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■■^^•--

BOTANY OF THE
BERMUDAS

BY

H. B. SMALL

AUTHOR OF

PRonrtrs am. MANrKAcrrREs, Minks am. Minkkai.s,
I'oRKsrs OK Canada, Canahian C>rnithui,(h;v, &c.

"^r*^

'.-' -.*>-*

PIBLISHED RY

S. XKLMES, THE TCn\'ER

HAMH^TON, BRRMIDA
1913

PREFACE.

A c-(>ntimial and iiKTi-asin(< (k-inand from tourists, fspfcially
ladii-s, who are ,<;cnera!ly most enthusiastic on Botanical re-
search when visitinif this island, has induced the publishers t..
place this handI)Of)k prepared hy a well known P.oianist, on
the market. Apart from a small Botany written hy the author
and a small pamphlet years aRO, written by Mr. Reade, (l)oth
now out of print) there is no work on the subject available;
apart from Verrills' Bermuda, an expensive volume, and out
of the reach of a student'.s purse. Our obiect in placing this
Botany before the public, is that a Botanist, or a would-be
Botanist, may have a reliable handbook. The Mss. has been
submitted to more than one expert, who pronounced it as
perfectly reliable, and all thoroughly reconmiend it, so long as
the price should place it within every bodys reach.

•-•2.0'&d'2>-2>

y^iv

#'=

I

%

^•^-

KEY TO CLASSIFICATION.

I

i

\

CLASS I. Uicotyledunes.

DIVISION I. -Polypeulac.
II- VIoiiopctalae.
III. Apelalae.
NATURAL ORDKR, RANUNCt LACEAR.

RhiiuiuuIus I'Mrvefloriis. Liiui. ( hutterou]) ) This plant
with its ytlluw fliiwirs iietils no iiisori])ti()ii. Coninion t-very-
whiTf 111 ilr\- Kroiind. Annual. Spriiij^ months.

Raniiiuulus Ripens. I, inn. icrrt|)inK luitlfreiip. ) l.nun
runners; olheruisi- siinil.fr to above. Common <>u rdmlsides.
rereiinial. July to Stptcniber.

Ranunculus Muricatus. Kiiin. .More abundant in <iainp,
moist ground than the precedinj,'. Its stem is erect; Ua\es are
smootlier, flossy and shining aii:l of a light-green colour.
.\nnual. l-"ebruary to June.

The flowers are yellow.

Natural Order, MaKnoliaceae.

Magnolia Graii<iiflorii. I.,inn. \ handsome tree with sliowy
flowers, ivhite and pink; leaves leallierv, dark-green shining.
.V large tree at Mr. Peniston's; two fine v'mng trees in the Hon.
Sir. T. J. Wadson's garden on Cedar .\venue; also a fine speci-
men at the home of .Mr. F. K. Outerbri.lge, at the fo«jt of
Causeway Hill, Hamilton I'ari.sh; one at "The Willows,"' the
home of Mr. Kphraim Moyter, Pembroke, and one at "Suni-
merside," Somerset, the home of Mr. Leicester Cur. is. There
are other specimens to be found in different parts of the colony.
Summer months.

L,iHo<lendron Tulipifera. Linn, (tulip tree, or white w(mx1.)
.\ tall showy tree with flowers pinkish-w hite, resembling some-
what a .small tulip. .\ tree at Par la Ville, Hamilton; also one
at Pembroke Hall. Karly spring months.

Natural Order, Anonaceae.

The only trees or shrubs in Bermuda representing this order
are West Indian fruit trees. Formerly they were cultivated to
a certain extent, and they have taken well to the island, but of
late years they have been neglected. They are: —

Anona Muricata. Linn, (soursop); A. squamosa, Liini.
(sugar apple or sweetsop); a. cheramoia. Mills, (cherinioyer);
a. reticulata, Linn, (custard apple.)

To luiropeaiis, th-- taste of the West Indian fruit, liki- the
tasU- for olives, is acquired.

Natural Order, Papaveraceae.

Arircmoui- Mi'xiiMii.i. Kinn. (Sliiitiiiiv' tliistle; priikl\
pop])) I. Verv abmidaiit on waste ^Jroullll and also in unused
cultiv.ited soil. Its prickly leaves, spottef" witli white, half
clasp the stem, and its hrij^ht yellow flowers make it most cin-
spicuous. .\nnual. I'ehrnary to July.

I'apaver Duhium. Linn. (re<l iK>pp\ . ) I'.nct hairy stem
from SIX to twelve inches hijih, witli liri^ht scarlet sinj;le
flowers f',rf)\vs in fields and waste ^rround. Verv showy:
flowers are two inches in diameter. .Annual Fehruary to
March.

T'apa\er Sotnniferum. I^iiiti. (opium poppy.) A weed in
uaste >,'round, hut is cultivated for its nuilicinal pro]Krtii>.
I'lowers lar^e, douhle, of various colours — pale, purple, pink
or white- predoniinatinK- It is a showy flower for hackijrontid
in ji.irdens, prowinj,; three feet hi^h Annual. Summer
months.

Fumaria .\),jraria or Officinalis. L i n n (fumitory. 1 .\
slender, much-hranched, brittle, delicately folias^ed plant,
with pink flowers tipped with purple; stems intertwined or
tangled, two feet or more in len.tjth inclined to climb.
Flowers a quarter of an inch \cinfr. Is very abundant and a
troublesoitie weed. .Annual. Nearly all the year.

Fumaria Densiflora. (fumitory) similar to the above, bn'
with more lace-like foliage. Flowers pale purple, dark at tips.
Common alon,ij exposed fences and old walls with a warm
aspect, as well as on the roadsides. .Annual. Nove .nber to
March.

Natural Order, Cruciferae.

Nasturtium Officinale. R. Br. (water-cress) said by Lefroy
to be abundant in Pembroke Marsh, but, if so formerly, it
must have died out, as I failed to find it or to learn of any
traces of it. It is doubtful if it wouhl thrive in brackish water-
Perennial. It has been (jrown in tanks at Government House;
also in some old tanks adjoininj; the Rectory (formerly the
(Government House) St. George's where it still j^rows.

1

Sisyinbriuin Officinale. Scop, (wild or IiciIkm- mustanl I
A i-oiiimoii wec(l, known also as Siiiapis ni^'ra, Kf^winx to two
t' <-t hiKli, with \e!!ow flowtrs on a lonv; ,^t.•llk. It is a tronblf-
sotiie wec<l, with small hlossoni l)ut (U-nst-ly flowerinK'.
Annual. May.

Brassica Sinapistrunior Sinapis.Xrvensis. Roiss. (cliar]«<k )
V>-r\ similar to tlu- ahovi-: (Iowits hut sonunshat larger, and so
dinsely ).;rown as to give a field a yellow apiuarance: seed ptxls
one and a half-inch to two inches lonj;, on spreading stalks.
.\ terrihle weeil for farnurs and planters. Annual. March to
June.

Senihiera Didyma, Pers. ( ,tar of the earth; wart cress;
swine grass. ) The tirst name is taken from tht- star-like leaves
close to the ground, covering in the second year large patches
Flowers very small, white. Common on waste ground.
Biennial. May.

Lepidium Virginicum. Linn. ( pepi)er grass.) Common
everywhere on waysides and on cultivated land. Leaves lance-
shape<l. slightly toothed. Very minute white flowers. Slightly
hairy stem one to two feet high. Annual. October to June.

Capsella Bursa-l'astoris. Moh. (Shepherd's purse; locally
styled ' ' The Poor man's weather glass. ' ' ) Leaves near root,
spreading on the ground; flowers small, white, followed by
triangular seed pods, purse, or pouch-like. A weed in garden,
becoming yearly more abundant. Stem from six to twelve
inches, high. Annual. November.

• Iberis Violacea. Ait. (candy-tuft.) Originally a flower, it
has spread profusely in some localities especially in old disused
quarries. An old quarry on the northern outskirts of Hamilton
is full of it. Seldom reaches one foot high. Annual. Spring
and early summer.

Cakile Maritima. Scop, or aequalis. (scurvy grass) Grows
on seaside rocks and in sandy bays. It is mentioned by the
early discoverers. A smooth, fleshy plant, one to two feet
high, with lilac flowers half an inch wide. I<saves two to
three inches long, divided, oval, and upper ones lanced-shaped.

Rcul. expresses a .loubt about this being real scurvy grass
( ccKl.U.Hria officinalis. ) It is s<,nK-tinies calle.l " See rocket.
Annual. October to June, and often later.

.^Iv.su.n .Marilinnun. Linn. (Alyssuni) Somevhat re-
scniblinK can.lv-tuft; grows from one to two feet Inglr leaver
hoarv, narnnv,' acute, one to tw. inches long, oue-s.xth <.f an
inchwi.le. Found on sandy roa.lsi.'.es near the sea l-lower>
.,,nall. white, slightlv odorous. Annua.. (Onntted by I.efnn . ,

Raphanus Kaphanistrum. Linn, {wild radish. 1 Onef.
two feet high: verv sindl.r to garden ra.Hsh only the flowers
are a pale yellow. Annual. October to Aprd.

Raphanus Satirus. Linn. Flower- . de purple followed b>
po.ls fron, one to two inches long; is abun.lant on the ways.les
;,„1 on waste ground. Annual. Early spr.ng. (Omitted b>
Lefroy. )

Malthiola l>,cana. R. Br. (wdd stock.) Shrubby wUh hoary
leaves and handson>e purple flowers in branches. Sten.s o e
to two feet high. Seed-pod three inches long Crows a ong
se.shore. chiefly ,n Warwick parish. It ,s doubtless the origin
of the garden varieties. Annual. May.

Natural Order Capparideae.

Cleonie Viscosa, Wild. ( cleome. ) .\n erect plant twelve to
.ii n inches high, .lensely covered with sticky glanduUir
, -rs Leaves .livided to the base into three <,r ue segment .
F nwers vellow, half an inch wide. Seed capsule remarka U-
(or its lei'igth, which is some three inches. Common in fields.
Annual. September.

Natural Order, Violariedae.

Viola 0.1orata. Linn, (sweet violet.) This lovely plant
l,,s take,, strong hold of the isiui-l since its introductum, an<l
.dlhouuh not wild mthe true sense of the word yet it has
.pread outsMe gardens, and lloweis most profusely everywhere
in ib.e spring. Perennial.

Natural Order, Pittoaporeae.

Pittosporuni Coriaceuin. Ait. A fieiisely foliaged tree fif-
ts^n ti> twenty feet hixh: twiggy-; leaves oval, two inches long,
tliick, (lark olive colour. Flowers, in small clusters at end of
branches, yellowish white. May. .\ large tree is growing at
tlie south-west comer of Bishop's lodge, corner of Cedar
.\ venue and Church Street, Hamilton; one at Mount Langton,
and one or two others in private grounds.

Natural Order, Caryophyllaceae.

Arenaria Serpyllifolia. Linn, (sandwort ) Stem covered
with soft hairs six inches high; flowers white and very miimte;
leaves quarter of an inch long, oval not stalked. Common.
.■\nnual. Winter months.

Silene Gallica. Linn, (silene. ) Hairy, one or two feet
high. Leaves oblong, spoon-shaped; flowers white, in leafy
one-sided racemes. .Annual. March to May.

Stellaria Media. Sni. (chickweed.) A procumbent plant,
densely leave<l, with small white flowers. Stems, six to
twelve inches long, branched leaves one-third to half an inch
long. A common weed in cultivated ground. Cage birds are
fond of picking at it. Annual. Winter months.

Stellaria Nemorum. Linn, (stick-weed.) .\ variety of the
above, slightly larger; star-shaped; flowers creeping in tangled
masses and growing over the rocks, It is abundant near the
Church Cave. Annual. Winter.

Cera.itium Viscosum. Linn, (mouse ear. ) A small, hair\-
plant, stem four to six inches high. Flowers small, white;
leaves larger than those of chickweed which it resembles. A
common weed. Annual. Spring.

Sagina .\petala. (pearl wort.) Grows in grass-like tufts.
Stems wiry, thread-like, numerous. Leaves very narrow.
Flowers greenish-white. A minute wayside weed. Annual.
Winter months.

Montia Fontana. Linn. (water chickweed. ) Is common
in ditches and the edge of ponds; much like its land namesake.
Annual. Spring months.

Natural Order, Portulacaceae.

Portulaca Oleracea. Linn. ^Connnon. Purslane or turtle

br'adlv roun, e.r taperin, at the base. Flowers nnnuevellov.

growing rapt.lly. Grows everywhere. Annual. AU tne .

Sesuvium Portulacastrun.. Linn. (seaside P^'^'^"^^ > "^
p^Late plant similar to the aV.v. - ^ hr^-^ ^^^
rooting, often coverinj? lar-e patclits. uea% . ,

::er^n, into blood colour sometin.es, e,,hteen u.che. long,
and covering very large spaces.

Natural Order Tamariscineae.

begin to appear about the end of March.

Natural Order. Hypericineae.

Hypericum Verforatun. U^ ]Zo^'^2::\rlX::^-
plant, erect ste.n two-edged, leaves o,,lon^
u,^, yellow blossoms one inch across. Rare, anrt on.>
ground. Perennial. July.

to half an iiioli long, nnd onL--twflfth of an inch wide. Re-
versely lance- shaped. Flowers terminal yellow. Frequent in
marshes and occasionally in damp, moist localiiies. The shape
of the flower probably gave rise to the name it bears.
Perennial. Autumn months.

Natural Order, Guttiferae.

Calophyllniii Calaba. Jago. (Galba tree.) Grows from
twenty co thirty feet or more in height, branching profusely
from the ground upwards Its .eaves are oblong, blunt,
leathery, and of a ilark green colour, shining, three inches long
and half that width. Flowers white, fragrant, followed by a
small edible fruit. When trimmed or clipped young it forms
a good thick hedge or windbrake in fields. Early Summer
months.

Natural Order Malvaceae.

Sida Car pini folia. Linn. (Wire weed.) A shrubby herb
with long wiry roots, troublesome to get rid of. Stem
branched, one to two feet high. Flowers half-inch wide,
yellow. Leaves lance-shaped, slightly downy. Lefroy says it
is alluded to in some old laws of 1669. Perennial. All seasons.

Althea Officinalis. (Marsh mallow.) A stout soft, downy
plant, two to three feet high. Its rose-coloured flpwers are
large and showy. Leaves on short stalks broadly ovate, three
to five-lobed, toothed. It is found in Pembroke and Devon-
shire marshes. Perennial. August.

Malva Caroliniana (common mallow. )
with stem branching and rooting as joints,
one inch across, lobes toothed. Found
ground. Flowers dark red. One inch
Winter months.

A creeping plant,

Leaves five-lobed,

sparsely on waste

s t a 1 k s. Annual.

Malva Sylvestris. (large mallow. ) A herbaceous plant,
with erect stems two or three feet high, it is properly a garden
flower, but has escaped and is ft irly naturalized. Leaves
sharply angular, with five to seven lobes, serrated. Flowers
one and a half inches across, purple. Perennial. May to July.

Malva Rotundifolia. (Rose mallow). A prostrate plant,

ll

xvilh hairv stems one and a half feet lon^. Leaves two to tw;o
Tn a hi mches across, roun.l.sh, bluntly five-lobe,!, serrate.l,
onlonr 1- occasional on roads.les. Flowevs pale rose-
cllour. qlner to half inch :n diameter. Perenn.al. Spnn..
months.

Hibiscus Mntahilis. Unn. ( changeable rose , ■\'^^^'-^ ^J
sn ;. tree ten to tw.nty feet high. Flower sta Us ong wU^>
large red showv blossoms, changing sonu-l,«.es to wh e
L"av;s heart-shaped, toothed; flower stalks as long as the
\Z^ Foliage br,ght green, dense owing to the large su.e o
heLes Found on the edge of plantations, m hedges and
1 oUl cultivated land. The blossoms are four n.ches ,n
diameter. All seasons.

BombaxCeiba Unn. (silk cotton-.ree) ^^^ ^^ ;^Z
laree trees of this species, sixty or seventy feet htgh are to be
::!;. ,n the Mount Langton grounds, on the south^se o th
bill They were planted by Governor Retd in 1845. Letro>
cal s then? West Indian t.ees. but 1 learned from an African
^X ingTn the garden that the bombax ceiba is an African tn.
1 th«t these trees were not old enough to flower. 11 is,
l^te^t lie-^^^^ as the same man told me that

in Lilt; ears the trees she<l cotton-down. Bombax ceiba must
not be\wused with the cotton tree of the Western praine
Tvltoti which is a species of poplar, similarly shedding

down. .

r.os,vDio.i. Herbaceum. Lion, (cotton pU„t). Tl„..stl..
c„« "c^ton c„U,vate,. abundantly in th. So«..e-n V .^. 1

ilr;;Xo^^.::;^--r::uri^p^

luha in Bermuda cotton now has no economic value its
" 1 not wl ran ing the care that it needs. It may be occasion-
: 1 s e, ; the Walsingham tract and in a few old gardens.

Natural Order, Tiliaceae.

TriumfettaAlthaeoides.Linn. (burr-bushl. A shrubby plant,
J:. ." fo"r feet high, covered with down. Stems branched.

«J

erect, and very tough; leaves velvety, roundish, three-lobe<l,
two to three inches long and half that across, all irregularly
toothed; flowers yellow, crowded, a quarter of an inch wide;
the four-seeded glolK)se jxxis are covered with hairy hooked
spines.

Triunifetta Stinitriloba. Linn, (boor-bush of Lefroy. )
This plant is not tnentioned in Reade's Botany. With the
exception of being styled by the former "a largish bush ' and
common in the Walsingham tract, it is probably a sub-species
of the real Burr-bush.

Natural Order, Lineae.

Linum Usitatissimum. Linn, (wild flax.) Stem eighteen
inches high, leaves narrow; flowers purple or blue. Grows on
the waysides, a remnant probably of former cultivation.
Annual. Not common.

Lefroy erroneously calls this "Flag," and gives marshes
as its locality.

Natural Order, Geraniaceae.

Geranium Carolinianum. (wild geranium or crane's-bill.)
A spreading plant, rather hairy, main stem becoming prostrate
when mature. Leaves five-lobe<l almost to the Ijase; flowers
pale- lilac, veined Common on waste groKnd. Its peculiarly
shaped seed vessel has given its name.

Geranium Dissectuni. Linn, (crane's-bill). Very similar
to above but with flower paler and almost white. Is said by
Lefroy to be confined to St David's Island. Reade does not
mention it. Annual.

These wild geraniums in Europe are the origin of the Pelar-
gonium (pelargonium zonale), our garden geranium, the num-
ber and variety of which is constantly increasing through
hybridization.

I have found in old quarries, field corners and waste ground,
the scarlet geranmm flowering as profusely as in a garden, al-

10

though far ,nov.-.l fro,,, h <i welling house. Slips or l,ranclu-s
of Keraniun, tl,ro^sn away or .'.roppe.l by chance^ r<x,t rea.hly
anywhere un.ler favourahle o.n,litio„s, and the flower ma> be
cite.l as another evidence of how quickly plants revert to theu
original state.

TropaeoUnn Majus. (coninu.n nasturtium.) Reade men
tions Ins as closelv allied to the geraniun.. Its three-lobed
er vis used as a substitute for capers. Like the gerann.m
aUhough properly a garden flower, it is common on the tslan.l
A sn,all nunmd on the South shore, not ar ^^^.t of Hung
Hav and distant fron, any dwelling, used to be clothed wth
nanurtiutn, the moun.l probably having been gar.len refuse
there .lumped from a cart going to the b,.y for seawee.l.
Natural Order Rutaceae.
Zanthoxvlum Clava-Hercuies. Linn, (yellow wckmJ)
Jrov mentions only a single tr- e. some ten tnches m
iame-ter. east of Paynter Vale. He believes ,t to be the las
survivor of the native yellow wood mentioned .n the earliest
:::;:nts of the is^nds. professor Oliver, ^ew gave u as h,s
opinion that the early descriptions apply closely to this tree
iZvsavs it never flowers; young plants, whether suckers
or seedlings are not known, failed to grow on re.noval, ow.ng
:; their taVroots always breaking off in the rock crevtc.s
Professor Oliver also says that the leaves -btmtted to Inm
agree fairlv with a flouvrl.ss Donnn.can spectmeu. The ree a
Paynter Vale was planted by a Mr. Paynter over one hundred
vears ago.

' Citrus Limonum. Risso, (common lemon). A small tree
with rough branches, often interlocked and arn.ed with strong
horns some two inches long; leaves three and one-half .nche
lone alternate, of a bright green; flowers white, followed by a
ro^tdi ow oblong fruit, with thick rind. This fruit, which
was ormerlv cultivated, has, by neglect, through msec
alges uul- blight, been allowed to revert to a wild state and
;:;« ll fou„.l on the outskirts of cultivation. Lefroy cites
three varieties; but un-named.

Citrus Vulgaris. Risso. (seville orange). Grows from

11

twenty to thirty feet hiijl), with lea\ i-> aiui flowers resemblin^f
the lemon, the flowers very sweet-scente<l and leaves a shade
diirker j^reen. Formerly large quantities of marmalade were
made on the island for family and domestic use, bu» with the
failure of the trees the manufacture lias now ceased. The pulp
«f the round fr .it is hitter with a thin rind.

Citrus Rigaradia. Loist. (hitter orange ofLcfroy). Verv
similar to the above, but fruit larger and blossom highly per-
fumed.

Citrus Aurantium. Linn, (sweet orange. ) Much the same
in appearance as citrus bigaradia but fruit larger anfl of sweet,
e.xcellent flavour. Bermuda sweet oranges used to be eagerlv
.sought after.

Closely allied to the above are C. nobilis. Lour, I'manderin);
C. minon [tangerine.]; C. decuinana, Linn, [shaddock]; C.
lacemosa, Ris et Poit; [grape fruit]; C. limetta [lime.]; C.
medieus [citron].

Young trees of these varieties are being grown and experi-
monttd with in the Public Garden, and it has been found that
with spraying and careful cultivation of the trees, there is no
re.ison why tile fruit trade of Ksrmuda should not revive.
Early records show that in 1621 the C.overnor of Bermuda of
that day was ahk- to refresh a hliipwrecked party with citrus
fruits, and from 1634, subsequently, certain rents were paid in
oranges and lemons.

Natural Order, Simarubrieae.

