IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 bi|22 Itt Hi lit lit u tr •• klUM |3j2 1 40 2J 2.2 2.0 1125 i 1.4 1.6 150mm ^ y /IPPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc ^^ 1653 East Main Street ^s*^ Rochester, NY 1460S USA j^S-^ Phone: 716/482-0300 .=sr.s^ Fax: 716/288-5989 O 1903. Applied Imag*. Inc . AH RighM ReMtvad A js^ ^- .•\ <^ 4. q> ^W ^^ p^-t^ <* 9rjss CIHM Microfiche Series (IMcnograplis) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Inatituta for Historical Microraproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductiona historiquaa ^^<^ ^''1 pay these scientific tVrmse^Pn .*7. ^*'™«'^. o^ co""^. are acquainted with would b'wpinffk' r° '^® '''"'« ^'f °"'' commonest weeds, but it l)einff freauenfL S^ iTi ? "'^''''' P"P"'" "*™«s, the same plant time after itn iiitPo,l.,«*r-J 1""" / "'"="' '"J""o«5 ^eM was for some pro^riv b^^^^^^ r*''" °^ '^'i"'*",y "" ' T"™bJ« Weed." a name Froperjy Delonging to a much less aggressive plant, the An^rantu, albus, one ' .-ij of the rigweeJs. Owing to the use of thia wrong name, little effort w»» put fortli by the Boltlore to destroy the new enemy, because it was well known all through the west timt the true Tumble Weed woi a native plant which had never given much trouble. Similarly, the Hare's ear Mustord, a very noxious weed, was loft undibturbed by some from having been wrongly spoken of by many »s " lilook Mustord." The Black Mustard, as a matter of fact, is of very rare occurrence in Canada, and as far as I am aware is not anywhere in the Dominion a troublesome weed in crops. The present bulletin is issued in response to numerous incpiiries ns to the nature of the many weocis found on farm lands and the best way of gftting rid of them. While it is true that the character of each kind litis to be considered, there are certain principles which must be constantly Iwrno in mind by those who wish to clear their land of noxious weeds. In the present ago of extensive and cft'^y communication with all parts of the country, and indeed with the whole world, there are frequent opportunities for Hccils of weeds being introduced into previously uninfested districts. As an offset against the great benetits we derive from railways, it has been found that many now weeds have been introduced into new localities through their ogency, the seeds being either shaken from cars or cleaned out of them at stopping places. It is important, therefore, to keep watch on all railway banks, and station yards. There are many ways by which weeds are spread :— 1. By natural agencies. The wind carries seeds long distances, not only in summer, but with dust and over the surface of the snow in the winter. Soreams distribute tlioin fur and wide along their courses. They are also distributed by seed eating birds and herbivorous animals, through the stomachs of which the seeds have passed undigested, or by being Httuchod to some part of their bodies by special contrivances, with which niiture has provided some seeds for this very purpose, such as hooked and barbed hairs, spines and gummy excretions, &c. 2. By human agency. The seeds of weeds are frequently introduced as " foul seed " mixed with other seeds ; they are also imporle come, because in most instances the treatment is simple and will be upoi. the general principles of preventing annuals and biennials from seeding^ and perennials from forming new leaves, roots and underground stems. Annuals— Are those plants which complete their whole growth in a year As a rule, they have small fibrous roots and produce a large quantity of seed. Examples of this class are found in Wild Mustard, Penny Cress (called in Manitoba " Stink-weed,") Lamb's quarters. Wild Buckwheat, Purslane, Ragweed, Wild Oats. There are also some annuals called " Winter Annuals," which are biennial in habit, that is, of which seeds ripened in the summer produce a certain growth before winter sets in and '1 " in 2d and the Blue Bur. ^ ^^ ^""^ ^'""^ ''^''' "'^utioned aUve, p^srru^;:;:^^::^:^^ -^;-s year. lettuce, and wilfl Sunfl^w?. Slon^^^^^^ ^'^y n^to'l perennials are : PastuvolZrYa^rZZnd CWh ?! "''"«"'' ''"'"°^- luaU extend but slowly from theTot brmeans of sht^Zna T^ TT" hut produce a large quantity of see*! Of thll n i^ • ""^ ^"^ "'^'^ets ; Oolden Rod and Yarlow are exMm^le, ^^ '^'''''' ^*-^^'' '^'^'^y' Dandelion. era'So^trS/r'^l^al^ rurntto' '''' T'^ °' ^"« ^'^^ *« ^ which the germination of ho seed in t.« .^""f J^'"'**'''."- Any method by plants are L.royed bete thlpodt^^ however badly inLted with annLTweeds T^^il^f slea' ''"," /""' very Croat vitalitv anrl w;!! „«..*• . -^''^seeuBor someannuas have ../br»gU" p S^iL aurtircuZEr ^wT ?\7™; ^:,""' "? ;™'' *«'' h«ve been known to mrmhmto .«„ ?' ■ '' M"»totd and WilJ Oats of all weeds and requh^e ve. J thnlTT I T ^^ ^*.'" *''" "'"«' troublesome cultivation of spelTcmpItrensuA^''**™ '°'"« ^"«^'^"««» **>« ment. such as a^sin^ pZihtrfre^uentrv d'^"*'""; ''"^u'^''^^^' '''^'■ tiorJo;^^^^^^^^^ uti:s^^£-r rr constantly on the alert to orevenf n^JZlitu *^»'^'"er8 should be best rotation Tth"rm™!^J?.t™ 'T™^'^ °°°''*' *«" »» <*""(« the most Mlvantajou' '^ '*''"'' '"«"" ™P' "hich are not the c»t-;;|ir„^HX'ir;to7,h:^ur '^ '^ ^"'"'' •»" "--« "» *■ 5.— Weeds of all kinds can be era,lir.ntA,i b.".-P"f^r* — - - j s ter""""""^"^"'™ .Uh their iUC'^nd h^U "o? g^^th^ (a.)— Never allow them to seed ; f 6 (b.) — Caltivat« frequnntlj, particularly early in the leaMn, so u to destroy aeedlingi while of weak growth ; (o.) — For shallow-rooted peroimtals, either trench the land deeply or plough BO lightly that the routH are exposed to the aim and dry up ■ for doep-roott d perennials, the only means of destroying them is to prevent them from forming loaves and thus Htoring up nouriHhment in their root stocks, to suat4iin future gi-owth. This can be done by conntant cultivation The importance of leaves to plants can Iw scon by the serious injuries frequently indicted even upon lar;;e foi-oat trees by the destruction of their leaves by iniie<-ts. The AriuM'iciin larches, over thousands of acres in Canada, have bcun destroyed during the last ton or twelve yoara by having most of their leaves eaten by the imported larch saw-fly. Fruit trees stripped of their leaves by caterpilliuu during one season seldom mature a good crop of fruit the next year. All weeds can be destroyed by the use of the ordinary implements of the farm, the plough, the cultivator, the spud and the hoe ; but somo experience is necessary to know what is the best time to work certain soils or to deal with special weeds. No general ruIcH can be given, as the necessary