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MICROCOPY RESOIUIION lEST CHART
ANbl or.0 liO IfcSI CMA«i No I

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1.6

^ APPLIED IN^4GE Inc

On the Biology of Fomes Applanatus

(Pers.) Wallr

I I! Will II M \ H >,

From the Trav':^:^tirr- nf tl:,- Rnxnl Canadui}, In.ii'ir. /

■♦■ o^^Sa^"-^ .?fflr-»-^

On the Biology of Fomes Applanatus

(Pers.) Wallr.

I w HI II , M, \,, r, s,

A Thfsis tubmiltid in .ontotmily :;/.// ;*. re,ii(it,mni:

Philosophy in the L'Htv^nity m l.noiiin-

ON Tin; HI()L(K.V (H- FOMKS AIM'LWATl

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u) Rrtaird Sprcifs: Tin k'I'"^ EUvmva. ,i- <Mim..1 l.\ Mmnll ' V>
in. lu.l<s-fVcr.ll(-thtTr.pn-<nMn\.-in Vfi. .i. -■ .,n,l il i- inuri^tlllR U

Pyiis mil iilnriii.

Oinn ii\ iiil.rn.

() ■iiUituui

Ri<h\niii fisi'udii. Ill HI

Sill I y ni'^rii.

I iliii iiiiinii iimi

I Itnii'' iimcrii u'ln

( iilli\,,li .1 \.itii li.-- "i M'lliK-

( lll||\,,l..l v. III. II. - ,,l /'f.'KNIV

On- thi; RIOI(„,^ ,,|. f',,Mi ~ ArrtwvTr-

' V

not, i|,,,i ih, M' ,- i:o,„| n ,(-.,„ Inr thinking iImi ,i t,ni. - ,,11 ..f t|„ ., „,,,v
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^"'"'"''"■'' '""" ■ ■ipl'-iriim I" n,,l,„, n.p., ,l\rK ihr ,„.,,1„,„
f,^m,„/„r,„ .nul „pt>l.nuil„ ( »| /•;. ^„,„„„ i,,,|. ,.. ],„,„,„ ,i,m„.J, .,,,.|

tn l„. .,,„m,M,l ,„, d.U.lunn, un.Hl ,,11.1 WlMx ,p,,,,,| I 1„ , ,„^;hn, , t th,-
""I"'-- '■'"'' ''^"' "I""«- '1,,,, ■•.,.,,, ,,,!, il 1. „„,, Iv ..,prnphM„ ,,„
< .\Imi,i !„,t >.A,-,„1 i„M,M,r, . \^^^r 1„,„ ,„.(,,! I,, „|,„1, ,, ,, ,, u...i,.,|
p.M,,-ilr", >,nl,,|,lv .,„ .1,,/,,,, ,/.,„,.,,,.. .\ l,„-,„ f,,„„ \,.,,r,,^,,,, ,,,mI
I'm,,.,,!., -i,,,„1,„^ ,,,v .l.,-r I,, tnniaf,,. || i,;,|,,,l ,|,m,,„i. 1,,. I,,,,,
<li1t,n„r,,,l,,| ,,-. /■;. /.,„„„,/,, |-,,u,,,,, ,,,,, 1,,,, ,.p,„|,,! ,1,,,, /•:
(ns,uil>i\-\u,\,nu\U ., p,,,.,~ii, ct .„.,„•., ,r,,~.i„.l «,,,.,-, ,.,k-i„ ll,„,.l,,-
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.1 |H rl,,ip- „„,,, ,n„|!i|,,MK ,,„ ,1, ,,,| ,1,, i,|i,,,,|. v\ 1 ( ,| i, Ml,,., ill , ;,,)

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■""' ""it"'"l "'.I nii,rl, n,.,n i,.,,,,,,,! ,,r, ., ih,,„ }■] wrvnh'W,,. w|,,|,.
""'"" '•"- •""■' '' •- ""'" ■ll„ll,.|,,,l| ,,,„1 ,,,,,,, .|,M,I1, r,x, ,,, ihr ,,,k,
It- l.,XM,,tc llnM." /■;. loni.„t„>l,l M.MIllK ,|,A,,,,.,| I,, ,, ,„\v ^,,,,,,.'

l:l<:-n:.:„Ua. 1.x Mi„,,ll ,,„ ,„,,.ii„l mI ,1„. hx.,!,,,, , l,,,r.„ t. r ..I ii- -.p.,n - 1'
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..-"■'n„.ip.i,,,-it... \ni,i.„ vMill.r,,,,,,!, ,,,,|„.-„1.„,, 1,,„,,,„ ,„,!,,.
■'■''"'• '"" ■'" ■"""nil will li,.t 1„ i;,v,,, ,,t ,„1,,„,,| M,|,|„> ,i„,l nl thr
l',(.!..;;\ (,| ill, ,,pi>ii

1 1 1 ^r.iKi Sri I. II -

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'"""'■ ' l""'ll^ "I ...nn. ,,,..„ u,,|, ,!„,, ,„^,,„,^.n„„, ,,,„| ,|„„
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''-"''""""'" l"'^'i"i'. ^'-11. . I-., M,. !,.,,, ,1,,,„„,| ,|,,„ ,|„,„ ■„,

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Yt.o-,sn,. Il„rr,.n ,„„,. 1„„ I,,,-,. p,.,,,-,„„l ,|„„ ,,„ |.„„,„,,,„|, „„

tllr w.tlJMij ihr |H,n -, v\l,. ,. lli. \ ,. i:i|L,,K 1„ |,,„^

! V^ Tb\N^\< TIONS OF TMI ROYAI (ANAniAN Is-TITfTK Ivoi. XII!

(a) Spnri ^: I'Ih- li,i-iil:i'-l"irr-- .m unii illiiUr, 7-0 ^i■ Imii; 1>\ 3 '1 n
wifir, .iiiil iliill !( clill-li-hrMwn ill r.ilunr, 'I'lu \' .in- lirtinlK n\-.ilr wilf
,,iii -ii|( iiidK (.'ii\i\ ill. I" llii i.|.p.-;i. h.ill .[\\i\ llir .i|ir\ liiiii'lK

(iiini.il IhiI in iliiii! -iinii ~ .ippiMiiiiu li iti'l. A \tr\ l.iri;i (intr.i

nil il "ill i~ I'll -I 111 '1 lu -|inn - ,ii( -niiii'ili .11 I ci'liii^ lu -(.nil Willi 1- .iiKJ

((limill.ilr ,|iinl(|illi; In hIIkI-. Alklll-nll (Ji, u |l. i w.l- lln I'lr-I It

iiui -li'^.ili I 111 ii.iliiK (it I 111 -pi.ii w.ill. -,i\ ^ 'Tin .pmi- W.I II i- lu.ili ni-
di- ni ,11 1' -11, with i.iinii riiii-i |ii 1 1 ma I imi- nil" w Im li il .ippr.ii ~ lli il I hi
liiiiw n III \i lli.w i-li iiiiiw 11 . null 111 III I 111- -pi>n pinji i I-," A I (inline tc
luiii ill..-' wild li,i\i ill imIii(|iIii pdii - ,1- I I liiniil.ili li i\i 111 I 11 iiii-li'f
li\ ilic .ippi .ir.iiK I ct ill! ninni idii- (i.ii k I ikK (il llir pi 1 lni.iiidn- .1- - rt
In .1 .iiit.ii I- Miw III llii w.ilL wliK 11 In lidlil- Id III lliii k .1- wi II ,1- hv.ilinf
Hill .1 -llnK 111 'lir -pdir-. -lldW- lli.il Alkin-dii ll.i - !i(i! prnpilU lllirr
pi ill il 1 111 ir -It 111 Inn . 1 11 -lii(|\ in.; tin it (ii \i lupnii ill . wi tinil lliil lli
|i,i-.i(|i(.-pdn -Mil- Kilt w nil .1 llnn li\ ilim w.ill. .iml I In ti ill. it l.ili i willni
llii- di luin.il linn lu liiiir w.illi (| I .,i-ii|id-pdii .1 ndi^li 1 d.itcil, tlin k .iii'
\i lldw u.illi li I nild-piin I- Idi nil li. I'll' pun w.ill " in 'Uii- -t ii-i tlni
1- ,ii I iii'lnn^K il'iiilili - .\- I 111 • 11. Id -pen 1- nicn -!i..rll\ rlliplli ,il ili.ii
tin di I'^iiLiI 1 1.1 -11 1 Id- pen, till tip di ill' l.ii li 1 i- lid I 111 1 iipii'il .111(1 111

lu.ilini. lip liiin-e iliiii w.illi'l mil will I -iippnitini; iiuiliiil- ii-<ii.ill'

,,,ILip-(. I In- l;i\i - Id tlu iii.iliin -pun iln " I run. .iti il " .ipp< .ir.iiii

d 111 \ .11 i.itiU iidii 1 1

l\. uinliii^ till ,'i 1,11 liiiK 111 d| iIh -p.in - lud \ 11 \\ .. Ii.ui liitii InM
\ ,11 i,,M i,i\i . .l.-^i-l- li.iM .1--111111 ■! lli.il tin -p. Ill - ui II .ili.i. In ij li\ till I
n.iiidw piiinli (I I 11(1- Id till -ii rli,i!i.il.i, -I'll 1 I hi 11 1 ii-i 1 ipl k m- n unl.irl'
-pi .ik dl d\ di'l -p. n -. ■ II iiiK .III .'I I 111 |i,i-' " rill- \ 11 w 11 I- 111 111 l.iki 1
|i\ r.iidnill.inl ' ;"i. Hn -.iildl.i -^ Mniiill ;ii. iKiihdll- 'VJ). iin
.itliii>. Alkin-dii. hd\\i\ir. I'll iiilii.ilK lA.iiulnini; tin -h.ipi - nl ili-
(h infill -pen-, i.iii'linli- lh.it tin dl'lii \ irW - .ilr wii'iii:. th.it til
iiirinui 1 I ml 1- thi ,ipi \ dl ill-Ill 1 ii'l. .iinl ih.il iln- pdn 1 ".iil.i. lir:
Id ihi iii!:,inil.\ iln -iili dl iln Im'i.I'I I ini "pp,. Ill tin ni.in iniur:
- hl( ,.| I 111 - pdi. " (till wiimli 1 - w 111 I Ik I .iii\ I'l 1 In -I 1 ,di,iiii-i-. I \
, \, 1 dl.-i \\i i| ihi -pdii - ;i( \?/.'(. Idi i.i/di .1 ( lidii- III, nil thi'iiicli till' i\r\
pdii l.iM I dl .III .1. ii\il\ -pi'i nl.il iiii; liinlinu lid.K nvi.il -pun ni .1

i.iei - dl il' \i Idpnnnl .ii i.ii In d ic Im-pIii, Ii .11, iii^ ini i|iii -1 nui .1- Id Hi
iiiddi III linn .Il 1,1, hull 111 , .ind r-l.iMi-liin-^ i'V (hnil 1 ih -1 1 \ 1 1 nni tli
I III n I Iiii -- d! Al kin-nn'- 1 dm hi-idii I li.il iln -n 1 .illi d ' it nm in Ili-c
I.- Ill II .ilil\ llii ,i|iu ,il I ml dl ihr -pdii ,

(b) Sporof)lii>ri : 'riit- ^pdidphdn- nl /-, nfpliuialiis ,111 pi n iini.il irt
sti ,1 nrw liilir l,i\tr if- fnriiud during tlu- ^;lll\^lll^; -(.i-mi nl ' .n h mi
ul il> lili ill lu ,irK all r.iM> a tiihf lavir i?- futmul MinKtiim during; tli

<'N nil R:ji.(j(.v or Fomi.-. Afi'iAs \ri s.

I,V<

Ur-\ -.,,-,,,11, ihf liiiu (,f ii> t,,rm.ili.ni h.inu < i.iitinv;. ril mi ih,- .,ri;,m-
i/.iiimi (.1 111.' (uiii, vt.il t,,un.|,ilh.n un win, h it i- l.iiil. Ilic >|„,i,,|,li,,r,-
in.i\ \.u-N in uiihli In.m ,,ii in. h .,r iw,, up I.. i.Kir or live m. li.-~ i.rlmv
il" mil.- ,,|.|...ir. ,,,i.| ni,i\ , III,, ill J i;i,,wlh ,,l ,ij,i in.l,,. in u„!il, .,n,|
liv in. h.- ill ,|,|,ih L.tniv th.- .11,1 ,,| ii- ,ir~i .,M-.,ii, 111,. III,. ,,; ||i.-
-|M,|,.|,ll,,r,. i. .linri uil, II .,„ll|,.ll.,| Wllil -II. h ., I,,nii ,,- /.'. ,;;„„;/•;/, v,

111 -..in, lnnl-,iluln, li.i-ni.iiu .,- .Ni.,nniMll,,M , , |i,n ,• l^.n , ,„ini.-,l , ;l.
lii' linilin.^ lM,.|i,.-,,| /.\ „ppl,n.;,l.;s nn,^,,- .ip|,,ir,.niK n.,nn.,l , ,,ii,|ili,.ii-
'"■'' ''"■ ■" ''"■ >i"i "I lli<- -.■...II. I ..r l.nr.l x.Mr. i..,,llini; in lln- ,,-p,., i
II- .l..-f i.-I.Uiv.- /■■. lohalu^ ulii, 1. I,,-1- l.iil .. -ind.- -.,i-,.ii. hnl uln, li
.iiv..iii/. -, li..w.-\.i. ,1 n. w pil.-n- iiiini...ii,ii..K |.,ii,,ii|i i|„. ,|,.,|,| ,|„,,,,^
I'l'""' "I III,. pr....i;:,^ N,.,,r. I-lu- ,,\.r.,t;,' lit.- .,! ilu- s|„,r,,pli, „ , ■ .,1

/• :it>l>l,i„ali,-. Ill llii- i..ui,,n i- I, ,111 ,,r In.- x,,ir-. ili,„ii;li .., , ,,-i.,n,,llN .,n.

ni.iv lin.j Innliiii; I„h1u- -h,,\vniL; a- nuiiv ,i- . idii ,.i i.n |.,m,-,.| |,mi,-

rii.- ,.ii;,ini/.,li,,n ,.l tli,- -,.,,,ii,| ,,,i,| -ii, . .....Iinu p,,i.- I.i\,r- i- ,,|,n..-l

"""!'" '" '•'■" ''"■ l.'^-r I- inin.iu.l l,v III,. I,,ii-,,,li,.ii ,,| ,1 -I, 111,. |,u,.,
'^''"'"'^'"1'1<1>I'. ...v.i-lli.-.Al...M..I-nrt.,.....l III, p,,i,.-,,l III, p,.,,.,|i„^

'^' •'-""■ " '^ "" ''"- l.'^'-r lli.il 111. n. u p.,r. - ai.- L.tiii,.!, ( )| ,„ii ii.,ii\,.
I'-i'iiiii.il p.'l\|K.r.- lom,ltl>on,i I, mini. Ha i- p.i^-i|,K i|i,.,,iiK ,,.1,,., ,„„■
iIm' . nIiiI.1I- -11. h ., pli.ih.ni, ,i,,ii lln- l.,s,, |„ ^,,1- I,. I,„ni unl, ih,.

"'■""''^ .1 ill. KlLUIlii; -,,,-,.11. ,,ii,i l,\ III,. ,.,|,| ,,| ,\,„,| ,|„ ,, „^,

'i"ii'-"<'l In lln- I,,. ..Ills ., i,i|„. I, 1,^1 h,, I I |,,,ii, h ,-.,,inni.,nU |,.nii.l
l.\ III. hi-l n, -,.,,11,1 u.,.k 111 M,,s, an, I III, (all ,,| -|„,i,.- In, 111 ,|„. „. u

'"" il-nil,i..-li.,-,ilr. .„l', ,,,111111. 11,,, 1, In I In- , ,,iin,., n.,n ii mas !„•

-'''"' '''■" ""'I" ' I'" '•■ini'l /' ^'lU.iwo.ir. ,|i-. Iian^inu -p,,,.- uh, n ,1,,.
'"'"■ "'" "ill'. I mm l,,n.; Hi, ^i,,u I li mi, , ,| ili.inl,. Ia\,i i- ai
'"■' '"mi'iMlix-K 1.1 pi. I, Ih. la\. I ,,|i,n m.a-mmv; ', .Mn. Ii in lln. kn.--
''' ''" ""' "' I"''': -ill-i 111. II ^li.ulh -I..U- .|.,\>n \,,x ,,,n-i,|..ial,h.
ura.lnalK l„..,Miinv; imp. i. .pi iM.- |i max 1 .. pi. -nin..|, l„,u..v, i. ili.t
-Mill. i:i..ulli ,-.,nliiiii.- t,, lak.. pla. . I ln..iii^h.,iil ll... .. -i , ,| il„ ■.,,,-,.,!

1,1 ^^.^.• /'n',li„li,ni „„d Ihuhar:,- \- an .-.niial pail , .1 ni\
-l.l.li.- .,11 Ilic -p.,t. pi,„ln, In.ii ami -p.,i.. ,1,-, U.„^,- ,,| /„„,,, „/././„„„/„^
<.,iiliiiii,,n-.,l,-, i\ati,.,,-u,i. |.a,l. .,n I li. -,ii i. Ii in ! nic 1,. ..U I In, ,iu' li, ail
''■' ^' " I''!.", .m'l I'lH.. . \l. iiiliiii^ ,,\, 1 111, Inll tu. I\. iii,,nll|. ,.| . ,. Ii
^'■" ' "■"' ' "1^ -pllliL; until lal. Ill aiilninn -p.,i,. tiap- w.i. -, t

''■"'' '""'" '111- ■■11. 'I |,li..i. : .IniinK th. unit,. iii,,i,ih i|„- ,„„,.