Ailanthns Glandulosa. Desf. (tree of heaven.) A hand-
some tree twenty to thirty feet high; smooth stem; <leep-cut
green leaves about one foot long, with ten to twelve alternate
lanceolate pointed leaflets, graceful, very similar to the Pride
of India, except that the leaves of the latter are drooping,
whilst tho.se of the ailanthus are less so. Intrrduced by Gov-
ernor Elliott. .^ fine tree, almost facing the Post Office in
Hamilton, stands in the public grounds; otherwise ailanthus
is confined to ver\ few gardens. The flowers are white, in
graceful, lengthy cluster, the aroma of which is said to be

12

poisonous. Some vears ago the medical authorities of New
York caused all ailanthus trees gracing the resi.le.itial streets
of the city to be cut down, attributing num.-rous cases of lUiKss
to the proxiinity of the bloss >ms to bedroom windows. May
and June.

Natural Order, Meliaceae.

Melia Azedarach, Linn. (Pride of India.) .\ large tree,
valuable fo- shade and the beauty of its flowers in summer.
It grows thirty feet or more high, with dense green foliage
leaves twice pinnate leaflets, three to six pairs, lance shaped
and a terminal one, long pointetl. Flowers lilac, followed by
yellow berries which hang till the following Spring. It is one
of the few deciduous trees here, Originally introduced as an
ornamental street tree, it has become fairly naturalized, being
common around country houses.

Swietenia Mahagoni. Linn, (mahogany). Comparatively
few of these solid looking, massive-trunked trees, some twenty
feet or more in height, are on the island. One fine specimen
may he seen at "Palmetto Grove," the Flatts. Lefroy says a
few voung trees were to be met with when he waS Governor of
Bermuda. The tree at Palmetto Grove used formerly to be
pointed out to visitors as one of the sights of Bermuda; other
specimens may now be seen at " Seamount," in Victoria Park,
Hamilton, and in the garden of the Hunter property, on Queen
Street, St. George's.

There is also at Mount Langton, a satin wood tree (S.
chloroxylon), and one Banyan tree is to be found in the Trim-
ingham grounds at Inglewood, but neither of the two can bt
considered as taking to Bermuda.

Natural Order, Illicineae.
IlexCassine. Linn. A shrub with small shining oval leaves,
introduced from Virginia. It has established itself and has he-
come fairly naturalized, especially near the Flatts, and back
of Prospect. Flowers small, white, followed by a berry used
in Bermuda for Christmas decorations, which has led to its
being given the false name of "Christmas Holly," although it
bears no resemblance. I. cassine, however, is properiy a holly.

13

Natural Order, Leguminosae.

Dolichos Sphoerospernius. (black-eye Pea) a 1 t h o u g li
cultivated for the table, is frequently met with in fieldti, wl.ere
its turning stems matted and interwoven, cover a considerable
space. Leaflets stalked, three; flowers variable, yellow or
white, blotched with purple, followed by po<ls long, round,
slender. May or June.

Cassia Bicapsularis. Linn. (chri.stmas bush ) An ever-
green shrub three to four feet high, with long, weak, trailing
branches, leaflets smooth, three to four pairs. Flowers one
inch, yellow, ten or twelve on a stalk in succession, followed
by a seed-pod four to six inches long. Not very common.
Grows along old walls and hedges. November to March.

Cassia Bacillaris. Linn, (cassia). Resembles the former,
but is distinguished by having only two pairs of leaflets.
Rare. Pod cylindrical.

Cassia Glauca. Lam. (West Indian ash) with four to six
pairs of leaflets. Found at " Somerville."

Cassia Lig:ustrina. Linn, ("privet") Common in gardens
and now used as hedges here and there. Lefroy describes it
as dis'inguishable " by the very pointed leading leaflets like
true privet, whence its name."

Cassia Occidentalis. Linn. Described by Lefroy as an an-
naal weed in gardens, especially at St. George's. Has five
pairs of ovate lance-shaped leaflets.

Cassia Alata (omitted by Lefroy) is given by Reade. No
description except pod four-angled.

Cassia Florida, mtiitioned only by Reade as being in thi-
Hamilton Public Grounds. Has flat, narrow, leathery pods
about six inches long.

Desmanthus Virgatus. Willd. (desmanthus) A slender
shrub, four feet high, with smooth twiggy stems. Leaflets
twelve. Flowers white, follow 1 by a {xxi two inches long,
one-sixth of an inch wide, flat and compressed. Rare. Found
at Hungry Bay and at Somerset,

It

Leilcaeiia Glauca. Htnth. (wild acacia. sInUM bv I<. froy,
mimosa.) A common shruV) alonx waysides, willi pretty
pinnate leaves, branches dotted with small powdery scales.
Flower* in dense Klol.jlar white heads, followed hy a seed-jxxl
from four to seven inches lonK. flat compressed; the seeds flat,
shininij, not uidike those of the water melon. April to Novem-
ber.

Acacia Lebbeck. Willd. (black eljony ) mentioned only
bv Lefroy who says several trees are at Mr. Peniston -, Smith>
Parish, the largest 66 inches round, and that it is not uncom-
mon elsewhere.

Erythrina Speciosa, or, Corallodeiidron Speciosum Andr.
(sword plant or coral tree). A species of locust or acacia; a
large massive tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading
cro«<led branches. The flowers brigh scarlet, or like coral,
appear before the leaves, presenting a very bright and striking
appearance. They are shaped like a sword which has led to
the name " sword " plant, although it would more properly be
called sword-tree. Its see<l-pod is constricted and contains
scarlet seed. The massive appearance of the tree somewhat
resembles that of the mahogany. The wood is yellow and
I.efroy says " it might be supposed to be the " yellow wochI of
1694 but for the fact that it is known to have been planted over
fifty years ago." A Tme tree in the Public Garden at St.
George's and is a picture when in full blossom.

Krythrium Velutina. Willd. (locust, Spanish.) Lefroy
mentions several old and large trees in Devonshire and Smiths
parishes, in the latter parish one tree being t\>-elve fee* in
circumference at .six feet from the ground, the huge roots al-
lowing no nearer measurement. From the wood being yellow,
although the tree does not correspond, with the early descrip-
tion of " vellow wood " yet it was probably known under that
name after the real tree became extinct, and in a map of Ire-
land Island in the British Museum, dated i694, a "yellow
tree " is inserted as a landmark. This species is very similar
to the preceding, flowers orange-red, appearing before the
leaves.

15

Robina Pseudacacia. Linn, (common acacia.) Is to In-
seen in the Public Grounds, Hamilton, and is conspicuous in
May with its pendulous ha.i>{ing Hower clusters, whitt- and
sweet-scented, foliage similar to the locust, and followed by
pods four or five inches long.

Poinciana Regia. Bojer. (Poinciana). A handsome tree,
twenty to thirty feet hiKh, with massive, clean, wii:e-spreadin>i
branches, often reaching nearly to the ground and with a
smooth grey bark closely resembling an elephaiit's trunk. Its
leaves are feather-shaped, one foot long, bearing twelve to
eighteen pairs of small entire leaflets. Flowers yellow, strip-
ed with crimson, followed by a pofl twelve to eighteen inches
long and two inches wide, flat. One of the most handsome
trees, and it is only to be seen either on the streets or in pri-
vate grounds where the branches often cover an area of fifty
I'eet in diameter. Deciduous. September.

Poinciana Pulcherrima. Linn, the coesalpinia of Reatle.
(Barbados prid2, flower fence. ) Is an evergreen shrub, its
branches arrae ! with prickles. When clipped and pruned it
forms a good lence for a garden. It flowers profusely, flowers
orange-red, with a peculiarly long stamen. It flowers most of
the year.

Tamarindus Indica. Linn. (Tamarind tree.) .\ tt at-
taining thirty to forty feet in height with dense foliage and
very handsome leaves, pale green, feathery and hanging in
masses or groups. A number of these trees maj- be seen in
diflferent parts of the islands but the fruit is not made u»e of,
which Lefroy calls " a neglect of the minor industries." The
leaves are compo^d of twelve to si.xteen pairs of leaflets;
flowers pale yellow veined with red. The pcxl is long and con-
tains from one to four seeds, or, " stones." April to May.

Gladitschia Monosperma. (swamp locust.) .\ few trees
grow at Spanish Point, acacia or locust-like in all respects, but
armed with formidable spines one to two inches long. See<i-
pods only one-seeded. Spring.

Under this Order Lefroy gives a yellow acacia, acacia arabica.
Wind (gum arabic, babool gum); Myrospernum pertieae.

^K..1o~_ ^t D„,.,

' n*.*--titn ,

16

hrea.D; and Wistaria (nUiscens. D. C. (wisteria.^ Thes.-,
howevtr, are only in private Rroun.ls and are exceptional.

This onU-r. LeKuminosae, is one of the larRCst an.l most use-
ful, and is easily .list •K"''*l>t<l V its pea-like flower and seed-
pods.

Natural Order, Rosaceae.

Oeum Radiatuni. Mich. (Reum.) A plant four to six
inches hinh, not at all unlike Koat-wee<l, with which U is apt
to be confoun.led, the main distinction being that the flowers
of the latter are white, wl -reas those of the Reum are yellow.
As the white petals of ^oat weed fall off leaving a yellow
centre, thev often present the appearance of a yellow blossom.
Not common. Flower half to three-quarter inch long. An-
nual. April and May.

Prunus Doniestica. Linn, (common plum) does not thrive,
neither does Prunus armeni, ^r (apricot).

Amvgdalus persica. Linn, (peach-tree) and A. nectariana.
\V. (nectarine) were formerly plentiful here, the fruit attain-
ing great size and being of a superior flavour. Their cultiva-
tion, however, like that of other fruits, has been greatly neg-
lected, the cultivation of the onion and potato requiring less
care and attention. The trees, through the ravages of an in-
sect, are comparatively useless. Spraying would to a great
extent obviate this, and the use of the knife amongst diseased
branches would stay these ravages. Every Spring the peach-
trees here may be seen struggling with blossoms and fruit
setting, which subsequently falls pierced by the parasitic insect
that infests the trees. Moreover, peach culture seems not to
be understood in Bermuda as it is on the American Continent
where seven or eight ye:<rs is considered the fruit- bearing life
of the tree, and a succession of rows is kept ready to supply
tl'.e orcbar.l growth. In this way the trees are stroi g, vigour-
ous and healthy, and belter able to resist insect ravages. Old-
p> ach-trees around an American peach orchard are looked
upon as a sign of carelessness and slovenly oversight.

I'yrus Malus. Linn, (the apple,) P. communis, Linn
(pear-liee,) «tiui Cvoonia vuigario, r:

/....: \

17

for a fiw ye.ir-. aiil then die out; protiably as deciduous trees
tiy nature, they reijuire tin- winter rest of their nu)re nortlurn
climate. Kri()lK)trya saponii-.i, Linn, (loquut or Japan medlar )
tlirivfs well and fruits most ahundantly. This tree, fifteen to
tw.iity feet hixli. i?* a handsome tree, from its thick, dark"
),'reen foiiage, white flowers in spikes, resenihlin^ the luixlisll
!)orse-chestnut, followe.l l>y a yellow plum-like fruit which is
most palatable.

Natural Order, Rhizoporeae.

Rhi/.ophora Mangle. Linn, (mangrove.) An ever>;reen
sprea'iiiiK tree, continually throwing out r(X)tlets from its
liranches, which penetrate the nmd or swamp soil, forming
new stems, creatiiiK thereby dense thickets in salt or brackish
marshes, which water it prefers to fresh. Leaves ovate or
oblonif, smooth, leathery, four inches long. Flowers small,
yellow. Summer and Autumn.

The most striking thing in the case of Rhi/.t..ihora is that the
caulicle projects from the fruit a long distance l>efore the latter
falls from the tree.

.\vicennia Nitida. Jacq. (False mangrove) is generally
found amongst the true Mangroves but is distinguishable from
it by its dusty white appearance the underside of its leaves
being covered with a white pubescence. Lefroy places it
under the order Verbenaceae. Flowers, white in spring.

Natural Order, Cotnbretaceae.

Conocarpus Procumbens. Linn, or Racemosus. Or (butter-
wood). A prostrate, contorted shrub with knotted and densely
interwoven branches, leaves leat'ierly, downy when young,
two inches long. Flowers yellowish-white, followed by a cone-
like head of brown one-seeded nuts densely overlapping a
woo<ly axis. Common along seaside rocks. Flowers in
autumn.

Conocarpus Krec'ais J^icq. (button wood, sea mulberry. )
Is common along marshes and swamps, where it becomes an
erect shrub. Reade says it is scarcely distinct as a species
from the former.

18

Terminalia Catappa. Linn. (.leiiierara almond). With
large, shininR, leathery leaves is only found in a few shrub-
berries. It K'rows from ten to thirty feet hixli.
Natural Order, Myrtaceae.
Mvrtus Communis (common myrtle. ) .Vn evergreen shrub
ten or twelve feet high, with simple, smooth, oval, leathery
haves two to three inches long by one and a half broad.
1-lowers minute, feathery, forming a raceme, or pointed bunch.
Although properly a garden shrub, it may be found on the outs
skirts and mixing with the following shrubs.

Eugenia I'gni, or Uniflora. Linn. (, Surinam cherry), is
verv similar to the myrtle, and might easily be mistaken for it,
„nlv for the fruit succeeding its white myrtle-like blos.'^ms.
This fruit is about the si/.e of a cherry, obtusely five-angled, of
a delicate waxy-red colour, and pleasant sub-acid tasu. Both
(lower in February.

Eugenia .\xillaris. I'oir. (brazilian cherry) Is a much

rarer shrub, scarcely .listinguishable from the previous ones,

except in having a larger berry, and flowering in September.

Eugenia Jambos. Linn, or vulgaris (rose apple). Is only

in a few gardens and not much known. May and June.

I'imenta Vulgaris. W. A. and P. acris W. A. (Pimento
an<l allspice. ) The former having four and the latter having
five lobes to the calvx, are Mainly confined to shn.oberies,
with an occasional rare escape. Leaves aromatic. May.

Poidium C.uagava I'omiferum. Linn. (Guava) is consider-
e<l by Lefroy as a native, and grows wild although rare, and is
a poo; Iiuiter.

Punica Granatum. Linn. [Pomegranate] One of the most
delicious fruits. Is a bright green fol.aged shrub, len or fifteen
feet high. Its leaves are n.irrow, lance-shaped. Flowers
large crimson, followed liy a fruit with a dense leathery rind,
its pulp consisting of irregular cells and seeds of a sub-acid
and sweet taste. Lefroy says it was grown here as early as
1621 and probably was found here by early navigators. Cap-
tain John Smith in his history [about 1608] includes this fruit

19

!!

am! speaks <if its fertility. It is occasionally used as a fence,
but its cultivation is entirely neglected. A double flowering
species is not uncommon, and is of great beauty. May and June.

Kucalyptus Globulus. Labil. Resinifera, Smith and Coriacea
[blue, red, and common gum trees of .Australia.] Have been
experimentally planted but since Lefroy says they require sup-
port against the winds, all hope has been precluded of their
establishment here. If they could succeed, they would pro-
bably be of benefit on the margin of the marshes.

Natural Order, Lythrarieae.

Lagerstoemia Indica. Linn, (queen of the shrubs.) A
shrub four to ten feet high, covered with rosy pink flowers
from May to September. It is properly a garden plant, intro-
duce from India, but may be seen on some road sides outsidi
of the garden.

Natural Order, Onagrrarieae.

Oenothera LJngiflora. Jacq. (evening primrose.) Au
erect plant covered with dense soft hairs. L,eaves narrow,
oblong, blunt at base, acute-pointed, irregularly toothed.
Flowers yellow, three inches wide, sweet scented, only open
at night and closed in the morning sun. Originally a garden
plant, it has so plentifully escaped and seeded itself as to be
abundant on waste land. Biennial. May to August.

Oenothera Humifusa. Nutt. A half shrubby plant. Stems
stout, hairy. Leaves silvery Flowers orange yellow, one
inch across. Found at Tuckerstown and St. Davids.
Perennial. May.

[With the exception of the above wild plant all the families
comprised in this Order are cultivated. The many varieties of
the rose-tree thrive most luxuriantly anil blossom in profusion,
especially from November until June. Lefroy says the Moss
Rose does not succeed here].

Oenothera Simiata. Linn. Somewhat .similar to the above,
said to exist only on the shore near Shelly Bay. Flowers v, 1-
low, three quarter of an inch acro-ss. Biennial. May to July.

20

Oenothera Rosea. Ait. ( I'ink evfiiiiig primrose ) A smooth,
haU-shrubbv plant, uprifilit stems, ahnosl woo<ly. Leaves one
and a h-'H inch lonj;; calvx one inch lon^. Capsule four-angle<l
and eight-ribbed. Flowers rosy - colon rt-d, three-quarters of an
inch across. Perennial. March to May.

Oenothera Speciosa. Nntt. T'pright, very slightly hairy.
Leaves oblong, toothed, pointed. Grows about nine inches
high. I'lowers piiikish-whitu, fragrant, one and a half inches
Ijroad; petals, four. Very rare, and not described before by any
Bermuda botanist. North Shore, near Langton House, wh- te
I found only one small patch of five or six plants, each if.
Ijlossom. Apparently, annual. Stigma long with four slend. .
arms. May.

Query.— Is this a new species in Bermuda?

Isnanlia Kepens, D. C. (ditch-weed.) An aquatic pii.nt
with brittle stems, rooting at the joints. Leaves one inch
long, oval. The plant occasionally spreads on to dry land ad-
joining marsh or ditches. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.
Perennial. Karly Summer.

Natural Order, Passifloreae.

Carica Papaya. Linn, (papaw.) A peculiar, unbranched
tree, ten to twenty-five feet high, stem naked up to sumn it
where leaves, one to two feet in (hameter, with five to seven
lobes, on long stalks, present an appearand- imitating the
palm. The trees are male and female, the latter with solitary,
axillarv blossoms, petals five or six overlapping. The male
tree has long-stalked, many-flowered axillary flowers, corolla
tube long, narrow. Occasionally a hermaphrfxlite tree is found
bearing a fruit more pear-shaped than that which a simple
female tree pro«luces. Flowers greenish-yellow near the sum-
mit of the smooth trunk, followe.l by a round orange-looking
fruit, one fniit ranged above the other along the stem just
b3low the leaves, looking as though oranges ripe and green
had been fastened there. Tl'-e ripe fruit is eaten, having some-
what the flavour of an over-ripe, soft melon. When gieen and
unripe the fruit is valued in cooking for its property of soften-
ing anim.>l fibres, thus rendering the toughest meat tender.

*>

21

}

This quality is due to the pepsin it contains, a fact which has
recently attracted the attention of Mie medical profession.
Tile following extract from a pharmaceutical publication ex-
plains the property of the papaw.

" Pepsin derived from this fruit is the foundation of most
medicines for curing digestive derangements. It is easily pre-
pared, the unripe fruit being <laily scarred or lined a quarter
of an inch deep with a sharp knife, and the juice caught and
dried on sheets of glass, when it becomes a marketable com-
modity."

Another paper says —

" The juice (of the papaw) is pressed out of the fruit, clarifi-
ed by filtration through a twill bag, and the ferment precipita-
ted by alcohol. It is then dried."

The tree is of quick growth, and needs practically no cultiva-
tion. It is cotiiindu in waste places, seeming to prefer poor
soil. It is of very rapid growth, and from its peculiar appear-
ance at once attracts attention. Lefroy says the leaves {xissess
curative effects applied externally is cases of rheumatism.
Flowers March to November.

Paasiflora Minima (wild passion flower.) A climbing vine,
with wiry stem. L,eaves one to two inches, glossy, oval, some
entire, some three-lobed, the leaf-stalk having two small stalk-
ed glands above the middle Flowers greenish-yellow in pairs,
axillary, followed by a purplish insipid berry, one and a half
inch long. Common along old walls and waysides. Perennial.
April to September.

Passiflora Libiata. Ait (wild passionflower.) Probably a
sub-species (minima) much like the preceding, with the excep-
tion of glands at the top of the stalk. Commonest around
Paynter Vale. Summer.

Pas.siflora Coernlea. Linn. ( wild passion flower. ) Similar
to the two preceding, except that the leav.es are five-lobed,
glands more distant from the leaf, appears to flower more
rarely. Summer.

22

Passiflora I/iurifolia, Malifonnis, or Ouadransularis. r^iiin.
{the two foriiur kiii.wii as water Union, tlie latter as ijrena-
(lilla). These are cultivate<l in "janU-ns, are not ahun.'iaiit. and
I am not aware of any escapes as yet.

The ilowers of all are ^jreenish-yellow, half an inch in
diameter. .\11 perennial, the roots matting thickly. March
to early Autumn.

Natural Order, Cucurbitaceae.

Cucumbers, inimpkins and melons cliit-flv' constitute this
order in lUrmuda, and are all cultivated; they do not come
within the limits of this work. The only wild plant of the
onler is yiven bv Lefroy, but is omitted by Reade, namely: ~

Sicyos .Xngulata. Linn, (wild bryo; ' "ailed by Tvcfroy
" an . American species of chance introdi ' found al>out

the Church Cave, I'aynter Vale, It is a . ..iUl \ ith loni; run-
ning, slender stalks; leaves like those of the cucumber but
smoother and of a paler green. 1-Towers, greenish, .\nnual.
It is used bv the natives as a medicine for fevers and colds. It
flowers in Spring and early Summer. I have seen a few rare
specimens around Hamilton in a lane leading from Mr. Khick's
estate West of the grounds formerly known as the K\liibiti<>n
Grounds.

Natural Order, Cactcae.

Melocaclus communis, I). C. i Turk's cap). This cactus ma>
be seen on stone .gateways, and in high dry situations. vSlem,
which constitutes the whole plant is globose, about one foot
high, with from twelve to. twentv vertical ridges, sp'inv , and
top woolv, concealing a number of small <Timson flowi-rs. In
ajipearance it is not unlike a dark-green, thorny melon.
I-'lowers in Summer.

Cert-US C.nindiflorus. Mill. . night blooming Cereus). with
long, rope-like stems ascending trees and walls, or more often
haiiging over the latter, alTords after suuest one of the most
ma.nnificent flowers in the whole vegetable kingdom, the flower
closing and fading at day-break. The silk\ appearance ol its
r<.se-pink blossom, eight inches iii diameter, wax-like and fra-
grant, is beautiful in the extreme.

