dnnht sxh in what ought to be (lone. In Nov.". Scotia
tho get. oral opinion is tbat the best remedy for the canker worm is banding the
trees with some viscid or sticky substances to prevent the moths climbing up the
trees. With respect to nearly all these injurious insects it is of tho utmost import-
ance to study their life history. Unlike w^ay others, the insects of which we are

^ ld9d

•Making nppeni- Into in the nntnmn or onrly in tho Hnrln.r Tk . .

tto OKKH fV.,m whirh tho c«lor|,ill«,H JJ <«|1K ^ I ^*'". '•''"«'«"- "'h'ch Uy

no win^s, and thev climb n,, tho troon t " a ' Cr ! .! 'I"""""- "'^'>' ''"^»

stay there during the winter and tho v , m, IT T "V ""l '"•""•''♦"*• Tho o^r^

Hprinjr instead of the autumn, but I ncH^r no Tr M , v ^^^

troutmonts for both aro Himilar. Tho m.rHl w h ^^ '; '" '"" '"/•"••^*' t'

Scotiu. andihafuvourit.. ....n..,!.. .1. ... '""' .'''"*'' '"«" '"O" adopted in Nov

ho

10
ova

Scotia, and i8 a fuvouril.. remedy there into imi.'.i'n "l .".'T ■.""" "'"M"'" '" ^ovn
round tho tree, such HH |.ri,.ter'. ink and nil ' •"•"I ot ►-omo v.^ei-i material

whieh will rem'ain viHcid' for Homo time tL' is drm'o in'" 1 T""" ?' '""' '••'^'"'
like fomalo molhs. whieh climb up the treen to l«v • ""'"','" ''"'■'' •^" ^P"'^'"--
pa«H no eg^r. aro laid on the tree and nreatn^LlH^''^'*-"- " ,' '"' '"""- •'""'ot

In Ontario tho general praciieo i^t;ruZZ':!'r\^:^ ''''''' ^''''''^
>r of tho arBonitos. and it !..■.« ..Uv,.,.. k„„.. .. .. . '"^"^ ^'" ' "'"* ^'••««^'ii 'm- ho

•f

i

J^polnei. 'ihllt' tJj S^So'r^Si.."u't"'"''^' ^••"" "• *• --

aro vory much larger, aH n Jo th , thev nl '!'» f"-'" •^^""" ^''« "•«»'«
different matter spraying a froo P^ ) ,L ,Xl f '" '*"'"'"*' »'"' '' '" " very
high. With tho slnaller troerfho a pan tu whi 'I "''"T"'^' '-"^ "*' •^=* '"• •♦•' ««"^
8uitttlde,infactan«worHanp«r)oUrHnravin^ ''"''•':: ''"''" ""«'"' "'"'

By raising the nozzleof the sWavTri mnZn ^ V ^T"*' '^* ''"" '^">'' 2<' '■«^'» ''i«h.
veniontiv h.-.ndled an.l it oj, CS 3cTo,?t k^'hi-^^h^^ "" .T"' '""- ^'^ ^^ ^-'•
trees, ff you add another 10 foot Imweu" l ^\ f: ': „ \T^ '"^ "'V"-^' "^■«'' ^''"
inconvenient and troubleHon.o oper "tion f i. n T \ ''^ ''S'f-'''^ n'"l<o- ■< a very
that the work is only partly done or eft ,ndnn« iT"'' T'" 'r'""^-""i«"<. i" <"(•'.
remedy of painting tSo Lrwhoro the nir, r'*''"'' "^«'»''''"-«. <!'''' otlu.;
effective. ^ ' '"'"' '^''^ "'^^ '"" '»rge to sp,«y oanily, is ,,„iio

On account of tho natural life historv nF ti.^ „. 1
wing,, and cannot fly, but mus emwmXtr^^^^^^ '" ^'"'t if '"'s no

if wo put an insupo?ablo obsu.elo ,7 t" w ,v ho fwt ?'" "7 "^'•"' 'V' '*" ^'V^^^'^^^

Of tho dif^cnitieH ^terr^^nrn-norn^t;. . - .-q-^^]f- if^i'.^'^^li^j;^!"!!',! .k1. !!!' ."!"'' )

Of the d.fflcnItieH NvTikTr^^nTn-not uldt .( ..l^in^f I n.i • "*-"."""'•,"' <"'• «"^'

-^^^r^-carefully rTr;n>..u.. ihercfnl^n tw."T7^rr^^^^T^ ".quired into tho nuitter

^^Te^sL toVho"ci;;Lzrnc rof'srSS^

eyHtematic8pra>^gi9 thebestremedv b,f inlS ^ jS ;• . ^^"""■"'. therefore, a
bo conveniently slaved throLu^*'?' ^1^'".?''^«^.^"V^»''« ^roes „,o too hijrh to

bo conveniently'si^iyod fhiMonL'M^rr.;' T/v!; 'J'.u "'''"?u"V'' "'*^' ^^^^''* '"'' <'^" high
to th"tpf Hpra^-inLYstltc!^;;;^ vl^;;^^;^^^^^^^^ --t i.o abided

not entirely accunffb. The writers of .C«^ .' ^.'" *''*' newspapers that aro
knowlodfre of manv thini tho7»![r. i'lT.."'^ '«'«^ «f ^""••ho have not a special

peci
very
are made
tppearcd

knowledge of many things thev wrtVnnnT *^.i\ of course have not a s
slight inaccnracy/ho^v^r mnyl ale ?erv ^ • "''^ t '^'' ^'''' ^^'y ^•«"- A
in the newspnpeS,8orUmos^ Jito nlle JinT'Z/'""''^' ""^ «^«tements «
about this very matter. ^ nn«leading. Many such statements have:

By Mr. Cochrane :

appio irees. I think that in nntaf.-r. <k^. 1 -'— '^ *'"„"'-"^s ^ciy uid pcarnnd
aaoptod ;n growing fruk t,^e^ and mnnl' '*"'""• ^^'^^P''^"* '""'hod of pruning

p.
if

of have lived • long time. I h»vo no doubt though, th»t It could be done in Ontario,
but I think we hnve in this province more new and young orohurdii Ihnn they
have in Nova Scotia.

Q. Do you know how the tieee in Novo Scotia are propaKate<l, whether from
the root or from the elaik?— A. The methods of propagation adopted (here ai-o juat
the Hame ux wc purnuo in Ontario.

Q. You do not think there is anything in the theory that they itre shorter lived
from being grnltod in the root?— A. Mr. Cnilg ha-^ Htudied that mattor very carefully
and 1 think ho cays it does not make any dirterence, in one of hiH bullolinH. 1 know
the matter has been connidered and studied by him, and hh tar as I can remt;mber
his Htatemoni on the matter is that it dooH not make very much diilerence. Some
hold very strongly that a tree grafted on a iiieco of root is not as goo<l and strong
as one gnifto<i on a whole root, but I think Mr. Craig does not agroo with that.

Q. I rt'collect seeing a tree at Niagara which a man told mo wuh nearly loO
yeari old. It was as high as a mapio?— A. Yos; I have seen similar largo trees.

By Mr. Carpenter:

Q. Do you not think the system of trimming has more to do with it than any-
thing else? People trim to keep treo8 down in our uection?— A. It in very niuch a
matter of fashion or fancy, and trimming is otlcn done for tlie convenience of puk-
ing. Do you not think that the small hizo of the tro^ is alno duo to the largo number
of now orchards all through your country?

