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L'exemplajra ?ilm6 fut raproduit grace i la gAnArositA da: Memorial University of Newfoundland Queen Elizabeth II Library St. John's Las images suivantes ont iti reproduites avec la plus grand soin, compta tenu da la condition et da la nanat* da raxemplaire film*, at en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent etre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre raproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ it partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 '*- IIIIIM 1^ 1^ IIM |40 1.4 2.5 12.2 20 i.8 1.6 A APPLIED IIVMGE Inc 1fe~3 tas* Vain Slree! Rochester. Ne* ^oru 14609 USA {7 '6) t-e: - OJOO - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax w 4«^ '¥i^^. Some Newfoundland Wild Flowers : By M. SOUTHCOTT ST. JOHNS. N.F. 1915 fcs- '■rlf ■■saga fi SJ 0S9547I SOME NEWFOUNDLAND WILD FLOWERS By M. SOUTHCOTT ST JOHN'S N.F RotlHSON AND Company. Limitid. press I9IS QK 50 St C.3 The followinft is an attempt to answer the question that I have been so often asked, "Can you tell me where I can find something about Newfoundland wild flowers?" I have made a list of those found in or near St. John's. I have grouped them in their Natural Orders, and given a short description of each, which together with the fact that they are all found near St. John's may be enough to enable the student to recognize them. The descriptions would be very inadequate in a wider field of study, but 1 have tried to note the special characters of each plant by which it may be most readily recognized. I have used as few technical terms as possible and these are explained in the glossary at the end. M. SOUTHCOTT. ■wkSPHS"' Some Newfoundland Wild Flowers NATURAL ORDER RANUNCULACEiE. (Buttercup Family.) Herbb or Woody Climbers— Flowers regular or irre- gular, generally yellow or white. Stamens numerous Leaves often dissected, stalks dilated at the base. Most of the plants are very acrid and cattle will not touch them Name from rana. a frog, as fro^js frequent the kind of places where buttercups grow. Ranunculus Bulbosis.— Bulbous buttercup. Root bulb- ous. Flower stalks furrowed. Calyx bent back. Flowers yellow, 6 or 7. deep glossy yellow. Calyx bent back. .K ,^"""f»^"« Acris—Tall buttercup. Twice the height of the last. Flowers nearly as large, but not so deep a yellow. Ranunculus Repens.-Crecping buttercup. A creeping plant found m moist places. Calyx spreading and not bent back as m R. bulbosus. Roots are formed wherever a leaf IS produced. Rananealos Reptans— Much smaller than either of the former. Leaves thread-like. «^ w tac Ranunculus Acquatilis, Var.-Heterophyllis. White lealT, fH '"*• ''"""' ^" ^low-flowing water' Uppermo t leaves floating, rest under water. Flowers white Caltha Palustric. — Marsh Marigold. Found in wet places. Leav'.'s lari^c and flossy. Flowers something like buttercup but larger. May have escaped from gardens. Thalictrum Cornuti. — Meadow rue, 4 to 8 feet. Wet meadows and along rivulets, border of Newtown Road. Leaves compound, 3-lobed, veining conspicuous. Flowers white, in panicles. Coptis Trifolia. — Goldthread. A low smooth plant. Leaflets 3, sharply toothed. Flower stalk 3 to 5 inches high» bearing one white flower. Leaves evergreen, shining. Root of long yellow fibres. NYMPH^EACEiE. (Water-lily Family.) Aquatic plants with floating and large, often fragrant, flowers. Sepals 4 to 6, gradually passing into petals and these into stamens. So-called from growing in places nymphs were suppose to haunt. Nymphaea Odorata.— White water-lily. A well-known plant growing in ponds. Flowers close towards evenin{» and sink below the surface. Nuphar Advena.