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CITRUS FRUITS.

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SEELEES

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PART. 1.
FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE LEMON.

By G. W. GARCELON, or Riversine.

PART IL
NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS.

By B. M. LELONG,

Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief
Horticultural Officer.

SACRAMENTO:

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STATE OFFICE, : : : : : : : A. J. JOHNSTON, SUPT. STATE PRINTING.
1891.

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‘CITRUS FRUITS

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PART L

FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE LEMON.

By G. W. GARCELON, or RiveErRsiIDE.

AOE sbhe

NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS.

By BM’ LELONG,
Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief
Horticultural Officer.

SACRAMENTO:
STATE OFFICE, : : : : : A. J. JOHNSTON, SUPT. STATE PRINTING.
1891.

STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

MH GLWiOODACOOREIR Presid entieesies soe see aaa ae eae a ee ae ees Santa Barbara,
Commissioner for the Los Angeles District.
la We eBUICiKe Vice-President...) 32. 4) 2 oss 2 eee ee ee Vacaville,
Commissioner for the Napa District.
SRIUIN MONG Mreasurer =o. /-3s2220e 5 see = fee oe ee ee oe eee Courtland,
Commissioner for the Sacramento District.
e
Aelia NO SIGIR PANIC OTe sere = se ne et ere ee ee San Francisco,
Commissioner for the State at Large.
FRANK A. KIMBALL. -..--.---- ies ee eee ese as ees National City,
Commissioner for the State at Large.
PAV He WORD 4 ho. Sh eke s ott doy. oo sas Jo eee Sosa ee ees eee ae Santa Rosa,
Commissioner for the Sonoma District.
RRND SCeMGDLNSe..2t-u 2s.) ee Se ee ee eee ae Sao ee Penryn,
Commissioner for the El Dorado District.
eee ET OMIA © = = eet ee ae Visalia,
Commissioner for the San Joaquin District.
NPE Cee ee a ee ae ee Se og 1: bee es See 2 ee = os See Santa Clara,
Commissioner for the San Francisco District.
184, Wily IDI IOIN( Gr SER ney 5 ene ee ee Ex officio Chief Horticultural Officer.
PACE ESXGAGNGD EY Rin CRAG Vise en ee Clerk of the Publishing and Quarantine Bureau.
ASE eC ATL AURA Ni 2 2 eh 2.20 es Se Nh nh Se oe ee -Clerk.

Office of the Board:

No. 220 SurrerR STREET, SAN FRANCISCO.

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. PREFACE TO FIRST PART.

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For a number of years extensive experiments have been conducted by

lemon growers, with the aim to discover, if possible, a process that would
keep lemons until such a time as there would be a market for them.
Various methods have been tried, and while some of them have been
more or less a success, yet they lacked the most essential point, 2. e., the
keeping of the lemon without shriveling and becoming dry on exposure
to the atmosphere. Dealers in San Francisco have greatly complained
of California lemons not keeping long after exposure, and for that reason
the foreign lemon has had the lead. But this is no longer so; the Cali-
fornia lemon is fast supplanting the foreign. California lemons are now
placed in the markets—not only of this State, but also in the Kast—in
a fresh condition, and do not shrivel or dry on being exposed, even
after several weeks.

That the growers have been able to place upon the markets a lemon
having all the essential points, as well as quality, as late as ten months
after being picked, only goes to show what constant experimenting and
energy can accomplish. It is to G. W. Garcelon, of Riverside, that the
success in this direction must be accorded. For a number of years he
worked faithfully, experimenting at an outlay of considerable time and
money, and now we give to the public the result of his “ Fifteen Years
with the Lemon,” with the hope that others will be equally as successful.
Certainly they can if they follow the directions and details closely, as in
this lies the secret of success.

Respectfully,
B. M. LELONG,
Secretary.
San Francisco, Cau., September 17, 1891.

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Pe Nee AR Si CEE CRM:

By G. W. Garceton, of Riverside.

In giving to the public the details of my experience with this most
valuable of all citrus fruits, I will make no apology for a few introductory
remarks.

As in every well built structure much depends upon the foundation, so
much of the success of handling lemons depends upon observing very
carefully every detail; care and gentle handling should begin, continue, and
end every act. JI am well assured that failure will be the result if one
tried to succeed with lemons without particularly and always recollect-
ing that he is dealing with perishable fruit, which, because of the extreme
firmness of the rind, he thinks may sustain without injury rough hand-
ling. Oil cells upon the rind of a freshly picked lemon are as easily
fractured as an egg shell; a slight pressure with the finger will often
produce decay, and the surprise occasioned by spoiled lemons, when we
were positive they were not bruised, will vanish if we could follow the
lemon from the time it is clipped until decay overtakes it, especially
when we recollect the frailty of the oil cells in the rind.

In foreign countries where lemons are produced, labor is much less
valuable, and time can be devoted to working up necessary details with-
out adding very much to the cost. Here, where labor costs, every hour
of time should show to the employer corresponding progress; even the
employed feel that there should appear advance with the work. But if
the expression “make haste slowly” has a fitting application, it belongs
to this lemon business.. And as foreigners have learned by years of
experience, with probable losses, how to take graciously $10 for a box of
lemons which in nowise differed from our own at one time, and for
which grumbling housekeepers begrudge us the paltry $2, we ought to
bend our energies to produce just as good, recollecting being on the
ground and a little protection will go far to make up the difference
between well paid and cheap labor.

Right here I wish to emphasize that not every man is going to make
a success of lemon curing, not because it is not his intention to do his
best, but because he cannot “steer the ship” and “take in the sail” at
the same time. It has taken centuries for the natives of the Mediter-
ranean shores to get into the rut of success. We are made of different
material; and while we are working with our physical strength our
mental visions are aloft after some new and shorter road to success,
consequently mere animal strength and will often forget, because of the
wandering brain, the details of which I believe are not the fort of the
genus American, and “our basket of eggs,” or lemons, are kicked over,
and we tear down our poultry houses and take up our lemon trees.
Now we are dependent more or less upon those who work for us—I

i — i
would not question the honesty of our laborers; I believe the most of
them try to do their work well, yet this idea of making a show of having
accomplished something does prevent thorough work. Men detest
details, and hate worse to have their employers dwell upon and repeat
the same thing over and over again; and while I have had some of the
best of workmen, yet I often find myself much tried by small neglects,
and I know I succeed very poorly in hiding away vexation under the
bland smile of reproof. Now, this lemon industry, successfully done,
demands the careful observance of small things. Right here I will add
that the difficulty of trying to come up to the reputation of imported
lemons with what few of the home production over which I had any
control, I found insurmountable, consequently I discard in a measure
the compliments for generosity that the press have awarded, as my
object for the fifteen years has been to introduce in quantities lemons
that our own people will prefer to the foreign.

In Riverside and surrounding places I have succeeded, but I fail to
reach the quantities, even though I had control of them. I would not
be able to extend the successful supervision they need, consequently I
have concluded to give to the public my process of producing “ Rip Van
Winkle” lemons, hoping that the merits of the lemon and its popu-
larity will induce many others to help me keep at home the many
millions of dollars which annually go abroad to pay for lemons.

Years ago my attention was drawn toward the apparent truth that
California could not produce a good lemon, for the San Francisco market
quoted foreign lemons at $5 and $6; home, at $1 and $2, and even less.
These last were always overgrown seedling lemons, which should have
left the trees months before. But they grew larger, made fewer to the
box, and made—yes, made those who used them profane over their
efforts to extract any juice from them. Soon following the introduction
of budded oranges, came budded lemons of different varieties. Even
then, the fruit which should have been clipped as soon as it was ready
was allowed to remain upon the trees months too long, because it was
early winter, and no one wants lemons to any extent in winter.

The lemon is an everbearing tree. While the orange blossoms and
matures its fruit at stated times, the lemon tree is in flower and differ-
ent stages of fruit throughout the year. I think I am correct in writ-
ing that all fruits having seeds change at certain times the character
and quality of juices. While in the first stages of growth, before seeds
are developing, juices are fresh and characteristic, when seeds are being
formed and matured the juices lose many properties and assist in
maturing seeds. Now, how unreasonable to expect all the fruit of an
everbearing tree, like the lemon, to be at the same time ready for clip-
ping. We have learned already that lemons should be gathered from
the tree many times through the year. At first, before we knew better,
the whole crop was taken at one time, large and small, and to-day some
growers persist in taking from the tree in early winter lemons no larger
than walnuts, for fear of chill, having trees in exposed places. Now,
if these trees had their growth checked earlier, so that in time of cold
weather the trees were in a measure dormant, not so much harm would
be done. Better still, do not put out lemon trees in badly exposed or
low places. I have seen the fruit of orange trees hurt by frosty weather,
while lemons on adjoining trees were not harmed. This was owing to
the condition of the trees when the cold struck them. As a general

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thing lemons are more tender than oranges. Put your lemon trees on
the highest ground; it is always colder on the lowest soil.

Do not bud lemons into lemon stock—China lemon stock is worse.
Seedling orange trees make the best stock for the lemon. Lemon root
is sure sooner or later to be affected with the gum disease. I also think
that the stock does affect the bud and fruit. When trees are well cared
for in and about Riverside and all other places between the Coast Range
of mountains and those on the east, from one half to two thirds of
the fruit will be both sizable and mature enough to clip from the last
of October to the middle of December; the balance of fruit will be in
different stages of growth, and as often as once a month, for six or seven
months, the fruit should be clipped. In lemon orchards between the
Coast Range and the ocean, conditions are somewhat different. The
‘saline atmosphere of the ocean modifies the cold, and the blossoms of
the trees are not chilled; consequently the fruit crop is more evenly dis-
tributed throughout the year. But this same situation and condition
produce, by excessive moisture, a fungus ujfon the trees and fruit which
entails the expense of cleaning the lemons before marketing, and involves
an extra handling, which, when fruit has to be kept for the market, is
apt to impair its keeping qualities. On the other hand, lemon orchards
east of the Coast Range produce the cleanest of fruit, and although the
blossom in midwinter may drop from being chilled, yet the next bloom-
ing will have more fruit in consequence, and this makes the heavy crop
which matures before the holidays.

The results of my experience have, from year to year, cost me time
and money. Failure and loss had to be put on the income side of my
returns, and if it had not been for the profit in growing oranges, which
enabled me to use a little of the surplus to persevere, I would have been
tempted, as others have been, to remove my lemon trees. Year after
year a little more light on the subject encouraged me to continue, and
to-day, although my system is not wholly perfect, yet I feel confident,
when my plan becomes generally known, others more capable than I
will further improve upon it. It is a fact that I have to-day (Septem-
ber first) lemons in excellent condition, after being clipped ten months.
Experts pronounce them equal to any grown in any part of the world.
I have been often amused by the comments of those of an inquiring
mind, who, holding my fruit to their olfactory organs, pronounce sul-
phur, salt, lime, sawdust, sand, etc., to be the basis of the keeping and
curing process, when the facts are that the main points of success are
simple and inexpensive—no chemicals, only a little common sense.
Too many of us are looking higher for the solution of our difficulties
than the case warrants. Common sense, applied to a little persevering
detail work, will often be the “open sesame” to success.

While many newspapers have encouraged me in my progress, and
said kind words, knowing that my success meant much for California,
others have called attention to my meanness in withholding from the
public and my neighbors the information I had gained. Not until I
was sure of success would I have been excusable for claiming any merit
for my plan of curing lemons. While it is a sign of progress for our
newspapers to vie with each other in being first to put news before the
public, there is danger of being ‘‘too previous” in this respect. Not
only does the adage ‘“‘ be sure you are right, then go ahead,” apply gen-
erally to the press, but because our newspapers give first impressions,

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and it is difficult to remove a false first impression, no newspaper is
excusable for giving as facts what may work an injury, unless all the
means for obtaining reliable news are used.