treat ment will vary in diiTuront districts on diiTerent soils and under diiTerent climatic conditions. What may he the proper treatment in one place may fail in another. Perennial plants, if allowed to develop flower stems and then ploughed down (or first mowed and ihrnploughed under), will by the production of the flower stems, have so far reduced the nourislnnent stored up in the rootstocks that they are much weakened and can afterwards be easily dealt with. On the other hand, it is found in the West, that all the weeds and other plants decay readily if pr.iirie land or meadows be broken in May or early June. L:ind so treated can therefore be cleaned far more easily than if the operation of breaking is delayed until July. This is due to the climate and the succulent nature of all parts of the plant at that 'season. Summbr-Fallowino. As an agricultural practice, although not adopted to any large extent in the older provinces, summer fallowing is essentially necessary in Mani- toba and the North-west Territories, where the conservation of moisture in the soil ia of the utmost importance, the farms are large, labour is scarce and the time for preparing the land in autumn and spring is very short The question is so often asked whether this practice ia a wise one that I submit herewith extracts from four replies from men of much experi- ence and who, in my judgment, were the best qualified to give useful and authoritative advice upon this subject. Mr. Angus Mackay, Superintendent of the Experimental Farm for the North-west Territories, at Indian Head, says : — "Summer-fallowing is absolutely necessary in the West to ensure a crop and get the work done, owing to the shortness of the time available in the fall and spring. All land intended to be cropped slumld be summer- fallowed the year before. This will get the land into good condition, keep down weeds and produce the best results in every way. Summer-fallowing is generally started too late ih the summer. It should be begun as soon as pos- sible after seeding in the spring, so as to get the full advantage of the spring rains. As a rule, one ploughing only is advisable, because in wet years two deep ploughings would produce too much growth and retard the ripening of the grain. If the land should be weedy, the proper way to keep it clean is to harrow two or three tiuies after ploughing. If farmers are willing to risk getting a smaller srop by sowing on stubble so as to got the gr.ain ta ripen earlier and in windy sections to avoid the danger of blowing, the proportion so treated should never exceed one fhird of their land. bill- i Li very ruiik v<>Kutation and 1.k1i/.^1 o™!.. *• i- . . ""'T C'lutMw tt lay with f.iiu- or a'v hfiru«u T. ■ f»"u^ii iroin tivo to seven ucroH cop all of it every ycLel^ch yea Lvi,!^ "7" •-•"'"^"/'""' ''« ""^''t well know the cattle are not ve in \\1 \ a '* ^"^ * y^'""' '"'^ ''« y"» only a matter o( diliaenl can-ful w,Z .V.J fi .1' J'" «™'"»'mi is ean'certainly be ke^ i„'k " ^ "" "'° •■''^'' '""' ">« «■»"'. and .l,e ..^ty'^T;,' SelpfaS"" ""<" ""^ ""- "^"^ tl.e last two years careful observations and free discussion^n far.ni " timely Ld weU done wort "*^ ^ '^^"""^^'^ «^P««^d ^••«'" 'I 8 on the name land, for nearly all the land now liknly to bo benefited by it. I urge that the harrow HJiall follow the plough, ho an to prewerve all the moisture and at the same timo start into tree germination all the foul annual Reeds then in the soil, repeating the harrowing as often ah the weeds show up in the seed leaf. This consolidates the lower stralum of the soil while killing out all the foul st'eda and at the same time putting the land in better condition f'«- THE U8K OF CHRMICALS. have been used' ,ucceM\y'^on Im^T "^^'l, T^ /"»^»'""''- ''-J R.ven excellent results when aDDliJ i T*^^ ^•'*' ^owover, ha. Hawkweed or" Paint Brrh''in^KVVTl'"*"''*^^^ ^'"^^ "'« ^™n«e Townships of the provide of otbeJsri. 'T""' ""'' '" ^'"' ^astefn HoMtruction of nmnv kinds of ijli '^ 'f *''"' ^'''')' "««f«' for the ChemiH to the DSnt^LlrTreiLrp *''■''''' ^""'«- *'''• *• T. Shut^ for destroying weeds "^onTavTw^^^^^^ '^' ^°""-"8 'ng «oda ; 3 gallons of water Bo I «„d riil. f T " f '""'''"'" ' ^ "«• *'"h of water. Apply while warn, nle wea her "a th"" T" '^ ^"'"">« the beKinning of the season will hesnlltnt;.. I, thorough application at out the summer. A Himnlflr In j^ ^ *? ''*'*''' "■ P"'h clean through. l'>a. blue vitrol; 6 t Z of hot waZ!f*"'r ^'■'""''' " "^ *«""-« 2 »bove. Mr. L. A Dewev A««^!. * "' "^T'T? '" " "^'"^^ *nd apply as I'otany, says, when speaS ot the^seor U^"- ^."•'''' ^'^'^' ^•^">«n ^^ l>olic acid applied at fhe hi ^J h^ "r/ strS ^~" 1''" ''^''^ ''^ "*'- «ftn 18 the best method that has nl ZTu\ • ,*" ^"'•"'"'y machine oil chemicals." But, onihe who^' tUu 1 ^f'1 ^"'"T^ ^°'' ''•"'"« *-d« -'^h "ot given much ^^tisfactionVf^in/t^Tel l^'^'"*'^ t? ^^«d destroyers has Mig them. ' "'^ ^ ""^"^ ^*^t ""d the expense of apply- A^^l^S^hXlTkVoJj:!;^^^^^^^ *he flowe^in list, are as follows :- ^ *^ necessary to use in the following A Spike, when the flower stalks are v«,.„ «i.^-* example Plantain, Wheat very short or wanting altogether, example, Oats. ^ "^'^ ""^ * "'*=«™« «^'lh branched footstalks ; level, or nearly so; example Groundsel ' ""''" "'' ^'"^"^'^^ ^ '^e au.ne fort ?7alVop7d trr tt crnt::r''H?° '^^^'^P^r -"^--d as to example. Elder, DogwoS' "'''^" «""«'-'*"j' blooming first ; ext.^;%L;t^S;r"^ '^^^"^ '^^^ '^--'^-^ upon a disk or receptacle ; a secondarv umh^l „t ^ J„ "j^''^- ^^"^ ^"^^^'alks of an umbel b^ars -J: : ~ • • • ^"""^' '^ '^ ^ compound u mbel, and. indeed. 10 most of the forma above mentioned by repetition upon themselves become compound. . . i_ . u The plants mentioned in the following list are those which have been moat frequently inquired about by my correspondents Those preceded by an asterisk are " bad weeds " and care should always be taken to destroy them whenever they are noticed. There are many others which might have been included in n full listdf the weeds of Canada, but in nearly every case these are so similar to allied species treated of here that to prevent confusion it was thought best to omit them, unless they had been actually inquired about. The Botanist will at all times be pleased to hear from correspondents concern- ing weeds, and will give all information in his power on their habits, and the best means of eradicating them. It is particularly requested that when inquiries are made about weeds or their seeds, samples may be sent for examination. Such samples and all correspondence re- ferring to them may be sent FREE by post, and