— Yellow Water-hly. Pond, Portugal Cove Road. Much smaller than the last, flowers nearly globose, yellow. SAHHACENIACEiE. (Pitcher Plant Family.) Bog-plants with hollow shaped leaves, winged with a round heart-shaped hood, often filled with water and dead insects. Sarracenia. — Found in abundance in bog on Fresh- water Road, near Topsail Road. Foliage purple veined. Flowers greenish yellow and reddish brown. Leaves pitcher shaped. FUMARIACEiE. (Fumitory Family.) Plants with brittle stems. Leaves, compound, much divided. Sepals 2, Petals 4, irregular, spurred at the base. Stamens 6. Name, fumus, smoke, was believed to have the power of expelling evil spirits. Famaria Officinalis. — Common fumitory. Grows in fields and waste places. Flowers irregular, rose-colored, tipped with crimson, in spikes. Corolla spurred. Leave* delicate. CRUCIFERiE. (Crucifer Family.) Herbaceous plants with alternate, entire, stipulate leaves. A very large order. Flowers cruciform, having 4 petals placed cross-wise. Sepals 4. Stamens 6, 2 shorter than the rest. Seed-vessels, a pod or pouch. All crucifers are wholesome and anti-scorbutic. Mony of our well known vegetables, such as turnip, radish, cabbage, belong to this family. Capsella Bursa-pastoris.— Shepherd's purse. A com- mon weed. Flowers white, inconspicuous. Seed-vessels heart-shaped. Plant rough with hairs. Root leaves cluster- ed. 8 Cardamine Pratensis. — Cuckoo Flower. May Flower. Common on marshy places, near Quidi Vidi Pond. Flow- ers early in Spring. Pretty lilac flowers veined with purple. Erysimum Cheiranthoides. — Mustard. A slender branching plant. Leaves lanceolate, not clasping the stem. Flowers small, yellow. VIOLACEiE. (Violet Family.) Sepals 5, Petals 5, the lower one lengthened into a hol- low spur beneath. Anthers united into a tube. Leaves al- ternate. Small almost apetalous flowers appear after the petaloid flowers, are self-fertilised and bear fruit with numerous seeds. Viola Blanda. — White Violet. Leaves round-heart- shaped or kidney-shaped, slightly hairy. Damp places along country roads. Faintly sweet-scented. Viola Selkirkii. — Small and delicate. Spur very large. Petals pale violet. Damp shady places. Viola CucuUata. — Blue violet. Leaves all with petioles and upright, shape more or less triangular, the sides at the base rolled in when young. Very variable in size and shape of leaves and color of flowers which are deep purple, violet, or white. DROSERACEiE. (Sundew Family.) Leaves clothed with reddish glands. Sepals 5, Petals 5. Flowers in a one-sided raceme-like inflorescence, the last open flower is always the highest. Drosera Rotundifolia.— Round-leaved Sundew. Small plant g^o^vin.^ in bogs. Flowers small whilish. The red glands of the leaves exude a clear glutinous fluid like drops of dew. Small insects are entangled and destroyed by the irritable hairs with which the leaves are clothed. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (Pink Family.) Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens definite. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals same number. Stamens usually twice as many. The stems are always swollen at the joints, and leaves are always opposite and undivided. Carnation and Sweet William belong to this order. Stellaria Media.— Chickweed. Leaves egg-shaped with short points. Stems with a hairy line alternating from side to side. A common weed everywhere. Flowers small, white, cymose or terminal. Cerastium Arvense. — Field chickweed. Stems ascend- ing or erect. Downy, 4 to 8 inches high. Flowers, several at the top of the stems. Cerastium Viscosum. — Mouse-ear Chickweed. Stems spreading, clammy, liairj. Flowers at first clustered, pedicels lengthen as fruit ripens. Spergula Arvensis. — Corn Spurrey. A common weed. Leaves in whorls, thrcad-Hke. Flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme. ACERACEiE. (Maple Family.) Trees with opposite stalked leaves, and loose corym- bose flowers. Fruit winged. lO Acer Campestre. — A small tree with rugged corky bark full of deep cracks. Can be distinguished by the win^^cd lobes of the fruit. Leaves turn a brilliant ed in autumn. Acer Rubrum. — Red Maple. A small tree with redi -sh twigs. Leaves vary greatly in shape, turning red in autumn. LEGUMINOS^. (Pea Family.) Shrubs or herbs. A very large order. Flowers papil- ionaceous, resembling a butterfly. Stamens 10. Seed ves- sel a pod or legume. Almost all the plants that have