Irap- ^^.l,■ .Ap,,-,,| u,ih,,ul inI,Mn|l„,n. i.iil «,i, ,,,ll,,i,,| u,,kl\
'"■"■"' "' 'l'"!^ ■'- " "■!- h'liml 111. II .i.iiK \i-it- w. I. . nin. Is -up. i|lu,.n-

'" ■"l'l"""i !•■ Ill' imhi..k.ii -.11.- ,,l ,.|,-.,vali,,n- ,„, lln. ,,ii,. Ini y

l""K thi.,iiuli,.nl l«, ,,,.„- ,u x...!. .,.||,,!„,n- .,1 ,lata l.-Ulivv to

"p.'i.- .|i-. haii;. u, T. in.nl. i.w.ilaiK l<,i i,,nL;< i i.i -ii, a i. i p. 1 1. .. I- , ,t timi-
'liiiMiL ih. Mimiii. I in. .nth- li nan\ ..tlicr -|m.. iin. ii

14" Ik.W-M HON- Ml III! ku\ Al. t \\\|il\\ Is-

I I 1 . I I . |\ (_)l

"II'' "I 'll'' "I'-l iMit. u..nli\ ri-llll-. 1.1 till- u,,|k ll.l- hrrn ill, .
<"\<i'\ ill. il 111. I'lrii.c! Ill -|„,iv ,|i-, li.n-L^c I„ i^;n- I iil\ in .M.i\ .iiul i ,
'mil'"- ^^ nil"!' I iiih n ii|ilii.iMi|i I., ill. lir-i \,iA\\ liu-l in lali' I i( I. .I«t
" ■'il'' \"\' ml.. I. uli, II i| MicMiiiK ( 1 ,.M - '.A, , pi l,,i ,1 I, u -|,..r. - uh
I'l'i^ I 'II -111^ iiin. lliri.injli.iiil llir uiiil, r ,iii.| i., u hi. li iiin.h.i- i, |, i. ,
^■^ill '" 111,1.1. i, .in. I III I 1m- 1. -|„ , I i-LiMi-lu- ,1 111 u II I .ii.| ->|M,ii .1
' li-i-i-. Ill I'lii I. in llii^ I ,i-,- ,,l I ,,„!, ^ ,if>l,l,i,iiilii-. . ..nliiiiii - l,.r .ippn,
'ii'i''l\ -i\ ni..iiili- |,i..l..,|,K ,1 1,1 w 11. ..I.I l.,r ..II lini^i. jl., ,,,
■'I'l'i"'!' li I" ilii- |.i..l..ii-i .1 -|...i.- l.,il I,, I ,1 |>.,K|„,i, uml.T n.ilnr.i! ,.
.Iili.iii- kii..un 1.. ill. \Mi!. 1 i- ill.. , ,,-, 1,1 r,>lyj>,in,s s.iudnuiMi'.. in ulii
■|" ' 1'^ liiilln u.i- ,i-i,,ni-!i, ,| I,, lin.l .|i-i hiiX'' u. >iin^' • >n I. u -iM.rn .1 i
•'ii'l ' --'ini'i'i'i liiii < w< ' k- .1- llii |.i..h.il.l, lijiiit I )iiiinu ilii- pi ii.„|
,ippi.i\nii.fli l\ ix III. mill- ill,. III,. r.iiK.ii .,| -p.,i,- ,ipp,ii<iill\ \\,\
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ill, .1. pi,- i I I- 1,1 I 111 I -I.I 111 \ |,,1 ,, leu ,1.,\-. 1,111 ,A, ,1 ih, II 1- ijllil. lAi.l,

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uln, Il ,|,,i - n,,l -n III I,, \,,i\ I li |,„ th,. I.i'.iii, I .,1 ili. -, ,-,,11, Al

III' i< i~' lliil iii.i\ I" .,li,i\i.| !- Ill llir 111, .mil- ,,| JiiK ,11,1 An^n-
11" 'l-i'l^ -li.l'' . .illii ti.m- l,,r lui, -. ,i-.,ii- -li.iu.il iiis,,n,il,|\ ih, u i,,!,
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' \' II ! III. 'Hull,, II I llir ni... Ill Ilk, wi-, -,i\.. n.i iii,|i,,iii,,n ,,t .ins p,ii,„|i, i
"' 'II-' ll IIU<' I '.l\ .111,1 liujil llll,,ii-l|.ii|| ill, -, ,i-,,n llir pli„ , ■.- ,,| ill

1" I'll "" 111^ . 1,11 1 nil I, -n- ( III .1 -nil ,!.i\ ,.11, 111,1 \ 1, .i.liK -, , ihr -p, ,i

'llll'lll-^ 'IWl^ 11. nil .1 ilinlilK' li. ,i|\ 111 . lllll.l;; , liill.i- likl WllMlll- ,,| V,

'ill' 1^' .. - l',iiL4 ..- >,ii. I ,11, 1.1 u, ill h ill. Ill Ih.ui 111, ,1 \, ,| ill, -,,

ill' II' M .1 i .1. .1- < I, i,,|„ I IS \i>:lil , \.iiiiin,ili,iii- ,,| -p,,i, , |,„,,|- VM

'II I'll ^^"li I ill' ' i" . 1, 1 1 ,ipp,ii,iln- ill, 1 11 ill ,1 .,! ,1 Liniri II,

' i"iii ill' I I. II I- II I- .pp.iii 1,1 lli,il ilii iiiiinl,! 1 ,,l -p,,|, - III,, ,,|i,

I- I I I '■iiipi, !irii-ii,n. rill pli, n,.ni, iii.n ,.| -p,,i, ,|,i||,| si.i|,|,.

ill"' nil, II, li, I ,M .il,.n, 111, li,, III- ill, II ,,,iiiilli-- iniinl.ii- 111, hm
'■'ii^li' "II I i-l.i— -li'li in .'I Ihiiii I- ,,i,|iii.i, il\ -nin, I, III III uiulfi
"l''i'|ii' . I'lillii, li,iiii ,1 imini i-iiiii,ii. 111 ih, ,,i-, ,,| l',il\'f,„ri(\ s./m

"'"■•" ^. ■ ^^lM, li ,,1-,, , sin 1, 1 1 -p,-i,- , 1 |-. i,,n, In.l, ,| ili,,i ,,! I,,,,

l,7ii,,,,i,„, .p,.i, - ui 1, ,li-. Ii,iii;r,l |i,,ni ,,ii, iiil„ 111 iln, , ,|,is-. \ .iniil.

' 'I' III iii"ii «iili I >i/>/>liiiiitliis \iA\v ill, II npi, 11, ii-il,li nniiil., 1 ,

■^"""" iiiilli.'ii -p,.i, - 111., 1, 1 1,, I in .'I lii.iii- li,.|ii , Inn 1 111.^ li,i,l\ uilli
l"'i"l -iii'i""! il'"!!! "Ill -. in, in 1,1,1. \.iu. .1- ill, I, iii.u I,, Inin.ln,
"' ' '|ii '11^ I' li\' liiiilni',^ l»"|ii- II, ill, .1,1, III 111 iii\ I, ,11 -I ,11,. I-, ,-!„.,
i.ilK will 11- iJirri- 1- mil. Il l.illi M liiiilii I llir will, r li.i-, .i.unliij ,iv m.,,,
,1- I." ,iw l.ii;.' vi/,..| .1. tixf IniilillK I.ihIi, - ,,| /■■ ,//./>/,;>/,;//, V ,,i) ,, -jnul. . li

1"K III 'II' w I II is j-asy to apprwi.iii iJu -m,!', uiik uln, ii -,,in

< »N illi- lihJUK.N (!!■ I'oMI^ Al'I'l \\\ll >.

141

-pnr,-. uill .Irill inin pl.i,-, - ulun- ...n.liliun- .,,.• I.i\ cmM,- \.., il|,ir

^"/"""""" ■""! UrnUlh; ,,.|,| ,,t ,1,,. ,!,,,,1,.- llui Ihr Mil,, ti.m -.m 1 1 |„.
.(I'M- l<M--l.lMi-li ll-rll ill ,|IU -ll-<l|jlil,lr livi'.

''"" ~1""' 'I'-' I'Tu,- ,,\,r -11, h .1 l,.i _ -iivi, h ,,| liin,- ,1- h\ nionlli-,
'''""''"'"'"'^ '""'" "lii'nMhi,:! -..,,-,, II, il|„,i,M|„ it v.„„,,n-niMi, Ml, ,1,1

'"' '""" -'n,iM,t ^|„,iv.; ii .,N,,lni|,li, -.,, ,„,„,. miimmI i.,i,.,,,n. ,■ . .1 ih,

"I"""!''"'"' '" ' 1''"^'- uiiliin uhl, liiiiii- in -11, li , ,,\i,,,iiiii, ni.,1 1.,, K.i-
■'" ''^'''' I'liip, iMiiii,- ,,ii,| Imnihliu, IIkii Ih,- -|M,n,|,h,,M ~ ,,1 /•.
<il'!'!,ni,i!i,- ,|,A. ■!,,!, ,,..,111, , IK in l,.i,,l .l.irk.i, -. u, kn..« tiMin Si,,,iil.|iii^'-.
-l-M,,ii,,n-,,n niin,. Inn^i .4(,,, | 1,.,, .,,.„-,. ,i„. 1,,,,.,- „ ,„,,ii,i,,., mIK
■'"" '"' ''^ w Mill, 1 , .Mi.lilinn- in i;, II, r,,| 1- I,,,,,,, ,,iil \,\ ,mii ,.vmi ..1,-, ■ -

'"'""^ "" I'I"1IU,,1 llllilin;^ |,n,l|,- ,l,„in. ,1,,- .,,,-,.„ nl hMS .1,1.1 |.,I0,

ulii. h u,nni,nk,.ll\ .lilt,-,, ni , Inn,.;,, .,1K in 1 l,i~ 1, ^i,,n, Ih,. m ,1 nnf',
'"■'^"' ^^"'' •' '■'''"■' '•■" t^\^.ii<l -I'linu .111:1 .,,,,1111,,,, I ,,,l,| ,,11.1 u, I nnlll
'I" ' ".I ,^l Juii,', 1,1,1 v\.i- |,.||,,«,.,1 |,v ,,n nniiMi.ilK l„,i .,,„! ,l,v -111111,,, i ;
'''"'' '" ""^ ''"'•' ^^'^ •III .iMf.iu,. -|„;„;, |,,ll.,u,,| |,x ,, .11111111,1 ,,l'
.i\,i..i;.- I, i„|M r.iuitv 1,111 liitli pr., i|„!.,i,,,n, \i\ I, ,,,11 ,l,iv ,,, ,|,,v

thn.UKllMin l",lllM,i-,,l,-., .A,.||,,llHl,,.--,is, ,1,,\-,,| ,,„:M,1--I,,,u. W,,::|mi
'll''NMsilS ,,l llu-,l.llls I'l-Uncl, |„,-il,, 11,1,. l;l.,-.-.-li,|. -,-.1.1.. .p, „,.,,.. p-

' ~~' '"' '"^ " "i.iiii"! iIk- -.1111. . -, Ml ,,- ,, ,1,1,1 i„ j,„|^..,| u,il„„ii 1. iii.iliv
I . .1,1,1 ,i,l: ill.- -pi,ri-.

■\U'>. I, nip, r.iliir. , ii,m,L;, -. .a, .pi wiijiin \,r\ «.,!,■ |,lll^,,. ,|„1
""' •I'P'.ii I" .itl"i -p..i> -li-.l,,,,-,., i,„ inM.in,., ..,!!. ,li,.i,. Mi.,.1.-
''■'" '."""'^ ""• 'I'^'li' "I l.'l'' .\iii;ii-l In. in .,1.1 p m. 1,, .,,,,, ,i„. „, M
11, "1111111;. Willi l> inp.r.iini,- ,!,.,, ,1^,. h, ,111 ., t , ,|,,u 11 1,, ;, .in, In, ..^...in
'" '-^ -li"U,.l .1 niiil,,Mn ,,,pi.„i- ,|.p.,-,l. III,- .li-., li.in,, l„Auv,, ,,
~'"l'l"'' ''^ ■' ll''/illK I, nip,!. ,1111, ; .,1, , I Illi- ipp,,,,, I,, 1„. ,111 ,i,i,|,||.,|

1'"' '1' •ii..ni,,i,^p,.Kp,.i,, I lux,.,,,. I l„.ii.,l,l, , „|.,,is p,,M,„i.

'"""' ^^'""' -1"'" '.ill III .1 |".lvp..i,- i- ,,l,iiipll\ l.rinii,,,l.,| |,v In, -I
'" '111- <"iiii'i ii',ii i! m.iv l„- n.,i..| ih.ii linll,, ,,1 l.,ui,.l ll,,,i -,,ni,-

""" '"'•" "~ "■iiliiiii"! 1., -Ii.,i ill. 11 -pni. ■ .11 111. In, viin^ p., ml ,,|

^^ ''"• ilii'ii^'li -11 .1 \' i\ .liniim-l,..! i.ii. . uhil. 1 1\. rli,,lN 1 ;;i ,1- u, || .,-
I'.iill.i -Ml,- ili.ii III. liiniin^ |„„1„ ,,| ,„,,„, |',,K|„,i,i...,. u,,i|i. i,.l hi

"'"''' ' liiiii.iiA .111.1 !.l.r„..r\: ihi,,u ,,11 ,il ,iii„i.,ii, . ,,| .,,„,,- «li,n

'"""-'" ml" ill' l..l,..i.,|..i\, h 1-11,1, ih.il Ihn.iii^li.iiir ll„ .hpili- ,,|
""""■' ^"^ l> ^^ -p.,|,-u,i. nu.,i,.,l,I\ I, „, ,,.!,.,, ,nx -.|„|, . I, II |,,| ,, V,, k

'ii"l'i I liiiitin.^ I...,K ,,| C- ,il>/:l,iH<in,^. l.iil il„,. U.I- v; I i.,i-.,ii I,,

'",'"^' ''"' •'>'- '••'<'■ -P-n- iIm! lii'l I...k. .1 ..,,,1 h.„l ni,,li.,i,i..illv
'■'^"' 'I "11' -il" 1 'li' 11 ' M. 11..! -ml.,. , - h.i.l I,, -I Ih. 11 ,i.,ini,,l ,„ll„ -u, i„ -,
""~ '" "' "III' -1^' l"'«,r 1- , slnl.ii.,! m Ih. ,.,-,, ,,| .|„„, ,1, |m,-,i- ,,n
•'li'l'- k, pi 111 111, l,,l.,„.,i,„v .ui.11..,Ik'.I -p.,i,-.ii, i.,l„ -,,n,ii .ii.s

14- TkAN-AI lliJN- C)l 1 il. R'J\.\I (ASAblAN 1n>I1|1 1 1-, .

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in tlif u ii!li r iiM.i/'ir >( ( lion- (il llu tiiln -.. .\l ,iiu rair iIk l.u i rtn
lli.il --iMiii- (li-( Ikhi;!- i- i(.|,n>ii-- ii|, III ihr lir-l li.iid lin-i. .mil lli.il
'< 'ini iilU il I- ini iiii-i i|ii(iili,il iiir n; .Ihr huw iiiiM ilit- wi-.illur m.i
\ ,iri.iliiiii~ III .11 III. !-|ilii ri( luiiiii.lils liktwi^,- unc nnl ulinu
tliii I ii.iliiiii' ill ^|iciic (li-i Ii.ul;! , ,i'i ii!i-i r\,il lull in li,iinii.ii\ unh
'il linili 1 I I 1 I I '11 /'. ^(jli,l»l<>sus will I I (III III ill ti , I 111, , 1 1,1 1 me 111 ~|)iili
will II llii -iiriniindiiiu hiiiiii(iil\ u.i- un ,il K i li,iiii.( .1 Sp. nc ili-i ti
linuiMi, i~ i:n,ill\ .illci 111! li\ iiiu- 1,11 Iiii iilliir ill. in Iml. .hhI
i- llii- iiiiii-liiii iiiiiliiil III ill. -]Miiii|iliiiii- Wluii ilii- i^ luudicl 1,
.1 llii. nil iniiiiiiiiini -pun pi uilm 1 1, iii i- ilinkiil. .iiiii i- imi umiiiu
I 111 I nil II i.il Mil 11 mil I In 111 1 1 -.11 \ .iiiii-uiil lit u.ili I i~ n r-li,u il. | ni
liii'lii- in nil- li.iiii il pii-ilii.n- 111 i|r\ wr.iilni- llimvi -[mn-. -p,ii-i|\

nil iliiiilil llir I \pl.iii,ili I llii~ 1- Id lie 111,, kill Jul 111 ill. n \,,\\ mci.

I mill lit II 111! llu I li,ipiiiii- I II 1 .i^iiiii.ilU I hi I -piiiiipliiiH ~ niiiu 111^ 11
l.iMii.iMi 1 iiiiililii in- pmiiinr \t\\ -imit- m imnr ,ii .,11 || j> n,,)
pi III 111 ill' ill 1 1 -I" Il -puluplliiU - .111 11,1 1 11 1,1 lis -li'l ill ,1 pIlrllMllu noil

li.i- In I II I il,-i I \ II I in ( tipniiii-:. . I '.'(;/•; I ;n, ,niii uiIk r m iici.i.

ii/i SiidHildry SfH'ii'^: .Mlliuimli -ii mn l.iiA -.|iiin- .nc pr.jil

l'\ p,il,lli\ll\ Il U I 1\ nil lllilIiM 1 ll -. /•■|/»ir■^ ,lj>l>ldlliltl(s \^ -l.llr

plii'luii iiilllill.l nil llir ,|iil--,ll -ml. Ill lit till plltll- -Si Iml/t T

Miii:i;i iilii lU '(ji \\,i- llii iii-t III iii.iki- llii- -1,111 niiiil in ishd.
Minnll 111 111 piiitii ill -1 I ipiiuii •-,i\- lli.ii llir nppi 1 -ml.ui- ul
tl iiiliiiL, 111 ill \ 1- 1 I iiii.li.i-lii ,11 niu ,iihl ii-ii,ill\ liiiiw mil ilii! nii; I In t;iii'
■>.iiili tii'iii lln iiiMim.; Ill iiiiiiilii. llii- lii.iwn iimIiiii; i- iiii
In (|iii iilU III III -i 111, Iml lA.iniiiKiii. ,11 -Imu, ,1 ih.ii m i \ i i \ i ,i-i- n
iiimpii-iil III li.i-iilii i-piin - riu-i-.iii- nici li.inii ,ill\ ili-pn-iuil li\ I
I mil 111 lit ,111 .illii lln \ t,ill tiiiin iln lumtni.il lulu-. llii- r,ii

Cl-iK MiiMil 111 -mil .1 r.l-l ll\ liiMllll;; lln Iiip uilll ,1 -hill 1,1 |,.|

vstiiili 'II 111 .11 . tin ,imr 1 iLilin- 1,1 -pun -, Mint u\ i r. tlic u(ipri i
I nl mil ,111 ulv.illl/.lllnll .1- llul III l,l\uiir -|liilr liliHllullun, liiiul

iii.iuK iiiiin-liil ilmiiit; ii- tii-i -r,i-uii \iiinii; liinlin^ Imilii- n
l.ivi - ut ili\ I liipnnnl , .1 will .1- \ I r\ m.iiu ui Ini - u| \ .u iun- .n;, -. |
I'l 1 n pi I 'il III K I \.i Til 1111 1 1 in llir III ill till I 111 11, 1 1,1, iiiii w iihuui -u, i
I ikt w i-t III nil ill iii\ 11 litii i,il I nil nil - piiiilin I il I i,iiiili,i

'el Sjioft Cnrmtihilinii ■ In tin ^i i inin,ili, ,n -l mln - I In- n- ii,il li.iii
limp iniiliuil Willi \ ■ liivlnni iill- w.i- ii-i,| V.uiun- iniili.i \
iinil, inilnilniv: ili-lillnl ,iiiil i.ip w.iur, sulniiuii- ul ^i ipi- •-iiv;,ii, i
■lltil. in.illii-r. pi plum , nil .1 i\ll,iil, h iil--. .,|,i,liu|, .ilk.ilir-, ilr
^;lliliil pimilt.lL;r -IllllLlll- I )ri ,11 11,111- ul Wuu,! ,in,| l|,l|li;llli; ti

lit Willi 1 1 111, mum; pii 1 1 - i ,1 wuuil win ,il-„ . i \pi i imiMilni with,
ijn all --l -in 1 1 - • w.i- ,il(.inn li Willi I wu In .,iiii- ul iiuini--lK iii.ill rs!