Although lemons handled as I care for them may be all right, yet the
thing is to get them to market in good condition. Railroad companies
charge the same price for landing a box of fruit spoiled by their careless
handling as for a good box; thus, if I sent twenty boxes of lemons to
Chicago it would cost me $2 80 per box, even though half of them
spoiled in transit. In almost all branches of business a responsibility
is obligatory upon those who do the business, and if loss comes from
want of proper facilities to do the business, common justice demands
that the loss be made good. But in the matter of sending fruit the
shipper not only loses his fruit, but has to pay freight to the party
through whose neglect the fruit comes to grief. Now, not until the
railroad either chooses or is made by law to make good what is lost by
their poor facilities in transportation, or even to lose the freight on
goods spoiled in transit, canswe expect redress; and I favor a law which
will encourage competition enough to give us better ventilated cars, and
prevent railroad consolidation where the public suffers from a monopoly.

Having been in San Francisco lately, I observed that well cured
California lemons are fast taking the place of the foreign. Some of the
heaviest dealers assured me that the demand for home-grown lemons
was for nine out of every ten boxes wanted. How different from a few
years since, when the poor reputation of lemons of inferior quality
prevented even the really good fruit finding a paying market.

Before proceeding to give the details of my process, I wish to publicly
apologize for not replying to the many letters I have received about
lemons. I had not the time to do so, and excused myself, knowing soon
that all the many questions in said letters would be publicly answered.
There may be a few more suggestions to make, but I will proceed to
business, reserving, when each point is made plain, the right to make
comments, which I think all interested in growing lemons will approve.

I think best to classify the different points involved, and treat them
in the following order:

First—Where to grow lemons.

Second—How to plant.

Third—When to plant.

Fourth—What to plant.

Fifth—Pruning.

Siath—Processing the lemon.

Seventh—Lemon house.

Eighth—Picking.

Ninth—How and when to clip fruit.

Tenth—How to keep fruit.

Eleventh—Marketing the lemon.

WHERE TO GROW LEMONS.

Select the highest and driest part of your citrus orchard for the lemon.
If you have no situation which is comparatively free from frost, do not
waste your time with lemons, for your crop will not be profitable to you,
and will hurt your neighbor who may raise good lemons, as prices will
be reduced by your poor fruit. There is wisdom in advising not only

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each locality, but different orchards in each locality, to produce what it
can do best—that will secure reputation and profit to all concerned.

HOW TO PLANT.

After having selected the proper location, see that the soil is properly
leveled, After leveling break up as deeply as you can, so that the roots
of your trees will have an opportunity to use the subsoil of your orchard.
Look after the flume and irrigating apparatus. Stake not less than
twenty-five feet apart each way; make the holes, according to age of
tree, from two to two and one half feet each way. Be sure your tree is
taken up with soil on roots sacked. Some how I think an evergreen
tree ought never to have its roots exposed, so as to get dry; there are
those who say that trees do just as well without the soil, but this opinion
is given often to avoid trouble of sacking. Be careful and cut clean
from ball of soil all roots mangled in digging. I think a lemon tree gets
more injury from exposed and bare roots than an orange, because its
growth is more luxuriant. Before the last two or three shovelfuls of soil
are put around the tree run the water, and when the soil is settled
around the roots put the reserved soil around the tree.

WHEN TO PLANT.

The best time to transplant citrus trees is just as the tree is starting
out its new growth in March and April.

WHAT TO PLANT.

My favorite lemon is the Lisbon, and what I claim for it is rapid
growth and good form of tree, profuse bearing, well proportioned and
uniform fruit, with fine acid and good keeping qualities, as well as
attractive appearance. The only thing that can be said against the
tree is, it has thorns—yes, it has thorns; but I have for several years
gathered lemons from the Eureka (thornless), and conclude that there
is not much difference between the amount of culls—a cull is very
seldom made from thorns; a very slight rubbing of branch, leaf, and
limb upon a green lemon will make the cull. Then thorns diminish
as trees grow older and mature their growth. The properties of the
Eureka lemon are good, but its appearance and want of uniformity are
against it; also, I believe, it is more tender than the Lisbon. The facts
are that all varieties of lemons are improved by removing the fruit
from the tree at the proper time, and not waiting until over mature,
because as the pulp becomes fibrous the tendency to bitterness is increased.

It is claimed for the Villa Franca that it is hardier than other varie-
ties. If that is true, it is desirable on some accounts; yet, while I claim
that cold weather brings out the tone in fruit, still a little extra cold will
tend to develop in fruit thus exposed a tough resisting condition, which
rather thickens and roughens the rind at the expense of quality.
The fact that Riverside, with her little frosts, now leads the world in
citrus fruits really indorses my claim, or why have not wholly tropical
climes made their mark on the mere insipid sweetness of their fruits
before this? Now, this question, what to plant, has been put to me
many times. I have advised those who are in doubt about the variety

— 10 —

of lemon to plant, to first set out two or three-year old seedling orange
trees, and bud in the orchard after a year or two; then time, which
solves many difficulties, will have revealed what is the best variety.
One will lose nothing, as I am sure that too often buds are put in trees
too soon after being transplanted, consequently less vigor of growth
and poorer trees.

PRUNING.

This is a great question, and no doubt will call forth much conten-
tion. I give my opinion from observation and experience. After the
tree is set let it grow. As soon as they appear remove all suckers, which
some growers leave to protect the trunk of the tree from the sun; rather
burlap the trunks and let the growth come from the top, which will con-
stitute two thirds of the tree. Allow all top growth to remain, except
shorten in any too luxuriant branches, and keep the trees well balanced,
or winds will prune for you, and more than is desirable. Now, this is
all that is necessary, except annually to clean out any wood in the tree
which is too near or has got through being useful to the tree, always
remembering that the best fruit of the lemon comes from the inside of
the tree and nearest the ground.

PROCESSING THE LEMON.

For many years the question of lemon curing has puzzled me; so many
plans for keeping lemons, each one partially successful, and the first
warm days of May and June found the lemons on the market, because
beginning to spoil or dry. My first experience was—well, it is time
wasted, perhaps, to dwell upon those failures; suffice it to say that I have
been through all, and not until I used a room plastered as for living, with
attention turned to excluding light, draught, and heat, did I see the
glimmerings of success; even then many lemons decayed, yet those
that were good kept well and proved to be fine lemons. Having this
clew, I began to think that the fruit was not taken from the tree with
proper care, and gradually I used one plan and another until I reached
my success of to-day.

LEMON HOUSE.

It is not necessary, unless one has a large lot of lemons, to build a
very extensive or expensive house. Mine (see illustrations) cost me,
with all appurtenances, about $2,500, and will contain six to seven car-
loads of fruit, properly arranged, to keep from four to twelve months, and
in addition I have in the basement two large rooms which I use for
storing and packing, also for box material, etc. Feeling confident that
the best success in handling lemons will come from each orchardist
making arrangements to keep his own fruit, | recommend all growers
of lemons to build a house somewhat after my plan, larger or smaller,
according to their orchards. In a few words, a plastered room, or rooms,
inside an unplastered but closely boarded and ventilated structure, and
a hallway running around these rooms, which serves a double purpose,
giving an inside passageway to rooms and allowing whatis most essential,
the boxes of lemons (newly picked) to be piled up in the outside passage
until they gradually throw off excessive moisture and permit any lemon
which has been bruised through careless handling, or otherwise, to

Sait at

develop imperfections, etc., before the lemons are finally put to their
“Rip Van Winkle” sleep. I would also advise that if the basement is
not needed, to set the house nearer the ground and shade with trees and
vines, which will keep the temperature down, as it is desirable to keep
lemons as near the 60-degree limit as possible. The doors should be made
to fit close in the inside rooms; no windows. A few windows, with close
fitting shutters, ought to be placed in the outside structure; board tightly
outside and inside rooms, and I now think lathing and plastering on the
inside, with movable ventilator in ceiling, would be an improvement on
mine. .My rooms were plastered on ceiling, and sometimes moisture
from spoiled lemons, which were not properly handled before putting in
the rooms, caused the plastering to fall.

PICKING.

When to Clip Fruit.—When lemons, on well cared for trees, are from
two and one half to three inches in diameter, they should be clipped.
There should be a good proportion of the fruit, say one half to two
thirds, ready to come from the tree from the middle of October to the
middle of December, and it would be best to make two separate clippings
in that time, for if you make only one some may be too large and others
too small. Some growers clip smaller than I recommend, but the three
hundred to the box size is the most popular. The longer you keep the
lemon the more it will be reduced in size; you will have to make allow-
ance for contraction—one third to one half—before it is marketed.
Every three to four weeks the trees should be gone over for sizable fruit
until all is gathered. Color cuts no figure, only if the tree is not in good
condition, or suitable lemons are not all gathered, my rule will not hold.
It has been claimed that the first clipped fruit keeps better than the
last, and that there is some of the fruit that is not a true lemon. Now,
I take no stock in such claims; the trouble comes either from excessive
chill, or from lemons which have been overlooked in former clippings;
both will spoil and affect those near them after being gathered. Of course,
Ido not say that there is not some fruit on lemon trees that, through
some, as yet, unexplained reason, will be no good. This is true of all
fruit, and is not confined to the lemon, or less to first clipping than the
others; only wind and exposure will make more of this fruit in later
clippings than first.

How to Clip Fruit—The grower should provide himself with proper
ladders, which may be extention or self-supporting. First, though, he
should secure careful, trustworthy men, who will not think it too trivial
to carry out the details which must be observed in order to secure suc-
cess. Do not hurry them; recollect that, although their time costs you
monéy, you will make more by giving them all the time necessary to do
this work well, and should not be hired to pick by box or piece. I have
never used rings for measurement, although some growers do. It may
be an advantage in getting the exact size, yet there is a disadvantage in
the fact that some lemons are ready to come from the tree a little smaller
than others, and although purchasers desire mostly the three hundred
size, yet three hundred and sixty, three hundred and twenty-four, as
well as two hundred and fifty are good sizes. Also, the gloves and clip-
pers which the workmen have to use with the rings delay the work.

The eye of a good workman is all that is needed, and if he is at times

—— |B oe

at a loss his forefinger and thumb around the lemon will, after he has
the diameter, approximate the size wanted. I like oval baskets, holding
about sixty to seventy-five lemons, lined with burlap, which may be
carefully tacked in the bottom, being sure to cover the heads of tacks
with the cloth. Never clip lemons into sacks. Fastened to the handle of
the basket may be a stout, bent wire to attach the basket to the ladder
or tree. Never pull the fruit; always clip. Put the fruit in the basket
carefully, and when full empty into the picking box, first throwing a
loose sack into the box so that it will break the fall of the fruit. The
basket being oval, one end is put into the box, and then withdrawn, leay-
ing the fruit in the box, and bruising avoided. Some take the fruit from
the basket by hand and place into the box. This is very safe, but time
can be saved by my way, but care must be used. After the first basket-
ful is emptied the loose sack can be gently taken from under the lemons
and used for the next. The size of picking boxes is immaterial. I
use boxes that are twenty-four inches long, fifteen inches wide, and nine
inches deep. Do not expose the fruit to the sun after clipping, and
remove it in the boxes carefully the same day into the hallway of the
lemon house. When clipping lemons do not leave a long stem, as in
handling the stem will injure the fruit next to it.

HOW TO KEEP FRUIT.

We place our boxes of lemons in the hallway of the lemon house—if
in early winter on the south side, if in late spring or summer on the
north side, next to outside boarding of inside room. The main doors
are kept closed, the ventilators open, and the excessive moisture will
evaporate from the fruit in about four weeks in winter months, and
from two to three in summer; then put the lemonsaway. Now provide
yourself with trays just the size of raisin trays, only deeper; the ends
should be one and one half inches deep, and nail a lath on each side,
to keep the fruit from rolling out. I have utilized my raisin trays, and
nailed one and one half inch pieces on the ends. Select one corner of a
room which, to prevent loss of space, could be made a little larger than is
necessary, for a number of tiers of trays. Under each tier put a closed
empty tray—or two would be better—as I find the fruit next to the bottom
as well as top cures faster and shrivels more. Upon this foundation put
your tray for the first lot of lemons, which carefully empty from the
picking box. It would be best to begin two tiers of trays at once, so
that the lemons that are left over from filling the first tray, with only
one layer, can be put on the second. Of course throw out as you come
to them all imperfect fruit. In this way build up your tiers of trays as
high as you conveniently can, using your empty picking boxes for
staging. Lastly cover the top trays with one or two tight trays. In
this way fill your room and keep your inside doors open for a few days,
afterward close through the day and open through the night, according
to the moisture in the room, which should be kept comparatively dry.
After the lemons are once put away on trays, and if they have been
properly cared for before, and the rooms looked after as I have advised,
there will be no need of disturbing them until wanted for packing,
even if it is four, six, eight, ten, or twelve months after. A few will
spoil, say from 2 to 10 per cent. Although the lemons at first touch
each other in the one layer on the tray, they will contract so that if any

Bee me

spoil they will not often affect the next ones, and the few spoiling
lemons give a little necessary moisture to the air of the room. This is
all. You can look in from time to time to notice condition. If a ven-
tilator is put in ceiling of inner rooms you will have to be careful of
draughts, and perhaps use less door opening and closing.