com- pound leaves fold them together during the night. In the Pea flower tribe there is a large upper petal which em- braces the others in the bud. This is the standard. The two side petals are the wings and the two others united by their lower margins form the keel which usually encloses the stamens nnd pistil. Trifolium Repens. — White clover. Found in meadows. Flowers white tinged with pink, scented. eLaves consist of three leaflets which often have white lines near the middle and sometimes a dark spot. Trifolium Pratense. — Purple Clover. Stems ascend- ing, somewhat hairy. Flowers in dense round heads. Found in bay-fields, cultivated. Corolla tubes full of honey, hence often cali( d honeysuckle. Melilotus Officinalis.— Mehlot. 2 to 4 feet high. Flow- II ers yellow, in spikjcd racemes. Pod wrinkled. Dried plant very fragrant. ROSACEiE. (Rose Family.) A large order, which produces many of our well- known fruits, such as Strawberry, Peach, Apple. Calyx, generally 5-lobed. Petals, 5. Stamens varying in number, generally more than 12. Prunus Pennsylvanicus, — Wild Red Cherry. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pointed, bhining, green and smooth both sides. Flowers white, many in a cluster, on long pedicels, appearing about the same time as the leaves. Fruit small. Rocky woods. Prunus Serotina.— Wild Black Cherry. Tree with reddish brown branches. Fruit purplish black. Prunus Virginiana.— Choke Cherry. Flowers in race- mes at the end of leafy branches, therefore appearing after the leaves. Racemes short and close. Fruit dark crimson. A tall shrub with grayish bark. Spiraea Salicifolia. — Deadman's flower. Meadow sweet. Shrub with simple leaves and spike Uke clusters of rose-color or white flowers. Wet on low grounds. Poterium Canadense. — ^Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers crowded in a dense spike at the top of a long naked stalk. White stamens conspicuous. Topsail. Wet meadows. Geum Rivale. — Purple avcns. Stems 2 feet high, sev- eral flowered. Stem leaves 3-lobed, few. Petals purplish 12 orange. Calyx brown-piirplc. Style jointed and bent in the middle. Fruit feathery. Potentilla Tridentata. — Three toothed ciiuiei'oil, 3 to 6 inc'ies high. Leaves compound, leaflets three, nearly smo( th, thick, 3-to()lhed at the apex. Petals white. Found near Rennie's River. Fragaria Vesca. — Strawberry. Leaves radical. Leaf- lets three, coarsely serrate. Flowers white, cymose, in scapes. Fruit borne on the enlarged flower receptacle which is what is commonly known as the fruit. The achenes are embedded in the receptacle. The calyx becomes erect af- ter flowering. Fragaria Virginiana. — Strawberry. Achenes superfic- ial. Leaflets thin. Calyx remaining spreading or re- flexed. Rubus Triflorus. — Plumboy. Stems ascending or trail- ing; 6 to 12 inches high; 2 to 3-f lowered. Flowers white. Fruit edible. Leaflets three. Rubus Strigosus. — Wild Raspberry. Stems upright with stilT straight bristle s. Leaflets 3 to 5, pointed, whitish downy underneath. Flowers white. Fruit red. Rubus Villosus.— Blackberry. Shrubby. Upright or rechning. Stout curved prickles. Leaflets 3, pointed, ser- rate flowers racemed with short bractsm. Fruit blackish but seldom ripening. R. Frondosis and Humifusus are two other varieties found here. . ^3 Rubus Chamsmorus. — Bakcapple. Stem simple, 2 to 3 leaved, 1 -flowered. Leaves 5-lobed, serrate wrinkled. Petals White. Fruit amber colored. iiosa Nitida.— Wild Rosi-. Too well known to need and description. Low, smooth, narrow-leaved. Rosa Lucida. — Shining P»ose. Leaves shining above. Peduncles 3 to 8, flowered. Rosa Carolina.