Jiecipe.—To resume, 1 may say that with these methods of banding the trees,
un<ler ditterent circumstoncos, the best method may vaiy. The formulie which
have been used most satisfactorily for making the mixtures 1 have mentioned are
castor oil and resin, two pints of castor oil an<i3 lbs. of resin and printers' ink and
fish oil. In the last report of the Kxporimontal farm, which is not yet distributed,
these receipts aro given in full. For tive acres, Mr. Armstrong, a good orchaidist
in Novu Scotia, uses 20 \h». of printers' ink, which ho gets at from 10 to 12 cents a
pound, and to that is added two gallons of tish oil. These are well mixed and stirred
together and applied lo the tree, by being painted on a strip of common roofing
paper tacked aroutul the tree.

By Mr. Featherston :

Q. What advantago is thoro in using printers' ink ?— A. It remains viscid for u
long time and does not dry up very easily. By mixing printers' ink with oil, it
remains sticky longer than any other material, and it has been found as a result of
experience that it is one of the best of cheap materials Uiat are available.

By Mr. McGregor :

Q. How do you mix the oil and lesin?— A. The castor oil is warmed and the
materials aro boiled together. Mr. O. T. Springer, of Burlington, has used this very
satihfactorily. Ho uses a portable coal oil stove in the orchard and paints the ma-
terial directly on to the trees with a whitewash brush.

•

By the Chairman :

Q. What about the use of tnr ?— A. I think somotiraeB it injures the youngtrces,
and it also dries up quicklj'.

By Mr. Carpenter:

Q. Do the worms crawl over this sticky bandage? — A. They are not worms,
but the female moths, spider-like creatures without wings which crawl up the trunks
of the trees to deposit their eggs.

Q. And they stick fast ?— A. Yes. they stick to the bands on the trees. There
are many methods used, but this is the best, as far as I have been able to learn.

Q. IJ
different
until nnri
of moth ti

Q. TI

—A. The

Q. Y

il Is

Yes, it it*

sumo bam

again in i

The C

the apple

cigar bhap

in exactly

lives insid

apple tree,

flower lni<

because a I

small port!

The n

through th

coverings

poisoning

when it nu

ments hav

wash, whit

come so gc

diseases, pi

first of all,

remedy, an

asked to dc

will follow

The ci/

in the first

Copper in 2

Then a

other upplii

a mixture ci

the keroscn

ilestroyed t

HUtfocation,

pores. As

persistent \

required eai

end success

of Oshawa,

and Parirt ui
fi...„.. _„. .

• III cc tmin't'."

The Pei

a great deal
small beetle
some years,

Bjf Mr. FeatKer$t<m :

Q. I)(i thoy cruwl up in the 8pHn;if ofloi- hatclilnir timn?_A tk-,
different mothn. one ilmi tt,,,H,a.-H .n the uu"u,nn the olheT th^t il.i^ , T *"''

ol moll. ,o the ordinary Iru.t grower, and the mdh.Kl of controlling !uHTir«um^!
By the Chairman :

♦

Q. The ordinary caterpillarH' c^rgs are laid on the burk of t ',e tree are ih..v nn. t
-A They are laid ... a .in« near the ..pn of tho Hmaller TwiU ' ^ ^ ""' '

n il fi "^^ J''" ■<"" .y"» -n*^"" *"•> In, «aMily du^troyed by I'ariH irreen

a Ih the mixluio applied to ihetreohin the fall ofthe vear? a T^? . o

■I ■

again in the Hpring.
The Ciyar Sha/x

mBm&mmm

.n,«n nmt,™, o..n,|,„re,l wUI, ,i,„ ini,.,,- i. ,!,». bcoalh ZZf^i^^" " °"'* " '"^
dihea«eK, parti(;ularlv llio hlm-U M„nf ..ffhi .« i '^ '".l"ry ny inseits and fun^'oiifl
Then again, following that at short interval of about four day- either with nn

of n K„ i^ V. . "*-" " ">« app'H'ations are applied rcnilarlv \fr Wnrdon

r".„.*"r">'®*'i''p^''r««Po»'''l««fc'"'centiated lye in 46 irallon^ of water to ^h'«h
•. ;!cco<, mis OT Pans grtien are added .. waii.i, lu wn.^n

a -'reaflCronnljrttrji." J^ ^'r""* '^'l^'*'^*' ""^' ''^ Q»«^'"«ton particularly,

10

has been discovered. Jn trying a great many experimontB, we found that by paint-
ing the true with a carbolic alkaline wuHh, thiH peet can be checked. The wash in
made of Boft soap, diluted sufficiently to permit of its being applied with a bruBh,
with a strong Holution of washing boda which makes it more alkaline, Paris green is
then added, and enough carbolic acid to givi- the mixturo a strong odour. We have
been trying now for three years to got some remedy by which this injury could be
stopped, and I am glad to say that wo have now succeeded, largely through the
systematic efforts ot Mr. Carl Fisher of'Quecnston. The present is the season of the
year to apply the remedy 'or this troubI^<ome insect.

Perhaps some of the Members living in Western Ontario know by sight the
effects of the work of this insect without really being aware that the pest is at work
in their orciiards. l^larly in the spring, where the insect is at work, a largo quantity
of the gum oxudos from the trees and fails in a mass btfiow the peach trees. In some
places two or three quarts will be found to have fallen beneath infested peach trees.
This is the result of the work of this minute insect which is only about one-sixteenth
of an inch long, By working in the liark it injures the forming wood, and the tree
in its efforts to cover up the injury pours forth largo quantities of gum. Under
these circumstances the trees soon become exhausted, for it is not possible for the
tree to lose all this amount of nourishment which may be called prepared food
required for the next year's growth. The chief result then of the work of this
insect is to weaken the tree by taking away the uouiishmont required for the use
of the tree during the growing season. i

By Mr. Carpenter:

Q. I have just been using washini-- soda and soft soap. How much Paris green
do you put in the mixture ? — A. 1 will give you the exact proportions used by Mr.
Fisher — Five pounds of washing soda, three q larts of soft soap, water to make six
gallons and then enough lime to show what tiees have been treated. That will,
of course, make tho mixture thicker and also enable us to identify the trees which
have been washed. Add to the foregoing three tablespoonfuls of Paris green
and one ounce of carbolic acid. I think probably that the carbolic acid is the most
important part of the mixture. The whole should be applied with a whitewash
brush. The carbolic acid acts as a deterrent, preventing the insects from alighting
to lay their eggs when flying through the trees, for this beetle flies readily from tree
to tree. It was committing great injuries and drastic measures were required to
prevent its spreading. Many experiments were tried with different substances, and
at the end of last year, Mr. Fisher found that all the trees treated as above wore
greatly benefited and the attacks of the bark-borers upon those trees had almost
ceased altogether.

By Mr. Carpenter:

Q. Do you recommend the application of this remedy when the leaves are com-
ing out? — A. The first wash should be applied before that. The insect comes o'W,
early in the spring and immediately sets to work; as the injury begins early the
application should therefore bo made early in the spring, so as to be preventive.

By Mr. McGregor :

Q. Do you spray the mixture or apply with a brush? — A. It is applied with a
whitewash brush.

Q. Does the insect go from limb to limb? — A. This insect works mostly on the
rough bark of the trunk, but alsoopcasionally onthe larger limbs and even on young
trees. There was an impression prevalent that it only attacked old and dying trees,
but that is a mistake.

'

By Mr. Carpenter:
Q. The mixture is quickly put on ?-

-A. Yes ; very easily.

