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A

CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY,

DESIGNED FOR

COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES.

Jln (Ituo |)arts :

PAET I.

THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE.

PART II.

THE NATURAL ORDERS.

ILLUSTRATED BY

A FLORA

OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND WESTERN STATES :

PARTICnL.VRLT
OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. SSJi"

BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M.

And he spake of trees, from the cedar in Lebanon even unto the hyssop thnt eprmgelh out ot the wall. 1 Kisos, 4 : 33.
Consider the liUes of the field : • » » even Solomon in all his glory was not aiTayed like one o( these. M»TT. 6 : 28, 29.

STentJ) JEDitfon, rebiseti anU enlat;sett.

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY CROCKER & BREWSTER.

CLAREMONT, N. H., SIMEON IDE.

1849.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846,

By ALPHONSO WOOD,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshire.

EEV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D.,

PROFESSOa OF NATITEAL SCIENCE IN THE BERKSHIRE AND OTHER MEDICAL

INSTITUTIONS, AUTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOUS

PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH ON

THE CARICES, ETC. ETC.

THIS VOLUME

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

The science of botany is as eminently progressive as it is delightful and
ennobling. By recent discoveries it has been established on the basis of
inductive philosophy, and elevated almost to the rank of an exact science.
The theory of the floral structure which refers each organ to the principle
of the leaf, now enters into almost every department of botany, and gives
a new aspect to the whole ; revealing more clearly than any other discov-
ery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of the plan on which Creative
Power is exerted in the production of the countless forms of vegetable
existence.

The present treatise contains, first, the Elements of Botany, according
to the latest authorities, written in the form of simple propositions, briefly
illustrated, and broken into short paragraphs, with direct reference to the
convenience of the learner. Brief as it is, it is hoped that it will be found
to embody all the established principles of the science contained in former
school treatises, together with those newly discovered principles in Organ-
ography and Physiology, by which botany has been really enriched and
advanced.*

The Flora is adapted particularly to that section of the United States
which lies north of the Capitol, that is, of the 39th parallel, including
essentially the States Ipng north of the .Ohio river and Maryland-f It
comprehends all the Phsenogamia, or flowering plants, with the Ferns, &c.
■which have hitherto been discovered and described as indigenous in these
iStates, together with the naturalized exotics, and those which are more
'generally cultivated either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions are

* The student who aims at the highest attainments will by no means rest satisfied with mere
outlines, such as our limits here admit of. It affords us pleasure to be able to recommend to all
such as would adyance beyond first principles, the full and elaborate " Text Book " of Dr. Asa
Gray, — an American work of the highest merit.

t With some exceptions, therefore, this Flora will answer for the adjacent States of Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and the Canadas.
1*

4 PREFACE.

as extended and minute as appeared to the author necessary for the com-
plete recognition of the plants, and for imparting a knowledge of whatever
is peculiar or interesting in their habit, culture, or use.

With regard to the sources of information from which this part of the
work has been prepared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years
been engaged in the collection of materials, during which I have made
extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country
which this Flora represents, and have had access to numerous and exten-
sive herbaria. By these means, I have been able to draw the description
of about nine tenths of the species mentioned from the living or dried
specimen. For additional information, I have availed myself of the best
authorities within my reach, among which are the botanical works of
Bigelow, Eaton, Wright, Pursh, Michaux, Smith, Nuttall, Torrey, Beck,
Loudon, Elliott, Darlington, Dewey, Barton, Hooker, Decandolle, and
Torrey and Gray.

With few exceptions, I have adopted, for our native and naturalized
plants, the nomenclature of the " North American Flora " of the two last
distinguished authors ; and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of
the "Prodromus" of Decandolle, (that is, so far as these floras at present
extend,) regarding these, as they truly are, standard works.

The present Flora is accompanied with numerous Analytical Tables, de-
signed to facilitate the hitherto tedious process of botanical analysis. The
object aimed at in their construction is to exhibit at one view the most
striking characteristics of each group to which they respectively relate, so
arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiating point to any de-
sired genus contained in the volume. That we have fully realized this
plan, or that the tables are free from error, is not to be expected ; yet we
do hope that they will afford facilities for analysis greater than any system
hitherto available.

To Dr. Edward E. Phelps, Lecturer on Medical Botany, &c. in
Dartmouth College, I am indebted for many highly valuable suggestions,
particularly in regard to the tables above mentioned. In this department
of the work, I would gratefully acknowledge his aid. A few tables under
the Natural Orders were originally of his construction, although necessarily
much altered in this edition, by the admission of additional genera. He
has also granted me free access to his botanical books and specimens.

To the Rev. Professor Chester Dewey, to whom I am permitted to
dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which re-
lates to the difficult yet deeply interesting family of the Carices. He has
not only granted me access to his former excellent monograph of that
genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own
hand.

PREFACE. 5

It gives me pleasure to be able also to introduce in this connection the
name of Dr. James W. Robbins, — a name long since enrolled among
American botanists. Our Flora has been recently in part reviewed by
him ; and he has communicated to me, in relation to this work, the results
of his extensive and accurate observations, as will be seen by the frequent
recurrence of his name in the following pages.

Grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. Joseph Barratt. He
has kindly communicated his unequalled monograph of the willows, " Sali-
ces Americana} ;" also that of the " Eupatoria verticUlata ;" both of which,
abridged, I have adopted in this work.

Among other friends and correspondents, from whom I have received
specimens and highly valuable information, and whose kindness will be
held by me in most grateful remembrance, are the following : viz. Dr. Al-
bert G. Skinner and Dr. John Plummer, Indiana; Dr. Samuel B.
Mead and Kev. E. Jenney, Illinois ; Mr. Wm. S. Sullivant, Professor
Locke, and Mr. Joseph Clark, Ohio ; Dr. I. A. Lapham, Wisconsin ;
Dr. Wm. Darlington, Pennsylvania ; President Hitchcock, Professor
Asa Gray, and Dr. Augustus A. Gould, Massachusetts; Mr. Tru-
man KiCKARD, New Hampshire; Dr. Sartwell and Mr. Brownne,
New York ; Mr. S. T. Olney, Rhode Island ; &c. &c.

In the present edition, a chapter on the principles of Agricultural
Chemistry has been added to the " Elements," and some important altera-
tions introduced. The Flora has been to a great extent rewritten, and
enlarged, not only by the addition of such plants as were necessary to
adapt it to a wider section of country, as mentioned above, but by many
plants recently discovered within our former limits. At the end is appended
a synoptical view of the lower orders of the Cryptogamia, with their gen-
era ; and the whole is now illustrated with numerous engravings.

Finally, the present work is again submitted to the public with the assur-
ance that, on the part of the author, it shall still be his constant care to
detect and rectify its imperfections in future editions ; and with tlie earnest
hope that his labors may serve to awaken in the minds of others as deep
an interest in this branch of the study of Nature as they have done in
his own.

Meeiden, N. H., April, 1847.

THE GREEK ALPHABET, &c.

Large.

gmalL

Kom, letters.

Names.

Numerals.

A

a

a

Alpha.

B

13

b

Beta.

1.

els, fiova^.

r

Y

g

Gamma.

2.

6vu, dtf .

A

6

d

Delta.

3.

Tpeic

E

E

2

Ep&ilon.

4.

Tsaaapec, rerpa

z

f

z

Zeta.

5.

TTEVTS.

H

V

e

Eta.

6.

il

e

•&,&

th

Theta.

7.

k-KTa.

I

I

i

Iota.

8.

OKTU.

K

K.

c(k)

Kappa.

9.

evvea.

A

2.

1

Lambda.

10.

dsKO.

M

1*

m

Mu.

11.

IvdeKa.

N

V

n

Nu.

12.

d(j6EKa.

S

1

X

Xi.

20.

eiKoai.

O

0

6

Omikron.

Many, TroAvf.

n

TT, <a

P

Pi.

p

9

r

Kho.

2

<^, f

s

Sigma.

T

T

t

Tau.

T

V

y

Upsilon.

4f

<i>

ph

Phi.

Upon, em.

X

X

ch

Chi.

Around, irepi.

*

i>

ps

Psi.

Under, vno.

Q

6)

6

Omega.

PRONUNCIATION.

1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diph-
thongs.

2. The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two sylla-
bles. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is ac-
cented ; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may
have, also, a secondary accent, &c.

3. A vowel before another vowel, or 'the letter A, or marked with this (") char-
acter, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a
double consonant, or the letter j , or marked with this ( " ) character, is long in
quantity.

4. A vowel has its short, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the
same syllable; otherwise its long sound, without regard to quantity: a at the end
of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia.

5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult
and final syllables, is joined to the latter ; in other cases, the vowel of the accented
syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the vowels a, e and
0, before two vowels, the first of which is c or i; when it takes the former only.

6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted ; ch like k ; ci, ti, si, before a vow-
el, like sh ; ce, ce, like e ; qu like kiv ; gu, su, before a vowel in the same syllable,
like gw, sw.

CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS.

CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTION.— Page 13.

1, Botany defined. — 2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiol-
ogy. 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man — ultimate' aim.
7, Its merits and claims. 8, Natural world — its divisions, — «, mutual relations.
9, Mineral defined. 10, Plant defined. 11, Animal defined, — <?, the three king-
doms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal, — a, efiects of light upon it — and
heat, — b, elevation above the sea — Peak of Teneriffe, — c, soil, — (i, moisture, — e,

extremes of heat — illustrations, — f, extremes of cold — illustrations, — g, light

illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, —
a, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, — 16, Cabbage, &c., for illustration.
17, Species dependent on cultivation, — a, conclusion.

