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Laa cartee. planchea. tableaux, etc.. pauvent Atra fiimAe A dee taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un soul cllchA. il est fllmA A partir do I'angle supArieur gauche, de geuche A droite. et de haut wt baa. an prenent le nombre d'Imagae nAceaaaira. Lee diagrammea suivants illuatrent la mAthode. ^^• ^. Buiietia i •ULllTIN.IdO. (. «PARTMKWT OP AGIircui.TURB. NOXIOUS WEEDS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. Tumbllnff Mustard, flowering plant BUI,I,ETIN NO 1898. R«». M.L. A.. COMMWIONU, OF AOBICV,. ■rVKK. [ Information prepared for the Department by Dr. Jas. Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist to the Dominion Experimental Farms, by permission ol the Hon. S. A. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, chiefly extracted from Bulletin No. 23 of the Dominion Experiment tal Farms.] f » iJllBtln THE WORST WEEDS OF THE North-west Territories ! What is a Webd 1 UrJ^ 1 !? many definitions of the word Weed, but perhaps from » farmers standpoint the best one is : "any troublesome or unsightly plant tnat IS at the same time useless or compamtively so." As a general statement, it may be said that our most troublesome and aggressive weeds of the farm have been introduced into Canada from other countries- but, at the same time, It is also true that under special circumstances w^." ?r "t'*,!* T''* fr^ may increase and become "noxious weeds. It must be acknowledged that in all parts of Canada weeds are a source of constant and very considerable loss to farmers. Indeed «^ much IS this the case that the great prevalence of some varieties in certain districts of the Dominion must be viewed with the gravest alarm, niflf l^ r® • " r*'' P««»«««'on of th« land as to seriously affect m^Jt 15™ *"!•,, w-,!*« P^"* f '""'^ aggressive ^nemies, mention may be made of the Wild Mustard, Quack or Couch Grass and Canada SliSn^ *2 of almost every province, Ox eye Daisy in the Maritime Provinoes, Penny Cress or Stmk-weed in Manitoba, and Tumbling Mus- tard in Manitoba and the North-west Territories. The increase of weeds has been frequently due to the fact that farmers have neglected them from not being aware of their noxious nature and power to spread. ..xr^^® '^lowing true statement occurs in an excellent pamphlet Noxious Weeds in Manitoba and How to Destroy Them," issued by the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Immigration of Manitoba - Many of our farmers have only a limited knowledge of weeds, and in many cases ao not reoognize those that are dangerous on their first appearance. Hence we have ' One year's seeding, seven years weeding'- Ihere are some weeds so noxious that if farmers knew their real cnaracter ana rgnopnigoH «-.hu nlonf- «^ 4.i.„:- a ^ .. , , ^^4. 11 " .Y"'", ". * *" ■"' '^^"'^" '"="• stpF^'arance, cney would postpone all other business until they were destroyed * * ♦ Self-interest should be a sufiicient incentive to farmers to destroy weeds If It 18 dearly shown that it will pay chem to do so." Another point of considerable importance with regard to noxious weeds IS the adoption, as much as possible, of some one English or oommon name. The names used in this pamphlet have been selected Jm^^jm^hoa^yhi^remoat applicable and most widely known. When more names than one are given, the flnt ia preferable. The Bcientiflo names, of which only one for eaoh plant is reooffniied as authoritative by boUnists all over the world, are here given, so that the certain identity of each plant mentioned may be known. Few farmers, ^ course, are acquainted with these scientific terms, even in the case of our commonest weeds, but it would be well if they were ; for cer- tainly much confusion exists in different localities in the application of the English popular names, the same plant being frequently called by one name in one place and by quite a diflbrent one somewhere else, or quite as frequently a single name is applied to a number of distinct plants in different places or by different people in the same place. The advantage or even necessity, of calling a plant by its proper name has been forcibly illustrated in the case of the Tumbling Mustaid, now so prevalent in many parts of Manitoba and at Indian Head, 4c., in the North-west Territories. This most injurious weed was for some time after its introduction, spoken of generally as " Tumble Weed," a name properly belonging to a much lees aggressive plant, the Amarantua albua, one of the Pigweeds. Owing to the use of this wrong name, little effort was put forth by the settlers to destroy the new enemy, because it was well known all through the West that the true Tumble Weed was a native plant which had never given much trouble. Similarly, the Hare's- ear Mustard, a very noxious weed, was left undisturbed by some from having been wrongly spoken of by many as " Black Mustard." The Black Mustard, as a matter of fact, is of very rare