The.
in Canadf

growei's jy

of our ore

by a natu

so as to pi

State Agr

emulsion

William C

that they

remedy fo

Speak

attention <

has the ap

know the

dows whei

the egg-sai

and the on

the past sii

An int

noticed, is

almost inv

This samp

ton, and dii

attention o

unfortunaU

notify the

white bags

the autumr

injury to tl

spread, the

sufficiently

mended ou

meadows in

By

Q. Do :
is very littfi
knowledge,
was on hig
insects havii

By
Q. Wou

By

Q. The
—A. The ini
yourattentio
figg sack, coi

Q. On tl
the soil. It
over the gias

Black P
to Canada of
it and have n

11

1893

by a natural parasite whchhan Lo,?t H dSwT tTJrV^''' '' !« bldl/attackcd
HO a8 to prevent lo.s. Thank7to tKod wo^k nf- ""^^.'^^'^^t \o chock it entirely
State Agricultural Collo/e"i t!.beeusho^^^^ of the New Yorf

emulsion thin innect can be dostrryed Jn Sda M. ^ .' "'^P'if ^'«» '>* l<«'o.ene
William Orr, ofFruitland. adopted this LthoA?' r •""' «V^»««»«ton. and Mr.
that they had stopped itH VayZr I .^H w«v /m^ 'i' "^' " l!"*^ '^""^ '«"' ""*"■""
remedy for thiB i.Iict also ^ "^"^ '' '" "''"^" *''«* ^" l'«^ « practical

attent!::oy\1,oS^r;**^'i;Y^^^^^^^ to which r de«ire to draw the

ha8 the appearance of a lilUe t.n oTco ton tool Tn?^'""' ' ' "' "" ''''^' •"^'^«'- ^'
know the extent of the injury cauHed bv hL in iJl k^ T''"'''. "" ^'■"'^"- ' ''» ""'
dows where it occurred h/^fhc ^jlrL « . "ime^e i^^^^^^^^^^ '^'^ T^'

the cKg-sacks were formed, the injmy canno br ' o ?r,^l, u / ' "* '""'^ ' '''•'«"
and the only pla.eH whore it has bee.Troprtod re^en wl f ^'!"'' '1'''"'''^
the past summer on Capo Breton island E^NovTscotir' ' ^''" ^"''"^

notictd" "\rfio';<!!;::e;l'esT;on: ll^rV""'"^' "I'-r^ ^- ^^-^ ^-q-ntly
almost invariably IrolhiTow^to a noTm.d ^no^" ""^"^ "'^""^'""^ ^han it ,=;
ThiH sample of The C.^ttonrGrasl Scai^^™ chlhu^^^^ ^^ ''' "J''"'"''' P"''"^'^«-
ton.andd'uring the winter 'l saw severart^^^^^ «^

attention of the Committee now so th»t t h« ^P i , ® J**^' ^ '*'''"^' •'^ ^o ^he

unfortunately. i^sZ d a, near h, tho r I^^«P^''' T^u^^ recognize it. if

notify the dipartment of iK4urren^^^^ The LJdv '^'^ '""^ '''«" '^^ ""^'^ to
white bags which you see on the ^n.^H «;« t ®^^ '^ " '^'''^ ^^^^ ""«. 'hose

the autumn, and ifMhe «elS ihefe toccL Z o''rf\7T- '^^"^ ^"P^*"' '"^e in
injury to tho roots of the irasB md .f nZ <^"'^«f»"y burnt over so as to do no

Bpiead, the inrct w I bocSuXdo^^^^^^^^^^ *"l'" ^^^' '^^ «'« ^««« ""t

sufficiently early h^s faH i.?a|| Le' J^^^^^^ b'«"g'V* *« "^7 attention

mended <fur N^ova Scoti^ JriSndrw o h«v: conZined S^^^^^^^
meadows in the spring, and in that way the iLcT^S!^be dost.i'yed. """ ''"'' '''

By Mr. Carpenter :

i« ve?y KlK^n atrutTYtTaStt^" "oc'c^l-.^^"" •"•^-^ « ^A. Thn-e
knowledge, before, but the rop; • ' " . u « field w^^l J. tK'"' """!^'«> to my
was on high and dry land Tho „• nvl ». mT ,• . tho grass was light, and t
Insect, h.vW fod o'l^.^ jllLsdtrin*;" hel;;;;!^ "«"' "•'>"' "» larg/pulnber of

ByMr.Pridham:
Q. Would that bo in pastured fields ?— A. Hay fields.
By Mr. Featherston :

egg sack^ containing ?largrnumber of eggs. ''"'' '°"°"^ '"^^ '« ""^

the son/'it pLSf 'hl'^tt^"in^"h?'Z' fr; *^°".V^^ '""•^«" '^b^^^ the surface of
over t^e g. J« ^/^ ^7^^^^^^^^^ -ve, and burning

to Ca^nil^?rfar;:e-r ^'l- »>««' -^^^^ introduction i„.

it and have not allow J' t to sp ead hat"f tZ w«lf ^'" "^.'"'-^ ^'^P^' ^'^ ^^'^^'^

iw spieaa, mat is tho well-known fruit pest, the Black

i

U[

12

Peach-aphis of New York State, whoio it liau done a great deal of harm. It belongs
to the plant-louse family, and, as its name says, it is black. It does injury to both
the roots and twigs of the peach tree. When occurring on the twigs and branches
it is very easily treated with the well known standaid remedy for sucking insects,
coal oil and poap suds. When found at the root the diflSculties of treatment are
greater, because any applications to tho surface simply drive the insects further
down towards the young tips of the roots, and there they do injury by sucking out
the juice, and prevent the young feeding rootlets from performing their proper
funciions.

Protessor J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, Now Jersey, has tried very extensive
experiments with kainit, and he has found where it is applied the insect has been
cheeked and the tree very much invigorated and improved in health. The
application he rocomraendK is 10 lbs. to each tree, spread over the surface of the
soil where it is dissolved by rain and washed into the soil. This is ano'her in-
stance showing how we have the advantage, in dealing with many of tho imported
insects, of the experience of our friends to tho south, and are able to check them
upon their fiist appearance, with the remedies which experience has shown to be
best. Some of the oiohards near Leamington where this trouble has occurred have
been treated with kainit, and further applications will be made in tho spring.

By Mr. Carpenter t

Q. Have you estimated the probable expense of the treatment? — A. That is a
matter that will depend upon the deratind tor kainit. Tho cost has been high in
Canada heretofore, because there has bien a very small demand for it. During the
last year it has been very largely used in New York State and it is used to some
extent in Canada as a fertilizer, hut the price varies. I do not know if Professor
Robertson is aware of the present price.

Professor Robertson. — I think the last quotation I saw was very much lower
than formerly, about $1G a ton.

Bv Mr, McGregor :

Q. Would not fresh ashes have tho same result? — A. To some extent they
would but they have not been found as effective as the kainit. They have been used
and are certainly a wonderful fertilizer for the trees, but tho i-esults are not so satis-
factory, as far as the insects are concerned, as those obtained from tho kainit, which,
if Prof. Smith's experiments are contirnied, are very remarkable.

HOUSEHOLD INSECT PESTS.