CHAPTER n. — PLAI? OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY
ORGAITS. — 18.

IS, Embryo. 19, Axis, — ascending — descending. 20, Bud, — its development,
&c. 21, Axillary buds, — universal. 22, Bud a distmct individual, — «, illustra-
tion. 23, Branches, — a, plant compound, — b, reproductive. 24, Flower, origin
of, — 25, its nature and end, — a, illustration. 26, Decay, — a, a leaf the elemen-
tary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, — a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the
tissues — organic bases, — a, illustration. 29, "Cellular tissue — parenchyma, — a,
pith of elder, — b, c, cellular tissue how colored, — d, size of cells, — e, they become
solid, — f, Raphides. 30, Woody tissue — its design, — a, illustration. 31, Glandu-
lar fibre — fossil coal. 32, VasLform tissue, — a, articulated — continuous, — b, illus-
tration. 33, Vascular tissue, — a, spiral vessels, — b, spiral thread, — c, its size, —
d, situation of spiral vessels, — e, what they contain, — f, ducts, — g, closed — annu-
lar— reticulated — the oflSce of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue, — a, size, &c.
35,Epidermis — where it is not found. 36, Structure, — a, illustration. 37, Stomata.

38, Form. 39, Position, — «, size. 40, Surface. 41, Hairs — simple — branched,

o, position — downy — pubescent — hirsute — rough — tomentose — arachnoid — se-
riceous—velvety— ciliate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands — sessUe — im-
bedded, — a, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion.

CHAPTER m. — PRmARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE
KINGDOM. — 26.

46, Phsenogamia— Crv^ptogamia,— 47, their distinctions of tissue, — 48, of cotyle-
dons. 49, Further distinctions. 50, A species, — a, illustration — number of species
known. 61, Varieties, — a, where they occur. 52, A genus, — a, illustration, —3,
summary.

CHAPTER IV. — OF THE FLOWER.

§1- OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT.— 28.

53, Parts of the flower enumerated, — a, essential organs — perfect flower, — b, im
perfect flower — sterile — fertile — neutral. 54, Perianth consists of— calyx — co-
rolla — achlamydeous flowers. 55, Calyx defined — sepals. 56, Corolla defined —
petak. 57, Stamens — definition of — office — andrcecium. 58, Pistils — office
of— gyno3cium. 59, Receptacle — order of the organs upon it. 60, Specimens.
61, A complete and regular flower, — a, theoretical nimiber of the parts, — *, their

8 CONTENTS AND

theoretical position, — c, summai*y — correspondence between a flower and a leafy
brancli. 62, Apparent exceptions — examples of symmetrical flowers. 63, «, First
cause of deviation, the development of one or more additional whorls — exam-
ples. — b, Second cause, the suppression of entire whorls — examples. — c. Third
cause, the suppression of parts of whorls — examples. — d, Fourth cause, the union
of parts of the same whorl — examples. — e. Fifth cause, the union of organs of difier-
ent whorls — examples. — /, Sixth cause, unequal development of similar organs —
examples. — g, Seventh cause, reconversion of organs — examples. — h, Eighth
cause, development of axis — examples.

CHAPTER v. — OF THE FLOWER.

§2. STAMENS AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES.— 34.

64, The stamens, basis of a classification — why. — 65, Definition — 66, parts —
which essential. 67, Filament. 68, Anther — when sessile — connectile — anal-
ogy,— a, cells — dehiscence, — b, connectile, — c, stamen abortive. 69, Modes of
attachment of anther to filament, 1st, innate ; 2d, adnate ; 3d, versatile ; 4th, in-
trorse — extrorse. 70, Pollen — forms, — a, structure — molecules. 71, Physio-
logical structure — of the filament — connectile — anther — pollen. 72, Theoretical
structure — proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils — examples. 73, Cir-
cumstances in which stamens vary — twenty-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number, —
Etymology of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th,
9th, 10th, 11th. 2nd, Position, — 12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length, — 14th, 15th,
4th, Connection, — 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th. 5th, Absence,— 21st, 22d, 23d,
24th.

CHAPTER VI. — THE FLOWER.

$ 3. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS.— 39.

75, The pistO, its position — structure. 76, Ovary — ovules. 77, Ovary simple —
compound — cai-pels. 78, The style — number — connection. 79, Stigma — sim-
ple— compound. SO, Number of styles, orders founded iipon. Order 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. iVbie, — Orders of the class Didyna-
mia — Tetrad ynamia— Orders of the 16th, 17th, ISth, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes.
Orders of S jTigenesia, Equalis — Supei-flua — Frustranea — Necessaria — Segre-
gata. Orders of Polygamia, Monoecia — Dia3cia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81,
Ovules. 82, Placenta — structure — direction. S3, Physiological structure — of the
ovary — style — stigma — without epidermis. 84, Theoretical structure explained, —
sutures — ventral — dorsal, — a, illustration, — b, c, illustrations continued. 85, Pro-
positions, — first — second — third — fourth. 86, These propositions when true. 87,
Central placenta, — parietal placenta. 88, Free central placenta, — explanation. —
a, Ovules proved to be analogous to buds. 89, Ovules enclosed — naked, — a, erect
— ascending — pendulous — suspended. 90, Foramen — primine — secundine — nu-
cleus— a, illustration. 91, Funiculus — chalaza.

§4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS.— 44.

92, Their specific office — how accomplished, — a, illustrations, — tulip — Kalmia,
&c. 93, Action of pollen upon the stigma — tubes. 94, Molecules — their destina-
tion.

CHAPTER Vn. — THE FLOWER.

§5. OF THE CALYX. — 45.

95, Calyx — etjrmology — color. — 96, Sepals — monosepalons — polysepaJous. —
97, Calyx — inferior — superior, — 98, caducous — deciduous — persistent, — 99, re-
duced — wanting — a, Pappus — pilose — plumose — setose — paleaceous.

§6. OF THE COROLLA. — 40.

100, The corolla — etymology. 101, Petals — polypetalous — monopetalous. 102,
Claw — lamina, — 103, tube — limb, — 104, regular — irregular. 1, Corolla campann-
late. 2, Infundibuliform. 3, Hypocratiriform. 4, Rotate. 5, Labiate — ringent —
personate — ^^galea. 105, Forms of polypetalous coroUas, — 1, Cruciform. 2, Pvosa-
ceous. 3, Liliaceous. 4, Caryophyllaceous. 5, Papilionaceous — vexillum — alae —
carinse. 106, Physiological structure — colors.

ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 9

§7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK.— 49.

107, Definition, — a, Nectary — labellum — spur, — b. Disk — hypogynous — epi-
gynous, — c, true character.

§8. OF .S:STIVATION. — 50.

108, Definition — vernation, — a, illustration. 1, .Estivation valvate, — 2, Convo-
lute,— 3, Quincuncial, — 4, Contorted, — 5, Alternate, — 6, Vexillary, — 7, Indupll-
cate, — 8, Supervolute.

CHAPTEE Vm. — THE FRUIT. — 51.

109, Its importance — design, — a, utility, — i, in respect to time — defined. 110,
Analogous to ovary — changes, — a, examples.

§1. OF THE PERICARP. — 52.

Ill, Fruit consists of, — a, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined — epicarp — sar-
cocarp, — a, illustration. 11.3, Physiology of growth, — 114, of ripening, — a, acidi-
fication,— 0, maturity. 115, Dehiscence — indehiscent — valves, — 1, Dehiscence
loculicidal, — 2, Septicidal, — 3, Septifragal, — 4, Sutural, — 5, Circumscissile. 116,
Forms of pericarp. — 1, Capsule, — a, cells — columella. — 2, Silique. — 3, Silicle. —
4, Legume. — 5, Follicle. — 6, Drupe. — 7, Nut. — 8, Caryopsis. — 9, Achenium. —
10, Samara. — 11, Pyxis. — 12, Pome. — 13, Pepo. — 14, Berry — strawberry — black-
berry. — 15, Strobile.

CHAPTEE IX. — THE ERinT. — 57.

§2. OF THE SEED.

117, The seed defined, — a, its parts, 118, integuments — testa — mesosperm —
endopleura, — a, Testa, its substance — surface — form — appendages, — b, Coma
distinguished. 119, Aril. 120, Hilum. 121, Seed orthotropous — anatropous. 122,
Albumen — where most abundant — where wanting. 123, Embryo — 124, its
parts, — ffl, radicle, — b, plumule — its direction. 12-5, Cotyledon, — a, the number,
&c. 126, Monocotyledons — endogens. 127, Dicotyledons — exogens distin
guished. 128, Cotyledons many — none. 129, Embryos, number of. — Spgres

§3. OF GERMINATION.— 60.

130, The embryo, its importance, — a, germination defined, — 131, the process ex
plained. 132, The cotyledons. 133, Conditions of germination, — a, heat — b,
■water — c, oxygen — d, darkness. 134, Duration of the vitality of seeds. Note,
Two examples of.

§ 4. OF DISSEMINATION. — 61.

135, Eemark — examples, Erigeron — a, Wings, hooks — 5, Impatiens— Streams
and oceans — Squirrels, birds.

CHAPTEE X. — THE EOOT. — 62.