occurrence in Canada, and as far as I am aware is not anywhere in the Dominion a troublesome weed m crops. The present bulletin is issued in response to numerous inquiries as to the nature of the many weeds found on farm lands in the Territories, and the best way of getting rid of them. While it is true that the character of each kind has to be considered, there are certain principles which must be constantly borne in mind by those who wish to dear their land of noxious weeds. In the present age of extensive and easy communication with all parts of the country, and indeed with the whole worid, there are frequent opportunities for seeds of weeds being introduced into previously uninfested districts. As an oflset against the great benefits we derive from railways, ft has been found that many new weeds have been introduced into new localities through their agency, the seeds being either shaken from cars or cleaned out of them at stopping places. It is important, therefore, to keep watch on all railway banks and station yards. How Wbkim Spbbad. There are many ways by which weeds are spread : — 1. By natural agencies. The wind carries seeds long distance, not only in summer, but with dust and over the surface of the snow in winter. Streams distribute them far and wide along their courses. They are also distributed by seed-eating birds and herbivorous animals, ttirough the stomachs of which the seeds have patted undigested, or by being attached to some part of their bodies by special contrivances, with which nature has provided some seeds for this very Duroose. such ms iiuoked and barbed hairs, spines and gummy excretions^ Ac. ' 2. By human agency. The seeds of weeds are frequently intro- duced as " foul seed mixed with other seeds ; they are also imported in hay used for packing or as fodder. In addition to this, weeds are fre- quenUy distributed over farms by waggons, harrows, aeeden, thrashing M. <«. auiistia 1 Clamificatiom of Wkbim. year plant,; and Pen^nnUr V T* ^'*' ^ *^^^ BiennUIs. or two . yeaf "^"^ut ?h:r,rarjai!ibr ''*^. "'•'•:, ^^^'« ««'-''• •» quantity of seed. Example^ of ThU ^ "^^ T^ P"^*"* » '»«•«« Penny Cress (callS *7the W^ "ir.,"* ?""^ '" W"^' ^ustaH^ spring. Of these maTte ^ntLn^ Sfin^ ^" development the next their grtlClTfi^ttrtpett IntlS"'" ^^J "^"" ^ -"p'«^ S«J:;dXlB:^wSut?e;d"*^ years'^TrnrarwISsX^CtL't T'T «™T"« '— ™l ««>ed» as well. They have tw^S^. ^ "1 ''*^''' ^"' *" P"^"** rwt deeply, and Ze of whth tt ZJ "f*"*. **' «~''*''' '»»*«« ^^ich most trouWWomearthLr which e^L'^**" " T '' """ '"'^«*- The beneath the surface^f t^ ^td ^ Canil"??h-'^^^^ *^^"» Evening Primrose, Showy Su!«' ^ni^^ua^i'"*' ^^'^ *«■«*««"»«* tives of the second claas^shlr'J^S ^^ S"»fl«'-«"- Representa- Yarrow and Couch G^ sSme "Z-^Pf^^r '^ T = P""""* S'^g*. nx,t by mean, of Irr^im,^":^^ ""tro'rS'^V'""'^ '~'" '^^ eXl^'"'-^^-^^ ^-^-y. BandllCJ^^tn^^iTS^^^ ExTBRMIirATION OF Wbbdb. ^1 TIMit will continue appearing for Mveral yeani a« frmh aeedit am brought op to the Hurface l>y cultivation. Wild Muatard and Wild Oats have been known to gnrminatn after lying deep in the ground for twenty yeani. Bienniala oiUHt be either ploughed up or out down befok'e they flower. Mowing at short intervals wi!l kill them ; but a single mowing will only induce them to send out later branches, which, if not cut, will mature many seeds. Where ploughing is impracticable, this class of plan -t should be cut off below the crown of the root. For this purpose a spud or a large chisel in the end of a long handle (to obviate the necessity of stooping) is as convenient a tool as can be used. Ptmnnialg are by far the most troublesome of all weeds and require very thorough treatment, in some instances, the cultivation of special crops, to ensure their eradication. Imperfect treatment, such as a single ploughing, fre(]uently does more harm than good, by breaking up the underground stems and stimulating growth. There is no weed knotvn which cannot be eradicated by corutanl at- tentimi, if only the nature of ita growth be understood. Farmers should be constantly on the alert to prevent new weeds from becoming esta- blished on their farms. There are some general rules which all should remember : — 1. Weeds do great harm by robbing the soil of the plant food in* tended for the crop and also of its moisture. 2. Weeds crowd out and take the place of more useful plants, being hardier and, as a rule, more prolific. 3. Weeds are a source of great loss to farmers as they require much labor and time to eradicate, and frequently compel them to change the best rotation of their crops, or even perhaps to grow crops which are not the most advantageous. 4. All weeds bearing mature seeds should be burnt, and under no circumstances should they be ploughed under. 