SB
818
C578
ENT

No. 115. Issued April 15, 1910.

_Aited States Department of Agriculture,

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

THE HORN FLY.
(Hematobia serrata Rob.-Desv.)
By C. L. Martart, M.S.,
Assistant Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief.

INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD.

The horn fly is one of the worst of the European biting flies that
attack cattle, but, curiously enough, it failed to reach this continent
until a comparatively late date, notwithstanding abundant impor-
tations of live stock from Europe during nearly three centuries. It

FIG. 1.—Horn fly (Hzmatobia serrata): a, Egg; b, larva; c, puparium; d, adultin resting position. Much
enlarged. (From Riley and Howard.)

was first discovered and reported to this Bureau in the fall of 1887
as occurring near Camden, N. J. The following year it appeared in
Maryland and Virginia, and thereafter spread rather rapidly, and
by 1891-1892 it was found over the continent from Canada to Texas

19566—Cir. 115—10 ansonian lnstitug™

"

The horn fly exhibits a certain preference for red or other dark-
colored cattle, and that such animals are more thickly infested has
been frequently noted. When the insects are abundant, however,
this preference is not so strongly marked. Occasionally sores are
formed on the animals, which in the South and West may become
infested with the screw worm (Chrysomyia macellaria Fab.). These’
wounds or sores are, as a rule, only indirectly the result of horn-fly
attacks, but are commonly produced by the rubbing of the cattle in
efforts to allay the irritation from the bites.

The loss occasioned by the horn fly to other animals is, as a rule,
inconsiderable. Sometimes horses are attacked, and especially cow
ponies, and injury to sheep, as pointed out by Norgaard,* is compli-
cated with sheep scab.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.

The appearance and abundance of the flies is governed by tem-
perature and rainfall. In the latitude of Washington they are first
noticed in May, and become most abundant in July, gradually
dwindling to November or until sharp, frosty nights become frequent.
Farther south they appear earlier and remain in evidence later. The
study of this insect in Texas by agents of this Bureau, notably Mr.
J. D. Mitchell, at Victoria, indicates that the fly reaches its first maxi-
mum of abundance in May. During the subsequent dry period the
fly decreases in numbers until fall rains begin, when a second maxi-
mum is reached in late September, which is checked by the frosts of
the latter part of October. Continuing on from then until March the
fly is kept down to comparatively small numbers by low tempera-
tures. The reduction of the numbers of the fly in Texas by a dry,
hot summer is sometimes as great as 95 per cent from the maximum

-of May.

The characteristic habit of the fly in clustering about the base of the
horn is developed only when the flies are abundant. When they
average only 100 or so to an animal, comparatively few will be found
on the horns. The horn-clustering habit is more noticeable in the
spring and early summer than in autumn. The horns are not the
only resting places, and many of the flies cluster upon the back, be-
tween the head and the fore shoulders, where they can be reached
by neither head nor tail. When the cattle are feeding, the flies are
found over the back and flank and on the legs, and during a rain-
storm they flock beneath the belly. When the animal is lying down,
a favorite place of attack seems to be under the thigh and back belly
around the udder. The characteristic appearance of the flies on the
horn is indicated in the accompanying illustration (fig. 2).

a Rep. Agr. and Forestry, Hawaii, 1905, pp. 171, 211, 212.
[Cir. 115]

5)

In the feeding position the wings are slightly elevated, and are
held out from the body at an angle of 60° from the abdomen; the
legs are held out widely, and the beak, inserted beneath the skin of
the animal, is directed almost perpendicularly (see fig. 3, c). Before
inserting its beak the fly works its way through the hair close to the
skin, but is able at the least sign of danger to rise instantly in flight,
to return as quickly. The characteristic appearance of the fly is
shown in the accompanying illustration (fig. 1). It is about half the
size of the house fly, which it closely resembles, but is much less
robust.

Differing from other biting flies, the horn fly normally stays on the
cattle night and day, and when not feeding rests on the cattle as
already described.

Fic. 2.—Cow-horn showing band of resting horn flies. Reduced. (From Riley and Howard.)