136, Its definition — origin, — a, divisions. 137, Prone direction, — (sr, horizontal
direction. 138, Number and extent. 139, How distinguished from stems. 140, Ex-
ceptions— adventitious buds — subterranean stems. 141, Collum — a, stationary.
142, Parts of the root, — a, caudex — b, fibres — c, spongioles. 143, Forms of roots.
144, Eamose — a, analosons to branches — illustration, — i, further illustration, —
c, extent of roots. 145, Fusiform root — forked — tap root — premorse — napiform.
146, Fibrous, — o, fasciculated. 147, Tuberous, — a, palmate — ^5, granulated. 148,
Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Epiphytes — parasites.

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT.— 66

151, Internal structure. 152, Fibrils, structure — function. 153, Growth of root.
154, Its most obvious function — most important one — a, illustration. 155, Activity
of absorption dependent on. 156, Part which absorbs, &c. — a, illustration, — 6,
transplanting. 157, Force of absorption, — a, illustration. 158, Cause of absorp-
tion — not capillary attraction, — a, experiment in philosophy — exosmose — endos-
mose. 1.59, Requisite conditions, — a, how they exist in the root, — application.
160, Use of absorption, — a, power of choice — illustration.

10 CONTENTS AND

CHAPTER XL — THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. — 69.

161, Definition, — a, cause of its ascent. 162, Direction horizontal — erect — pro-
cumbent — ascending — subteiTanean. 163, Annual — perennial. 164, Distinction
ill regard to size, &c. — a, tree — 4, shrub — c, herb. 165, Most distinctive property
of stem. 166, Buds. 167, Leaf-bud. 168, The scaly envelopes, a. Scales not
formed in hot climates, &c. — their design. 169, Bud tenninal, develops a simple
axis, — «, axillary, developes branches, — b, adventitious. 170, Branch. 171,
Thorn, — a, its nature, &c. — i, distinguished from prickles. 172, Node — inter-
node, — o, how fomied — why the axis diminishes upwards. 173, Arrangement of
branches, — 174, spiral, —a, modifications — circular, how caused. 175, Alter-
nate—opposite— whorled. 176, Same of the branches. — a. Two classes of stems.
177, Subterranean — stemless plants — varieties. 178, Bulb, — «, tunicated —
scaly, — 3, how renewed, — c, biilblets. 179, Corm. ISO, Tuber. 181, Ehizoma.
182,'Creeper,— a, repent stems, their use. 183, Varieties of aerial stems. 184,
Caulis. 185, Runner. 186, Scape, — a, culm. 1S7, Vine — a, tendril. 188, Twin-
ing stems — their direction. 189, Trunk — a, its dimensions. Note, Illustrations,
b, its duration. Note, Illustrations. 190, Sucker. 19r, Ofiset. 192, Stolon. 193,
Plurality of trmiks — a, Banyan — Mangrove.

§1. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. — 77.

194, Structure of herbaceous stems — 195, of the first year's growth of perennial
stems, — a, basis of the distinction of Exogens and Endogens. 196, Exogens. 197,
Endogens. 198, Parts of the exogenous structure. 199, Pith. 200, Medullary
sheath. 201, Wood — number of layers. 202, Layer consists of, — a, arrangement
of its parts. 203, Alburnum — duramen. 204, Medullary rays. 205, Bark, — its
parts. — 206, its structure — cork — liber. 207, New layer, how formed, — a, outer
layers, why shaggy — horizontal fibres, — b, qualities resident in, — c, its peculiar
vessels.

§2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. — 80.

208, Conveyance of sap, — 209, through what portion — its course — elabora-
tion — descent.

}3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE.— 81.

210, Its peculiarity. 211, Composition. 212, Each bundle consists of, — a, mode
of increase.

CHAPTER Xn. — THE LEAP. — 82.

213, Its importance — character. 214, How distinguished. 215, Color — autum-
nal hues, — a, due to what — chlorophyll — changes, — b, color of flowers.

§1. VERNATION.— 82.

216, Meaning of the term — leaf-bud how compacted, — a, illustration. 217,
Forms of vernation, — 1, Equitant — 2, Obvolute — 3, Involute — 4, Eevolute — 5,
Convolute — 6, Plaited — 7, Circjnate.

§2. ARRANGEMENT.— 83.

218, In the bud — after the axis is developed, — 1, Scattered — 2, Alternate — 3,
Opposite — 4, Verticillate — 5, Fasciculate. 219, How these forms may be reconciled
with the spiral, — a, illustration, — b, Alternate explained, — c, Opposite or whorled
explained. 220, Leaves radical — cauline — ramial.

§3. ORGANOGRAPHY. — &1.

221, Nature of the leaf— lamina — sessile — petiolate. 222, Petiole — its form —
1, Compressed — 2, Winged — 3, Amplexicaul. 223, General foi-m of the lamina —
base — apex. 224, Leaf simple — compound. 225, Physiology. 226, Venation —
its organs. 227, Midrib — nerves. 228, Veins — veinlets. 229, Modes of venation.
1, Reticulate — 2, Parallel — 3, Forked. 230, Varieties of reticulate venation, — 1,
Feather-veined — 2, Radiate-veined — 3, Varieties of parallel Venation.

§4. FORM OR FIGURE. — 86.
231. Theory of— form dependent on venation. 232, Forms resulting from the

ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS, 11

feather venation— 1, Orbicular — 2, Elliptic — 3, Oblong — 4, Ovate— 5, Lanceo-
late— 6, Obovate — 7, Spathiilate — 8, Cordate — 9, Auricnlate — 10, Hastate — 11,
Sagittate — 12, Eeniform — a, Forms dependent on the development of the tissue —
13, Euncinate — 14, Lyrate — 15, Pinnatifid — 16, Sinuate. 233, Forms resulting
from radiate venation — 17, Palmate — 18, Digitate — 19, Pedate — 20, Lacinate —
21, Peltate — 22, Reniform, &c. 234, Forms of parallel-veined leaves — 23, Linear —
ai. Oval, &c. — 25, Cordate— 26, Acerose.

§5. MARGIN.— 90.

235, How modified — 1, Entire — 2, Dentate — 3, Sen-ate — 4, Crenate — 5, Erose
— 6, Undulate — 7, Spinous — 8, Incised — 9, Laciniate — 10, Crisped — 11, Repand.

§6. APEX. — 90.

236, Termination of leaf — 1, Acute — 2, Obtuse — 3, Acuminate — 4, Emargin-
ate — 5, Eetuse — 6, Mucronate.

§7. SURFACE —90.

237, Terms descriptive of the epidermis on the leaf or elsewhere — 1, Glabrous —
2, Pubescent — 3, Eough — 4, Pilose — 5, Hoary — 6, Villose — 7, WooUy — 8, To-
mentose — 9, Eugose — 10, Punctate.

§8. COMPOUND LEAVES. — 91.

238, Leaf becomes compound on what principle. 239, Leaflets — articulated.
240, Forms resulting from the feather-veined an-angement — 1, Pinnate — 2, Equally
pinnate — unequally — cirrhose — 3, interruptedly — 4, Number of leaflets — tri-
foliate— single — 5, bipinnate — 6, tripinnate — 7, bitemate — 8, tritemate. 241,
Forms resulting from radiate venation — 9, Quinate — 10, Septinate. 242, Leaf
with regard to insertion — 1, Amplexicaul — 2, Perfoliate — 3, Decurrent — 4, Con-
nate. 243, Combined terms, — «, the preposition sub.

§9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. — 93.

244, Leaves of Teazel — TiUandsia — Arum. 245, Ascidia, — a, of the Sarracenia,
how formed, &c. 246, Nepenthes. 247, Dischidia. 248, Dionsa. 249, Stipules,—
varieties — positions. 2.50, Their nature. 251, Leaves stipulate — exstipulate —
stipels. 252, Bracts, — 253, their nature. 2-54, Involucre — iuvolucel, — 255, of the
Compositoe. 2.56, Glume — awn — palae — valves.

§10. DURATION.— 96.

257, Leaves temporary — 1, Fugacious — 2, Deciduous — 3, Persistent. 258, Fall
of the leaf— previous changes. 259, Cause of defoliation.

§11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.— 96.

260, Of the frame-work, — a, of the lamma. 261, Parenchyma disposed in two
layers, — », how covered. 262, Internal stracture of the parenchyma. 263, Ar-
rangement of the cells, — «, chlorophyll. 264, Stomata communicate with what —
found on which surface. 265, Vessels of the latex — their course. 266, Leaf of
Oleander — au" cells.

§12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.— 98.

267, Enumerated — result — latex. 268, Crude sap consists of. 269, Exhala-
tion— 270, distinguished from evaporation — 271, takes place through the stoma-
ta— occurs only in the light — why — a, illustration. 272, Exhalation dependent
on absorption — quantity — illustration. 273, Absorption, — «, illustration. — 274,
by their lower surface — illustration. 275, Respiration — 276, consists in — 277,
constant — the result — 278, illustration — 279, two periods of its greatest activity —
o, in germination, — 3, flowering — propoi-tion of oxygen evolved. — Note, illustra-
tion.—2S0, Life of the plant dependent on. 281, Digestion — the process. 282,
Carbon — its sources, — a, illustration. — Plants blanched in the dark. 283, Fixation
of carbon — relative amount absorbed and evolved. — Experiments of Dr. Daubeny.
2S4, Relation of animal to vegetable kingdom in regard to carbon — Reflections.

12 CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS.

CHAPTEE Xm. — ESirLOEESCENCE. — 102.