— Leaflets dull. Flowers numerous, in corymbs. Pyrus Arbutifolia. — Choke Berry. Leaves simple oblong, finely serrate. Flowers white, in compound cynes. Fruit berry-like. Pyrus Americanus. — Dogberry. Leaflets pointed, ser- rate, with pointed teeth, bright green. Cymes large and flat. Fruit a well-known berry. Amelanchier Canadensis. — Wild Pear. Shrub with sharply serrate leaves and white flowers in racemes. Fruit purple, edible. Flowers early in spring. Amelanchier Canadensis, Var. Oligocarpa. — Smooth narrowly oblong leaves and 2 to 4-f lowered racemes. ONAGHACEyE. (Willow Herb Family.) Herbaceous plants or shrubs with perfect and sym- metrical flowers. The Fuchsia belongs to this family. Epilobium Angustifolium. — Willow Herb. Found in 14 . newly cleared land. Tall herb with clasping undivided leaves and rose-colored flowers in racem. Sepals, 4. Petab, 4; twisted while in bud. GHOSSULARIACEiE. (Gooseberry Family.) Flowers Regular.— Fruit crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Petals 4 or 5, small. Low or rather prickly shrubs, with or without thorns. Leaves alternate, plaited in the bud. Flowers grow in the exils of the leaves. Ribes Cynosbati. — Prickly Gooseberry. Leaves downy. Peduncles 2 to 3 flowered. Berry large with long prickles like a burr. Ribes Hirtellum. — Leaves somewhat downy beneath. Flower stalks very short, peduncles 1 to 2-flowered. Fruit small, purple, sweet. Stems smooth or prickly. Ribes Lacustre— Young stems with prcikly brambles. Leaves heart-shaped, 3 to 5-parted, lobes deeply cut. Flow- ers greenish. Racemes 4 to 9 flowered. Fruit bristly, un- pleasant. Ribes Rubrum.— Red Currant. Stems straggling. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed serrate. Flowers greenish in racemes. Berries never prickly, red. Veins of leaves whitish beneath. Leaves more deeply heart-shaped than the last. Ribes Prostratum.— Pedicels and berry red. Fruit bristly. Plant and berries have an unpleasant odor. IS ARALIACEiE. (Ivy Family.) Shrubs or trees with much the same characters aS UmbeUiferae. Aralia Nudicaulis.— Su saparilla. Stems scarcely ris- ing out of the ground, smooth, bearing one long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked flower stalk with 2 to 7 umbels; 5 leaflets on each of the three divisions of the leaf. The horizontal roots which are several feet long are steeped and used as a tonic. CORNACE.E. (Dogwood Family.) Shrubs or trees rarely herbs with opposite or alternate leaves. Sepals 4, Petals 4, inserted on top of calyx. Fruit berry-like drupe with a 2-cellet nut. Cornus Cnandensis. — Crackerberry. Well known. Leaves in a whorl. Flowers greenish, surrounded by a 4- leaved white or pinkish involucre. Fruit bright red. Woods everywhere. Cornus Stolonifera. — Dogwood. Shrub 5 to 10 feet high. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes of dull white. Branches, especially the young ones, bright reddish color. Fruit dull white or lead color. Cornus Suecica. — Flowers yellow. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. (Honeysuckle Family.) Shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves. Corolla irregu- lar 5-clcft. Stamens equal in number to tiie corolla lobes. i6 Linnaea Boreaiis.— Twin flower. A special favourite of Linnaeus, lound in fir woods. Borders of Twenty-mile Pond. Stem trailin"^ alorij^ the ground. Leaves in pairs. Flower stalks hairy, foikini4 into two pedicels at the top, each bearing a pink beil-shaped flower, nodding, very frag- rant. .,..^;atf Lonicera Cttruka. — 1 to 2 feet high. A bushy shrub. Very common. Flowers yellow. Two united later into one blue berry. Sambucus Pubens. — Ued-berried eltier, 2 to 18 high. Stems woody. Leaflets o to 7, downy underneath. Flow- ers white, in cymes. Fruit bright red. Viburnum Lantago. — Sheep-berry. Tree 15 to 30 feet high. Flowers while, in cymes. Fruit black, oval, edible. Viburnum Nudum. — Wilhe-rod. Leaves thickish, oval, margins entire. F'ruit rounder than the last. Viburnum Pauciflorum. — Squashberry. Leaves with three short lobes a I the summit, serrate nearly all round. Fruit red, juicy. Viburnum Acerifolium. — 3 to G flowers. Leaves downy beneath. Fruit crimson turning purple. Stone 2-grooved on one face and 1 -grooved on the other. Viburnum Opulus. — Marginal flowers, white, barren, (without stamens or pistil) and with corolla much larger than the others, forming a ray. Fruit much like the s(|uashberry. ^7 COMPOSlT.t:. (Compound Family.) A Uirt^e order which j^cts its luinu- from having its