23

W

Cereiis Triangularis. Tlaw, or M icdonaldiae, (a night hlooiii-
iii;< spuciesj with thick, ni.issivt.- lrian>,fular stuins, although a
ni>,'ht flower cannot compare with the preceding. It sends
long rope-like stetns from its thicker leaves, up high tree-trunks,
Several plants on the edge of Victoria Park, Hamilton, afford-
ing a splendid illustration of the height attained. When the
plant has att.iineil the summit of the tree it again throws out
its massive leaves. Flowers, pinkish-white.

Opuntia Vulgaris. Mill, ( prickly pear. ) This is one of tin-
plants mentioned hy the early discoverers in 1610. It ma\ he
styled a prostrate, spreading, or creeping, shrub, with jointed
branches; leaves ovated, compressed, very thick and fleshy,
three to four inches long nearly as wide, with dense tufts oi
slender barbed thorns or bristles, and in open situations with
Several long awl-shaped spine.--. Flowers are on tlu- edge of
the joints, petals leathery-selloiv followed In- a crimson edible
fruit, two inches in diameter ;. )t unlike a fig, which, however,
before eating must be divested of its spiny and thor!i\ coat. It
is common wherever sand prevails, but is not nearly so plenti-
ful as formerly. Flowers in the Summer months. Perennial.

Opuntia TuuH. Mill, (prickly pear.) Is given by Lefroy,
but appears to have been confounded with vulgaris, unless it is
a smaller species.

Opuntia Candelabra, (candle-stick plant or candelabra.)
Not to be confounded with the Kuphorbia which bears the .same
local name, tb arms of the latter growing upwards, where iS
the arms of the plant being described grow laterally. It is
omitted by both Lefroy and Reade, probably having been in-
troduced since their time. It is .strictly a garden cactus, its
peculiar right-angled stems form an upright, jointed stalk giv-
ing the idea of the name it l)ears.

Natural Order, Crassulaceae.

Rryopli Hum Calyciiium. Salish. (life plant or air plant;
Hoppers.) .\ succubnt, brittle plant two feet or more high,
according to locaiiiy. Stems purplish, and green spotted.
Leaves opposite, (lesli> , serrate, or deeply toothed. Flowers,
pendulous, bi^ii-sliaped, (Mie and a half incJi long, green and

24

purple, transparent, in terminal bunches. From the peculiar
report nuule l.v the flowers when craeVed or conipresse.i hy the
fingers has arisen the local nt.me " floppers."

This plant %vas first intro.luce.l in 181.^, an.l has now spread
in profusion all over the islands; not an old wall, crevice, sba<lv
glen or stonv gla.le where it is not abundant. .\ peculiarity it
possesses is that the leaves placed in .lamp cloth, or even pin-
ned up in a damp place, produce rootlets and young plan.s at
the crenatures or marginal creases, the same thing will happen
if a leaf is suspended from a piece of threa.l or string in the
air. Seeds seld mx mature, owing probably to the easy metho<l
of leaf propogation. So abun<lant is the plant everywhere
that it is hound to attract attention. Perennial. I'lowers from
i:.nuary to June with an occasional flower all through the year.

Sedum Linn. ( stonecrop. ) .\lthough called by Lefroy a
garden plant, yel it is now spreading freely and may be found
sparinglv on th,- wall-faces of road-cuttings around HamiUon,
an-1 in Warwick. It is frequently placed on graves, whence v
has probablv spread. A free growth of it faces the Cathedral
growing among the sandstone brought for that building from
Nova .Scotia antl mav have been introiluced in that sy^t with
the stone It is a procumbent, fleshyUaved plant, one or two
inches high, leaves bright green. Overlapping slightly. Flow .rs
bright, of a star-like shape; yellow. It is not unlike some of
the northern mosses in growth. Perennial. June to July.

[Anf)ther plant, not defined but a species or variety of stone-
crop, somewhat similar to the preceding, but with trailing
short stems some two or three inches long anr:" withered half
their length is to be found on the North shore rocks back of
Mount Langton and at Spanish Point. It seems to me if not a
separate species to be a variety. Leaves clearer than ordinary
stonecrop. Perennial.]

Natural Order, Umbelliferae.

Hydrocotyle rmbellata. Linn, (penny wort\ A plant
with stem creeping and rooting in soft marsh earth, with clu.s-
ters of r,,un,lish leaves, one to two inches in iliameter. Flowers

4»

25

m

in umbels on l<)nj< stalks, Kret-nish-vvhite. Common in marsh; s.
I't rciuiial. Summer months.

Hyilr'jcotvle Repnnda. Hers, (species of peiin\ wort.)
Differs from al>ove in having clusters of heart-shaped leaves,
hhinl; flower-stalks short. In all otlier respects same as pre-
cediii).;.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Ivinn. (thick-leaved) pennywort.
is mentioned only by Lefroy.

Caucalis Nodosa. Clarke, ( burr p.irsley ) called by I.,efro\
Torilis. A small plant six to eighteen inches high, ronul'. all
over with short, {granulated h;<irs, leaves dense with le.iflets
much resembling the carrot. Stem erect, branched, slightly
furrowed. Flowers white or tinge<l with pink, in globoge
heads, opposite to the leaves on short stalks. Abundant in
waste places. Annual. February to June.

Smyrniuin Olustratrum. Linn. (Alexanders). A stout
erect herb, two to three feet high, with a shining angular, fur-
rowed hollow stem, not unlike celery. Leaves tri-foliate,
lobed, toothed. Flowers yellow in compound heads or ninbtls;
seeds black, when ripe, like coriander. It is grown in gardens.
The medicinal properties of the root macerate<' in rum are con-
sidered remedial in rheumatism, used botli externally ar.d in-
ternally. Perennial. February to June.

Coriandnim Sativum. Linn, (coriander.) Much resembles
in all resjiecls the preceding, >>oth species being apt to lie con-
founded. It is not uncommon, and is said to have been first
brought in )>y Portuguese from Madriea. It emits an ofTensive
smell, Perennial.

Anthriscus Vulgaris, (iron weed or rough chevril.
cities this as onlv a common weed.

Lefro\-

Anethum Graveolens Linn. (Mayweed). Not unlike the
wild carrot. Lefrfiy says it has become naturalised on St.
Cieorge's Island, but it is now adundant everywhere and is a
very troublesotm- weed as well as a prolific seeiler.

Foenicidinii Vulgare. Gaert. (wild fennel.) Called by Lffroy,
Ferula communis, who savs it is mentioned as sent out from

I

26

Hti^laml in seeds in 1616. A stout i-rect herb, three to four
fvvl liii;!). lA-avcs feathery, heiiij,' divided into many fine
eapiUary, or liairlike sejjnients. Flowers yellow with large
heads or umbels. Common on rock\ roadsiiles. The leaves
of this ])lant form the constituent of the French liqueur known
as absinthe. Summer months, rereiini.il.

.\pinni Septophylum F. M. or helosciadium ( fool's parsley .)
.\u erect iilant, stem twelve to eii,ditcen inches hi^h, distinctly
branehecl. Leaves few, (L.^tant, ilivided into many slender
sej^iueuts. I'mliels, as in l)nir parsle\ , opposite to the leaves.
Flowers white, ver\ small but f<>rmin,u a globose head, tinged
with pink. Spring months. .Annual.

I'etroselinui.i Sativum. Ivinn. (wild parslev. ) .\ smooth
plant, erect stem. Leaves with leaflets, lower ones crowded,
three cleft. Flowers in a compound umbel or head, small,
white. Not common. Biennial. Summer months. Verv
similar to the cultivated parsley, if not a deKeiurate esc.ipe.

Dancus Carota (wihl carrot) is either the garden species
degenerate and reverted to its wild conilitiou, or it is the pro-
totype of the garden carrot. Hieuiiial. Summer months.

Natural Order, Araliaceae.

Hedera Helix. LiiMi. (common ivy). Although this was
originally a garden plant, it has become n;ituralised and i>
occasionally found outside of cultivation, covering old walls and
tree trunks. Too well know to need description.

Division II: Monopetalac.

Natural Order, Caprifoliaceae.

Viburnum Tmus. Linn. (Laurestinus.) A compact ever-
green shrub, with shining, entire, dark-green leaves, one to
two inches long, bushy, with dusters of small white flowers
forming a level topped head. Not abundant. A growth of
these shrubs may be seen oti the left hand side of the lane,
near the fool of the hill, leading to Hungry Bay. Winter

■!I!S

27

Samhiiciis Xiijrn. T,i„„. (common dder. ) A verv brittle
woo,lt-,| .lirul,, aitli <l,-eply iKilmaU. leaves ami larKe'liea.ls of
wimc flowerr*. Is occasionally found out si, k- of cultiv.ition.
Ri-iuie says jt doos n-t usually produce berries, perliaps from
want of bee-fertilization or frr-m sparrows picking' them off,
birds in other countries bein.t; e>pecially fond .>f these berries!
.M.iy and June.

Caprifolinm Sempivirens. Mich, and Lonicera japonica.
I,inn. ( lioney suckle, l May be found in the vicinitv of ^ar-
<iens, creepin.i,' or runninjr over old walls, especially alontr tlu-
south-shore road in Devonshire I'lowers verv frai^rant. In
the first of these species the upper pairs of leaves are united at
the base, Kiviiig the stem the appearance of v'rowini,' throuj,'h
them. In the other species the leaves are all distinct. IVTe-
iiiiial. Summer months.

Natural Order, Rubriaceae.

Coffee .Vrabica. I.inn. (coffee.) .\ me.lium sized tne with
oblonj;, shiniiiK, dark-Rreen leaves, and axillarv clusters of
white flowers, i. e. Krowin.i; hetween the leaf and the stem.
It has been planted out Pround \Valsin^ham where it has
largely spread, especially near the caves. But little use is
ma.le of the berries. From a f . e in the TrimiuRham groun.ls,
at " Montrose," along.side of the Public Gardens, coffee was
made on the occasion of a lawn partv from berries grown and
roasted there, and was pronounced excellent, equal if not
superior to the ordinary coffee of commerce. The wild trees
se.-m to thrive well and there is no reason wliv the coffee-berry
should not be added to Hern -da's products.

Ran.lia .-Vculeata. JA •. (box briar. ) Only mentioned by
I.efroN , who says it is an iiiterestiiig example of local natura-
h/.itlon. Originally from the West In.lies, it h.-.s outspread the
hills in Warwick aii.l part of i'aget. but is unknown enstwanls
Flowers in September There is a stump in the Hamilton
Gardens, shooting up again under the name of briar-wood
from which kind of woo.l are made in Jamaica ornanu-nts for

28

Cliii><\;i Raoeinosa. Linn. ( snowhi-rry. ) A shruli ht-arinn
rlusters of snow- wliiti- liorrii-s. Is pr()lial)ly a xanitii sliruti,
• lilt lias iscapiMl, anil may \w sparingly fi>iui<l at \v'aKiiii;liani.

PaK'courea I'avetta; S. \V., I'sycliotria pavetta. One speci-
intn i-xisls in tlu- pardon at Hishop's I.odjji.', Hamilton.

I'syihulria I'liilata. Jacq. A shruli with glossy, dark, wav>,
^rifM leaves, iapirin>{ at the base. Is said by Lefroy to be
found at \V'alsin>,'liam. Flowers inoonspiinious in A])ril and
May.

kachicallis Rupestris, D. C, ormuralis. A low spiny shrub,
two to three feet high, branches rusty, erect, in opposite pairs.
Spines slender, longer than leaves, the latter one-third of an
inch in diameter, n^iindish, i>ointe<l. Mowers yellow, liarrm
hills on the south shore. Rare. September.

Sperniacoce Tremior. Linn, (button-wooil. ) .\ plant with
slender stem, erect, sparingly liranched; six to eight indies
higli. Leaves lanceolate, iKjinted, entire, hairy, upper ones
narrow, l-lowers in clusters, pale pink. Reade calls it a
" very common wayside weed," while Lefroy confines it to
WaNiiighani. It is not unlike one of the American Kpilo-
biunis All seasons, .\nnual.

Sperniacoce or Borreria Loevis. Griseb. (l)orera.) Stem
erect, three to six inches. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
shining. Flowers many-clustered, pink. Wayside weed.
Corresponds in other respects with preceding.

Galium Uniflorum. Mich, (bedstraw. ) .\ trailing plant,
stem h^lf to one foot. Leaves one-third of an inch long, four
in a whorl, narrow, oblong, pointed. Mowers on slender-
jointed stalks, yellow. Found on barren hills and dry road-
sides. June to .\ugust. Animal.

Galium I'alustre. Linn, (healsoon.) Sin r in every re-
spect to forgoing, except that flowers are white, and it is
found only in marshes and marshy ground.

Galium Arvensis. (field madder.) A prostrate plant, stems
one foot long; leaves half-an-inch long, four to six in a whorl,
oblong, pointed. Flowers pink, small. .Annual. Found only
;it .Silt Kettle. Prooerlv a garden tilant. Mav.

;

Centranthns Airosiphon, Rots., or rubber, (sugarplum.) A
smooth erect plant two feet hiRh, with fleshy sub-entire leaves
two to three inches long. Flower- dense, terminal, level-top-
ped, red. Originally a garden plant it has spread and is in
some parts common, especiall:' at Somerset. Annual. Sum-
mer months.

Valerianella Olitoria or Fedia, Vahl. (lamb's lettuce. ) A
small plant with forked branches, in the axils of which dense,
flat clusters of small lilac flowers are collected. Leaves one to
two inches long, and said to be excellent in salads. Both Le-
froy and Reade assign it to St. David's Island. Annual.
Natural Order, Composltae.

Eupatorium Foeniculaceum. Willd. (dog fennel. 1 A tall
plant with fennel-like leaves. Stem four to six feet high,
much branched, leaves alternate, divided into numerous slen-
der segments. Flower-heads ver>- numerous, small, in a sort
of compound pyramid. Flowers dirty white, one-tenth of an
inch in diameter. Annual. Autumn months.

Bidens Leucantha. Willd. (shepherd's needle.) An erect
plant, stems four-angle<l, bianching, smooth. Leaves and
leaflets serrate. Flowers yellowish with white rays, heads
three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Annual. A common
weed, noticeable for its barbed auras sticking to the clothes.
Summer months.

Chichorium Intybus. Linn. (wild cherry.) An almost
shrubby plant with erect, tough, angular stem with bare spread,
ing branches, two to three feet high. Lower leaves deeply
and sharply toothed backwards; upper ones narrow, heart-
shaped, clasping the stem. Flower-heads in pairs with hairy
fringe Florets along the stalk numerous. Flowers one to
one-and-a-half-inch across, bright blue. Very common every-
where. Although a goo<l sub.stitute for coffee, and used in
adulterating the latter, yet the fleshly roots are not used here.
Perennial. Summer months.

Taraxicum Dens-Leonis. Defs. (dandelion.) A plant
whose leaves, deeply tootheil Ijackwards, lie mostly flat on the
ground. All sDrine from the root. Flower-stalks hollow.

30

iTn t, twi) to fi)iir iiulifs liit;li, M)iiifliiiu-. scarcfly |>trcil)tililf,
>ilk\, at llii' tu]), risiiiy hii;lur alttt 11' lui'i iiif^, anil l>iaiiiin a
^;l(iliii!ai Ik, III 1)1 uhiti-, lo«ii\ IliilT, wliiili is oarrifil fv<r\-
wliere liy tilt- \\ iml. Vi-ry coiiniiou ivtr\ wIktc, stiinti-il mi
rocU-^. I'liiwi rs liri,i;lit vtllow, oiu tiitwn imlu-< airns'^. lt>
roiils arr iiu'lieiiial as m tuiiif, auij fciiiiu-liiiH-s. wlieii ri)a-.tfil,
arc us, (I fur inllic. Hiciiiiial. VliiMst all siasotis. Iaims
vvlivli lil.iiuluil art- txnUiiil lur sahiiis; also wluMi yoiiiij^ art-
lioiKil ,iiiil UM-ii ,is a VL-v;ft.it)le.

,Siiiuluis Oli-raceiis. lyinii. i sow tliistlf i .\ii cnit plant,
lc.i\ts rcstmlilitiL; tliOM- of tlii- ilaniklion. Mem, angular, Iml-
low, with .1 iiiilkv juiii-, niu- to tlinr fi rl liii;li. .\ viT\ loni-
inun wffil. I'lowers liiilf imli across, palf xfllow. Marcli to

Aiiv;nst.

SoikIu'.s .^sper. Vill. ( tnilk ihisllc. i A ilistinct s, U's of
tlu- pn-ci-din),' pi, ml, wliii-li it flost-ly rtsi-nililt-s, Imt liaviiiK a
stouter anil more ;inKi'liir stem; jj^eni rally larjjtr in i-ver\ ris-
I)eit as a spicics. Iveaves armeil with slivlitly sharp, pricklv
te»'th. ujiper ones clasping; the stem. IMovvcrs pale vellow.
Spriii)4 anil Snmnur. Ani:u^'

Crepis I,,yrata. Froel. ( knot weed ) An erect plant with
slender stems, one to two feet hijjh, much brancluil alK)ve
Leaves mostly at r(K)t, toothed, the end lohe the largest, tapi r-
ini,'. I'lower st.'lks thread-like; heads small; florets numerous.
Flower-heads ([uarter of an inch broad; l)ri,i;ht yellow. Coiii-
inon on roadsides. Annual. March to June.

Eclipta Krecta. Linn. A many branched, tall plant, smooth
stem and swollen joints. Coitinu)n alon.i; wat'-rcourse in Pem-
broke Marsh. Mentioned only by Lefroy. I have failed to
finil it, altliou.irh I have carefully searched for it.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemuin. (ox-eye;) erroneous
"daisy" is jrettincf abundant, evidently at first introduced.
Stem eight to ten inches high, slightly leaved, the base being
deeply pinnated and rough. Flowers white with yellow
cushion, numerous rays encompassing the same. Biennial.

i liiie aiiii i iii \ .

31

Hirri_-!ii:i Arii )rc^,— ,is, 1). C. (sf.i-.iil<- tiiarivr<>M. I An i-ri-ct,
tiriltlf, succulent iiiarititnc shrill), tlin-t- to four fi-cl hii;li.
Leaves tlc'^'iy, three to four inches loiii.', entire, tapirinK and
enihracitiw; the stem v\itli their nniteil liase some smooth .nid
shilling ureen, s<jine lioiiry ami urey, loth htfinn on the same
plant. I'lower-heails a hriKht yellow, i>ne and a half inch
across, not unlike the ^jaril^n Dutch marigold. CdnMiion on
Seaside rocks. May to Septemher.

Maccharis Heterophilla. H U.K. (doi^bush. 1 An erect
liushy shrill', four to six fi it Irdi, with smooth aii.i;nlar
hranchfs. Leaves leathery, two to three inches Iouk, '^mooth
anil shining'. I'Mower-heads on tiTininal liranchlets, with a
whitish covering over flf)wers which area browidsh-vvhitr, one-
third inch in diameter. Very common in and around marshes.
It is useil as one of the decorations for houses and churclus at
Christmas, as is has the property of keeping Kreeii ami or-
namental for weeks. Noveniher to March.

Solid.i),'o Seinper\irens. Linn, (fjolden rod.) .\n erect
plant with smooth purplish stem two to four feet hij,di; leaves
lance-shaped, acute at l)oth ends, one to two inches wide,
snuMjth, entire, rather fleshy, and Imshy helnw flower-htail .
The root leaves on lonj,' stalks; flower-heads one-sided, com-
pacL no'liin^'. F'.- •>■ S, golden yellow in Lmj^ tassel. Com-
mon, mostly in damp or shaily spots. Perennial. Summer
months.

Solida.iio Mexicano. H. I?, (golden rod.) Very closely re-
semhliuK the preceding, hut is more stunted in '•I'owth, and
sturd\ . It frequents hiKh and dry ground, old quarries and
rocky bluffs Perennial. .Autumn.

Rrij.;ei"on Canadensis Linn, (fieabane. ) An erect plant
with wiry stem, one to three feet high; much branched at)ove;
rough, hairy ami furrowed. Leaves two to three inches long,
quarter of an inch wide, lanceolate. Flower-heads small, in
hunches with insignificant florct.s. F'lowers white, one sixth
of an inch across. .\ troublesome weed, and common in culti-
vated ground and on waysides. May to .August. .Annual.

F^rigeron Pusillus. (flea bane.) This se

to be only a

32

dwarf phase of the alx)ve, when growing on barren rocky
ground, resembling in every respiHt the preceding. Stem not
more than six inches high. Annual.

Erigeron Bonariencis, Linn, (fleabane. ) An erect leafy
plant, hairy, stein one to three feet high, branched alx)ve.
IjcaveK lanceolate, one-third to half-inch wide, the lower ones
toothed. Flower-heads small; flowers white, one-third of an
inch broad. Common everywhere. May to .August. Annual.

Erigeron Annuus. Linn. An erect, stout stem, three to four
feet high, leafy from the base, brsnched, hairy. Leaves four
to six inches long, one and a half-inch wide, slightly hairy,
ovate, coarsely tootlKa in the middle Flower-heads large and
scattered. Flowers half inch in diameter, white, tinged with
purple. April to July, .\nnual.

Erigeron Jamaicensis. Linn. It is yet an open question
whether this species is an Erigeron or an Aster I am inclined
to the latter belief. It is a plant with slender stem, six to
eighteen inches high, according to locality, nodding before the
flowers expand. The root-leaves roseate, blunt; stem leaves
few, distant, clasping the stem, one to one and a half inch long.
Heads few; flowers half inch in diameter, with numerous pur-
ple rays and yellow disk. April and May. Annual.

In addition to the foregoing Lefroy enumerates E. liniflorns,
E. philadelphicus, and E. qutrcifolius, but without any des-
cription.

Artemisia Terniifolia. Wiild. (french fennel.) A tall
plant, four *.o six feet high. Leaves divided into numerous
slender filaments. Heads small and numerous; flowers whitish
yellow. August and September. The white plant has a fetid
smell. AnnuaL

Senecia Vulgaris. Linn, (groundsel.) An erect weed
with fleshy stem, up to a foot high. Leaves divided half way
from margin to midrib, toothed. Flower -heads few, drooping.
Waste places, but not as abundant as its feathery seeds would
indicate as likely. Flowers one-third of an inch in diamete.',
Yellow. April to July. Annual.