The egg-laying habit of the insect was not easily discovered and is
somewhat peculiar. The eggs are laid singly and usually upon. their
sides upon the surface of wet dung. The moment the latter is
dropped, a swarm of flies dart from the animal to the dung and re-
main there a few seconds, or a minute at the most, during which
time many eggs are deposited. Egg laying is chiefly during day-
light, between 9 a.m. and 4 p. m., and most abundant during the
warmer morning hours. So far as we know, they are laid upon no
other substance, and never upon old dung.

The larve upon hatching descend into the dung, remaining, how-
ever, rather near the surface. When full grown they are about two-
fifths of an inch in length and of the normal color and form of the
related dung maggots. The puparium is formed in the ground be-
neath the dung. The time elapsing from the egg to the adult is from
ten to seventeen days, and there are probably seven or eight genera-
tions annually in the latitude of Washington, with more in the South,

[Cir.115]

6

and continuous breeding ina tropical region like the Hawaiian Islands.
The winter habits as studied near Washington, D. C., indicate that
hibernation normally takes place either in the adult stage or as
puparia below the surface of the ground.

PARASITES AND NATURAL ENEMIES.

The natural enemies of the horn fly, like those of most other dung-
breeding flies, are destructive to the insect in its larval and pupal
stages. Therefore the bringing over of the insect from Europe in the
adult stage with cattle resulted necessarily in its freedom for a time
from the control by such natural enemies. The similar enemies of
other dung flies in this country, however, undoubtedly very soon
began to exercise a certain degree of control, and this may account

Fic. 3.—Horn fly: a, Head of female, front view; b, head of male, front view; c, head from side. Greatly
enlarged. (From Riley and Howard.)

somewhat, at least, for the much greater damage occasioned by the
horn fly in the first years of its occurrence in the different zones of
its spread across the continent than was the case during subsequent
years. Very early after the appearance of the horn fly it was noted
by Mr. F. M. Webster that in Ohio fully, 20 per cent of the flies were
infested by one of the scarlet mite fly parasites (Gamaside). This
mite was not determined, but was probably one of the native species
commonly seen on other flies.

The introduction of the horn fly into the Hawaiian Islands and the
heavy losses there occasioned by it led to an active investigation on
the part of the island authorities of parasites and predaceous enemies.
Mr. Albert Koebele imported, in 1905, from New South Wales, quan-
tities of material from which dung beetles were reared and introduced
into the islands. In 1906 Mr. Koebele came to the United States and
made extensive collections of material in California and Arizona, and
from this material at least six or seven species of dung beetles were
introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, and two species of true parasites.

[Cir. 115]

7

The beetles in question are those which habitually live in cattle dung
and feed upon living maggots therein, or are of the tumblebug
variety which disintegrate the dung shortly after deposition, thus
preventing or checking the breeding of the flies.

The true parasites reared from material sent by Mr. Koebele from
Arizona proved to be Eucolia impatiens Say, styled ‘‘the Arizona
dung-fly parasite,” and a species of Eutrias, styled ‘‘the lesser dung-
fly parasite.” These two minute four-winged flies are undoubtedly
normally enemies of native dung-breeding flies, but take readily to
the horn fly. They were reared in considerable numbers and dis-
tributed among the ranchmen on the islands. It is too early yet to
determine whether these importations will be of much practical value
in controlling the horn fly.

Two other similar minute Hymenopterous parasites, belonging to
the genus Spalangia, were reared by Mr. Kotinsky from pup of the
common stable fly (Stomorys calcitrans 1..), from material collected
on the Island of Hawaii. One of these, Spalangia hirta Haliday,
confined with horn-fly pup, promptly attacked the latter, and in
three or four weeks a brood of these parasites was successfully reared.
Later, horn-fly pupz collected in the field were found parasitized by
this species. The other parasite, S. lanaiensis Ashm., supposed to
be a native species, was also again reared from Dipterous pupe.
That both of these will become important enemies of the horn fly
seems to be established.

MEANS OF CONTROL.