MARKETING THE LEMON.

This brings me to my lastly, and I am going to plead a degree of
ignorance, for I have been unable to follow the fruit in its travels so as
to know the reason why some of the same fruit will reach its destination
and give perfect satisfaction while other boxes of like fruit handled in
the same way are reported as spoiled. However, as I have shipped lemons
and oranges together, I find that just as large a percentage of oranges
spoil as lemons, and I conclude, first, that the carrying facilities are
faulty—different compartments for perishable fruits are necessary where
less than carload lots are sent—and that our cars are very faulty in con-
struction. Second, I advise that the strongest influence be brought to bear
upon railroad authorities to prepare better cars for fruit. If some one
could experiment on the different methods of conveying fruit over the
continent something might come of it. It seems hard upon the shipper,
after he has done his best and succeeded, that his work should be so
marred because those who receive a high price for doing their part do
not seem to care for anything but the money that is in it for them.
There should be the most amicable feelings between the fruit grower and
the railroad company, because each is necessary for the other, and both
are necessary for the prosperity of the country. I dwell upon this
because it is now the great barrier which rears itself up before our great
lemon industry, and the sooner something is done to reduce this obstacle
of 10 per cent loss in transportation and high price of freight for less
than carload lots, the quicker will both railroad and grower reap larger
profits. Could not the railroad appoint some competent man to go with
each train of fruit and look after the condition of every car all along
the journey, regulating the ventilation, etc.? Reports from fruit ship-
ments read “fruit heated,” “fruit chilled,” fruit rotted,” etc., until the
shipper gets weary and his pocketbook grows thin.

“ACISUMATY ‘NOTHOUVY “MA “) dO SNOOY YNIssMOONg ANV aAsAOP, Nowary

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PART

NEW VARIETIES OF CITRUS FRUITS.

By B. M. Lretona, Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, and ex officio Chief
Horticultural Officer.

For some time past there has been considerable inquiry as to new
varieties of citrus fruits, and especially in regard to those lately intro-
duced. In 1888 we published a very complete list of the varieties then
in cultivation, and the merits of each. In that list appeared many
varieties which did not come up to the expectations of those who im-
ported them. Recently many thousands of trees have been introduced
and planted throughout the State, and among these later importations
many of those same varieties that proved of no merit have been
reintroduced as “worthy of trial.”

“Tt should always be borne in mind in considering the qualities of
the oranges of the different sections of the country, that climate has a
marked effect upon this as well as all other fruits. The skin of nearly
all varieties is thicker and more free from defects in California than in
Florida and Louisiana, and the flavor much more tart. The misunder-
standing of this fact often leads to much confusion regarding the
identity of varieties and their adaptability to certain localities. Those
that are very mild flavored should not be grown in Florida, because
they become insipidly sweet; and those of very tart flavor become really
sour in California. If such kinds are planted reversely to the above,
they will in both cases be much improved.”*

In the past two years, and last year especially, I received several hun-
dred specimens of these discarded kinds for identification. It is to be
regretted that many of those planting extensively hardly ever question
the merits of the variety, as long as the trees offered them are large and
cheap. It is the extensive planter who mostly falls into this error.
The small planter seldom ever buys a tree without examining it crit-
ically, and the honesty of the nurseryman growing it questioned. Were
this rule followed by all who plant orchards, less inferior fruit would
find its way into the market, which tends to injure the sale of the
choice article.

It is the duty of this department to examine into the relative merits
of such varieties, and new fruits, as come under its notice, and to report
such facts of general interest to the public. No sooner is such a report
made than we are flooded with inquiries asking, in the main,-as to
where and from whom they can be purchased, etc., information which
we must decline to supply, and suggest that in future such communi-
cations be addressed to nurserymen.

* Professor H. E, Van Deman, Chief Pomologist, Report Department of Agriculture,
1887, p. 638.

A NEW ORANGE.

TH E "J 0) p PA’ THE GILES GOMPANY, LITHO.

|
, r :
7
‘

SING =

JOPPA.
{Colored Plate*. |

This is a remarkable orange, as it can be marketed early, being sweet
and of a fairly high flavor from about the time it commences to color.
In this respect it compares favorably with imported oranges often seen
in our markets—picked quite green for transportation. It has the
characteristics of an orange that comes nearer meeting the wants of all
sections than any other, as it can be marketed early and yet remain on
the tree till May and June without deterioration in quality.

At the December (1890) meeting of the State Horticultural Society,
I exhibited specimens which were picked of a quite green color, but
were highly flavored and sweet.

“The orange is large, seedless, exceedingly fine grained, and free from
‘rag,’ the significant term which is applied to the fluffy white layer which
lies between the true skin and the pulp. The orange, though seedless,
has no rudimentary seed vessel which forms the characteristic mark of
the Navel orange, and occupies part of the space of the fruit with a non-
edible material.” +

At the June (1891) meeting of the same society, I again exhibited
specimens of the Joppa, and which were then in prime condition.

Fruit (see colored plate).—Very uniform, oblong, medium to large,
firm, practically seedless, distinguished by a well defined corona at the
blossom end; thin rind, solid and free from rag; pulp very fine, sweet,
and juicy; resembles the pulp of the Washington Navel. The fruit
does not drop from the tree, is very tenacious, and of a deep red color.

Tree.—Thornless, an upright and vigorous grower, attains the bear-
ing surface of thrifty seedlings, and is a heavy bearer. <A ten-year old
tree from the bud, at Mr. Chapman’s, now measures eighteen feet in
height and fourteen and one half feet in diameter; foliage large, dark
green, symmetrical, and very abundant; leaves large, lanceolate; petiole
prominently winged on either side.

Origin.—Mr. A. B. Chapman, of San Gabriel, was connected for a
number of years with the law firm of Glassell, Chapman & Smith, of Los
Angeles, who were the attorneys of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In
1877, in conversation with the late Charles Crocker and General D. D.
Colton, on their return from the Mediterranean, and while on a tour of
inspection, wherein the building of the Santa Ana branch was in con-
templation, they praised an orange they had seen at Joppa, Palestine,
above all others. Mr. Chapman sent to the American Consulate at that
point for some seeds (instead of buds) of that orange, not thinking
they would produce different fruit. He received from the Consul some
seeds, which he planted that same year. Many plants were thus
obtained, and when large enough were set out in orchard. All of them
bore fruit of different quality, as is natural in growing trees from the
seed. This one had then attained the size of large seedlings, and bore
this superior and handsome orange, which was readily distinguished by
its fine texture, deep red color, smooth skin, and other marked character-

* Lithographed by the H. 8. Crocker Company, of San Francisco. The reason their
name does not appear on the plate, is because the work was first undertaken by another
firm.

+ ‘‘ Pacific Rural Press,” January 10, 1891, commenting upon specimens exhibited.

ee: (Ve

istics, which Mr. Chapman named “Joppa,” in order to indicate the
locality of its original home in the Holy Land.

RuBy.
[Figure 1.]

“A new orange of superior quality, recently imported. Tree strong,
of vigorous growth, and nearly thornless. Fruit rather below medium
size, nearly round, skin very thin and smooth, pulp in March and April
ruby-red.”*

While at Riverside, July 21, 1891, Hon. E. W. Holmes showed me
specimens of this orange grown by him. They showed no indications
of deterioration, notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The speci-
mens were in their prime, the flavor very good, and resembled the Maltese
Blood to a considerable extent. The pulp was somewhat of a marked,
vinous red, but not so prominent as in the Maltese Blood. There were
no indications of “blood” coloration on the surface of the rind as is
noticeable in the Maltese Blood. I was highly impressed with the
orange, and think it will be worth propagation by those desiring to
propagate. an orange of vinous red, or “ blood-stained” pulp. Mr.
Holmes informed me that it was a very good grower and a late keeper.

Parson Brown.
[Figure 2.]

This is a favorite early orange in many parts of Florida, and will no
doubt come into favor in this State after its merits become better known.
Trees imported in recent years from Florida have commenced to bear.
Fine and highly colored specimens were shown at the Marysville Citrus

* Bulletin No. 1, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., 1887.

th. aOR ee

Fair last spring. These, however, having been grown on red soil highly
impregnated with red oxide of iron, were of a deeper red color than this
orange is known to possess.

‘rwit—Medium, oblong, and slightly flattened at the stem end, juicy
and sweet—is sweet from the time it commences to turn, and has a very
smooth skin.

Tree.—Medium thorny, a fair grower, and a good bearer. Originated
in Florida.
Daucy’s TANGIERINE.

[Figure 3.]

This variety has only been introduced within recent years, but many
trees bore fruit this year that is quite promising. In another season we

shall be better able to judge all its merits, and shall lose no time in
making them known to the public. I received this last season samples

of fruit from Florida which I compared with those grown in this State,
and judging from their appearance and quality it is a variety well
worth propagating. It is a seedling from the China, a variety resem-
bling our Mandarin, but of a better quality.

‘Size small, much flattened, color deeper and more brilliant than -
parent variety (China). Longitudinal diameter one and three quarters
inches; transverse diameter two and one fourth inches; the eye set in
a deep cavity seven eighths of an inch in diameter; stalk straight and
inserted in a ribbed depression; thickness of skin three sixteenths of
an inch; general properties of pulp same as parent, only superior; fruit
nearly seedless. In flavor and external appearance this variety is
superior to the original. Seminal variety of the Tangierine raised by
Col. F. L. Daucy, Buena Vista, St. Johns County, Florida.”*

“The foliage of Daucy’s Tangierine more nearly resembles that of the
ordinary sweet orange than the other varieties of this class; tree
thorny and an upright grower.’’t

The illustration gives an idea as to size and shape of fruit. The leaf
of the trees I have seen resembles the leaf of the Satsuma, but is more
pointed. It does not have so much of a dwarfish tendency, but I do
not think they will make large trees, as those I have seen seemed to be
inclined to branch and spread out and become bushy.

VILLA FRANcA LEMON.

“At the head of the list we place this kind, imported from Europe.
Strong, vigorous grower, few thorns, leaves long and pointed, very
hardy; fruit oblong, thin skinned, and of superior flavor; ripens in
July and August, and often has a second crop later—in November and
December. The best shipping lemon we know.’’t

After seeing trees of this variety fruiting for two seasons, I became so
favorably impressed with it that in 1886 I secured a few buds from trees
imported direct from Europe, and budded them into several orchard
trees in the A.S. Chapman grove at San Gabriel. The growth the buds
made was really astonishing. In one season they had formed a large
and symmetrical top. The year following several lemons were seen on
the trees, and from that time on they have continued to bear fruit.
Mr. Chapman says that he, also, is very favorably impressed with this
lemon, and thinks it will prove a valuable variety to propagate.

‘““We have this year fruited it, and can say from personal knowledge
that it ranks among the first three varieties yet known in the United
States. As the specimens tested were grown on young trees, they
probably were not as smooth and fine-textured as they would have been
if grown on mature trees; certainly not so nice in appearance as the
Lisbon, which we deem the standard. But, upon sweating, the skin
thinned down excellently, and showed a texture which inclines us to
expect it to prove a fairly good keeper. The acid is strong, the aroma
excellent, and in the specimens thus far we have discovered no seed. It
has stood the test used to develop bitterness, and it is superior to the
Eureka and equal to the Lisbon in this respect. If it shall prove a
lemon which will keep as well as the Lisbon—which can only be
thoroughly proven when it comes into extensive bearing—it will be the

* Report of Committee of Florida Fruit Growers Association.
+ Bulletin No. 1, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., 1887.

a, 9S" xt

equal of any lemon grown. The tree will stand frost better than the
Eureka, and perhaps as well as the Lisbon; is more inclined than the
latter to be an early bearer, and we can but pronounce it a thoroughly
safe variety to plant. The only reservation we make is in regard to its
keeping qualities, and of this we cannot know until it is handled in
considerable quantities.”’*

Fruit— Medium size, oblong; slightly pointed at the blossom end; rind
thin, without any trace of bitterness, even when green; acid strong;
juicy; practically seedless.