will be promptly attended to. zs SOME WEEDS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. t Large numbers of specimens of plants found growing in field-crops or gardens are every year sent to the botan- ist for identification or for advice as to the best means of eradicating them, figures have been prepared of some of the kinds most frequently inquired about and they are submitted herewith. These plants are not all among the most ugressive enemies of the farmer, but the numerous demands for information concerning them seem to make it advisable that recognizable figures should be published. TowEB Mustard. This is a tall slender plant 2 to 4 feet in height, with small yellowish white flowers which are followed liy a great many slender pods 3 inches long, borne erect and closely pressed to the stem. The root-leaves are hairy, but all the rest of the plant is very smooth and glaucous, that is, covered with a whitish bloom as seen on cabbage leaves. This is not a very troublesome weed. It has been sent in as occuring in summer fallows in Manitoba and in clover fields in the older provinces. Tower Mustard. -^ "■I I have no It is only ab( the farm am gradually .sp Territories ai mustards and which, when 11 dUi ieLin 28 HARE'S-EAR MUSTARD. This is an introduced Euro- pean plant which has only appeared as a noxious weed in the grain fields of the west during the last five years, but has already spread widely through Manitoba and the North-,, ^t Territories. It is an extremely injurious plant with largo grayish green succu- lent leaves like those of a young cabbage, which chokes out grain and absorbs much moisture from the soil The ripe stems are wiry and stifle, growing sometimes 4 feet high and giving tiouble when grain 18 harvested. It is a slender branching annual and takes Its name from the oblong-oval leaves of the stem, which are Bhaped like a hare's ear. ■J; ;:l Hare'g-ear Mustard TuMBLmo Mustard. ^;^^'l^'^f;::J:S^^ t^^ --t weed we have in Canada, the farm and although grerteffoT-ts l^lT'""^ *!i* troublesome pest of gradually .pread over hundred- of thn* ^''J^'^^ ** «o«tro! it. it has Territories Lnd Manitoba ir!.^ all Zui ^1 ^"""" '" '^' ^orth-west mustards and besides is a lar^e {ZVrnt- '^'^^^'teristics of the other 12 " tumbling weed " being blown for miles across the prairies in autumn and during the winter and in that wiiyscatterinj^ thoseeds quickly over wide areas. Tlie leavos of the young plants are quite different from those borne on the stems which are divided up into thread-like divisions as sliown in the figure of a flower- ing plant on the frontispiece. Normally this plant in its >home, the south of Europe, is a winter annual, the seeds ger- minating one season and the plants not flowering until the iioxt year. This is also the case occii' ionally in Ontario and the North-west; but for the moat part in North Amer- ica, it is a true annual, the _ , ,. seeds gernn'nating in spring, luuibling MuatarJ, Seedling. , the plants developing quick- ly and producing their tall flowering stems covered with pods about 3 inches long, each one of which contains about 120 seeds. A sin-de plant sent from Indian Head. N.W.T. bore more than one million and a-half seeds. The seeds are very small, about half the size of timothy seeds and are of a reddish or greenish brown colour. ^^ Sti come in coi the feet of Tumbling Mustard : a tumbler with ripe seeds. fi^ Ueiin 2t Stink Weed. th? wxTh1fc«" ^.""•- ^"°^° '" Manitoba tl.an Seeds eerminafA in { ^ *^ '^,^°°° *« noticed. pods the fSwir^r'Jv:"' -^^-e thei^ two crops of 8eed^inTseaaon Th^' ^['^"'""^ should never be olnnoS • l I ^""""'^ P"<^8 mowed they should h«t? '.''"'^ ^^'" plants aro dry enough T ^^^^''^^ *« soon as they are "•jf enougn. l:ie seeds are vnrv rJ„..i, u*^ flattened, beautifully ma?ked w^th ol 7''' grooves on the surface Wher let tir' come in contact and are thus distributlTt-^? T^ ^^^''^ ^'^'^ *hich they the feet of animals and to fam frnplenieni ^ ^ ^"^^ ^^ '•^'^^'"S ^ 14 Ball Mustard. This is one of the now weeds in grain fields. From the rapidity with which it has spread all through the west, there is no doubt that it is a weed which must be fought vigorously by farmers. It is alarmingly abundant in Manitoba and the North-west Territories wherever wheat is grown. Specimens have also been received from British Columbia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island. Ball mustard is a rather slender erect annual (or winter annual) two or three feet high. The leaves on the stem are arrow-shaped and are covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are .range yellow, so that the plant is easily recognized at I distance when growing in a crop ; they are about ^ of an inch in diameter and are borne in clusters at the ends of the branches. The small roundish, single- . seeded pods on slender footstalks are borne thickly all C [ along the gradually lengthening branches. " The cut shown herewith has been kindly loaned by the United States Department of Agriculture, and was first used iA Circular No 10 by Mr. Lyster H. Dewey, " Throe New Weeds of the Mustard Family " to whom our thanks are tendered. The cut shows at a the tip of a plant a quarter of the natural size, at 6 a pod natural size and at e a seed enlarged. Ball Mustard. Pepper Grass. This plant is a nntive annual or winter annual. As a rule it is not very trou 'ksome in crops : but under certain climatic conditions it becomes an enemy of no small importance. During 1896 no weed was more frequently sent in as a pest in wheat lands, and at meetings of farmers , held during the same summer in Manitoba, I this weed above ail others was the one inquired J f J about. At similar meetings in 1897 it was f//V"'y "^ntJoneJ once, viz., at Glenboro, Man. ^/> r 'pper grass is a slender herb 12 to 18 inches high, which developes in the shape of a minia- ture tree with a central stem and a large spreading head. It produces an enormous quantity of very small reddish seeds, two in each of the small, flat jj-^s which are borne thickly all along the branches. This plant is generally most troublesome after wet springs on dry or light land, occasionally a serious pest in Manitoba and much complained of by farmers in wet springs, particularly in wheat sown on stubble. Although generally described as an annual, pepper grass, is much more of a biennial in habit. Fall and spring ploughing or cultivating will destroy those autumnger- an Pepper Grass. minated plants which are the ones most likely to do harm in wheat crops. From U Cow Cockle. Bulletin 2 has spread with rather alarming i?,nJ^r.»K ^!:'"" southern Europe It of the province and hi S dfteS '^ '^'■""«*'°"' ***« «°"^''«'-'^ P^'«ons the North-west Territories Se tow "^.7/ ""'^'^ P/'"^ "* ^auitSa and •nd for.s a rather elegant plant^Lror^'iraTd I'S.