5. Weeds of all kinds can be eradicated by constant attention and by adopting methods in accordance with their nature and habits of growth. Therefore, (a.) — Never allow them to seed ; (6.) — Cultivate frequently, particularly early in the season, so as to destroy seedlings while of weak growth ; (c). — For shallow-roottid perennials, either trench the land deeply or plough so lightly that the roots are exposed to tiie sun and dry up ; for deep-rooted perennials, the only means of destroying them is to prevent them from forming leaves and thus storing up nourishment in their root- stocks, to sustain future growth. This can he done by constant cultiva- tion. All weeds can be destroyed by the use of the ordinary implements of the farm, the plough, the cultivator, the spud and the hoe ; but some experience is necessary to know what is the l)est time to work certain soils or to deal with special weeds. No general rules can be given, as the necessary treatirient will vary in different districts on different soils and under different climatic conditions. What may be the proper treat- ment in one place may fail in another. Perennial plants, if allowed to develop Uuwer s'uiub and iheu ploughed down (or nrat mowed and then pHughed under), will by the production of the flower stems, have so far reduced the nourishment stored up in the rootstocks that they are much weakened and can afterwards be easily dealt with. On the other hand, it is found in the West, that all the weeds and other plants decay readily if prairie land or meadows be broken in May or early June. Land so N. W. BuUettn I ,1 trMted CM thereforn bn ol«Mied f»r more eanily than if th« operation of breaking in deUysd until Jul?. ThiH in ''» 'he spade, cultivator or similarappHancTn a warm dry day will be needed, as after the weeds have got a^^^ harrowing will help rather than hinder them. « 80«> » good start "Land thus treated will start the grain next snrini/ earl.« .^a evenly than any other, the crop will n^LZlT^TlA"'Z best grade of wheat that Canada is fit to produce If thl ^1„a - fested with Thistles or Stink Weed ther^S b^some mJS^ *•" '"i this plan. For Stink Weed and other noxTos ann^s, I ^^ul? foSow It rT»f^"T' ^' fc««P ^"••ring the surface more, sol to ^^ J oTm the foul seeds I could in the topmost two or three inches, and white^ dmary annual weeds might be le^ crow after A ,.».,-♦ t ""P J'""« or- ing for Stink Weed until Inow caiSa llTny S oflSl wLS^"' left alive in the fall it will live on all winter Jnder the snow a^'ftart eariy m the spring, often over-topping the gn.in crop in C TIi??.'! now go over cne wh«ie case for or agai^t summer-falloViniT "o^T: toTatir^.**tr, t,~'*"°? °^ cropTthat would el^T^diatTaS to that extent with fallow work, and there must be a different iTZ treatment for such perennials as Couch Or«„ and TiS^fZiw^ N. W. f«I^'7hll{^»^/'T T '"""''7'" "' '^"^ *'^»' * ^""-y "•»*'«> working lowinfc, ami th« live qu.^tiun for ti,,l„y is not wl.ntli«r we Nhall Hummer fallow but how it can be l«Ht an.i „.Jt cheaply .,„„„.. HuiJu'epup"^ " fhrough the IcindneHH of the Itonourahlo Mininter of Aurioultn«. or the Province of ManitoU I have h.id exceptiona opL uni^Prlir ing the p..t thr«, Hummen, of travelling through aTth^ iunt wh«at growing diHtnct« of that province. It wa, very Id, rent *tl dunng theae viHit. that in n.any'inHtanceH Humnrr-fauLTg Ta^ ILZ much too late ,n the seanon U, get the l^mt renultn .« u, we^l eridioS have developed the.r Hoeur of cultivating and harrTwiST From a careful Htudy of the developement of weedn on* u.nm r faTbrin iZ dication of Huch early-ripening plants and annual weeds om Htink Wml FaHe-flax, Hall MuHtanJ, Pepper-graHs, ShephonJ'H Punf hL 1^' Oo den Fumitory, etc.. all Hum.nor fallowing should Im, cZpleled if nL ?^gr„ ttV^':r -' ^"'^' - '"^^ - ^^^^ -^ ^« - oi? ;L7 Serdinq Down. The prevention of need-production in of ifreat H,innrf=«™. u clearing land of weeds. Many woea and the North West Territories wherever wheat is grown. Specimens have also been received from British Columbia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island. Ball mustard is a rather slender erect annual (or winter annual) two or three feet high. The leaves on Mie stem are arrow-shaped and are cov- ered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are orange yellow, so that the plant is easily recogniz- ed at a distance when growing in a crop ; they are about ^ of an inch in diaraetar and aro borne in clusters at the end of the branches. The small roundish, single-seeded pods on slender foot- stalks are borne thickly all along the gradually lengthening branches. The cut shown herewith has Ijeen kindly loaned by tho United States Department of Agriculture, and was first used in Circular No. 10 by Mr' Lyster H. Dewey, "Three New Weeds of the Mustard Family" to whom our thanks are tendered. The cut shows at a the tip of a plant a quar- ter of the natural size, at 6 a pod natural size and at c a seed enlarged. Pepper Grass. This plant is a native annual or winter annual. As a rule, it is not ery troublesome in crops : but under certain climatic conditions it be- comes an enemy of no small importance. During 1896 no weed was more frequently sent in as a pest in wheat lands, and at meetings of farmers held during the same summer in Manitoba, this weed above all ' others was tho one inquired about. At similar meetings in 1897 it was only men- tioned once, viz., at Glenboro, Man. Pepper Grass is a slender herb 12 to 18 inches high, which developes in the shape of a miniature tree with a central stem and a large spread- ing head. It produces an enormous quan- tity of very small i-diish seeds, two in each of the small, flat pods which are borne thickly a'l along the branches. This plant is generally most troublesome after wet SDrin&rs on drv or liorhf lami «-.