Howers conipoundcd of numerous small ones called florets which are enclosed in hraets, resembling a calyx, called an involucre. The calyx springs from the top of the ovary and becomes a pappus, i.e. a feathery head around the fruit such as the pappus of dandelion. The prevailing color of the flowers is while and yellow. In the Dandelion group the florets are s!;ap-shaped pistil. In the thistle group the florets form a convex head and are all tubular. Flowers mostly purple. In the Tansy group all the florets are ♦ubular and per- fect and form a flat head. In the Daisy group the flowers are of two kinds, those of the centre or disk are tubular and perfect, those of the margin or ray, strap-shaped and have pistils only. The disk is generally yellow, except in chilUca in which all the flowers are white. The ray is either of the same color or white as in aster. , Leontodon Taraxacum.— Dandelion. Flower stalks holiow, smooth, bearing a single flower, yellow. Taraxacum Autumnalis. — Fall Dandelion. Often mis- taken for the former but flower stalk is branched and leaves smaller. Flowers later in the season. Cnicus Palustris. — Marsh thistle. Flower heads cluster- i8 (d r.jjivcs tliorny, ofttn hrownisli; I Ut 1!) fitl Iji^h. Flow- t IS (It'cp purple, somoliincs whilf, Centaurca NiKra.— KimpwccMl, conuijorily call( les. Leaves in whorls. Stems of l<.i»cs often dol-« <.. Solidago.— Colden Rod. Numerous varieties. Solidago Canadensis— Tall and stout. 3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves pointed, hairy beneath and rough above. Heads small. Solidago Uliginosa — A more graceful plant then the last. Solidago Juncea— One of the larger kinds but not so large as Canadensis is. Solidago Macrophylla. Senecio Vulgaris.— Groundsel. Leaves often embracing the stem, deeply lobed and toothed. A common garden weed. Flowers in crowded clusters, yellow. Antennaria Margaritacea.— Everlasting. White wool- ly herb. Loaves entire. Flowers all tubular. Heads many- flowered. Scales of the involucre pearly white. Matricaria Inodora.— Smooth branching herb. Leaves »9 (livid ;I iiilo fiiH', almosl lliruul like. IoIm-s. Ihads lar^U' with lur^t;i' rays. Hays wliito. Disk ytllow. Achillea Millefolium. Milfoil.— Doaclinan's flowers. 1 lo 2 11. hi^'h. Leaves pinna tifid, woolly or slightly hairy. Flowc rs in thick terminal coryinhs, white or pinkish. Grows in waste places and by the roadside. Has a slightly aromatic otlor. Aster Radula. — Farewell to summer. One of the lat- est flowers to appear. Disk yellow. Hays violet. Stem simple or branching at the top. Leaves pointed, roufjh, sessile. Arler Urn bellata— rail Hacemes many-flowered. Disk yellow. Hay white. PrenantH ; Serpentaria.— Arrow shaped leaves. Flow- ers drooping i close heads, dull yellow or white. LOBELIACEAE. (Lobelia Family.) Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers. Plants acrid, poisonous. Flowers irregular. Lobelia Dortmanna.— Water lobelia. Grows in bord- ers of ponds. The Goulds. Stem simple nearly leafless, ex- cept at the base. Flowers in a simple raceme, light blue Distinguished from the bell-flowering tribe by their irregu- lar corolla and united anthers. CAMPANULACEiE. (Hair-Bell Family.) Corolla of one petal, 5-Iobed. Herbaceous or slightly 20 shrubby plants. Mostly altirnate leaves without stipules and showy blue or while flowers. Milky. Campanula Rotundifolia.— Hair-bell. Grows on rocky banks near the sea. Name not very appropriate, as the round root leaves are seldom obvious. Flower blue. ERICACEAE. (Heath Family.) Mostly shrubs. Flowers regular. Calyx growing from the ovary, 4 to 6 lobed. Corolla of one petal with the same number of lobes as the calyx. Stamens twice as many as the tubes of the corolla. Fruit a berry crowned by the re- mains of the calyx, containing many small seeds. Leaves alternate, undivided. Cassandra Calyculata. — Leather leaf. Low shrub with mealy evergreen leaves which are scurfy underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper leaves, forming one-sided leafy racemes. Flower buds are formed in the summer and expand in the early spring. Kalmia Angustifolia. — Evergreen shrubs. Leaves op- posite, whitish underneath. Flowers in lateral corymbs. Corolla wheel-shaped with ten depressions in which ten stamens are lodged. Kalmia Glauca — Differs from the last in having the corymbs terminal. Arctostaphyllis Uva-UrsL — Bearberry. Trailing. Leav- es smooth and evergreen, alicrnale. Flowers nearly white. Fruit red. -'^mM^it^ '37X. ■ riVEKK! 