^t hi^.S ni I 1^1 r| Cow Cockle. Bladdbb Campiov. This well known weed is a deep-rooting perennial which is well estab- lished in some parts of the Maritime Provinces and Quebec. It is more often a road-side weed than a crop pest ; but in some places it has given a i Bladder Campion. good deal of trouble to farmers. It is easily recognized by its white flowers and prettily veined bladder-like calyces. ^ Obanqe Hawkweed: "Paint Bhush." rJ^t P?'""^*'!^' "'«"?b«'-.of the daisy and sunflower family has spread rapidly since its introduction into the Eastern TownshioBot ' »,« pJf • of Quebec and parts of New Brunswick. 1^^ a Sg^r^^^er t^^nw' "" out many creeping branches close to the ground* ISwShfJTThU S * crowding out grasses in pastures. It is a .h^io^^^^l^ ^r^^i wS bears clusters of deep orange (sienna red) or yellow flowe« S^^^ plough*!, tKi. plant si,r„«wi»r.S ':'.'"'«?''''»'>, °*°''°' "» ""i'y Orange Hawkweed : "Paint Brush.' wUl destroy ii. For upland Da8tnr«« ,> hig h8«r fn„ .1 - t^ « - « Jones of Vennont, who kindJv'w Wl % • ^ ^^ Professor 1.. a broad (uwted at the rate of uL«^i*l figure given herewith, that salt any injury to the ^ * ^ **" '^* '^'^ '^^ ^^^^^ *»»« ^eed without IB' if 1 -If' 18 11 Viper's BoaLosa. This weedy, prickly denizen of road- sides and waste places attracts frequent attention with its conspicuous wand of pretty bluish-purple flowers and pink buds. It is a biennial and can be easily destroyed by spudfiing before the seeds are ripe. Viper'i Buglosa. Burs. — Hound's Tonqob. The common bur is well known in every part of Canada. It is seldom seen in crops and is easily destroyed by spudding. The rough barbed seeds are perhaps most injurious by getting tangled the wool of •heep and the hair of dogs. y^ lilt Soi ment ( that p istios. found V Fig. l.-A brj teed c ooath Bun. 2J 19 ^'Jlieiin Rdmiajt Thistli. '■3 ^'ttS =S.-:a{?£=-S?r£ Fig. l._A branch f Russian Thistle. ~ '"' "' 2J 20 to agriculturista except in a country where the plants can blow long dis- tances in winter. In Manitoba and the North-west Territories the fanners u a rule are now exceedingly wide awake us to the danger of neglecting noxious weeds and it is very unlikely that this weed will l)e allowed to pro- pagate and apread.now that its dangtious capabilities have been made known. M The Odrled Dock. This is perhaps the commonest of all the docks. As a weed in cultivated land this dock is most abundant in the two extremes of the older settled por- tions of Canada, namely in Nova Scotia and the Niagara district. These tall coarse plants look very unsightly in hay fields and other cultivated land — with a little care and constant atten- tion they are easily eradicated by spud- ding and pulling. The excellent figures of Tower Mus- tard, Pepper Gross, Bladder Campion, Viper's Bugloss, Burs, and Curled Dock, were made specially for this bulletin from photographs taken by Mr. F. T. Shutt CarladDoek. tl tiuLkeiin 28 IwDiAH Hat OB Swkrt OiuBa, One of the most troublesome weeds in Manitoba ia Sweet Grass. Ifc ia 2Z \'-^u"°^ «"^'' quite a differed plant which roots near the surface of the soil and which can be destroyed by ploughing shallow and then S of.'!? ^™2"«°"y- The Sweet Qrl oa the other hand roots deeply and shaJlow ploughing merely encoura^eS It to grow. The treatment which rr K^t""' «•"«" *he best TuTti in Manitoba, is to plough in spring when the grass is in flower and thef seed down heavily at once. Indian H«y or "Sw«et Qnaa." w m ♦ LIT of the mr>t., piomi'npnt Canadfan OoMiMV JfM|»«e. BoUnioal N»ine, Origin. BOTTIBOUP FaMCLT. 1 •••"-••■wiiK, y^nrr/irmi unimyivBniHiiAii- nativH •mone. Long fruitod A n e mono. T»1I Buttercup WliiTfl niiiiili„n. '"ight. Time of t'Jownriinf Anemonf cytinilriea, t»ray, niitive. /?-(ri«riri«/u* aen'i, L., bUI'OlH), FUHITOHT PaMILT. Golden Fumitory . . . \cor,,iiriial, 2 ft, Manitola. Itirimial, 0-12 in. K. Canada, Man. General. . Prairie Kocket. C. native. Sm.ll^owerod Wall.Ur,/,™,^ parviHorum, Wormseed Mustard ^^lllitoba. June Aug. JulySei.t, JulyAug, 'Tuly-Sept. June., IVnniiirtI, June-Sopt 1-3 ft; " 2"j"ft'' r ""*• "^"'yl'^i^y-Auf. Nutt., native. Kryiimum cAeirannr(>.//,V, nricnUiU,{L.) Andrz., Europe, ' Out-leaved Tansy Mustard. Crowded Tansy Mus tHd< Tansy Mustard Manitoba. si!. TT.i. OntL Annual, 1-3 ft. Annual, 1-3 ft. Annual and winter an- nual, 1-2 ft June, July July- Ang. June-Sept July-Sept. June, July 23 Weeda, with thoir chief d lurncten. 1 il < * Colour, 8ii!B, ArrnnK..|,u.|it „f l.'|„w«ni UJiaraeti-ni of thn I'lant. Mpthotl of I'roiwffation I)i«tril)ijtion. ^te„Uk'""'""'''*'y' ''••'' «r Seed, and r,K,t »tOCl(i. ^■'low.J.,n..*.l,tory Vseod.. in h.y Vi'llow, 4. in. raceme. .Sw( Pho* of Growth, •nd l'roaatur«. Mnthodi of Kradioatioo. i'louph up iod and f(ill..w with hoed crop. Yfllow; raocine, l-S-Jn. ^lonKitnl iHKla erect, narrow Yellow, „,.a,.ly I -in.; racemeH elon- pa.n>fmfrmt;,«'ayl,rir« ' rHxlHsmalUe«Btha„l.i„ on«S'' d.r spnMding stalks. gat.ci; ,hkJh 4.,..., square, ascend- iiiR, leaves quite smooth, entire « icculent, glaucous. ' „"°"'' !^"'; raeomes ehmgatwl • P;l8 sin,K)th, spreading, curvwl' ^-m.; 8..e,;« '* ^H l«Ilow,i.,n., racemes; pods, pear shaped, many seeded. ' 8<«d«, in hay. Heeds Wheat fi.ld* r^wlandH ; grain ^ neldn and hay. • rain imd dover hi'lds. • rain fields and suiiimer-fallows 'iiniuiorfallowH. .. Summer fallowj cultivate fall and Dpring. I'l"ugh fall and «|>ruig. I'loiigh fall and "prmg, hand-pull before scida ripen iiaiu fields, ximi- niur fallows, waste places. 'rain fields... Hand-pull.Buinmer fallow, hoed cropa. Seeds, wind. . , Seeds, in grain !!rain fields and! summer fallows.' |)»?o&tMw» an., hanging, short- stalked in axils of the upper leaves ; leaves less than 1-in., rough, oblong Imear, entire, opposite below, al- ternate above. ' Green, i in., crowded in large ter- minal panicles ; stem smooth. Yellow i in., sterile flowers in ter- minal racemes or spikes, fertile flowprs axillary at base of spikes • stems rough ; seed ^ in., bearing a crown of 5-6 tubercles above the! middle ; leaves 3-lobed. Yellow, i in., sterile in racemes, f«r.l with 6 short sharp spines: leaves tinely out up. Seeds, floods. . Copious under- ground creep- ing stems. Seeds, wind, floods. Seeds,in grain, wind, floods. Low ground, fields, meadows and pastures. Grain fields.. Drain thoroughly. Grain crops, road- sides. Low rich land, Rrain fields, wheat. Summer fallow, cultivate con- stantly. Pull, mow. Pull, mow, bum old plants. Rich cultivated land, all crops. Cultivate late, mow stubbles. 