Tree.—Practically thornless; branches spreading and somewhat droop-
ing; foliage sufficiently abundant to prevent the fruit from scorching.
This variety has the name of withstanding a lower temperature than
other imported varieties.

PEAR-SHAPED Lime. (Castleman.)

[Figure 4.]

Fig. 4.

Fruit.—Large, pyriform, of a pale yellow color, with smooth, thin
skin, and strong aroma of pomelo. Pulp juicy, with strong acid like the

*“ Riverside Horticulturist,’ April 29, 1891.

a) ae

Mexican lime; seeds few and small. The fruits are treated the same as
lemons, and are picked just as they begin to assume a yellowish cast.

If allowed to hang on the tree too long, becomes coarse and ‘‘ pufty;”
also a large cavity forms in center, which greatly tends to injure its
shipping qualities. The outline illustration shows the size of the cavity |
and thickness of skin. |

Tree.—Ornamental sort; very large, hardy, and prolific; leaf small,
somewhat like the leat of the Mexican lime.

Origin.—Mr. I. 8. Castleman, of Riverside, several years ago pur-
chased a number of citrus trees from the Garey Nursery at Los Angeles,
and among the lot was this one, which is, no doubt, a sport, or perhaps
crossed with the lime and pomelo. The tree serves both purposes—that
of being ornamental as well as useful.

CITRON OF COMMERCE.

Newly introduced varieties sent to Hon. Frank A. Kimball, of National City,
by the Department of Agriculture, for propagation and distribution. ~

On May 17, 1890, Mr. Kimball received one hundred plants of the fol-
lowing varieties: Forty Amalfi, thirty Serrento, and thirty Calabria.
They arrived in excellent condition, having been shipped from Naples,
Italy. Every plant had on it more or less scale insects; some of them
were completely covered, so the bark could hardly be seen. The trees
were denuded of every leaf, which, with the packing cases and coverings,
were burned, and the trees disinfected, and were then planted (instead of
being distributed to more than thirty individuals scattered through the
five southern counties of the State, as he was directed to do by the
department). Although Mr. Kimball worked faithfully to rid them of
all scale, yet says he cannot even now say that a single scale could not
be found on those which he retained for himself. He examined every
tree before distributing, and not one has been sent out which was not
perfectly clean. Mr. Kimball retained three trees of each variety for his
own planting. When the trees were distributed he trimmed them to
balance the loss of roots which were necessarily destroyed in digging.
The small branches thus cut off he used for budding sticks, and thus
saved some eight or nine hundred buds, which he had inserted in three-
year old orange stocks, and finds that he has some exceedingly robust
trees. Many of those which were budded June 1, 1890, were four feet high
on December 1, 1890, and had branches which spread more than three
feet. He has planted some six hundred of these trees and they are
doing finely; many of them are loaded with fruit. On some of them he
has counted about one hundred fruits, which of course he cut off, except
one on each branch. The first buds he set were taken from trees which
he feared might not survive, so he determined to save the varieties by
cutting out buds, some of which were not larger than two kernels of
wheat. From these he now has trees about five feet high, with branches
spreading four feet.

June 18, 1890, Ife received ten trees, varieties as follows: Two Pomo
de Adamo, two Macrocarpo, two Icompio, two Pireltone, and two “ Citrus
Medica” (?). These were shipped from Palermo, Sicily, and arrived in
a very enfeebled condition, an attempt having been made to pack a box
with ten trees, in which not less than fifty should have been packed,

2 eon Ts

loose earth having been thrown over the roots, with nothing to keep it
in place; the result being that the earth was spread all over the bottom
of the box, five feet long and fifteen inches wide, leaving the roots of the
trees bare. He only saved four trees and a few buds, which are doing
well—the buds especially.

On October 30, 1890, he received fifteen citron trees from Catania,
Sicily. Varieties: Hight Cedro Vara, three Testa de Turco, two Pirel-
tone, and two Limonzania, which had been budded on old stock, and
from some cause had very poor roots; in fact, Mr. Kimball says he never
before planted trees which had so poor a chance to live. Of these he
saved seven.

None of these varieties have been described with any degree of
accuracy, and their value can only be determined by growing the fruit
and preparing the product for market, which Mr. Kimball hopes to do.
Mr. Kimball says:

From a good deal of correspondence with Prof. H. E. Van Deman, Pomologist Depart-
ment of Agriculture, as well as with American Consuls in the Mediterranean country, I
am satisfied there is a mine of wealth in the growing of the citron. To Prof. H. BE. Van
Deman Southern California is indebted to an extent not at present conceived of. I have
seen no other tree which has so quickly adapted itself to our conditions, nor one which
exhibits such a robust character. The foliage is beautiful, the growing shoots being of a
reddish-purple color, and very rich; the ripened leaves are not so dark as orange leaves,
nor yet so light as the lemon; they are very fragrant. The flowers are very similar to
the lemon, but have the fragrance of the orange. I hope to see every family in Southern
California growing their own ‘‘ citron.”

Mr. Kimball, in a supplemental note, says:

I have no hesitation in saying that from all I can learn the citron will pay an enormous
profit, as the fruit may be kept many months after it is picked, and may be processed by
any one who can prepare preserves of any kind. Among the varieties there are some
which bear fruit weighing six to eight pounds, and the price in Sicily seldom falls below
6 cents per pound when picked, and later on a much higher price. I have distributed
nearly one hundred of the original importation, and thousands of buds.

=, OE =

SUPPLEMENTARY.

Imports and Exports of Citrus Fruits—Number of Trees in the State—
Temperatures of Italian, Floridan, and Californian Citrus Belts—

Acreage, etc.

ORANGE AND LEMON TREES IN CALIFORNIA.
Schedule Showing the Number of Orange and Lemon Trees in the State wp to September 17, 1891,

Collected from Reliable Sources.

COUNTY. Bearing. Not Bearing.

Alameda—-Orange brees a. o. se eae ee yee ee ee eee 722 1,874
Gemvonitrees: 2. yee fs oe Se ee ee eae ae 525 622
‘Amador—Oraneetrecss=s225- 25. =e Gos ee ei ee ee 72 44
GMM OMIGRECS 2a: ) tent wes pt Be NE ey ny Dep. BIL ype eee 34 18
Bute Onamee theeses. ae Pepe serarn es tere eee pee aera pape lonyae | 3,007 116,005
IETNOMIGRCES Se Fe RN TR PEI cee ee ca gee ee S| 3862 1,400
Calaveras—Oran peibrees =. 6 io 2 ee Pepe ee Se 145 85
WenMNONIEREES == han ce ee ce ee eee Viena es VEL 18 200
Colusa=Orangetreesis:2 = S226 22 te ee ee ee 195 6,728
Menvonitvecsians. S22f ee (tS ee yf Os eee 44 ed!
ContrarCosta—Oraneentrees see pass. sae see eee ees 155 243
TGENVON: CROCS 222 Awg. ete eee ee 1 et eee Boek ee wee 118 140
HID orado—Orangetreesize:. 221 Go) we ees eee | 108 176
Memionktmees:s- sso) Stay goss 2 he 4 pe ee ea 30 265
Hresno—OrangerGrees Le ek =e Ue a Pe 1,118 4,828
Lemon trees. pba tetas Bits ee PR a Uh es ge eae OE a Ee ee 400 980
Kern=Orange trees) 222 2b Sa ee 1 Se ee 425 852
WemioniGrees <= Meeks Pe aE sls Los hc) Pe Ne ee Do a 275 365
lLake—Orangeitrees; = | 5! a2: see yee os ite ee ee ee 125 236
Los Angeles— OPAMP CILTCES. < ae aera faye oe eee ee ee 475,726 511,376
benvonitnees! hc o- . Eg ee ee ee ee 47,403 29,524
Marin Onrangrettrees: 3. si 2 ae 2 So oe Cee ee ee ees 225 2
IMETVOMSET CCS e Oe se Se Pe Nee beh as lies Sale FE 16: | eee
Maniposa—- Orange trees. .--s250s22. 2 kee eee ee 28 145
Ne mMTOMVGTeES See Nae ee Neh wa Va 5 ae ee oie oe 18 115
Merced—Orange trees 22-4 2222. ee ee 325 625
Lemon trees. Se ene ee See eget eS he ks Pe Ge 215 420
Monterey—Orange tr Cd eS Eae ca) Pac tc o ee eee ie 75 146
Lemon trees.__..- a aE Noah WE Es pe lie 14). eee
iNapa—Orance trees 20.22) See eee ee 455 920
Lemon trees eee ee ER, Sere PIECE nn ee Oe) ee eo 378 254
Nevada—Orange trees (estimated) Cin te ee cee heey eee 100 200
Orange—Orange tTERS SSS es TAR SOR Se ee ee ee 89,260 51,769
WettOntrecs....._.. 0 aie Wl Bey ee ee ae 5,097 19,969
Rlacer—Orangetreesin <2) ee ee a ee ee ee eee eee 6,055 5,480
Lemon trees Be phe SLE TRIE ee ae oe een et ae a eee 595 1,500
pacramento—-Oraneertrees = sas em eae een eee ee | 1,310 12,300
wemvonwrees=< 2... ee ee, ee ee | 166 976
San Bernardino—Orange trees sae eee 391,656 1,895,544
Menvroninees #2 oe ee eis 24,066 155,934
San! Diego Oran cet reess cs =o meas a a ee ee 26,715 177,311
Lemon tr COS ses | oes chee Se ok AR Or a oe le anamee 7,006 58,916
SAN OAaquin=—Oram' ce es yess om eee eee a en ep ee 112 2,640
IWemonwbrees 25223. oe ee oy) 65
San Luis Obispo—Orange trees_____-.__.-.....--------------- 1,200 4,600
emron trees. See. S550" ee ee a a eee 600. 1,950
pansMatco—Orange trees: semen === enue n Een eee 126 244
emontrees <5. cies See See ee ee eee 0) |--5-.. 42
Santasbarbara—Oramee trees a. mae: seen iene amine een 6,700 37,500
hemonitrees 252 ee 3 1 eS 3,750 9,400
Santa Clara—Orange treegs. se” ct sl ee ee 920 415
bemontrees. 6.6 222 ae Le ee eee eee 156 175

ee ly

ORANGE AND Lemon TREES IN CALIFoRNIA—Continued.

COUNTY. Bearing. Not Bearing.
SAMA Griz —-Oranee treesa--2 06 232 222 lee 120 96
ILiSOMO EM TDS ae Lo Cen ee oe ea me ee ee A 44 80
Dias Onan eewineese en se a seee fie ee ae ee 74 125
ILyEVTRO MUNA Seo ak Soe a hoe Sal Aa or Sa Ue
SOleno— Onanereureesers 20 es cae So es 1,303 2,114
ermonmkinec sea sae mee een nee et See ee ee 189 215
SOMO — Onan serbreesen esac ls Jake ee 1,619 1,466 |
Fe TMOMi RECS swears were pet en Pel eee Beet a ee 255 840
Simmisldus-—Oraneeltrees=.22-- 2-2 es belt ee nls. 1,154 16,642
NPeEmMNlOmMNbTeeS <= eee Se emer, oe saws 254 314
Siner—OTANS ed Teese see ee ay 2 ee 353 3,144
NGC MMO TLE RECS We Series weet MMe NC ET ee 27 125
pleinenna-=- Oranee trees eo serene oo ee 380 866
WemiOmibne CS Ba = rs Bune phere wen ee A Ns We at 104 114
Minlare—-Oran ee preesarwy aa ene Ne 1,580 1,750
HemOoniinee ss sas eae te eee pee Ses I Nn 455 1,430
Menitiunaa-Onangevtnees= 2 bole ee Ae ee: 8,644 55,056
Wemlomtnees sa set ss es ee ee a eae eee ee 4,215 32,512
Wolo Orange trees! se)". Be ee en eee 485 856
HET OMPURCCS Serpe ates cis ater Meme Aenea ie eee 214 309
atiba—-Onrameeriteeses 2 8 oe se ee sleek 3,182 18,027
enn OMeDRCGS seem ee tec ee eee er A ek S27. ses AL UE
SUMMARY
Onaneestrees— Bearing 22005 52252) es kee 2 le SACRE SE ee eS, SL Cees AT Oe amare 1,025,899
INGO TAO Carin Cees yee Renee ae DEA Fee) ve AMEE RE OR ee ee tS SE OS Ts PERE 2,932,451
eIMmMOnE ees = Deariny tea then Shee Kee ee AEE LIAL IPMS SERS eee ts 7S FT ERE = teas eee 97,486
INO ig bean oer saan eke ne als ees ele MCI ESR OR Seer te oe ee ee | Pepe ent 318,981
Rovuoraneeandilemon- trees inthe State: a -a== n= ese ee oe See 4,374,817

Norre.—The counties that are omitted do not grow citrus fruits, but in most of them
orange and lemon trees are seen in gardens, planted for ornamentation.

