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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 1.25 7.8 IIIIIM IIIIM ■ 4,0 1.4 |||i| 2.5 W— 2£ i.r, 1.6 ^ APPLIED IIVMGE I ZS'j '"53 East Main Street ~.S Hocliesle-, Ne* Yark I'ieog USA '-'^ (7 6) 482 ~ 0300 ~ Phone = (716) 288- 5989 -Fax % i % « ^ I • % 0 I 9 ™ «m rami ii mmoj m raiiipintioj.- nnadlel^;:;'^;;;;:';'::;::;^^;-^-'''" T ^•^•■^ •^"I""-' •'"""« the ea,.ly and wa. fi,.«t n.a.Ie l,y tl.e n-o/,,!. t,. i ,^ ' ''''""•"'^' ''J'^^^ifi^'ition of demons '«tweentliedivineandtIiehn,n'Ln 1 7 ',"'""• f'""'"'^' a connecting link e.irth," arranged and ola.siL.l H,', ' " "■ *''^^ '**"''«- ""'1 ^arry on the Oriental and Grecian n^yll^y """■'''"*'' ^" '''^'^ '''-- '"'th from ^•^i"'": -ist"::;:;:!:^:;; -- ;;'7-^-y-. -<^ --^^-^^^ -nversity of wa« admitted that t^.ey „'; ^ iLr ''";'• '''" "' '''"^^' ^'^■'"^'"''- ^"^ '* t).Ht as one autiu.rity .xZ L it ,r " /" ''''-''^■^^^ ^o .„oh a degree Pou-er. of expansion eonal tth f v, T''' ""»''* ^' ^^"""' P'--««i"« -uhl be confined in a bo e h ; . i T T" '" "" '•'"^'''''" ^■■^'^'' -''<> -If to giK.intie proportions " """^ "'"^^ •'"^^•" -'"''' -^P--' 1-- a«iic^.t.::;:y::L;:r;":-;;^ •'--- -- -ribnted the ev.. that — -I'o heeame tf:^^^ T "'"": -"' the unfortunate man or course of treatment, consist g. l'!; """■""' P"^«^^«-" -- -^"'ittcl to a flagellations. If these fai^^ Lr .l^''^^--' — i--s purgatives and course of Hydropathy by the s, , '""'^''''-^ '^"'^''' '"-' "PpHcd. A -ouldsomedmesexi/the ,n ?r *'" ^"""^"^ '" '^ ''-^ P ■. »«o,yem cremation the devils wnu.l/L '^'■''''^•''^' '»""' '^^ter a judicious ante- gradually died out ; and instea.K f l! . P" fading microscopic demons livingordead.spiritu: :hJ^^^^^^^^^ t was considered to be a diso , "i, stlt orLr f'^'""' '"'" *"^ ^«''^' to be corrected in order to restore 1 llh ''"''*"'" ^''''^' '-^' •Head before the Can. u.t. Hon., June 15th, is*.. Milt iti,i.oH8il)le fortlic processes of Immaii tliouglit t) ri'vulvi- ratlit-r than to progims to move in a circle rather tlian to g(. forwiir.l ; iiii.l theivpiian-iitly exploded doctrine of a hy.g„ne age nil! s.inctiiiKs undergo a remirrcction into newness of of life— coming l>a(k to us in the same form It held in centuries past, or throiigii a process of nieteinpsytdioslB returning with a new body animated hy the old Hpirit. The popular theory to-day ia called tlio "germ theory," It assumes that diseases arc .lue to the presence of ndnute organisms, which like the demons of ohi, not only "iidiahit the air and tarry or the earth." l.ut take possession of the bodies of men, women and children, working their way down the respiratory passages, floating in the blood, burrowing in the tissues, and wandering at their own sweet will over the corporeal system, Inlllcting upon It all the diseases to which Hesh Is heir. When I'asteur was first Investigating the character of his nmvrnhr.. as he called them, he did not know whether they were aninuil or vegetable, and did not seem to care. Said he, " whether the progress of Science makes the v!l,rio>if a jiLint ov an animal Is no matter. It is a living being endowed with motion, that exists without air." Scientists to-day pronounce all these creatures vegetable: though to the unscientific mln,l they present the characteristics of annual llf.; j and one who clings to ancient ideas might take the language descriptive of germs and use it to picture ndcrobic demons. Like their prototypes, the Infernal microbes of past days, these germs are represented as of varle.l and varying forms ; while a certain indcHniteness attaches even to the names employed in speaking of them. liarteria is the general term, used synonymously with Microbes ; though experts tell us this title be- longs to a distinct genus. According to the classiticatlon of Colin they are divided Into Mirrococn, BarUrki, Bacilli and SpirHla. The Hrst are minute drops of protoplasm, I-L>-.,000 of an inch In diameter; the second are short rod-shaped bodies about 1 -10,000 of an inch in length, with a breadth about half their length ;. the third are also rod-shaped, but their length must ))e more than twice their breadth, and