'I i li 30 |l A tisT of the more prominent Canad lan Oommon Name. Perennial ragweed . . Cocklebur . . . Botanical Name, Origin. Where Injurious, Duration. Time Height. L„ of ■T lowering Av^roiia P«fo«taeAya,|Manitoba, •U. O., native. N.W.T. ^(mthium strunarium, Xk, £urope. Perennial, July-Sept. Generp.1 . . Annual, 1-2 ft. Time of Seeding, Aug-Nov. Blackeyed Susan, Rudbeokia hirta, L.. na orange daisy, cone- tive. "ower, niggerhead.l Wild .sunflower ffcUanthus rigidus i>esf., native. ' H. Maximiliani,SchTad native. ff. Nuttallii, T. & G native. ' ^*i?II?°° .beggar-fBirfm«/ron f^^™- axil la.'y ; seed i m long, hairv ''rriad}r:'?J.?-^« J leaves '''^fon?„7'**-N'''^«°^9-wth tion and Distribution. and Products Injured. Methods „ of Eradication. '--°'°'~fa,jr-rfeL-rr^ r.'dbv?ss™i<-'«-.<.<«>i... Mow, burn old plants. I cultivate. trian^ub;;t°oo"tS. v=f "d'^bv^"'-" r seed ,n a 2.celled' Hijl "'^ ^^ "n.mala. s'pTnet'a"tir"'*^^^-^ Orange and purole 9 {« a j . I I whole Plant ve^^4,/-.'«eed.^;nja, and M.^^^^^^^ .-in Mow often, .pud Seeds,runningroot- stocks. 2 I'^f"." V^«' d"'!' black ^ »n. heads few, on Ion» purplish stalks. ^ Pa^e yellow rays, disk yellow • heads numerods 3 in on short leafy Htalks' up- th° stem ; leaves grayish. Golden yellow, 4 in.; heads few. sweet scented /leaves green. 'ouvco ''£2:aL'^:J'£ihaSW^ ?--d by leaves 3-5 divided. *P®°'' "nimals. floods. Yellow, rays 3-6 cleft droop- ?ng;. disk globular; head^^l jn.. m terminal corymbs : leaves decurrent o^ the White, I in., heads New breaking, grain fields. summer faliow; Summer fallow early cultivate. Seeds, rootstocks. Low spots in fields, hay. Drain, cultivate. Drain, spud, break up sod, cultivate. Seeds, in hay andiMeadows r«oj nr grass seed sWes ^;„« ^i' ^P^, geed down White,Jin.. i„fl^,h „ r"^«»'»™'«fields. hoed-crop. ''°^' .nch. a.oss; leav.^t'ryf ^^^-^-^^ Meadows, pastures. Break up sod, culti- White, 1 in., L;, ^, L , ^*'e- -.&,— fas, c4s-ar' - nSr^'^il'^^ the whole plant; heads small, numer- °^ ,"» «hort spikes forming anelongated panicle; bitter! strongly scented. ' As above, but flowers in y=llo»,sh i eloBcted p.dcle. s=„d^ „.„j »»!"« o( land. crops Plough fall and spring, summer-fal- low. I Cultivate, pull, hoe. Yellow, i in., in fiat cymes.. ^"f?i«i globular, blackout- side ; stems roughand tough. Seeds.offse(-.a nnnH 'p - 1. . -t!-,wina.|i aatures, road 1 sides, &c, Seeds „ Hoe, cultivate fre- quently. ti Break up sod, spud. mow to prevent seeding. Break up sod, spud. 83 If 'if A LIST of the more prominent Oinadian Common Name. Botanical Name, Origin. 'Canada thistle. Bull-thistle*. Western bullthistle, prairie thistle. Chicory Fall dandelion, hawk bit Dandelion •Orange hawkweed, paint brush. Skeleton weed •Prickly lettuce. Onictts arveniii, Hoffm., General . . Perennial, Europe. 3 ft, Cnicus laneeolatut, " . . Biennial,3ft. Hoffni., Europe. Cnicus undiUatiu, Gray, Prairie Perennial, native. Provinces 2 ft. Cichorium Intpbus, L., General . . Perennial, Europe. 2-8 ft. Leontodon autumnalit, Mar. Pro v. Perennial, L., Europe. 6-12 in. Taraxacum officinale, General . . Perennial, vvebers, Europe. 2-12 in. Bieraciumaurantiaoum, Quebec. .. Perennial, L., Europe. 6-12 in. In^Jio'L, !>«'•««"> Lygod€imiaJuncea,Doxi., Prairie Perennial, native. Provinoes. 12 in. Time of Flowering Time of Seeding. June- Aug July -Sept •Blue lettuce, showy lettuce. •Perennial sow- thistle, field sow- thistle. Lwtuea Seariola, L., B.O., Ont. Annual, Europe. 3-6 ft. Lactuca pulchella, DC, Prairie Perenniiil, native. ' Provinces. l-2ift. Sonchus arvenaii,, L., Eastern Perennial, Europe. Canada. 3-4 ft. Suwthistle, milk thistle. Spiny sowthistle. Lobelia Family. Indian tobacco Primrose Family. Sea milkwort Dogbane Family. Spreading dogbane. . Indian hemp Milkweed Family. Comnion milkweed, silk weed, wild cot- ton. Borage Family. Viper's bugloss, blue- weed. Sonchus oleraeeua, L., Europe, Sonchus asper, Vill., Europe. Lobelia inflata, L., native General Eastern Canada. July- Aug July-Oot . June- Oct. Summer. . June- Aug July- Aug Annual, 1-2 ft. Ola.ux maritiraa, L., na^ tive. Apocynum androscemi- folium, L., native. Apocynum oannabinum, Li., native. Asclepiat Comuti, De caisne, native. Prairie Provinces Perennial, 6 in. General Annual, 1ft. IJuly-Nov June July- Sept Summer , July- Aug Aug-Oot . June- Oct. Summer . . June-Sept July- Aug July- Sept II July- Oct. Summer . . Echium tfu^pore, L., Europe. Eastern Canada. Perennial, 1-2 ft Perennial, 2-3 ft Bi^inia}, 6-18 in. July . . . . , July-Aug, June- Aug July-Oot Aug. -Nov July Sept July-Oct Aug.-Oot 88 !!!!:;!i::;i^^^ <'^-r-oters-Continnerl. Bulletin 5 Colour Size, Arrangement of* lowers ond other Characters of the Plant. Method of Pro|)a. gtttion and Distribution. Place of Growth and ProductH Injured Methods _ of Ermlication. Purple; 2in ... Bnght blue; lib.; almost leafless stems. taZy'.*'"-'^"^""^^^" Yellow; li in I S eds, wind. Seeds, floods. Seeds, wind. ^Se\&ri^=^">_y-'i%P' tures, all crops. Fields, meadows, grain, hay. Road sides, summer fallows. Fields, roadsides. . ''r£fder""f-'^'^"P««d.hoe. ,^ I Pastures, lawns knu/i Orange red or yeUow • i in a a . gardens ""'PP""- ««ed, and hay. '"^*'»°*8. nelds. tons to the acre or ""•"' ' ' Rrass land, culti- tember and ctilti- vate frequently. Spud.cultivate, mow. Summer-fallow. Plough, cultivate. I vate. • • Sumnier-fallow.culti- ' vate. fink; i in., solitarv • exud k "'J"''- ing milky' juiceThen' cutrSks'"""*^''""^"'-'**'' fi^Ws. stems much branched, "*''''• almost leafless. ' Yellow ;iiu.., panicle. .... Seeds, wind. , . Ipv,., ,„ Blue; Jin.. fewjlooeeoanicle-Li . ' ^ |^"'''^«' *" «^P«- •• Culti vata hoe, mow glaucous "''"^P»n«''«; Seeds, deep run- Grain fields esne P,'*"''k''' "' „,, ,^. ningrigeon-\vped. Bliiu bur, stick-seed Burs, Coin m o n liouud's-toiigue. CONVOLVULIS FaM ILV. liindwced Morning-glory,bract ed bind-weed. Clover dodder, devil's gut. NrOHTSHADE FAMILY Common nightshade. Thorn apple ....... riowoRT Family. Mullein Moth mullein L/ieoptii arventii, L., Maritinie Europe. I'roviucei hithotpermum arnnse, L., Eu !iurui>e. Cchinosnermum Lappu- 1(1, Lehm., Europe. Vi/tini/lossum offlcinnfe, L., Euroi>e. KftHtern Canada (Jiineral Convolvulus ariemit, L., Europe. Convolvulus scpittm, R. Br., native. Cu scuta epithymam, Mutt., Europe. Solanum nit/rum, L., Europe. Datura Stramonium, L., Asia. .