«..«: — _ii serious pest in Manitoba and the Territories. It is much complained of by farmers in wet springs, particularly in wheat sown on stub- p«nn«rnr„=<. ^^^- ^^^^^'^''S^ generally described as an t-epperGmss. annual. Pepper Grass is much more of a biennial in habit. FaU and spring ploughing or cultivating will des- troy those autumn-germinated plants which are the ones most likely to rin harm in whMA^jon^., ^ N. w. Buvietm 1 15 Cow COCKLK. • The Cow Cockle also called Cow-herb, Soapwort and China Cockle, is an annual plant belonging to the Pink family, which was introduced into Southern Manitoba from Europe. It has f spread with rather alarming rapidity throughout the southern portions of the province and has been detected in many other parts of Manitoba and the North-west Territories. The Cow Cockle grows from seed every year and forms a rather^ elegant plant from one to two and a-half Cow Cookie. feet high, much branched and bearing, in July, a great many pretty pink flowers about half an inch across ; these are followed by roundish cap- 3ui^ cciitaiucu iu u?6-Engi6u ciiiargcu calyccs. Tho sceds are round, hard and black, twice or three times as large as those of Wild Mustard, and slightly roughened on the surface, a character by which they can be easily distinguished from the seeds of wild vetches, which are of about the same size. I Russian Thistlk. DepaK^Xr^Stutt:^^^^^^^ ^'"^I'y *»«« Manitoba fTmers of that p.Svin q' a mature plant. N. w. BuUotin 1 17 Sweet Grass or Indian Hay. SWEKT UkAHS OB INDIAN HaV. One of the most troublesome weeds in Manitoba and the North- west Territories is Sweet Grass. It is fre(juently and incorrectly spoken of as Quack or Couch grass, which is quite a different plant that roots near the surface of the soil, with bluish green leaves, with no special odour and with a narrow spike of seed like a very slender starved spike of bald wheat. This can be destroyed by ploughing shallow and then cultivating fre- quently. The Sweet Grass, on the other hand, has a loose panicle of tawny seeds, a strong pleasant odour, like new-mown h»y ; it roots deeply and shallow ploughing mere- ly encourages it to grow. The treatment which seems to have given the best results in Manitoba, is to plough in spring when the grass is in flower and then seed down heavily at once. Mr. Mao- kay's experience in the North-west Territories, however, is different from this. He says : " We find to plough early or when in flower only helps this weed. I would ad- vise ploughing deeply in the latter part of July or the beginning of August, then harrow well and re- peat in September and October. With us when ploughed early every root left in the ground grows, while if ploughed after dry weather, when the growing season is over, it is eas- ily killed." REPORT ON THE •' POISON-WEED " OF THE ROCKY MOUN- TAIN FOOTHILLS. By Prof. John Macoun, Naturalist to the Geological Survey Department. Early in June, 1897, reports reached Calgary that a number of cat- tie had died iu tiie iieif^hbourlnHMl of Jumping Pound, a point in the foot- hills abbut twenty-five miles west of Calgary. These deaths were sup- posed to have been caused by the cattle eating some poisonous plant grow- ing where they had been feeding. While I was in Calgary a jar filled with the partly digested contents of the stomach of one of the dead ani- .ipaals was .fprwarded and submitted to me. At the same time a telegram 18 ti««l. The HbroS. b.rl? „1 "iT ""^ "J "'• "" '"rf «>"W be id... teen flne steer, .„d ^wfhL:]^ ' J^ tZ",!-'"' "?. "^ •*" "^'^ I^rk8pur). (in Tkinf aTexLlnlif;;^*"'^ "copulorum (MountaiS gion f fou'nd no specimL, oriTtwo Zt nl '^^^^ ^" '^^^ "^ however, I found Vn abundance an7.u- ^ ^P?'**' ^' *»>« *hird, we found that in the aSSr^jlt 3 "v^^ / i """'^^^ "'*'* "« Owing to the fibrous ouKric oflhil njfn.^^!^ '^ "*i"° ^^ *»"'«• but the young ste.s fron, si^ltt/t^n helt"tad'T,*''"P?S up and nearly the whole plant eaten Ih^ j ?.. ^^ ^° P"^^^' all the dead ^tfle had beSn caut^ bv Ih^ Z^""^^^ '*"** the deaths of the cattle exhibited bef^ dc^h^^e'^ tt^rK^u^^irfo^^^ 'T^?'' in a/pttSutaS XStk^^, t/S'^ °^ ^ ^ «^"^« ««-* other poisonous plants I halnnr-r'- *"** *" ^ <^"'<* find no n^ortallTy to this ottpeoL'.'