285, Definition. 286, Position, — a, exceptions. 287, Peduncle — flower sessile.
288, Peduncle simple — branched — Pedicel. 2S9, Scape. 290, Racliis. 291, Inflo-
rescence solitary,— 292, centrifugal — centripetal, resulting from what. 293, Cen-
tripetal,—294, centrifugal,— (ST, how indicated — all the flowers temiinal, why.
295, Both modes combined — examples. 29G, Varieties of centripetal inflorescence.
297, Spike — 298, Raceme — 299, Ament — 300, Spadix — 301, Corjnnb — 302,
Umbel —303, Head — «, of the Compositaj — compound flowers — 30-1, Panicle — 305,
Thyrse — a, Compound umbel — Umbellet — Compound raceme, &c. 306, Varie-
ties of centrifugal inflorescence,-- 307, Cyme — a, its normal structiire and devel
opment — 3, inference,- 308, Fascicle — 309, Verticillaster. — a, Peduncle con
verted into a tendril.

CHAPTER XIV. — PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. — 106.

310, Foiu- simple organic elements — their proportion. 311, Carbon. 312, Blineral
ingredients — Agricultural Chemistry. 313, Sources of the simple elements.
314, Air. 315, Soil. 316, Water. 317, Ammonia. 318, Air plants, — three con-
ditions requisite. 319, Irrigation — Draining. 320, Tillage — Amendments.
.321, FaUow ground — Rotation of ci-ops. 322, Light and Heat. 323, Digestion, &c.
324, Proper juice. 325, Products first developed. 326, Three general nuti-itive
products — composition. 327, Sugar — Diastase. 328, Mutual transformations.
329, Secretions.

CHAPTER XV.— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. — 111.

§ OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS.

330, Systematic Botany defined. 331, Remarks on the extent of the field of
botanic research. 332, Folly of studying individuals only. 333, Individuals grouped
into species, — a, illustrations — clover — pine. 334, Species grouped into genera, —
illustration. 335, Genera resolved into orders and classes. 336, Two methods of
classifying the genera, — artificial ^- its basis, — natural — its basis. — 337, Com-
parative merits of the two — use of the artificial. 33&', Value of the natural —
obscurities now removed. 339, Remaining difticulties — artificial method how and
why retained in this work. 340, Artificial arrangement consists of.

CHAPTER XVI. — § OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. — 113.

341, Its aim, — 342, distinguished from the Ai-tificial — what characters em-
ployed,— 343, advantages, — 344, yet to be fully consummated — some artificial
characters yet necessary. 345, The first two grand divisions — Phjenogamia — its
characters, — Cryptogamia — characters, — 346, uncertainty of these characters, —
approximation of groups. 347, Sporogens. 348, Subdivision of Phanogamia —
Exogens — characters — Endogens — characters.- 349, Classes, six — Exogens
divided into two — Angiosperms — characters — Gymosperms — characters. 350,
Endogens divided into two — Aglumaceous, characters — Glumaceous, characters.
351, Cryptogamia divided into two — Acrogens, characters — Thallogens, charac-
ters. 352, Affinities of the classes. 354, Sub-classes — Polypetalre, characters —
Monopetalte, characters — Apetalffi, characters. 355, Orders — 356, how formed.
357, AUiances, groups, &c. 358, Extent of the orders. 359, Summary.

CHAPTER XVIL — § 1. NOMENCLATURE, &c. — 118.

360, Names of the ordei-s Latin adjectives — derivation, — a, exceptions. 361,
Etymology of generic names. 362, Of specific names, — 363, derivation —iiiles.
§ 2. Botanic Analysis. 364, defined, — 365, properstate of plants for, — 366, im-
portance of. 367, Process, — 368, with the learner. — Analytical tables. §3. Col-
lecting AND Preserving Plants. 369, Importance of, — a, hortus siccus. 370,
Apparatus. 371, Directions for gathering, — 372, pressing, — 373, changing.
374, Arrangement of the specimens. 375, Genera arranged — how preserved.
376, Fruit, seed, and wood, how preserved.

BOTANY.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

1. Botany is the science wliich treats of the Vegetable
Kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the habits, structure,
and uses of plants, together with their nomenclature and classi-
fication.

2. Like its kindred sciences, it is resolved into distinct depart-
ments, according to the nature of the subjects to which it relates.
That part wliich investigates the organic structure of vegetables,
is called Organography, corresponding to Anatomy, in the
science of Zoology.

3. That part of botany which relates to the phenomena of the
vital functions of plants, is caUed Vegetable Physiology ; in-
cluding the consideration of their germination, gi-owth, and
reproduction. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing
upon the labors of husbandry, in the propagation and cultm-e of
plants, both in the garden and in the field.

4. Another department, of Essential importance, is Gloss-
ology, which relates to the explanation and application of
botanical terms, whether nouns or adjectives, by which the
organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are desig-
nated.

5. A fourth department, called Systematic Botany, arises
from the consideration of plants, in relation to each other, their
mutual afiinities, and their endless diversities, whereby the
100,000 species, supposed to exist, may be arranged, classified,
and designated, by distinctive characters and names.

14 INTRODUCTION.

6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also,
the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other depart-
ments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of
its researches is, the development of the boimdless resomces
of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and
enjoyment ; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation
of our wants and woes.

7. Tins extensive department of Natural History, therefore,
justly claims a large share of the attention of eveiy individual,
not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the
employments of rural life, and to the heahng art, but also for the
intellectual and moral culture, which, among other kindred
sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree.

fl. No science more effectually combines pleasure with improvement, than
Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure
of spring, and the bloom of summer; — to the charming retreats of Nature, in
her Avild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand
of cultivation. It furnishes him -nith vigorous exercise, both of body and mind,
which is no less salutaiy than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all
such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart.

8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is
divided into tliree gi-eat departments, commonly called the
Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms.

a. Veo-etables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and
minerals: wliile they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinct of the
former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle,
whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter ; they constitute the
ultimate noui-ishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the
other.

9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without
distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be
broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain
all the essential characters of the original body, so that each
fragment will still be a stone.

10. A ^^/anZ is an organized body, endowed with vitality but
not with sensation, composed of distmct parts, each of which is
essential to the completeness of its bemg. A geranium is com-
posed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi-

THE DIFFUSION OF VEGETATION. 15

nitely, but no one of the fragments, alone, will still be a complete
plant.

11. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies, endowed with
vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is com-
plete in itself; but they are raised above either plants or min-
erals, by the power of perception.

a. These distinctions, long since suggested by the immortal Linnaeus, are per-
fectly obvious and definite, in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable
kingdoms ; but, in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual and constant
approach, ia both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other ; so that,
in the lowest forms of life, all traces of organization disappear, and the three great
kingdoms of nature, like three converging radii, meet, and blend ia a common
centre.

12. Vegetation, in some of its forms, appears to be coexten
sive with the surface of the earth. It springs up, not only from
the sumiy soil, moistened with rain and dew, but even from the
naked rock, amidst the arid sands of the desert, in thermal and
sulphurous springs, in arctic and alpine snows, and from the beds
of seas and oceans.

a. Among the multitude of natural causes which affect the growth of vegeta-
tion, the action of the sun, through the light and heat which it imparts, is the most
efficient. This is most powerful at the equator, and gi-adually diminishes in in-
tensity, as we proceed from thence towards either pole. Vegetation, therefore,
arrives at its highest degree of luxuriance at the equator, and within the tropics.
In the temperate zones it is less remarkable for the beauty and variety of its
flowers, and the deliciousness of its fruits, than in the torrid ; yet it is believed to
be no less adapted to promote the arts of civilized life, and the well-bemg of man
in general. In still higher latitudes, plants become few, and of stinted growth,
until finally, within the ai'ctic cnclcs, they apparently, but not absolutely, cease
to vegetate.

b. Since climate is affected by elevation above the level of the sea, in the same
manner as by increase of latitude, we find a sunilar diminution of vegetable
activity, in ascending high mountains. Thus, the peak of Tenei-iffe, situated on
a fertile island, mthin the tropics, is clothed, at different elevations, with plants
peculiar to every latitude, in succession, from the tonid to the frigid zones,
while the summit, being always covered Avith snow, is as barren as the region of
the poles. So also the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, exhibit upon their
summits a vegetation similar to that of Labrador, or even Greenland.

c. One of the first requisites for the grovrth of plants, is a soil, from which, by
means of roots, they may derive their proper nutrunent and support. But numer-
ous species of lichens and mosses find then- most congenial habitations upon the
bare rock. The coral island no sooner arises to the surface, than it an-ests the

2*

16 INTRODUCTION.

floating genns of vegetation, which soon clothe the rough rock with verdure of a
humbler kind, and ultimately, by the growth and decay of successive generations,
form a soil for the sustenance of the higher forms of vegetable life.

d. Another important requisite is moisture. But the arid sands of the great
African desert are not absolutely destitute of vegetable life. Even there, certain
species of Stapelia are said to flourish, and those dreary regions, where neither rain
nor dew ever falls, are occasionally enlivened by spots of verdure, hke islands in
the ocean, composed of these and kindred plants.

e. Extremes of heat are not always fatal to vegetation. In one of the Geysers
of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of
Chara has been formd, in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring at the
Island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187°, has plants growing in it
and on its borders. But the most extraordinary case of all, is one recorded by
Sir J. Staunton. ' At the Island of Amsterdam a spring was found, the mud of
which, far hotter than boiling water, gave birth to a species of liverwort.' Other
similar instances are on record.

/. Nor are the extremes of cold fatal to every form of vegetation. The rein-
deer lichen, of Lapland, grows in vast quantities among almost perpetual snows.
And far in the arctic regions, the eternal snows are often reddened, for miles in
extent, by a minute vegetable of the Algce tribe, called red snow, of a structure
the simplest that has yet been observed, consisting of a single round cell contain-
ing a fluid.

g. Light is also a highly important agent in vegetation ; yet there are plants
capable of flourishing in situations where it would seem that no ray of it ever
entered. Mushrooms, and even plants of higher orders, have been found growing
amidst the perpetual midnight of deep caverns and mines. Sea weeds of a bright
green color have been drawn up from the bed of the ocean, from depths of more
than 100 fathoms.