^ug.Oct. •July-Sept Annual and wintor ann. 1 ft. Biennial, 1-2 ft. Afnn. Toiid-flax, butter and PSgs, ramsted. Neckweed, purslane sijeedwell. Thyme-leaved speed- well. Verlaseum Thapsus, L., Europe. VerbuscumBlattaria, L., I'^ivstern Europe. Canrida. Linaria vulgaris. Mill., Europe. Yellow rattle. Vkuvain Family. Blue vervain, Simp- ler's joy. White vervain, net- tle-leaved vervain. Mint Family. Wild bergamot Veronica pereyrina, L., native. Veronica serpylUfolia, L., native. fJcneral Dragon-head Heal-all, self-heal . . . Ehinanthus Crista-galli, Eastern li., native and intro- Canada duced. and B.C. Verbena hastata, L., na- General tive. Verbena urticifolia, L., Eastern native. Canada. Monarda fistulosa (and! Prairie var. mollis), L,. native Provinces, Ontario. DracQcephalum parv(/fo-'General rum, Kutt., native. I Brun^Ua vnUjitris, L., " Europe. I Perennial, climber. Annual, climber. Annual, Gin. Annual, 2-4 ft. Biennial, 3- (I ft. 2 or 3 years, 3 ft. Perennial, 1ft. Annual and wint. ann., 4 9 in. Perennial, creeping, steniH as- cending. Annual, 6-12 in. June-Sept Aug. -Nov .'Vug.- Sept June -Nov jJuly-Nov. June Sept July-Oct. ifuly-Sopt June-Sept July-Oct. May-Jul)- Perennial, 2-3 ft. Pei-onnial, 2 ft. Annual, 12-18 in. Perennial, 4-8 in. July June-Sept July-Oci. Sept. -Oct. Aug. -Nov July-Nov. Aug. -Nov June-Aug July-Aug. June-Aug Juue-Sept July-Aug Aug. -Oct. Aug. July-Aug July- Sept Lilac, I i 35 Weed s, with their chief characters-Co«^ ^^lieLin 28 of !< lowers ond other l/haractera of tJio Plant. M»'tli()il of propa- grution ft„(J Uittribution. ^'"b, i m axillary; verv Sb..,!. ,rouk'l I bristly. '' ^*"^>' "pw* whitish, i in., axillary..., l^-ddiHh purple, 4 in., racemes Plaooof Growth I. 1 "'"' » roilucts InjurwI. Mfthmli of Krailictttion. ■CuUivat.Hnan(I...'H.^.e„,ti,„^^, ■'^'••'d«, . n grain ...urain field,.... So,, ., <;..... ' l''""f?h«tubblH early •• '^I'lid, mow. I'i.nk, 1 in., solitary: flower. '«..„,i • . ' .„.,.., I "took,. Cultivate f^,„,,„„y alfalfa seed. Helds '^ ''^'""' sp'''!, mow ' I • I ^ntches before seeds Seeds t.-.' 1 1 "'vdTtylS'ii.^^'"^^' leaves Seeds, in hay and Yellow or white, 1 in., raceme-' ■'^' '^^' leaves smooth. ^ bellow, i in., racemes; un- pleasant odour. Wa,sto places; poi-Mow. hoe Blue, Jin., axillary on spikes. Meadows,pasture8.|s,.ud. plough, culti- I vate. ■•;Spud, break up sod. P ■ • "'f"". "reak up sod. i^VrrsU"'p*"-«''--^-des Break „p .„, culti- ! yate, seed heavily ( _ to clover. Seeds. ^"-'-^ jcKtr Lowlands, lawns.. jCultivate, breakup I sod. *^ Yellow, J in. gpiky . p.iw «„ j . , P-rple, Ain.,corymbedspikesLs. «>ot stocks . Lw ,„..,„„ ^un. 'm wKv , . I merfTow;T;^*^,7''r'""^'*"'^w, White, , Via, spikes... „ „ tuiv... °'^"' ''''''■ j P'ough. I .,| " It ''XV;c;£"''^''^'^N^-^«^ LiW 1 ;„ * • , "ewly cleared land ^Uac, i in., terminal spikes . Seeds L Violet Un -I . Summer fallows, "^a^a'cttr? -'«H«-ners, seeds. . . . PaSs^^^ns. Summer fallows ISummpr f ^n , I "ewlyclenredland culTivaEe. """'^^''y' Summer fallow early. Break up sod. 36 A LIST of the more prominent Canadian Ik il It ' ConmiMii Name. DotftnicalXame, Origin. Hoiup-nettle .. . . Plantain Family. Cominon |)Iiintain . . Pale plantain Rib j^rass, black plan- tain, ripplogrusM. . GooHKK(X)T Family. Lamb's quartern, pig- weed, goosefoot, fat-hen. Maple-leaved goose ffWt. Bugseed Injurioiw. "'"-''t'on. •RuHsian tumble- ww-d, Russian thiHtle. *Kimaian pigweed. . . Amaranth Family. Pigweed, red root, Chinaman's greens. Tumble-weed, white pigweed. Spreading amaranth, flexiiy amaranth, low amaranth. Buckwheat Family. Nodding knotweed, tall persicary. Lady's thumb, persi- cary . Knotgrass, goose- grass, door-weed (iu'c(>i>»i» Titmhit, L., Europe. Phntaiio major, L., na- tive and Kuro|)e. Plnntago Rugellii, De- oaisne, native. P/'intai/o luticcolata, L., Euroi>e. Chenn/KHlium alhum, L., KurojHj and native. Chniopmh'um hyhridum, L., EuroiHj. Corhpcrmum hi/itopi/o Hum, L., native. Saltola kali, L., var, Traijus, Russia. A xijris a niarantoidet, L. , Russia. (leneral Annual, 1-3 ft. " ..'Perennial, I G-18 in. Anwruntu» retroflexus, L., Tropical America. Amarantus alhui, L., Tropical America. Amarantus blitoides, Watson, native. Erect goosegrass, whiteinan's footstep Wild buckwheat, black bind-weed. White dock ■Curled dock, sour dock, yellow dock. Polyyonum lapathifo Hum, Ait, native. Polngonum Pcmicaria, L., Europe. PolyiionuM aviculare, L., native, Europe. Prairie Provinces Time of Flowering Time of Heeding. July Sept July-Sept June Sept " Southern Manitoba Manitoba. General . . Prairie Provinces, Ontario. General Polygonum erectum, L., native. Polygonum eonvolvulus, L., Europe. Rumex salicifoHus, Weinm, native. Rumex crispus, L,, Eu- rope. Prairie Province*", Ontario. General . . Prairie Provinces. General Annual, 13 ft. Annual, 16 ft. Annual, Spreading. Annual, 1 3 ft. Annual, 1-1 ft. Annual, 13 ft. Annual, pro strate or ascending. Annual, 1-4 ft. Air.iiial, liJ-18 in., ascending, Annual, 12-18 in., prostrate. Annual, 6 loin. Annual, climber. Perennial, 1-3 It. June-Nov. July-No v. Aug-Oct . July-Sept. Aug-Nov, II SeptOct . Aug-Nov. July-Sei)t.'Aiig-Sopt. July-Sept, Perennial, 1-3 ft. Aug-Sept. July-Sept. July -Aug, Aug-Sept. 87 Weeds, wHh their chief charActen—Conttnti^d. '^ Acllli 28 •if b lowfrs ami Dtlinr Cli»r»oteMof tho I'Unt. Method of |)ro|>n(fn tioii and DiHtrihtitiun. PIucp of CrowU) itiiil I'rodufU Injured. M.'thfKJi of £r»flioation. Piir|>liHli,Jin.,8xillarywhorlH;Heed«. pteiiij) swoHhd below joints : bi'iHtly. Spikes dpnHB j jxxU 7-lC goed- ed ; leaven inclined to lie down. Spikes slender, less crowded thaninnlKtvej [mmIh 4 Heeded; leaves ertiot, jmiIh yollowJMh |[reen, j)urplo af base, apiko thick and denMe; black anthers; white ikkIs, 2-Heed- ed ; seeds Uwt-shaped. Kich land, all crops Hoe, mU, cultivate. j Af|wIows,paHture^, Hreak up sod, spud. Seeds, indovernn i'low meadows nruak unsoH •.ln...,I. grass Needs. "'n»Kup8oa,i)iou(fli Gr«H.'n, tV in., panicle ; whole plant mealy white. Green, ^In., widely bn-tnched piiniele ; whole plant Krt'en. smooth. Green, 4 in., si.ikes ; a tumble weed. SeedM, in havand in .,.,-,„,„„ grasH and clover lawns seeds. Vfeiulows, pastures. Seeds, in prrain. 'Hith soil, all cro]... 'cultivate clover and gnma ' '^""'"'*"- sued. Purplish, i in., axillary; a tumble weed. Gretfn, A in., male flowers in tern.iiml spikes, female sxillary. Green, A in., panicle of crowdwi sjukes ; root pink. Seeds, in grain, clover and (frass Heed. Si^etls, wind. , . Seeds, wind, floods. Green, ,>, in., sjjikes alonir tlie whitish stems ; a tumble weed. Green, A in., spikes along the reddish fle.sliy stems ; weeds twice the size of the preced-l ing. Pink, J in., spikes drooping the stalks rough, with scat- tered glands. Pink, i ill., spikes oblong, erect on smooth stalks: leaves with a black blotch. Pink T^ in., a.xillary along the stems. Sandy fields, all crops. Fields, railway bonks, all crops Fields, railway bankH, all crops Rich land, every- where. Rich land, every^ where. .