^^Ve^t^dTr Ltu^^^^^^^^ S" "••''^'' seln when f J Cs^rc^^L eatje Tf ^f ^T'T *'''^* T^^ '- *»>« in order to form cuds and fin ^- ! ^l ^''*" °* succulent plants cattle are her3™cnlepmi.SandTen^T^'-.u^l^^ '° "^""^ ^ *he no danger need be appSndeS ^jTert le'll"'!? ^^'^ "«^- where they choose, with safety **~° ^''^^ "^^ '»° The truth of the theories was proved la^^r in +1. no Ui eaect. - The Larkspur was then four feet high. ^^^^ JOHN MACOUN, Uratumliat. N. w. Bulletin 1 Id A LIST OF THE MORE PROMINENT WEEDS OP THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. The plants mentioned in the following list are those which have been most frequently inquired about by correspondents in the North- west lemtones. Those preceded by an asterisk are " bad weeds " and care should always be taken to destroy them whenever they are noticed There are many others which might have been included in a full list of the weeds of the North-West Territories, but in nearly every case these are so similar to allied species treated of here that to prevent confusion It was thought best to omit them, unless they had been actually inquired about. The writer will at all times be pleased to hear from correspon- dents concerning weeds, and will give all information in his power on their habits, and the best way of eradicating them. It is particularly requested that when inquiries are made about weeds or their seeds samples may be sent for examination. All that is necessary is to tie up the sample in a paper parcel, with a short statement of whac information 18 required, and the name and address of the sender, then direct them to The Botanist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Such samples and all correspondence referring to them may be sent free by post, and will be promptly attended to. J t~ > Botanical Names op Arbangbment op Flowers. Names given to some of the different arrangements of the flowers in plaQts, which for the sake of brevity it is necessary to use in the follow- ing list, are as follows :~ A5jptAff, when the flower stalks are very short or wanting altogether: examples, Plantain, Wheat. o » "»> A Raame diflFers from a spike in the flowers being borne upon foot- stalks of an equal and of a noticeable length; example, Lily of thrValley A ranxcle is a compound raceme or a raceme with branched foot- stalks; example, Oata. A Corymb is a raceme in which the footstalks are gradually length- ened from the apex downwards, so that all the flowers are brought to the same level, or neariy so; example. Groundsel. A Gymeka. panicle with the foot-stalks so developed or contracted as to form a flat-topped head, the central flowers generally blooming first; examples. Elder, Dogwood. n j b 'of, A Head is when numerous flowers are arranged upon a disk or re- ceptacle; example, Ox-eye Daisy.* or An Umbel is when all the flowers are supported upon foot-stalks of equal length ; example. Geranium. If each of the foot-stalks of an umbol l^ars a secondary umbel as in the carrot, it is a compound umbel, and. indeed, most of fchA fnrmd aKnirp mo..«.:yv j k -•■• iS. • , • ' '•" RjTjawOi , Dy i-cpuwcion upon tfaeaiaHives becomes compound. F^^'^t^!Si%«S'&U,Sl£g*}i'flS^^ ««*«« «' ^"^-^ «" U.0 sunflower %'«■( 10 l^ ■■ I A L18T of the more prominent Weeds of the North- BUTTEHCUI- FaMII.V. 'Inrmone dichotomn, L rmtivc. Pornnnlal, 12 ill. 1. White A 11 o III o II o , I'ciinsjlvaniun An- emone. FUMITOUV FaMILV. 2. Ooldon Fumitory. \c<^^li, „„„„, Wiiid..|,l,o„nia.. Mustard Family. *"*^"- 8-iaincli. Jiino-Anjf. 3. Maruii CresM,... 4. Towor Mustard., 3. Western VVallflovvor i^alrio Uoclcot. 8. Bmall-flowerud Wail nowor. Nasturtium palustrr, I) t., nativu. ArabU, per/oliata, Lam., Hr^iHimum nicsv., Europe. Medic, Europe. Ihlaspi artense, L., Eu rope. ' VVilld. ( = 2,. interme dtum, Gray,) native. Cleome integrifolia, L., native. Annual, . 1-3 ft. Annual and winter an nual, 1-2 ft. Annual and winter an nual,- 1-2 ft. July. Jul y- Aug. July -Sept. •Sdponcr-^ VaceaHa,!.., Europe. ' Annual, 1-3 ft. ao. 'Cockle, Corncockle, jAniiual, 2ft. Luchnia OUhago, Lam. iiiurope. Annual, 1-2 ft. WWt»i«'J«^i?ht, *-in., racemes ; pods IJ-iJ-ln,, spreading; stems porfeot- Iiowlnnds ; grain fields and hay. Grain and clover flelds. Summer-fallows. Grain fields, sum- mer fallows, ^ waste places. Orain flelds ... spring. I'lough fall and spring, t'lough fall and spring.hand-pull bofo.ro seods lipon. Grain flelds and summer fallows Grain flelds Seeds, In grain, flax & clover seed. .Seeds. Seeds. ly smooth, glaucous. Yellow. J-in., racemes; pods pear- shaped, many seeded. Orange yellow, i-ln., racemes, much elongated in fruit; pods nearly Hohcrical, 1-seeded. White, i-in., racemes, much olon- gnted in fruit; pods, triangular. White, t-in., racemes, much elon- gated In fruit; pods flat and round, over J-in. Whitish, minute, 1/16 in., racemes, much elongated In fruit ; pods flat, roundish, fin., 2-eeoded. Reddish purple, 1-in., petals i.lSeeds onrrlnH stamenfc 6, long and conspicuous by floSd" race, jes ; pod flattened, hanging. """««• 15 in. ; icavos S-purtud, strong smelling. * Pink, Mn.. cymes; calyx 5-angled, Seeds, la grain covering ripe pods ; leaves succu- *^ lent and glaucous ; seeds 1/10 in.. Dlaok, minutely roughened. Grain, fall wheat, flax and clover flelds. Hand-pull, sum- mer fallow, hood crops. in grain Grain flelds Purple, 1-in., solitary ; seeds. 