Trees over five years old after planting are classed ,as bearing; under five years old as
not bearing, and includes those of this year’s planting.

5x COR es

NUMBER OF LEMON AND ORANGE TREES IN CALIFORNIA IN 1870. —

(From Assessors’ Statements.)

2
COUNTY. Lemon. Orange.

Allammed apes hs os w= ee ee ek eee 88

INT ACO: Mes ee Ae ee ee ee ee ae eee Sa 130 120

Calaveras Bots22 bso ee ee ae eee 10 28

@olusa ete s2 Ee Ko OS ee ee ee oe ne cere 10 20

@ontrai Costa so22 Ss: 82222 ee ee ee ee 35 80

DelaNorte == 2 o£. be oe ee a ee eee wee 6 4

HED orador tiie ile =. 28s Se ee ey ee ee ee erence |b aaa oeee 8

JEN SYS OVO) See Ban ene, eae eee a ee es 2 Oe ee sesame Soon 10

Riera ae 2 SS Sa Se ee ee eee 15 53

hake ee oa Seer ie ee eB Bs A oe eee | il

mospAingeless sas te ee 4) a eee 5, <A el Se tae pee 3,700 34,000

Mience dies = 5 ie 20s ee ee a ne

Montene yonsee eae tao eee eS ok eee ea ae eee eee AT) spo Sa ee
CY ODS SEs Sree eee eo ae iE 8 5 ite See oe Baa 24 50

ING Via eyes e ee See eRe Bit A aR a i eee eee ee ne 15 120

PLACE ees ORE Mk AT es, ae ee ee re a ee ee 40 62

SAL CHAT CHILO eee exe as Sets 2 eee re Sis as ee ee 275 542

SaneBermardinoss sees 5. ee Ne eee ee ee eee eee 415 875

SamViee owes +. Ae Nea. oto Ne Se aes ke Pe ee ee ee 290 233

Se O 2 OU ae ete ee ee Ce eee ee ee 12 30

SanvUuisiObis poss ese. se e= tones ne Noe Se as ee ee ee ee | 50 50

PaneVate op tee se. A nt a SON ee da ee ee ey a 10 15

Santasbarbaraeecs=2 esa 8. oe oo. Baie ee rc eeae So age eee 1,200 1,508

SantaOlanatees esse. Ae Sees os ee es ey ee 25 167

SantaiCnuzaeece hs ye es Foe PSs Bape SSA Ene TAN Dye MeN oe 25 60

ISnUST Rg? hae nies ie co EE a ee eR Se re Srila, nk Cea Ae ae fd UN ed 2 1

Soleil 3 cme Rae EN eee ee Re oe 27 81

SOM OMA MS 24 6 ee es RS Se es ee a ee Aa 40

Stamisleuses. Sve OM PR Ee ae ee rece ene | 10

SUGLCT Beer eee recente. UE oat a See Se ere pe ae 21 60

Rehan a ee A. Co ee eee sos Se eae a ee De ee ee rn 8 14

AMIDE shee Sai, ane a olde Ee aC oe aie SPSS aig eS RS ey es 3874 129

‘Rutolarmn ees ns ee ee a Oe eae) ee ee 150 70

WE he 552 CA eee ee eR 9 eee eee ae eee Sk > Gree 1G 119) 217

SG ona e a ee oe ee, ON ale ee ere mee sane Nee ah 60 250
POCA See ee see es Skee ab ee eT Oe ON SO ath ye 7,086 38,991

ORANGES AND LEMONS EXPORTED IN 1890.

By the Southern Pacific System— Pounds.
Nanvgiiranciscose |e eee Coote 2S Soe ee a 144,500
Many Svan o> 22k Sie eo eS Ee Soe ey eae = ihe 20,850
bosrAmeeles*. cio Se ee. Pe ee a ae 7,477,120
Colton #32: 5. 8 Se ae ee ee ee eee 10,801,850

Rota eh. oP ee ee ee 18,444,320

Or 9,222 tons; or 922 carloads.
By the Santa Fe System—

From all points (South of Tehachapi)... _.2......-2-----.---------22-5 22222 40,970,000
Or 24,987 tons; or 2,498 carloads.

ORANGE AND LEMON CROP OF 1890-91.

Cars Preeti To Be a se Pele Eee ahh Se ne rg 4,600
15}0p-¢2\: (pn oe ein ee aie nT GCF G TG Te 1,380,000
Monse = See cee te A ey OR AE TNE Sno Ss en 48,

*The shipments given from this point consist of fruit received from different parts of the State,
but mostly from Southern California.

— 29 —

ORANGE CROP OF 1889-90.*

Boxes

PETE SUC Crepes seers ere RL Santee Ud eletes A ANS Ye been ays ae, SL SENS Sd 340,000
iios| Angeles; outside of Pasadena and Pomona ---- -_.---..--------2s2--.4,.---- 450,000
See Teo Oumeatennen, Sot et SSE PO ooo t es aotat Sates basse ee 30,000
EACLAN C iT ee eee eee eae Jere re eed ue eee = Soe See ae tee eee 35,000
LPOTTMOUNE, Begs pe So locas ee Oe a er ah ee Ee ee eee er ee oN oa 22)
Soe die see ee ee ae So ee Yo eS See eo eee oe a ee ee ee 30,000
San Bermandinos Colton, and) Highland = 22 =-222:-22-_ 22-225 Salhi ens eee 3 20,000
OrirarOnan (MYICIM by seer sess ave se se eas Stes b es 2c. 22) ole sls ok eee seeks a eee 2,000
SAMA a OTAN SCAN CW MUS tN seen esses eed le 22 ee on ee eee 86,000
ediancdsrand) OldiSanvs ernardino sss. 225 228 ano ee eee 25,125 *
W@HUETMA, 22 S35 e8ec a seticy ease re Sas eee iar a ee a dy EARLE al 15,000
SHAM, JORIS 2 ae ole, Sera ced Baten PSS eee a ee a eg RRL 2,000
Obra yiillll Cee rae eey We GS SS PEC Ae ah eS Soa ese vol ee Eee 2,860
ppv bo eevee es 2 Sane eee ee OS Ser eis So he own see ate ee See 5,000
ACE eee 5 ee ee eee a Pee eee re ke a Nee ee ee 2,500
RSEEUT aNd, COMME pay eS tae i i a a a eg ee ee Oe Se ee Le il

TCI) Se Bee Se aE eg a a ne A Bas Lee 500
SRL eee ee ee a Se et Magee ane Se Se Bee So Soe a oh EN 300
“SiON TID), & ele gn aa Ae ST eg ON AA 2 | 150

BAR (0 a) pee ae ees ee as ee mene ae eee eset Sede See AE Se te 1,069,435

ORANGES SHIPPED IN 1888-89.*

Los Angeles County: Boxes.

IO SPAMS CLES petra ne tere eee Den Se ree Me eee he 23,412

AVVALTNG IT @ to wee eee Soke Rea apres See RE ad 4 1) Peedi NAST Tete te os ay We Doe 46,281

WieTno nical eee ae we cpe teen ne. a ty Se Se Mae a Soe Sa ee 40,940

TOG USI yOTETE] 0 eb fat Ped Tn an Pe Oy 13,008

“UNE eR oa Pe a ane ae et gS 20,988

PARI anTTa Dc pereee Shee bem epee ee Ny Oh a Sn ed Ne ASE oe, Ae ees Stk 39,596

RS AUETECOUOIETC lowers meee aemeee operant. ete a ny. Oe Sore eee eee FE ek 24,442

RSSUVscUEN Tn ca nee ange eee eee ee 8 oo ee oe ee ee ek ok 14,363

VEO AaY CONE; eee i ya hp ay en a, Oe ee Ben 16,500

TRITON =n nA fee 31,310

Weamnem Galgke at knee See ie ey See eS Sete eo 15,500

1 EYES MST a ees ee a ee eS eee 43,400

DLT LO ve cs ok a eee Ss SO ae Sea ge ee gk | ee es 29,140

ANGATONSIES os ie 5S Reba ea Oe a oy NEE lage ea ee 11,160

Wiktermplacesesasseee nha oc as Sen ae saa eee oe eee ear eka eee as a 30,807

“EUOWEREUL See 2s SSE Se So ge ee se Se ge ee Ge oe ee he ee ae ee 400,847

San Bernardino County:

SAuRS emma rciin@ ss stpeyan, - ae eee a tae eee Ree eo ee 4,080

TRAIN FA SHTISEICG We Sp Ss pe Ng gk ca a a I ae Pe 260,661

Woolton atte so iS wg NS vs se eee ee oe (ee 5,656

ING CINCO oe Re ee ee 15,169

OMG Re ek Ae ee ee he eee eek ose 600

ie hilamdsHee hehe. sd ate oe ee en ee ee ee 3,650

Gite late es eee eee eo erg ers eee ee rete ae ey 2 5,281

"TENGAH Sees Sed 2 eae Se Se Nat Ee a a Ay hE ls Mele eS ee ES 295,047

Other counties:

ORAL Cees See a See ene at (ae enh ears art eee! ee 92,896

SACs UT a eee eee eee me eRe eee ee eee ee ONT Eee 17,000

SSPE dD SUEY O neat, Be A Soe Oe Se ED Be gt ge eee Re ole par ae Oe See ae 10,250

WiGhoyibitine 46 ee Rees 5 Dee Ae Sos Sey pe Se ogee or oi 10,886

SThen Gea een eee Bn Wh Rg ee Aa en Os how ho ay eS

GTEC GO Ural! Leseetereee pe eccee ec ae a o MEN OS) Se Eo ey SN A mae Se A ess ye ee 826,926

* Report Internal Commerce of the United States, 1890, p. 318.

= FO —
SAN GABRIEL AND RIVERSIDE SHIPMENTS.

(Compared with former years.)

SAN GABRIEL.

Oranges and Lemons Shipped from San Gabriel.

Bi Galbse= Se eo a Se oy eee alee Se sae ee SE EN a eee ee ee a ee re ee 14,305 boxes.
TS Sa Os sees sats eee oT AS oe ee ee ee ee eee es 43,856 boxes.
Acreage.
1sialorangesvand! lemons) 22 52-8 a2 ass ee ee ae ee URAGhese
[880i (oransesand lemons) Sasser ae ee ee ee ee 2,206 acres,

Orange— Trees Planted.
TS es se ee ee ee Ree SE on See Sea Ccea Sees 71,793
ASOD EEE CN Cap Toh eee AE eae cee ee ae ee en 134,252
IS igGimibearins) 03. <2 cacy Bese Re eats tee ee 5,752
USSOMGmbearinic)e 8. 06 = oe oe eee a eee eee ee 28,734
Lemon—
Cre Re Te 1 OSE Gu aes oh ee oe etl ate ge es, Cee ee 10,806
ISS eee sos eee a eee ee ee Ree ee 11,885
Lime—
NS ee Sees eo Sa ee ee coe = Sees Sa eee ee See 3,397
TSSQ es Sted Se Se a ee eee a bo Sse eee et ee See ee een eee oo a 5,544

Total Number of Citrus Trees.