Moths. — Another branch of insect life that lias been brought prominently for-
ward during the past year is household pests. In Toronto there seems to have been
almost a plague of carpet moths, and this is a subject that is of interest to every-
body, because there are very few of us that have not had the annoyance of finding
that our clothes have been destroyed by carpet moths, and to find out the best means
to prevent this loss is a matter that is well worthy of consideration by all. Tho chief
thing, really, I suppose, is to keep our eyes open and notfce when the moiths first
begin to appear. Moths are beginning to occur now, and those of us who have not
put away our winter furs and clothes had better do eo as soon as possible and put
them away in a tight leceptacle, so that the moths cannot get at them to lay their
eggs on ihem. The life history is so well known, and perhaps is well known to
everybody hero as to make at clear that the moth itself does no injury to our
clothes; U is all done by the little caterpillars which come from the eggs laid by
the female moths. The moths are naturally attracted by any material which will
provide suitable food for their young. They lay their eggs on any cloth or any
material made of animal substances. Our clothes are made of wool and these form
proper food for these minute caterpillars. Cotton is a vegetable material, so that it

is not atti
attacked,

Eapers or
ave ado;
old box o
the garm(
moths car
ap, and tl
the motht
time to pi
clothes wi
have no el
unpleasan
H does no
and then }

Q. W

Q. IF
thing you
than ordin

Q. Mc

deterrent,
moths do r

Q. Bu
effective if
eggs were

Q. I w
Farmers lo
certainly, a

Q. Bm

in the tar f

eggs are ha

ofdestroyii

of the sun,

soon enougi

should be p

laid, it is a

they will b(

and beaten

examine th(

an ogg laid

duce a catoi

till late in t

things well.

Carpet

and has late

and from Lf

" Carpet bee

strangely di

mentioned a

cal led a " m^

ever, really ;

less than on*

close to tho i

them. Evid

red and leavi

13

189S

time to put the clothos away without Lr of ?hir h • '^^^"r ""T *"^ ^''^'^ '« >'«*

and .ten p„. aw.y in a b?. STSo Sh'^it^.h'/wt I™.™ rntn^ir""*"'^

By Mr. McGregor:

Q. Would yon advise the use of tar paper for robes ?-.A. It will heln
Q. I have tried successfuiv for veai's And r hn^rn ^x.L i ♦ t f^'

Q. Moths are so Huscentible to its '\nf\ni\non9 a v«o •* . • ■ .

eg«, we,., uia eC .r„r„3tt p^;:;LiVhrn?ir„;i„j;.'','e"'-"''''°"' "•- "'■"' "■•

ot the sun, but if any were left, damage would bo done. The chiol thins is o do ?J

examine them ant see if they are Kafe A on a,-,, tr h^^ *^^»3, so that you can

til late in the season, wo are liable to have iniury The t inc/irto'lKni^ '\f k ?
things well, and then put ihom away carefuMy ^" ^ '' ^" '^"''^ ""'^ ^'•°«*'

ever roallv a !;tl«r"t' K m'""^u" ''••'"^^' «« does'the car,>et raothV iTis low!

1^1

If^H

B ''^^^^^^^1

ll

HH

K^^^H

f'?

EjHH

1

^H

u

to oarpeta in which this insoct is described as having cut out strips right through
the middle, as if cut with a knife. Evidently there is something pleasant in the red
dye which the insect likes. This little beetle has lately spread very much in Canada,
and has been very troublesome. It has been called " the denpair of good house-
Jceepors," us oven good housekeepers cannot keep itdown without a good deal of care.
The remedy which is recommended in the Washington division of entomology in
regard to carpets which are infested is a good one. The plan there i-ecommended
is to spread damp cloths upon the carpets and iron them with very hot flat irons.
This has the effect of generating steum, and sends it down into the cracks in the
floor, and in this way the insect is killed in all its stages. Another remedy which
may be mentioned is sprinkling the carpets freely with gasoline or benzine. Neither
of these would injure th carpets, and they would certainly destroy the insects. As
these materials are very iangerousfrom their inflammability, groat care would have
to bo taken not to carry a light into the rooms where carpets had been recently
sprinkled with either of these inflammable liquids, until the room hud been aired.

Croton Bug. — Another troublesome household pest, abundant in some places, to
which reference might be made, is the Croton bug or small "cockroach." It is a
frequenter of many large mills, and is found in hotels which are heated with hot
water. It sometimes does harm in eating off the surface of boots and gloves, or
anything in which faced leather enters into the manufacture. I saw a pair of boots
at an hotel in Brandon, Manitoba, the surface of which had been eaten off in patches,
the same as if it had been pared off with a knife. The remedy is powdered borax,
which if sprinkled round the edges of the room Where the insects generally run,
not only drives them away but kdls many outright.

Q-

By Mr. Powell :
What is the colour ?-

-A. A grayish brown or dusty colour.

By Mr. Featherston :

Q. It is the regular cockroach ? — A. It is the cockroach of this country. It is
not the same as the cockroach which is found in England, and at some of our sea-
)orts, which is much larger. Under any circumstances thoy are nasty things to
lave about a house. Thoy smell nasty, get into food and destroy many things.
'. Jorax has been found to be a successful remedy. Mr. Eosamond, M.P. for North
! janark, had them in his Almonte mills at one time. He wrote to mo asking for
a remedy and I recommended him to apply borax freely about the floors of the
mills. This he has done and reports to me that tho insects have quite disap-
peared. They will probably appear again at some time and will require a second
treatment.

By Mr. McGregor :

Q. In Western Ontario we are troubled with an insect which bores the soft
maple tree. I got Mr. Craig to look at it when ho visited us. This insect is spoil-
ing all our nice shade trees; thousands of them. It is very troublesome and is now
aflecting the ash ? — A. Mr. Craig brought some specimens of tho affected bark of
the trees to which you refer, with him to Ottawa, but the grubs were all injured.
They had become mouldy and I could not learn anything from them. I wrote to
Windsor for more but could not get any further specimens. I have no doubt
it is one of the borers well known to attack the majle. Nothing can be done except
painting the trees with an alkaline wash to prevent the beetles from laying more
eggs next year. The female beetles probably appear in June. If the trees were
treated the same as apple trees are for borers, the eggs would not be laid and the
injury could not occur, (ienerally when the holes are observed in the trees it is too
late to remedy the evil, because the holes merely show where a fully developed
beetle has emerged.

Q. Wc often find them between the bark and the wood ? — A. That is where the
chief injury is done.

15

.a96

larly for all information possible as to tEe extent of f hi :«;?,' i? . r''^'^ '"'" P^'t'cu-

Q About a foot in diameter?: tl sfzo of a ,f or 2^'^;. old trf«?"/'^n!f-
is nothing can be done except painting with an lii/oUn ^^^K^'^ tree?— A. There
time .h. beetle, occu,- .„ „ 1o IZTj tZiZ:^'£ZaX tLr'ti'"'"^-''"

-A I do not think that would have much effect
link carbolic acid would be better. I «ay that
nary kerosono emulsion foiTho'p^^VrbaVkWH ha^^orthi IrV";*! '''^''••^*-
away Tho effect only lasted for a little while, ho odour of the coal oM^ """'P "^, ''
soon disappearing. ' "'^""" oi the coal oil, seemingly,

Q. I used a syringe to the hole?— A. Where von ^sm fin,i tu i i
•t in that way. But that hole is mertiV where one insect ban oll^'" ^^" T3^'
mare syringing that, hundreds of other boerrmlv be .t w T *""/' ""^ ^'^''^
.t get at them. With annlo hn..«r« ..,? .^?. fl."l^V'^ at work and you could

at it
you

not get at them. With apple boiers "vou' can" de'tor'f'Thl^ -

thinner bark ofa young apple tree but^wUrthisothl-li,^ '''^'""'^ ^"''"S ^« ^^e
in going on, owing^o iL [fick, r:ugT\:rk'onhet:;iere7" '""°' "^ "^^'

„ ,, „ , GRASSHOPPERS.