1 black, roiigh. in.. Everywhere . Grain flelds, waste places. Grain flelds, after a wet spring. Grain flelds low spots. Orain flelds and Sow spring grain. Pull, summer fal- low, hoed crops. Constant hoeing , and cultivation. Mow and bum ma- ture plants, thor- ough cultivation Plough or culti- vate fall & spring Pull, cultivate. Grain flelds, sum- Pull, sow merfaUows. gnUn. clean H A Li«T ol. e more promment W^^rOt of the North- Watt N«aia. Pea rAMiLT. SI. Wild Uquorioo. Ro«B Familt, a. Erect CInquefoil as. SlIyerwBwl, Clnquo- «. Hr»lrleltoge BoUnloKl Nknie, Ortgir Olyevrtkita Upidota Nutt, native. BVENIMO PrimIW B Familv. M. Coinmun Eronlnir PriniroHo. 88. 'Whlto-stemmod Kvening PrimroMo, PoUntiUa Norvtaiea, L.. native. Potentilla anwrina, L., native. lio»n A rkatmana, Porter, native. Pamlky Familt. 27. Spotted Powbane. MuaquaHh Root, Beaver Polaon. HONKTaUCKUE Family. 28. Wolfberry. Weiitwn Snow-boriy, (Enothera bUnnU, L., native. j (Enothera albieautia, Nutt, native. I Annaal, win- ter annual, 6-Mln. Perennial, 6 in. Shrub, 3 in.-S rt. June-Sept. Juno-July. July-Sept.. Aug.-Sept. Cintta maculatn, L., na tlvo. Sumphoricarpus oeeiden talis. Hook, native. Biennial, 1-4 feet. Perennial, e in.-4 ft. July.. Bbdstraw Family 28. Northern Bed8traw..flta/i«»,6oreate,L., native SDNrLC'isB Family 30. Qumweed 31. Goldenrod 32. Many-flowered Stor- wort. 33. Canada Fleabane, Horse-wted, "Fire- weed" 34. Poverty M'oet., Orindelia nquarroaa, Dunal, native. SoUdago Canadensis, L., native. Aster muUifiorus, Alt, native. SrigeroH Canadensis, L. native. i^'urennial, 2-6 ft. Shrub, 2-3 ft. Perennial, 1-2 ft. July-Auff. July-Sept^ Auc.49«pt. July. Sept. axl^lrris, Purah., na- -ve. 86. False Rag •)«><■;, . Turkey " v'o, I Eld ^ Marsh Elder. 3ft. *Oreat Ratrweed. Crownweed, River- weed. 87. Perennial Ragweed. yr. TanthiiftUitk .Jutt., sUvre. Ambrosia tr(/lda, L., na tlve. Ai^rosia psilostaehya. DC., native. Biennial, 12-18 In. Peruunlal. 2-3 ft Perennial, 12-18 In. Annual, and winter an nual. 6 In.-A ft. Perennial, 6-13 in. July-Aujr.. July Aug., Auj5,.?1>p». July-Oot.. July-Aug. Annual, 14 ft Perennial, 1-2 ft. Aug.-Sept. July-Sept Aug. Aug.-Oot.. Aug.-Sept. Sept-Oot.. Aug.-NoT.. Territorien with their ehief chi^rmctnn.~CotUinmfi **. Bulletin 1 Colour, HIro. AmniroinonI of KlowerH and oIIht Charactentof tho Plant. Whlliv..i, iln.. Nnlkri(-kloH. (lodii qblonir, i\n., covorod with Ick Mnthod of fropiiKnl iitii niul IMMlribiilioti. HDcdd, podH at tncnecl to Hlouk, In hay Yellow. »-ln.. loHfr oynioH ; leaven 3-p«rtorf ; whole plant dark »rocn. nairy. Bright yellow, |.|n., MollUiry on lonjr Pink to deep roeo, 3i In., corymb. . Soodd, riinncrH " rootMtockH l'l«I. White, turnlnjf pink, 2-ln., malodor- ouH leafy HpIkeH: biidM noddlnir: toTOH BllHtcnlnjf white, Hhupro, branchloir at the top. White; ninbol 1-ln. acrow ; otem stout, «ii)otttd with purple, Htromr siuolUnir, very poiHonouH. Red. much bearded Inside. Hn.. dense tonninal and axillary HplkoH ; berry reddish, i-ln. ' » " • White, small, in large terminal pa- nioles. Seeds, wind. Seeds and root- stocks. Seeds, carried by flooda. Huiiimer fnllnwH, Kraln flcldn. Kowlands, i>artic- ularlyifnlknllne. Huninior fallows, irrain AuUIh, MiilhodM «rf Knullcatton. Hummer early. fallow Huriimnr fallow, cultivate. Summer fallow early, h rrow, cultivate. Summer fallows, f^lll, plougli fall and Hprlng, UrUfht yellow; | m. ; whole plant glutinous ; but bearing large drops of white resin. *^ Yellow, head large, 1-slded Seeds and nin ning root stockii. White ; i-ln., crowded on spreading White : heads very numen -i. small crowded In a slender eitict wand like panicle. Inconspicuous • J in hanging, short stalked in axils of the uppcrleaves ; leaTcs loss than 1-in., rough, ob- long linear, entire, opposite Delow, alternate above. "•ffi' .* '"•! crowded in largn tor mldal panicles ; stem smooth. YnUow, i in., sterile flowers in ter- minal racemes or snikes. fnrtiln nowers ax Uiiary at base of spikes : Btraw rough ; seed J In., bearing a •"TJS "'. *® tubjEircles above the middle ; leaves .