(Sul.. Xil.

On nil. r^ioioi,\ ui l-oMi', AriMvwn-.

14.^

I.K ! n-ni.iin-

lil lll.cl -nil

lur ni,i\ lit-

Hlll< 1,(1 \l\

\ Willi ill, a

111 ^|)(ilf tail
(■ ill~i ll.unf,
I. .Hl.l til, It
,\(MI(1 llfliiU

i( - illilt il al
1. I 1 iiiliii^

|I,U -I |\ .lllll

i\\ iiioi-lurt-

lU lilt; iiiulrr

i- licit im

nil ikjii that

■ pr.Jihu i'(!
•- -t.ilcil to
Iml/n \iin

I^Hl). lllll
I.K r (it tllr
I 111 i;iii\\ iiij;
.; I- iiiiliid

I . I --I ■ It V. J -
>-.l l-\ l.u.ll

hi- ( .111 lie
■t 111 pajHT,
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Ult -III I I IS.

i.il li.uiuiiiL;
null, I \\t[V
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11-, I'll .. ((I
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ivith. Ihf
I, ill fMr.ii t

put up fnr iin.tlifl-, hut then niiK- with t|,, -pnr> ~ Ifm -,,ni( ,,| t,i\ tr.qw.
'I he prri 1 iit,i(:r <>i crtnitiation ,it hc-t. lioui \rr. w.i- ,il\v,i\ - |.>u, ii-nallv

,1 h.irtlc.n (.1 <ill.- pi f ( ( III. \n lilttt n lire u.,- n|.,, r\ llilr ill thr .ipprir-

,1111 I m| till, ,■ spr.rt - win. It wniilil -, rniiii.iii- .,vl ili,.-, uhii li w.nilrl iimI :
iiiir l« twiiii tli(.-(' t.ikin In. in tiMp- w itli \i,il,!i -|.,.ri - .ind iIm.m ii,,ni
tr.ip- wilh tintii but nnii-\i,iMi -[w.ri- Spnrr , , ,lli , t ir.n- uln, h , x-
Inhii, ,| Maliilil\ ill til, .il),,\. till ntir.ii, ,1 ni.ill . Mr,i, i- u..iili| ,1!-,,
C riniii.iti- ,il liiii.'- in ili-iill, ,1 ni 1,1,1 u.iii I, ,,n pnl,ii.. .ij^.ir. ,111, 1 ,,ii inni -t
-trrili/i .1 w,..., I 111- 111 li,i\iuiir ,|ilt( 1. h..ni lli.it ,■! -pr,ri-,,| /'. ^,|„„■

'HOM, . Hull, r I rcil w,i- .il.lc t,, c< rmiii,ilr tin -, m .1 ni,ilt.wni 1 , \ir,i, t l,i;i
ti'it in w.iti r iif (111 fn-li woiirnl -iirf.i, 1 --

I 111' ino'-l pn^/liiiK 1h Ii,i\ idiir (111 th( put ,,! the -p(,r.'- um-, 'k ,.iiiit, 11 d.
Thr. cfcit in.iidrilv d th,- ( ,,l!('( ti,,n- 111, nl, (,n ;;|,i-- didr- t iil- .1 Ic \lnliil
.iin .^( rtnm.i'wiii. ( ini c (nic liui l,,(.it(.(l ,, .por. -li,|, ,,,ll,(ti.,n wliii li
-1m.\\( '1 •^('iiniti.itinj.; pnwci- (,n,. ( (uiM -,, ,,„ d.iiK |,,r ur , k~ with pi.ii ti-
(.ilK iinifcrni -lirii--. .N„.nrr .,i l,it,r. li,,w,\,i, ..^i riiiiii.i ti. .11 1 ci .1 <!
.i|.ni|itlv 'I'll! 11 W.I- no nnilorniitv d .it;(' ,ii whiili \i,iliilit\ i nd, ,l
■| Ik (,l(i(-t viahlc -p,,r(- , m i ,1111 1, ,, ,i |i,,,l |,i,n k, pi -i\ ,111, 1 ..ncli.ill'
111.. lllll- .lilt I (dill (I Kill in ,1 l,ili..,,ii,,r\ h.itii r .ind 'Inn ili.m nv,-i n.i.ni-.

I I ITI.IV |.< IK.U'd th.lt I'-i, ,' . ;,>M I,, I,,,,! ill,. ,,„,,, _,,( /> v,;„„„,„,„, I, .1,1 |,,_,

iliiir vMliiliu in ;(( il,,\-, ,1,1. 1 M,^'- H.ul,.. 1.,, tlicM. ,,| Pnlv,/,,!,,,
vrr^liolnr ]<it\\tc\\ \i .nid t7U('(k-.

r\( rv i-,.ni('i\,il,l( p,.--il,l, 1.1, i,,r in th, v., nniii iti..n w.i- t, -t, d (Vii
M(.-l (i| thr . \p, run. tit- w, iv , .,rn, ,1 -ml .it (.rditi.irv rcuii t, nip, i.iiiin :
ti -t- -h,i«(,i IK, ,i( , ,!,,,, ti,,n ,,r i, iird.itioii |,\ ,ilt('iiii;; li nipci.iinic
((.tiditi,>ii-|„ iwicn in .ind 2j { I.M- wcr, , .11 n, ,1 ,,iit iiil,ii^;lil liuht,

dull liv;hi .iii.l d.irkni -'^i -p.in - w, n -i\,!i dithr, nt I, nt;th» i,l time .ill. r
-P' " I'll! ''» 'tipdl". I„l,,,-, li. iim l,-t,',|; th. \ UdC (Mil ,lll,iw,,l t.i

'•'"'' '^" It'ivinv; (uit-idi , thcx w, I,' , ,,11, . I,,] |,,,„| ,,,,,111.1, ;,„li;,n('iil- 111
ih, \v,.,„l-. ,11 \,iri,,ii-. tiini- ,ind t(-t(,| iniin, ,li.i I. I\ \,,i ,,,iild \i,il,|,.
-P"H s 1,,. ,,,,,, ,1 I,, ,1,,,,, 1,1,,,,,,,, d .,1 ,iiu ji.iiii, ,|i,,, p. M,.d ..I th. .-.p,,ni-
litiii',; M ,i-,,ii Ih, \',in l'i,'t;li, 111 ,(11- win -, I lip with, .111 n-in^; \,i-, lin,-
I" -I d th, in; th, ;;l,i.--\v,ir, u,,- t,, .n, ,| ni •.,iii.,ii- w,i\ -, Im ini; w.i-li, ,| in
•'''"''"'• '" ■!' I'l. "f <li-tilit',| w.it'ii th, I, -nil- W.I, ih, -,,ni, I li,
himdidl- (.1 (,-t- with r.t.'K IK, t,, p,,-il,l,. , ,,nlr(i|liii.L; l.n f,r- iiiw.K,d
niiiu w,. k-(.| l,il.,,|ii, .md 111 111, ,,id ii,,thi„;. v,,i- lllll -.\, rid ill il w,.i|l,l
indii. ( .1 liii;li, r pen. iit,ii:(. ,,| ^;, riiiiii,iti,,n. or ,,n\ ucriiiiii.iti.Hi .it ,ill tr,,m
ni,,i!\ -!i,|, .. rii,. M', iiiin^;ly cir.ilir lich.r. inir wuiihl ,ipp, ,ir t,, !.,■ i\
pLiiniM. diiK (.11 th, i:r,,iiii,k d inln nnl |,.u \ mLiIhn (,| th,- -por, -.

11'. Ill 1 -imi- III ;^, 1111111,111,111 in the m.ili ,'\ti,i, ; •nrdinm .m i;, n< r-
''"^ ''''"'' 111 ■il"ii' -M hums, -(Idi.iii -,H,ii,i. wlun ,t t. w >p,,r.'- put

lU •|knn--\( II..N- ,,! -nil R..^ M (As,,„^v Inmiii rr, Ivor
'""'' ''"" -'"" '"Im -<T,M li.. n. A.Mnnt, |„,l.„i,vi-,xl„l„t,

'"'" ■''"■'^- '-'""^ '""" ll" ■■IMIM. ,,,.■■!■■ ,,|,i,,,l,,Hlol Il„ -|„,n- ■
."" ^^•'ll'Mn».n-'..lH lu.lilM ,„,,,!,„ ,,,„1..,,,,,„, niK llnnnr, . ..„,h
" ■''"'"-' •'!"■''' '" '''•Niin,,. In tl,.,,„lur-l,r.,,.,n^, ,..,,. hi,,

'""''■''"'- '■''-"■^"''l'' '" '1" Ilirhv,,!,,, ^,,,xv,,,„, ,„ iIm ,|,„

"' "" l'"V^''^i-"l ih. .p,,,. |,,r-n,n, ,1,-,,,,,,. :l„,,,ul,m^. u<.,muu

,"'""■-'' " '"" 1" 'I'liv'-I nil .!„ 1,„,|„„ ln,,l,., i- .,„„. IS tin,,

,"^''' "' "" ~1""' '" il" '"l"' IM". tlir Inph,, „i ,„„.■.,,,„,

'I"'"'"n.,l n,I„ .,n,^l,~ ... . In 1, „„ ,„i. ,,f ,|„ -p, „, . i„.,n, Inn, I,

"■ ' ""' '-"I'-.n Ih, .,v,r,,c. Ml., ,n,.n -vnnn. .,,,,,1 -v -,. „,

"'■'"' ''"^'' 'M"- ■'" ""' "Ml. Ii n„N,,| in il„. -,,n„ ,nllnn. ,,~ ,,

(f) V^ ^'^1

Tr«t Fig. I.— Illu»*rating various ,ta(!r« of .iporr ,-t..%vili i in. ., ;,.,,,,, - y,.,,,,

■'!^'":"'"" '" -l''""" '"I""'- IV.Hn,..lK ,,ll ,1„. „nn,n,,li„n

,'■""■; '" ■' -'^"' """"" '- '" .vi.l. n,, M, ps I -. ,|„.„.i, ,

'"'■""'"'"- "' """"" i: in.l -in,, ^.n.ull, p,,„,,,U ,,, , f,

■"■"'"■'" ''">■ .'Hx p.,,h, nl.i,- li.m^nu .lr,.p p
I'l. I iir( ,1 1 .,n\ i;i\ , n -I i",.

'" --I nl- .1 r.iiliii ,1, (i,
'"■ "I"'"' I' .I'nr, ■- .111,1 ill, ^,.,111111.1
l.M'liMl AM, ni .11. ., , h.u.u r. ii.,iic iIi.h
-I'i'ii i.t il- prniliii t.

I. Ill ir.iiiiK ni.ii, . - in\ li.n

I vol . \ 1 1 .

' "N rm. Hiniui.s oi I oMi.. .\iTi\N\n-.

MS

\ImI.i|( i|. ilii'
-|"'ri w li( re

I . .111(1 u IlK li

i.il I 111 n ,irc

llll (|lll( linn

I ' iiiiini III 1^.
15 liriii-. ihr

I' .I^^IIIIU ~ ,1

liiiit; I'lviin^
-It III ( iiri-

I . .1- .1 Itllc

^

i.ilinn line
'ii;;li ,1 li w
il .1 l.iiiK-
IT iiilinitc
;i! rnin.ilcil
n\ l(.n ij;n

(irnwlli i^ v(rv r,i|.i-l.-I-,At I i^ i ^linw m^ ,„, ,,\ , ,,,^,. |il.,„i win. h Ims

.in.,,n,,l ih,. -1/1 npi, ~. ,ii,,| 7^ In,,,, - ,,ri,r , hi .,„,ii- w, , , -.i.uii in lli,-

mill I Mil. I, -I-|„,„^|, ,,,,., w.i!!-. ,,r, .litliiiilt ti, ili-.i 1,1 ,11 tl„ M„,,m

'''■"" '" iii"i'""l .ill .iiliiii.-, 1.1,111. hin- ,,in iiML.lK I..' m.i.l, ..,,, i.,

'■'^' I'''"'- "i-l Ih l..\v a s, |„iin,, li,, ,,|,lv ,1,,,,,^,. ,,|,M,v,i|,|, ,n ili,.

-l..ii. .Iiii-int; i;(rmi,i,,ii.in i, .11, iinni. . Ii,, 1, k .|,i. 11..11 m m/i ..| iti. . .ntr.il

-'"''"'' ■""' •'''- i''lti. li.Mi ill M/, ...niiiHi,^ iiniil il l.ii.ilK .li-,ipiH,ir..

'"" l"""rl.iM" "I 111' hvph.u i- ..,l,,il, ,-, .in.l -li.,u-. Hiiiiul, hij^lilv

"''•""^' '""ii'- Alt.rl.,iir..rli\,,l.u-\,,.ii.,l.,li.,ii i- ii.,i i. , .iM, in ,|„
..l.i. r ,,11-

I'l i"nii.. i|..n xMih i|„. ^, ,,ni,i,iii,,n I, -!-. ,,iir n,,,,-,. |,„ , ,. v\,„,|,v ,,t
"•"' ■ '" -'""'' "' 'li' '•''! m.. 111,1- 11 \u,- .,h-,,A,.| 111,,, ,!,„-, In,/, ,„-
uii.li,-' iM.M.ni lik, ,11..-.- ,.pp,,„, ,1 nn -,,ni, .,( ili,. In pl,,„ rii,
-.,111, Kr.. will- wd,'. IK,. nil 1,1-,, I m -,,|,|,. ml,, . nit 111.-, I'h, \ pr..\i.| ,,n
"^""'"■"'"" '" !"■ "M'l, lip ,,f '..iv iiii,n.r.,ii- -|,.„: l„,,,„|„-, Mri. .lv
^•^.lii/. .l.in.l .,1" Ml, I, .,„ ,l[.p.,n.in,, ,,- t,,|, .,,1 nil, l.,,Ap,.,| ,,,Mi,ii,|, l.llt

n.n- «,'. I,, nil. I. ■rii,ir-iKnilH,in,,iv,inkii.,wii, Mi, f, |,i ( 7 1 n,,i.-,| ,„i.|
liKiiKii ill, ,-aiHf thitli;.

I\- ( .

I UK \] .Snrni -.

''i> /hsin,,,,,!: I'ri,,r ,., ,|„, ,ipp...„,in, ,• ,,f H.irlii;',- ■\Vi, lui^r
Ki,.nkl,.ii,n .1,1 \V,.l,ll.,i„i,„ ■• 111 iM74.,n,l In- •' /, r-,l/unv;M-r-, l„ i,,,,,,.
i:<n ,1,- ll.,|/,s"in i,S7,s i,ni little w,,> iiti,|,r>t,„„| ,,l,.,ul th.' .1,, ,,v ,,f
"'""'• ''" I-'""" i'"'-i- in. In.l,. i ,u,.,iinl> ol -, a , n -p,-, i,-, , ,,nini. .nlv-
.n!,,, kiiii; ..,nif,n.ii> ii„,l„,- ,,,„i .i,x cuiMiij; ,|,r,,y in nak. \lni\^ wa-
'lii tir-t In a-o. iatf a ^p,, id, ,!,•, av appcir.ni, c with a p.irii, iil.ir liini;i|.
•ni.l 111 .m|.lia-i/iM« thi- la.l l„- ni.i.l,. hi. ni.,-t imp,,rl.,,it , .,„,ril„iti..n
III- wndus nfyrnnut, iin,,K,,| a ...nipl.t,. .l.-,ript„,„ ..f th. I,i„mi- ,,,„.
"""'I' •' niiiiiit, .i,,.,i,„, ,,) ih,. .1,-tMi, ii,,i, ,,t 111,. u...,.l, with in.uiy
llln-lrall,„i- .,( th, ptnyn-iv, ,„i,-,-.,-.-np„ ,,„„i ,ii,„,n-,np, . li, ,„;,,.-
In nn , ,,-, WM- Ih, IV ,inN ,,t,, n,pt 1.. ,<t,ilili-li i,|, ,uit\ ,,| ih, , ,iii„,| f.,im
l"- ' iilinr,' nr in,i,nl,iti.,ii.