they may be ornamented with tails, or be tall-less ; the fourth are elongated bodies, twisted and spiral. While individually so minute that it takes forty billions to weigh one grain, yet their powers of development and expansion e.xceed that of the jar-imprisoned genie. Dividing and sub-dividing as it grows, a single bacterium will in twenty-four hours increase to tifteen million : and in tliree days its progeny would weigh 800 tons-that is if it had sufficient space and food to allow its development undisturbed. But we must not accept the general classification of germs as definite ; for some observers tell us they have seen micrococci elongating and becoming l)acllli, while bacilli sometimes break up into fragments that can not be dis- tinguished from micrococci. % § • t # • • An.l as tlii'irNluiiH's aiv vaiialilc .mi uIm. ,|, ,...■, tlnii .iMnu^Ur \iiiy, v:eii>iiH. S,,uw tm- iIim l.u.tiiiii of putrcfartioii, whiili nri) iigi'iitf of iMirii|itii.ii, ami aiv injui i.nis l.y poiKoning thf Hysti-iM, whuii iiiti'onnn»ic'ti(in, ivcn after a most ciuffid review of tiieohsLTvationHot tiit'KO inicrol.ioloi;i,NtH who Iwivu l.cun inv,.stiij;atin;,'gtrm^. For uldlc one oli-orvcr will (ind niicrol.cs of a lurtain kind only in uoiuifctiori witii cert lin disea.sus, anotini will find tlicni in conditiona where tlnu'u i8 no disease whatever. Salisl.ury of Cleveland, ( ludeli of Kome, and Kieii^-of I'ra.uiie, (•.■.tal.lishcd to their cnvn . satisfaction that they had found a germ helonging to malaria; and tlic /i,ir;//u.-< nuilariw was duly labelled and eertitied as the cause of a,Hue. Sul)se.|uently, however, ci|ually competent ohseivcrs found those organisms swarming in the maitlis of i„.,,pl,. who never iia.l ague, and wlio refused to take a ehill. When the cholera hroke out in Kuropi' a few ytais ago, a (iernuui Commission of Sc'entists, witli Kodi at the head, found microhcs of the kind called the <'mnma /S,tcill,'>i, which they cousi.lered peculiar to the disease, in all the infected districts ; while a French commision declared that they could rind no specitic iclatiouship l.ctuccn the germ and the disease ; and I'rof. Lewis, of the Army Medical School, \etley, Kngland, leports tile liiiding of a comma liacjlhis identical witli Koch's cholera niicrolie in t!ie mouths of perfectly healthy people. Yellow fever, it was thought, w is due to microbes; but in I.S78, yellow fever prevailed extensively in the Southern States, and the National B')ard of Health, aided by Kiiropean experts, in- vestigated and explored, without i)eing able to rind a germ in a yellow fever patient that could not also be found in people who had no yellow fever. In ISS;^, Koch announced the discovery of the Bacillus Tuberculosis the actual cause of consunipth.n. I do not know that anyone has so far re- ported the discovery ol this si.ecimen elsewhere than in tnbciculous sub- jects ; but I shall not be surprised any day to iiear that it has been found or cultivated in situations where it can have no possible connection with tubercle. Some excuse must be made, how .. ~, for ditierences of opinion among even the most skilled observers, wlien we consider the diliiculties that sur- round the study of these mysterious organisms. Some of tiieni are not only so small but so transparent that the unaided microscope cannot detect them, and they only appear wiien the tissues or riuids are subjected to some stain- ing agent which colors the bacteria ditterent frtini the normal cells. And it takes more time to find the proper dye than it does to find the germ. Then, having discovered a microbe, it must be separated from the body without in- juring it ; some suitable fluid must be found in which it can be cultivated ; and then to rind its i-eal relationship to disease it must be planted in some l'..Tf.ctly lualti.y l.o.ly. ..„ wl.i,!, ..an I... not.,! i,. ,l,.v..|,.,,nu.nt „r .liHapre.,- mice, iiH the vanv iimy In.. ' ' ' ^'" N.. won-ler that there nhouhl I.e ,M.v.n... of opinion a n, ...„ th. ..t sk II... ohso. v.n.. not only ,.. to the loo.aliti..s whid. n.i.,tl..,s infe.t In t ,v« to the n.hu.on tl-.y 1...... to .Irs.v.u. A.ln.itting. for cx.unplu tha nuerococd uje aluays fonn.i in py...