*)-lobed. Yellow, i in., sterile in racemes, fer- tUo neen, axillary: seed i In.. Kmg.ltairy without spines. Plant sraylsh-green. Seeds, wind. In hay. Seeds, running rootstocks, wind. Orain fields on k noils. Wet meadows, troublesome in hay, poisonous to stock. Newlybrokonland Buiiinior fallows and pastures. Grain fields, pas tures. Seeds, wind... Copious under ground creep- ing stums. Seertu, wind, floods. Seeds, in grain, Seeds, running rootstocks. Fields, pastures, rond sides. Grain fields, sum- mer fallows. Grain fields, sandy land. Summer fallo w. cultivate thifT- oughly. Spud, mow In flower. Break early, sum- mer fallow. Summer fallows, grain flelds. Grain flelds Grain crops, road sides. Low rich land, 3^-1=^ Selus, wheat. Rich cultivated land, all crops. Summer falU.w. cultivate. Mow, cultivate. Plough and culti- vate. Summer fallow early, cultivate fall and spring. Summer fallow, cultivate con- stantly. Pull, mow. Pull^ m i jo.jg ju ^mft^ve"* ''^"''^' WUld, Biennial ' and annual, 1-5 ft. Cmcus arvensis, Hoffm., Perennial, *"• '^^ri'^T^r "•'f Sr'^^«''«'' «-y.iP~ial. 17. Skeleton Weed. 18. "Blue Lettuce, Showy Iiettuce. *"• 'ffll'e!"^- ""^ 50. Spiny Sowthistle. Primrose Family. 51. Sea Milkwort Deo BANS Family. 52. Spreading Dogbane. 53. Common Milkweed, Silkweed, Wild Cotton. Borage Family. 54. Blue Bur. Stickseed. CoMvoLvuLus Fam- ily. 55. HoTBi ti~ -p\-,- ~ Bra^ted VindwMd.' Nightshade Family. 56. Thrae- flowered Nightshade, Wild Tomato. Lygodeamiajuncea, Don., Perennial native. j 12 in. Lactuca pulchella, DC, i Perennial native. l-2in. June- Aug. July-Aug. SwjchuH oleraceus, L., Europe. Sonchtis asper, Vill.. Europe. Annual, 1-2 ft. Summer... July-Sept. luly-Aug. July-Aug. July-Sopt. Summer .. •• It Olaux maritima, L.. na tive. Apoeynum androsami folium, L., native. Perennial, 6 in. Perennial, 1-2 ft. June July. Aaclepias specioaa. Tor., Perennial, native. .. - •. Echinoapermum Lappu la, Lehm., Europe. Convolsuius aepium, R Br., native. SoUinum trijlorum, L., Europe. 2.3 ft. Annual and wint«r ann., 1 v. Perennial, climber. Annual, 6 in. Juno-Aug.. June-Aug. June-Sept. July ... Sept July-Oct... July-Sept. Aug.-Sept. July-Oct. ^^"TTrrTfi-iitniiTiniifiiii an 2S Territories with their chief ehtkne^en.— Continued. N. w. Bulletin 1 Time • of Seoding. Colour, Sise, Ammgement of Flowora ^. and other CharMtera of the Plant. Green,} in., inheadi; leaveB triansular, toothed, roucrh : Med In a S^oeUed prlokly bur, i In. lone with 8 hooked ..spines at Up. Dark yellow rays, disk black 81n. : heads few, on lone ^purplish stalks Pale yeUow rays, disk yeUow ; heads numerous, 3 in., on short leafy stalks up the stem ; leaves trraylsh. White, i In., in aat heads, a inobos aoroas ; leaves very feathery. Silvery v^lte, like the whole plant ; heads small, numer- ous in short spikes fbrminir an elongated panicle : bitter, strongly scented. As above, but flowers in ra- oemps. Whole plant dark green, the numerous verysiiiaJl flow- ers in a tall wand-like, leaiy Method of Propagation and Distribution. Seeds. Burs car- ried by animals. Seeds, running rootstooks. Low fields, wool. Seeds, oflbets. Seedb, running rootstocka. Place of Growth and Products lajured, New breaking, grain flelds. Methods of Bradloation. panicle. Lilac : M In. : running root- stocks. Lilac purple, 2 in.; whole plant grayish. Seeds, floods. Seeds, vrind. J5^nil*i?.'.iP''Jf'y= wrodlng Seeds, mnnin milky juice whencut, stems rootstocks. much branched, almost •"^"• leafless. Blue; « in., few; loose pan- icle; glaucous. Pale yellow; Hin.; corymb; leaves heart-shaped at base with many soft spines and two sharp auricles. Pale yellow; M in corymb; leaves less divided, more prickly ,theauilcles at the base rounded. Seeds, deep run- ning rootstocks Pink, i in. Pmk, M in., uvii-«a>pfKi, hanging, cyme ; seed pods 3in. long, in pairs; stems red, juice milky. Pinkish, )4 In., umbels. Seeds, wind. Seeds, rootstocks. Meadowy pasture Pastures, summer fallows, hay. Grain fields, par- ticularly onstub- ble, hay, market value of land. Fields, grain, pas- tures, all crops. Roadsides, sum- mer fallows Mow. bum old plants cultivate. Summer fkUow aarlf. cultivate. Break up sod, culti- vate. Break up sod, sum mer fallow. Plough fall and spring, summer fal- low. Mow in July ft Sept. * cultivate frequently. Summer fallow. Grain flelds. Grain flelds, < pecially on slight- ly alkaline lands. Gardens, all crops In rich land. l^l.-'^""*^*P*^' Seeds, r u n n 1 ng rootstocks, wind ®l!i!Li$i?'**"**'y'*"'«*'y Seeds carried by racemes. animals. Pink or white, 2 in. solitary, White or lilac M in., umbel- like clusters. Seeds, running root stocks. Seeds. Meadows, wet flel';* :>n alka- line lands. Fields, summer fallows. Rich soil, all crops Summer fallow, culti- vate. Plough deep, culti- vate. Hoe, pull. Grain flelds, road sides, wool. Fields. Fields, gardens, all crops. Summer fallow, culti- vate. Mow while in bloom, plough, hoedcropa. Summer fallow, cul- tivate. Cultivate frequently. Cultivate, hoe. 26 A List of the more prominent Weeds of the North-West Z. Common Name. MiMT Family. 57. WHdBergamot. Botanical Name, Origin. 58. Dragon-head. 59. Hemp-Nettle. Duration. Height. Time of Flowering Time of Seeding. Plantain Family. 60. Common Plantain... UoosEFooT Family. 61. Lamb's-quarters, Pigweed, Goose- foot, Fat-hen. 62. Fleshy Goosefoot. 63. 'Russian Tumble- weed, Russian Thistle. 64. 