13. The vegetable kingdom is no less remarkable for its rich
and boundless variety, than for its wide diffusion. Plants differ
from each other in respect to form, size, color, habits, structure,
and properties, to an unlimited degree, so that it would be diffi-
cult, indeed, to find two mdividuals, even of the same species,
which should perfectly coincide in all these points.

a. Yet this variety is never abrupt, never capricious; but here, as in other
departments of nature, unifonn resemblances are so blended with it, as to lay an
adequate foundation for Systematic Botany.

14. The same causes which affect the general increase of
plants, exercise, also, an important influence in determming their
character. Hence, every chmate has not only its own peculiar
degree of vegetable activity, but also its peculiar species.

a. Other causes, besides temperature, are efiicient in determining the species of

GERMINATION. 17

any given locality, such as the qualities of the soil, the degree of moistui-e both of
the earth and skies, the inclination of sui-face, rocks, shades, and winds, the cona-
bined action of which often becomes an exceedingly complicated matter. Now
to each of these innumerable combinations of circumstances, the Creator has
adapted the constitution of certain species of plants, so that each given locality
may be expected to jiroduce its own appropriate kinds. But since some species
are also endowed with the power of accommodating themselves to a vride range
of circxmistances, these are found more extensively diffused, while others, ■without
this power, are comparatively rare.

15. Vegetation is susceptible of important changes by culti-
vation. Many plants are improved, in every desirable quality,
by accommodating themselves to the conditions of soils enriched
and enlivened by art. Examples are seen in almost every cul-
tivated species.

16. The cabbage, in its wild state, is a slender, branching herb, with no appear-
ance of a head. The potatoe, in its native wilds of tropical America, is a rank,
running vine, \vith scarcely a tuber upon its roots. All the rich and delicate
varieties of the apple have sprung, by artificial means, from an austere forest-
fruit. The numerous and splendid varieties of the Dahlia are the descendants
of a coarse Mexican plant, with an ordinary yeUow flower, of a single cu-cle of
colored leaves. The tulip and the geraniimi afford similar examples.

17. Changes, not only in the qualities of vegetation, are ef-
fected by culture, but also in the species themselves, tln-ough the
substitution of the useful or the ornamental for the native pro-
ducts of the soil. Thus, in agricultural districts, almost the
whole face of nature is ti-ansfomied, by human skill and industry,
from the wilderness to the fruitful field.

a. Hence it appears that there is scarcely a spot on earth which is not caused,
by the quickening energy of the Creator, to teem with vegetable existence, in some
of its numberless forms, while his goodness is conspicuous in rendering those
ti-ibes which are most subservient to the wants of man capable of the Avidest dif-
fusion.

18 PLAN OF VEGETATION.

CHAPTER II.

PLAiT OF VEGETATION.— ELEMENTARY ORGANS.

18. The earliest and simplest state of the plant is an embryo
contained in a seed. Tliis consists essentially of two parts, the
radicle and plumule; the former about to be developed uito the
root, the latter into the ascending plant vidth its appendages.

19. As soon as the process of germination commences, the
radicle begins to extend itself downwards in the direction of the
earth's centre, constantly avoiding the air and the light, forming
the descending axis, or root. The plumule, taking the opposite
direction, extends itself upwards, always seeking the hght, and
expanduig itself, to the utmost extent of its power, to the influ-
ence of the atmosphere. This constitutes the ascending axis, or
trunk, around wliich the leaves and their modifications are
arranged.

20. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis
is merely a hud, that is, a growing point, enveloped in rudimen-
tary leaves, or scales, for its protection. As tliis growing point
advances, the enveloping scales expand into leaves below, while
new ones are constantly appearing, in succession, above. Thus
the axis is always terminated by a bud.

21. By tliis process the axis is elongated, simply in one direc-
tion. But, besides this, there is also a bud (or buds), either
visible, or in a rudimentary state, formed in the axil of each
leaf.

a. These axillary buds are generally visible, either before or after the leaf has
fallen. In some plants, however, they seldom appear; but their existence is
inferred from the fact, that even in such cases, they are occasionally developed in
extraordinary circumstances.

22. Each bud is a distinct individual, capable of an independ-
ent existence, in favorable circumstances, although severed from
the parent stock.

a. The common practice of propagation by layers, offsets, engrafting, and
budding, is both a result and a proof of this principle. A plant may be, and

FORMATION OF THE FLOWER. 19

often is, in this manner, multiplied indefinitely, by tlie dissevered parts of itself,
as well as by tlic seed.

23. But, remaining connected with the parent stock, axillary
buds, a part or all of them, according to circumstances, are de-
veloped into branches, each of which may again generate buds
and hrancklcts in the axils of its own leaves, in the same
manner.

a. Thus, by the repetition of this simple process, the vegetable fabric is reared
from the earth, a compomid being, formed of as many united individuals as there
are buds, and as many buds as there are branches and leaves, ever advancing in
the direction of the growing points, by the deposition of matter derived from the
cellular tissue, clothing itself with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diam
cter of its axis by the deposition of matter elaborated by, and descending from,
the leaves already developed, imtil it reaches the limits of the existence assigned
it by its Creator.

b. But the plant, reared by tliis process alone, would consist only of those parts
requisite to its o'vvn individual existence, without reference to the continuance of
its species beyond its OAvn dissolution. It would be simply an axis, expanded
into branches and leaves. But the Divine command, which first caused the tribes
of vegetation, in their diversified beauty, to spring from the earth, required that
each plant should have its ' seed within itself,' for the perpetuation of its kind.

24. At certain periods of its vegetation, therefore, a change is
observed to occur in the plant, in regard to the development of
some of its buds. From the diminished or altered supply of
sap, received from the vessels below, the growing point ceases
to lengthen in the direction of the axis, but expands its leaves
in crowded and concentric whorls ; each successive whorl, pro-
ceeding from the outer to the inner, imdergoing a gradual trans-
formation from the original type (a leaf), according to the
purpose it is destined to fulfil in the production of the seed.
Thus, instead of a leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of a bud,
a floxoer is the result.

25. A flower may, therefore, be considered as a transformed
branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-devel-
opment of the axis, and moulded into more dehcate structures,
and tinged with more briUiant hues, not only to adorn and
beautify the face of nature, but to fulfil the important office of
reproduction.

a. In the common peony, for example, as the leaves approach the summit of
the stem, they gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and, dt length, just

20 PLAN OF VEGETATION.

below the flower, become simple bracts, still retaining every essential mark of a
leaf. Next, by an easy gradation, they appear in the sepals of the calyx, the otiter
envelope of the flower, still essentially the same. Then, by a transition rather
more abrupt, they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla,
retaining still the form and organization of the leaf. To the petals next succeed-
those slender organs called stamens, known to be undeveloped leaves from the
fact of their being often converted into petals. Lastly, those two central organs,
termed pistils, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the midrib and the
united edges being yet discernible.

26. ^Tien the flower has accomplished its brief but impor-
tant office in reproduction, its deciduous parts fall away, and
the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the devel-
opment of the germ into the perfect fruit. Tliis being accom-
pHshed, the whole plant speedily perishes, if it be an amiual,
or, if not, it continues to put forth new branches, from other
growing points, wlrich, in thek twcn, are to be terminated by
flowers and fruit the following year.

a. Such is a very brief outline of the plan of vegetation, or the process of nature
in the germination, growth, fructification, and decay of plants. And it is impos-
sible to contemplate it, without admiring that simplicity of design in the midst of
the most diversified results which every where characterizes the works of God.
Every part of the vegetable fabric may be tdtimatcly traced to one elementary
organic fonn, of which the leaf is the type. The lamina, or blade, in various
stages of transition, constitutes the several organs of fructification, while the
united bases of all the leaves constitute the axis itself.

27. When we more minutely examine the internal organization of plants, we
find their different parts, however various in appearance, all constnicted of the
same materials. The leaf, for example, consists of a foot-stalk prolonged into a
framework of veins, a fleshy substance filling up the interstices, and a cuticle, or
skin, covering the whole. Now this framework is composed of woody fibre, aque-
ducts, and air-vessels, all of which may be traced through the foot-stalk iuto the
stem, where they equally exist, — this part of the leaf being only a prolongation
of the stem. The fleshy substance is of the same nature mth the pith of the
stem, or the pulp of the fruit ; and, finally, the cuticle con*esponds exactly to the
thin covering of the newly formed branches, of the various parts of the flower,
and even of the roots.

a. These several kinds of structure, of which the various
organs are composed, are called the elementary tissues. Tliey
are five in number ; — cellular tissue, woody tissue, vasiform tissue,
vascular tissue, and laticiferous tissue.

28. The chemical basis of the vegetable tissues is proved by

CELLULAR TISSUE. 21

analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and cai-bon, with an occasional
addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their
varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal
substances. The organic basis is simple membrane and Jibre.
Of one, or both, of these two forms, all the tissues are con-
stricted.

a. If the fleshy poi-tion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the frait be
closely examined, they vnU be found composed of numerous vesicles of extreme
minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders, consist of a delicate
membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an
orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls of the cells or vesicles, is one
of tlie elementary fonns of vegetable tissue. Again, if the stalk of a strawberry or
geranium leaf be cut around but not through, and the two parts be thus pulled
asunder for a short space, a number of glistening Jibres will be seen running from
one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, par-
tially straitened by being tlius drawn out from the membranous tubes in which
they were lying coiled up. Tlius are we able to distinguish the elcmentaiy mem-
brane and Jibre, of which the various forms of vegetable tissue are composed.