5y Mr. Semple :

Q. Can you recommend anvtbinff to be done tn nht^nh- ♦!,„ l

doing a great deal of injury in Western OntaJfo? A wl ^""^f '^^Pr''" ^^ich

which are pursued in tho Western States wbe^-ltr/r \ ''"" ''^'^P^ ^'^^ '""thods

In Ontario we have not oftl hrserious oc^rreno^^^^^^^^^^^^ '''''" «^«'y yo^^-

such as occur regularly in the WrHtoTn S.«fJi wk =?'''^''PP®'"«y«'^'«^'t«i- year

pay us to follow\h: ?Ian Sttey iS ^ thi We'st'Ind iL^Tt '' "'I' T'""''^'
dozers. Those are light pans, containing it the Lttom 1 . '^**' .™"'*« hopper-
These hopper-dozersSr pans a.^^d Zo^voK^,^^^^^^^ "^'''^^'^>' '"'■^^«^'«^'-

get their wings and gather them up bv ?he bushelfuf Tho nSn ^^»"?g'««f.hoppors

can be drawn over the field quickly bV a sinX hom. Tn .fcl T ""f/ ''^''^^ «"d
Mii.noa^fo ♦!,„,, k„„., *„ „j-l. ., y "y " "'VS'? norse. In the States of Dakota and

are

Island, during the pa;t summoT/th Tnju7wZoC:rrtha?r ""P^'
last autumn, to buy large quantities of hav nthH. 7u ia^ ^^° k'overnment hud.
-on account of the grfssSrerrhaviny;^^^^^^ h7J'"'^, T^' '^"^ '"'^^ '^«^^>''«
all tho hay upon whPch the S no^dLM^wonM . ^«g«»»tion, and particularly

IE? iris *- £"2^iS iS??»:ir

withoutany injury to the grans and ariennn^^^^^^^^^^ ^u ^'■"'^° °^®'' ^^o fields

injurious to'^griss-will be S stroyod if vTeyaT.Js S^^^^^^ T''"^

not practicable. You can only poison them thXwith Rofi^ •"" '"'\'' '"^^^""^ '«
as you <io other insects « hicii Ite thefr ood Th re is rmfxm?: o "" h ^"^

fsTlai^d^ Thf I.lt?^^^^^^^^^^

remedy can be ap^li:d';Xi:e''irrsslrstT^^^^^^^^^ :^S^^o^' ^^

EXPEBIMENTAL APIARY AT OENTRAL FARM.

wer, mad, .l,„ by Mr. HoI.ermann. of B,a„tib, "XT he I'Al uT?' 'hrtSk!

,;t.

I'
I)

II.

16

The annual report of the Experimental Farm last year contained a statement of
theHe operationri, and during Ihepaat summer further experiments have been carried
on. Mr. Fixter has brought hero to-iay nome samples of the different IcindH of honey.
He has also brought some seolionM of comb made in the apiary, and I think perhaps
the most interesting experiments which have been carried out have been those with
regard to different kinds of foundation. When the apiary started laHt year, Mr.
Holtermann wrote and asked us if we would carry out some experiments with the
different kinds of foundation. The central portion of the comb is formed from the
foundation. The foundation is produced artificially and is supplied to the bees, thus
saving them a large amount of labour, time and energy in producing the foundation
which is then "drawn out," as it is called. The wox in the foundation is drawn out
and extended until it forms the cells of the honey comb, such as I have in my hand.
Now, according to the nature of this foundation, so is the comb which is produced,
and I have here, in my hand, two sections of the comb which was made last
summer by our bees and filled with honey. The honey has been extracted,
and we have the empty Ci)mb for examination. I have here a piece of the arti-
ficial foundation similar to that we put into the section. This is cut to the size of
the section and is put in the centre; the bees then draw it out from either side and
fill it witii honey. Wo have found by supplying thi.n foundation that it eaves the
bees a lot of time and energy. They are work ng all the time and we are getting all
the mea' without any bone. They draw out the wax we give them and add to it very
little, and the whole of their effort is then given to producing the honey. It takes
about 10 pounds of honey to make one pound of wax, so that by every pound of
foundation we give the bees, we save 10 pounds of honey, and therefore it is a pay-
ing operation to give them the foundation, and wo have also found that it pays very
decidedly to supply bees with the best foundation which is procurable.

By Mr. Featherston :

Q. That is a natural comb, is it not ? — A. Yes, it is drawn out from the founda-
tion.

Q. It is natural comb, not an artificial one ? — A. No, it is a natural comb, but
it was drawn out from the artificial foundation given to the be«s to work on.

Q. It is done by the bees ? — A. Yes, certainly ; another advantage is that it is
always much straighter and more even. It is stronger and easier to han<lle. If
you give them a good foundation thej' build their comb and section, as it is called,
straight, so that it is more easily marketed, but in the old basket hives the comb wa.n
irregular, and you had to cut it out in pieces and sell it by weight, and 'here was a
great waste, so that in every way there is a great .advantage in supplying a good
foundation, and in following the newer methods adopted by bee-keepers.

By Mr. Carpenter :

Q. Is it a new idea ? — A. No.

Q. It has been done for some time? — A. It has been done for years, but the
question we are trying to solve is as to the character of the foundation that should
be used. Mr. Holtermann pointed out thai the nature of the foundation had a very
appreciable effect on the sales of the honey, because if the foundation was dark
coloured and gave a dark "fi^h bone," as they call it, that is the central portion, it
would sell for a cent or two a pound less than if thtit were not showing. Now, the
Central Farm honey combs which I have with me this morning, some are made from
good foundations, and some from bad ones. But perhaps you will seethe difference
better from this photograph I hold in my hand.

Really, the experiment was to find out which was the best foundation, and
whether it paid the farmer to buy a cheap foundation, or a supe-ior one at a slightly
higher price. We found that, jih in many other things, the best foundulioii gave the
most satisfactory results and paid the best in the eud. You will Hce hero from the
samples I exhibit, two combs made from bad foundations and one made from the
best, and you would readily notice the difference at a glance. It shows how
much better it is to get the best f' ^ndution you can, because you get better results

ir

189

oar chemiBt, Ls Liped urve^JTuJh L LT "^ Mr.Shutt.

measuring the combs radeVthebrsSurL^Si'T '*'" ""tioal examinations and

hone, thanlLe Cove-.^SSS: mrov^rurdr^TeT^^^^^^
% Mr. Featheraton :
Q. Is it because the buckwheat honev is thinnnn ? a w n t

no. found .U. ou.. Here >l ^^^TJT-^f 'tL'r„^iri£.t- ^^^^^^^^^
% Jfr. Cochrane :

»he.t w^llh' the' JotdS' C„ ''„°^p',!":,5-r£ •l""^",""™" '" '"• ^"Ol'-

because 'hey had to do more "'to nmHnr.n a i . * ... ^"'^ "' ^»'' ^asto labour

would have had if ^had be'n oloC hone? ¥hri"'*"",^'"^i°.^ ^"''^^ *»»"" they
pared by Mr. Shutt who wa«hei 3 thLL .^ samples of the combs were pri

carefullj weighed wfth hfs uoUcafe lies inTh« l.h"'^ f"' '^\ "'*'«* '^^'S*^*' «nd
taken to have\he experiment acSll^^^^^^^^^ ^'^"^^ ^^^'^ ««^« w«.