11k 11, m ..,iit,i|,nt.,r .,! imp,, 11,,,,,, i„ ,hi- i,, M w.i- ^\.>^r . JM wli-,
I" l-^V, ,1. -, ,,1„ ,1 in ,],.,,,, I ,|„, ,„,„,„ ,,, ,„,, ^|„ , ,, ^ ,^, Poh-poru. p,,,,i.|t„-
"" I'll' 1' Mill 111- III, lh,„l- w, 1, -mill,, I- In Ihn-.- .,( II, ,1,1^ .,i„l hk, ,,,„.
'"■Iii'l"! 11.. .iiliin,,! -iii.li, -. ri„, -t,,i,n„nt ,,!-,, ,,p|,li. , ,,, „„„,
-nil-.. III. Ill wnik: tlm- m th, l,,-i lilt.,,, M.,r-. wiiil,. A-i. 11. ,,11 i„x,.,ln-
;:iM- h,iM :;iv.n ,. mtv un .it .1-.,1 ,,| ,itt,nli.Mi t., p.,Kpnn- i.-p, „,-,l,l,.
['"■''" ''"•'' "' 'ii'il'<'-..TKl,,||,,r,-, ln,-.,„.^. n, i.ilih, -liiili, - hax . had
'■'"" '' ""i" «"li '!'-■ Ml,., rn-, ..pi. ,,,,.1 ,ni. ,-..-,,, pi, , han;;,> cxprcsM'.l „,

I-l'' Tn.-.-.M ll'lN-, (II Mil K'llSM ( \S\|i|\\ l\>flll II |W)1

lilt -|n ( ilii rill cr (li-r,i~r, J III I \\ !l li [iri \i nli\ I mi ,i~nii -; III lie (ill
Wdik I'll till (,iii-.il ti'rin~ lici- liiin ilmir,

III I'^'i7 W'.inl lui 1 1| 11 111 1 1 11)1,1 iiru lull I in i • inm rlimi \\ jlli llir -
III wiiiiil (lr-1 ri i\ iii'^ liiiiLii, I'V |iiii\iiii; lli.il -m li lurm-- .in i.ip.ili
iiilinir ill- -iiiilir- win mi Slrrni»i Inrsultnir lie lir-l nl ,ill
iiiiiMiiil llii' --iiiin^ nil L;rl.inni .nnl ,11;, it iiiiili,i. ii~iii'^ --im.ir nr r
liiti I .i~ .1 niilriiiil. .ii|i| -iiiMiilnl in 1 il il.iiiiiiit; ,111 ,il niinl.inl i^inu
nmrlnini. iln' iiiMriinin nlil.iini'l 111 lln~ \\,i\ u.i^ tliiii ir,in~lrrri
~li I ili/i i| I ill II k~ III Will 111 ki ]il nil .1-1 in 1 mi 1,1 i mi ~. In 1 In 1 mir-i nt
Imir nimiili- liiinin^ Innhi-- ni.iilr 'linr .ipi h.h ,ini r in lii- iiilt
.ilinm iii.il 111 ^'1,1 ;m, ii 1- inn. Iml u 1 ,1 li m \ 1 1 1 In It -- ~pmiil.ili il
tin til -I linir .1 li.i -ulimnv 1 ill III- winul iji-l r- 1\ in.; liiii'^ii- u.i- iiilt
mi iI- liii-l limn ■■[inir In ^pmr W.ihI" piniMi-i , Imwi \ir. w.i- ni
111 ii -I till pii---iliilil\ III -III li .11 I ilii i.il I iilliin - I Ir li.iil ii'il in \ ii \i
ill mmi-li,iliiin lli.il llic li,iliiir~ nl ilii.is 11-11, ill\ .1--1 h i.iliil will
liiiii;ii> win n ,ill\ li,iii,ilil( In it. hiit Mtlnr In -linw iIliI lln i iil
ii I linii|iic ini[ilii\>-l in tin ^imK n| nihir Imr^n- i|i-i,i.i- \v,i- Iiki

.ipplil ,llil( 111 till -llliK nl I til lll-l ,;-l - nt Wnnll.

( niill.lIA In lliipi- tll.ll llln;lll In .ilnniil 1 1\ W.lli!'- -Ilil(»
Slifiini; hir\nl;ii.i . iNptiiiiiM h.i- -Imwii lli.il -iinil.ii .iiliiiipl-
liij^hi t liiiii;i 1 nininniiU Ir.nl In ili-.ippmiii nil 111 , -n I li.ii . .1 - \ 1 1 , 11 pi
-nil (^-liil 1 nil nil ~. w il li llu -pm iililiir^ Inni iii;c l"'i|\ ,t- .m i ml ,itl,i
1 nii-liiiiti .1 \ii\ hrii t li--!. l.illli Iiniilili i- mijin.iriK' nirminlrn
(iiiniii; -|iiin i;iiniin.ii imi .ind .1 i^muili nl iiuiiImhh. .nnl il i- 1
i\piiii| lli.il mmr intrn-i\i' cltnii will nvr.il llu- kiuuvli ilt;(' nl
1 lu iimiiin nl.il t,ii till- 1 mnliii iM In ti nil ilii .ilinii. \\ lu re I imr .iml •
.111- t.iilmv. till iiiipliAiiir^ nt i( I liiii'inr ,111 i;rc.iil\ iiii n a-c d . lui
III till I litln nil \ nl pn A ( 111 im; ili \ ini^ mil nr nl tlir inl inilmiiiiL; iiili
iiilliiii III u -iipiilii-- nt watii iini iniliiini- willimit prrniil liiii; .1
-.line iMiii ilir iiiii.iiiii- nl I niit.imin.iiinu inniilil- I r li.iitrria li

III ill U \ n \S nt ■-III ll Unrk 1 ll.lt Inllnw-, nllK t llr \M ini i -l ll>l rn\ illL; Inl 111
111 ilril

Rllli II S' InllnWiil W.ilil'- -lllilu- in till InllnuilV,; M'.ir with ,1

I I •mil nl -I mi 1. 1 1 umk in irl.ilinii in llic .u 1 imi nl < 'nllyi'iii -.riulipr^ m
unnil (it .Iiv.;,/((\. Ill i;ii iiim.i till llir -pmr- in llanum.i; ilrnp^ nf
-iiL:ar -nliilinii; tin nuirlinni nlilaiiinl in llii- \\.i\ limkr up inin 1

1 ll.lill^ \\ illlill 111 111 nr 11 11 il,l\ -, .illil I lu -1 \M ic IMII-Irui il tn -Il ri
Wnnil 1 iliii k-- Nn, m.ll --pnt lll.l I ini; -|)nrnp!|nn - will pi nilm 111 will

iiimith. I niir ' ir- pn \ imi~K (n-!,iiiliii .nnl M.ilrinlint iiji
lAliilnlrii imrm.il Inn 1 itiral inn- nt tlii^ >.niu --pi 1 i( - iilitaiiud mi ■
I ii'l mo 111 iwii iiiniii h-.

|wil Ml

lllc ( lllllir,il

ill llii' ^li|i|\
I ,i]).il lie I'l
I'l .ill U' r-
■ ir (ir r.n^iii
I ;;rnulli lit
iii-li rri 'I III
ir-i 111 -iinic
1- I iiImiii ~,
ll.lllil Inr
.1- iiiltiirid
\\,i^ mi'ii'K-

III \ ii u ,III\

i| willi the
till ( nil iii.il
v.i-- liktw i-i-

III I I -- u Itll

1 111 pi - u it h

I I . n pi il'tnl
ml atlaiiK il,
iiimlrrnl in
I il i- 111 he
i.li;.' I.I ih.
ir .mil -p,|i r
III. Iin.iii^c
Ihil; inlu llic
ttiiiL; .It tlic
ri.i. In ihc
Wfl 111! iii~ .in

with .III .!( -

iflpf^ I 111 I lie
'(ip- I if ( .irr

1 illtii nlili.ll

ti . -Il I ili/i i|
III w illiin .1

! 1 IJI ll.hl
III I 111 will 1(1

On tuf, Rioi.onv of Fomf.s Appianatis.

147

Biffen (6) has similarly invoticateti Biil'^aria pnlynwrpha. The
^piiris in this case wtn- RtTminatcd in ln-tTWdrt gt-latine, and from plate
iiiltuns >terile Mocks of oak were inoculated; fniitinij cups he.irini,'
a>co-pi,r(- .ippeared in lliree rnunth-. {li- p.iper L;ive- the action on
ii.ik in dct.iil. .111(1 the de\elopnu-nT of the fmimis.

l-.llik ii;,) in 'loj. reiHirteil ciiltiirint; three ai;,iric-- to the friiilini,'
lio(l\- --t.-ige. foilowinj,' in ,t;(.'neral, HilYen'- method.

AiiionK Anieric.in mycii|iii;i-ts excellent work on ( nltur.il inve--ti-

:^.iiioii> 111 \\lophiliiu-- fungi ha- lueii doi'r liy l.vni.m. Spaulding. liuller

.mil /i 11. r. I.vni.m's work 125 i i- l,\- f.ir thr iiio-t extensive, Iml .1- his

inliTi-t ((iiind in thi- .-econd.ir\- -por.- of Autoli.isidionu.ete-. the

-.■curing of fruiting Imdies w.i- r.iili.r inciilciii.il. He .iiltiv.itei! -onie

75 -p.iii- ill Thelephor.icear. HmIilicimc .iiid I'oKpor.ice.n- from llieir

-[)ori-. rnlorlun.iteK the Imlk ol his ,,i,t.- w.i- .accident, dly lo-t . hut

!i.' report- ih.it "in the niajoritv of spci ii - -t ml in I | \v.i> .iM,- with nmre

.r li -s ihlluulty to r.ii-e l.a-iilio-[ioric Inm.ni.i in ilie l.ilioralory."

Sp.uilding '4.;) in 11)05 r.ported culliiriiig SihiznpnyHiim comntuif

-in<.--full\. l.ut in l.il.r ciiltun- of .mother .ig.iric. /.ruzitc; s.^phina.

on -t. rili/i il pi. re- of wood lu- j;,,t onl\- .dmorni.il -porophon- which he

dois not in. iition .1- -porul.iting -441, The hi^hK d. -tru.ti\e Loilnius

Irpiilius W.I- .lis,, -tudidi in ,1 -imil.ir in. inner hy lUillcr o,! j,, cmin.-. tioii

with a d.i.iy of street p.n ing blocks, .ind with lik.- re-iilt-. Allcr .51)

. uhiiiad /., (;:;/,. V Kcjn.iria fioni -pore to -pore. Huller ^ loi h.,- ^Wvw u-

,1 \.r\ mil r( -ting Mological p.iper on Polyportis sqnanmsus in. hiding

.1 \.r\ (kt.iil.d .I.e. Ml of ihe structural and i-henu'cal changes Iiroiight

.iliout in ni.ipl,' w.iod li>- this fimt;u-. .md likewi-e of th.' respon-il,le

< n/\nKs. Cultiir.il ,-iudics wer.' .il,-o m.id,'. tin- spores being germinated

111 h.iiiging drops ,,t m.ilt extr.i.t .md cultured mi I'xtract s,,li,lifn.,i wJili

.;. l.iliiie. In nine months. Imwex. r, ih.-re w. ic no -ij^ns of any .ittempt

lou.ir.l- th.- formation of a fruiting l.oilv. Later, this >pecie- w.i.-

' idiur. d on Ml), ks of wood 1,\ IViic i.vM who sn.a.edid within -ix to ten

ni.inlli- in g.tting ai.norm.ilh shaped fructilications. ■Chi-, tiiough.

' " iin.,1 only in the ca e of those cultiir.s kept in dull lidit, .md iimie

■dl'.ii"! in darkness nor in bright light. All ln> fructilicitions

r. nianud ,|uite st. rile. iMi-^ Haylis- (4) has publislu <l a biological study

. t J'rly.^ndti.s 'orsicnior. including its destructive action on wood in detail.

i I'.c . ulluies ,m wo.id blocks pro.hi. ed only abnorm.illv shaped fruiting

I'o.li. -, stirilc ,\,.n after 17 months. Some of tli.-e ware induced to

-porul.ilc Kitcr by r.moval from their .out. liners and placing out-ide

umlcr n.uur.il .(inditions. S; far ..s 1 i .m hiid Pol^slutns'irrurolor i, the

i4>^ Transactions of the Rovai. Canadian lN>TiTrT!:. [vc

first polvport- to 1)1- surctssfuUy culturid t<. >|)(irulation, thduj
coiKiitions wen- not wholly artificial.*

M\ \wirk on Fomcs app'tanatus dfnion^tr.itt - that it now is
addt (i to i1k- !i-t of wholly culluiaMc form~, iht tn>t of thi- Fomi
(arrvini; lhri'Ui;h the ( uttiin- tin pro( tdiirf wa> lir-t of all to vjr(
nui I liuni on ag.ir in tuho, .mil tin n to tran~t( r pi'tidn- ol llii- my
1.. -In i!i/(il Wood in lari;i- (•(pntaintr>. It ua- lound that tin-
ni\ir liiiil- on an ai:ai incdiiini Iln- mviilitim \\a> ol'tainti
thrfi- Miurci-: ( 1 ) >pori>, i2) pino ot ^porophorc. \ \} pi( ci- of di
wood, and thii-- thric paralK 1 -irir~ of ( wltiirt -• were larrii d ihrouiu;

i'») '/'/(/'(' Cnllnris: I'll'' -pon^ ii-nl for ^tartln'^ (iiltun- ui
taiiii il from ihr dt po~it- "W --lidi - -it in -p.'H tiap- a- ain ad.\ di -i
'11 u --< -lidi - will' -tori 1 1 in oo!!nar\ niii ro-ropi- >!iilr l>o\i ~ and ii
occ.i-ion drmalidid i'lu ^;la~-warr ii-i d in ihi rmiiialioii mI
-tirili/' d. till mall 1 \irai t wa- -Mnn tiini - -ti rili/ i and ^-oiiu linn--
il --iinird to i;i\r a latin r lii;;lu r pirrintavri- i;rrniiiiation win
-lirili/iil. and toi all prai tiial pniiio~i- -rr\id ii|iiall\ wi.ll. tor ti
portion ol iiili I ti'l mount- in tin m.iiu hnndnd- oi nil- i inplovi
ni i.;li.;il'K . I hi h,in,.;iiv^; dr. ,| i- . .f t In i t 11- w i rr iinn ul.itid w it !i \ r
-porr- -o ill, it i\tr\ -pori ill tin ihoiimi . . iild In i\amiiiii| .i-
idi ntit\ . Afli r v;irmin.ition, w ii h i an one jiliiit i mild In- pii ki d o
[il.itiniiin loiip |..r ti,ih-fi n inr to iln av;.ir nirdiiiin.

M.iiiv .1.: ir nil li i -in h .i- o.ilnu al, Wo.,d. .n oni. i ti .. wirr trio
llu I'l-t 11 -nil- win oli.iiind willi onlin.iiA pol.ilo .ii^ar. Ill
ill. nil |.\ -n.ikiiiu V' '^lam- I il -hn ddi d .is.ir o\ < ini,L;lit in « iin liln o|
,iiid 11 plai iiii^ till- iiii.ih-oi 111 d w.ili r li\ -1 i.iiin d t liii k p.oian i \\a\\-

(.i.iWtli i- rapid, till tlni.id- r.nli.il in.; out nvnlnU. -o thai
or r-is da\- ,1 (itinl.ir -inw-whiu p.ihli oin iiall imli in di.imi
lirt-sriil . In It-- ill. 1 11 I w 11 wi 1 k- tin w hoK -l.nil l.m i .| .ii.;.ir in a
ijiMi li r iin 11 I 111 II w ill 1 II 1 . A> n d 1 iirtln r i;iou I li n -nil- in ,i l hii 1
Up ot the lasir >o tliat the i.iilur lliilfx ippiaranir i« >oiniwlia
i'hi- l.iM r -oon lui-oim- wo\i n into .i thin Kailu-ry j-hci-t whii Ii i-
1 notivh I'll tin nuiiliiiin to In i \i'.irti d iKxlily. .X-linu; t;ot> i

111 l.af l.iki- oa .1 powdi rs lo. 'k .1- if I iillii'i.l WlTc In iiii; tor tiled,
all iii\ tlllii- r\,imiind inin wire i \ir di.si (i\ irid. the ixiwdi r\ a]
anif Ihiiii; diir to tin niiiin ton- i \i n u d i r\>taU iif cali iiim o\,il u
tliu witelub" l>ruoniliki luaiu ln>.

•Siiui- this w.is writtiii a i>.i|nr liy I.oiik and lliiriw'h (24) hat lomi' In li.i
ifminn thf I'ullurr ol a larijr niimlur ot forms of wixKl-rottina (uniji 'Hi a
media. Their inviitiKalioiin li.nl In vii» tlu' ililTtri'miation of «Tu!R- form* ti
(itlliiral (haraitiTB alonr. In ihf riiUiiri'* ol F. uppliiniitus, on malt .iml i
agari", ii|H>ro|ihorf iiriHluiliim wa» indicatttt in 30 to If* ilays.

< '-. IMI (;icMi",\ Ml I ,,Mi , \p|., \., \,,

I ll

. thdiish thr

now i~ t(i lie
w fiiinci. Fii

II tn ^rc)\\ tlir

till- iiiyccliuni

It lllc tuili;!!'