4h

3S

[

4^

Pluchea Adorata. Cass, (pluchea.) A shrub four to six
feet high, branched from f)ase, the branchlets clothed with
rusty, woolly down. Leaves oblong, pointed, woolly beneath.
Flower-heads branched, compact, numerous. Flowers pinkish,
one-third inch. Foun<l in old quarries and at foot of ilry walls.
February to May.

Pluchea Caniphorata. D. C. (marsh fleabane. ) A fleshy
plant with erect stem, one to one and a half feet high, branch-
ed and clothed with short viscid hairs. Leaves two to three
inches long, scarcely stalked, the lower ones sharply toothed,
the upper ones entire. Flowers purple, crowded with small
red hairs or bristles. Not common. Marshes. Annual. This
is evidently Lefroy's P. purpurascens. Annual.

Parthenium Hysterophorus. Linn. (parthenium. ) An
erect plant, one to two feet high. Stem rather hoary, grooved.
Leaves divided half-way, one to one and half inch long.
Flower bracts numerous, on branchlets. Flowers quarter of
an inch across, white with a transparent look. Common on dry
walls and waysides. Summer months. Annual.

Tanacepum Vulgare. (common tansey.) A ragged foliaged
plant two feet high, with yellow blossoms. Mostly found
around country cottages from which there are escapes in the
vicinity. Greatly used as a tonic. Perennial. Summer.

Pyrethrum Partlienium. ( fever few. ) A low-growing plant
with grey leaves, deeply cut. Flowers yellowish-white. Used
as a tonic. It is an escape like the above.

Ambrosia Artemisiaefolia. (hog weed.) A plant with a
stout, erect stem, one to three feet high, branched. Leafstalks
fringed with slender hairs. Leaves twice-divided or pinnatifid,
two and a half inches long. Flower stalks slender, terminal.
Found on waste as well as cultivated grounds. Flowers very
small, greenish, with yellow stamens. May to September.
Annual. Often mistaken for " worm seed." Lefroy mentions
another, probably s' b-species. A. heterophylla.

Xanthium Echijatum. Marr. (cockle burr,) A common
noxious weed on roadsides and waste land, thus described by
Sir Joseph Hooker; " A rank weed-like plant remarkable for

34

tlu- curious structure of it;, flowers and tlu' prickly involucres
(or whorl of bracts surrounding; tlie flowers i u liich surinuii.l
the fertile ones, enUiryin.^ and In-coinin.i; j.art of tlir fruit, (or
seed.") April and ,\Ia\ . Annual.

Natural Order, Goodeniareae.

Scaevola Phinm-rc. Hlunie. A straKj^rlinj,-- sliruh witii ^t,,ut
twii^yv stems hranchinu fr-mi t h c base. Leaves lu-shy.
broadly ovate, three inches lony:, entire, snio ith, shining-
Flowers wliiti-, one inch iDntj, followed by a black fruit the size
of a cherry, tlesliy, two-celled, two-seeded, not edible. It
fre(|uents sandy sjiores and rocks; is abundant near the Natural
.^rch, and on South sla^re dunes ;,'eneraily. June to Xoveni-
ber.

Natural Order, Campa: ulaceae.

I/obelia Cardiiialis. r.inn. I cardinal flower.) A plant of
herbaceous nature with dark jrreen crenate leaves, somewhat
heavy below, one and a half inch lou";. IHowers.i brilliant red
raceme li),'htly dnxjpin.uf. Its brilliant colour cannot fail to
attr attention. Not uncommon in a shady ,'!.ice. Is proba-
bly .1 ^Mrdeii escape. May to September. Perennial.

Natural Order, Plumbagineae.

Statice Caroliniana. Walt. (Plumbagin.) (sea lavender. )
This plant is omitted in Reade's Botany, but is f.jiven in Le-
froy'sas found by the margin of pools in Walsinjcham, tlirow-
ini; up tall spikes of small blue flow er< in September, whence
its local name.

Natural Order, Primulaceae.

Anasrallis ,\rvensis. Linn. Pimpernal. .\ los-, hintj attrac-
tive little plant, with Sfjuare stem, six to twelve inches lonjr,
procumbent. Leaves small, opposite, ovate, cl.'ar and briirlit.
Flower-stalks lon.sjer than leaves, bearin.u numerous flowers
one-third of an inch lon.i;, scarlet, ckisins;; on approach of rain:
wht nee a comniou name for it—" Shepherd's weather i,dass. "
Annual. Common by waysides and on cultivated ground.
January to July and later.

i(

35

4^

Natural Order, Oleaceae.

(Jlua Kuoropaea. I.iiin. i Olive ; An evergreen tree ten to
twenty feet lligll, with antrular l)ranclies opposite. Leaves
oblong', n'lnieroiis, pointed, hoary beneath, giving in the wind
a silvery appearance, or what is known as olive-green.
Flowers small, whitish and slightly fragrant. No notice has
apparently e\ er been t.iken of its frnit, and the tree has revert-
ed to its wild condition. I-'ebrnary to May. The olive being
mentioned as far liack as 161J, 'vonld lead to the idea thi't it
was a native tree, except for the furtlier remark on its exis-
tence, " but no great store." It is mentioned again in 16J4
and in 1661. I'lu- Bermuda or 'Virginia Company ordered
olives to l)e planted on every shore l.efroy inclines to the
idea that the olive had "become ;i,itiirali/.ed probably from
Seeds sown l)y the crews oi Spani.sh vessels \isiting the islands
or wrecked on thetn in the sixteenth century." As olives are
snccessfull\ grown in California, it would seem they ought to
be succes.sful here with care and atteni ion. The cultivated
olive of Kurope has a much broader leaf than the v ild Berniuda
species.

I'orestiera Pondosa. Poir. This tree is stated by Lefroy as
confined t(. WalMugham, and rare. Its flowers are minute on
short branches in December.

Jasminum Cr.icile. .\ndr. (Wild jasmine.) A climbing
(jr creeping smooth shrub, with leaves ovate, pointe<i and op-
posite, shining or glossy, narrow. Flowers, yellowish-white,
fragrant. Summer months Lefroy cites this plant as a re-
markable example of rapiil naturalisation. Introduced at
Paynters Vale in 1840 by Archdeacon Spencer, it has now-
overrun the Walsingham tract so as to make the rocks in
many places nearly impassable. It is also getting abundant
evervwhere.

-4 a

n

Jasminum I'ruticans. Linn, (yellow jasmine.) A bushy
shrub nmch branched. Leaves alternate, ovate, entire with
three to five leaflets. Flowers bright yellow, one inch in
diameter. Summer and autumn. Not uncointnou, more fre-
quently outside gardens and .shrubberies.

36

Jasminum Officinale. Linn, (white jasmine.) A smooth
climbing shrub with leaves opposite, pinnate and three to
seven leaflets, lanceolate. Flowers white and \ cry fragrant.
Summer months.

Jasminum Sambac. Ait. (Arabian Jasmine.) .\ low bushy
shrub with rusty stems, heart shaped, entire and do ny leaves.
Flowers white, one inch in diameter. This and the previous
one are called by Lefroy "all naturalized," but I have never
yet seen them outside of cultivation. Summer months.

Natural Order, Apocynaceae.

Nertum Oleander. Linn. (Oleander.) .Vn evergreen shrub
bu.shy, branching densely from base, six to twenty feet high,
attaining in places along South shore the dimensions of a tree,
and free from undergrowth. Leaves lance-shaped, six inches
long, one and a quarter to one anil a half inch wide, glossy
and rather fleshy. Flowers are followed by seed-pods six to
ten inches long, not abundant. The blossoms range in colour
^roni delicate white to various shades of deep red .scarlet, with
here and there a double-flowing plant to be seen, and on the
cross-roads from VValsingham to the North .shore a fine hedge
of double- flowering oleanders exists. When in full bloom the
scent is overpowering, and is said to exercise on certain con-
stitutions poisonous effects. Introduced, it is said, as a rare
exotic, alwut 1790, it has now spread all over the islands, and
is a nuisance to farming interests. The more it is cut down,
unless the roots are extracted, the thicker it grows again. Its
seeds, like thistledown, are carried everywhere by the wind,
when thi seed-po<l opens. It makes excellent hedges or wind-
breakt. hut along the shores is badlj- affected by the sea spray.
The flowers a-e in perfection from May to the end of July,
tliou),di a stray blossom may not unfrequently be found all
through the year.

Pliunieria Rubra. Linn. (Frangipani; sometimes calle<l red
jasmine.) A small tree or shrub, to be found common in gar-
dens, its thick cylindrical, blunt branches terminating in
clusters of large, alternate, oblong leaves, .ind large red flowers.
It is one ol the few deciduous or leaf-slu dding shrubs in winter
here, flowering before the new leaf puts forth in May. It is

4\f

37

i I

I

Considered oriiatneiital, and is strikinj; from the stag-horn ap-
pearance its hhuit branches present. There is a beautiful
specimen at Lianstwyth, Hamilton.

Vinea Rosea. (Poor Man's Rose; Red Terivvinkle. ) Al-
tliou).;h a garden plant may here and there 1)e found outside of
cultivation, there are white and red varieties of it. It grows
about nine inches high, the flowers being in tenter of It ayes
grouped around them and being mathematically star-shaped.
Leaves ov.ite, pointed, two to three inches across and four
inches loiii;, dead green, cool-looking. Biennial. May to
September. Blossom not unlike a phlox.

Tluvelic Merufolia. Juss, or Cerbera Thevetia (yellow
Trumpet-flower.) Closely resembles the oleander except that
its bright, glossy leaves are much narrower, drooping and
alternate. Its yellow '<'o-soms are followed by a two-seeded
drupe or fruition a stalk two inches long, spiny, not unlike
that of the horse chestnut, but very poisonous. Summer
months. I have found it in several localities, although Reade
confines it to cultivation.

Natun.l Order, Asclepiadeae.

Asclepias Curassavica. Linn. ( Butterfly-weed; wild ipeca-
cuanah). A plant two to four feet high, half shrubby: stems
cylindrical, <lowny. Leaves four inches long, one inch wide,
lanceolate, opposite, entire. Flowers showy, scarlet, and
orange, followed by pods the seeds of which are embedded in
glossy silkv hairsor fibres. Not common. In America it is
known as silkweed. Perennial. July to November.

Natural Order, Gentianeae.

Erythraea Centaurium. Pers. (Centaury; wild rice.) A
small, inconpicuous plant, seldom more than six inches high,
oftenest less. Stem branched, leaves in pairs, entire, oblong,
half-inch long and quarter of an inch wide. Flowers rose-
colour, long, sleude- with " white appearance of corolla tube,
like a grain of rice. Common on hills and dry v;aysides.
Annual. February to July.

' ■ 'ifl

4

38

Natural Order, Boragineae.

HfliotroDiuni Curassaviciini. L,inn. (sea turnsole; wild
luliotrope. A procumbent plant, found alonj; salt niarslu-s.
Stt ins hrancbed, radiatin;^. one to two feet loii^. Ivcaves pale
inilky-tjreen, rather fleshy, one t<> two inches long, quarter of
an inch wide; narrow, lanceolate, entire, not stalkerl. I'lowers
niiimte, one sixth of .111 inch, white with yellow throat, chanjif-
i"j/ to purple Twin spikes of flowers elongating in fruit three
to four inches curve over in opposite directions dotted full
length after, with small seed pods. May to October. Com-
mon. .Viinual.

Tournefortia Giiaphaloides. R. Rr. (sea 1. 1 vender ) .\
sea>ide shrub among rocks, three to four feet high, with giiarl-
id, twisted and contorted trunk. lirai'ches nake<i, leaves of a
!-age-greeu crowded at end of branches, two to three inches
long, one-third of an inch wide, with a white silky dowr., giv-
ing h ary appearance, blunt, very fleshy. Rranches scarred
where previous leaves ha-e fallen Flowers half an inch .icross,
crowded, whitish-pink. Common along South shore. April to
August.

Lithi spurnum Distichum. Arteg. (groniwell. ) Quoted by
Lefroy as a " native seaside plant," but no description.
Omitted by Reade.

Cordia Sebestana, or Sebestiana. Tyinn. (scarlet cordia. )
may be seen only as a large garden tree, known by its tubular
scarlet flowers ami bright green fleshy ovate leaves. It is
limited in numbers, there not being many in the island shrub-
berries. Sparingly flowering all the year round.

Natural Order, Hydrophyllaceae.

Nama Jamaicensis. Linn, (natna.) A plant with prostrate
stem, eight to ten inches long, radiating from the r')Ot. Leaves
reversely ovate, one to two inches long. Flowers with short
stalks, solit:,.y or in jjairs, tubular, bluish-white. Rare, al-
though Reade says a frefjueiit garden weed. Summer months.
Annual.

>)

Natural Order, Convolvulaceae.

Iponioea I'rt.-s-Caprof. Roth. Seaside ct.;nolvulus. A creep-
inx plant with smooth redcHsh stems, Ix-anc'-iing from the root,
and spre-.idiiig over sand and rocks for long distances, rooting
at the nots Leaves leathery, round, emarginate, three to four
inches in diameter, i-lower stalks lon^, and ^'enerally bearing
three blos.soms, with a short tube. Flowers two to three inches
across, purple. Perennial. July to (Jctober.

Ipomoea Nil. I'ers. Convolvulus nil (purple morning glory. )
A plant with turning stem, slender, leafy, intertwining and
running over old walls and waste corners. Leaves heart-shaped,
entire, or three-lobed slightly hairy. Its foliage rapidly covers
what wouhl l->e otherwise an unsightly waste. Flower stalks
short, one to three flowers, one inch long. It grows universal-
ly, and its purple-blue flowers succeed each other all the year
round. It is asserted that its seeds never germinate, and that
its reproduction is by means of rootlets from its joints. This I
am unable to verify, although after continuous search I have
failed to find perfect seedj. Perennial. Most of the year.

Ipomoea Purpurea. Linn locally known as cave convolvulus
resembles closely the alxive, and is the ornament of the Con-
volvulus Cave. Although differing very little from the above
it lias been assigned a separate place by Lefroy. Flowers of a
redder hue than the preceednig

Ipomoea Sid-'.' -i. Schrad. (tree convolvulus). Stem
woody, twisted thick branched, and ascending trees to a great
height. Leaves lieartshaped, pointed, entire, velvety under-
neath. Rare. Flowers numerous, one inch in diameter.
White with purple base, slightly fragrant. Some fine speci-
mens on road south-east of Prospect, and at Clarence Cove
where it runs from tree to tree. October and November.
Perennial.

Ipomoea Sagittaefolia. Hook. Similar except not attaining
any height. Found only in a marsh near Shelly Bay, where it
is abundant. Lefroy styles it " naturalized from America."

Ipomoea Dif .ecta. (Poir.) A creeper or vine. A beautiful
s....ec'.fp.. creeping over bushwood. Leaves divided into five to

'II

■■:it\

40

Seven fitiRer-likt sej^'i'ients, tlu> latter loljwl iiiul toothed, much
resenibliiig those of the scented jreranimn. W'lien bruir.eii they
enut a prussic acid sniell, like the le.ives of the sweet bay.
I'"luwers white with a purple base, much flatter than in other
species, one and a half inch across. Not coninioii. Abundant
in lane west of Rosebank, Hamilton. Perennial. May and
June.

Dichonilra Repens. I'orst. Dichondra. .\ small plant with
steins appressed to the grouml, ^Uiider, wiry, rooting and in-
terlacing, several feet in diameter Leaves heart-shaptd-
entire, half to one inch. Flower on stalks, seldom an inch
high. Very insignificant, greenish-white, quarter of an inch
wide. Very common mixed with grass on hillsides. March
to June. Perennial.

Natural Order, Solanaceae.

Solanum Aculeatissinuim. Jacq. (common night shade;
cockroach berry). \ prickly, shrubby plant, two to three feet
high, with stout spreading branches, thickly spined. Leaves
three to four inches long with oblong lobes; midrib and veins
prickly, wavy margin, both surfaces clothed with minute
brownish down, and long hairs. I'lower-stalks slender, flowers
drooping, half inch in diameter, white, followed b_\ an orange
scarlet lierry, three quarters of an inch in diameter, very
poisonous. It is the representative of the British /{I'lldiloiiii.i
(deadly nightshade. ) Found by waysides. Perennial. Sum-
mer months.

Solanum Nigrum. Liu". (black nightshade). An erect
plant, some two feet high, much branched. Leaves two to
four inches long, smC)oth, coarsely toothed. Flower-hea<ls
rise from the stem below the leaves, pendulous. Flowers
white, one third of an inch, with yellow Centre, followed In a
small round black berry. A nauseating smell jiervades this
plant, especially if the leaves are bruised or rubbed. Common
in waste places, and sh.ady corners. Summer months.
Annual.

Datura Stramonium. Li:ir,. (thorn apple or stinking weed. )
A branchin.g i)lant, two to three feet high, stem green smooth,
Leaves six to nine inclies long, ami four to six wide, ovate

41

coarsely toothed. Tlowers solitary in the forks of tin- stem,
white with tiil)e three inches long followed by an erect oval
seedluad, one to two inches lon^. i"vereil with stout prickly
spines or thorns. It is of .^ i)f)isonous nature and its extinc-
tion was urijed in a proclamation of 1679. Waste places and
cultivated ground. Its leaves are smoked for huiK affections.
Annual. Summer months.

Datura Tatula. Linn. (datura.) .A. tall species of tlie
aljove xenus attaining to ten feet high, closely resembling the
above except that its stem is purple, and flowers bluish-white
with purple veins, six inches long. These h:ing like bells, or
inverted trumpets, in great jtrofusion. Perennial. Summer
and .\utumn.

Datura Metel. Ivinn. (prickly burr.) .\ stout, erect,
shrubby plant, three to six feet high. Hranches succulent,
cylindrical. Leaves distant, six to eight inches long, four to
six inches wi<le, ovate, velvety slight.,. -shaped, hanging
downwards, six inches long, white, followed by seed head,
pendulous, covered with spiny prickles. Biennial (?) May
to September, occasionally earlier, occasionally later. One of
these shrubs with its white bell-shaped blossoms contra.sting
with its foliage, is a remarkable sight. Originally a garden
plant, it has spread on waste ground abundantly.

Datura Suaveolens. H. B., or Brugmansia. (moon plant. )
Both single and double flowering is not unlike the al>ove,
except in not attaining such growth, and its l)ell shaped flowers
with less covered lip are cream or yellowish in colour, often
erect instead of pendulous. This is for the most part a
garden plant, though occ;isionally found outside of cultivation.
Perennial. May and June.

Xicotiana Tabacum. Linn, (tobacco.) A plant four to six
feet high, with large, slightly downy, lanceolate leaves, entire.
Flowers pink, two inches long, erect. Its locality is around
niins and occasionally dry waysides, by their walls. \ rem-
nant of what was at one time cultivated here. Annual. July
to September. The early records of the islands show that at
one time a large trade was done here in the shipment of tobacco
io Engianu. rioiu Liie iuxtii lous giowlii ui Uic siiav piaills

42

(^Towiiijj; spoiitaneouslv here aiul tluTf, a ijochI yiel'l iiiiKlit be
aiiticipate<l under ciiltivatioii.

Nicotiatia I'.laucia. Craliani. (blue tobaaco). Yellow
tubular flower ami hlue->;rteii leaves. C'oiiiiiioii on waste stimy
).;rouiul and old walls. I'onuerly a garden plant.

Pliysalis Pklulis. Sims; or P. peruviana, Linn (cape ^onse-
berry J A plant clothed with velvety soft hairs, weak branches,
spr^adiufT. I.,eaves heart-shaped, lon)^, pointed, irref;ularl\
tof)the(i. Flowers, solitary in anj^le of leaf and stem, • -'lo^s
with purple spots at base, three quarters of an inch in dia. •.v'.r,
fruiting abundantly with a cherry -sized berry enclosed in a
scalv envelope or cal\ x S u ni ni e r months Perennial
Hvidetitly e.scaped from gardens.

Physalis Linkiana, or lanceolata. Mich, (cow cherry )
Similar to above but much less hairy; stem, purple-spotted,
two to three inches long. Leaves sharply toothed Flowers
drooping, yellow with purple spots, and berry similar to that
in alx).e. Fields and waste places. Annual. September.

Physalis .^ngulata. Linn, (balloon berry.) Very similar
to above but rarer. Its yellow flowers are not spotted. Found
near Causeway.

1 hysalis Pubescens. Linn., or hirsuta (horse cherry) is
omitted by Reade but is mentioned by L^froy who says it is
distinguishable from the former by the more oval form and
bluish tint of the fruit, with its flowers in clusters.

Capsicum Annuum. Linn. (Chili pepper. ) A shrub from
three to six feet high, woody, frequent stems or branches.
Leaves ovate, pointed, one inch long. Flower stalks half to
one inch long. Flowers white, drooping, single, quarter of an
i uh or more long, bright, shining green, turning red when
ripe. These are used in either the green or the ripe state for
tulinary purposes, and for making the hot Chili vinegar which
is extensively used. This plant may now and then be found
outside of plantations. It is almost universally grown.
Flowers with five white petals. May to August.

4S

Nicandra Physaloides. Craert (Nicandra ) A plant some
three feet liiffh, with hranrhfd, Annular, siiio<itli stems.
Leaves three to four inches loiijj, half as \vi<le, ovate, oliloiig.
Flowers solitary at leaf stalks, very showy, one inch across,
hlue with while tube Althoiij^'h Lefrf)y (|notes it as only fonnil
on Ireland Island. Reaiie i-alls it a frequent wee<l in cnlti\at-
ed ground. It is not, however, common. Annual. June to
SepteinfK'r,

Natural Order, Scrophularineae.

Verbasc-uin Thapsus. Linn (mullein.) .\n erect plant.
very sturdy with stout stem, seldom branched, half to one foot
or iiDre hijjh. Leaves near ground, six to ten inches lout;
o')long, bbinket-like or d.-nsely woolly, their base ctaspini.; the
stem. Flower spike one or more feet long, anil thick, the
blossoms along and clo.se to the stalk. Flowers from three-
quarters of an inch to one inch across, golden yellow. Some-
times called Devil's Tobacco, the leaves being smoked for
asthma. Waste land; not common. I'erennial. June to
October.