-By ^r. Pridham:

not oV;.:d"uVe's^aT^^^^ J? L^nTU itlsTucV^- '* '\^^^ .^^o^' I*

bees than any other plant at that tiLofToVear; ''"'''"*' "'^'^ attractive to the

By Mr. McGregor :

I hav^e htrftt::^h"oTg^''llatllt TnT'^S^^^r^ '?«^k^T ^--"^-^
bv some bee-keepers to hectored away by theitbe^s and^?h'«n ^^.h"''*!^'^' '« «"PP''«d
there is no doubt that it ought not to be allowLl ?f a ®? ^?^^ *^ '*°"®y- ^ ^hink
the mildest way you can. If a sufficient ou^tftifJl J "" adulteration, look at it in
they will carry-'it straight into their cSmb and AH nn";?;' '' l"P'''i"^ *° **>« b«««.
beingdigested orchangid in characterat all so thJt uln «°"j''r^'' ** ^^^^out it
in the comb instead of honey "bS the BHI to n -I ™T ^^^e sugar deposited
has passed, and that we shal eo ahlve not^nl ?h? • ^^* adulteration in th^s way
at all. Canada will soon be a syn;n'yrfoTi!:;Xt''e^^^^^^^^^^^^^

WKKDS AS AFFBOTING AQEICULTUBE.-MOST NOXIOUS SPECIES

viz..ltd::nVrasr. °?:nU^rsptkyth?m"'l"'V^ '^'^^ '^ '"'"^^^^ «-•
me..ly the general subject thit^'^o 'tol^on. rgrZt Taf of\'r r 'i '^
been g,ven dunng the past summer to the subject of weeds I h!il *"«"*'oo ^as
last summer of travelling through ManitobrS fhJ v^ .k *-? ^''®,'*PP°''*"°^*y
much struck with the tfemendous headlav ?hat tee^n h»r'lf ^ ^^^ -«ry
of the country. The farmers ornwinc, tu^ .1. .^ ^ado in ihat part

wheat or gjr., ^,,1 X^S §,e S^'to ^.r/S' TZT/' '«"* '',"' ""?■
husbandry many cf the weflda wm,w i,„„J k j^? "^^ ^^ar. By alternate
crop is g^wn year a tw Jeai nJISJ^.v Te ^t?J'^''T'^' '"^* ^»»«" *»»« «ame

^creasing, and the state of ?nLatSLKwteds?nManiJi^^^^ T^' ^"'" ^««P °°
North-west is a most serious matter today Manitoba and some parts of the

I- ,

18

By Mr. Feathenton :

Q. Do those weeds grow in the crops or after the oi-op comes up ? — A. Both.
A weed that ripens before the crop ripens drops its seeds on the ground year by
year and causes great trouble by steadily incroasing. Those that are cut with the
crop are easily handled, but some of them ripen their seed before the crop is cut and
thus they keep on increasing.

Q. What are they? — A. There are many and some of them most aggressive and
serious enemies : tumbling mustard, hare's ear mustard, wild mustard, ball mustard,
false flax, wild buckwheat, wild oats and many others.

Q. They have no rag weed ?— A. Yes, indeed, they have in several places.

Q. The farmers say it is a great advantage to have it, because thoy plough it
down as a green crop in the fall ? — I have not much faith in (hat mode of treatment.
I have seen it grow eight and ten feet high in the Southern States, and when once 1
asked a farmer in Virginia why he did not cut it, he smiled on me as an ignoramus,
said : " why, that is my manure for next year." Btft the miller who gets rag-weed
seed in his wheat will tell you that this weed gives him the greatest trouble of all. The
seeds are just about the same size as the grain of wheat, and the Keewatin Milling
Company say that this is the weed they 'ike least of all the many kinds of which the
seeds appear among wheat.

By Mr. Pridham :

Q. Are they much troubled with the Russian thistle ?— A. The Russian thistle
occurs only in Canada along the southern borders of the Northern Pacific Railway
in Manitoba and every eflfort is being made by the railway company to destroy it.
If farmers in Manitoba and the North-west did one-quarter as much as the Northern
Pacific Railway Company has done to keep down the weeds, it would be a great
thing for Manitoba. The railway company recognized the fact that they are accused
of having brought this weed in, and they 'have certainly made every possible effort
to destroy it. I was along the railway last July, and I saw a gang of men going
along from Brandon to Winnipeg right through, to stamp out this weed, and not
only the Russian thistle, but any other dangerous weed, wherever it might occur
along the line. They were mowing and keeping the weeds down all along the line
and giving a grand object lesson to the farmers in the neighbourhood. I understand,
too, that they did not do this spasmodically but regularly all the time, and it would be
a good thing if the farmers would follow their example. I think probably the
Russian thistle scare is one of the best things for Manitoba that has ever happened,
because, it has awakened the farmers there to the fact that they have got to do some-
thing with their weeds, and that they are menaced by a great danger. I detected
for miles and miles, as I went along the Northern Pacific Railway the worst weed
ever introduced into Manitoba and the North-west— Tumbling Mustard, which was
first introduced, it is alleged, about Indian Head. During the past summer this was
allowed to get such headway out there on the big Brassey farm, that they actually
mowed down and ploughed 1,500 acres out of 2,000 and got no crop from it. The
rest of the farm was kept suflSciently clean lo get a crop, but this 1,600 acres they
lost altogether. I asked Mr. Robert McKay, of Indian Head, to make a photograph
for me of a large specimen, and here is a picture of that sample, it was three feet
high and two feet across.

Tumbling Mustard has now spread all over that country round Indian Head, so
that when you look out of the window as you pass by in tie train, the country is
just one sea of yellow with it. The trouble is that the farmers are not doing nearly
as much as they ought to be doing to keep it down. Some told me I was running
down the country by drawinjij so much attention to this weed. I reply to this:
" It is absurd to talk like that7 My duty is to call your attention to this, or any
other dangerous enemy and make as much of it as I can." It has spread for miles
and miles up there and also Southern Manitoba is now a sea of tumbling mustard,
over hundreds of thousands of acres where this weed has been allowed to spread,
and for a very trivial reason.

2'um
pig weed
bearing ii
over the i

Q. It

but It get

late in the

When the

spoken of

ling weed

talking to

said, "Oh

there was

to Mr. Mc

we found b

plant, Tl

across the

that a dry

and fifty n

spread nov

ection.

B

Q. Iti
comes earb

Q. Wo

would if th(

Q. Wh

but by ploi

great exten

part of the

the tumblei

badger hole

to a cultivai

and other p

prairie, it h

Hare's I

mustard, wl

west, unless

troublesome

the Keewati

receives grai

many differ*

these sample

The seeds w^

with i-egard.

The small se

grain and lai

grain was th

There w

recognized in

country we h

19

1896

beunn^. iU ripo «ce.J Moparates from tho jroumJ a h1 "H^Kr" "•^*^'•'■«•^ "P ?'«*«»
over the prairie by the'^in.i and that U h^w 1?^" Hh .rnel'"' °' " '^''^'ia'ong

By Mr. Featherston :

spoken of, which I have called " tZS nrmus7ard "1 t w^-^^ '^''•^.' ^'^'^'^ ^ ^^''^
ling weed," tliey said " Oh it in nnl^ i nnlki^ , . * ^**'^*^ ^«« »'«» called tumb-

talklnKtoafar^erabourl'nhe'^erandTHrke'i^ "^^

8a,d. " Oh, well, if it is a mustard we have It o Tee to^ " "Vhi 1! ''°^ '""^i"'"^-" ^'^
there was ina name, and I have called if m,.«f„^- ^^•'if'iowed me how much
to Mr. McKay, our auperinfendon at ndTn H^ad' for Tfa* ^^^'T ^««'-« «go, I aent
we found by actual count that there were over half n i^ l?. ^'^'^'^l'^'"''' «P«cimen, and
plant. The seeds are held sufflcLriySht in .h^^^^^u" '^T^ '^^^ ^'^a'^ single
across tho prairie for the seeds to be Lnned onli f ''^*^' ''^^" ^^^ P'**"* '« blown

fiy Mr. Pridham : 4

By Mr. McGregor:

woulJifTh^^VaS^Sni'^^^^ have overcome it?-A. Yea, it

but b^' KhiSg a';:]':umte;tnolir;"'' ^^'' ^"' •' •« -«'T hard to remove,
great^x^tent of fhe farms Tnd fSe comoa -att^^ '""^T^ Ja-gely ?-A. It is the
part of the Dominion which is .he difficultv a sn L^**' ""'"H" «f ««">«rs in that
the tumblers can be blown withlttee?inJ\' yVbstrrt oT" ^1'"^'''' °?^ ""^'^
badger hole, or an unevennesa of tho ,rrn„„^ lu ''"^''^"ction. Wherever there is a
to a cultivated spot the pZta aorfn^ nn ^- "T**" \'' '"^' *'^«'"«' ""^ if they get
and other placea^.orth of that. ^Sy^thi^s SofL ■ '"^1' "' ??^* Qu'Ap^elle
prairie, it baa a great means of spreading «f blowing and tumbling acro«8*^the

rnust^Twhtc^tgoTngto'^t'on^^ otth^w'T ''''' l^ '"^^ west, the Hare W
west unless they a^ onc% set to work tott Hd'fit^'Ttf'^ I'T '^ll '"^ *»»« North-
troublesome in binding grain arid also «hnk«.. ^* « "^^ a tumbler, but is very
the Keewatin Milling^ComTanr of Rut pSar' ^'■"'" "'T* ^ P'-"^"'^^. ^om
receives grain from many districts ahmt f.«.' 'f '^^-'^ ^ery iarj^re company-which

many different localities^ and made a cH ical «/„ J ^^'"'^ 'Tu^^'' '^^^^^'^^ f'«'" ««
these samples did I find a few Sa of th^h S "''^'°" ^^ ^''^"'- ^"'^ '« <>"« of
The aeeda were so small thartfrrdinarvre^hS^f™"?*"^ Thereason was this:
with regard to the Hare'a-ear musta.H tZ . !? ^ cleaning were effective, but
The smtll s««ds of tumhUnlrrnHA 'k ^^'^^ largerand not ', «aailvnl«in«d

grain and larger IZT'eei, buTwfuIdtTeir^i^h'll?;' f^^T TrStheS-^fu
grain was threshed. '®'' ^'^° *be dust and rubbish where the

cou»., we have U.„e fo, tho prodLSir'f g.^r,^" rrr,\''„r.rat.?

I

I

(

i- • 1

J.

'■»-■'

so

nificent crops like wo had last soason. every year, if— that little if —the rainfall
and Hnowfttfl were always Hufflciont, that is, just a liltlo heavier every year. Now
then one of the irreat injuries weeds do lo a district, is to pump up tlio moisture out
of the earth and give it out by evaporation through their leaves. The Hares-ear
mustard has big leaves, as largo as my hand, and those plants are conimuously
Dumping up the moisture from the soil and evaporating it through their leaves.
Yet while this is well known, farmers, many of thorn at least, do not recognize the
importance of keeping the weeds down, if only to prevent the moisture from being
drawn from the land. If the land was cleared of those coarse succulent weeds they
would be able to save, at any rate, the amount of moisture they iise up to help to
ffrow good crops. This should be an inducement to tho farmers of the North-west
to use greater efforts to get rid of the weeds. Mr. Richard Waugh, of Winnipeg was
the only man I met in the west who realized the importance of this aspect of the
value of keeping down weeds on account of tho moisture which they extract from
the soil What a difference it would make to tho whole Dominion if all our farmers
in the North-west could be got to realize the importance of keeping the weods down
if only to save the large amount of moisture they take from the soil. Figures could
be easily given of tho amount of moisture extracted by different trees and plants,
but it would not bo advisable to detain the committee now.

DURATION OP VITALITY IN SEEDS.

I

By Mr. McMillan :

Q Has the seed of tho tumbling mustard as much vitality as the common muR-
tard with us?— A. We do not know sufficient about it to answer that question. It
has only been in the country six or seven years. In Nova Scotia, from one experi-
ment which came under my observation, I know that the seed of the ordinary wild
mustard or cadluck will live for 20 years at least without being injured. Colonel
Blair, the superintendent of the Branch Experimental Farm at Nappan told me
that when a boy, his father's farm was infested with cadluck. His father deter-
mined to clear the farm and year by year had every spear of it taken up and buried
six feet deep in a marsh, so that the farm was at last made a perfectly clear farm ;
not a spike of mustard was to bo seen. Twenty-one years after the farm was sold,
the whole farm burst out suddenly into mustard again. It was such a strange thing
that it drew forth much comment and the question naturally arose as to how it oc-
curred. It is well known in Nova Scotia that they get alkali as a fertilizer for their
land by digging marsh-mud. The purchaser of the farm had dug his mai-sh-mud
from where the mustard had been buried 21 years before, at any rate. So you will
see that the mustard seeds had retained their vitality all this time and possibly
longer, because the seeds which grew when exposed to the air by being spread on
the land may have been buried some years before the period of 21 years which had

intervened since the farm was sold. . . ^ xi. i •* e

While of course there are a great many instances reported of the longevity ot
seeds, this is an actual fact. In artificial treatment we have never been able to keep
seeds of any kind longer than about 20 or 25 years. Statements are frequently made
in newspapers and elsewhere about mummy wheat. I suppose 1 have been shown a
hundred times, to be moderate, different kinds of plants that were stated to have
been grown from seeds taken by some Brian's father or some other reliable authority
out of a mummy. Now. unpleasant as it is to say so, not one of the statements was
true although those who made them may have thought so. People sometimes reflect
upon a certain matter or statement they have heard and talk it over until they actu-
g[jy \.fy.y^^ to believe it to be a fact they have witnessed, but there was never a grain
of wheat or any other seed taken out of an old Egyptian mummy that has ever been
grown. Yet, probably, all of us have been shown, all over the world, wheat eaic to
have been grown from grain taken from a mummy. The Royal Society of England
some time ago conducted some very careful experiments, and I think, if I remember
rightly, that beans retained their vitality longest of any seeds; I think for these it

was aboul
at the Ex
difl'erent j
a gentlom
that is 40
not grow,
to grow,
tainly last
suspicion,
crop of a 1
curious kii
tioularly t

E

Q. Ih

mustard ct

too, that w

when the s

the best m(

bring tbost

will got ai

ploughed o

Q. In

quentiy ha

weeds ? — A

Many of tt

they inorea

which exist

By

Q. Can
speak of for
somoihing r
was moist al
fectly harm
vitality so Ic
fact, as any

Q. I thi
in a very she
and the seedt
little air.

By

Q. Then
posts sunk in
there aro still
Yes, that is v
few plants gr
that most of t

By 1

Q. I do B
mustard has I
as ever ? — A.
out was that <

" 1896

^tT:'Z'^^J::Znitr^^^^^^ ^ ^S .ears. Smco I have boo«

different jiarts of Canada. I 3e iht Tremon tTfS ^''"''- "^".^ ^" ""« f*^*™
a gentleman got up in the audience and natrZ hJ^Tt '"'"V"'^ ''"' >'«»'' "^"^
that iH 40 yoai« old. and you can try that and hp., if f, ^ . ""?* '^''*"*^' "^ '»"y 'a^e.
not grow, and I do not think you wfll eJor ^rl ». . '*'" ""' ^'■^^•" ^^«". '^ did
to grow. But weed soodH in fhe «7« a 0?;*^ o t*:;" T T^^' «5«'" "'" ^^at ago
tainly last much longer than by any l"ho7 of a S • ?^^ the «oil will cer-

suspicion, too, that the Htorio8 abo^ wiTd Loos« wh«i . '" Pr^''^*^'""- ^ »»"v« «
crop of a wild gooHe, are very nS of th" --^ « ^ '""'^ ^"''*'" ""' ^^ ^''^

curiouH kind of wheat i8 liable™" hav-e til wuS '**' "' '""'"'"y wheat. Any

tioularly the very Btrange looking Polonian wheat.^"""'" "'"'"^ '"'^"'^ ^" ^" '^P"^-