Covering San Gabriel, Alhambra, Pasadena, and Duarte.
AUST (ola cyst See et I, ee ee NN ee oe NU ives Sete a Ss Seo 86,285
SSO eet BENS a Soe oe Ee ee eee eee ee 155,278
From 1877 to 1880 there was an increase of 12,671 trees in San Gabriel, or 181 acres a
year.
Total Number of Oranges, Lemons, and Limes Shipped.

STON (eet eat ate roe oe oe ee Le 2,388,166
WS7SHiO NSS A eect eee ee ee a ee eee eee 9,209,760
Entire Fruit Crop of 1878-79. Boxes

Oranges) s ee eee ee ae Be Ed {a 5 SSE ee ee ent te oe Oe ae Se ya 40,932
Woemons' es s222; 2. = a ee ee ee Le be et ee ee ee 2,619
himes Pres ao Pe ae a ee ee eee ee ae ee ies 305
pRobenliege (Pol ps ROO ae US tc Ales eae eae Semen ts! So 43,856

Total Value of Fruit Crop.

US Oe 8-2 oh atace as ORS Moke ee, Noe Le Se ee ee oe eS $47,683 32
STS TU pee oe ae sen a See ween ee ee eee ne eee a 92,097 60

The citrus fruits shipped from San Gabriei from the crop of 1878-79 were raised by
thirty-five persons, and out of the 43,856 boxes sold 36,440 were sold by ten persons, leay-
ing only an average of 800 boxes each to the twenty-five other fruit growers. The oranges
shipped from the crop of 1878-79 averaged 210 to the box; 40,932 boxes contained
8,595,720 oranges; value of crop, $85,957 20. Total number of bearing trees, 28,734; num-
ber of trees to the acre, 70; total acres in bearing, 410; value of crop to the acre, $209 68.

Shipments.
18 (iL eboswAmeelesi@ out yas se ae ae eye eee ns een eee ee 1,730,000 oranges.
IUSIf (eed Uyolsae alexa ek) ClO al hy ene Sea abe oe oe ee eee 4,000,000 oranges.

{ 9,000,000 oranges.

ESTO SH rome Sans Galore] s (ab Ot) Baa ae ae eee ee } '500,000 lemons
i :

= fe

RIVERSIDE,

Oranges and Lemons Shipped from Riverside.

YEARS. Carloads.| Boxes.
Ls FeMD AS) 2 ee SEL a ee a ese Ba See eee ee ae 15 4,500
USES 2 53 52S veces a a ne el a On 42 12,600
ICC 2 dened SES OEE SEE a ae ene Or Eyre 45 13,500
SL eee re ree Se eee CE Me pe ls a iw 50 15,000
SSB Secs See ek ss aS ee le Se 456 136,800
1S ssp ene a er yess va OP Lc Slee ee ee ey 506 151,800
USS coco Seki otek sce a cee a apg me Oe eye? 375 112,500
JUSTE ose os Sieh 9 oo ea ey a DC Ba 725 217,500
LISI) ate Bk eS ae eae ret a ei pce 982 294,600
ThelSHO 10 0) eS Se Ano ea een Sete eres cee MIS ayn oe me eres, See 1,500 450,000
NOONE) Bite ne er a I se ee ere, See ee 4,696 | 1,408,800

Crop of 1890-91—Shipments
Carloads Boxes

IDG NET sai eI SSE ee eRe A i ee ee a ee 33 9,652
JOMUEIRY pe23le 2B ea ee ee ee eee 111 31,691
He binianygeeenes eae nee eee ee ee (ee ele ae wees 99 28,125
SMUGREIRY Seas SS Pape Ss ea an 374 106,806
2NT OTE oo Se RE pgs SE BS Se ef 338 97,108
MME? oo ape SEES meee een ee Re ese Bis lp - tae ae 163° 46,384
UiCUND oo See eRe Ee ea a eee ps Pam eee 243 69,239
Ppa aC RE Ome livge 25 Cl) ret are hae oe ia NSS ee AN 2 oe 51 12,823
TER? GR BIAS ISS AE Se cas a a aE nce 4 1,200

TROGAIIS, 5226-5 Pe a ee ee ae RE a 1,416 403,028

CHIEF PRODUCING COUNTIES.

ORANGE AND LEMON TREES GROWING IN SAN BERNARDINO CouUNTY.

eso =-Orangertrees: tour years old and oversess-25---22 222-225-252 =50 == oe 391,656
Onanizelitrees wuhreetyears:old amd! umd Cress see Ne 472,826
Memonitreess tour years oldland! oversee sane 2 eee ee ee 24,066
lemon trees, three;nyearsiold)/and under: 2222) © 3225220 a2. ees 7,009

RO tal pl ante dee seme sat Ase sas anne Sema satis suey Sc) Mel ane 895,557
Trees in Nursery

SO ORAN O Cy teres eee See a ea ws ge Ie See ee AR ee oes roe ea ey 426,356
TUONO, Sees eh ee ae ie ee EP eee ete ee eee 75,000

1 ead EE OUEG SS ppd fe SR, Ee een s re ye ta L, B 591,973

TOS FORONMY os ct Srl ch SEE ee SN IE a ay Ea SR Re ete a 50,000
In Seed Beds.

USES 40 NRE OYE SS eee oa es ee ee eer 2,526,150

Vegeioa one, stent at ae Bee ee ee SOM See BP os ae te ee ee pe eee eee eee S 50, 000

Planted Prior to 1890
COIREUAYERE THEN ht al ee See a el le pS 10,175 acres.
HL Gia OW) THREES = ae Se, GS a eS Rn 390 acres.
SIRO eal eee ne ee ae ee ee bey i NE hee be cng tee age aes 10,565 acres.
Planted in 1890.

ONPRRNERS WEDES) SSSA Ee A ee ec agian Ea Le ere ee Page Ain fa 3,647 acres.
METING TS ECC Soper eye Salas et a et ery Oy A ak ee bn on ee weer ee 1,144 acres.

HIRO Gall ever eemeete Pearle ate menue aie ey. ea Cap Te Pt ey oe See ee ee 4,791 acres.

Jy es

Planted in 1891.
Orangejand plem on treess. 2s. eee see ee ee 9,316 acres.

Orangerbrees) sooo. oh toe een Beas ae ee ee es ea ee ee ee 22,872 acres.
IC MTOM NLCCS eras oe Soe es ee ne te te ea ae ee a 1,800 acres.
XO) 1h, Se ee eee ee ae ee oo Aa apa mec ee Se Se 24,672 acres.

ORANGE AND LEMON TREES GROWING IN Los ANGELES Country, 1891.

Orange trees, ten years old and over__ --_-_-.---__.-- SRLS eee ee oe 327,659
Oraneeinees, under ten yearsold andi overfiviesss: 2252522225. se oan eee 148,067
Orameeyorees) tivienyieat sual circa cl yun © Tye mene ee ee me een 511,376

ROGAN eeee see Sess osste Soa NS LSE ee eee Soe eae ee Sekt a a 987,102
Wemonmytrees bearings... 2.022 5k ee ee ee ee 47,403
emontrees; not:bearing {325 2. . 3 2 ee ee eee 29,524

MO tAR ee tee re ee et ste Be SE eee ee el oe 76,927
Onrangejanadllemon trees mpm Ser yas es ee oe ee ee 2,430,724
Orangermandalemonitreesiiniseedabediees =.= soe ene ep ee ee 4,446,600

Maal Meares. Ux ep LI Fay teeta) Man eee i 6,877,324

ORANGE AND LEMON TREES GROWING IN ORANGE Country, 1891.

Oraneehinees sbeanin as s= ss == 5 see ee eres Fae aoe a a a 89,260
Oranserirees| mot bearing=* 2255 fe en She ee ae pee ee See ee ee ee 51,769
emonstrees; bearing nase a) > n= ae oes Oe ee eee eee '
Wem ONWLTCES MOL Ip CArim gy sae ee > a= 2 21k ne 2 Slee e ee meen nn nna is ee Seen 19,969
ANG ANE Seen Ae ee Ree eee ee eer theme eet eer ket Ah 166,095

ORANGE AND LeMoN TREES GROWING IN SAN DiEGO Counry, 1891.

Orangeiurees mivieryicansiold 111 Cl Ovy,c Tey. mee eee creep epee 26,715
Orangetrees qundermtivie years Oldie... seems meen Suey een ene eee 177,311
WO tei) Peter ash oN ee eae ot ead 204,026
Idemronyirees ahve years OlG cam Cua ye tye aoe a eens eet area a 7,006
emonscrees wundersivenyeatsxOl Cas aes eee) ge eneegen eeu eee nee 58,916
PR Gens Sta Say i a a ee aad 2h (a ene ee ee weSaer 65,922

ORANGE AND LEMON TREES GROWING IN Santa Barpara County, 1891.

Orangerrees Over tivieryears iO! dea: eee ee eee nee ee 6,700
Orangemimees; inden tive years old| 22222 eee 37,500
MODAN Be ot eee Oe eR oe See en ee ee 44,200
lemonytrees; Over divienyears ol die... eee oe ea ee ee 3,750
Iberonoual Hele boXe Cesah yey nee Ol jee nce 9,400
Motalie tuNs 202 es sass, See ee a ne ee ee 13,150

ORANGE AND Lemon TREES GROWING IN VENTURA Counry, 1891.

Orangettrees; (Overimive years (Ol ds = emer ames nara Degen nuns ea et) a aa 8,644
Oransewrees under five years! Ol dans.) alm o a enennes nuns oo een en 55,056

Ny ee Waa, et, Pn ak RN ee hn Kar Wan MEP as eo Su ee Ll ee eee 63,700
Memonttrees (Over tivieryiears Ol acne saa eae ees eee ee 4,215
Memionitrees under five jy.earsiol Clemo = ae eee ne ge mn uGiE gitce=pcaseso Sse 32,512

ee OR

IMPORTS.

VALUE OF IMPORTS OF ORANGES, LeMons, AND LIMES INTO CALIFORNIA.