I't.iincil tr'im
r- I 'f (liM ;i~((l
lliii iui;h.
i!( ~ ui t r I il I-
I'U 'k-i rilMil.
- .iii'l il-nl ,1-i
lii'ii I ell- ua>
IK lillir-. nnl —

I'll wlun nut
1, fur till prc-
riipiiA 1(1 \\ ,1-

U ilh \ ll\' llAV
IlrrI ,i~ In i I ••

i( kill iiiit in ,1

rrc triiil. lull
f. I'hi- \\,i-
liln III u.ilrr,
t I « .111 r.
1 th.it ill ii\ 1
I iliaiiutiT i>
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j-trii ll\ I'.illii il. ..^11 .il |.lii iii.iiii linn. \- till .iiili liiif in,irL;iii ■•! tl
(Tccp- Il II « ,iii|. ki 1 |>iiil: I'.ii I u il II t In ,ii|\ nil liiL' li\ pli h . tin |i
m.iruiii .til\ ,1111 I - \\ nil 1 i|ii.il i.i|iiii|i\ lr.i\ Iiil: m ■ i i.ii i i .mIh i|i-i i i'
in till I i--iii - I II liinil : 1 lu ■' wi iiiml uuin " I- c ii In i l.|i u In i] i ir ,, r

I'. 11 I ' 'I iki 1 1 I il I 111' liiiii;n~: .it ,il| <\i III- irm.iln - 1 I it .m in it i

I '\ till ,in| 1 1| ,m\ I'l I lir -l.iln^ i.i nlln r i

I 111] 'Il 'Mil 111 -t iniii - 111 till' ili-i ,1-1 il Will
I \ li '-1 - 1 1 'II -I 'tiiti' ,iiii .1 111 I' Il III

II ,ll nil I'l till I'li'W II /I'lli'. I ll l\(' Inlll

ill .11 l.n ki ll ,i|i\Mi, III ,iii'l 111', II tu.iiiil . il
-|'| I 11 " 111 w lin h 1,11 1 ll \\,i - 111 I' ll ll .
nil liiilnn.^ I n i i li. -ii'^.n m,i| 'k' ,iiii| ii

I'lll ll"l m llli Uiiml I'l till' ,ip|)ll

I ll 'Wil ill' Iniiili. I III tin \i -1 1,. I , III
lillmu ilii 111 I- w lili ,1 1 niiliniiiiii- ,'i,.w
ill' " Ui'innl •^iiiii " ll iimil 111 i|u \ I I
I'.ii I ll ll .i 1 , '"I ,iii i| in ihi' in ^iiiu'lii:;
I \ li'-i ■ ll" in I I I I 111 ill I 111 -iiitinl 1 1--
\iiinl tin l'ii.\wi I', link It i- .il-o ~tiiki
I I .1 l,if.:i 1 \ti nl lints li'-i - 111 -I II III ill
''^ ill' I'l I iipv im.1 ItlMiin,-, li.r .i -Innt ill.ini.i luliiml ik, l,i,,u
tliirc m,i\ !«■ lull ll « i!,i,i- I, I ilnm kn \ , I ,-i ix.nmiiu
DI.kIc ll. i|i~rii\i I uh, ill, f i.i lint till umiinl umn" .mil lln
niiL'.!iI lint 111 ii.iiiiiil in-t 111 Idle till ti-Mn- in iiin-iinii ui i, i
li\ iIk- Ii\|.1i.u'. liiit ll! ill, (Mill 111! niil.iiiud nru.iliM'l .iii
-lllipo-ilinti. 'I'll,' jitnuii li.iinl I- till III, I vt.iL;, in tin iIi-imii
li\iilK wiii.il, litii iiii.ic th.ui tl'it. till' "wiiiiinl ',^11111" .nul txk
li.ituro 111 iiii|H.rt.ii, ■ in iiiit i|if. till^' llic tt.iliiic ul tin liinKii
-iuMifu.iiHi' Iniin liii- |xiiiii ,,l \kw will Ih<K, ill w ith in ilic mt
" l'.ir.i>.itiMii".

ri\ \\n\ . xii

On nil-. Bioi.cx.v of Iomhs Ai'ii.anati

t?7

mull r( il \\\\i ri

I alli (i *■ WMiiinl
I il;iii in I i--ii( -

lin.lllCiII -llri\\.,

I III I'll-. Ill In-

I in .in\- III till
r li Tin I il il.irk
in,; li'.ni nii'fr
, li !- ulii.llv
• rcc.M'ili i| ,).^ a
in i.f llii' li.Mhl

. l|ll |l, I tl lie rl

II ill -I I .!( If, It il lit

I I il ~l l\ ( - ,1^ ,1

II III il II \ r.lli I i

I it In r 1 1 .il;i 111 -

-1,1 Ui.i.il

r II mil k.ilili
\r liiimil till 111

III 111 -I -lAi r,il
III il li If I 111 in.
,inil ic •! 1 1. lis.

.ippli' 1 111 v

1~. I I iini ill II l\
1^ ;;n!\\ t 11. ,iiii|
V vf.-si'I.s i-. in
ii\\ in:; t \ Il 1^1-,.
lii'l I i- -111 - 111

II - 1 1 1 k 1 1 1 ,.; 1 1 1 . 1 1
-I II 111 ill -.11 1 1\ I 1 1
I liiii\*i| /iiiii-

,1111111 I I il 111 V\ ,1 -

III llii i\ liiM ,
will 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

\ I 1 1 .iii\ -111 11
ill -It 111 I II 111 1 1|

111 1 t\ Il !-.( - .III-

lnni;ii- . ilu ii

lllf >('l'l!li|l nil

Thr microsnipii- fiaturfs of wo.wi att.ukvd by F. applanatns aw iilii-,-
irat.il in Fi;,'s. loti. 14. Tlif hyphao seem to, uKMiiCf primarily .iliiiij the
niiiliill.iry r,iy> am! vr^-cls. nmrc p.irtii ul.irlv thr tormrr, hut .ill kinds
of c.ll- .in- prnrtralnl. ( )n v i.-uali/in^' the aiKaiirr of thr fun^u-. threads
a- a uhole. one ijoe-^ not per<ii\-e .my particnlar eviilen, .■ of rheinotropir
attra, lion exerted on the hyphae. Hire and there ,,iu- meet- uilii
appt,.r,i!iee- in the >ei'tions whii h could lie -o interprelei I. Imt -ui h are
the iM-eption. not thr rule. The pa-,,;;,. |Vnm ,rll to eel! i> in no u.iv
■ iinlin:;ent on d mnec I int; pit>. for the end of,, |u pli.i ,ippe,ir- to penen-,,te
the , I 11 w.,|| wherever il m.iy li,,ppen lo iv,„ j, it. fh,' hoi,- i- mh.iII ,,t
hr-t. n.iriow, r th,in thr normal dianien r of thr h\|.h,i, l,.r thr pnrtinn of
ttieluphafilliie^thr pirlor,,tioni. more or li— redured. .\n evimin.ilion
ol till ti-iu> Ml;i n lemi tlie,,iK,i lein- .ire.i of ,leea\ -In .\v- thai ihen 11-
■iie i.irlrr.itiil v.iih nniltitudinou- liol,-, thr hvph.u- .idv.ineiim p,ii-.,ll, I
'"'"" ''"• ^■■•"■" ■" 'l"^*- '"r.'V 'I'hi- uhoU-,iIr prrforalion i- v. ry
-tnkiim niiiKr tlii mii fOMope ,ind i on-iin'i.,- the t"ir-t -ta-<e in the
ile-truelimi of the wond. The perlor.ition i.f the ti.-ue 1- -u. 1 1 1 did l.v .,
Iiro^;ns.ue solution of the eell w.ill it-ilf. 1,, the ni iK'hliourhoi ,d of ,,nv
jMili. nlar hepli.i then- ir- ,1 .ste,idy redui tioi, of thr .-ell w.,11 -o that the
|itii;in,,ll\ n.irriiu- perfor,itio„ now In ionie> ,, Lir.i;e irreijular Imle. ni.inv
tmii - l..rL;er in .„,a ih.in ,it hist. With the enl,ui;inj,- of the p,rlo,-,,i ;,,„.-,
iiinti.^imu- openin:^- frei|iiently mer.;, ; ,, nil w,ill ,,t thi-, -t.i^e pn-ent-
.1 \..\ nuieh riddled ,ind , orioded .ippraiMii, e. Tlu dilution i.| the , ill
u.ill pir,,,.!- in .1 iiin-t.mt m.mner, Imt the inm r l.imin.ir ill-,i.,p,,,r
rail,, r nn He r.ipidiv ih.ui the middle l.ini. II.,. The di -'nn tim, 1 oiu'ini!, s
HI 1 M 11, nr ..,-,- till n.ithitiL; 1- lilt liut liM^menlMil tin- mn-i iv-i-i.int
pin- 'I" ■'nKul.n"^n-ei-'\„., .11,, „-,„,-. .„„ipi,.,.,._, ,,„„■, l.ll,, I,, „,,||,^.^

I hi- :- llu -I, ,;<.■,; -rrved in >e. tion- in, Indiie^^ the 1,1,, d |„,i kri- ,,lre,idv
nil niiiiiii d.

rile Dr-i .hemii ,il ihaii:^,- m the wimd dnrin- it- di -tin, in.,, i- .1
1" ^'v-ix,- dell.nirii MtiiHi, ,,,- -hnun l,v tin- nsu,,l 1 hi niii ,d le-l ■ lor li-niri
"id ,illii!,i-e. .S.iti.i,,. ti,ale,l •.\lih phliiro^hnin .„„| hMlmehlorir
•I' 111 -how a verN l.nni red lolonr in ilu pnin,,rx .,r.M. o| .,it„k; the
'olour meie.i.-i - ,n int, n-iiy i„ i|„ ij,,,,,. .,,nher ,,nd tartlier aw,,v tn,,,,
ih,-i .ireas. (in llie .ippln .,1 ii ,„ ,,| ehlor-zinrdodide -olutimi ll„- wood
l.iki- nn ,1 Muish eol.air ulm h i- ,1, rp,,, ,„ ,1,;. |„„„,„v ,,r^a- ..I d.e.iy
liiil ihi deh\;nihe,.tiiin i- n, ver uImIIv i.unpl, h, |,,r in the nm-t thor
on^hlv lulled wood, m the lentre ot l.,,-r -.i,,,ni|- of hvph.ir ,h,r, .,,,•
.ll^^.iy^ -ome ft,,.um, nt- whieh -till ;;iv,. il„. ,-, „ tin,, |nr li^,,,,,. I |„.
eelluloM- resulliii,u from dehunilir.it ion : ,„ |„r„ |,,|,,|K ,li- ,h,,l, !,i|t
only li,(.,lly eoiiipletehe so.

158 Transactions of tuf. Royal Canadian Institute, [vi

In wnrkiiiR out the diaKnostir marks of tho dtcay raiiscd
ttppJavntus ciTtain pitfalls liaxc \«.vn (li^covcrid when rhcckr
n -ult- nvtr liv I iiiturr t(-t-— pitfalls that arc ddulitk-i- in he rncoi
in the >lii(ly (if all -iniilar fiin;;i, and wliii h mu~t l.r c an Inllv aw
df-( ri[)tion> ol iliray an- lo he of \ahii-. The mu-l important o
ha- t.i do with the recognition (,f the aitinii of >ccondar\ .i-cmics
m< r( tindint; <■[ a fruiting l)od\- on a diM-axd area i> li\- m. nxMn- f\
that all ot the ( ffcct apparent i- due to thi- one fun^u-. nor, rv.
-iidi a (i.niln-ion In- cxtriidcd trj mo-t ca-t- in \vhi( h the t\U-
iiiiiN.rm ar( , .mi lani mm t 1 I a 1 rrlain -pc rii- of frnitini; IhhIw ( )f
wluTc ihc rni i- 1,1 a \'(r\- di-tinili\ t- t\|)( -mh an a— oriatinn r
.\'-^^ (lit il a- lairl\ ,idK|u.iIr i \ i(!( tn t , thoni;ii t\cn in -uch ca-i - i
i- in(i--ar\-. M.,-i .,f the w. ., Hl-d,-trn\ ini; fuii.ui Ar\ rath, r i
man\ \iar- olt> n rl,ip-in^ In fore ihe -pi 'rnphc ,r< - apprar, and diiri
time M((aidar\ purely -aprnphvlic liaeleria and fuiiui iiavr ain|)le
nniit\ to m.ikt tiieir entiaaice. Cnluire- made frc.ni mo-t wnod
ad\,iniid ^t,it;e ot di 1 ,i\- alni"-l in\.iriaM\' nxtal rhe presence (
secondary ai;en( ii -. 1I111- rai-int; a (|ni-lioii a- t.. ill.- \alue (if
d( -( ripli(,n- (ij d( ( a\- \\lii(h -^ (.imiUdnK- are iia-(.d nn lale -laiji,
leading to the ( nm In-iMii ihal -. .ine df ihe 1 nlminallii- feature- n{
'ire olldi to Ik alliiliuted t.i .,iher (.rL:aiu-m- than the primar
In -n( h ( a-t s, d. iilalo-- the ( ar!i( r marks an nuich nmie di-tim tt
(it -Katir \alue in a diaiim ,-i- 1 if the di-,a>( than the later. Tt
tainK apiplii - tn /'. o [)[>lin:<i!us.

In ciirnlalinu <\n\\y and cau-al a:;ent in the c.i-e ..I /■'. nfipi
ilu nie-l e\iin-i\e t( -1- w, K inaili <iii i..iml.ar(|\- i.(.plar--a fn -hh
lr(e that had l.nrite fruiting Pddii^ of /■'. n ijpl.mctiK for \c,ir- aiv
ct 11(1 oiIk r -p(i i( - (,f fiie-u-. !'!(((- laki 11 tret!! the iiiteri( r of
-( K( t((l tioin till upper limit- to whi. h the d:-( a-e had priii;re— e
whidi -hew.d th( ( har.u teri-lii mntllin;j, ware ( ultiired mii pi. tat
and on ^-leril. pi( ce- cf w . m. I thr(.u^h tn fruit .ind -pure product
ill, it 11" (|U(-li..n n 111. lined a- In the idintit\- . .f tin . aii-.d ,11^.11
ctilliirc- m.ide lr,.in -uch ,1 -oiirce conl.imin.ilidii l.v l.aileria 01
lorm- ran Iv api]n ar-. ( 'idlure- m.ide fn mi mnllli d ,ir( a- in m.iin

\\ I" hke\\i-( al\\.i\- -h.ix^eil ni .ilmc-t cou-i am In'eddin fnui;

tiini;i ,ind 1m( K ri.e ( )ii ihei.th, r hand in . ultun - made Ir. 111 w 1 mc
iinitdrm white >t,i;^e nl dei a\ h k t( li.i .nid dtlu r Idrni- pr.H lii all\- ,
.ilipcir. Il i- re.i-dii.ilih (ert.iin iliat we m,i\- . diu liidi that ( dii
di-lriKtion in the (a-e et /•'. upphnuitiis .ifter the iiniforni whiti s
reaclud iiia\ in [iirt l.e the wnrk of combined acem ii s.

rE. [vol. XII.

<K III! (iiiiKK.s oi I n\ii - Ai'iiwxrrs.

'5')

raiiscfi Iiy F.
rhrckiiiK tho
)<■ (•iiciPiitUcrtd
lily a\i>iik-(l if
Ttant of thc^e
i;cnti(>. Tile
1C.II1-- (A iijcncc
inr, r\(ii, (Mil
lir rt'ffcl is a
w nf ,-.,,ir-.\
ali'in ni w l)c
ra^i -• ( aiitinii
alii^ r -i..\vlv,
lul iliiriii'^ tlii-;
.iiii|i!( I rpp( )r-
-l \\(hh1 in .III
sciicf I >! -i|(ii
ililr nl ni.itn'
If ~I.li;i -. ,lll;i
lurr- iif (Ifc'.l\-

[iriiiLuy <inr.
i>liniii\( aii'i
rr. 'I'll:- ctr-

/•'. 'it'l'lllUtUl.s

■ar~ ,111'! ilui-c
lie 1- (.f 1 ill (k-
■i i.i;rt--i'il. .mil
n |)i'l,itM .i.^ar
•rniliirli'ia, ~n
.il .lei lit. In
U-ria ur ntluT
n I11,l!l\ otIuT
111 frnm ulluT
111 \mi.m! in lllr
1 il all\ .il\\.i\>

il.lt (nntilURil
W hill -I.l'ir i-.

\'l l'\K\-III-\l

' '" 'li-iin. ii.iM 1)1 lu, .11 p,n.i-ili, .111' I .ipri.plr. in lini-i i- i.,i . '1 ..n
■'" n.iniii 1,1 ill, II niiiiiiinn. Hm 1., iw,,p -iriil p.n.i-ih-. ulii. li in
"'"!''' '• K ill p' iiili 111 "11 liMiii; lii.-i-.. Minriil th<ni -11. h.i, ili. I m.Iiii, .,.
''"' '\'" 'mIii\.i1.I. -.11 .1,,|.| -iil.Mr.ii.i, ,111,1 -ni.i -,ipi,,,,|,\ ., ,, uliiil,
""■'''-'■' '"'"■ "' 'l"a il( \i liipin. Ill ill Mt.il , '.nil. , ill, 11 wiij, ,, |,\ m^
'"' '■ ''" " i~ ■! ^''-l a--., mill. 1^1 ,,| I, mil, d,,,, , xlii|,,| ih, ,„.-,i|,i|ii„ , .if
■ I'll' 1 .1 p.a.i-iM. .T .1 -,ipi,,pli\li, 111'.,!.' .,1 , \i-i. i|,,v I mill, ,. ill, ,,.
'■•""-■ I'l ''" i' s'''al. I I'll, I, n, \ ..r pi. 1,1, IK , l"u,ir.|- ili, ,,ii, ,,, il,,.
■''"'" "'■i'l'"'. pi". -.Ill -II. Il .1 \, III. III. ,11 ill, I ill, ,\i,,,n,, ,,| ,|,.,, ,
('!''-•" '" -""I -'11' I -.ipi..ph\li-m ,nv l.ri.lu.'l l.\ .i , l'.-,.|\ ml, i •^..„l, ,1
-""- ""■' inlMiii. ill. 11. 1,11111- li.,\, " . n pi,.\' i.,n.ilK , |.,-i(|,.,| ,,,
111 nii-.tpri.i.lul. - "1 In iili,iii\,. p.iii.ii, , ill, I |\, |l,,,„, ,„„„| ,m „|pr,,.
i'''^''' '"" \^l'''ll "1I\ li\' al l..i-t p.iiii.ilK ,|, p.,r,i-i(. -. ,1,1,1 h, nil
'■""■'•"'- '"" la. iill.iiiv. ..ii.rnplu I, -, ili.ii i- ,li,,,, ii,„n!,,lK p,,r.i.|ii,
'"' ^^'"' '' ' ■"! ''^' '"I' a limr ,,- -.ipr,,plu |,.,, .\- .in , \ ,iiip|, ,,| ih,- m-i
•Il - iili„lll It 111, nil, .11.. I Pnly,!i,lii^ i;rM,nIor. .i|i. ..| ..iir m.,-| ui.|.|\-
''' '"'"I'"' -("'i-- .m.l 111'. -I .■.,-in'.p..lii,in in r. -p, , i i,, n-. ,1,,,,,,. ,,|
h.'-i-; 11 I- . I.,--, ,i .|. ,,ii, ,,| ,,1,,-, ,,,nni,.ii, a --,ipi,.pli\ I, -. 1,1,1 ,„ , ,,..l,,,|,iiiv