The simple means of prevention of abundance of the flies by the
destruction of larve in the dung and the protection of animals from
the attacks of the adults, suggested in the earlier investigation of the
subject by this Bureau, have remained the standard means of control,
with some improvements and amplification enabling them to be
carried out on a larger scale and at less cost. There are two principal
methods of control—one, the destruction of the larve and pup in
the cattle dung by direct measures or by the action of natural enemies
already discussed; and the other, the protection of cattle either by
the use of repellent ointments or by the actual capture and destruc-
tion of the adult flies.

Repellents —Almost any greasy substance will keep the flies away
for from a few hours to several days. A great many oils and fats
have been experimented with, and the commercial product known as
fish or train oil, first suggested, remains the best easily available oint-
ment. The protection by the use of this mixture varies in different
regions. In the dry, hot area of the West and Southwest protection
lasts only two or three days; in the more moist and cooler regions of the

[Cir. 115]

8

East and North, five or six days. This oil costs from 50 to 75 cents
a gallon. The addition of a little sulphur or carbolic acid is of
benefit, the latter making the application somewhat healing if any
sores have been formed. Where only a few animals are to be treated,
as a home supply of dairy cattle or a dairy herd, the application can
be made with a common painter’s brush. It may be unnecessary to
attempt to protect the entire animal, but only those parts not reached
by the head or tail, although the more completely the animal is
covered the greater will be the reduction of loss.

In Virginia Prof. W. B. Alwood found that animals could be treated
with the standard insecticide, kerosene emulsion, applied with a
small hand-spray pump. This application killed all the flies that
were actually wetted by it and gave protection to the treated animals
for two days. With a little tobacco water added he found two appli-
cations a week sufficient, using from 1 to 2 pints for each animal.
The application was made just after milking, and was only tested
on dairy animals.

Kerosene emulsion is prepared after the following formula. The
crude oil yields a stronger and more lasting product:

Petroleum, refined or crude. Ble rape cla mtn iets See enter gallons... 2
Whale-oil soap ce 1 Geert sort <E) ates due Mente ee eee ee eee pound.. 4
Waiter (SOEG)S A 2r2 Sytem. te Se recto a aetna Se cine aoe gallon.. 1

The soap, first finely divided, is dissolved in the water by boiling
and immediately added boiling hot, away from the fire, to the oil. The
whole mixture is then agitated violently while hot by being pumped
back upon itself with a force pump and direct discharge nozzle throw-
ing a strong stream, preferably one-eighth inch in diameter. After
from three to five minutes’ pumping the emulsion should be perfect,
and the mixture will have increased from one-third to one-half in bulk
and assumed the consistency of cream. Well made, the emulsion will
keep indefinitely and should+be diluted only as wanted for use.

In limestone regions, or where the water is very hard, some of the
soap will combine with the lime or magnesia in the water, and more
or less of the oil will be freed, especially when the emulsion is diluted.
Before use, such water should be broken with lye, or rain water should
be employed.

It may be used pure or diluted with one part of water for local
applications with a brush, or with two or three parts of water as a
spray.

A mixture recommended by the Kansas Experiment Station,
claimed to be as satisfactory and considerably cheaper than fish oil,
is made after the following formula: Pulverized resin, 2 parts, by

aPress Bul. No. 65, March 20, 1900.
[Cir. 115]

9 -

measure; soap shavings, 1 part; water, 4 part; fish oil, | part; oil
of tar, 1 part; kerosene, 1 part; water, 3 parts. Place the resin,
soap shavings, 4 part of water and fish oil together in a receptacle
and boil till the resin is dissolved. Then add 3 parts of water, follow-
ing with the oil of tar mixed with the kerosene. Stir the mixture
well and allow it to boil for fifteen minutes. When cool the mixture
is ready for use, and should be stirred frequently while being applied.
This mixture costs about 30 cents a gallon, and from one-eighth to
one-half pint is sufficient for one application with the brush method.

The methods just described are not applicable to large grazing herds
or cattle on the range.