•"«■"■■> "i"! Rich land, where grass seed, wind, there is some alkali. Seeds, in grain and grass seed, wind. Seeds, in grain and grass seed, wind Seeds, in grain and Summerfallow, culli vate, burn. Hoe, cultivate, burn. Cultivate late, burn Seeds, floods. Pink and green, ^ in. , axillary along the stems. White, T«j in., racemes Green, i in., panicle; seed valves with conspicuous white grains; leaves not I seedM, wind ' wav6il, ^ale green. j Oreen, iin., panicle ; leaves Seeds, in hay in waved at margin. clover and graJS I seeds, wind, Seeds, in grain Seeds, in hay in clover and grass seedM, wind. Rich lowland.grain Hoe, pull, cultivate and other crops. Rich lowland.grain and other crops. Rich lowland.grain Hoo, cultivate, and other crops. Rich lowland, grrain and other crops. Grain fields, sum- mer-fallows. Summer fallows, low fields, j»as- tures. Cultivated waste land, pastures. Summer fallow early, cultivate. Summer fallow, spud, cultivate. Spud, plough. ?■ i '-ri' 38 l.i A LIST of the more prominent Cp id ConiUion Name. mn BtrckwHEAT— Con. Sheep aoirel, sour grass, sour weed. Olkasteh Family. Wolf willow, silver- be iry. Hplhge Family. Spotted spurge, milk purslane. Botanical Name, Origin, t ^hpro Injurious. Rumexacetosdla, L., Eu rope. Elmgnus ar gen tea, Nutt., native. Duration. Time of Floworlng Time of •"deeding. General. ..(Perennial, I G-12in. May- Oct. Prairie Provinces. Shrub, 2-6 ft. June., Euphorbia mtculata, L., General . . Annual native. „' .' » prostrate. Sun spurge, miluhuMiamiioseopia,\E.st.rn Annual, U, Europe. Canada,! 6-18 in. Nettle Family. ' ! B.C. July-Sept. Juno- Oct. June-Nov. August... Aug-Sept. July-Oct . Slender nettle. .. Grass F.xmily. \UHica gracilis, Ait.,na tive. I fx.1 8 hay, hair -Agrostis soabra, Willd. »''«»"• I native. .a ' !3r>ear grass, poKM-\Stipa spartea, Trin., na- pmo grass. tive *Ches8 Couch, quack.skutch, twitch.devil's grass *Skunk grass, skunk tail grass, squirrel tail grass, wild bar ley, alkali grass. White-top, old fog. , *Wild oats Brornussccalinus, L., Eu' ro] 3. Agrnpyrum repcns, L., Europe and native. J ffordeuvi jubatum, L.,' Prairie »'*"ve- Provinces. Eastern Cataada. General . . Prairie Provinces, General . . Perennial, 2-6 ft. Annual, 1-2 ft. June-Sept July-Nov. July. Perennial, July 1-15. 12-18 in. Winter ann- ual, li-3ft. . . Perennial, lA-3ft. June . Danthonia « pio a «o, Maritime Beauv., native. jProvincea, . , , , (Quebec. Avma fatna, L. (and General A. itrigoia), Europe. July Aug. July 10-20 July June-July Aug-Sept . Annual, and; July-Oct . July-Oot perennial, ' 6-12 in. *Sweet grass, Indian hay, holy grass. Old witch grass. . . Green foxtail, bottle, grass, pigeon grass Yellow foxtail .... Ferns. Perennial, 6-12 in. Annual, 2 3 ft. Hur^hloa borealis, R. Manitoba, a a., native. ' - Panicum capillare, L., native. Setaria viridis, Beauv., Eurojje. Setaria glauca, Beauv., Europe, N.W.T. General . . Western brake, brac- ken. Scented fern, brakes. May. Perennial, 12- 15 in. Annual, Ijuly-Aug 1^-18 m. June- July July. . . . July- Aug. Annual, 1-2 ft. Annual, 1 ft. ascending. July-Sept. June July-Aug. Aug-Ocfc . Pterisaqni!ina,L., var. 'British Perennial 'anugmosa, Bong., na- Columbia , 3-8 ft Summer.. 'summer. Woe Color of Cha Relefl by spilie.s; fli (2 in.) Panicle sinif gray, curlt Seed hairy ai twisted aw Sjiikelctsbro' s\veutly scei Panicle large, co.npouiid ; leaves very Si)ike nearly c; Spike cylindric spreading, se in last, Fronds very la downy bonea Forming large '■''^I"'lly onor, riu'c.M, S9 Weeds, with their chief characters- Continued. t^uileLin 28 „, vers and other Characters of the Plant. ^''5'fjS^, t!?!!Sl?!l^»t 'Method of propa-l Place of C ., Kution and ^ Growth W^tribution. P..oduc?rinjured. Afcthod of •Eiadioation. Kcd, J in., panicle tj„„ . | Yc'Ilow, J in., very fragrant. L.ed., ru„„i„j,. , I '''-tB. """'"^-tures Break early.cuUivate R«l tV in., dense leafv ftxii '«o J liuy clusters. '^"y ^xii- Seeds L , "rdp'r- "'^''^' ''"j"^«. cultivate. Green, ^ in., panicle.. L„ Heeds, runninii-r i root«tocks, Y'f"'Srs!*"''''|*'''^^''^q"e""y. Panicle very loose, purDlis}, • k j leaves veiy short. ^ '""' 'pods, wind Panicle contracted, awns 4 dk j Sununer-fallows.. Summer fallowearly. Spikes . ■Vids, rootstocks Field,) nil „^ carried by cultiv- "'' "" ^"^P*- • ■ l^lough sh..lluw i n lenri'"^!,','?'''*''"^"^^' summer, hofd crop.s 1 ale green, sometimes pur- ,S„nrir^""'''r"'^"'« I ^"'"'"^■'■. '"'fdcrop.s g^Ssl-i^^^a.--. ^"'tes^Ste, -n. J. ^t^^/'^^^^^^f^^^ ^'SiS^S'^''^'"'^'*''4-^Mnseedgrain, I rootstocks, ' ''^ittTS't.r-'-sK -"■....■ -.,.„ ., „ puauures. Mow. the barl)ed .seeds land "Vuring stock when eaten. ''xnell'lo^:..:. '^-'k-'^npHod. I'^ields, grain crops. Seed down with early barley or oats and cut for hay, follow l^ields, all crops..., .,::S'Xp''S- I vate often. „leaves-;e;V'>mi;r" '"'"[ ' ■" T 0^^''""^'^"^ ^"^"™'«- o'"^T oeeiis. croi) * rorifis very larcA • t* • *. ! I ' I downy beneath. ' * "* * ^ - Spores, r u n n i n g Newly cle^r^^ i , I . rootstocks. ^ ^'''^'"^^'^''"'diGn.b and ploueh J^iy onoroach on l-asj^r^^rstol!' "^"^^^-^^-vin pastures Br^ak' up I'c^^^''- I t^u! lettn INDEX. Achillea ^AOt Agropi/rum ........" ^ Aarostis '_'_ 38 Alfilaria ' ^ Alkali graas..!.. ^6 Amaranth, Fleshy. .' .' *° Amarantus ?^ •4ff»6ro»Mt ...,..'.. OQ ^ Anaphaliis ". ". 28, 80 Anemone, Long.fraited.'.;; S .. 5,«[jp^yivania„.... ::::::;: 22 Anemone " 'SS Antennaria . . . . ' ".'.', ^ ^TitAcfflM \\ 28 Apocynum " jO Arabii ' 32 Arctium " '* . " ^ Artemisia 30 Atclepias. . ^ Aster • 32 Avena '...'.','. ^ Axyria . . .. ...'. 38 Charlock P^«* Chemicalu, Useof .".".". " „ Chenopodium ^ Chess ^ Chickweed 5? Field 24 Chinaman's Greens..." ^ Chrysanthemum ^ Ctohorium 2" Ciciita , ^ Cinquefoil .... i 2? Erect". Silvery , Baughlan. . 38 Beaver Poison. . .". .'.". 2? Bedstraw, Northern.. S Beggar-ticks, Common .'. ^ Bergamot, WUd... s9 Bidtns ■ ■ • 34 Bindweed . 30 :; Bia^sk ■.•.■.••■.;; • ^ „, ' Bracted Z Bladder Ketmia *? Blue-weed . . 24 Bottle-grass...;";;;;;;;; ^ Bracken ... "8 Brake, Western.;;;';'. ^ Brakes 38 Braisiea 38 Bromus. .... , 22 Brunella 38 Buckwhwjt, wild . ."".".". ^ Bugloss, Small ... 36 " Viper's ^ Bugseed.. 18,32 Bun-thistle,. 36 „ " Western ;■;.".". ^ Bur, Blue . . 32 Burdock . . 34 Burs SO Butter and egM ^^'34 Buttercup, TtSl..'.'.\\".l]y-y-- " " " ^ Cadluck Camelina . 22 Campion, Blkdder." ". .'.■.' ". ,« ^ CapuUa 1". 2f Caraway. 