I \liil.;i- p.n..-iii-iii ,1.-1 iil„,l 1,\ \,,ii s, 1,,, nk '40. .,, .i u ,1 p,,i,,-i,,

' '"-'"- ■' '""-I roi "I Calrjf,,, -.f,,;,os„ ,,n,| l,],,,.,. , ,„ ,i,, ,,,|„, |, ,,,,!
u. li,i\f I, .nil- -II, h . I- Fnr}:,s aini.'un '/. null, i f^rr,t,n ulii, li. ulnl. ,,,i
"^"'""''"'i l'ar.,-ii.' .,| ..■nil,,., ... . iir^ ,il-.. ,,, ,i i \ pi, ,ii -,,pi ; ,,,1,, ,, ,,„
"*"^""'' linilxr-. Mm ihi- ,l.i-,|i,,,ii,,ii nil., Ill nil !i. nil- i..,, |„..t
Ml ..ppioMniitii.n .iii'l 1- x.iliicl,-- in ili, , ,,., ,,| „|,,„^ i,,,,,,, 1,,,,,.,., ,,f
"'"' ii'i" "'aiu \Mili ,.^,,,,1 ,,, th. I, ,\,„ , nil Hi lis. I. l,,i,.,ii ,11 I, ,.(.,, I-,.
■'" "•''■■ 1'"'' '"laliii. - ,11, -", \,,iK l,.il.,ii.,,l 1,1 tluar.on-iiiiiii.iii s,i, 1,
■'" ' ■" " '■'''■"" '■ '- '" !"■ lonn.i in tnnn- lik. /■"»;,> i';,i,in:,s i ,i /',>;'v/.,.,-, ,
''.!'!■■ It n lis uliiili .,,,i,i,,nc L;rowili .m.l pi.i'hi,,' Iniiim- 1,.',||, , 1,,,,^
■'!'! r ill. ,1, .nil 1,1 )/,,. li\iim |i,,-t,,

'■'" '" I'ra'liM .iii\ iiii].. rln iii.n in ih, , l.i-ili, ,ii „ ,„ ,it il,i- mi,,
rii.<li,ilc .sen.- i- ,,| Ijnl, imp, „ i.m, ,. ,,; , , ,„,, ,,, j,,,,, „|,ii ili, ,i|,il,i\ ,,,
>li-lini;iii>h ill, i.i.iili.iliv, p,,,.i-it, In, III III, -Hi, I -.ipnipliM, . t,„ ,|„ ,„„,
'AronRlv clasMfinl .in, I -, , i,ni,,\..l li,,ii, ,iiii..,| -m^ , ill.im r i- lik, K in

'■'II-..|11CI1(V to I., ,,ll,,\v, ,| t,. ,,,,,,,1,11,. i,, ,1, -,,„, liv, x\,„k ,,,i,li, ,ki.|.

""I ""Kfiv.ililv ini^;l,l ,M,i |„ im-ti.p., ti„;;U l.,,.ii.;lii i,,,,, ,„ u ...,i-
-"I'.n- mi,l,i „1,„1, ,, ui.nlil p,.,v,. ,,, i„, ,, ,,, ,ii|,|,.., ,„„, p,,i|„,l,„^,, ,,|
I-'-'i.kni. ri,i. .ippi,,.. Willi .-p,-,-,.^ t,,r,,. p, ,1,,. f„„^i ,h,„ ,„.,„r^,n
•i.Ts. Onsnch l.,i-i;r I'i.mi- . .'n-i.t.r-itil., .minnnts ,,| ,i,..„l li,^,., „,.,., |„
<n.]!in,li,v ili.ni \\iih,.ut .-rnnn^Iv imp.niiiiL; ilu ir li, .,li I,. ,in.| il,,-, ,|, ,,,1

|(.,i 'I'l; \S.-.A( 1 l(iN~ (il Ilii l\M\.M ( \N\|.i\\ iN-TiriTF

,ir< ,i~ ni,i\ , .III' I I 1 1' n i li ■, -i i \ i ,i - ilir [i.il iiilnni li >r in.i:i\ knuN
*ili\iMii-l\ ili-.MnillMi'liun-iilii.il.li riiii-ii|ijiiici lciili~iinL;iii-
llu c l!inv;i ill'' 1 lli.iijii -iri'ilv -.ipii'iiliN 1 ir .ui'l un.ii ilt i " ] i,i~-
till ill. 1(1 .irc.i- h'ilU tll'i-i lll.il ,in- c.ip.ililr nl riici'Mi llili:; '
ti>,'i .•- .mil "1 ill -j'li"ii-l\ ill' 'Hull 11"! ii till li -- ' I 1 l.iiiiK 1 11' ni
tl>r lili "I till ,1 !ii-I -. I III' •! I iin.ili K . in .i \ i i \ l.ii ::'■ nil ml hi
llic K ,111 111. kiK .\ui m.iils - w 111 I' 1 .\ I lir |)"li nil ill\ I'.ir.i-ilii li.rn
11 I "i;iii/c'| Willi I . 1 l.iiiil \ . I 111-. illtririill\ li,i~ I" 1 n i iii "iml. n
-liiilinl~ I't 111 ' 'li-' .1 -I -, I'lil ,1- \ ' I 11" -.il i-l,ii ii'iA .i]i| 'li. .ihli -. ih
I" '11 |ii"|'(.M 'I I )i'-liMj;ui>tiiii:^ il.il.i h.'M 111 'II |.ii.|i'.-' 'I I
iiut-li'.;.ii"i - in ill I- I'll M. I 'II I 1 1 ly l.ill -li"M u 111 11 III ,1 1 1' nil It
In .IpliK lIlMll. iln- I- i|ill\ illll-tl.ili 'I ill .1 li\l'\\ "I 'li-

'I' ' i'lii"ii- 1111- l'\ \'iii *>' liriiik ,mil Sp.ml'liii'^ '1'' Tlii'sf
m.iki iW'i eii'iip- "I .' i"'l ilr^1r(i\ iiii; liim^i, \i/. U"i:nil p.i
' lli"M liinvi ■>:. lining > nliiii' i llirmit;!) wnimil- lu I'l.iiii li -liil.-

I I II 111 "I .1 In 1 .mil ' .m^iii'.; ,i In .n ■ mi \\ hi' li i \Ii ml- "iilu.n'l- !'
ill' .ipwr.n.l iH'l lAinlij.ilK kill- tin I n i " im

pll\li- "wlliili ^I"W "11 'I'.l'l W'.'iil. ill' lllilill- ln.lli UM'.'I
Ili'Ill illi llxillLl IMi. .ili'l ill .imr 1,1-1^ ilr.l'l 111 .11 l\\. i( mI "1

.I'tii.ilK i\p..-''l II. llu ,111 I. Ill -iili li.rmiii.; ,1 p.iii "I ill
'111" Ik' ' l.i~-ilii .ili'.ii Inn i~ -,ili-l,ii liir\ . Iml .m ,iiii

lii..;^lli/r ill. p.ll.l~il' 111. Ill llli ilipilir.n- '^iMIl l..| il- HI

1' ,i'l- 1" mil. Il nil' 1 rl,iiiii\ ii.. In i h r illii .li.il h .n .il ilii- i ..iil.l I
ill, III lli.il ..I /■. .;/)/)/(/)/,;,';.',

.\ 111' .11^ I 111' !iM 111- ,11 1,1. km 1 II 1 - 1 111 11 1 1.1- 111 I 11 III. '^11 ,iii
l,iiiil\ .m<l 'I'tl. nnii ..I ..pmi'.ii \mi1i n-.ii.l in ji - ,il,i|ii\ i..
pani-iii ill. Ill in llic c ,i^i "I I'fnu, ^ npl'lininUo . Ilm-. Sp.nili!
.^.U'- "l-\'i):,.\ (ipj)l(uutlt<s ,in.ii k^ il'.i'l wiK.'l ill luiii^ iiir-, (
'■ 11' n iIk Trunk !' ;- l.rin iiiinn'l. ' iii-.i!it; \.w^i- wi.iiii'l- w
i.i\ "i.il'l' 1" il- 1 iilr.inii , 1 1 I- ii'.i . li' ,u' \i I . ,1 I nil 111 ,11 1 -inllin
.1- II- .111,1' k- ,111 HI I'll ill d' ,i.| -,ipu,„..| I iiln r lli,in 'I'^nl lir.n
\\ 1 II 51 1' ,ilii 1 nil iiiicnini; ii- 1 .1 1 in i< m ■ >.ii ili ,i'l . "liili i-. -.1

II 1 ,i-i"ii.ill\ i.ikrii Iri'in il'.nl p.iii- 1. 1 livinv; Ini-". |lri|..^ic
wiili - '■ /-'ri/Krv (;/l/•/,;^•,;//(^ li.i- r.,1, 1\ |,r, n I' niii'l 11 nil in- "ii li\i
- (a ^1 111 nil 111 111 'I li"i II' mil |.\ 1 In .ml li"i '- 1 \pi t i' in 1 1 11
t" \r! il\ tin \ il \v 1 .1 \i.n Si Im i,k ,ini| Sp.iliMiii,; lliil llli- Inn
null iii-i ,1 ili-t .1-1 in tin -I ii-i ih.ii iln i.ii- pii.'Ini ' il l.\ /•' ;\;);/r,
/■'. fnixinopliillis .ire (IIm-.im-s. Il ili.nk- n.nliK l.i'lli -,ip .111
futt-rinu llic ,-.ip <iii (li'af) fX[i<iMi| nmi- wr in ili-.nl ,iu.i- .ii iln
trt-rs." lint iwn years later he {21) say> "all< r m.ikiim Iniiln
conci rmnu ilic i It. it of I hi- fiini;ii- iipnii li\ iiii; Iixc-. iln w 1 iu r I

1

Tr. Ivor xn

kind- I il liini;!
■I in^iii-li .imi iiiv

,. . p,!-- 1j( \( riul

I lini:.; ■ 'ii lis iiii;
V ( IK t.miM— -int;
iiiriiln I I •! c .1 -< -.
I II II M"ni- 1,111 I >i
Miinl. ri il l'\ ,ill
ilili -I iliiliiin li.i-
M.-ri| |i\ -Mini'
I II nipt I- ni.iiii
1. 1 iliM,i-i - III

1 111 ~r .lUlhi il-.

:imI ] 1. ii.i-iii •-
1 -Mill- lull, till-
A.iriK III il

.. .mil
uiH.il K inii\( il
■ I'll I II -apwiiiiil

III I 111' liv iiiy
111 .Il 11 nipt 111

It - ri I I iL;nil II III
I I'lilil lie t;i\Tn

I .11 ,iii I mil Il-
ili \ In ,11 I ,!■- ,1

^p, milling ' 45 i
I II I ~. 1 -pi I i.ilK'
iml- \\ hii 11 .III-
I mltiiii; limi;ii-
,ii| licirl WimmI".
III-. -.i\ ■ ■■ il i -

lliilcr.liik iJM

I 'II lu iiu: In r-

1 I, 'i'lii- Il iii|-

1 1 1 - I m I ;; 11 - 1 1 1 It -

/•' r-jiiiirni^ awA

-,ip .mil 111, II I .

- ,ll lllr Im-i' III
llirlllrr -I nilli -

u 1 lU r li.i- ( iinir

< »N mi, MlMlMiA 111 IllMI , Xl.pi \v, \|, _

if)i

'" '' i"lu-i<in III,, I Mrv )ni|,iri.i!x ,, .,ii,,, ,,h ,|„. „,p ,„,| |„ ,,,

"' """^ ''^'"- "■'- '"^"-l ."nun. I- ^u, ,|„ ,;n,nn.l-,.n ulii, h

''" '"I"-"" I- li.i-iil ' 1. i- .,Mi I,,, mil- -ml, I,,.,. ,,„K ,l„,,„,|,

"'"""'- '" ''" '""iintv 1,1 . 1,-1. mil-, hiiuiMi, lii. tiin.^ii- ,„ I.. ,mlv

' 'i'l'i'llM' "- lll,llli IIIM-Hlll- il ,1 l,,,,li,,n\, p, i.i-,i,,. -.i.iti,,;^-

" """''' ""I pr-'lMlili 111,, I ill. Iiin^,,- I- ,„„ .,1,1, ,,, ,,,,,,,1, ,,,„„,'^

'"■''■''^ "'" I'l'lfi'iuuiiii,. l„,i ,|,,„ ,, ,,,„ |„,-.„„i. p., ,-,„„,■, ,,„,,!,1,^

""■■ '" ^^'"''' ''"• \"'ili'v 1m- lii.ii i,,n-i,i,,r,,l,K I, ,u, ,-,,!. .„ ,1,.,, I,,,,
""'"'I '•"■ 'niMmmii ni ih, ,i .li m Ii .pnii m" X',,,, -Mlnvnk ,,,,.!
'-IMiil.lln.i; ili-i lit II, nil ilii, vi,u "I,, m,,,,s im,,, ,j -,,,.„„,„, ,,,
!i-.-.iM> ..I |i,i. -1 in, - 11 In, ,„, ,- „,,„|, I,, ,,,„_,, ^,,,j, I, „, ,1,,, ,,,„■„!,, „
irh.wril,,-. ,r„-i l- i lui-nl, ,. i| -i, „ , I, -,,p„,p|„,,. , ,.,„ uliirhnnur
'■"'' "" '''"I '"""^ \ -iiikiiiL; ih-MiiM 1,1 ,1,,. ,- /.■„„„., .,i,t,la,„,iu^
lln-liiiiun-i-ln,,i,i„iK Inmi, 1 i,„ lis j,,. ,,-,,-. | ,„i ,,,,,„ l„| , v,i„iii,il „ ,„
■lu.lV- -hnU- ,1 I,, |„ ^li.ui,.,, ,,„ ,,,„„i ,^|,i, ,, j, „ ,,,^11^. ,1, ^^1 ^^^^1 ^

ilK ••n III, i.in.r ..ipu,,.,i| s,, I,,, ,,. ,|„. ,,,,,,,„. 1,,^,, |„,.„ ^^1,,^, ,^,^_.^

•M /• i.'/',''/iV,w/;rM|iii- ,,,,1 ,,|,,,, ^vh.il m,,s |„ i ,,11, ,| ,, i |i„ .,„ ,,i|,vi„;;

"" -■'""■ '^ •"" "• iiMiiN ,,il„, 1,,,,^,, Il„, „,il.i- I., 1,1 V,"!

■■■ ''"' '""-' "' ''"-' l"'"i-. il iii,t .ill, uill 111, I ^riiwi 11,1 I,,,- 11111,1

'' '--"ir''"!^ I -i,Wr,,ki|,iil |,v ,,,„,, |,„,,„. ,h„ ,,,,,,! ,„„,„,_ „„|

pnrp..M-. ,t ,-i!Mimi„-,|,.„|, „,,!, ,|,. p,,- ,1 ,|,. ,.v i pi„,i, i,i ,,,-,,, uhm.
'Iii't.in^, Kiiu 1,1, il,.„lp,..,l„.,.| u.,,„|,. ,„-.,, I 1„ .,,,„, i„i„rv.,,-i,Mh,.
■,,--.flrr.-,i,„„,,|l,vt:,," \. „,„,,„ ■;:,,, „, -p. ,,km^ , ,| tin.lin^ . I,|.
imi-n- :;ri.um.^ ,,|,i ,,| w,,,,,,,!- ,„ ,|„ ,,,,,,i^, ,,, ||,,,,^ , ,,^_ ^,,,| ,,,,,,„,,

"'""'~' "''''- "l V""!.-: .ippli III,' h.lil l.ill, Innkill^ -I. kK |,„ 11,,, p,,-,

''^"'" ""■"■.^'■■i'-. I'HI I luiiiii! iii,,M,ri,,,| 11,11,11- ui,,uil,-„pi,ii II I, III, I
■' I"'"'-"' /"",vm; /./>/,„,-,.,',., ,pp,.„,, I., „ ,1,1 i,„„k 11,. |„,,Mu,„„l,,t

"" '"' "■'- ''-"11^ ''"■'^"1 . .mil ll,.. Irmim, |„„lv u,-

■'' •" " '' '" ''"■ I'^i"^ '''irk ,1- il,i,in,|i II u,,- .1 p.,,,, -II,,"

'" "" "'l"ii's III -.,1m 111, pi,,i,|, ,„ ,,. ,,,„1„ ih, , ,„■ „,„ /.-, „/,/,/,;,.■„/„.