MONTHS. Lemons. | Oranges. Limes.
Rested UU, = Scheer Pr an ie La a ae $19,369
PNUGWIE SS oe SSE SOS SES ee aS a em Seo ee eae gee 16,870
DE pleMhe ases Menem sete, ews eo St eS Silat Ed Peake ee ee 25,240
OCHO NSH sk SS Be an a (ees fey (nese 25,206
INIOV CIM OR He Base Se eae Deen RH eet aL 24,349
Decempbe ee asam ee sant Kase a tots Ae Aw oe tee de eee 25,781
SSS —— dain een SS RMA RO oe a aS Ve Solas ou. Poe ee Se aS See Ee 20,569
IRE OUBIAT once Soae eS eee eater Eee: ae ar en Bea Alles Se 17,982
INTO TGIN 6 Smee bios BEBE SE CS OSS Ee es ie Cae ate ee ep el ee Pane tte 8,308
INTO Sed Bees SSE eo ee See ae en eres Se, pee 13,363
Mieaiyreetenenem aa sae es samen tn Se Soe ete oad Sooocel a2 py Neer 8,348
ANON): oS Ba eels sce Eee ey ORS Cee ee a nae ed | ens nC 21,085
JOINT cretees tt See Sees SS ESS SS ae a ae (et ae $1,725 12,400
PANUIETULS Ue ae oe See Ren ee eee ee oy ee oa $581 663 7,322
SED CEM erent ere Soe hae "1,735 844 8,803
OXCEOINETE 2S A pe eee a ee at ea ee 307 1,198 6,958
IN\@y@ien NG AS se eT as SS Lae re eee ayes eae rach ye 3,884
IDGCGHHSER 2.) ae bosbesS ence bese ee oe eee ee eee 6,855 6,682
Leb Goes Be eee SSS Sea Se SS ey See =a eae ee | ae ee 2,228 20,3852
EUG LOGUE SS ny gee ee ae a errs en ee Sere ks ee 135 271 5,312
IMI PNTRG) Biss 2 es Re a pa La hy a HF aVatie » Parsee 5,626
Aorta oc be Sie Bees eo ee ee area eee SES 4,304 6,828
EIR exes esse eas eats ga a eS eS eae a es a al eR 1,606 3,521
AUG YE a, es BROS BS es ect a eS ee ea |e 2,500 7,154
UU 3 Heed Soke Sb eee ec ee Beran rere Bee ety caine 1,899 5,478
ANU BAUR eae HC ee Ss ae eens 25055 ES gr | 540 3,288
ASI DID SNOT) OKT EI ag a ee ite A a | ip ea a ea 5,731
OCTO DC eee ae ORE EES EPICS tee eee ere B= SS 2s 6 6,505
INO Mem bere stat aa tne ee ee eS Pee peat © Om #5 es ee 4,404
DECENT Desa eet= at ee mare Sey Ry Se A Ee heme et eo 2 9,063 4,972
FUSS Ess EUINIU ea Ts Ven ee eps eee ee ere es eee eee |e ee 110 3,339
TENSUOTEB ENE? is Rs ee ears ea i op tl ae eee (emeae Paes 3,038
INCH ROI Ci ES SEs es Re Ne Ce Ne 8) ie ee eee | ee bea 2,445
JN yal 92 eS ee ee! Sepa 923 3,146
IY gene eat a ey Pepa ps pen EMU SPOS PA [ES SS 2,976 2,519
AOE eo a ee ep eS May SoS ees ee San) Bel Se ee es ear eee 2,182 3,980
AIRY secre ae en RAT Le er ta oe i Bede i Nek Ea (al ke 3,674
JUIRGUVS ati Ee st ES San eee ee Ce ee eee 348 4,235
DE PLE e Pees eee eens Ne ee AA Re OM Fe Rr A SO tal ae eee 4,362
OCOD Cr aes es ene eae ee ete eee ee ene UA a oe eS ee 6,373
INIOVerMiD eRe 2 eee eee ere ee at A ees pe oes aarti ee Oe Se See 3,595
Mecembery: 20-2522 eS Dea Seer et re Se Se Fe lh ee Silol 4,063
SSG LIU eli pe a ere Sane eens ee ey Toure EMG adele a ST Seat oe oocel| Se Toe 2 1,112
TES Fons UIs yen om ee ee Reidy SME POE = ees 2 lie Ss en Pe 1,441
ITV AEATE Fa ieeh See sect ete ee a ee ie ee Me hte ES el ee ee 1,918
EAN Trill ced Berea eat nee nee ue ere US eo te ee Bee 2,979
UMA ayaa a <n ee allah i oe eh) cal ven wd ely Se ate ee oe 2,199 3,885
ADRES eh ee See io EE See ae aetaat Ee aye eed ae ee ee 1,310 6,307
yuk yap te SSE RAPE eo erate Sir ag es a ite eens IY 3,308
JARVCA OU Reta Lb 3 Pes eal a Pe ys is a ll ee (Ae acme oe 4,718
Peptembe rs etm en eee eee ene se ee ABSA iy eS 680 6,343
OCCO DEI See he era ae begs en Aue Se Ss | eh 2 od 122 5,557
INO Vem bere neem ene nie sun aur Sti be eo. 1,264 5,030
December et aee estas ener ay AN. PIS Ee MI Ph 2,471 6,497
LSS (a ANU Ayia enn eter de tl. 8 Ee ee SSS ee StS 79 2,718
Re bruanyie te) eas sree teen a mead ne DAS Ss oh 313 1,241
IW EET) sae a Se ep pen) Sk Lene i ey es 1,578 2,046
PAN ees peep Wee Ss ren OS ee ee a Joe a ee on Ae, 1,240 2,808
INTER oe eS Ee ee ee ene 154 1,168 5,631
Mba ES oe eh i ST SS eee ee ee Oe | See 2,255 4,478
ily peeennen ene oe ume Ve eee M8 Ae Pele b gens 571 5,404
PARTIES Garena eon een ee ts le SY yeh |b oe |e ee 4,117
Septem pert seis se pose ats eS a he ee a. seis a to el eee 5
OGIO? 55a se A Se ee eS ee ee eek ae eos 2,876 7,464
INO VieTnb eI sat otras | Seen eae SA eR TG SO coe es Meet Forel wh BY 1,157 3,918
NID) SC TING Tyee ee ee ale a ea? a ee 2 ee 2 8,519 2,992
3-F

o4

VALUE OF Imports—Continued.

MONTHS. Lemons. | Oranges. Limes.
1388——- January 25 bee 5 eke eee oe ee ee oe ee oe eae |e $1,841 $3,021
Rebriary). 285 <)) 232 .= cece See 2 eee eo Same eee aoe 1,478 |. 1,738
ONT aS nS Ew an ee ce ee eee 52 5,309
PA et eed are SS Ee tS ee eee me | ee 770 3,844
Mia yrs POSSE 2k SAS Be Ae eS RE oe apres eee | eee: Sere 985 7,279
Juinte hee eae oe ee eae Sa Aer on ene {case Se 985 5008
AYU yen lh ae ea AE Le sk ee: oe ee A Ea en | 7,87
PAST OS Gye ses ote Ee 5 cee ae are eee et ee | ee ge Oe 614 4760
Septembens..¢ 2+. 5 a ee a eee eee i 128 a2
OCtobere rts! aia Roe Ls Rone ee a eee eee ee oe i 041 7,73:
RVoweniber: ve.” MeL O's cy unease atone Om eae 4,783 6,118
DeScemiberye sO SRE Soa he De ee eee oe 2 IN ee Dae 2 1,906 8,131
SSO anuanyeeee sees ee a es eee ek See 1,899 4,589
[le brary ek tee a Te ee aaa ne yer ce | EN) eal ee 390 3,742
Mig hi sae Ne ae 8A ere A Dade op ceed Me 16 5,847
Asp rallye oo Soe aol Se Oe eee lee see 4,323
IM ek eke ee © ae Se ie pee acoder Se I ee ee |2 ee 1,149 4,341
AULT CS = oS ee ee oe ee ae a |e ee | 6,024
A ul Tiga ct RUG MMe TEE Gant tieal Gace seer er 2,145 eG
UCUSE: eae ee aie oe PR ee hee ay oe Pe ne | ee
September. skies ©. snl S ORNL, cole MG geet OS Sila: ena 1,152 6,319
OCtO Der se =e ee eee et ae eee eo $134 1,899 6,815
INOvemilb er) eos seen 2 eee SE ee al eel 8,855
Wecember,2 #2. See teseh he. ee eel bee Ne aes 2,081 4,694
SOO = Vanilary sen) - oe eee ie Se el ee |e eae 1,661 4,085
HeDruary, Sees wee Eas eo. Ph PR cake ee = eet | ee ee 1,024 6,396
ESTE) o Wipapre peasy Ae an SO, Sac pane ee S Ans Ae LIE eo A Sea 141 3,
Y\g) Oya) eee SE en ee A 2 Ee ee eee eg SN eee oe 53 3,599
UY Soreness a pk ee) Pe ne aan See ee i400)\|22 == eee 4,666
s fats Oe EM Bale SBE NOS Sy fe bc Pere 1,250 3,242 10,011
July shat rae 9 ON tanuis ecards A a ees lige 1,264 this
NDIA DS) eae ae a ee ees es eee Se kee Sena 02
September Euan hire Ons A Ere On? Sieh oe de 4,360 3,662
CLO Der aaa es ba Ree ee ele oa, a ee 2 ee cel | eee 5,180 7,597
INOVeT DET HuLNee Rn r Ut Wy > RE, ie ae 5 Sie as eS 11,293 3.113
December a: he Sa8 8) oe ey Cl ae OE EER en ees 12,496 7,402
SOT AU aye see Pee Ok lee ta De A eee 695 3,724 2,401
Heb RWaALyi eae hans eee ee ene Ee ee ee 695 476 2,405
Marci Site etek 2 ek ee ee ee ee eee 276 2,687
sie as ROE Bl 2a oe ie Aes oe oe, 2 el eee 39 5,736
BY ps5 ee re a a cota | ae | 7,484
R]ULT © Saat cy een ea SDE dy ee ee Oe 837 2,542 7,902
civil iy Ge Mpeg 1S Se RO ems pgs ee eee as Men eos LF eras Ba 5,210
Cirrus Fruits IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES.
1882—Pounds. } 1888—Value. | 1890—Value.
Orange esi secs = few ee he ee eee 17,686,480 $2,408, 262 $2,269,149
mem Gns Me. s. ee ed ae eee FS *3,890,604 3,874,968 3,453,398
Tries mee Ng AE, Ski ah eS at A ei | le Coes Pee 40,128 58,959
* Including limes.
Imports oF MEXICAN ORANGES.
PERIOD DURING WHICH IMPORTED. Boxes. Value.
December 20/1884 to Tune S sSoeee esses eee ae ee ee 5,740 $10,993
December 181885) to May 6x1 ese 225 2 el ee eee 7,145 10,922
INovembernG 1886.0: Marcha 0s 88am semen iaeene a me ee ne 7,955 14,654
Novemberoud Sera town IAM iS S See semen al mem ee 13,823 13,026
NOVeEmMber:2091TSS8s toy Aprils pl see ee ween ete uel wren ey me mm ge 9,859 15,241
November s1889"tomMarche 17a SOO: meee a = ieee manson nn ena Da ne 13,899 26,424
November 2/1890, to;Hebruary 19) 18012 = 2-- h use er a 18,346 34,607
] Loy cee song Seeeea eaee oe Sr ee MA oe Se eS ie ee 76,767 | $125,867

Citrus Fruits IMporTeED INTO ENGLAND IN 1889.

| Bushels. | Value.
DE estan CaLeM Ol Saarmes aoe tie ae esl a eee soe seen | 573,516 | $4,553,380
ORANGE AND LEMON PRODUCT OF ITALY FOR 1880.

PRET CRRE 1 Olle meee men Woe ee See Te eg 85,000,000

cos RUT ETRED ASEM TAGPEAI GW ETRE aS S25 ae le ee ee A 725,000,000

SEE CUMLN 7 TABI, we EN a Sa a A 1,622,000,000
TNORRDIL, THETA ces cea Lal I a ee lege eg eget rom eR RS eT Ped 2,432,000,000

TARIFF ON ORANGES, LEMONS, AND LIMES.

Gera pics= tn packages of 1} cubic feet or less—Per package---------.--_.--------.--- $018
imipackazesior Ito 2k\cubicifeet—Per package -....-...--2.---- 4... 2222-2282) Ab
is packages of 24 to 5 cubic feet—Per package. _____._.___._..--. -2-2 222. s2nds0 2-2. 50

me pechnees of over 5 cubic feet—For additional cubic foot or fraction __-_-______- 10
WWke—I2 tay? TO) pe a pe Sie Se a oe ee ene AES ths EOE 1 50
Limes Mivelemonsin bulke=Perd O00. teste it ees 1 50

SCALE FOR JUDGING CITRUS FRUITS.

THE CALIFORNIA SCALE.
(Submitted for adoption by J. E. Cutter, of Riverside.)

Preliminary Classification:
Season: Karly, December to April lst; middle, February to July Ist; late, June to
December Ist.
Size: Large, medium, small.
Divisions:
Size, form, color, peel, fiber, grain, seed, weight, taste. Possible, 100 counts.