24 Carrot... '..','/.. 26 Carrot top, . . . .', ; ; ; — 26 Oarufn SO catchfly,Night.floWOTi^;;;:;: ^ ^ Sleepy,... *7 Oentaurea. ... 24 Oerastium 30 Chamomile, Stinkiii^".'. ;;;;;"; ;;' " |q Cleome...."":Z'- •••'"•••••••• | Cnicu* S Cockle .... 2? ;; ^ ■:■::::::'■■■■■■:■:::.. iJ Conringia 30 Cone-flower ... ~ Convolvulus 52 Corispermum ;.'.. S Corydalis jj Couch Grass. . . ^ Oowbane, Sijotted .'.". S Cre8s,Marsh; *§ Crownweed ... ~ Cudweed, Low. .'.;■ '.". S Cuscuta .. . . g CynogloBtum.... •• |* SO 30 Daisy, Orange Daisy, Ox-eye... Dandelion . Fair'.. 3a Danthonia ; . . ^ Datura 38 Daucus 34 Devil's Grass..."."; *S Devil's Gut *5 Dicksonia • 34 Dock, Curled.. ;;;;;;:;;•. ooi " Sour •• ^'^ ;• White... .;: ^ " YeUow.... ^ Dodder, Clover .'." ^ Dogbane, Spreading. .... ' ^ Dog Fennel * g Door-weed ^ Draeocephalum '.'..'.'. fj Dragon-head ?• o4 ^chinospermum ... «> Echium g* Blaagnus. . . , .".'.'."." ; .'.■, « Bpilaibiun, ... S Ereohtites 26 Erigeron ,'.'.■. 30 Brodium .... '•• *~ Erysimum 28 Sttpkorbi.1 *2 Evening Primposis; "Common ; ; ; £ Everlasting. Pearly ^^''!-.''*r°'^'" g „ fJ^ntain-leaved,...-.... oa Scented « ■■■'! ••.;t I 42 False Flax ^'^^• False Tansy " " " un ilat-hen 35 Fern, Scented ...!..".'." 38 Fireweed ......'..' 28 SO Fleabane, Canada '00 Daisy - . " Rosy .:;:;:; " RouRJi Daisy Flower of an Hour Fool's Hay 28 28 28 24 roorsiiay 33 Foxtail, Green ' na Yellow ■.".■; 38 "French Weed " ' ,', 24 Fumitory, Golden ./...'. 22 OoUeopsis 3g Oafvivi ...'.,"" 28 Olaux ".*..!!....!..' 32 Olj/ci/rrhizd 26 Onaphulium ... ...!!!' 28 Ckild of Pleasure !!!..".!.. 22 Ctoldenrod .'.".'.'..'."' 28 " Narrow-leaved 2^ Roose-foot . . ' 3g "' r>Iaple-Ieaved 3*5 Gooso-grass jjg " Erect.. 3« Orindclia [' 28 Groundspl Common . 30 Grt)niWe!l, Corn .......' 34 Gumweed .".'."."...' 28 Hair-grass . gg Hard-hack ........ 26 Hard !ieadf> ........ 30 j3ardwted !.....!!! 30 K*»wk-l)it " " ' '. 32 Ha»kw<3^,d, Oi.age ..'...'.■;■.■.■ . .' ." .' .16, 32 32 38 r Page. Lyeoptii 34 Lyyodesviia .!...!!.'! 32 Mallow, Dwarf 24 " Common 24 Malva " " " ' 24 Marsh Elder '.'..'..'.'.'.'.'.'".'" ^ Mayweed ' 30 Mjlfoil ......... 30 Milk Purslane 88 Milkweed, Common ',..., Milkwort ' Milkwort, Sea . . ..... .... . Monarda .'..'...'.'... 34 Morning-glory .'...". ,34 Mujfwort, Western 30 Mullein qa " Moth '.■..■.■,;:;.::':' 34 Musquash Root 26 Mustard, Ball M 9a Hare's-ear 1122 Mustard, Tansy '22 ' ' Crowded Tansy . . . .....,' 22 " Cut-leaved Tansy 22 I Mustard, Tower 10 22 " Hairy Tower....!!!..'. .'. '22 Mustard, Tumbling 11 92 " Wild...." ■■ .!!!! '^ " Wormseed 22 Nasturtium 22 Neckweed '..".' !!!!!.!! 34 Nealia . 24 Heal-all . 34 JSfelt/iiiiVi. ! ! jjA Helianthu 30 Hemp nettlo . . !!.!!!!!! 36 Herrick !!!!!!!!" 22 Heron 's-biSl !! .'!!.. 26 BibiscHS .'...!!.!!!!! 24 Bieraaium HUrochloa !.!!!'!!!!.' 38 Holy-grass '.!.!.!!!!! 38 Bomeum .'!!!!!!!!! 38 Horae- weed ."." 23 Hour.frs-tongue ....!."!.'!! ." .* [ [ .' !!!;!. m 34 appeficum 24 IndianHay 21,38 Indian Hemp 32 Indian Tobacco .'.'.."..".!'.!! 32 Iva 28 Ketmia, Bladder 24 Knapweed !!!!!!!' 30 Knotgrass .".*.'.'.!!.'!!."!" ,% Knotweed, Nodding !!!!....!!!!! 86 Lady's Thumb g Lactiica . . ■.......!'! 32 Lamb's Quarters .....'!.! !!!!!" 36 Ziemitodon !.!!!! 32 Lepidium '.!!!*..'" 24 Lettuce, Blue ■ 00 :: p"«kiy :;::::!!:: i Showy ... 32 lAnaria 04 Liquorice, Wild . . ! . . ...".'.' '.'.!!!! .' \\\ 26 Liihospcrmujii \\ at Live-forever !!!!!!,!!! 26 Lobelia on Lvchnis ! . . !.."."."."." !!!!!" 24 Nettle, Slender ! ! 38 Nigger-head , . ! ! ! 30 Nightshade, Conmion ...!.!.!! 34 Oats, Wild 3g (Unothera oc Old Fog '...! !!!!!!!!!!!!' ^ Old-witch Grass !!!!!!.!!!!!! 38 "Paint Brush" 1532 Panicum '3a Penny Cress ! ! ! ! 24 Peppergrass. . !!!!!!!"! 14, 24 Persicary <«! , " Tau !:':!!!!!!!' 36 Pigeon Grass 33 Pjgeon Weed ..!!!!! 34 Pigweed .!!!.*!!..!!! ,36 " Russian ... jifi " White 36 ^Wf8, 26 Pitch-forks 30 Plantago '. 36 Plantain, Black !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 36 " Common ..' 3*5 " Pale ..:!.:;; se Polygonum 35 Porcupine Grass ..!!!!!! 38 Portulaca .','.. 24 Fotcntilla ." !!!.'!.!' 26 Poverty Weed ..... !!!!!!! 28 Prairie Rocket !!!!!!!!!.!!! 22 Pteris . Purslane ^ Pusiey .'..'.".!"!!!!!!! • 24 Quack 38 Ragweed 28 " Common *"' !io " False !..!!!!!! M " Great 28 " Perennial !!!* 30 Ramsted 3^ «»Pe, Bird.." ■.■;■" nedroot "■ M,inanthui , Rib Grass " Ripple Grass... "■■■ Rich-Weed River Weed. Roman Wormw'ocid' " Jtoia ■ Rose, Prairie!.!'"* itudbeckia . ^wnex..., Russian Thistfe.V/.".', Sa^e, Pasture . . , Sweet... . oalsola '" ' ^ponaria . Scented Fern. Sedum feeding down' .".', Self-heal " Senecio ' , Setaria. . , ' Shepherd's Puree!" ■" oilene Silkweed... ' ' Silverweed . Silver Berry '.". Silverweed Simpler's Joy ^tsynbrium.. Skeleton Weed Skunk Grass. Skunk tail Grass.!!" " Skutch Sneezeweed fct':^:,^-^^n.".".' Solidago Sonchus . . Sorrel, Shiip Sour Grass... Sour Weed . . Sowthiatle ;; Fieid '.'.'.".■.•.•. ; „ Perennial....! -, Spiny . . Spear Grass.. Speedwell, Purslane Spider Flower iipir(ea ... Spurge, Sfxitted.". a Sun . . . Spurry, Corn ... Squirrel-tail Grass '. Star-wort, Many-flowered " 43 «ui LelUi 2 Paob.i " ^ f*P«P'eBu8h Page. ^ stick- weed ' 26 •■ *?; gtjnk-weed .'.".' 34 ■• H «^ki.j Bi,l„V.",i;iiig-#,i„,-S.13,U •■■■ I feSa*"''*^-----:::::;::- IS "" 9Hl"'"™er Fallowing 26 •■ ^ Sunflower, Wild. 6 " ^l ^"^^"^ Grass.. 30 ^ Syvipkoricarpui • • • -21, 88 oO 28 19.36 (Tare, Wild... 32 , Thistle, BuU... 26 30 ' Canada.::;: 32 • ^ Milk ••• 32 " If Prairie... 32 • ^ _,.;' .Russian... ,„ 32 ■ • 15 l^^laspi 19,36 "'• ^P°"' Apple....-;;; 24 ■•• 34 Tumble-weed.. 34 • i &:^°«* :••••.:.:.• ■."."."."• i 32 [ ga 32 Urtica 38 go 26 Verbasciim g4 Feriem ... 34 a 'T'^'witca ... 34 .^ Vervain, Blue 34 • fL," «;'"-»'•■■■■■■■■■•.■:::: S I V.,^h,P„g,e.,„,^.:;. ......... « *o Vicia ... 26 ^Viper's Bugles ;.;. ,„ 26 • ^ 18 32 ^ wk"''''^^.''' Western.. ' 3S Wheat-thief ... 22 B I White Weed .... '• 34 § I ^t!*«'»'"»'« Footstep;. 30 3^ I White-top. . . ^ 36 32 Wild Barley 38 i' :: Cotton. !!!! 39 p'wfe!;?^^'^^-'^"!*-.::::::!!!! ^ 3^ , woifwiuw;;:; 28 24 I Wormwood, Biennial : : : : 38 26; j^'nan ::::;::: ^ 38 I Xanthium. . . ^ 30 24 YaiTow. 38 Yellow Rattle". 30 ^ \ 34 u ERRATA. On page 23, line 18 from bottom, read above, instead oiF No. 13. 24, transfer Mouse-ear Ghickweed, Field Ghickweed, and Com Spurry to the Pink Family above. line 8, from bottom, read Field Ghickweed, " 4 " Gom Spurry. " 2 " Bladder Ketmia. 28 "29, from top, read Erigeron atrigom*. 30 "12, from bottom, read Erechtites. " 5 " Stinking BUly or Stinking Willie. 34 " 5, from top, read Borage Family— Con., for Gonvolvulus— Con.