29. Cellular tissue is so called, from its being composed
of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. This kind of
tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many
being entirely composed of it. The form of the Httle cells
which compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped,
but afterwards, being flattened at their sides, by their mutual
prcssiure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided,
the cross-section being six-sided; each cell. assuming a form
more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted
upon it by those adjacent. It is also called parenchyma.

a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under
a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembling those of a honey-
comb. (Fig. 1, a.)

b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each
other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores.

c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the briUiant
hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter con-
tained within the cells.

d. The vesicles of this tissue are extremely variable in size. They are usually
about -j^ of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from ^nr to ^nracr
of an inch.

e. Although this tissite is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes acquires con-
siderable hardness by the deposition of solid instead of fluid matter in the cells.

22

ELEMENTARV ORGANS.

This occni-s in the prickles of the rose, the stones of tlie phxm, peacli, &c., and in
the albumen of seeds.

/. In some plants, as in the Ttirke}' rhubarb, &c., little bundles of crystals
called raphides (from the Gr. paipidsg, sewing needles,) are foniied in the cells.

TOCuuo

f e d c b

FIG. 1. — Forms of tissue; a, cutting of elder phh — cellular; 6, cells from the gritty centre
of the pear; c, from the stone of the plum — both strengthened by solid matter; rf, woody
fibre ; e, spiral vessel with a single fibre partly drawn out ; f, vessel with a quadruple fibre.

30. Woody tissue, called also fibre, consists of slender,
transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point each way,
and adhering together by their sides, the end of one tube ex-
tending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous threads.
It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater strength, and, at the
same time, the greater tenuity, of its membrane. It seems de-
signed for the transmission of fluid, as well as for giving firm-
ness to those parts which need support. (Fig. 1, cl.')

a. Tissue of this form constitutes the fibre of flax, hemp, &c., the ligneous sub-
stance of the stems and roots, the petioles, and veins of leaves, &c.

31. The most remarkable modification of the woody fibre, is
that called glandular. It consists of little glandular points, ar-
ranged along the waUs of the woody tubes. It occurs only in
resinous wood, clucfly of the fir tribe {Conifer ce,). It has fre-
quently been detected by the microscope, in fragments of fossil
coal, whence it is inferred that coal-beds originated from buried
forests of the Conifera?. Witham on fossil vegetables, Sfc.

32. Vasifokm tissue consists of large tubes, called dotted
ducts, having numerous little pits, sunk in the thickness of its

DUCTS.

33

lining. ^Vl^on viewed by transmitted light, it appears as if
riddled full of holes.

a. It is of two kinds; 1st, articulated, liaving its tubes interniptod by joints and
partitions, as in tlie oak, vine, and in the mouocotylcdonous stems ; 2d, continuous,
witliout joints or partitions; often found in the roots of plants.

b. These are the largest vessels in the vegetable fabric; and their open moutlis
are particularly discernible in the cuttings of the oak, cane, &c. It is through
these that the sap arises to the stem, and is conveyed to the leaves.

3.3. Vascular tissue consists essentially of sjnral vessels, \vith
their modifications.

a. The true spiral vessel much resembles the woody fibre in
form, being a long, slender tube, tapering each way, but is tliin-
ner and weaker. Its peculiar mark is an elastic, spiral fibre,
coiled up within it, from end to end.

b. The spiral thread is usually single, sometimes double, triple, &c. In the
Chinese pitcher plant, it is quadruple. (Fig. 1,/.)

c. In size, spiral vessels are variable. Generally their diameter is about ^..^^
of an mch ; often not more than -jTrVrT'

d. The situation of spiral vessels is in the medullary sheath, that is, just around
the pith ; also in every part which originates from it, such as the veins of leaves,
petals, and other modifications of leaves, and especially in the petioles, from
which it may be uncoiled, in the manner above described. (28, a.)

e. In their perfect state they contain air, which they transmit, in some way,
from one to another.

f. Ducts are membranous tubes, with conical or rounded ex-
tremities, their sides being marked with transverse bars, rings,
or coils, incapable of being unrolled without breaking.

FIG. 2. — Forms of tissue, &c. ; a, annular ducts; b, spiral and annular at intervals; e,
laiiciferous tissue ; f, stomaia of iris — vertical section, d, d, green cells at the orifice \ f,f,
cells of the parenchyoia, e, air-chamber ; g-, g-, view of epidermis and stomata of >-ucca, A,
•tomata closed ; small, luminous bodies in the cells.

24 ELEMENTARY ORGANS.

g. In tliis modification of spiral vessels the tube is much lengthened, and the
coil within it is either closed, that is, -will not unroll, as in the fems ; or it is annu-
lar, that is, broken into distinct rings, as in the garden balsam ; or it is reticvlated,
that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to form a net-work. The office of
all these ducts is the same, — that of convejang fluid. It is only in the spiral
vessel that we find air. (Fig. 2,a,b.)

34. Laticiferous tissue is so called, from latex, the true
nutritious sap, which it is destined to elaborate and convey. It
consists of branched anastomosing («>-«, to and fro, aTOftu, a pas-
sage) tubes, lying chiefly in the bark, and the under side of
leaves. (Fig. 2, c.)

a. These tubes are veiy ii-regular in foi-m, direction, and position. They
expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the other tissues, and, proceed-
ing from the inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the hairs,
forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Then* average diameter is about
TjVtt of an inch. They are largest in plants which have a mUky latex, or juice.

35. The EPIDERMIS, or skin, is a form of cellular tissue exter-
nally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed
to the air, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles
of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those
parts wliich habitually live under water. And, where the bark
of the stem is rugged with seams and furrows, this organ is not
distinguishable.

36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures,
filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but
sometimes there are two or tlu-ee, especially in tropical plants.
The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant,
is, to check the evaporation of its moisture.

a. The delicate membrane, which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of
the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorles.=,
and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure.

37. The epidemiis does not entirely exclude the tissues be-
neath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain aper-
tures, called STOMATA (mouths), which open or close under the
influence of the light. (Fig. 2.)

38. Stomata are usually of an oval form, bounded by a pair
of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes
they are round, and bounded by several cells. Many other
varieties of form have been noticed

KriDERMIS.

25

39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate ^vith,
the intercellular 2}assages, that is, the spaces between the cells of
the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of
the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are
most abmidant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young
shoots, and the parts of the flower.

a. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them havo
been counted witliin the space of a square inch. The largest kno^\^l arc about
gX.^ of an inch in length. Tlieir function is intimately connected with respira-
tion.

FIG. 3. — Hairs and glands ; a, c, simple hairs ; b, branched hair of the mullein ; rf, gland
Burmounted by a hair; e, gland at the top of a hair; _/", prickles of the rose.

40. The surface of the epidei*mis is either smooth, or furnished
with numerous processes, originating from itself, or from the
cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes,
namely, glaiids, hairs, prickles, stings, &c.

41. Hairs are minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting
each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of cells, placed end
to end, containing air. They are si7n2yle or bra?iched. (Fig. 3.)

a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any
other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give
various names to the surfiice, to which they are appended, according to their
nature and appearance ; thus it is said to be downy, or pubescent, when clothed
with soft, short hairs; — hirsute, with longer hairs: — rough, with short, stiff
hairs; — tomentose, -when Uiey are entangled and matted; arachnoid, when like
cobwebs; — sericeous, when silky; — velvety, when they are short, soft, and
dense ; — dliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelasli.

42. Stings are tubular and acute hairs, fixed ujion minute
glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the

26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC.

slightest pressure tlus fluid is injected through the tube into the
wound made by its point. Ex. nettle.

43. Prickles (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis,
consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appen-
ded to the cuticle alone, and are stripped oiF with it. Unlike
the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do
they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.)

44. Glands (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situ-
ated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate
and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous,
saccharine, acrid, &c.

a. They ai-e either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the
passion flower ; or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear punctate, as in the
leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair,
either at its base or its summit. Such are called glandular hairs.

45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cel-
lular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are
seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute
drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam
is stored up in large reservoirs of this kind.

CHAPTER III.

PEIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

46. The vegetable kingdom has long been considered by
botanists under two great natural divisions, namely, Ph^^enoga-
MiA, or Flowering Plants, and Cryptogamia, or Flowerless
Plants.

47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or
the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distin-
guished by their stmctme. The Phsenogamia abound \vith the
ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist
more generally of the cellular. Hence, the former are also called
Vasculares, and the latter Cellulares.

SPECIES GENUS. 2f

48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds
composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons {k\25) and embryo,
while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called spores,
having no such distinction of parts. Thus the Phaenogamia are
also called Cotyledonous and the Cryptogamia Acotyledo-
Nous plants.

49. Lastly, we find in the Phaenogamia, a system of com-
pound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively
developed on a determinate plan (U8- 26), while in the Cryp-
togamia, a gradual departure from tliis plan commences, and
they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without sym-
metry or proportion.

a. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the
compound organs of Flowebing Plants ; and since, in our descriptions of these
organs, frequent references will be made to particular species and genera, for
illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice
of these fundamental divisions also.