„.ia. Are they th.. L.e of the'. N, or a ,e«ult of it ■! l.o they p.o.luec py.enu .• .loe. pya.n.ia p,...l„,.e Ua. ^ K.nnu.nt ohne, vers are f.mn.l taking opposite «i.le8 on thin .,uu«ti..n. But another i„,,uiry of in.portaneo urines. Are not the«e minute or.-an- t « ue A.inuttn.K .t t.. he true that certain speei.ie for,n.s are alwayn foun.l an.i on y foun.l. .n connection with certain .li.ea«es ; „.ay n.,t that fact i.e e.! p a.ne.l on the theory that tissuen .leoon.poHing un.ler certain con.litionn always UBsunie certain nii.roscopic fornw ? It nmy he sai.l that the weight of evidence goen to p.ove tiutt the microbe i« a living organisn., un.l is not .lea.l ti«m.e. It is .mite nossil.le however f..r it to beaming orga.,i.n 1 ,et the pro.luct of ..Ir I'r^ tissue. U.enucal conipounils .leeon.pose hoth in the boUy an.l out of it .in.l .jro resolvo.1 into .sin.ple elements, an.l these unite t., f.,nn new con.po'uiKU ;ha::t.r;:;;;;:::;..''^""''^^'^^"'^^'^^"'' - "^^-^ -"^ "^ i--'^-' «""i- The processes of life and .leath are in.lissolui.ly joined together in the I'-nanhody. Kyery moment tissues are hreaUing up an.l are re-forming; old cells are .lying, new cells are springing into life ; the .leath of one ele- mental structure is hut the birth of another. Scarcely wise is it, then, to dogmatise on the origin or character of nnnute orgamsms, with whose nature we are but imperfectly ac.iuainted an.t in regard to which the most experience.! ..I.sorvers ditt'er so widely. I for one am not prepared to admit without furtlier an.l more con elusive evi.lence that these microbes, whether they be living matter or dead are such potent faof.rs in the pro.luct .,f .lisease as has been cluime.l I arn •iuite willing to admit that there are speciHc poisons having their ori.-in'in connection Mith tlie pr..ce8ses of life and death which will cause disease • ami so are there inorganic and organic chemical compounds which, taken into the system, will cause disease. ]Jut whether iiiriuitessimal germs or palpable compounds, there is ..ue course that all must take. The seat of life is the ultimate cell. In the cell-wall exists the power of a traction and selection ; an.l life is simply the exercise by each cell of its inherent attractive and selective force. When this process is deranged there IS disease ; and whatever extraneous intiuence causes this derangement • « /) # • % # /I # • o np.,„naH. w.ll .l.sturb th. celLwall'. „.,n„al act',, ; ,, will va,! t .m tempera ure^ovu.-wo.k of ,y .,, mi,.M. ex.... ... ,i.,, ,,,,,; :,' mt ,t ,. only one of umny eau^e, of .li,ea«e ; a„.l that it o.e,t« it. evil i... >uiriicii\e and scli'itive power. ' '^'" mo.- inclinea to .i,.,l .sou.ces of .i.^e.tse in the p.v.enee ,/ ptonun.,., whos. d.aracton.ticH have heen HO well .Iefna..l l.y Seln i « u.ti r an. other. N.,..n..u. alkaloi.U. hearin, thin general nan.e. L fo L I 1 1 -.iy .lu...ng the .l,..,nte,.at.o„ of ti.s.uos. an.l by . pn.ceHs of anto.nf t . cause d..eaHe. Pton.aines ...ay he n,o.-e dangen.u. .ne„.ie« than .nicub. ., ;^'l'"i"iM«J...woverJo,thesake,,fHrKUment.that,|i.sea.esa,-.ve,yl., ly .luo to the influence of theneKcma, what elfect wouhl this have 'n^C^ peuucs. Nat..rallv. the ,i,.t thought woul.l be to advance ge.^^ id:; ^ Z «.." .ank of the n.ate.ia n.edica. If these in.inite«si,„al den.ons , Iv ean tured the ctadel of health, b.^ing to bea.- a choice .electi n of 1 ,. ," nrt. cry. and bo.nba.d then, with disinfeeta..t.s. This has been ne^ thvi.atsuc.:e«HV U hen the «ennioide.s have be.n int.odu.cd in „...'" qua t,t.e« they do not appear to have had any .no.e ertect than the nn Of the ancent exo,c..t.s had on the den.ons they tried to expel. Nor .ho , any other roaul he expected. A .ennicide of s,na!l dime.^ions taken i ho ston.ach and .sub.nitted to the chenncal ope.ations of that ...gan be o lec.o,npo.sed and .Solved into si.npler con.ponnds and simple elc'nents .d ..u.te ti. b..y . li kin t.::-.:;r .; nXiS^ - H etlect ual after the .na.n.er of the heroic treat.nent of the Hubject of I non.aca possc.s«.on by the theological p.