'"" '" ■■- ■' p,'t.iHii I I,,,,,. t,,!i,,^,,,i ,h,,,. i,,„ , ,,, „,,|,,;,^ ,,, ,

' ^ '■'""'■ "I MM'"' "I |Mi.,-ili-ii, ,,-|,„|,,,|||-,„„,l„,„„„|, ,, I, I -,„.,„, I,,,.
,""' ''" '"' "' ''^ '"'-'- "I" ""l-^ Kinil 1,1 iviii. i„, ,,|l,i,|,,| „, ,„ |i„
""'""" "^"■""l.il-n. ': M,i,„il,,,,|„,,, ,,u.>liK,,.i,.i, iit ilii inv.iili.l
"-'i' "I till Iimiil; hi.-t i.iil, ,, ,„,.,„ whiihir .,r nm li i,„il,l I„ , ,, ,|„
li"l\\i'h..rt,iiiilv ill, I II,,-,, ti-u,- w,nluin,;..m,| ,1 -,.. « l„ i In i , ,r
•"•' 'I" ir ^ul.M,|,„ „, |.,„, u,,- I „iiii„u,,H ,,„ ,|„, ,„.,;„„ ,,| ,,„, ,„ ,,„|„-,„^
' m:,i,-: ihinl, ,lu. roiili- ,,| „„„ „!,,im,, 1„ ,,lihv tm- with ,!,.■ rnvnlinm
' ■ 111!' -p(ir( - I, I ih,, iimi;,!,

I iMiiK ti,,-,,| ,H,,ri\ ,,ll i!,, M-mmon |,n,,„!-l, ,n , ,1 -p, , „ - l,,,v,, I,,,,,,,
''H'hI l,..,rniK >p.,r,,ph,,r,> .„„! in .s„mc localitic- il„ p. nvtUaRc of .uch

!f>2

Tran'-a" rioss OF ini Un\ \\ (anaimw In-iititi I

V(

h.irk, ii

•nul <li-lri>\f

trpt"- i- 'U'i" I":-;!' 'n '"" I'"'^ '" I''""'""" pr.mirallv iH In r(
■iiul ni nn nf ilu- licilit-. h,i\c -lv>\vii Iriiiiinn Ix.difs cjI ihi- inn
\v.\r~. .11"! Ill III) iiiIkt. .iM'l till !n ( - ,irc -l..\v!v dyiiii: and Ikmik re
In ilii- rigion, ni.i|il«--. Iwcdii-, |Miplar>. willnw-. liinht-. tlm?
ihr-inii'-. < II . cvrii the rc^l'-i.inl (llrdilsia. Rnbinia .iml Morus,
.,n I, k, ,| ( 1,1,- mI ilic mi>~l intrrolitiR casvs in this conini timi is
,1 l,irk;i will-kipl .i|>i>li iinli.iril, m.iiiN "f the trto "f tthiili in;
\igiiiir III iii.iliirilv iMil lixn ininii'l li\ .i >«\(tc \vin«l -inrni. ■
nfiplaiinlus fsl.ilili-li< '! i'-' It in pt.n lii ,ill\ • \. i\ imi' nl thr^' trc
wiiliin fniir \f.ii- -|ii>ii>phi>ti ^ wcri' fnniiitiv; mi llii- rruiik--, ami I
\\. n r.tpiillv -ill I iimliin;;. A -Hiil\ I'l llif iniil-c nl thr disraso n
these til I - Iimui c| the central niainr portimi nl llie trunk liadK <
anil Willi tin rliar.Hierislii nicilUil ai^M .iranir. Tlic miter ^inw
will i.iii.il. r. Juit ill plai-e> the ijisi asc had pri>Kre>sed mitwarc
uiiKiiiy the i.imliiiini. I hi- iiad heen atlackeil hv the

,d li-ialK. nmie luit -mall i-lands i>f living rambii'

luinj; li II I 111 power to art para-it ieally was very eviden
spnrn[)hiire- dn iini iinarialiK ari'-i frnni dead evpn-ed arras ■
resiilliin; Inmi injurx. i'lll otien emrri;e Irmn h.irk unerini; \\i»>
I nil\ killej] l)V the fnntjiis itsell

( (ppiirliiniu W.I- alTmdid Inr in aii.iK -i- "I -\<i..l l.iig
trees of Ueiti, li.ml maple ■•id red oak, .tnd alsn lor iibserva'
main park trees whir h were 'uiiiv: prepared by "tree siirRemis" fm
hllinus. hi the ea-f of nmie ol ihesf trees was any othrr ailmei:
nor wa- there any visihle laiM other than /•". afjfildHatii^ as
i!ii tne- -liiiiihl ilie 'I'he <i>nrse nl the disease was simitar in i
1 111 riKinn invnUi d wa- the Icwtr lew feet nf the trunk, and was
cnnieal in shafH- with the hasn' pnrtimi nm-t rntttd uid iln .m.
The di-easi d mass was eh'arlv distinyilished. iml miK li\ the ■ I
istii ninttliiiK. lull .ilsn liy th«' limwn /mie at it- |)eiiplier\ Th
evidently worked pronrtssivcK upward in tin lit art and <
(xinliialK iiiilildiiiK the sapwnod. It i- In I" parlK ul.irK no
the heartwnnd was atTe< ted li\ /•'. tipplnnitliis in all n( ihe-e Irei
F. npt>la>iitlus only -an olistrvation distinctly .it vaiiaiue \
siatenu Ills nl \ on Shreiik and Spanldinu that it always Krow^* ■
whi( h is ai luallv deail and neiierallv on the outer sapwoiKl", a si
nil whii li thev I.a-ed their (onthisinn that it i- ne\er inslhini: In
saprophvte. Outside the iijiper ajiii d imrtion atlaeked. and .
the wiMid wcHild U- found inrfedly -mind ind healthy phyfW
niiero-enpii alK . The fuiiKtis may have rmnmiined it* aetivi
saprophv H . lint was with little (iiiestion in this sta«e plaviiiR the

i

para-iii

I

■]■ Ivnl . XII

I ,llr t.'l •.,k-

hi- lin!i;u- !'"■
K'insj rrmnNTH
-. i\m-. Imr-t
Mortis, .111' .I'l
I lion i - ill, (I "I
lirll ill tlif lull
-((<rm. Fonif

flPS*- IH • -, HI' I

i, ami (111 ti' I
israsc in uiii ■ ii

li.idK (le<.i\t<l
IT j;inwtli riiic-
■litWHrd ti> ill'

li\ thr ItiiiKii
r.imlii.il li-'-i:'

1 villi III III'

.III .1^ fif \\"i " '
l'^; vvniid ,ipp,ii

.il l.tiu« i<ll"l
il)M'r\vitions ntt
his" fur I ininii

ailmrnt m'ti I
itiis as tn ul'
il.ir in .ill I .(s(
nil w.is rnuKliK

ilir .((K'\ Ir.t-i
, llu 1 ti.ir.ii I' I
\ rill liiiii;!!

anil I'litw.inl.
itrly niiinl ili <'
•se • rers . i n < I I '
i.iMic \vi(h I 111

1' •« ■- I'll '■ Wi" "'

• stalrnii '
;liiii^ liiit .1 pi!'
I, and ,tlin\i '
I'lu ^11 .ilK .11' '
. arii\ iiK- ■!-
iii>; I he roll' oi

On nil UiDiiM - 111 liisii- Ai'PiwMi

i<^^

Tin- ahiivi- lact.s n'Kanlini; ii-< DiriirrviKv .mil ih.- I.iu- ni tin- iri-f>

■iill >tluiinly Id a paraMtii- n-latl'.n mi ilif pan i.( /•. opplaiintus. :\{

M fvents. it is im prcciMK -iniijar i\iiliriir ili.it uur rfii)i<iiiiii,ii ,,f ,|i,.

; ir.i-ili-m ol ilir mumIUiI ••wiiunil parasiti's" ol tivi> ri>i-., -m h i,,i

. \,iinplf, as h'umi-s itiiiiarius, and Polyponis sulfliureiis. Hut wliiN-

II. li .vidi-ncf is rfasonalily ronclnsivf it tails short of a i ompl.ir d. moii-

■ i.itii.ii. l.aviiii; snmi' pl.iv to iiiili\ idii.il iij(li;miiu in ilu- ni.itltr. and

'inid- lor ditT.niuf- ol <.piiii,,n. .\ >ini|\ ,,| il„. |,r,,wM hand kV\>.

1^. 16) that marks ilu .i.K.iinr Imiii ol di,.iv jn lisjn^ trues set-m-..

'.' WfVtr. to tioM- lllr >;.ip III tl„- ,-.,s,. ,,| /.-, „/,/,/,n;„/,o, and In lull'

Mlili-h the roiiilu-ion ill, it it i. ., uumnj p.ii,i,ii,.. 11,,. v,iy (xi-itiii-,-

ol till-, hrowii li.iiid in < oiiiui tii.n with F. applanatw: -lor it wass|i„wn

l'\ . ulliiral ti -t- tint tin-, w.i-. tli.- oiiU ornanism pr.Mtii jj. stronK piiiiu

• " UMxiiU-ii,,- III, I 111,. liitij;nsi>ailiiii;par.i-itii,dl\. Hut liir forin.iiion

wi.miil i;iiin .mil IvIom-, in ilii- Land, as .ilr.-a(ly (k-MriUd i I'iy im).

111. I -1 Till t.i |M rmit ol nil ntlur txplanation.

W iiiid L;nin or li.cMuin li.ts ln-tn iinoiiv-ated rarcfully liy Tsihinh
1- 111 a l.iri;r nmnli.r of t.road-liMvtd uri's, when- ii ir, pr.Mlu.id

uinniiU in wuud in tin- n. icli! rlio.idol a woiiiKkd surfa. .-. Ht-ojn-

' ' •" '■'"- '''•" i' 1- ' HMi ot tlu' livini; protoplasm. If

'I I" iiiii . ilii'ii tlitrt- (an U no qiu-lioii th.n /•' .ipplanulifi .a t~ .m
I: HiK ..liv. .111(1 aftiT stimuldiiMK >l«itn to the piodintioii i.l tin ul.
' iiuf. ill turn df,trovs ilu-nt. .Mum li t j(,i Imld- to.i diHt-ri-nt vi«u

' ' "'" '' *•»*■ wound «uin in ih.ii lie ni.iint.iin> tii.it it origin iit^ .,ii,i

ill of till- cells as .III o\id,ition pioduit of their conttnt- .i \ i, u
- .l...siiot m'(is^.irily ("iiili. ; uuh the i om lii-,i,,n .i- ;,. the (aii>.
.ill ..1 the cells, fur if is to 1,1 I,., rue in mind that wound Kuni d.
"liiiK or f.illin dead trees. Tyloses fortuii.ileh do in. i
il ^ III oil opiiii(,n>; till \ i.in Ih- prmluiid only l.\ living nils, | li.ir
iirreme. then, pn.v.- th.it the invidid ti>>ues are livin>{. and, nioie-
• .1. that il the UMiind iMim I,. ,,,,1 , , , ,etiim it follows wry ili.seK
111. death ol the prodiiiiiiK nil-. | j,,- i\|,,m- arise a> the rt-Milt ol
iinuil.iiiun prim.inU iiidm,.! I.v the fuiiKii-, wh.it pur|>oM' thi\ .im
il" ho-i. if ,iny, is not .ippateiit. for they an- nxm dfsiroy«i| ami m
I ."i|.letely innsumed. i veil tiiore (|ui, kl\ than the cilU from wlui li
.;ma»e. '!'»• luowii h.md with it- wound Kum .iiid t\l., , ni i\
i!\ U- rinar the hst criterion we have at pn-si
'"' '"' ' ''lire or not of the .itt.ii kiiiK fiinRUs
1 pnivinx p,lr,|sili^nl none could .ipi
" ' 'ti ill .'I' irv.iii.in- on the results ol inm ul.ition with the orK.inism
I'T lotisiileratioii. Hut l..r -,,me re ,-,.1, il„ ,i;ti,, ,,li;. ., ,, i, ......

. „„,li,i.,n. tlK.i hv.u.r inf. . ti<m is v.ry .miit'rfirt. As u, tlu tun
, nnuKh .., HMk.- an in.Kul.Mion without .•...,...,.>,;..,..„.

' -, M..r.os. r, ..• ..r.. v.rv un.. r.a.n ;.. to ,1k- .Men nl .1.
!::-;i„fl»nu-..x..,.,ll.vth.h,Minfn..l.w..un,l..,.h..-n.

■'" 't!;;;'"';!;'.!: lit— .■ ..-.Ws few n..onls n. this t>^- ..

o„i.m in e.-nn..iiun with th.- wunn-l para^tis .. trees. Mav

Vr e ,nls the i„u.«lu. ti..n ..f W.....1 r...t...i hyFolyM''^ M,<

'un. .re . with re^uhin, .lise..l..ra.ion ..f th-. ..sUe and ,.ene

^ ' il for a verv .hor. .listanee. Mi^- Havhss .4, expenr^

"n ,nran.l a hinh tr.e, nu.kin, Mi., in the hra.uhes n, ..ueh

;:;„.. ren.,olor were ,.hue.i. 1... .he result- were ..:.

,.,i;.. , ,M also wa. unsu.-.-.ss.al h; h.^ n.«ulalu.n test^ w. h .

,.„„„„;„„. SpaaUlin^i (44' -'V. in .unner.ion w.th a.s tests «

. ;.M« on U^leaf pi.te ••al...lu, ■Iv no re>nl,s eonl. ,e .lete,

MS inoenla.ions ma.le in ''- '•-••'■ ">'- a,.l < on, h,.l. - .1

i- a -.rill -ai>ri>|>h\te.

Muneh(2-)is,Hrh..I.sih. ..nU un.-.u,;. -■■'■■'."
...rrvinK out of inoeula.ion exiKrinunts . v.nn trees u a
,„,.„„., He us..! several s.K.ie. of lunK. .1 lu- nu tho 1 ^
,,,,.. i„,o iKal.hv tree-- an.l then .0 ,,!,,.. M. the l«.r,nKs^_

.,„ ,,n. h .he nneehnm was .rowin.,. 1 he hole, were .orked
..,„,,, ,i,Mime. .he wl..le o.nrat.on Un..e..,.h.e,..l^

,.. ,.,, ,. ,„i„, anv infeHion l.> .oreiKn s,M.res. >»""' '^ ^ ^^'" '"
,..war.l..l with only tolerahle M.e.e.. He fuun. that
,iMineH.ownin« of .he .issues u.ek plan. aronn.l .he .n,.,^

,n.| ..v,nnna.i..n .ho>.e.l i, .0 U due .0 .he preM n... of woun
,,„ ..,......|v Ueu nu...ioned Muneh eonsule.- the -'«"-l >^ "

,,,,,,,..,,.., ol the eon,ent> alter .he MlK have Uen k.lled I. -
,,„., ',,..,.,i„,K ,ake. ,he hrowniuK a -nre nwheatum ot
n.alsolonndtlu. alt.r.woor.hre, .en pronoun ■

ridue-like swelling ap,«ared on hi, .eM ......k...K tl" 1"

',,.!, „.., n.i-. h. -xplaine.! as due to ex.raordn.ai

limuhis ol die fun^n- ixeretioii
.,,,,,,..., u.a>an.n, ..,..,- .0 Kails and other |;.....h....n

„„„. ,.t„ n .. n in nature, and .o tlK-wollen Ult.
luuKi MM"""''*' «"•** '"

1 1

l\l)l . \\\

( K iiii: HioioiA oi luMr^ \rii\N\ii

I'.S

luwU'diii I'l 111'
I lie f.irnu r, ii ■
i.iliuii. lint i' '
iiiii thiriiii; 'I
1111.1 .it tllr >.illi
,t- >iiittd Ici til

I ,,1 lllc ( iillllti I
\\ .I- illMl ul.lt;."

I \ |n' (if iint-^'ti
Mayr (26) ii
MS bvtidinus in
1 p, ii.tratiiin l.\
■\l)>riiiutil<il m
I wliifh spur* -
•If iiii'ini 1">'^'
. witii Pohlxirus

tests of Lemiles
«• (Ittirti-il from

ll>li- the >IK-(ik's

i,,,. It (Mil ll ll till

> ill .1 \\luili--.il<'
ilnwl vvaj- to l»'r<'
;- piiit'^' of lin.in
urkiil ami -n"
tell with .1 \ i< "
ixiKiinui'i^ «'•!<•
at ii. all ta-i
inneiilatidii li<ii> -
wuiiml mini. A>
ml until .111 iixiiia-
Uiiliy till' futi«iis,
iiiil of paraMlism.
iiiiuum«<l <A'< ft'."'
llif |«i>iti«in ol ilif
mrdinary taiiiliiai
iiM tiiin-- .tml <<>ii
li tiiiiil .iU.irk> ol
.ifliitiil willi
111!, n ttl.if t"' ' ■ ' •

I ificd ((iiitniK. In wn.n- i,\ hi-. li-i- wiili ;i(.l\ (mrf^ diil In- ut/tiiii
;itiir4 liiwlit-.

rill wriliT lu.ulf -iiuil.ir i\|» linuni- t\ti iidiiin over ilin-i- seasons

ill v.iriou> s^R'cifs of tref> I'l dill'r. ni age classes totalling several

.1 linriilii^. The siicric- ust<i were Atfr san Iwriini. Fit'ilis alro-

I'sicjii ((/»«</(•« \(\-, PiiiiiK Sirnhiif. Bftulii lulin, Populus ni\'/a

I 111 [in Mid tin- (■i)ii>i--li il in In l -iii'.i.lliiim the spiit cm the li.ii k.

'mi r II hi 11 Mi; it with M5 p< r . i Ml .iK m1i,.I, .ind .il'ter\v.ird> lioritm ^^i''' '

■ qii.iilii iiii li I'll win ii li id l.ii II -I. rili/iil |j\ dippiiij; in .iKdliol mi

lliiil liiiniillK the alnihol iitl. Tin- inm iiliini w.l- tluii iiisirted, li-.ill>i

'■rile piiuir>, ami the huU- plui4:4e(l with .i .-Iirik- rurk. A varii'l\- iil

.terial wa> useti — pieces of a^ar Iwarinji; myiiliiin'. pu ri - ul wood mi

\> liii h nlMiliimi ll.nl Iki'II i iilliirecl. pitii> of wimd n itiiralU totted, and

I 1 1 e~ (if the fruitiiii; InnK. Suiu- tnt-.. were li.iiid.iycd. ii>iim (ntiim

|i- wliiili li.id !"■ II inn iliiiHigh .t melted >;raftinj; w.ix. .iiid in tlu-c

1 ,-,s -diiK- III ih( licili.' W(rc left iimnrkul. Thi' r.iiiindne>- ul the trce>

ii-< il W.I- jiid«ed li\ the l«iriitn-. In e.ii It tre( i inilniK wctc ni.idc. The

iex|Hrinieiits were made at dillerent seasons (if the \e.ir in the e\(H'et.itiiin

=3tll.lt -luces- might lie dipilidtllt llpnll tt|i ' 'd i i-.n ..i il|.

Si i— lie- (if I hi' tree.