50. A Species embraces all such individuals as may have
originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an es-
sential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common
parent, in all their parts.

a. Thus the white clover, ( Trifolivm repens) is a species, embracing thousands
of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common
descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. The
innumerable multitudes of individual plants which clothe the earth, are, so far
as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species.

51. To this law of resemblance in plants of a common
origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals from
the same parent often bear flowers diflering in color, or fruit
differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form. Such differences
are caUed varieties. Tliey are never permanent, but exhibit
a constant tendency to revert to their original type.

a. Varieties occur chiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, tulip,
Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and
culture, to which t'-ey a^p subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to
multiply spontaneously rrom seed, in their own proper soil.

52 A Genus is an assemblage of species, with more points
of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling
each other than they resemble any species of other groups.

28 THE FLOWER.

a. For example, the genus Trifolium includes the species T. repem, T. pratense,
&c., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that the most hasty observer
would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate
to include the white pine and the pitch pine (P. strobus and P. rigida), any more
than he would fail to observe their diiferences.

b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious
characters, distributed into species, and the species, by taily nat-
ural afiinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute
the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by
natural or artificial methods.

:((: * ^ To the admirer of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of atten-
tion, as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty,
even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. Yet, as objects of science,
they merit a stiU higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed
in their construction, or their important agency in the reproduction of the plant.
But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is
one of \as, first requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs
in classification.

CHAPTER IV.

THE FLOWER.
}1. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT.

53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members : —
1. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, Called, collectively, the perianth,
{nsqi, around, av&oc, a flower) ; 2. The stamens ; 3. The pistils ;
and, 4. The receptacle, or torus.

a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils are regarded in science as essential
parts. These, together with the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect flower^
even when one or all other parts are wanting ; because these two organs alone
are sufficient for the perfection of the seed. In a popular sense, however, a per-
fect flower must jiossess all the organs above mentioned.

b. If the stamens or tlie pistils, either or both, be wanting, the floAver is said to
be imperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile,
having pistils only, or neutral, having neither organs complete.

PISTILS.

29

4 3 1 2

FIG. 4. — No. 1, Lily (Liliutn Japonicum) ; 2, pink (Dianihus); 3, a stamen ; 4, a pistil.

54. The FLORAL envelopes, or perianth, consist of one or
more circles or tchorls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. The
outer of these whorls is called the calyx, and the other, if there
be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the
corolla, but the corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If nei-
ther of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamyde-
ous («, privative, and x^afivg, a cloak).

55. The CALYX (>f«Ai;|, a cup), therefore, is the external en-
velope, the Clip, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves,
with their edges distinct or united, usually gi-een, but sometimes
highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called sepals.

56. The COROLLA (Lat. corolla, diminutive of corona, crown)
is the interior envelope of the floAver, consisting of one or more
circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by their edges, usually
of some other color than green, and of a more dehcate structure
than the cal}'x. Its leaves are called petals

57. The stamens are those thread-hke organs, situated just
within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number
varies from one to a hundred, but the most common number
is five. Their office is, the fertihzation of the seed. They
are collectively called the androscium (ocvdgeg,* stamens, oixog, a
house).

* The plural of «v«^, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnaeus, in accordance
with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. Tlie terra ywx, woman, is. on the same
grounds, applied to the pistil

30 THE FLOWER.

58. The PISTILS occupy the centre of the flower. Tliey are
sometimes mimerous, but often only one. They are destined to
bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gynoRcium {yvvrj,
pistil, oixog, a house).

59. The RECEPTACLE is the summit of the flower-stalk, out of
which the floral organs gi'ow, and upon which they stand in
concentric whorls, the gyncecium in the centre, the andrcecium.
encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing
the whole.

60. The principal parts of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &c.),
or better by specimens, with which, both here and throughout the xvork, the student
should always be provided.

The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1 ), are the stamens, sur-
rounding the pistil b; cis the perianth, consisting of two similar Avhorls, the outer
one a calyx of three sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, suiTounding or
enveloping the stamens and pistil ; at rf is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the
inner envelope, the corolla ; at 6 is the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which
seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup ; at c, below the calyx, are
certain leafy appendages called bracteoles or bracts.

a. Let the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowers, whose parts are
well developed, until he becomes familiar ^vith the appearance of each organ, and
can instantly apply its name.

61. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of
four sets of organs, aiTanged in concentric whorls. In regard to
the number and position of the individual organs composing
these whorls, it is important to observe,

a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same num-
ber of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals,
5 stamens, and 5 pistils ; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals,
3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c.

b. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates
with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals alternate with
the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with
the pistils.

c. Thus, in a word, the normal structure of the truly symmetrical flower,
divested of all irregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the
organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those
of the other whorls (Fig. 5; 1). This structural arrangement, as will hereafter be
seen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful

ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE.

31

theory of the ' transformation of tlie leaves into the floral organs,' * to which allu-
sion has already been made (§ 25). Wien the hnd is developed into a branch,
instead of a flower, the leaves are usually an-anged in a simple spiral line. This
spire may be broken up into equal circles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter
explained. In either case the leaves of one spire, or circle, do not issue from the
stem at points exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the inter-
vals between them.

62. This simple nomial structui'e of the flower is, however, subject to many
apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly conformable
to it. Of these few the order Linaceae affords good examples. In the flax
(Linuni) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals,
5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each with 5 double cai-pels), all alternating with each
other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5;1).

FIG. 3. — Plan of flowers; 1, o/a regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum); 2,
of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens ; 3, of the primrose, showing the position
of the suppressed row of stamens ; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive
stamens ; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-nettle (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one
carpel is wanting ; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two
whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed.

63.

If, with this adopted standard, we compare the numerous

• This theory was first suggested by Linneeus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub-
sequently by Wolff" and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at
length been revived by modern \vriters of the highest merit, and shown to be perfectly coin-
cident with facts. ' The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to
botany, and rendered it one of the most philo.sophical and inductive of the natural sciences.'
See Gray's Bot. Text-Book, Chap VIII, where this theory is clearly stated, and richly illus-
trated.

3S' THE FLOWER.

forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to trace
out the features of the general plan, even among the ■wddest de-
viations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations.
Some of them are the follo\ving.

a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For
example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim-
erous (Tguf, three, and /ui^o;, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two
whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may
be regarded as arranged in foiir whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur
to the student.

b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the
primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed
opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate
whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is
a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5; 3, 4).

c. So7ne of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies aro
very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are
wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment
makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatse but one
stamen is wanting (Fig. 5 ; 5). In the caiTOt, caraway, and all the Umbelliferse,
the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2.

d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. Thus the sepals may be
united at their edges in diflferent degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals
may be thus united, as in the morning glory : or the stamens, as in the mallows
tribe ; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can
be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur.

e. The organs of different xvhorls may have been conjoined., catising great disturb-
ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the cun-ant, coheres
^vith the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so
that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior.
Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in then* lower part, so as to appear to
grow out of them ; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla.
In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consoUdated with the pistil. The term free
is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo-
sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other.

f. The organs of the same whorl may have been imtquaUy developed. This is the
case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio,
a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip).

g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind,
or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated
plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc-
ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been
reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all paiis of the flower tend
towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel-

ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE.

33

oped branch ven- obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having
given ft slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch,
showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the
leaves.

h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not efiectually checked in its growth by the
development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary
flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose.
Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.)

k. This mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc-
tive, but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The
intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina-
tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the normal plan.

FIG. 0. — 1, From Lindley, — a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2, liern
drawn from a living specimen, — a tulip, 6, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the posi-
tion, form, and color (in pan) of a sepal j 3, here drawn from a living specimen, — a rose (R.
dmmascena) %vith the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds.

#*^^ In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those
organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to
the perfection of the seed.

34

THE FiOWER.

CHAPTER V.

THE FLO WEE.
{ 2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES.

64. The stamens and pistils are situated within the floral
envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every
species, at least, of the Phsenogamous plants, they were seized
upon by Linnaeus* as the basis of his beautiful arrangement,
called the Artificial System.

FIG. 7. — Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho-
dodendron Lapponicura), in their natural position ; a, stigma, 6, anthers, c, style, d, filaments,
«, ovary, /, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger ; 3, sage ; 4, Berberis ; 5, Vaccinium
amoenum, with the terminal pores; 6, cucumber, wilh the sinuous lobes of the anther;
7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily ; 10 Magnolia ; 17, a four-celled
anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various
(magnified) forms of pollen-grains.

* Carl Von Linn6, or Linnceus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergy-
man, born in 1707, at Rhceshult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24lh year,
v/hile a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants
^vhich bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University,
and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility.
He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of
which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted
to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri-
buted to its general diffusion. In his ' immortal work,' Species Plantarum, he enriched the
language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the tech-
nology of plants, for their more accurate description.

POLLEN. 35

65. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, seen in the
midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the
corolla, or the calj-^x, constituting the andnrcium.

C6. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distmct
parts; namely, the filament, a; the anther, h; and the pollen, c.
The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter are essen-
tial.

67. Tlie FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, sup-
porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the
stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting,
the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be
sessile.

68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the
filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, con-
nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is
analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans-
fomied into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile.

a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the
dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at
the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one.

b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament tenninating,
not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged
above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c.

c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot
constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile.

09. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament,
we find the following variations ; the anthers are said to be,

1. Lmate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile.

2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by then- back, so as to appear
lateral ; as in the Anemone, water-Uly.

3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they
lighth' swing ; as in the grasses.

4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so
that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (tumed
inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the
dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples
of the foi-raer are seen in the violet ; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc-
tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen.