-actitione,. of pa.t days, who, ... I he.r pafen s .n the river or bun.ed then, at the .tak. AfedL 1 jour I . ^.1 the .-esnlt. o t is t.-eat.nc.t occasionally; as. tW ex.n.ple wl.e i M.f>^l JM.iMa..k 14, 188.1, puldishe-*'-• '1-ths have rJt;if,„ so that have been asc.-ibed to other causes, for the reason that we have only recently become aware of the possible dangers that attend it. " ^ The best results of germicidal t.^eatnient, whether in a n.ild or an heroic form, show nothing e^ual to that of scientific .nedicine. All that Koch uld t 11 us about the comma bacillus in cholera could supply nothing to tit place of a few ren.ed.es like arsenicu.n, cuprum, veratrun. -vnd ca,n^.ho wluch,,n every epi.lemic of thi. .liscase for the i,ast fifty y.ars, have curerl eighty-hve percent, of all ea^eOwher. they have been uise,!. Diphtheria, scarlet fever, typhoid, nuvlarial .lisease, and every u.ahuiy attributed to yems, oar resist gerniici.les as effectually as they have resiste.l all other ex- pedients th-t eonm alio.'t of speciHc tre.'ituicnt. Jf,_..n further inve«tigati.;H, the i^eru. theory should develop anythiny beuehcutin, therapeutics, it will he i„ the line of the well-known n.edical motto : Snnd.a shnUlIn,. nn;,ntur. Jt is ,,uite possible that the inHueuce of one form of microbe may be counteracted by that of some other form. Ferran in Spain, may possibly oppose a cholera bacillus with some success by in- troducing into the system a l,acillus akin to it-similar, but not the same. la^teur,inl.rance, may cure hy.lrophobia by hy.lropbobie injections, and antidote the poison of the mad dog by the poison of the mad rabbit. An.l it IS possible that Cantani and Salama, in Italy, m.y be correct in reporting good results m the treatment of consumption by inhalation of a Bacillus leruio, If ,t be true, as Koch assures us, that the disease is due to the pres- ence of a Bacillus Tuberculosis. But this only means, at best, the addition to the materia medica of a few remedies which would have to be proven as other remedies are proved, and applied to the treatment r,f disease under the same law that governs the administration of others. It does not appear to me, therefore, that the relation of the germ theory to herapeutics is of such practical impo.tauce as to justify the enthusiasm with winch It has been received by those physicians whose views were ex- pressed l,v the late Dr. Austin Flint, wl.en in a paper before the New York County Me.hcal Association he declared that " we are now entering upon a revolutionary period in the progress of me.licine. - * * The piwa4si e advancement of our knowledge of the causes of infectious diseases wiU revo- lutu.nue not only Ktiology and Pathology, but Therapeutics." '■The: evolutionary period in the progres. of medicine-' commence.l in 17%, and was ushered in by an article in Hufeland: Jonrnal, from the pen of Samuel Hahnemann. Many theories have been announced since then, some of which have fallen still-born, while others have stimulated thought, pro- moted investigation and served useful purposes, even though failing to revolutionize medicine themselves, or to reverse the great revolution that be- gan a century ago. Like many other fashions in medicine the mierobomania will in time sub- side, and, without having had any revolutionary eflect. it will have made a good ad.htion to the sum of human knowledge. But doubtless its practical beneHts will be shown chiefly in the sphere of sanitary science. If there are poisonous germs which float in the air, and carry disease wherever they go then It is not to be questioned that the more we can learn of their origin, their • • • t # character, and their action, the better we will be prepare.! to meet their at- tacks, to counteract their evil influence, and to protect luinianity from their ravages. And this is not the least important part of our work— to prevent .ii,- ease, to preserve health. If the .stu.ly of micro-orKaiiisms can aid us in meeting the thousand and ^ne enemies of life and health, whether visil)le or invisible, let us by all means encourage investigation in this direction, and pay all honor to tlie noble students who are exploring the realms of micro- scopic life. #