'Russian Pigweed Monarda flsiidosa, L.. andvar. mollis, Btnth. native. Dracoeeplialum parvUlo. riem, Nutt, native. OcUeopsia TetrahU, L, >i£urope. Perennial, 2 ft. Annual. 12-18 in. Annual 1-3 ft. Plantago major, L., na tive and Europe. July-Aug. AHgust... Perennial, 6-18 in. Amaranth Family. **• ^A?T'**'<*' Redroot, Chinaman's Oreena C^nopodiumaibum, L., Annual, Burope and native. 1-3 ft. ^4Sf!PS^*^«**'ubrum,L.., Annual, Burope. , j.j «. SaUola kali, L., yar. Annual Tragus, (DC.) r'ussU 1° ft.' AcnrisamarantoidM.V, Annual. Russia. J^ ft June-Aug. July-Sept. June-Sept. June-Nov. Jnly-Nov. July-Sept. July-Aug. July-Sept. Aug. -Nov. ^mbleweed, "^^^rnara^us^^v^^, U, Buckwheat Family. 'wh^itemr-s^vrti^ar"* "^'''"«' ^- Annual, 1-3 ft. Annual, pro- strate or ascending. Aug.-Sept. step. ilai'b«il luuU. . seeds injuring: stock when eaten ; break Spikelets brown; whole plant 'Seeds, running sweetly scented i rootstocks. Fields,graincrops Seed down with early barley or oats and cut for hay, follow with rape or millet. Fields, all crops. Plough deep, culti- vate often. INDEX. AehiUea ^°- ^fffopyrum AarostU Alkali Oram 715 Amaranth, Fleshy ' «? •^ Low \\ 07 Amarantus '". ^ Anemone, Pennsjrlvaiiian'. '."."" 1 . White 1 Anenume Annuals Apocynum Ara.^r^ '■'■■'■ « Buckwheat, Wild! . ! m Buii-thiBtie.' Weston .:::::::: m Bur, Blue ,;.;;; JJ Cadluck 1] Camdina Capsdla Carrot-top. ] ' . " 44 Charlock J? Ohe7iop6dium Chinamen's Greens ;;::" aS Cinquefoil m n. !- Etwt..... ■.■:.•:.■;:.■.•; i Classlflcatlon of Weeds ... Cleonte Onicus Cockle »| " China ^ Com Cow. ao „ «JOW to Cocklebur S Conringia Cimvoivulva Cort/dtUia Couoh Grass. . . 74 Cow-horb Bsss'-is^a'rfr.'i^-:;----"- ■•■• "3 Crownweed 36 DelpKinium. Devil's Orass 74 Dock, White Jo Doffbane. Spreading '.'.'.". m Dracoeephalum .^. ... Drairon-head.. '.'.'.'.'.'. fig ^hinaapermum KUmffnua Erigeron Brygimum Evening Primrose, Common! ! ! 25 w * 1 ^. White-stOiDmed, 1» K-ttermlnation of Weeds False Flax False Tansy 44 Fat-hen 2J Flreweed Si Flmibane, Canada !!!'!!;" S Flowers, Arrangements of . . Fool's Hay 79 "French Weed" la Fumitory, Golden j 13 Paqb. 24 . % 26 26 26 26 26 26 20 20 20 6 21 20 24 24 26 26 22 22 26 5 20 26 24 24 20 20 20 24 10,20 26 26 22 22 22 5 20 24 20 15 20 l^2o 24 20 24 20 26 15 22 20 18 26 26 24 26 26 24 » 22 20 28 24 26 22 22 19 26 13.20 20 OaUopaU ^°- CftUivm Olaux CHyeyrrhiza Gold of Pleasure w Goldenrod J? Goose-foot m „ " Fleshy.;.:.;;::::::: « g^MT'.'^r"* " Gumweed ;:::.:::::" 3o Hair-grass 79 Helianthua ' • " §isi^r"» ■■■'■■'■■■■■ » Hicroetdoa.. '.'.'. '.'..'. ', " Holy Grass '.;;; 77 Hordeum " Horse-weed ::::::::::' ss Indian Hay Iva Page, « 24 28 20 28 28 26 26 22 88 86 84 86 20 26 26 26 22 77 17,26 Laduoa Lamb's Quarters... Larkspur, Mountain. 61 Lepidium.... Lettuce, Blue ::!:.!!!!!: 46 Liquorice, wiiid!:::;; 9? Lychnis " Lygodesmia !!:::!!:::!!:' Manh Elder « Milfoil ^ Milkweed. Common...!!!!' ■■ S Milkwort, Sea « Monarda ' Morning-glory. . . m Mugwort, Western .■.;;■■ 49 Musquash Root ' » MusUrd, Ball JJ II Hare's-ear ....!!!!!" g Cut-leaved Tansy... 9 Tower. 4 r wTd"'"*:..::;.:::; 1? " Wormseed 7 24 26 18 20 24 24 22 80 84 22 24 24 24 26 24 20 11,20 20 10,20 4, 11, M 10.20 20 Nasturtium . . . Neslia Nightshade,. ■Three-iliowercd::! 56 ^ts, Wild 7, Oenothera !:!::::::::: Penny Cress ,a Perennials.... '" ^"^^Russianv.:::::::: V _ '- White....... !;::; Ss Plantago ™ Hantaln. Common. !!!!!!!:;;:' nn P^ygcnum " Potson-weed". . ^i^^'^ ■■■■'■•■■■■■■■ 73 Po^-erty Weed!!!!!!!!;;; s* PrairieRocket !!!!!!! 6 Quack J^ Ragweed, False m " Great ; , . ' 3s o ~ ^Perennial 37 Rape,Bird fi Redroot S, River Weed.. w J?o«o * Hose, Prairie...:::;: 94 Bumex *• Russian Thistle. ! ! ! ! ! : . " ' " gj 20 24 26 22 13,20 5 14,20 26 23 26 26 17 26 22 22 20 22 22 10,20 20 28 28 28 88 16,26 N. w. Bulletin 1 >. Page, a \ M tt SO i a 1 a a I a a a a a a a a a 17, a 22 18 a a a a a a a a a a a 22 a 11. a a 10, a i, 11, no 10. a a a a a a 29 Na Paok. Sa«e, PtMture 42 24 ••^ Sweet 4S a Salaola gg Saponaria ao Seeding down g Shepherd's Purae U a SUeiu 20 SUkweed S3 24 SUverweed. 'JS 22 Silver Berry 71 26 Siavmbrium 20 Skeleton Weed 47 24 Skunk Grass 75 a Skunk-tall Orans 76 26 Skutch 74 28 Snow-berry, Wostom 28 a Soapwort 16 Solanum 24 Solidago 22 Sonchua 24 Sowthistle 48 24 " Spiny 60 a Spear Orass 73 28 Spider Flower 18 20 Spread, How Weeds 4 Squirrel-tall Grass 75 26 Star- wort, Many-flowerod.... . a a Stick-seed 64 a Stink-weed 16 8,13,a Stipa a Summer Fallowing 7 Sunflower, Wild 30,40 a . Na Pack. SweetOraap ..w 77 17,28 Sytnphoricui'pua 2S Thistle, BuU 46 a " Canada 46 a :: MUk. <8 a " Prairie 46 a " Russian ;.. 63 16, a Thlaspi 20 Tumble-weed 66 a _ . " Russian a 26 Tumblinjr Mustard 10 4, U.a Turkey-foot 36 a Twitch 74 26 Wallflower, Small-flowered ... 6 a ,„ " Western 6 a Weed, What is a ;,. 2 Weeds, List of ig " Special 10 Whiteman's Footstep a 26 WlldBarley 76 a Cotton 68 a :: Oats... 75 a Wolf-berry 28 a Wolf Widow 71 a Wormwood, Biennial 44 a Xanthiwn 24 Yarrow 41 24 13,10 5 14. a a a a a a a 17 a a a a a aa "6 a a