Fly control on the range.—For the control of the horn fly on range
cattle on a large scale the dipping-vats system employed for the con-
trol of the cattle tick or other skin parasites offers the best solution
of the problem. The oily dips used for the Texas-fever tick, described
in a publication of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department
can be made to serve as a very effective means of controlling the horn

fly. It was early discovered that dipping cattle in these oily mix-
tures in the ordinary way was of little service in destroying the horn
flies. The cattle dips were repellent to the horn fly for a very short
period, and the percentage of the flies killed by the operation was
inconsiderable. During the last three years, however, Mr. J. D.
Mitchell, an agent of this Bureau, working with Mr. W. D. Hunter
in Texas, has, in a study of the requirements for horn-fly control,
found that by a very simple modification of the ordinary dipping
vat a very large percentage of the flies on the cattle can be destroyed,
with the consequent very notable limiting of the loss from this fiy
pest. With the vats as ordinarily constructed, most of the flies aban-
don the animal at the moment it plunges into the dip and escape,
and go to other animals, and ultimately with the drying of the dipped
animal return to it. Mr. Mitchell found, however, that by putting
a splashboard near the top of the vat on either side, about 4 feet
above the level of the dip, the water thrown up violently as the
animal plunges in is caught by these splashboards and is thrown back
as a spray, filling the air space above the animal and drenching and
destroying the flies in their effort to escape. The few of the horn
flies that may escape, together with those which abandoned the animal
at the entrance to the vat, were observed to hover or settle on the
chute fence, and many would alight on the next animal coming along.
He also found that where the animals have been heated in corralling and
getting them into the chute the flies stick much closer and are much less
apt to take quick flight, thus insuring the capture of a larger percentage
of them by the dip and spray.

a Varmers’ Bulletin 378, October, 1909.
[Cir. 115]

10

The first suggestion of splashboards was not as a means of con-
trolling the horn fly but to keep the fluid from wasting over the sides
of the vat and to protect the men who were working near the vat.
When a large animal strikes the fluid the splash will fly as high as
6 feet, and the spray will scatter widely.

The accompanying detailed sketches illustrate two vats equipped
with splashboards which have been used very successfully for a num-
ber of years in Texas. The first sketch (fig. 4) is a cross section of the
vat constructed by Mr. J. J. Welder, Victoria County, Tex. A ground
plan of the entrance is illustrated in figure 5. Mr. Welder’s vat is a
rather large one, having a surface level of the dip 5 feet wide but with
an entrance chute to the
vat of only 3 feet and
9 inches. The splash-
boards are 2 feet wide
and 20 feet long, ex-
tending from the termi-
; nation of the entrance
CHUTE 929 WIDE | chute. In the case of
this dipping vat the ani-
mal is confined to the
middle of the vat and
entirely away from the
splashboards by the nar-
row entrance chute.

Another similar vat
is illustrated in figure
6. This vat was con-
structed by Mr. A. P.
Borden on the Pierce
Ranch, WhartonCounty,
Tex. The splashboards

Fig. 4.—Cross section of dipping vat used by Mr. J.J.Welder. gre 1 foot wide and ex-
oD tend the full length of
the vat, and can be used, if necessary, as a walk in assisting cattle in
trouble. The ends of the splashboards next to the entrance are
rounded off in the case of this vat; but the entrance slides, as illus-
trated in the ground plan of the Welder vat (fig. 5), and the height of
the splashboards above the dip level, have in the actual treating of
hundreds of cattle prevented any difficulty of catching or colliding
of the animals with the splashboards, and were used on a number of
vats in Texas most successfully during the years 1907 to 1909.
[Cir. 115]

SPLASH SOAFOS
2’ WIDE

CPPOSS SEC7TIO/VV

tet

With vats equipped like the above, from 75 to 80 per cent of the
horn flies on the cattle are destroyed.¢

Mr. Hunter experimented with a small model of a dipping vat, and
found that if the splash were received on a slightly curved galvanized-
iron sheet instead of a board it was considerably more effective in dis-
tributing the back throw of the water in the form of an efficient spray.

The arsenical dips used for the cattle tick would have comparatively
little value for the horn fly except that very likely a good many flies
might be caught and destroyed by merely being wetted with the dip.