ISuddleia Neema. Roxb. , or H. americana (snuff Pla.it) A
dnxtping shrub, six or more to ten feet high, much branduil
with downy foliage, under surface white or hoary. Leaves
three to four inches long, oblong, acute, flower-stalks pendu-
lous, many flowered. Flowers yellow with a bluish-red tinge,
each one-sixth of an inch long. Found by waysides, and field
corners. A remarkable growth of the shrub to be seen on the
South bank of the Paget road near Point Finger. Its drooping
growth recalls that of the weeping willow. June to August.

Capraria Biflora. Linn, (goatwecd.) A smooth, shrubby
plant, two to three feet high, with erect, tough branches.
Leaves oblong, coarsely serrated, one and a half inch long and
half an inch wide, the serrate teeth sharp and spreading,
fringed with small hairs. Floweis in pairs, .stalked, white,
quarter of an inch wide according to locality. Common every-
where. Spring and Summer.

Herpestis Monniera. H. B. (herpestis.) A creeping plant,
with round fleshy stem, rooting at the joints. Leaves half an
inch long, fleshy, wedge shaped, smooth, entire. Flower-staiks

I .

44

oiu' iiuh Ioiik; flnvvers white with purple throat, om-thinl of
ail iiuh in aiAiiut.r. l-ntpunts d.-mip Kroiiiid, e.lvies of
iiiarshi^ and w.t fifMs. I'ei enuial. Aui;ust to September

W-roniea Ayrestis. I.inn. (veronica, i A plant with pros-
trate, slrn.ler st.ins, hraiuhin|„', slii;htl> hairy. Leaves hal
an iiuh louj.;, roundish, eoarsrly s^rratr. IMower stalks same
length, one-nowered. The whoK- plant is insiKnifieanl.
riowers pale Mile, veiiu-.i, quarter of an ineh. Crows in waste
>,rroiiiid and in ,^ardens Annual. Mareh to June.

Veroiiua Arvi-nsis. I.inn. (spei-dwell.) This species has
cn-ct stems four to .i^jht inches long Leaves ovati', sliKhtly
serrate. IMowrrs on a Ions, leafy stalk, MossomiiiK sp.iriiiKly,
one or two at a liiiK- Flowers one-eJKhth of an inch broad,
blue. Common on waysides. Annual. Spring months.

Veronica I'ereKrina. Linn. (spce<lwell. ) A plant with
erect, smooth stem several inches hiudi Leaves crinkly,
ohlon.u, blunt, scarcely serrate, sliKhtly tleshv. I'lowers soli-
tary from leaf joints, white, one-eiKhth of an inch across.
Cultivated Kroiii"'' Annual. Spring months.

Maurandia Sempervire.is. Jacq. ( roviiiR sailor) An ever-
green, delicate climber, with loii^, slender stem, often fest(X)n-
iliR to great length. Leaves triangular, snirx.th, clean. Climbs
along rocks and over brushwood, and is seen to perfection,
clothing t h e steep cutting at Mount Langton entrance.
Flowers, an inch long, pale purple. Perennial. Summer
months.

Maurandia Barclayana. J5ot. Reg. Similar in all respects
to the former, but with leaves somewhat larger and flowers
double the size. I-louriBhes at Mount St. Agnes, and in the
lane east of Rosebank, Pitts Bay Road.

Linaria Vulgaris. Mills, (toadflux; butter and eggs. ) An
upright plant, one to two feet high, with slender smooth and
leafy stem. Leaves one to two inches long, one-eighth of an
inch wide, alternate or in whorls of three, numerous all the way
up the stem. Flower-heads terminal, crowded. Flowers, with
a Tipriiliar snur as lone as the tube, yellow with a deep orange

45

'

palati', vt-ry >lu>wv. rruhahly a nanlfii c-Ncapo, Roadsidt-s
ami w.iste >,'ri)iiii(l. Not vtry common. 1'en.iiiiial. Svimiiier
iiiiiiiths.

I.inaria Ivlatitu-. )es{. A liairy creeping; plant, with vt ry
slender nunarous Iratu li._-s one f(K)t lony;. heaves halherd-
shape.l, llalt to tliree-<|i.arler-. of an inch !on«. Flower-stalks
lonjr and tlireaddike, at n^lit .ingles from leaf-joints. Rare.
Near Causeway. Flowers, yellow with small purple upper lip.
One (|uarter of an inrh across. .Annual. Spring; months.

kusselia Duniea. Zuccar. (heath.) Kn^lish name a
misiionur, plant havinvr nothing akin to real heaths. .\n al-
most leafless i)lanl with lotiK, rushlike, jointed hranches,
abundant alonj; old walls. Flowers Inn.^, srurKt, tuhnlar, very
similar to a pieee of red coral. Perennial. .Ml the year round.

Natural Order, Bignoniaceae.

Crescentia Cujete. Linn, (calabash tree. ) Although not a
wild tree a number are scattered throuj^h the islands, being
^rown for the sake of the hard shell encompas.sing the fruit,
which is carved ornamentally as well as used by country resi-
dents. At WalsiuKham is the celebrated calal>ash tree associa-
ted with the name of the Irish jioet Tom Moore. It is a large
straK.nlin.i,' tree, leaves entire, wedxe-shaped, growing in rosette-
like clusters along the spreading branches, presenting an
appearance of its own. The solitary flower stalks rise direct
from the branches. Flowers, vhitish, followed by a fruit the
size of a cocoanut suspended by a long stalk, presenting the
appearance of a solid dark-green pumpkin, but hard.

Tecoma Pentaphylla. Juss. (Tecomaor white cedar.) .\
tree twenty feet high, in appearance not unlike the galba ,
handsome, clean, Ixild growing and sturdy. Leaves or leaflets
oblong, leathery, glossy, entire, four to six inches long and
half as many across. Flowers a rosy white, with tube nearly
one incli long It is an ornamental tree in the public grounds
in Hamilton. A fine specimen may be sc^n in front of Rose
Cottage, on Parliament Street, Hamilton, and another at
Wi stow, the Flatts, on the side of the public road leading from

46

Flatts Bri.lRe, North. It is not common. May and June.
Tlif n:unc "cedar-' is a misnomer, the tree having nothing in
common with the cedar proper.

TecomaStans J«ss. (trumpet flower. ) A shrub some ten
feet high with pinnate leaves, serrate, the leaflets being large
anl with numerous bright yellow flowers. It is to be seen in
manv u-anlens an.l one shrub grows in the open near the Pub-
lic or l.:xpenmenial (n.r^! ns. ... Paget Kast. Summer.
Natural Order, Acanthaceae.

Justicia .Mba; Roxb.. and Justicia lucida, (Nees.) Both
shrubby plants. o,.e with white flowers, the other with red
flowers' They are the only wild species u..der this Order and
are evidently garden escapes. They are not unlike the Lkro-
de,.dro„, except that the flowers instead of being in a he.d are
at the terminal extremity of the .shrub. Not common, i ere-
nnial Summer months.

Natural Order, Vcrbenaceae.
Verbena Chamaedrifolia (common verbena.) This in differ-
ent colours, especially the purple variety, is a garden escape
hu hlso pread over the isUu.ds that some fieUls are tinged
^" h the colour of the flower. The flower-spike of the garden
verbena is contra-ted so that the clusters appear level-topped.
Perennial. Chiefly May and June.

V-rbena Bon..riensi.. (purple verbena. ) Has rough point-
ed leaves clasping the stem margin, armed with small spiny
tee h Flower stalks lengthen out one to two feet high, alx.ve
1 h'rees. some two to three i.iches long. Flowers a deep
purple kot verv common. Waysi.les a.id fields Perennial.
Verbena Urticaefolia, R. P. (wild verbena.) A roughly
grown plant with steni two feet high, long slender orandies
wrinkk.l and nettle-like leaves, carsely serrate. Flowers
sTna 1 scattered along slender spreading curved branches of a
c^^tund spike. They are small, "-f ^J^J ^ ;;-^„ ^^
beinr.nu.ierous although the lu^ser ones shed before the mul
d ;md end ones open, present a pinkish-white appearance.
Waysides and waste ground. Peren.dal. Summer months.

47

This plant is very apt to be, and often is, confoundofl with
the following which it resembles except for the colouring of
the flowers ami flower bracts.

Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis. Vahl. (vervain ) An erect
growing plant, one to two feet high, or more. Stem shrubby
Ht base and tough, slightly hairy. Leaves two to three inches
long, ovate, serrate, with purplish veins. Flower-stalks soTue-
what flattened, towering, naked, bearing deep blue flowers,
one-third of an inch long, numerous along the spikes, common
anii<lst stone heaps and by roadsides. Annual and Perenninl.
Summer months.

Lippia Nodiflolia. Rich, (capeweed.) This is one of the
most widely distributed plants in Bernrntta, being n 'arly uni-
versally so. It is a prostrate plant, stems many feet in length,
ro<^ting at the joir ts. Leaves^ clean and dense, lance- shaped,
one inch long and half an inch wide. Flnwer-stalks ri.se erect
two or three inches, bearing a dense round bead of purplish-
white flowers a half-inch in diameter. Neglected ground,
moist preferred, but common everywhere. Perennial. Sum-
mer months.

I am told that the leaves of this plant were used by the early
settlers as a substilute for tec.

Lippia Reptans. H. B. K. Cited by Lefroy as Godet'sweed,
a natne given also to an .\rtemesia.

Lantana Crocea. Jacq. (prickly sage bush. ) .^n erect
bushy shrub, very branching, stems angular, with rough hairy
branchlets. Leaves two to three inches long, ovate, pointed,
serrate, arotuatic. Flower-stalks twc inches long, heads al-
most flat, flowers yellow,, changing to orange-re<l, one inch or
more in diameter. A favourite hot-house shrub North, being
a perpetual flowerer as it is here. Found universally along
stony ridges and walls. .-Ml tlie year round.

Lantana Odorata. Linn, (common sagebush. ) .\ .smaller
species than ihe preceding, alniut four feet liiKli. Leaves
small, one to one and a half inch long, serrate, rough on l-oth
surfaces. Fl<>wer--stalks two inches long, flowers pale pink,
throats yellov , oiie-half to three-cjuarters of an inch 1 )i g.

in

(

48

Lefroy says that this shrub with the preceding was introduced
with the idea that it wouhl l)e good for fuel, hut beinj; oiiU
brusliwooti it has now overrun woods and pastures and is a
pest to cultivation. The old residents assert that its leaves
when used for cleaning cooking utensils by boiling a few-
branches would remove any taint or smell. In flower all the
year round.

Lantana Aculeata. Linn. (red sagebush) or caniara,
originally called Madeira sage, although said by Lefroy to be
abundant, is rare now, and probably seldom met with out of
cultivation.

Lantana Crocea. Jacq. somewhat similar to the above, is
rather rare out of cultivation.

Citharexylon Quadrangulare. Linn, (fiddlewood. ) A solid-
looking tree from twenty to thirty feet high, with stem and
main branches cylindrical, smaller branches four-angled.
Leaves five to seven inches long, smooth, clean, oblong, entire,
tapering to a point; flower-stalks long, drooping, eight or ten
inches hanging on the tree as a spikelet, long after the berries
have fallen. The flowers are , white, pendant on a bunch
followed by a dark, small berry. It is a common tree. Sept-
ember and October. ("Bois fidele." Fr. )

Duranta Plumien. Linn. (pigeon berry.) A drooping
shrub, from six to ten feet high or more, with smooth stem,
much branched, bright glossy leaves, oblong, entire. Flowers
Dhie in long leafless clusters, which getting weighted with
subsequent yellow wax-like berries the size of a pea become
pendulous. It is a favourite ornament in shrubberies, but
increases rapidly The flowers are slightly poisonous. Very
common in open woods and waysides. Summer months.

Callicarpa Ferruginea. Sw. ( turkey berry. ] A very orna-
mental shrub, three or four feet high, its branches and the
under surface of its leaves having a rusty appearance from the
down thereon. Leaves three and four inches long, lance-shap-
ed, jKiinted, serrate. Its level-topped flower clusters are both
at the end of the branch, as well as in the leaf angle.
Flowers abundant, nale blue niiarter r>f an in<-li in diamotor

49

followed by a small berry, red or magenta coloured. Found
chiefly in the Walsingham tract. Not common. June and July.
Clerodendron Acdeatum. Or., or, Volkameria aculeata
(prickly myrtle. ) A bushy shrub some six feet high, branchv,
rather gummy. Stems dark brown. Leaves large, three to
four inches long, and as many across, slightly hairv, or with
Jninute spines. Flowers in a close head, white with purple
stamens,^ giving the flower-head a purplish ground. Not com-
mon. Found nrar the caves. How the name coffee (used by
Rende) became applied to this plant is a mvsterv. Summer
months.

Clero<lendron Capitatura. Schum. Very similar to the
alx^vf but stouter in growth and more bushy. Originally a
garden shrub, but now spread here an<! there in patches, 'on
the lane East of the Richmond grounds, and on the lower
South shore road in Devonshire, on the Camden estate, path
leading to Hungry Bay along the roadside wall are two large
patches, the form»>r sight affording the largest number of plants.
Very showy. May to August.

Avicennia Nitida. Linn. (white or false mangrove. ) Al-
though belonging to this order, this tree has been alluded to
in connection with the mangrove proper (Order Rhizopliora )
The term used, "black" according to Lefrov, is derived from
the colour of the wood.

Natural Order, Labiatae.

Mentha Viri.lis. Linn, garden mint or spearmint. A plant
with numerous purplish stems, one to two feet high; leaves
oblong, lanceolate, rough, dark-green, one t.> two inches long,
serrate. Flower-spikes cylindrical. Flowers one-sixth of an
inch long, pale purple, common along ditches and marshes.
It is a true garden mint but has spread universally. Perennial.
Summer months.

Mentha Rotundifolia. Linn, (wild mint. ) Honrv all over,
and coarse-smelling, stems upright, one to two feet. Leaves
rounded, one inch in diameter, wrinkled and woolly. Near
marshes and on damp road-sides in large patches, the plants
being densely crowded. Flowers minute; pale pink. Pf ennial.

if
it

50

Mentha Arvensis. Linn, (peppermint.) A p 1 a n t with
smooth slen-ler stem, one to txvo feet hi^h. Leaves one to two
inches long, broarlly ovate, serrate, deeply veined, .lark-^reen
I-lowers small; pink. Frequents marsh edges. Not verv co,n-
nion. Perennial. Summer months.

Calamintha Xepeta. Linn. Xepeta Cataria (catnip ) \
'lowny herb, stems straggling, very strong smelling. Leaves
half to one inch long, broadly ovate. Flowers pale lilac
spotte<l throat, one-third of an inch long. Waste ground
especially. Common, and eagerly sought after by cats which
<lelight to roll, in its foliage. Perennial. Summer month.

Salvia Coccinea. I.inn. (scarlet sage.) A plant six to
twelve inches high, hoary. Leaves one to two inches, long
oval, heart- shape.1, sage-green. Flowers showv, scarlet thr. e-
quarters of an inch long. Dry banks an.l hillsides. Common
in localities only. Perennial. April to Octol,er.

Salvia Serotina. Linn, (white sage.) Very similar to
prece<hng, except leaves pale green, velvetv beneath. Flowers
white, quarter of an inch long. Dry banks and wavndes
Perennial. Summer months.

These two salvias are very apt to be confoun.led with the
lobelia or cardinal flower.

Lamium Amplexicante. Linn, (dead nettle. ) A small
plant with weak, brittle stem, almost transparent- leaves
roundish, creiiate, upper ones broader than long Flowers
rosy, variegated with white, half an inch long. Waysi.le.. and
fields. Common. Annual. Spring months.

Lamium Purpuenim. Linn, (purple dead nettle. ) Stems
branclung from root with purple tinge. Similar to prece.iing.
ot which n may be called an ofTshoot, differing mainlv in its
tlowers being purple.

Stachys Arvensis. Linn, (lu-.lge nettle.) A plant with
stem.s one half-foot to one foot long, slender. Leaves half an
n.ch toone inch long, ovate, crenate, whoris of distant flower
one-third of a., inch long, pnrj.le, varie; ,ed with white
Common on \\.l^ sides. Annual. SnriuH to Autun-:..

0

1

51

Leoiiur''; Cardiaca. Linn, (motherwort.) A herhaceous
plant two or more feet hiifh, square stem.s, downj-, leafy all the
way up. Leaves cut into many toothed lobes. Flower whorls
distant, numerous; flowers rosy, half an inch long, with purple
veins. Perennial. Summer months.

Rosmarinus Officinalis Lin n. (rosemary.) .\ fragrant
leaveil shrub, st m much branched, two or more feet high.
Leaves narrow, quarter inch wide, two inches long; with deep-
ly channelled midrib, hoary, especially beneath. Flowers
whitish-blue, or biue-grey, in terminal clusters. Found
abundantly on St. David's island, and sparingly elsewhere,
mostly east, On rocky hills. Verj- aromatic. Perennial.
Kai y Summer.

Natural Order, Plantagineae.

Plantago major. Linn. (English Plantain.) .'V plant with
large, ovate, crinkled leaves, .six to eight inches long and four
to six inches broad. Flower stalks nearly a foot long, terminat-
ing in a slender wliip-like spike of nearly equal length, encircl-
ed with greenish-white flowers, small, (designated by Lefroy
' ' Wayside weeds. ' ' )

Plantago Lanceolata. Linn. i, Ribwort.) A plant with
leaves six to eight inches long, one inch wide, acute and taper-
ing into a long channelled stalk, with three to five ribs. The
flower-stalk one to one and a half feet high, terminating in a
thick ovate spike one inch long, dark brown, with long thin
stamens. Common everywhere. Perennial. All the year
round. Locally called ''ratstail."

Natural Order, Nyctagineae.

Boerhavia Erecta. Linn, (hogweed. ) An erect plant two
to three feet high. Stem smooth, leafy below divided into
numerous slender branches devoid of leaves. Leaves of plant
some two inches long, opposite, in unequal pairs, oval, pointed,
wavy margin, underside whitish. Flower-stalks thread-like.
Flowers minnte, pale pink. Common weed. Annual. Summer.

Mirabilis Jalapa. Linn, (four o'clock marvel of Peru.] A
smooth plant two to three feet high with large tuberous roots.

I il

52

Ste„, stout, forking at brittle swollen joints Leaves oval,
long po„Ue.l I-lowers in terminal clusters of six or eight
shortly stalked whitish pink, variegated with vellow, followed
by a five-r, hhed see.l the si.e of a pea, l.Iack. wrinkled, flourv
w.tlun The brdliant flowers open at four o-clock p n, clov
u.g on the following morning. Rare: and though found by
waysides ,s evidently originally a garden flower

Mirabilis Dichotcma. Linn, (synonymous with M lalina)
,scite.lby Lefroy but without description, an.i is probably
allude.ltoby Reade. who says--other varieties are by no
means uncommon." It is not likely that the dilferentlv
coloured flowers may have led to this division of species.

Rougauivillea Spectabilis. Willd (bougainvillea. ) One of
tlie most beautiful creepers in the islands. Intr.xiuced from
Gibraltar ,n 1874, it has established itself with great rapidity
and has thrived to such an extent that few garden walls are
without ,t. Its beauty consists of the large scarlet leafv bn.cts
growing ,n triplets, from which the more delicate flowers of
darker li.e rise. It presents the appearance of a mass of sweet
pea flowers thrown together. It has taken possession, here
an, there, of trees as an escape, notably near Fairvlands. and
will probably „i time rival the oleander in its distribution
Early Spring and well on into vSummer.

B. Spectabilis (syn. B. speciosa) is represented bv four plants
only-one at the Admiral's House two at the Botanic Station"
and one at Bellevue. Paget, the resi.lence of the late Wor'
vV. T. James.

Natural Order, Amarantaceae.

Amaranthus Retroflexus, or spinosus. Linn, (amaranth)
An erect plant, stem three to four feet high, reddish, grooved
Leaves three to four inches long, half as wide, oval, pointed'
strongly veined below, margin wavy an.l tinged wi^ red
bp.ke.s green, densely- flowered, crowded. Not uncommon in
cultivated ground where it is a tall conspicuous weed. Flowers
green, minute, rather mealy. Annua!. July to October

.«^

,^l

53

Natural Order, Chenopodiaceae.

Clienopo(ii»im Aiillieliniiiticuin. Linn. (worm-seed.) An
erect coarse, leafy plant ol a l)ri.t;lil ^^reen colour, and unplea-
sant aromatic smell, two or three feet I)i.i<li, stem slightly
branched, angular and groiived. Leaves oblong, two to three
inches long, one inch wide, acutely toothed. Flower clusters
in small whorls along numerous slemler leafless spikes.
Flowers minute, yellowisli-j^reen, followed by round, shining,
dark-brown seeds. Conim<.n on waste ground and waysides.
Perennial. July to October.

Chenopo<1ium .\lbum. Linn, (pigweed.) An erect plant,
two to four feet high, stem grooved. Leaves one to three
inches long, one to one and a half inch wi<!e, toothed slightly,
whitish and powdery, oblong. Flowers in roundish clusters'
collected in spikes, greenish, minute, mealy looking. Way-
sides and cultivate<l ground. Annual. Summer months.

Chenopodium Muraleor Anibrosioides. Linn. A plant with
branched, grooved stems, si.v to eighteen inches high. Leaves
smooth, shining, green, oval, sharply toothe<l, except near base.
Flower-.spikes half an inch long, terminal and at leaf stalks.
Flowers green, small, mealy. Annual. Autumn months.

Blitum Maritiraum ( =Chenopodium rubrum;) Atriplex
cristata, H. B.; and, Obione cristata, Moquin. A plant with
.stem one to two feet high, branched Leaves grayish, one to two
inches lon.g, .juicy, lance-shape<l and toothed. Flower spikes at
leaf joints, short, flowers minute, grayish-green merging into
a red tinge. Found near shores, especially at the Ducking
Stool. Annual. Summer months.

Salicorina Fruticosa, ambigua, or herbacea. Linn,
(samphire glasswort. ) A plant with woody stem, prostrate or
creeping, rooting in the sand, rocks, an<l salt marsh margins-
Branches six or eight inches long, or more, fleshy, cylindrical,
jointed, leafless, erect. Very succulent and used in pickles-
Swamp. Flowers obscure, green. C o m m o n. Perennial'
aiay and June.

Division III: Apetalae.

Natural Order, PolyRonaceae.

Poly>>omini Acre. H jj (-nf>n,U i i ,
narrow, lanc.olat. 1 -u- ^ ^^'"".''^^^■' ' ' •^" aquatic plant witl..