The ri-.ult- ol these inoeiil.itioiis ni.iv l« i lulK -i.iitd. N.iilim<

p ;1i..' li. till- laM- of the conifi r-. .X- fur tin li.irdwood'' in tti.inx

1 'iiiin whatever cause, the iniMiilnni died without caiisinn

jiili 1 in.ii. Ihit in (itliers .iroiiml e,ii li liule a dn p lnnwii di-.i nldralion ei

lln- tis-ue Iniik pi. lie; this exlemled ;i short di-t.inic r.idi.illv and p' ri-

1 I ilK, IpuI a consitlerahle distance in the lonnitiidiii.il dire( tioii 1 li

fii.ijH- (if the disciilotired \ohime w.t- th.it of two hilt i one- plai ed Im-<-

^<> li.isc, .IS tan Im- natlii red tr.iiTi tin illii-tr.itii.n-, wliiih .in sirikin^^lv

s 1 lil.ir III Miiilih's, and it- luliKir w.i- detiriniiied .is iH'iim due tu tin-

jiHsiiiie ol wi.iinil Klim llig-. 17, H), 21). Ihe holi' conl.iimd .1 I iir

%ripwlii iif the iiiyiiliiim, and microMopir ex.miin.ition -.howed luph.ie

til -Mil lhtuili;lioiil the liri.wilid ti — lie. In .idditioll, in the c.ise ul
III 11 llleic was a \il \ l.nni niiniUr ol l\loses. while oUt>ide the .itTei led
in a then were none. < )iie fiirilier characteristic of the lirowm il \i.iuiiic
•I tis-iie is wnrllu iif iiieiitioti. Median r.idi.d sei tiiin- iiiv.iri.ilily -liowed
til. it till <li .. .1(1111, itiuii lAtiiiilid l.itthir ,iiid l.irther iiialotiKiliidin.il

?l!eili nil it .ipptii.ii III i| ill' 111 III uj the tree. The layers of

(Mid |. I III! i| iiirr the inoeitl.it iuii ■ ,re .ilw.iy- iiorm.il in colmir, as well
■ mil iii-( iipii alK , and iiisiwclidt) re\e,iled no fimi;n- tlircid- ( l-ig. I").
' iitrasled with the lulltrols, huu.vii. lli, iliove re-lllt- were

nid wi^li

Ml

il,

I

ICl.

1 w \-. \' II'IN-

II. \<U\M < ANAlllAN iN-Iin 11.

\01 . XI

,|iso,l.,.H.U,nn, .h„u.h ol mu.U l.^- .xunl. 11. n,.,nnn,n bn.sMm
.,,.,_,i,„,, i„ ,,„■ .nntnJ- i- ilhMr..U-.l In Ci<. 2n. Mur.,-.n,.u - u.
.h.,x^. .1 Inphar ... I..' pn-M Ml -..,n. .inu ~. lu,l n-.l n-arlv -n , ,.,n„Mnlv

in ,h. uiat.,1 l...rmt;.. Tl..- n -ul- ,n ih.- . ..n.n.N u.-n^ m> ,,11 pi..l-

|,ili,v.h,.-i..^..nuM-;.-.r.a.r,ni. u>n..m.,.,nlr,,„,nt„,n....luM,ru..n-,

.lM.-...unp.H,..l nl,„i,.n~.>i.uv.lul.,-kuuuM^...n.r,.,la.,,.r..

..nuulM, „l,....,n.ll..!..w.l..-l-nnu In a,M>, .., , h.n «< .■■ alu.
,!,.■ Mauu.an, ,,l„,M.nMna.M,~in.ilar. ll,..,,.!, .... a MnatU . -- a .•
,,.„„.. l.>..-N.T.l,-...l..un.ln.arlva^lar a-, (h.-.M..M,n.r,i- ll..n,l.

likr.w.iiiuM'i'- ""»•<■'-'"• ""'"'""""'' ^'""'''- '■'"'", ';'" ''''"■','

i„ ,„v tW mr-. th.-UKl. tin- ^w..1Um l.u,,- ..! n..- u1.u1.1h ...a^..l.

.,nal..Kn„s ..IV v.TV sl,iki..ulv im m .,. i.. .1m . a~. .1 '1 1 ■ 'k- , uhi

..,v M. La.llv i.ll.rt.a x^i.l. /•■ .,t'l-lu»oti<^. ... .1.. I'lil^ >■■ «1"''' ' "'

ri tl I. I.. I wa- nia.l. .

I, vmII l,.-M-.Mlhal ll.. uM.il-.l.tailK.l...r..-l""i.l x..v .'"-l^ ^^
,1,,,-. .,1 Mu.Ml. .... I...>l.. Tl.f n..,>t thai .a„ I.-- . lauur.l 1. ., .!.■

„ M^ w. tar. a. N^i.t. M..... l."-. l- .Lai .luv i.i.li. al.- .1..- ih.u. . ..I .!>. Inn.

,„ .UMrov livi..K .i-...>. l!u. «lMil... -r ...» ....■1" ■ 1h . .....in .■

,h..s.n l.v tlu .v,«nn..-nUT tl.. 1....^..^ «ni Ik- ahU- to lulK .Mal.l

ilMll an.l ovmunu- Ihv r.MMa....- .-I .1,.- ^>^nu,u^ .a,.«.....l l.s>

r.M.am.i..U-s»t.n. S. far .i- lruif...u l-lio hav. 1« .-.. I... n„ .1 \l..i
.Aplai.K.i .his feature, on the a.M...M"i"" '''" ''"■ "......!..... I In..;

n, ....iai naM-. a.livits aft.r it has . xl.a..M..I th. a.r ... .1.. 1..M...U .

,1„ n.i.iu..-.l N.,^1.. Mm ll'i-- .'l'|H-"> '•' '« ^'" •'^'■"•"P""" .'"-"1.1"..
l.v im-,.nlt>tahl.- fact., ami o,Hn t........ v.rv lorr.l.U- ..l.)..t,..„ n. .1. .

, ,1. iinaitoimi of thirtMsiinKii.f1.i'.."of ih. l..,-t.

1 1, .u ill!,, lion taktM'li"-*' '»"•""" ' I'.'i ili'-^'ili" "f"" ^I'l
,,,1.. !..... i- l.v wav ot wo.i.uU i.MialK i.. 111. l.'V^'r 1"" "'

... Mal.<li'UwlaTi- ail.l thr..ii«l. ill.' aj.. luA ..I p.... \i" n

w.r.- niaclf lo.ultivatv iJu- lunn... ... ih-- -"l. l'"' «l'l'"." .u" - "'

is rulaii. that /•. .//./'/./m;//-v ,1.ks „..1 l.aN..^.- ih. -„! \,^ .... .n

rhi/omorphs Nor .1.. «. ki.ow U, wl.al .M. ..i ...t-. '..... i- p.. -.L '

Irrsh WOU...I 1. ...as U .I... l.n.K..- ...'-' ""1''^ . Mal.l.sl.o .1 . 1

.1, ...1 lisMi.s. a.i.l l...n. 111. sf ..'ta< ks tlu mii ...n.i.l.i.t; l.x mv; t.-M.-. wl.

,.„, mav iK.ssil,U 1«- Inst w.ak.....l 1I....11J. - . rHion> ..r . x. r. 1

the l..nKtl>. 'Ih. lisiliv alia. k.. I ..nl .i.ti.,v..l a.v ....t ivstru...
luarl or sapw-.-nl. I.ul ih.' wiak.r ... vv.ak. n..l t.-ni> vvh.nN.r lli. '
ar.' un.l..uh..<llv thoM- moM tasily ...va,l..l 1^ ■ - r incrfaMnR .Im
nt H.vasioi. till' n'Msta.Ki- ol th.. tr.i- i- K>..-li''llv •i.i.Umim. -I .
iH.alK . A. n Ih.- mo-t " -i la.n li-" - -u' h a^ .1..- , mil....... .s ,,1,m ,

1 ' i 1 1 . 1 . ' I ji' 111- I . ita

III tlu' laM- of llu- appi ' . 1.1 "' I ' I

( I-, I in. Hh ii ol,^ (II- i MMi -, Nii'i w \ 1 1

i«'7

I h.it till- -TUKj;!'' 1" I"' ' " li"~l •""' || ii.i-il( itM\ -"III' tirii' ■- p( r i-i nvcr
.1 \<nvi pf-rind (it max- i- niMiii. .ni'l llu- li iininatiMH i.t tht ~iiiiu«l<' i^
\( ry l.iri;(Jvfl('tir!iiiniii li\ llu n -i-tln.: |)n\v( r-nl tin Ik.-i. Apiur. miIv,
III -dini' r.i-^f-. thi' lin^l M( III-- .ilili- '■'> lii'ld l!ii p.ir.i-ilr in riti , k .ilnn'-l
m<l.'tniili'!v. I -iiiil< liMl.mi iiii; I'V ttir -comi'- .umwili wli.il il I. ■■.(■- Ii\ tli.-
. \i( iiilini; iiii(M('- I'f llif fiin'^ii-^

■j-|„. mii^t pr.H til j|il< .niiii.il inii-iiri- in tli' i.\-r nl p.iik, --tiK't,
,Mi| (riiit Irrcs vviiiild -r( in Im In iln l.iiiMiiit; up "I ihr \ i^'Ulf n\ intntrd
II. I - ,iiii| the pit \< iilicn "I llu' l"> .I'linu nf llic di-i .i-f In ii.-w Im-t- |iv
...t .illi'wiiit: thi- f..rin.Uinr ..f Iriiilini; 1""1h - ^nii.:' i\ Im- hr<i) Incrlv
■ •npliivtd with -nrli tn. . Iml i" I"' -uiM--lnl nin~l In- ,il.-.iliit<'lv
: ii.Ti'iii;!).

i-l U Ullil

|,.i llii -f
lir I iin^^ii -
I jndil I'll
,-i,.Mi h

id li-llc

I \\. Il

id liiiiuii

ml inu .III' I
,liip.Hl,d

1 III ill. It ;i

\ I I "-I M\1\K\

I Fimrsnpplnnatus. .i i" m p-.m! pnUpcii .1 ui'lr rli-lrilii:li.>ii .iikI "f

r r , urn iKc in \niih Ani'tH.i .ind in i iir"pi' i- ic^pim-ihli' I'.ir

I \. i\ l.ii'^i <|\i,iiii]iii - "t \\i"id .innn.ilu I' .tii.u k- pi.ii ti-

lily .ill dti idlluus s|)«(i<> .Hid s<\tr.d < iiiii|rr"ll> ^|><( it - . Imili di id w.ml

Mil ii\iili; ini-. This fiini;iis. In n l.>lfif i ..Mininiilv n^.inlt I i- i p'irc

iproplivll'. h,(> iliiw Inr llif tir-l 'iim 1" . n ■ oinpn in n-i\il\ ^liidi c| . ilir

^vl'-|i^;,l1in|ts ririinlfd in ilii- p.iiHi liuf Ii.IImwkI .\\im\i ilmt- mini

n< • ..f imiuirv; 'O :\ ^iiniv "! tlif mfipliiiii.t:\- .md ihf f(i.ln>;\ ..i /■

,,,.| ,,| tli,. .iition I'll il- liiwt ; ijt i di ti nnin.tlii'i! .il ii ■

, •: i n i ,ip.n-li.p- l>\ 1 nlliin in. ilvd .. ,m.| .i I. -lui;^ nt ttit .ippln.i-

I ,,,]■, , ;. I, nn lli.'d- M .1 -liid\ ■'! tin iiinlii i 1 1. -Irnviiii; iiin^;i; (,^1 ■>"

'ii\T?-lii;.iti<in 1. 1 llif p"— il'ilil\- "t hmliiu iiilfii.i l'\ wlii'li wt \\\ w

dislinnni>!i p-tn-iiit .it tn-n "u \\i"'A tiiuii --.ipri.plu i n .

2. .'-oniis npNiiiiiilir in.'dnMs |..i>idii>^(«.rcs only; (imidi.i .ir. in't
prndilnil l>v tin nui.lium, imr, .i- i^- i(>nim"nl\ .ittirmiil, nn tin upp'-r
.„,iu. .,f ill,' spniuphiirv. I til I'.i-idin-iwii > 11. lilt 111 ihr iirdiii.iry
i\: Il consii'f!' of a vfMiiW. pipili.iti. lll"i^ wdlid . lil.ir.iydnspnrf

u it inn .1 thin In.diin- w.dl. I lit -n i .iljt d ' liiiin .ilr " iM-r i, in n.ditv
tlir ,ipl( ,i! iiid nl llif -pun

"■pun' di^ harni- <- tni.mMii-- .md tnnliiiut- li i 1 \ In the liiiiRdt
j„ nod Mnnird for liiiiui it i*- i tMiliimi'iis d.iv .iii'l ni^lu im .il..'iilt six
nmiiths visililr tpnv slKof-'Hs IriiitiiH', Imdii- .r spnif i luiid-. I )is(h.ir)ir
i- not iiffiTli-d liv v.iri.itions in linht, hiiinidi v of the .lir. i.r icmiMr.itiirr
within MTV wiili- limit-: fio-t i .111-1 > iin inst.ini rrsjxitior. .inii tin n.iftt i
-ilun i- no I'urthrr -poii l.iil iiinil .1 m w 'I of jHirrs is orRani^wl.

lt,« iBAN-V- TION^ n, IHl KnsM ( A^MMV^ Ivnil M I, \ 01 .

|1„ ,„„, - xu,r ,1.., l,.niHl ... t.!,. . ili.it N..l.i!its t..r n...rr I
,,' „i,,nili- 111. \ ^. nnni.il. ui uii.r iii.l \.iii.>ii- ..sb.! m. <li.i \w
4K l„..n- .ilt.v -..will., l.iii 111. I'll.. 1.1, It;. ..t Mjlik- S'"'-'~ '- ^"^
.,,,,1 III. ir 1.. li.ivi.'iir \\iili 1' -1"' I I" u. nnin.itinii i^ rrr.itic.

V \,. .Iitli. iilu u .. \|" 11.11. 1.1 111 . iilluiin.; r. <!f'l>hnial:i^ I'U

||. ul III. .Il.l .-r "H \M'."1.

,| , iiliiir. - ..11 «.'.•! \\. 1. . .i;ii. '1 lliri.tiu

n pii I I -. .'I -1

I III. . |i,ti.iii. I -. I
.,„„iil ,11, ,11 Willi ni\.. 'inni .■l.lam..l !i.'m "r. -p..i.-.
pi,,,,, ,1,1 |,l, ,t - .^1 <li-. .1 . .1 w.'.'.l

, \\,„,,| ,,.tli.| |.\ /■- ill't'hlllillu^ .\hil.|l- .1 III. . 111. .1 ..|M"i!
,,,.,„ i.iuK .li.H.i.l.iiMi. ... i-'ii.iii "I II- monniti..ii wli'n ""iM

W It !l ..ill. T I. .1 -.

1 1, ,1„ ,,,M ,,| liMiiu w 1 il"' 'ti*-'! "' .11 1.1. k 1- .1. lmiii..l l.y ,1

.l.ilklMII.I

ll,,i,,l,,-i,,ill\. ill. .1. ..i\ i- 1 li.ii.ii I. ii/"i l'\ •' p. 1 1.. 1.1 It.. 11 ..ti'l '
,„„, ,.| ill, .1. iiKui- . iilitini.iiiif-; in .li~.ii>i>tar.iiiii' .'I ili' ^'-<'
1,., ,,!:/,, 1 p.M \«[- int.. wlii. h liu' HUMliiim u.iiliir- f.-rminu Mi.iii.l.-

( li. nil. .ill\, ilu ili.inu' i-; ..III- ..I .1. !ii;i)iti..ili"ii f..ll"W"l ''V ii
Krc;-M\.M.hHinnnl 'In- i.-tili.iiit ..lliil..- u.ill .v.. pi l"i -1 '' \v rchi

fi.iuni" 1.1-

in 111,. III. I iiiiil..iniv.liil.-t.n;. .■l.l".|^. il" ilin,i.U..( I- af>pln

w.i,' ,ihv,i\- I. .1111.1 I" I" ..... iiipmi"! I.v ..lli.t .1. Mni.tivi' .igf

li.it I. ri I ..1 liiiiKi

V 111. p., Ml. Ill, II IV p' ..I il'i.iv 111 mill.' I 'III' ••> I'omrs nf^fli

h.i>. ii'.w l..-.n link' .1 Willi II- ' •iii-'l ■i'-;> 11' ''^ •'" '"■'' "il"!'"'

(,. l-oxrr^ .tpl^liiiuilii^ Il.l- l>"ii pi..v<'l I" I" ■! W'tiiii'l P.i''' ■

H. mill III DiiMii.. .11 I'.i-i I- "II' "I I'l' "■iiiiifii' -I -ii"! '""-" ■''""

..I ilii- i\p. . Till- pKM.I n>t-im ihivr.i;i..nii.l- ■/ ' ili.- ( nii\.iiii..n

.,,,pl„,| I,, ,,ili. I- -mil liin.ci titf nivci'litiin w..ik- iipw .t.l iti..-i r

|,v ill, u.... ..I ill' lt..niw 1 ..ul^illK .idi ill. I. iiii. .1. I ,i\ ami >.ii

iiit,, ill. -.ipw<.."l, cv. iilii.ilK ii.KliinK lilt •.iiul.imn. ..ml 1- .ipp.i
il„ ,,,,,-, ,.| till- .Ir.iili ..I 111. ii-ii'- tr,i\.i-..| liv It: (/') .1 l.i'.i'l
I. in. I . pivx'i.t in tin- W.....1 ..I liMiiu ii.'-.il'.n:,; ilir .idv.im r Im.
iiu.i.hnu mviiliiini ' ilil- ln'-^n- Within thi- I'-iU'l llmv i- .. .
pi...lti. Ii..ii .'f l'i"wn w..iiml •.:nni ..ml an fXCfwivf nnili u.!'. h
Ivloso. I 111- I'.iii.l M..nliK m..\«> I..1W.11-I with lh< a.K.imiiiv; !i
th»' ivloM^.mil w..uml t;nm I.ilim .1. -ii..n..I I.\ thf niv.cliiiin .il.
jK.sUTi(.r margin as rai.i.lK .- il" n if I"ihi"I .'1""R i»i^ ant.rioi
The t\l.>-«.« i.ind iM>ssi!.lv tht wliiikI y.\\m .iIm.i ..rtity in ihr h\ii
.lllii.n ..t the iin.i.liii tivMli-: their prmhiclinn . ,m lie .1-. rilnd oiiK
intlmii. . ..I ill' timiiii-. aii.l the iii\aM..ii ..I ili. -c tissues .inti tli.

l\OI \1I

()■, IHI. r>!0|n(,\ OK I'oMT- ArF'l,\V\!l

l6.)

iiiiai III. Ill
(li.i witliin
i- \ ( I \ \n\\

his oil arli-

iluMiiuh I"

1 s 111 -|ii)rn-

.ipiM .ir.ini r
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