1 . 21 Andromeda Polifolia.— Rosemary. Leaves thick, with margins turned back. Shrub 6 to 18 inches high. Flowers white, in a terminal umbel. Rhodora Canadensis.— Low shrub with oblong leaves, whitish and downy underneath. Flowers rose-purple, in um- bel-like clusters, appearing early in the spring, before the leaves. Corolla iregular, 2-Hpped. Ledum Latifolium. — Labrador tea. Low shrubs. Leav- es alternate, covered with rusty wool underneath. Flowers in t{ rminal umbel-like clusters. Vaccinium Uliginosum. — Whorts, low and spreading. 4 to 18 inches high. Leaves entire and sUghtly hairy under- neath. Flowers one, two, or three from a scaly bud. Berries black, sweet, covered with bloom. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea. — Partridge berry. Leaves with revolute margins, dark green. Berries red, mealy. Vaccinium Oxycoccus. — Marshberry. Marshes. Stems very slender protraste. Root wiry. Flowers crimson. Seg- ments bent back in a very distinctive manner. Berries speckled. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum. — Whort, 6 to 15 inches high. Leaves oblong with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides. Branches angled, green, warty. Berries abundant, blue or black, with a bloom, sweet. Vaccinium Caespitosum. — Dwarf whort. 3 to 5 inches high. Leaves narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, ser- rate. Corolla oblong. Flowers solitary on short axillary ped- uncles, nodding. 22 Chiogencs Hispidula. — Capillairc. A trailing cvcr- L^rion, sonu'timcs mistaken for Linnaea, but kaves are niu'jh smaller. Flowers are very small one in the exits of the leaves. Plant aromatic. Berries bright white. Grows in the shade of firs. Pyrola Uniflora. — Wintcrgreen. Leaves nearly round. Flowers solitary, drooping, verj' fragrant. Leaves clustered at the bottom of the stem. Found in deep woods. Pyrola Kotundifolia. — Like the last but many-flowered. iMONOTROPACE.^. (Indian Pipe Family.) Fleshy herbs, tawny reddish or white, parasite on roots or decomposing vegetable matter. Monotropa Uniflora. — Indian Pipe. Corpse Plant. Cirows on roots of fir and beech trees. A single stalk with no leaves, but scaly bracts. Flowers white, turning black. Monotropa Hypopitys. — Pine sap. Flowers several, the terminal one usually 5-petalled and the rest 4-pctalled. Plant downy or reddish, or whitish. Grows in pine woods. CONVOLVULACEiE. (Convolvulus Family.) Mostly trailing or twining herbs. Flower of one petal, plaited in the bud. Stamens 8, from the base of the corolla. Leaves alternate, sagittate, with the flowers in the axils. Convolvulus Arvensis. — Bind weed. A very trouble- 23 I I \ some \vtc(l in <^ar(lcns. Stems twining. Corolla White, or tinged wilJi reddish. BORAGINACE^. (Borage Family.) Chiefly rough hairy herbs. Calyx in 5, sometimes 4 divisions. Corolla of one petal, 5 or 4-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla. Leaves alternate, covered with hairs or bristles rising from a swollen base. On this ac- count was called by Linnaeus, AspcrifoHa, or rough leaved olants. But there are some plants belonging to the order with perfectly smooth leaves. Flowers are generally blue but small, and when they first open are of a reddish hue. Symphytum Officinale. — Conifrey. A coarse hairy herb, branches winged above by the leaves. Corolla yeUow- ish white, sometimes purple. Myosotis. — Forget-me-not. Moist places. PRIMULACIL^. (Primrose Family.) Herbs with regular perfect flowers and simple leaves. Calyx 5 or 7-clcft. Stamens equal to the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them. Trientalis Americana. — Star flower. Low stems with a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. One or more flower stalks bearing a white star-shaped flower with fine- ly pointed petals. Flowers in spring. POLYMONIACEiE. Herbs with alternate leaves, and regular flowers. 