Standards: Large (126s), 84 inches diameter; medium (176s), 2? inches
diameter; small (226s), 22 inches diameter; "Tangierines, etc. , ot inches

diameter.
Bs ENON OOH) hen nea ee ge cP EIS kL OL go ae 0 to 10
Standards: Round, oval, ovate, pyriform.
Bho (OGM te iy gn, HR I a I <A 2 2 nn ee 0 to 15
Of pbioomn 0 to 2; of peel, 0 to 10; of flesh, 0 to 3.
TnI CC |e eee Reet nee LN AE eons Noreen PO Bet be a Sek 0 to 10
Sweetness, 0 to 3; protective quality, 0 to 7.
Gi, TRA Yeh pes a BRN ee eo eee eee ee Bee Bees a Oto 8
GORI 1T er ee ae ne enti eyed od La a Ses yu nodk ewe cel be oe eae ae Oto 4
SCC een ea et Sean Sen eA see NE OE Db Ve So NE nk ee Dene Oto 8
Sais ATAU he es a SS I I Ee ea me nS ee (Yh (0) 41 0)
Orla Stepan cou tetekor se MANO lS OS oe ee ee eee eee 0 to 30
Sweetness, 0 to 10; citrus quality, 0 to 10; aroma, 0 to 10.
THE FLORIDA SCALE.
IL, (Sa Seah GE Re Fy, I Fae, a a ee a 0 to 10
AN OTeRIRTAGE GSTS Se LS. SP he ee ne eee a ee eee eee nes NE 0 to 10
SeUILC INCI Smaemee oe A mee an bob g sl ON ee i oe ee ee 0 to 10
UNC Kes SrOLs pee lie = eee a ene. le Mate e oo El aol euch sss oes ees 0 to 10
Dap OSeNCCROImSCCONe mea atnen setae unre el SUR Pye fees ee 0 to 10
GaPAD Sen GCeloimiissie meee ete stars SCL SIT Ra es ws LS. oe en ee 0 to 10
(PN CI OG ype een ce siemreerd i Oe Simi Pee ee a 2 2 3 Pee 0 to 15
Se CCULESS rene temas scene (ieee eae OT 8 Se SR ob os ses af a doen ae. Sones 2 Ot onl
OMB OUOUCLanaems tarke awred eles ire te Fei 0 oon 22d) ee Ne ae 0 to 10
Hota poimtsomeayperteeh aranpe.s.. 222.2024: 22 2S. 2 Jet os kee = = 100

Bey lee
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, SHOWING AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE
ITALIAN, FLORIDAN, AND CALIFORNIAN CITRUS BELTS.
ITALIAN.

Heit atbanriauttisseissemmtice 239 esesesssso
tt = SXDIEYD! Sie: o> CO 00 mMOMDDONDS
Wowest ‘Tempera-|) 9 (2! tof uENIGNIN Lowest Tempera-| ~7% Lowest- Tempera-| SAAN AAAN
'
WUTC >. soe se cee s ee ea ; UURCl 22 Secs see o eee ture == 2222s. 5 eee
1
pesthieteetie 4p ‘
' ' ' ' ' 1
SOORSSH AH HS HR OQCOMH
5 tH 10 ee) ce i AN ic oop
Average Tempera- SRAPHIRSS Average Tempera- ips Average Tempera- SS885 SS
ture, coldest month ture, coldest month ture, coldest month
)
Pen Ges Cresco) SEES SKS)
05 06 Or : oe) . oon
Average Winter Tem- SSIS IASRs Average Winter Tem- Biss Average Winter Tem- SSss4aRksa
perature ------.--..- JOE MPN Sen Peratunceee sass a=
SRR OS Si ialCa tate) TINS) BOI ONG IES NICD
= Sa for) oo > doncots
Average Yearly Tem-| SSSSSSSBSS Average Yearly Tem, SSR Average Yearly Tem-| BESSSSSS
JOSE ONE cee sac pPeraturesesssses se DELatUTCee sae a sss
7 1 ’ ' ‘ ' ' 1 1 A ' ' ' = ' ' ‘ 1 ' ' ‘
DEOy Neh si tk MC itheG < in 0 Zz ta fem i mf
' 1 i] ' 1 1 ' 1 j=] ! 1 ' [o=] ' ' i 1 ' ! 1 '
' i ' ' 1 1 1 ' ' ~ ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 1 1 t 1
i i ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' fa ' ’ ' {o) ’ 1 1 1 ' i) '
1 ie SO ib ie we ne ep 5 thet & Po tree
1 1 ' i} 1 1 ' ' 1 1 i) 1 (al 1 1 1 ’ i) 1! ' 1
Red Y- f ton theo 9f 4 Wool of | boa wh te i) oth Th) 0
Dost Oleh esate areas te eit = iat ean sinnenaa
' . 1 ' t 1 ' ' 1 u { 1 ie) t 7 1 ' ' ' 1 '
' ! ' i 1 t t t ' 1 ' 1 1 4 ' 1 ' ' ' '
' H ' 1 ! 1 1 ' ! $ 1 1 1 1 r 1 ' ' 1
' ' ' ' 1 ' i) 1 ' ' 1 ! ' 1 4 ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' 1 ' i) 1 i) ' 1 1 ' ‘ 1 , 1 ' i) '
' 1 ‘ ' 1 ' ' ' i] ' Y 1 ' ‘ ' ' 1 ' ' '
' 1 i ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' ' t ‘ '‘ 1
1 ' i) ' 1 ‘ i] ! i) ' i] ' . 1 i) ' ‘ ' 1 i)
0 000 esa 0Re Ie ID yoo OS ie a a =f)
' ' ‘ ! 1 1 1 ' 1 ' t " ' 1 ' 1 1 ' ! '
; IE teat inst ak : at ete tenet
8 hae eter ae i tae B (aK elect
a yD iy 1 1 ' ; io i) ; i I a Py on Ya p- 8
i Henares ate ee s oat SI THe the winch
% Kcr Peart én igi - Cale eee
Uk eth yy a ih the fh Pooh ty th AR yh athe St
| i} 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 1 ' ‘ ' ’ 1 ! ' 1 1
| ! ' ' ‘ 1 ' 1 ' ' i ' ’ ' i ' 1 1 ' ' '
| ! ! ' ' 1 i) 1 ‘ 1 1 ' ' . 1 ' ' . i) ' 1
Heatieetl sicher Cie teatte ree Po tes Geen
fe Th tp on ' in Bon ea | lp 1S Questia) or
i) 1 [iy 1 poo © Hey 1 1 | Ties Vx
Pot we yon re nh T @b) Th 0 ' "NBoe 0 0
feels gates ear = | (eee tou
omg chase BS S| cistialet=l
Oo 4 i] In god 1 gO gee
BoA 1a So 16 oOn bin Feo
Be Ses as ES) S&AS a5 oe
BeksaetSa “aan Bene 52S
BO, Oe Soa OnOsa lt Sa
AM me Mbns Zo BAD AM AAA AO

ae aaa

ANALYSIS OF THE ORANGE.

COMPOSITION OF THE ASHES OF THE FRUIT.

CONSTITUENTS. srelyels Anelyele

TP BRUISING Se Som oe a gre 20.15 15.28

SUD 5 cate SBI See RN ee ea a a 10.22 12.14
LLEWD®: sash shoe 65s a ee ae ee ee ae ee eee et S0MZ 30.24
MERE ME Slams foes Soha eo Se aso Se sede ss 9.02 8.10
JE-ViNCGYS) OGG HIS CG NOI Late ee ee 20.04 18.24
ROMO MUG CRACIOM see see sete seh ste SS Scat an Seececes Sanecd 1.08 4,14
IRC ACW). QING ae ee ee ne ae ee eee ee ee eee 4.50 5.82
OGG Oi THOS roel SO ou) 5 cS ee 4,25 4,75
Rec duexumaccoumbed) for 22) 2-2 lu agen ae Se 62 1.29

Weight of the ashes of two hundred pounds of fruit—Analysis No. 1, 7.14 pounds;
Analysis No. 2, 6.96 pounds.

COMPOSITION OF THE ASHES OF THE TRUNK, BRANCHES, AND LEAVES.

Analysis *
No. 3— | Analysis
CONSTITUENTS. Trunkand| No 4—

Branches,| Leaves.

TE ONLUED meteor ae ne eg LA al ak AS ol A a li Ce ad alee 14.15 10.18
SOG |) a SA SSS ee) SE pe eRe ee eae eee eh ee y ine) py a en ee 16.67 10.82
Toa) * Lo ah a ee SE ara eS ee ere Ae 2 ee es 31.57 41.22
INL SYETAVOSIE), Sete SSE at ce See ese ee ees eee ae ea 10.64 6.54
NOS PMOL Cla CtOh ares ce: 4 vase rhe ys 2S ee ees Fed SUIS 18.82 19.47
Sulmitumic acide.) ssc kes week oN 2 ewe ee eee ee ue ok 4.89 4.53
SHU SKC ORD IS) CEC Gl EE ee te a SLE Bay ee ee ee ee 2.82 5.48
lronvandaunaccounted: for Tesidtien +2 as] oe ee Ad 1.76

100.00 100.00

Weight of ashes of two hundred pounds—Analysis No. 3, 12.64 pounds; Analysis No. 4,
12.40 pounds. Nitrogen—Analysis No. 3, 1.57 per cent; Analysis No. 4, 1.60 per cent.

Leaving out of account the material required for the yearly produc-
tion of leaves and buds—as to which precise data are wanting—and
taking Analysis No. 1 as a basis, the cropping of thirty-two thousand
pounds of fruit from two and one half acres will withdraw from the
soil one thousand one hundred and forty-two pounds of mineral con-
stituents, in the following proportions:

Pounds

IOUS OS od Re ae SS EO SE Oe ee a ee 230.12
AS OKO ie has OR tS ee a ee ee a 116.72
STAINS meas Ree ese eg 343.98
INTERES eee pee ice ee a 108.00
FTG SOU CACO eee a ee mer cee ye eed teen Cee Su ee 228.86
Siellyolansoakey Axel a ee ee fe Se eee Rite eee et a eee ne a 12.34
SUNCCOUSTA.Cl Cl epenme nen bre eee te ns een ee eA se 51.38
OT CLO Ie LO Mp AIG TESTO ULC re ee ee ee ees ee ge ee ae 55.60
LO ti nape teee, Seen att eee ye) eee ee es es SC ok Hee kates 2 1,142.00

Nitrogen, .85 per cent of thirty-two thousand pounds.

The absolute and proportional percentage of the mineral constituents
of stable manure is, of course, extremely variable. The following figures
are given as the quantity of such constituents usually contained in

Peay): ee

sixty thousand pounds of what may be called stable manure of normal
type:

Pounds.

Potash i228 = Sis... 0225 s2cul Seen Sete eee Bae at So, ee ce 242
Hoda iss Se ALF ho eS as Bee oe Ae een cine een er ee Se eae 16
ILAnve@ ye waa Soo. We tes Sorc ees eee eee ome ea eee ie ae oe ee 288
Maeieslaee == ie o8 2b ee aoe eae enc mete oe et Ser ree et ae 120
PhOsSphoricracidt ssi. «SoeNae..-oeh Sey es ee 5 ee Se nee = eee 102
Sulphuwricracidie tes S05 | ese ss ee ee eae eee a ee eee eee 60
SUTCeOMSta CT ees eee Me Sa Se a ee ee ee 300
Oxide ofanon py eo Sos oot See eee eee oe ee ee 204
Hydrochlorichacid':2: -eecer. 2. Se2F 0s ee ak ee ee eee 18
Popa ser Ae oh oo oh a es eee Sel eee ee ee a oe ene pee ee 1,350

The general composition of these sixty thousand pounds of stable
manure may be summed up thus:

Pounds

Mineraliconstituents!s.8 9504. 2202) ale eee Ae ee ones ae ee 1,350
INTERO MOTI Say = Us eT ei Sa pul tA ee RS Pata EUR eS RUN REPOS 8 ieee Ea ORE 240
Carbon hydrogen, andioxy cen 222-2555 penn ee eee 10,410
VEO ING UTE Boer aes os TS SS 2 BS Seg = A ee 48,000
WT Otalieeee eae a) ete eed te Seen de el a ee 60,000

Suppose sixty thousand pounds of such manure to have been applied to
two and one half acres of ground from which a crop of thirty-two thou-
sand pounds of fruit has been raised, let us see what mineral constituents
have been replaced and what proportion is still wanting:

CONSTITUENTS. Gemetan pe tenet Deficiency.
Rota snes: 6 est ee We es Be nn a ee ee ee 230.12 242 Excess.
DOC AR ie see crea atl eee eet Sean me ne meee 116.72 16 100.72
Tein CRS Sa ee a a eee eae Fees eee 343.98 288 55.98
Middemesigpiases set 5 eke. \ ae OS ee 103.00 120 Excess.
IPhosphoriciacid= ==. —e=- =. She ee eee is 228.86 102 126.86
Sulphurmeracidias seo. eee ee ae ae ee oe 12.34 60 Excess.
Siliceoustacid saeseeh a on. i eee neers een 51.38 300 Excess.
Oxi deyotinont. 220 Sot ey 7 Re Ee ee ee 55.60 204 Excess.
Ey drochloric acid Mee: ste = 0 Sse a EE eee 18 Excess.
j=)

”
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