Flow..rs..rect.:s' ;;,,;■" ; 7'" ''^""'"^'^ P"'^""--
■•■-"Hi p..rtio, , Zu ^ R^r "^"^■'; •■'^' "'•" -v.I.e.it..r
Marsh • ^""- ^"""'""^y Kca.l. in I'emhroke

I'oI.VKOninn C.nvolvulus. ( (>l-,ck hi,„l«-. li ,
P>ant wit,, .s,e„,s one to three f.-th. '/:;•; ' '''-'"''''
totwo.ncheslon^, halh.r.i-shape.i n^u.,^ l^, K-nes one
racnu-s, K^reenish-whitc (oilow ■ 1 ' ^"^.''- V '"'" '" '*^'"^>
Roa.lsides and wast, l.ces V '"^"'"'^'•■•^"- ■nuty se.-.l-

duceda„.o„, se^d.^^::,,":;^,;;::;:"-"^ "-'-"b- .ntro.

PolvRonuni FH.i,ropyrun,. (Imckwl-eat ) \,/
P>anttvvo to thr.e feet hi,.h. sten red is. j ."f 7'"°"'
arrow-shaped, one to one an.l a half i„.h V'' ^'''''■"

rose-colouron short stents it t.lks LTio T^'" '^''"^

grain similar to thpt ^wi ' "-'^' ^^^iks, followe.I hy a seed-

Anu-rica for f,Ld t is e 'n .'r^ ■'^^'■""^' ■-"'" ''''^^''^'y "-" '"
is found on th^flat L lit Vo h ' vn""""" "' '^"'^'vation, and
July to Septc'nber! °"' ' '"•''^^' ^''^"""■«'^- Annual.

Coccoloha Uvifera T inn /■ ■ i
trihuted tree especialK 7 , ' '"'^^' ' '^ '"^^'^''V ^'i-

'.iKh. with ^o^Sd?,,^!^ ^•■'!- '- ^« --"ty feet

ing. rounde... heartih'p ^'L^^siv "t'.r 1 1"'^'^- "'""''' ^''■■'-
andin man v of them broadT F V ^"^ -nches long,

•stalks, for„-,ing dro^^nn .e„,e ""V" f""'^"'' ^°'"*^-''

scarcely d.stinKn.ishahle. Harlv Summer ' "^" ''''

ofd:nnri:;teryn- ;r,"^^^^-^ a sn.all specie=

leaves etc.. are much small". '' """""^■^ ^^'■'■^'' ->"

Rumex Obtnsifolius T -nn t
stem, erect, an.n, J !;. .„'::""• ^^^""•"'°" ''°<^k. ) Has a stout
-- '^"-i iiij^n, IvOwer leaves es-

55

ly IV

straK

i\ to (en iiic

loii^',

and lialf as wide,

iiifii, tiltmt \va\y

-fdiji'd. I'lowiT

p.-i-ia

uiil.iiii,', fri-qiu-ntlv rcd-vi

stalks Kaiv, hraiiclu-.l, with disl mt whorls, tlio petals v.uu-.l.

Flowers K'n-eii, (|uarter of an inch loni;. Common i-verywluri-.

P.rcmiial. January lo March.

Run.rv San>,m.n..-us. Linn. Closely resetnWinR in growth
the former but always with blood-red veins in leaves. I'ere-
nnial. Common.

Rumex Crispus. Linn. ( curly dock. ) .Stem erect, furrow-
ed, two to th.rre feet hi^h. Leaves obloUR, six to ten inches
loHK, two inches with-, very waved on marKins presentiuK a
crisp appe.irance. In other respects and in locality, the same
as preCedinj,' species.

Naural Order, Ceratophylleae.
Ceratophvllum Deniersum. Linn, (pond-weed, water
hyacinth?) A plant of peculiar growth, stemless, but putting
up numerous fleshy, dnrk-,tjreen. shining leaves two to three
inches long, and nearly as wide supiwrted on strong stalks two
to three inches long, tumid ami excessively swollen, composed
of a pulpv, fibrous growth, roots floating or skirting the mud.
Flcmers, abundant on stalk three or four inches long, mauve-
pink, very similar to the Colichuni. Pembroke marsh. I'ere-
nnial. August.

This plant was introduced from Florida. It has now so spread
as to block the water channels in Pembroke marsh, necessita-
ting an annual raking out and destruction of the plants.
Natural Order, Aristolochiaceae.
Aristolochia Trilobata. Linn. (Dutchman's pipe, birth-
wort.) A creeping plant, extending many feet with long
slemler runtiers, covering walls or fences. Leaves heart-shaped
slightly fleshy, light-green, delicately veined underneath,
pointed, threJ to four inches long, two inches wide, narrowing
to a point. Flowers pendulous from leaf axil on a stalk two
to three inches long; expanding and opening upwards from
the stalk end; brown and white mottled. The ionu of the
flower corresponds to that of a pipe. Seed-pod like an invert-
ed parachute. Originally a garden plant, it is now compara-
tivelv abundant on old walls. Perennial. Summer.

i )|

56

Natural Order. I.aurineae.

Perse;, r.r.itissinia. ( Vmi rt (.Hi .

^---'i. •.,;;■,:;;::';, :r ^^'""-^ ^^'--- .^P^i. n

^' lor (!

1"' i;n!i

!<<■•' •■l.il il! Its

■""7 "'- "•«"""». -"a. ;..-:;:;„si

eri> a «ani.„ tree or s ,r h v^ T , !' """ ^ ^"'"""^" "^"'^■

Natural Order. Euphorbiaceae.

bush.) Ahandson.e shrub , : o tl , f '^'''•' '""""""*''

ter.n.„ati„, h, ch.st.r ^r^^e .t^ 'd "';"' ?f '"^' '^^'''"^•

-.rroun.le.1 by a whorl of largeTea l'^ . 'T""^ '''^"""'

scarlet, fro,,, six to te„ i.,ch s iiTe,;''. U fl ''", '"'^''^^^^

ember thro.mdi the winter ,„ . ■ "'''^'■*' ^'"O"' Nov-

eye With ,ts sp,e„a;..r. / h!;."'. ^ ^^ 'l ^'^ "->^>es the
escape although plentiful i„ gardens ^■'' ^"^ ^' ^"

Pliyllantlius Xiruri f inn /^i i,
shrubby at base, abo.-'t o ' ' f"oot ^ ^ " ^ ^ P'^"' "*"-
branchlets, bearing alternate flo f'" ""°°"' ^•'■''' '^^'v

entire, Pa-e below.^,;;:^ ^ot:%:;,/,:„7%;^'-- '"""^■•
or,n pairs, green, hi.lden beneath th '" T'T '"'"'^'^

sunset. Con.n.on. v.nual It, ' ""''"^^ ^'"^^ «'

•^ iiiuai. Autumn months.

Jatropha Multifida. f,i„„ f„„.., . ^

six feet with ahnost bare bra, cTs T ' '' ■^''■"' ''^"^ ^°

clusters of handsome scarletTowts ,. n"'"'"'""'^ *" ^P"«^»

The leaves are .liv.ded a.n.ost o , ' W ilT-''^ ^^^''^^•

nine finger-like slen,U.r lance-shaped IK """"" '°

A .arden plant and not .nown a^rjUar Ma^tolr '^^

I

\

57

Jatropha Maiiiluit. Litin. M a ii i h o t I'lilissiina, Pohl.
(cassava.) A sinoolh slirul)l)y plant, cultivatf(l, tlirt-e to fdur
feet hijfh. I^eaves cut likf the prL-it-iliiii; into five to seven
acute se^jnu-nts I'lopa^'alril fnun cuttiiiK^. Its roots are not
unlike tlicise of tla- dahlia. I'ut more massive A Herniudian
Christi!! IS (liniif-r i-- no' consi<leriil complete witliout cas-ava
pie, an adjunct which however jialatahle to M)nie tastes is out
of place as a substitute tor the ICiixlisb plum puddiuK at that
season I'lower-- from the icaf-stalks. Tapi(X-a is made from
the rtxjth In a process somewhat similar to that of arrownxit,
hut it is not Cii;ri<-d on to any ixtent, the low price of the
article not warranting the outlay. It is also known under the
name of manioc.

Jatropha Curcas. I/inn (physic nut.) A shrubby plant
six to ei^ht feet hiijh, with smooth, entire, heart-shaperl leaves
six to seven inches lonj." and half as wide, three to five-lobed
and six inches long; is found sparingly around VValsinghani.
It takes its local name frum its purgative properties. Flowers
green. May and June.

Aleuritis Triloba. Forst. (otaheite walnut. ) A tree fifteen
to twenty feet high; leaves, three-lobed, the middle one largest,
and together with its leaflets covered with a mealy down.
Flowers, greenish-white, followeil by a round nut, called here
" butternut," very rich in oil and not wholesome if eaten in
any quantity. It is not common, a few trees beir.g in the
grounds of the Public Buildings, one or two in the Rosebank
grounds, and here and there a tree in private shrubberies.

Cicca Disticha. Linn, (otaheite gooseberry. A fairly sized
tree or large shrub, shedding its leaves in Winter. Leaves
ova!; flowers green. Very rare.

Ricinus Comnmnis. Linn, (castor oil plant.) This it is
supposed, according to Lefroy, to be the plant mentioned in
1623 by Captain John Smith as the redweed, and was cultivated
under the name of " olyseed " in 1632. This plant is here of
very quick growth, assumes the size of a stnall tree, ten to fif-
teen feet high; stem branched, smooth, frequently of a purple
colour. Leaves, seven to ten-lobed, acute, coarsely toothed,

j: A- — „*.

_1 3 At- -

58

.-.■Mtn- I,, tin- kaf stilk. Fl.nv.rs on ,r. a stalks mx t.. tm
iiulu-s l,,n« Krcf.i vMtl, puri-lisl, tiiiKi, f,,llnwe,l l,v a priaiv
.asniK' II .KliKliti. in ..M .lisns»-,l (|uarri.s and stunv uiomm,|
wlure it ! -St a.tains its full lu-iKlu. IVrnniial, alihonKh a.i
.iinn.al ui tli,- \.,rtlurn C.ntf.l Statrs .,n,l Cai.a.la. Ilu- sfc.ls
vlfl.l tlu- «>-ll known iv.st(,r oil, Imt ,]„ ,„,t sc.ni lui.- a.s x .-t to
h.ive l.,-ii put to any parlioulir use. Suninier inoiitlis.

Cn.ton Maiilimus Walt, (iroton. ) A small slirnl. s„„,e
thr.x- f.a hi-h, with sK„,l..r l.ranchi-s, straKK'li'iK, i^^oatcd witl.
« l.rownisli-liKht wooly.lown. I.eav.-s alternate, on.- to two
inches lonv, one inch v\i,le: oval, enlir.-. pale-^;reet, above,
silvery-wliile I.elow. I'lower stalks terminal or axilliarv. witli
numerous whitish, small (lowers, f.rows in wocxls at ed^e of
sandy hays, and is the parent of the manv ornamental varieties
Kraciiijr jrardens. Harly summer.

Acalypha Tricolour. Hort. (acalypha. ) A shrub six to
eiKht feet ImkIi, of colour varyinj^r fro,,, .K-ep re.l to bronze, or
copper colour. Originally a garden shrub, it has escaped and
is establishing itself, a notable growth of it apart from a gar-
den being on the east side of the Spanish Point Road, on the
edge of the I'embi .ke water channel.

Hura Crepitans. Linn. («indbox, or monkey pu/./.le.)
Only a few specimens to be seen, namely, at the Public Ca'r-
dt-n, St C.-orge's. IJeciduous.

liuphorbia liuxit li,i. Lam. and Sw. sea .side spurge. ) A
small milkv-juiced plant. Si)metimes half shrubhv, juice acrid
Stems sprea. ling and bran.-liing, with purple tinge, leafy one
foot long Leaves, half .in inch long, same wi.lth, opposite
entire, oval, pointed, milky-green appearance Flower heads
greenish-white. Found especially „„ seashores and edges of
marshes. Perennial. .Vutunin.

Euphorbia Msculata. Linn, (common .spurge.) A pros-
trate plant, stems much branched, radiating, purplish, and
often forming a large patch of growth, spreading Hat on walks
and flowerbeds. Leaves, one-third of an inch long, dark-
green, otherwise resembling the previous species. Flowers,
reddish-green. Annual. All the year round.

t

d

59

Kuphorl)ia Prostrala. A i t. or luipliorl.i:' hviHricifolia.
Iviiiii. Similar to alK.v,-; ,-xc.-pl that tlu- 'alter lias iwi-.uv -teni
with aluriiati- -l.iiiKr hraiuhes. Leaves oik- iiu'li Iuiik,

.Iteii rc.l-l.lotcluil. l-lowers both ti-riiiiiial aii.l at
Coiiimoii. Aiiiuial. S u in ni f r

opposilf. (

leaf-slalks. minuti-, wliilf

inuii

th^

Ktipliorhia II •• t <• r <) I

hvlla. l.iini. (Toseph's coat.) A

looth plant, one to two fe

fett hiirli, stem erect, branched.

Iiri-lil-yrt en

[,eu\os, allcrnate, varviny; in snape

ovit'i lance

re or serrate, the upper leaves suT <>

Ullll-

:s having a deep red blotch at

av fiddle-sh.iped, enli

iiij; the terminal cluster of flowers

their base, nivin^ the appearance, as in the " bla/iuK star," of

bein« a part of the flower itself. Flowers re.ldish-K'reen.

Frequents warm side of old wails. Annual. .Summer.

Kuphorbia Peplus. Linn. A small erect leafy plant, six
inches hik'h, stem diNidin^' into three branches, repeatedly
forked. foriniiiK' a leafy flowerhead. !,eaves altern.ite, half-
inch lon«, blrnt, roundish, oblonK ^t summit. Waste places
and neglected ganleiis. Flowers, small, green. Annual.
Sei)temher to November.

[Note: All the spnrKes proper are called bv the coloured
population iniliscriminately, " Tettimelly. "]

Kuphorbia Can lelabruin. Trem. ( can<llestick tree.) A
plant attaining when old a lieiKhl of twelve or fifteen feet (one
at " Rishop's Lodge," Hamilton) not unlike and apt by a
novice to be mistaken for a cactus which its stem and branches
much resemble, the latter really acting as leaves. Its blossom
is in clusters, dirty yellow, but only seen on full growii shrubs-

Kuphorbia Splendens. Bojer. (Jerusalem thorn. ; A low,
very spiny shrub, stem and branches diocolate colour, cov;.-red
with spines. Leaves few, pale green, oval. Flower-stalks
one to one an.l a half inch, bearing a showy bright red flower,
three qnirters of an inch across. Prefers stone heaps and
ruined walls. Rare and an escape. Perennial. Spring and
Summer months.

Xylophvlla. (centipeile plart or snake plant. ) Is of curious
growth. The erect stem is cylindrical, with broad, flattened

i

60

and coinpressiMl,

H

oni" Ft-rn. b

jointed hranclilets, not unlik

fl

't-arinp ,]ensL, alt.rnatt- clusters of

ea small "Sta)s''.s

owers at tlu- joints. Its stei

three

Krc-eii-white

or four senii-traili

( . i"'-.c ui lour senii-trailiticr

feet cover ..round enouKh ,o ,Hve the idea of hen,.' s^verd

Pl^n,ts, th,s appearance hein,. caused by the dense s^en s 1

only .„ ,ardens except where, as i„ one case in Dev shire

thioun cut with garden rubbish. ^\onsnire,

Mercunalis Annua. Li„„. (,„,rcury.) A plant with erect

.nooti, ste,n s,x .nches to one foot high, spar nglv branc ed

r..'aves opposite, soft, two inches long, oval and lance-s aped

sharp, serrate. Flower-stalks slender at leaf joints sS

ten„,„at,nK in an interrupted spike Ve,,,^],. ^ ,, ' '^ °

spike only leaf axil and flowers green xZ "°

where Ann ,..1 r . ""^rs, green. \ ery common every-
wnere. .■innual. June to Decendx-r.

Natural O. Jer, Urticaceae.

Urtica Dioica. Linn. (co- .mou nettle.) A plant with
erect stem two to three feet high, all parts bristling wkhst^.L
.nghajrs, sh,htly bra,u:hed. four angled. Leaves he:'! p ^
oarselv serrate, with acute point, entire. Flower-stalks
branched spnngin,. fron. leaf angle. Flowers sn a gre n

.rr; r''-\"'t"^- •■^"^"^^'^^'''—dyfor tl'ie'stLgs
n-fl.cted b> tins plant ,s to rub dock l.aves on the afiected

Urtica Urens. Linn. (small st.n.ing nettle.) A plant
with erect stem, one to one and a h.lf feet hi .rh Ml f .
armed with irritating stings. Leaves. bro^M ^'l ;^uXr
harply serrate. Flower-heads in dense clusters, sh.rt" „

the leaves, trom the angles of whic!. thev spring Flovvers
'"""ute green. Annual. December to .March. '

Urtica I'urpurascens. Milt, fnotch-lcued nettle. ^ Ahnost
counterpart of the above, but ,i,stiuguishable bv the "l

mni" '^'" """ "' "'' '^«^-- ^--'- «pn4 ::;id

g^ov^th ,nd flower, but ,s without stinging properties. It is

61

found on marsh land, hut is not very common.
Summer.

Biennial.

Parietaria Debilis or Floridana. Forst. (red pellitory. ) A
woody plant at root, with erect stems six to twelve inches
lii)^h, downy, reddish. Leaves oval, one and a half inches
long, and five-eij^hts wide, pointed, of a glossy dark-green.
Flowers greenish-white, tinged with red. Grows on damp
walls and in rocky crevices. Annual. Winter months,

Parietaria .Alia ( white pellitory.) A plant with white tran-
slucent stems. Leaves same as alwve, but variable in size.
Flowers greenish tingwl with white. Not common. In all re-
spects very similar to the preceding species.

Morus Ruba. Linn, (red muli "ry. ) An erect, thickly
branched tree, twenty to twenty-fivt leet high. Leaves large,
crinkled, five to eight inche>' long and three inches wide, heart-
shap' pointed, serrate. Flowers, a pinkish- white, followed
by a juicy fruit, on some trees red, on others white. It forms
a splendid shade tree from the denseness of its foliage. In
1593, Henry May, the earliest writer on these islands, speaks
of "infinite store of mulberries," and Jourdan writing in 1609
mentions " mulberries both white and red." The Permuda
Company perhaps with a yiew to improving the native tree
sent out mulberry seeds in 1616. The tree may frequently be
seen, especially in Warwick, in the shape of hedges.

Morus Alba. Of this species there are two varieties (M.
muliicaulis, Perrot, and M. macrophylla, Hart) which were
introduced in connection with an attempt made by the late Dr.
S. A. Smith to establish the silk industry in this colony.
These varieties are in appearance \ similar to the preceding
but not so massive or so lofty. T several years Dr. Smith
dovoted close attention to breedi'ig silkworms The cocoons,
however seemed to fail to mature fully. Nevertheless Dr.
Sn-ith shipped, yearly, fairlv large consignments of them to
Italy and France. It is alleged that climatic conditions in
Bermuda militate against the winding of the silk ofl the cocoons.

Picas Carica (common fig.) This shrub, which at one time
was abundant in a wild state, is scarqp although in the cultiv?-

62

ted state ,s now m,,.u„ r.c.ivi,,,. attention. It is well known
b> Us cl.ft seven-loh.,1 leaves of a dark-Kreen hue, an.) wi.le
sprea,h„K^ -ranches. The u ,1.1 fi^, althou.,^, rare n.av he fonn.l
herean.l there spri„,,i„. np out of or at the foot of ol.l walls
.>f a evears the fi.,-tree has he-n subject to a peculiar fun..,;.]
Krowtl. on he underside of its K-av.s, as well as to a scale insect
K.th of winch have n.ater.aily injured its cultivation, hut
of i't's'Ss ■"'""' """ '"""' ^'" "•^' ^-^'-■^"'•'"^'^ «n'l abundance

Ficus lilastica. Roxb. (India rubber tree.) This tree is
dosely alhed to the d^, but assumes such enorn.ous and
antast.c K'rowth that U ,s an object of special admiration It
iM-anches out from the roots into nun.erous .stunlv boughs
clothed w,h long, thick, leathery leaves, four to six inche
long, and half as broad, of a dark shinin,. green. The voung
buds are of a red.lish-brown tinge at the tip. especiallv "in the
Spnng when the tree .sheds a large ix,rtio„ of its leaves per-
haps more noticeable from their size than other leaves yet the
new growth either forcing off the matured leaf or supplving
.ts place before the latter is .bed, fills up the gap. The smaU
green flowcMs are pro,Iuced on the leaf axil, and are followed
by a s„,all fruU very like in shape and taste to a fig. Children
eat the fru.t ea.^.-rly. Son.e very large speci.nens of this tree

the Pa la Ndle Garden, on Queen Street. Han.ilton; various
other shrubberies possess large trees of the species.

Madura Xanthoxylon. Endi. (tamarind phnn ) A few
specimens of this West Indian tree may be seen in several pri-
vate grounds—but it is rare.

Natural Order, Platanaceae.

Platanus Occid. nialis. Linn, (plane tree.) A few of these
trees are Sc-attered about the islan.ls. several tall ones growing
near Spanish Point. A large tree grows on the north side of
St. Peter's Church, at St. George's near the vestry door
Leaves, five-angle.I and sharply tootlied. Flowers are gather-
ed into dense balls, followe.l by a roun.l globose seed on a long
stalk, remaining in position long after maturity.

'"

63

Natural Order, Myricaceae.

Myrica Cerifera. Linii. (bay herry, candk- berry myrtle.)
All erect bushy shrub, three to six feet high, with numerous
leafy branches. Leaves present a <lry or withered appearance,
(lotted brown un<lernealh, oblontr, wedg-e-shaped, entire, two
to three inches lon.u^, and one-half to three-quarters of an inch
wide. Flowers dirty-white, followed by dense clusters of
berries size of a small pea, granular, and coated with white,
fragrant wax from which candles can Ije made. Marshes.
Summer.

Natural Order, Salicineae.

Salix Babylonica. Linn. ( weeping willow. ) A few of these
trees were introduced in 1830, and cuttings therefrom now
developed into trees may be seen in private grounds, but by
no means commonly. Damp soils are neces.sary for the full
devt'lopmeiit of the tree.