A similar treat-
ment has recently
been the subject of
experiment in the
West. Anapparatus
has been con-
structed, designed
more particularly
for the destruction
of skin parasites of
cattle, to supplant
the old method of
dipping inavat. It
has been suggested
that this apparatus
will furnish a very
good means of con-
trol in the case of
the horn fly. The
probabilities are,
however, from the
experience with the PLAN :
horn-fly traps re- Fig. 5.— Ground plan of dipping vat used by Mr.J.J. Welder. (Original.)
ferred to below, that most of the flies would abandon the cattle at the
moment of entrance to the cylinder, and its efficiency as a means of
horn-fly control is very problematical.

The process consists in driving the animals through a large cylinder
through the sides of which a powerful gasoline pump causes sprays
of the insecticide to strike the animals from all quarters and thor-
oughly wet them. This machine is patented and is sold at a rather
excessive price. The liquid used is an emulsion of crude petroleum

SLASH LS04770

a For further details of the construction of dipping vats see Farmers’ Bulletin 378,
‘““Methods of Exterminating the Texas Cattle Tick,’’ by H. W. Graybill, Bureau of
Animal Industry. In the case of the vat there described, to successfully use the
splashboard it may be necessary to increase the height of the sides of the vat so that
the splashboards can be placed 4 feet or a little more above the level of the dip.

(Cir. 115]

12

in water in the proportion of 20 gallons of oil to 80 gallons of water,
with the addition of 5 pounds of soap. This apparatus is claimed to
be able to take care of from 3,000 to 4,000 head of cattle per day.
With this or some similar device the control of the horn fly ou a
broader scale may prove practicable.

Horn-fly traps.—Various attempts have been made to collect horn
flies from cattle by means of traps, the general plan being to pass the

CROSS LFACE

Fic. 6.—Cross section of dipping vat used by Mr. A. P. Borden. (Original.)

cattle through a dark room or chamber arranged with brushes at
the exit to drive the flies from the cattle and retain them in the
chamber, where they may be attracted to a lighted cupola, captured,
and destroyed. Mr. P. J. Parrott, while connected with the Kansas

Experiment Station, conducted elaborate experiments in this direc-
(Cir. 115]

13

tion,* but the results were most unsatisfactory, the great majority
of the flies abandoning the cattle at the moment of entrance, so that
only about 5 per cent of the flies were captured.

Destruction of larve and pupe—The destruction of larve and
pup in the dung by direct measures and consequent reduction in
the numbers of the adult insects is a possible means of control, not,
however, always practicable, and having little utility in the case of
range animals. ‘Two methods of locally destroying the flies in the
dung have been shown to be fairly effective. A spadeful of lime
thrown on cow dung will destroy the larve living in it, and in small
pastures such treatment of dung, especially at points where the cattle
are more apt to congregate, may be feasible. This treatment is espe-
cially useful if carried out during May and June, as every larva killed
of the early broods means a very large reduction in the number of
flies for midsummer and later in the season.

Prof. J. B. Smith suggests another means of control, namely, the
spreading out of the fresh dung with a shovel, which causes the rapid
drying of the dung and the destruction of the Dipterous larve con-
tained in it. This method also is feasible only in the case of small
pastures and in dry weather. An inexpensive method, suggested
by Mr. D. L. Van Dine, of scattering the dung in yards and pens and
causing it to dry quickly is to allow a number of pigs to run with the
cattle.. In their efforts to obtain undigested particles of food the
pigs will effectually destroy the dung as breeding places for the fly,
at least during dry periods.

A dairyman in Texas, as reported by Mr. Hunter, has followed an
analogous method of control which has given him very considerable
protection from the horn fly. He makes it a practice to collect
daily the dung in and near the dairy barns, and every few days this
collected material is taken out and distributed with a spreading
machine on the pasture, so that it promptly dries up and the breeding
of larve in it is prevented. Wherever this practice-is feasible it is
to be strongly recommended, and has the important additional argu-
ment in its favor of conserving the valuable manurial material which
might otherwise go to waste.

In the same way, as observed by Mr. Mitchell, during the dry
period of July and August in western Texas the foes fly is very much
reduced in numbers by the rapid desiccation of the cow droppings.

Approved:

JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

Wasuineton, D. C., November 17, 1909.

a Kansas State Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta., Press Bul. No. 49, November 7, 1899.
[Cir. 115]
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