24 Seeds sticky when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Diapensia Lapponica.— Corolla bell-shaped. A dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense tufts. Stem terminated by a one-flowered peduncle. Corolla white. SCROPHULARIACEiE. (Fig\vort Family.) A large orii<«e of Cluiiopodmni. POL()(;ONACi:.'E. (Buckwhcal Family.) Herbs vvitl. allornalc loav.s. Joints of ll.c slcn, swollen „K, "oanu.l ..y siipulos. Ca'yx :. to G-dcf.. b.an,c„s 4 to 12. Rhubarb belongs lo this family. Persicaria Sagittatum.-Tcar Ihiunb. Calyx petal-like, shaoed The angles of the stem are i)arbed nv th a line ol fine and vlry sharp saw toothed priekles. Fruit a 3-angled aehenium. Polygonum Convolvulus- Black bindweed Stenr, twining not prickly. Hougbisb. 1-lowcr^ greenish Unged win" rose, color or wbile, in loos, raccn.es. Leaves ratber heart-shaped, pointed. Polygonum Lapathafolium Var Incanum.-Leaves white, downy, blunt. A very small plant. Rumex Acetosella-Sally Sours. A c^mon we^d crowing abundantly in waste places and fields. The ferUle panicles of flowers usually turn reddish in summer. Stems juicy, \'er>' acid. Rumex Crispus. Dock. Common weed in cultivated and waste grounds, 2 to 4 feet high. A deep spindle-shaped yeUow root. Leaves with wavy margins. Howers green, very crowded. Juice not sour. 28 EMPETHACE.t. (Crowberry Family.) Stamens and pistils in different plants. Perianth ar- ranf»cd in two rows, the inner rcsemblin/[» petals. Stamens ecfual in number to the inner scales. Heath-like evergreen shrubs. Empetrum Nigrrum. — Blackberry. On hills round St. John's. Small prostrate spreading shrub. Leaves with margins recurved to meet at the back. Flowers small, |)uri)lisli, i»r()winiji •" Hk- exils of the upper loaves. Berries edible, black. URTICACE.E. (Nettle Family.) Stamens and pistils in different flowers and often in different plants. Perianth divided. Stamens equal in num- ber to the lobes of the perianth and opposite them. The hop belongs to this tribe. Urtica Dioica. — Stinging nettle. A common weed by the roadside. Leaves pointed, very deeply serrate, bristly and stinging. Flowers in panicled spikes, greenish. MYRICACEiE. (Sweet Gale Family.) Shrubs with barren and fertile flowers in short scaly catkins. Leaves resinous, dotted. Myrica Cerifera. — Sweet Gale. Leaves pale, then the flowers. Sterile catkins closely clustered, a small globular nut in imbricate heads. Later Fruit 29 BETULACE/E. (Bircli Family.) Flowers in calkins. Outer bark can usually bo remov- ed on sheets. Bark of branchlels dotted. Foliage thin and light. Catkins long and drooping with golden flowers. Betula Alba.— White Birch. Slender graceful tree with long pointed leaves on petioles half their length. Leaves tremulous. Alnus.— (Incana?). Smooth •ees forming thickets along streams. Sterile catkins long and drooping. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong. Calyx of 4 scales, adherent to the woody bracts of the catkins. Flowers developed before the leaves. SALICACE.*:. (Willow Family.) Trees or shrubs generally growing along streams. Leaves mostly long and pointed. Catkins appearing before or with the leavef^. Salix Willow.— Common trees. Freshwater Road. Populus Tremuloides.— Aspen. Leaves roundish wUh short sharp points. Fohage continually moving with Uie slightest breeze. Populus Balsamif era.- -Balsam Popular. A tall tree. Leaves ovate, tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both sides. Large leaf-hud.^ covered with fragrant resin- ous matter. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before Uie leaves. Seeds covered with long silky down. 30 CONIFERiE. (Pine Family.) F^oliage. — Biindk's of mrdlt'-shapfd cvcTj^rocn leaves, trees or shrubs. Flowers in catkins. Pinus. — Pine. Leaves needle-shaped, in bundles of 2 to 5. Fruit a cone, fornie