Class III: Gymnospermae.

Natural Order, Coniferae or Pinaceae.

Juniperus lUTinudiana. Linn. (Bermuda Cedar. ) A large
ever.;reen tree menti()ne<l by the early discoverers as covering
tlie islands Leaves very small, scale-like, densely overlapp-
ing in four rows, channelled on the Iwck. Flowers or catkins
oblong, cylindrical, half an inch long, followed by a purple
berry, the size of a pea. The male catkins in Spring scatter
clouds of ix)llen over the female trees ' ". . .h then fructify and
perfect the berry. Its abundance everywhere makes it almost
Wearisome in its .sombre monotony. Lefroy accounts for its
universality by ' ' its .success in the struggle for existence, due
to its power of withstanding the gales of wind for which the
Bernmdas have always been famous," as well as the little re-
sistance offered by its foliage, toughness of woo<l and root-
power in the rock interstices Formerly it attained a greater
size than at present, as evidenced by the trunks dredged up in
the Sound. In the Camber at the Dockyard, when dredging
or excavating for the floating-dock, cedar woo<l waf' found
forty-seven feet below lotv-water mark, and well preserved
trunks have been found at three to five fathoms depth in Elys

I

HaH«ur and Hamilton Harbour, indicating a >,'reat sul.si,lenc.-
of the original Bermuda. The timber is verv .lurahle an.l
fragrant. The tree flowers in Marcli.

A beautiful weeping-loave<l pine from Central America, some
hfteen to twenty feet high and very flourishing, is in the
garden at "Bellevue," Paget East, where also are some thrix-
ing specimens of Arauearia Excelsa, Arcarian or Norfolk pine.

Natural Order, Cycadaceae.

Cycas Revoluta. Thub. (sago palm.) This shrubbv tree is
not a true palm although resembling that family. It i.; almost
in every garden, its rough naked trunk tearing at its summit a
clu.ster of feather-like fern-shape<l leaves, with slender, glossv
ami acute leaflets, very narrow, of a dark glossv green, and .n
Minumerable pairs set close together. Its cones are hidden in
a large, terminal, cushion-like head.

Monocotyledons.
Natural Oriler, Orchidiee.

Spiranthes Tortolis. Rich. (The only native orchi.I the
Islands produce. ) A plant with .stem six inches to one foot
high. Leaves narrow, six to eight inches !„ng, procumbent
Flowers white, one third of an inch in diameter, peculiar froni
the spiral twist around the terminal spike, two to three inches
long. Pembroke marsh and a few in Devonshire, but beconi-
ing rare. Root b-ilbous. April an.l May. It bids fair to soon
l>ecome extinct.

Natural Order, Cannaceae.

Canna Indica. Linn, ot Coccinea. Mill. (Indian shot (
An erect, leafy, stur.iy plant, three to five feet high Leaves
some ten inches 'ong, fou. inches wide, with prominent veins
oval, oblong, .slender pointed, smooth, m„.sive, sheathing the
stem. Flower-stalk terminal upright. Flowers two inches
long, red, the lip variegated with yellow or orange See<l-po<l
pnckly, rough, three-celled; .seeds round, black, shiny. Abuii-
'lant m waste corners of fields, and corners of walls. Perenni-
al. .Summer months.

65

j>

Canna Lutt-a. Ait. (yellow variety. ) preci.sely the same as
preceding, except in colour of flower.

Maranta Anindinacea. Linn, (arrowroot.) A herbaceous
plant with tuberous r(x>t. Stems from two to three feet high.
Leaves large, shining, more lanceolate ihan arrow-shaped.
Flowers white in pairs. The plant is raised from portions of
the root-like rliizome or tuber planted in April, which attains
full size by the following February. The starch, known as
arrowroot, is obtained from the tubers, which are first washed
and peeled, then is raspt 1 by a revolving grater, is passed
through sieves to separate the fibre, and the pulp cleansed by
repeate<l washings. The moisture is finally pressed out anri
the snow-white, flaky cake is broken up, dried and bleached in
the sun. Bermuda arrowroot is unrivalled in quality, but of
late years the trade had dwindled until recently taken up by
the late W. T. James Esq , who manufuctured it on a large
acale, with the latest improved machinery, employing a large
staff of workers at Bellevue

Maranta or Canna Edulis. Linn, (tois les mois. ) Ls very
similar in growth and manufacture, but the demand for it has
died out. It is chiefly grown on St George's and St. David's
islands.

Zingiber Officinale. Rose, (ginger.) This is grown occasion -
allv in a few gardens but not sufficiently to be an article of
C( mmerce.

Alpinia Nutans. Rose, (shell plant, wild ginger. ) A very
pretty broad-leaved plant about four feet high. Leaves long
narrow and not unlike the gladiolus. Flowers in elegant ter-
minal nodding racemes, not unlike shells, of a whitish pink.
Confined to gardens.

Musa Paradisiaca. Linn, (plantain.) A plant eight to ten
feet high, with graceful, palm-like appearance. Leaves para-
llel-veined four to five feet long, and one foot wide, often
shredded by heavy winds. The flower is dark brown, tulip-
shaped, dropping over, at the l,>ase of which heavy clusters of
bunches of fruit hang in whorls, containing fifty to one hundr-
ed plantains. The whole plant presents an appearance of a
tropical growth.

i:

66

Miisa Sapientuin. hum. (West India Banana.) Very
similar lo the a1...v>- l.nt not attaiiiinjr the same hi-i^ht, an.l its
bunches only contain alKHit one liaUthe number of fruit the
plantain pro.luct-s. The flowers and the fruit ripen all the
year ro„,„l: a tree flowcrin.i,' in April will produce a hunch of
fruit fit to cut in from ninety to (ur- hun.lre.i .lavs, whilst one
fiowerinvr in Xov.nil.er will require one hundre-l an.l fifty to
one huu.lre.1 a.:.l sixty .lays. There are several other kinds
namely; the re.l banana . M. rosacea), the fi^ or thum ba.,ana
(Mpicata), an.l the, Iv.arf ( M. Caven.lishii. ) The colkdion
of bananas at the Jamaica l.Np.Tinu.Ual Station contains
thirty-hve species. The fruit bundles of the several kin.ls
average from fifty to seventy-five poun.ls. In l}..rn.u,la suffi-
Clent attention is not yn^u lo the cultivation of the banana.
Natural Order, Bromeliaceae.
TillPnd.sia Usneoi.les (Spanish moss. ) .\ peculiar para.site,
han.^^ng down from the branches on which it grows, like a
tuft of long gray hair, somewhat, although in a much more
profuse way, like certain lichens in European forests. In the
cypress and ce.lar swamps of the Southern States of America
It presents a weird, sombre an.l funere.il appearance It is onl-
to be .seen in a few ganlens here, a fine .specimen growing i,',
front of a small cottage, east of Pembroke hall; at the Klatts
below Orange Grove, another fine specimen mav be seen'
When pow.lered an.l mixe.l with lar.l, it has curative power.s
for piles.

Naural Order. Haemodoraceae.

Sanse'ie..a (iuineensis, or Zealan.iia. Will.l. (bowstring
hemp. ) A plant throwing out long, strap sliape.l leav. . from
eight to eighteen inches or mort and some four or five inches
wide. At times they lie prostrate, at other times they are
erect, all strong, tough an.l slur.ly, mottle.!, not unlike the
back of a snake. Flower .stem short, an.! flowers white \
ganlen curiosity, but it is foun.l outsi.le of plantations, al-
though not common.

Natural Order, Irideae.

Sisyrinchium Berniu.liana. I,i„n. (Bermuda "iris," or
blue-eyed grass.) A plant with tern eight or nine inches'hi,dK

I

(f

67

erect, hearing conipressefl leafy bracts. Leaves six to ei^ht
inches loriK, quarter of an inch wide, and sword-shaped.
Flowers in clusters of three to six, on a slender stalk, pun lish-
blue with yellow eye, so abundant in places as to K've a blue
appearance to the surroundinjj jjrass .M)undant in waste
places, barren hills, and anions rocks. The seed-pod or cap-
sule is rei.iarkable for its size in propf)rtion to the sinallness of
the plant. Bu11k)us root, .\pril and .May.

Pancratium Ovatum. .Mill, (spiiler lily. ) Stem erect, two
feet hij<h. Leaves strap-shaped, smooth, leathery, two feet
lon^j, three feet wide. Flower stem terminates in a head of
lout; thin whitish flowers, conspicuous fiom their spider-like
form, six or .seven inches long. Summer months.

Pancratium Maritimum. (chruchyard lily.) Similar to the
above but smaller. Leaves, strap-shaped, leathery, eighteen
inches long, five-eights of an inch wide. Flower-stem shorter
than the leaves Flowers terminal, abundant, four to six
inches long, white, fragrant; petals slender. Summer.

Crinum Cruentum. Ker. (giant lily. ) Has stem three to
four feet long. Leaves same length, abundant, five to six
inches wide. Flowers in terminal clusters, of a reddish hue,
from which dark-red bracts hang in slender" tresses. This
plant presents a massive appearance and has become so natur-
alized that it is by no means rare.

Zephyranthes Rosea. Lindl. Has narrow grass-like leaves,
some six inches long, and erect flower-stems, six to twelve
inches high, bearing ied, solitary flowers, one and a half inch
long.

Zephyranthes Tubispatha. Herd. Very similar to the
alxjve, except that its flowers are of a greenish-white. Both
are garden escapes.

Zephyranthes .\tamasco. Herb, (atamasco lily.) Very
similar, bearing a solitary, erect flower about three inches long,
rising with the leaves from the bulb, some white, some pink.

J\ rSrc c5CapC.

ni

68

Amongst garden lilies proper, of which I have not ascer-
tainerl escapes as yet, altlioufrh some planted out on the edge
of private grounds lend that appearance, are:—

Amaryllis Kquestris. Ait., with narrow, oblong leaves, and
erect flovver-stem hearing at its point two or three noddiiiff.
large vermilion or coloured flowers.

Amaryll:s, or Neriiie, Sarmiensis. Linn. (Guernsey lily.
Has strap shaped leaves, and a slender fioWer-stem a foot l.iKh,
crowned with eight or nine gold-bespinkled flowers with wavy
lobes.

Natural Order, Liliaceae.

Allium Cepa. Linn, (common onion. ) One of the staple
priMlucts of Hermuda. Orown everywhere. The seeds are
sown in September, and when alxjut the size of a pencil, are
planted out by hand. The greater part of the seed is imported
from Teneriffe, the native seed not maturing here to any ex-
tent. The onion is garnered April and May.

Allium Sativum, (onion lily or wild garlic.) Is very
abundant in many places, springing up through the grass, the
flower stalk five or six inches high, l>earing a small cluster of
greenish white flowers, before the leaves are scarcely apparent.
It is a terrible weed and as each corm or bulb is surrounded
with ten to fifteen small ones, he reproduction is enormoas.
April and May.

Friesia Alba, (friesia. ) Introduced only ten or twelve
years ago, this nlant has become so abundant as to be fairly
naturalized. 1'' i.ted out in the approaches to private houses.
It will soon spread univer.sally and may even now be found on
way.sides. Leaves narrow three-quarters of an inch wide, and
three or four inches long. Slender nodding flower with a
raceme or bunch of white fragrant flowers or bells. Another
species with purple stripes in the white flower is known ^i-^
Friesia refracta.

Antholyza Ethiopica. ( Cape lily. ) Has a flower stalk rising
above the leaves, strap-shaped, four to five inches long, one
inch broad, crowiieU with several branchlets each bearing two

i

I

i

69

orange-coloured lily flowtTs. Is strictly a garden plant. June.
It is classed l)y Reade as an Iris as he also calls the following.

Gladiolus. Herb. (C')iii llag gladiolus. ) lA-froy says this
plant died out after imp )rtaliou; Reade only barely alludes to
it. But now scarcely a^ardrii can be foun<l which is not gay
with its many coloured lirilliant (lowers one altove atmtlur,
commencing halfway up the flower stalk eighteen inches to
two feet high. The original gladiolus is a poor weak Hower,
dirty red, which has spread into cultivated fields and waste
places, where it has become a weed.

.\ plant much resembling the gladiolus was imported by the
late honourable Thomas S Reade, of I'tinbroke Hall. Its
floA'er-head droops over; flowers a dingy red, not so large as
the former. Its name ia Menbretichus.

f

Naural Order, Amaryllideae.

.Agave .\m erica n a Ivinn. ( agave or golden aloe. ) Leaves
three to si.K feet l')ng, fleshy and leathery, smo<jth, lance-shap.
ed with curved s])ines, and very sharp points. Flower-stem
rises fifteen to twenty-five feet, with alternate branches,
pyramidal in appearance, covereil with numberless flower
clusters. Waste places thickets, and planted in places close as
a fence. Flowers two inches long, of a greenish-golden yellow.
It is known in some places as the Century plant, from the
erroneous idea that it only flowers once in a hundred years.
It takes a iiu!nl)er of years growth before it does flower, after
which the 5)lant gradually dies.

Narcissus Jonquilla. Linn, (jonquil.) Alxsut one fcxit high,
witli long narrow leaves at base of stem. Bears from one to
three deep yellow, fragrant, flat flowers. Common around
plantations. Spring.

Narcissus Ta.^etta. (narcissus.) Very similar to tlie above,
except that it l)ears a cluster of white flowers with a yellow
centre, smaller than the preceding, with a delicious fragrance.

Aloe Vulgaris, Lam. (aloe.) Stem of no height throws up
suckers around its base. Leaves, two to thr^e feet ions or
more, lance-shaped, acute, curved upward, very thick, glutin-

70

ous, and armed with spiny teeth. Flower-stalk branche.1
several feet high; flowers nodding, yellow. Sandy, waste
places, and rocky hillsides.

Yucca Serrulata, Haw; or Y. Glorifolia. Linn. (Spanish
bayonet; Adams ...edle. ) A plant with rough, woody, cylind-
rical stem, five to six feet high, leaves one or more feet long
spear-shaped, thickly clustered at summit, one inch wide'
with rough margin, and slendt-r, needle-shaped points or
springs, very nasty to handle. Flower-stalk erect, manv
flowere.!, no<lding. Flowers t^vo inches long, white with
purple base, forming a very showy, dense cluster It is quite
wnimon. but its dagger-like leaves make it very formuiable.
Edg s of thickets, rocky barrens, and sandy soil are its favour-
ite loc lities. June to August.

Wium Longiflorum. (Easter lily. ) Although extensively
cultivated in fields it is not uncommon as an escape, and is
quite naturalized. This is a dwarf growth of the following:-
Ulium Harrissii. (White Easter lily; Bermuda lily.) This
was originally introduced from Japan, but its cultivation as a
staple product only dates from 1878. Although a considerable
number of buds are shipped North for Easter decorations yet
the main trade lies in the bulbs, thousands of which are annu-
ally exported. The bulbs of these lilies are composed of scales
laid one upon the other, at the base of each of which is an
embryo bud. representing a future plant. The erect stem is
from two to fcur feet high, well leafed all its length w:th a
bunch at the summit of from three to five white blossoms
several inches long, trumpet-shaped and often at a right angle
with the stem. General Hastings and Mr. Harris (florist of
Halifax, N. S.) may be styled the fathers of the introduction
here of this valuable lily,

Hemerocallis Fulva. I.inn. (day lily.) A plant with oval-
pointed, very crinkled leaves of a pale green, six or seven
inches long and neariy as wide, throwing up a flower stem or
stems SIX or ^ight inches high, bearing a raceme of white, long
tube-shaped flowers.

Agapanthus Umbellatus. (blue lily, locally called Star of

I.

notv.i<>v..

'• U nUKCd ^tCili

OuuL iwo feet high, with a

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71

bead of nunierouH deep blue flowers, before the leaves arise.
This is not the true star of Bethlehem, which is a small flower-
iiiR lily, stem six inches high; leaves narrow; flower white
with dark centre.

Liliuni speciosum. (Japanese or spice lily.) About ten
inches high. Bears a red flower.

Lilium Chaledonium. (scarlet Martagon lily. ) Like the
above only in colours.

Other and ne*v varieties of the lily family are being imported
from time to time and may be seen in private gardens.

Dracaena Terminalis. Linn. ( purple dracaena. ) A shrub
eight to ten feet high, branching up from the root with numer-
ous stems or branches. Leaves dark purpie, two to three
inches long, deeply veined, oblong, bluntly pointed, somewhat
crinkled below, the whole leaf turning upward from mid-rib.
Flower in racemes, small, terminal on branches, of a rich
purple or reddish claret color.

Dracaena Australis. Forst. (Green dracaena.) In all re-
spects similar to the above, except that its foliage is green,
and flowers are of a similar hue. Both species are prickly
garden shrubs, and I am not aware of any existing as escapes.

Natural Order, Commelinaceae.

Commelina Agraria, Kth. (day-flower. ) A plant with pros-
trate smooth stem, rooting at the brittle joints, much inter-
woven with branchlets, the almost transparant stems attaining
several feet in length. Leaves alternate, oblong, shining, one
and a half to two inches or more long. The bracts bear three
or four flowers on slender, branched stalks, bright blue, half
to one inch iu diameter. Ditch bottoms, marsh lands and
cultivated ground. Perennial. Summer months.

Commelina Klegems. Rich. (Poultry, or chicken grass.)
Very similar to the above, but not so sturdy Stems ascending
about one foot instead of prostrate Same localities as preced-
ing. Flowers borne the same way but smaller, half an inch
wide at most, br-ght blue with yellow racemes closing early in
the day. Common. Perennial. Summer months.

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f

Tra.Iesiaiitia Discclor. Raf,,,. (wan.Ieri..« jew.) Thick,
short, fleshy, traihtiK stems, k-avi-s purple Um.lc.l with yel-
loui .h-whit ■, semi-oval, pointed. This is a Karden plant but I
foun.l Uvo sp.-cim.-MS l.y the roadside at Point l-inj^er, and a
thir.l siuiimcn on the road to Spanish Point evidently es-

l.llK S.

Natural Order, Pontederiaceae.

P..nte(leria A/nrea.-l-ieliorina Crassipes. (water hvacinth. )
Ahun.lant in I'eml.roke marsh channels, where it was intro-
rtiued within the last few years, and has rai.i.ilv sprea.l hut at
present is contined to that locality. The Hower is in hea.K
like a hyacinth, of a delicate lilac colour, an<l very heautiful
It t:n)ws with a pecidiar hladder-shaped stem, whicli acts as a
fl(Mt to kee;) the plant aljove water, without its roots hein^
attached to the bottom. The leaves are lon^', broad and lily-
shaped with runnen slantiuK from the crown of leaves just
beneath the water. These intertwine and connect in long
masses in the form of floatiuK islands which have Riven such
an obstruction in the navigable waters of Flori.Ia as to cause
Congress to have an examination made to devise some means
of putting,- a limit to its Krowth. It is sai.l to be native of Ven-
ezuela and was intso<luced North as an ornamental plant grown
»n tubs. It spreads very rapidly. Its propogation without
restriction threatens the navigation of the waters it has encro-
ached up)on.

Natural Order, Juncaceae.

Juncus Tenuis. Willd. (common rush ) Stem slender,
erect, wiry, pithy, eight to eighteen inches long, leafy, only
at base. Leaves very narrow nearly as long as stem. Flowers
single, distant, along one side borne on the branched divisions
of the angle of the leaf, and upper part of the stem; greenish-
brown, in tufts. Marsh lands and marshes. Perennial.
Common.

Scirpus Validus

cltlV> rnsli \ etu.,.

Natural Order /iroideae.

. Vahl. or S. Lacastris. Linn, (bull rush,
• ' ''^'-'t -fu::"r;o, cyiinciriCai, ii»m to six

73

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feet liiuli, tHperiiij^ upwanls, anil terimn.itiiiK in a short tootli
atiove tile flower; scales denselv oxer-lappiniij each otlur.
Omimon in wet marshes.

Scirpus or Kleocharis Melanocarpis. Or. (spike<l rusli )
Stem compresstd, slemler, six to twelve iiielus liiv'li, terniiiia-
tiTi)j; in an ohlon^j, spiki- otK-tliini of an inch lony; I-'orets
greenish -hrown supported by three or four purple l)ristle^.
Common in marshes. Suniincr months.

Seirjius I'alustris. Probably S. l)lant:i>,'ineiis of I. i-froy.
Stem cylindrical, slightly compressed, one to two feet hijih>
not jointed; spike Cylindrical about one inch lonj;, hearing'
numerous flowers. Scales, rustv-t)ro\vii i'l colour. .Marslu-s
and jK>!ids. Rather rare. November.

Scirpus or K. Ivqaisetorides (jointed rush.) Stem cylind-
rical, erect, two to three feet hisrh. with twenty to thirty joints!
stem pithy. Spike scaly, the scales brown, overlapping, ap-
pearing like a continuation of the stem, one inch long. Coni"
men in marshes. July to October.

Cladium Occidentale. Scheld. (prickly sedge. ; Stem cane-
like, six to eight feet high, triangular below, cylindrical a>x)ve.
Leaves two to three feet long, one-third of an inch wide, rough'
serrate. Flowers numerous, protruding from all leaf angles
on upper part of stem. Very common in all marshes. May
and June,

Rhynchospora Stellata. Gr. (white sedge; white-headed
rush.) Stem triangular, one to two feet high. Leaves very-
slender, .six to eight inches long. Flower-heads white,
hemispherical, supported by five or six slender leafy bracts,
white at their base Spikeless, one-sixth of an inch long.
Marshes. Conspicuous by its white heads. Not very common-
June and July.

Natural Order, Gramineae.

Hambusa Vulgaris or Arundinaceae. VVendl. (bamboo. ) A
very graceful tree especially when planted in clumps, its joined
stems rising thirty or forty feet, swaying about with every
passing breeze.

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Its slender branches are not hollow like the msin ree Mike
stem, hnt are solid and bear narrow leaflets alx)ut six inches
long. It IS only to be seen in plantations, and is not verv
:omnion The lower joints of large bamboos attain the thi k-
'lessofa man's leg. The cane or tree terminates in a large
tawny plume. '

Arundo Donax. Unn. (cane.) Is closely allied to the
abov.". but the stems from ten to fifteen feet, crowned with a
plume. It is generally to be seen near country cottages
When young it is cut as fo,lder for cattle. Neither of these
seem to have escaped.