By Mr. McGregor :

n^^^^V^ZTAZy^Zt^^^^^^^^^ ^ '"Pr P^ ten years and the

too, that weed seeds or any otC seeTs b"^-.!', ^J'^^f 9" "'«»«' «f that. I think,
when the soil is turned up {ndoxnoredWrkL^^^^^ '}'^ ««'• ^i" germinate

the best methods is to scarify orjultivate l?^hUv f J^'^l •"destroying weeds one of
bring those seeds that are a little tSoieon IS Jl • f"!'"? ""^ ^he soil, so as to
will get air, light and moisturl ti^^bV^w^^I ^JZin^^f '\'^" Hu.face, when they
ploughed or cultivated down immediate!^ S^''^'"''^^ at once, and should be

<ir^^Vi:^;e::^T^'t^^^^^ land is ,eft idlcitfre-

weeds ?-A. Naturally the grass wHcor/ebaci to fh«T h '" TT "P '^"^ ^'" ^he
Many of the grasses are perennTa a,?d hav« -♦ -n '"°'^. ''"^ ^^'^''^^ t''^ weeds,
they increase Fapidly, and they would ,n th?t i? ^' """'/"'"^ rootstocks by which
which existed beforehand. ^ ' *"** '^*^' P''«'^"«® a«ai» the old prairie

5y Jlfr. Carpenter:

.peakVf?;. Kr^ets witSK^ lrrUu:trvrSf"^ '^'"^^ •" *^'« --»> ^o-

Bomoihing remarkable to me see n^ fhrT U » ^^"''''^'f H^"»g destroyed ? It neems
was moisfall the time oSe wS sJnpose tLrt th*«7' h P'**?.- ^Considering that it
fectly harmless ?-A. I think th^'rCInfi, ..I ^^^^ "^"""'^ ""ot and become per-
vitality so long, is that they LLinTLr J ^he mustard seed, retained tfeir
fact, ai any on^e can /ndouTbrcrrhin^^^^^^ ^"^'^ '' ^ well-known

in a ?ery s^t^^T? ™r'ThoTTmtVt'?e' ^°r^^";«°«^ ^-''^ hedestroyed
and the seeds would not be subTec to Thl^ remembered that it was six feet deep,
little air. ^^^^''^ '*" ohaages of heat and cold, and would get very

Sy Mr. Powell:

there aro still preserved as perfec as ever T^ 'i''* ^''^'^^^ tramway down

Yes, that is very true ; it cerTa nlv was a em^Hrahl™*^ ^' something in that ?-A.
few plants grew, but the whole farr^^nrtnt.-u oc«»"ence. It was not that a
that most of the seedrwere preserv^'P"*"*^ "' ""'^^ °»"8tard, so that it seems likely

By Mr. McGregor :
Q. I do not think it uncommon at nil t i.„_ 1
mustard has been turned down ?or 10 or 5 yea.^ and w'' '"'" ^^''' ."^^'^ ^^^''^
as ever ?_A. Yes. I believe it is freouenflt^n V'. /? ^"- ^T.^ ^ ^S*^'" «« strong
out was that of it lying in the wet 3 all^hat' time ' ^'"^* ^'' ^"'P^^'^' '''^"g^^

i

■ »■

,1..

tf-

PRIStaVATION I f BBB8 IN WINTBB.

Mr. Fixtoi' HiW faH/'nded me of one thing I hatf forgotten to mention. Thftt ia
that we uro cnnymg uu ar" interOMting serieH of expei lontaon wintering boeH. One
of thegreat diflacultie»of keoping boeB ia the winter, and we are oairylng on, thiH
year, a Heries of experiments in wintering thom. in addition to the other to which I
alluded. There are some 8 or 10 experimenla with bees out of doors and in the
cellar which are all detaiiod in the annual report, and which, I think, will be of
interest to the beo-keopers. Of course 1 need not say here to any of the Members of
Parliament that we arc always very much pleaaed to see any one that, will come and
visit the different departments. Durintr the past summer a great many people showed
their interest in bec-koeping by visiting the apiary and seeing for themselves what
is being done. They have given us suggestions and we have been able to give muob
information in return.

By Mr. McMillan :

Q. How do you preserve the bees during the winter? — A. We are trying
ueveral experiments with regard to that. I am afraid I am rather a heretic amo'ig
i^e fcr^keepers, but it may be that I do not know anything about it, but 1
think I is worth following up an idea I have. The ipethod of wintering the bees in
the past has been to keep them as warm as possible. They say: " You must kee|)
your ;»■ 8 indoors in winter and keep them nice and warm and comfortable, '
and all that sort of thing. Of course, my opinion may be very far wrong, si mpily
because 1 do not know much about bees, but my idea is that the right line is quite
in the opposite direction. All the eflforts of bee-keepers in the past have been to
keep the bees warm. Now, I am trying to keep them as cold as I can. I know that
I have had in my office two bees which stood 20 degrees below zero without any
protection at all. They crawled out of the combs which had been put in a cold open
shed to destroy bee-moth grubs. These combs were put in a verv cold dry shed for
this special purpoFe and these two bees it was founoi had crawled into the combs.
They must have been kept in that shed for about a week, during which the ther-
mometer was below zero all the time, and for two days touched 20 below zero.
When the combs wore brought in thoy were noticed and putied out with a pair of
forceps. I kept them in my office, where it was, of course, warm. The next day
they were sufficiently recovered to sip honey and water from my fingers. From that
circumstance, I am led to the conclusion that bees will stand much more i-oid than
is supposed, and I think the nearer we can bring the conditions of our hivotr to << ' >. '
in which wild bees pass the winter, the more successful we shall be.

Mr. Jc

, Q. Thi
bees about ;

B>

Q. Hoi

<i.. Ant

year we hac

Q. Fift

Q. And
had 16.

Q. Fift<
and then, of
are not incii

Q. Thei
think.

Q. <7a
Having

i

, By Mr. McGregor :

Q. They will hare ' stand the cold, if the Chairman's Bill, now before the
House, prevents us froii. c« .;ir<5 them with sugar in the fall ? — A. We will feed
them with honey then. ^ \ i*" ou^- ees have been very successfully wintered by
Mr. Fixter. As to other t >>.:. i, ^ 'rive followed the general methods. As to weight,
I have tried to got them t^ . (r is possible o 60 pounds per hive or colony when

Eut in the cellar for the w nt; ", and we have had no trouble in wintering them,
last winter we lost only one colony, and we could not find out what the cause of
this was. It was probably a weak colony or may have had no queen. Mr. Fixter,
who has the practical management of the apiary, is here to-day, and I am sure he
^ould be gl.id to give you any farther information that membeis might ask for with
reference to this matter.

Q. We have been keeping our bees for some years in the house ? — A. Yes ; that
is a common practice.

1896

^y Mr. Carpenter :
Q. This ',A u now experiment is it nnf . t ♦!,• i
bees about, year? -A. 'twoyZi ' ^ **"°'' ^^^ ''^^^ on Ij been keeping

■ffy W. McGregor:

Q. Fifly-four pounds lo the hiv6?_A Ye.
tjj. Fifteen new colonies ?— A Yes Th« aqt

'hail