Saccharum Officinatum Linn, (sugar cane.) This is
planted occasionally, not for sugar manufacture but for sale in
sticks. In growth it resembles Indian corn. Lefroy says in
IC75 a law was passed to prevent the destruction of cedar for
sugar tailing, but there are no records to show to what extent
that industry was carried on. It is not common, and little
attention is paid to its cultivation.

ZeaMays. Unn. (Indian corn, or maize. ) This plant has
been cultivated since the early settlement of the islands being
mentioned in the laws of 1622. It is only found in cultivation
and IS either ploughed under as manure, cut green for fodder'
the ears used in a green state as a vegetable, or, when rip«i
pulled for various household uses. It is not nearly as much
cultivated as formerly.

Gynerium Argjnteum. Nees. (pampas grass.) A large
coarse, shrubby grass three to four feet high, in clumps, grown
only for ornament; adorns a few gardens or edges of shrubberies
and lawns. It throws up a stem some four or five feet high
crowned with a dense feathery, fluffy head.

Sorghum Saccharatum. Moench. (Guinea corn.) This is
not unlike sugar cane but is not so woo<ly. It is only grown
for cattle.

The ordinary grains of the adjoining continent are not
grown here, their importation being cheaper than the land
they would occupy for other produce is worth, and the absence
of sihca in the soil militates against straw growth when ripe

(

75

The grasses of Bcriiiiula are simply mentioned here, but Ihe
quality for grazing purposes is inferior, and hay is never cut
here, bales of that pressed being imported for use.

The names of the various grasses are given with the local
name whenever ascertainable:

Stenotaphrutp Americanum o r Glabrnm. (crab grass. )
Chloris petrae (bed grass; ) Cynodon Dactylon ( Bermuda, or
devil, grass;) Paspalum filiforme (wire grass;) P. distichuni
(seaside grass;) P. vagiuatum; F'. conjugat m; P. setaceum; P.
setigerum: Spartina cynosuroides (rush grass); Eleusine indica
(cocks foot grass); Polypogon, monspeliens; Setaria viridis; S.
verticillata: S. glauca; Cenchrus echinata (burr grass); C.
tribuloides, (milkt-grass); Oplisminus setarius; Panicum pro-
liferum (cave grass); P. maximum (guinea grass); P. Colonum;
P. virgatum (twig-grass); P. capillare (quaking-grass); P.
lineare; and the following, cited only by Lefroy and not by
Reade; Leptochloa mucronata (slender-grass); Digitaria Segi-
tera, probably Paspalum setigerum of Reade, (finger-grass);
Schlerochloa rigida (hard grass.)

Natural Order, Cyperaceae.

Cyperus Rotundus. Linn, (star grass. ) Stem triangular,
six to ten inches high. Leaves smooth, shining, as long as the
stem, channelled, flat. Flower-heads unequal, flat, compressed,
green centre with three to five bracts surrounding them, one
inch long, rayed, extending outwards like a star. Marsh lands
especially, and damp fields. Very common. Perennial. May
and June.

Cyperus Flexuosus. Griseb. Very similar to the above,
but stem two to three feet high. Spikelets slender. IHowers
green, with six to ten long rayed white leaves supporting them.
Marshlands. June.

Cyperus Nuttallii. Tor. (nut-grass.) Stem triangular,
four to six inches high; spiklets many flowered, compresed.
Flowers brown with three to five unequal long leaves surround-
ing them, followed by a triangular nut seed. A bad weed on
cultivated ground. Perennial. Early Summer.

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76

'if

CyiK-rus Li;;ularis. lK.„,sl. Me.Uione.l hv Rea.Ie as exist-
I'li,' in l'.u;et. I have failed U, trace it.

Kyll,„Ka Moi.ocephala. hinu. I se.lKe, or bo^ rush. ) This
.as a strong, creepin.^^ root, stem creel, eight to twelve inches
l..gh. u-,ti, several Hat, narrow leaves. Flower heads scluarv.
.'^'lol.ose, quarter „f a„ inch Unie. Flowers p„le jjreen Com-
mon in marshes. I'ere,.nial. July to October.
.Mosses, Lichens, etc.

Natural Order, Equisetaceae.

Hquisetnm Palustre. Unn ( m.^r.h wee.l or nr.re's t,.ils i
t has an npright. aln.ost h-artess stem, one to one un,l a h ,11
eet Injrh, jointe.i, with imbricate or scalv blunt spikes R-,re
FcMPToke Marshes. (Lefrov.)

Natural Order, Psilotaceae.

Psilolum Triquetrun,. Sw. A sn.all, wiry, erect plant, with
forked branches and minute scaly leaves; spores instea.l of
seeds. Flowerless. Is rare and is conline.l to Pavnter's Vale
and the vicinity of the Causewav.

Natural Order, Spognaceae.

Spha,,Muim Palustre. (Heat Moss.) .■. fibrous .nowinc.
moss, rouKh, ahnost hairy, tou^di. Is foun.l only near' n..,uth
"f water cour.se. It is the n.ain constituent of peat boKS in the
-North

Natural Order Agaricaceae.

AlthouK-h Lefroy quotes .\Karicus campestris (edible mush-
room ) as having been foun.i near I'embroke churchyard vet
I l.ave faile.l to hear of anyone fuKling such a growth on the
islands. Mush rooms .a re grown under cover in a few Kardens
from imported spawn only, and there is no in.stance ihat I can
trace of their n;itural growth.

Natural Order, Bryaceae.

Tortula Muralis. A small uioss forming a green, velvet-like
mantle on old walls, rocks and wayside banks. Is common
Us threa.l-like stems, minute, terminate in .small a.ps contain-
ing Its spores.

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Lic'iens are not aljimdant, Peltialii being found on old walls,
and two species of Cenoinyre on decaying \ egetables. As a
matter of fact mosses and lichens are but little kno-vn or
exainitu and the study of them might elucidate facts unknown
lure : ,,;esent.

Class IV: Cryptoyamia.

Natural Order Filices.

Thi- ferns and fern life of thesi- islands are so fully and ably
described in a bulletin of tlie Torrey Botanical Club, by Mr.
B. D. Gilbert, that to ^'ve another description here would be
only invidicas. Conseiiuently the names and habitat are
simply given, with any special remarks called for. The ])rinci-
pal fern localities are the marches and the caves, and damp
walls or rocks.

Adiantum Capillus Veneris— Walsingham district. Planted
out by (".overnor Lefroy. It is not a native or indij^enous, but
may from its spread be now counted as a naturalized spedes.

Adiantum bellum — A common fern, growing everywhere on
rock surfaces by the roadside and on garden walls,

Adiantum bellum walsingense — A variety of the above but
much larger. Abundant near Walsingham.

Pteris Longifolia — ^Jam. Uncertain whether it is a native or
n&^^lrali/,ed. Crevices of walls and rocks round Hamilton.

Pteris heterophylla— Open caves and cliffs of Walsingham.
It is known as the " parsley fern." Scarce.

Pteris aquilina, var. caudata—Devonshire marsh. Very
luxuriant, growing from ten to twelve feet high.

Woodwardia urginica — Pembroke marsh, and north side of
Devonshire marsh, plentiful in latter locality.

Asple r.i.; lentatum— Frequent on rocks at Walsingham.

Asplenium Trichomanes— Common everywhere.

Asplenium Myriophyllum— Rare, and liable to extinction.
Church Cave.

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l).>-;.t.ri.s acuk-ata-Describe.! by Gilbert an.l stated by
H.,...l.v.. „u.('h„„.,.,.ra.s ,.rowinK^at tl.e caves. Behu, ^

v^n'r'^r" d"'"";^"""'" '"^«'^'' °' "tennination. being now
"ays Pern. ,t keeping: Jfreen for ten days after cutting.

nryopteris ampla-Rare. Paynters Vale. I.efrov cities it as
connnon by roadsides." Doubtful if ever conunon.

Dryopteris patens-Very abnn.lant, especially in the n.arsh.s.
uhj^re ,t attains a he.ght of four feet, and o.e and a half in

marsh, an<l ,n a marsh on the north si.le of Hamilton.

Drvopteris mollis-Planted out by Lefrov. bu: not to be
found now, thou.gh a few stragglers „,av exist

soith'orrr' ^";"r-'l'-"'^ ^ave, Paynter's Vale, and a cave
«outh of Church Cave. Plentiful .n those l<H:alities only

Dryopteris ber.uudiana-Au en.len.ic species. Locality un-
specified, but specimen „btai,.e,l bv the Challenger
^^Nephrolepis Evaltata-Comn.on a.nong rocks at W.lsing-

Polypodium elasticum-(Pl„mula^-Pa>nter-s Vale and
Walsmgham tract, sparingly. ■* 1 1; a n a

Polypodium Pectinatum-Hemsley the only authority for
this species, giving Walsingham as its habitat.

SoutTsh'""' «»7"—Abundant in brackish tnarshe.. the
^U. Sh^e marshes yieldi.ig smaller specimens ^han those i„

Acrosticum vulgare-Distinguished from previous species by

.;Xr''"' ^';''"'>' "'""'■""" «»-Kht of eight or nine
f^a. It grows ,n the Devonshire marsh out of the re.ach of tide

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79

Class III.

Gymnospermae.

Naural Order, Tremellaceae.

Tremella Intuint-sceiis (meteor jelly) a small jelly like sub-
stance which is not uncommon amonj^st grass in wet weather.
In substance it more resembles the texture of the marine jelly-
fish than a plant.

As cultivation increases with the use of repeated dressings of
stabls manure, fungi commonly called toadstools will probably
spring up in course of time. Reade mentions two, but un-
nanted, one with a yellow, the other with a red cap, springing
up after rain at the base of cedars.

Introduced Plants.

The following species are to be found in a very few gardens
or in private grounds, and have all been intro^luced. They are
mentioned in Lefroy's list.

Capparis Torulosa. (black willow. ) Lefroy says onl seen
at Par-la-Ville, Hamilton; recognized by its glossy leaves,
rusty beneath, and branches covered with scales. Doubtful.

Pi itosporum undulatum (laurel.) Rectory, Paget.

Mammea Americana (mammee. ) Few old gardens only.

Ilex Aquifolium. ( English Holly. ) St. George's. Rare.

Mangifera Indica. (mango.) Mo nt Langton; Bellevue,
Paget, the home of the late Worshiptu! W. T. James, J. P.;
Mrs. M. A. Pilkington, Queen Street, St. George's.

Erythrina Indica (locust. Scarce;) a large tree at Mount
Langton; but its name is doubtful, as the seeds of it are scarlet,
whilst those of E. indica should be black. The flowers of this
tree, too, are dark scarlet, whilst others are orange re<i.

Erythrina Caffra. (Caffrabrom.) One large tree, adjoining
" Rosebank," Hamilton, which is said to he true caffra.

Guillaudina Bonducella. ( nicker tiee. ) No trece of this,

Visiiia guianensis. (gamlxige. ) Very doubtful.

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80

(Note: Ganihosa is obtained from Garunia morilla Desr
Nat. Ord. Guttiferae.)

Eugenia Janibos (rose apple) an.l Cl.rvs.,phylhnn Cainilo
(star apple) are to he foiui.l in a few f-ar.lens only.

Aehras .sapota, Linn. ^saixj<liiM ) .\t Rell .ue; the Trim-
."Khan. grounds; " Ros.bank;" Mount h^ugtou, and elsewhere-

Sapindus Saponaria (soap her.y. ) Few gardens only.

Chry.obalanus icaco, h. (cow phiin. ) Very few only.

Ixora coccinea ( Ixora. ) Few gardens, lately intro.luced.

Quercus alba (white oak. ) .At Rosebank.

luKlans niKra. (black walnut. ) At Rosebank and in one or
two othet gardens.

Cassia Flori.la. {not given by Lefroy but mentioned by
Reade, m the Public Gardens) has been put down as Lignum
\itae, and as Kteny. Now the former of these t.vo has blue
flowers, and the latter rosy pink flowers, whilst the tree in
question much resembling the Poinciana has a flower not un-
like that of the Star .\pple. It is evidently the Albizzia thibetia
the tree in question being as far as known the only specimen in
Bermuda.

For the following note. I am indebted to
late Superintendent of the Public Garden:

Mr. T. J. Harris

I have seen Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale. L. Nat
Order Zygophylleae) and Ebony .'Brya El.enus. D C 'Nat'
Onler Leguminoseae) growing side by side in the We.t Indies-
they of course are quite distinct-the former producing den.se
masses of pretty blue flowers, while the t.ee itself in outline "is
dense and heavy an.l in the distance resembles an umbrella
with a very thick and heavy han^.c, t .ere is also a ' ..ite
variety of it The ebony tree in comparison bears a distinctly
flippant and almost a spooky outline; putting out its few arm-
lik.. braiKhes, some up, others out, and down, suggesting a
.l.ss.pated semiphore. Its flowers are yellow, and resemble
little sprigs of gorse.

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81

"The best eJ)ony and the largest supply comes from
Uiospyros Ebenuni, Koenig, of Ceylon. (Nat. ord. libenaceae. )
Hlack."

Plants of Medicinal Properties.

This information hab been obtained chiefly from natives and
older residents.

.\loe (.\loe soccotrina. Lam.) The pith of its fleshy leaves
is used as a poultice for obstinate sores; the juice as a diuretic.

Arrowroot. (Maranta arundiiiacea. Linn.) Excellent as a
food for invalids. .\ large factory for its manufacture has been
established at Bellevue, Paget The article is in great demand.

Alexanders (Smyrnium Olusatrum. Linn ) A carmina-
tive. Its root macenited in rum is used externally and intern-
ally for rheumatism; alio for sprains and swollen joints

Birthwort. (Aristolochia trilobata. Linn.) Is supposed to
possess a good deal of v-rtue in cases of parturition.

Bryone. (K'"o8 angulatus. Liun ) Infusion of this plant
is used in casci of colds and fevers.

Cassia. (Cassia Fistula. Linn. The bark of this plant is a
strong astringent, while the leaves are purgative and are often
used insteatl of Jalap.

Catnip. (Nepeta Cataria. Linn.) Useful in chills, colds,
and fevers.

Ca.stor Oil Plant. (Ricinus communis. Linn.) No atten-
tion seems to have been given to its cultiv ition. From its berries
or fruit a gootl oil might be extracted. .\t St. George's I have
heard of one case— that of a young Sergeant of Artillery, who
afterwards became a War Office official— who used occasion-
ally to eat the ripe berries instead of taking castor oil, and
with like benefit.

Cedar. (Juniperus Bermudiana. Litin.) A conserve from
its berries, locally known as " cedar berry syrup," is a remedy
for pulmonary complaints.

Centuary. (Centaurea .sativa. Maris.) A carminative and
largely resorted to by the natives as a touic.

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ig^fj\^s uiJi^i^::^':-^: •'^^^ig^.y.^i^j^gc:^.

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82

Re,l Clover. (Trifolium pratense. Linn.) A tea n.a.io
fro,,, the flowers of this plant is diuretic; a vermifuge an.l koo<1
in urinary complaints.

Dandelion. (Taraxacum Dens-leonis. Desf. ) It is a kockI
lo,nc and the roots roasted and ground are a substitute for
coffee.

Dock. (Rumexobtusifolia. I,in„.) Its leaves assuage the
irritation caused by insect stings.

Daturra. or Thron Apple. (Datura Stramonium. Linn )
I he leaves smoked are a remedy for asthma. The f.errv is
poisonous. ■' ■

Elderberry. (.Sambucus nigra. Linn.) A lotion and cool-
ing o.ntnient is „,nde from its flowers. If sufficient berries are
spared froni binis, an excellent wi„f can be made from then,-
such a wine is used by the poor in Kngland.

Fever-few. (I'yrethri,,,, parthenicum. Wild.) Atonic is
made from the plant, which is used in fever.

Ginger. (Zinghiber offiduale. Rose.) A tea made from
tne root is used for colic, spasn,-,. and wind.

Horse-radish Tree. (Mominga Pter>gosperma. Gaert)
Though „ot properly medicinal, yet its oil is in deman " by
watch-,nakers, and is known as Ben oil.

The other species. (Moringa aptere, ) :s the source of the Oil
oi Ben.

Korehoand (Marrubium vulgare. Linn.) Infusion of leaves
IS good for coughs and colds.

Ipecacuanah. ( Asclepias curassaivica. Linn.) Emetic.

Milk Weed. (Asclepia.s. Linn.) In uriuary disease leaves
and juice are used as a poult-'ce on the loins

Ipomaea. All the family of this genus possess more or less
the properties of jalap as purgative in their roats.

Jalap. (JatrophaCurcas. Linn.) A violent purgative
Mull, (Verbascum Thap.su.s. Linn.) Leaves smoked

with tobacco for asthma and neuralgia.

11

•'d^^3J^T.^.r;v- - - - V— ^'^■•^r • -'r^^'^^^T: A h^^-^ii^^^i^P- - .ygnltair^':

as

Ji

I. inn. ) Decoction pood for

Marsh Mallow ( KosteUtzkva virfjinica. ) vSyriip for colds,
coughs and soru throats.

Mercury. (Mcrcurialis annua,
liver complaint and constipation.

Nettle. (I'rlica urens. Linn) TIk young shoots in spring
are eaten as a vegetable and are a bloodpurifier.

Papaw. (Carica Papaya. Linn.) Sap and fruit pro<luce
pepsine, a digestive, and the leaves are popularly believt 1 to
ha\ e curative power.s in rheumatism when externally applied

Pride of India ( MeliM .A/.tdarach. Linn) The Iwrk is a
powerful astringent and is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery.

Plantain. (Plantago major.. IJnn ) Leaves make a cool-
ing laxative; bruised they are very healing on .sores and bruises;
they are also steeped in hot water as a drink. The plant is
popularly called " Ribwort," is a mo.st valuable herb and is
highly pri/fd.

Opium Poppy. (I'avaver soniniferi'm. Linn.) The seed-
heads are used as a fomentation for neuralgia, and when
placeil in open-work bags 'nduce sleep.

Prickly Poppy. (.\rgenione mexicana. Linn.) The juice
is said to be good for inflamed or diseased eyes.

Prickly Pear. (Opuntia coccinifolia. Mill.) The leaves

or stalks of this species peeled and soaked are diuretic and are
much used Ijy the old natives.

Pomegranite ( Punica Granatum. Linn.) The bark is a
powerful tonic and astringent.

Pluchea. (Pluchea odorata. Cass.) Leaves are used as a
tonic.

Palmetto. (Sabal Palmetto. Lodd.) An intoxicating
beverage formerly made largely, but scarcely obtainable now,
called " Bibey," was distilled from its berries Leaves are
used for iiianufacturing fancy articles.

Pink-root. (Oianthus Caryophyllus. ) Decuction from root
used r.s a vermifuge.

^'"

\

f

84

Pumpkin. ( Cucuniis IVpc- M„n.) Its seels, scal.le.I or
boiliil, are a powerful .liun-tic.

Quassia ((junssia ainara. M„n j Hark a strouK tonic
Lups ina.le from Us woo.l imine.liately impart a l.ilier flavour
to the water.

Kil.Krass. ( PlantaKO lanceolnta. l.n.n.) U-avcs ^.x^l for
t<ruiscs, sores and ulcers.

RedSaKC. (Untana Camara. Linn.) A decoction of its
leaves mi.xe,l with a huncl. of Junipers asserle.l to be a sure
cure for y.IIow fevt-r. ,f tlu- patient is covered up with blankets
after drinkin« it, wian profuse perspiration is in.luce.l It was
use<l here largely by the natives .luring the vellow fever
epidemics and was found eflfeciive when taken in time.

Sarsap.irilla. (.\inpelopsis quinquefolia. .Mich ) This is
not the true ssir.sapariUa, uhich does not grow wild but
Tndentata was importe.l in 1875, planted at Mount Langton
and is reported doing well there.

ti'

Addendum.

A list of exotics sai.l to have been introduced by different
governors at Mount Langton, mentioned in Governor Lefroy's
Catalogue republishe.l in the United States Bulletin, No '5 of
the United States National Museum, Department of the In-
tenor, 1884

Note. No sign indicates, sfiU exisfin^.
.\n asterisk means, Oiiappeared.

When a plant has not disappeared but is now found in
some other ground, the locality is given.

What is known as " Lefroy's Oarden - is a more shrubbv
wilderness than the modern garden of Government House
Since Governor Ufroy's day many of his tests have been lost
sight of, and have probably been choked by the more sturdy
growth which has sprung up around them.

*Flacourtia prunifolia. ( Governor's Plum. )

t'

85

l'"lacourtia Raiiiaiiclio. (MailaKascar I'luiii.) also in uroumls at
" Melleviie," I'flKet, "Ro8el>aiik," and tlu- Triniinghani
grounds at "Montrose."

Ilibisi'us CcKipt-ri. Doubtful.

•Melianthus major. (Honey-flower?)

'Quassia aniara. ( Quassia. )

Citrus nobilis. (Mandarin orange.)

•Cookia punctata. (Wampee.)

.^mpelopsis tridcntata. (Specii-s of Virginia eretper )

Nepheliuni Litchi (Leechec); also in tlie Krouiii-. at
Bellevue," " Rosehank " and in a few other Kroundn.

•Rhus Inglandifolia. (Walnut-leaved Sumach. )

*Desnio<lium g>Tans.

*Browneu graudiceps.

Bauliinin Valilii. ( Bauhinia. )

Mimosa pudica. (Sensitive plant.)

.\c«cia niacrapantha.

EcliL'veria 'nbbiflora.

*rassiflora edulis. (White Passion flower. )

Cornus striata. (Dogwoo<l. )

*Rondeletia Oflorata.

Gardenia Fortunii. (Gardenia.)

•Plumbago Cocinea. (Species of Plumbago. )

•Bigonia capreolata.

Tecoma capensis. (Orange flowering climber. )

•Artocarpus incisa. (Bread Fruit.) In garden at " Bellevue."

Hedychium speciosum. (Species of Ginger. )

Dieffenbachia Seguine. ( Dumb Cane. )

•Gasteria obliqua. ( Hawthorn . )

•Diospyros virginiana ( Persimmon. ) In the garden at
" Bellevue," " Rosebank," " Montrose," etc.

Erythrina indica. (species of Locust. )

Clitoria teruatea. ( Blue pea. )

•Pithecolobrium Saman. ( Leguminous. )

*Asclepias nivea.

*Cestrum Pargni.

I

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