70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con-
tained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro-
scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms,
4

36

THE FLOWER.

usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others tiiangu-
lar, in others stiU, polygonal, &;c., always being of the same form
in the same species. (Fig. 7.)

a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack
containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable
minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. Wlien the membrane is exposed
to moisture, it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.)

71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle
of delicate Hgneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by
cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the
leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the
connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue,
coiTesponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf.
The pollen consists of disintegrated bladders of the same tissue.

72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is e\'ident, as we have already seen, that
however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the
same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta-
mens into petals, as seen in the water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the
process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having
the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every
conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modi-
fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106).

FIG. 8. — Stamens of the water-lily gradually passing into petals.

73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in re-
spect to their number, position, relative length, connection, and
presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens,
the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL CLASSES of Liunssus are founded.

74. 1st. Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon
the number of the stamens — the stamens being also /ree (63,
c), and of equal length. Their names are derived from the
Greek numerals combined with ai^Sgeg (57, note), as follows : —

Class I, MoNANDRiA {/novog, Solitary,) includes all genera (52)
of plants with one stamen to each flower.

LINNEAN CLASSES. 37

Class II, DiANDRiA (<5t?, twice), with two stamens to each
flower.

III, Triandria {rgig, tlirice), with tliree stamens.

IV, Tetrandria (rexQu, four times), with fom- stamens.
V, Pentandria (ttevts, five), with five stamens.

VI, Hexandria (e's, six), with six stamens.
VII, Heptandria (ema, seven), with seven stamens.
VIII, OcTANDRiA (oxTw, eight), with eight stamens.
IX, Enneandria (evvect, nine), with nine stamens.
X, Decandria (dsHu, ten), with ten stamens.
XI, DoDECANDRiA (Swdexa, twclve), with twelve stamens.
2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the posi-
tion of the stamens, — the stamens being free and equal.

XII, IcosANDRiA (eixoai, twenty), includes those genera
of plants wluch have twenty or more stamens to
the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous).

XIII, PoLYANDRiA {noXvg, many), twenty or more stamens,

seated on the receptacle (hypogynous).
3d. Relative length. The two following classes are founded
upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their
number.

XIV, DiDYNAMiA (Sig, twice, Sva), two, vjj/itu, a filament),

includes plants with four stamens, of which two

are long, and two are short.

XV, Tetradynamia (tet^k, four times, dvo), vrj/ua), with six

stamens, of which four are long, and two are short.

4th. Connection. The five succeeding classes depend upon

the connection of the stamens, in various ways,

XVI, MoNADELPHiA (/uovog, ad6).(pog, a brother), includes
plants with the filaments united into one set or
fraternity.
XVII, DiADELPHiA (dv(o, adelffog), into two sets or fraternities.
XVIII, PoLYADELPHiA (nolvg, aSslcfog), into many sets or fra-
ternities.
XIX, Syngenesia, {aw, together, ysveaig, origin), stamens
united by their anthers, into a tube.
XX, Gynandria {yvvri, §51, note, «'^'?9)j stamens consoli-
dated with the style.

38

THE FLOWER.

5th. Absence. The four remaining classes depend upon the
absence of the stamens in a part or all of the flowers of the same
species.

XXI, MoNCEciA (//oj'oj, otjfoj, an abode), includes plants
where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow-
ers, on the same individual.
XXII, DicEciA {8ig, oiKog), in separate flowers on different
individuals.

XXIII, PoLYGAMiA (tto^u?, many, yaf^og, marriage), where the

stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers,
and united in others, either on the same or two or
three different plants.

XXIV, Cryptogamia [xqvmog, concealed, ya/uog), mcludes

those genera of plants where the stamens and pis-
tils are wanting, or at least invisible, commonly
called Flowerless Plants. (46 — 49.)

a. Such are the twenty-four Linnean classes, in which all the genera of the vege-
table kingdom are included. Nothing could have been more simple than the first
eleven. To distinguish them, we have only to count the stamens. The other
classes are founded upon distinctions less simple, though in general easy to be
understood. A good specimen flower of each class should here be closely exam-
ined, to illustrate the definitions, and fix them in the memory.

The following simple figures are emblematic of each class, to which tlie pupil
is required to apply the appropriate numbers and names.

X -l-^^fe-

CARPELS.

39

CHAPTER VI.

THE FLOWER.
»3. OF THE PISTIL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS.

FIG. 10. — 1, Pistil of a whortleberry (Vaccinium amoenum) ; 6, the stigma; c, style ; a, tho
epif>'nous disk ; «, perpendicular section of the ovary combined with the adherent (superior)
calyx ; d, the placenta with the ovules ; 2, the gyncEcium of a flower with 5 pistils, showing
the carpels and styles distinct ; 7, cross section of the same ; 3, the carpels united and the
styles distinct ; 6, cross section of the same ; 4, both carpels and styles united ; 5, cross section
of the same ; 8, leaf of Br>'ophyllum, putting forth buds from its margin ; 9, carpel of the gar-
den cherr>-, revening to the form of the leaf; 10, two such carpels ; 11, two perfect carpels.

75. The pistil (or pistils) occupies the centre of the flower, at
the termination of the axis. It consists of three parts, the ovary,
or genn, a, (Fig. 4.) the style, b, and the stigma, c. Tlie style is
sometimes wanting, and the stigma then becomes sessile upon
the ovar}^ (See also Figs. 10, 11.)

76. The OVARY (Lat. ovarium, a depository, from ovum, an
egg) is the tumid and hollow part of the pistil, situated at its
base, contaming the ovules, or young seeds within its cavities,
and destined to become the fruit.

77. The ovary is either simple or compound. When com-
pound, it consists of two or more lobes or divisions, called
CARPELS {ituqnoc, fruit), uuitcd together more or less closely.

4*

W THE FLOWER.

Sometimes these divisions are very evident, being but slightly
connected, while in other cases, all external marks of them dis-
appear. When simple, it of course consists of a single carpel.
(Fig. 10.)

78. The STYLE is that prolonged columnar part of the ovary,
or rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The
number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equals
the number of carpels : but when the carpels are closely united,
the styles may be united also, into a single compound column,
or they may even then remain distinct.

79. The STIGMA is the upper portion, or extremity, of the style,
extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary
and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is com-
pound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels.

80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the
styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders,
into wliich the first thirteen classes of Linna;us are subdivided.
They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the ter-
mination gynia, {ywrj, 51, Note,) as follows.

Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of plants in
either of the first thirteen classes, with one style
to the flower.

2. Digynia, with two styles to the flower.

3. Trigynia, with three styles.

4. Tetragynia, with four styles.

5. Pentagynia, with five styles.

6. Hexagynia, with six styles.

7. Heptagynia, with seven styles.

8. Octogynia, with eight styles.

9. Enneagynia, with nine styles.

10. Decagynia, with ten styles.

11. Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles.

12. Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.*

•The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depend-
ing upon the pistil, and are as follows : —

The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two ;

1. Gymnospennia, witli seeds apparently naked.

2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp.

THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41

81. The OVULES are certain little globular bodies, produced in
the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the
matured fruit. (Fig. 10; 1.)

82. The PLACENTA is that part of the ovary from which the
ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a
hne, or fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direc-
tion is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth.
(Fig. 10; 1, d.)

83. Pkysiological structure. The ovary and style are com-
posed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbed-
ded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular
substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the
placenta tbrough the centre of the style. It is the only part of
the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35).

84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modifica-
tion of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each
carpel has its o^vn style and stigma, and is fonned of a leaf folded together in
such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards tho

The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished
by the form of the pod : —

1. Siliculosa, the fniit a silicle, or short pod.

2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod.

The orders of the 16th, 17th, ISth, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes are of the same
name and character as the lirst 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded
npon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus : —

Order 1, Monandria, includes all Jlonadelphous plants, Diadelphous plants, &c.
witli one stamen to each flower.
2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on.
The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five : —
Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the bead all perfect.

2. Supcrflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistil-

late, the rest perfect.

3. Frustranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect.

4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest

staminate and sterile.

5. Segregata (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx.

The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters
as the two preceding classes : —

1. Monoecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same

indi\'idual.

2. Direcia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals.

The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orders
of this grand division, as FiUces, the ferns, Mitsci, the mosses, &c

48 THE FLOWER.

axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two
edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the
outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the
united margins, the ventral.

a. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers
of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition,
reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary kqf {Yig. 10 ; 9) stands in
the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein
greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex.

b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no doubt
can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the
ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and
the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the
flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards
each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true
carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous.

c. Many other plants, as the rose. Anemone, Ranunculus, &c. exhibit similar
transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is
formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, there/ore, is the blade of a
leaf; the style, the lengthened apex ; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded vortion
of the upper margin of the leaf.

85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel,
the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many
propositions like the following.

a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary
leaves, their united edges all meeting in the centre, and the
cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9).

h. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels.

c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dis-
sepiments {dissepio, to separate,) must each be double; they
must be vertical ; they must be equal in number to the carpels,
and alternate with the stigma, which is also double.

d. Again, the single carpel can have no tnte dissepiment. If
any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious.
Ex. flax (Fig. 11).

86. These propositions are true only when each carpellary
leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two edges
mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of
adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11 ; 1, 2, 3). In this case there
will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course,
become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana.

OVULES.

43

87. The placentas are developed at each of the two edges of
the carpellary leaf If these edges be in their normal condi-
tions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta
to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate,
there will necessarily be two placent^e to each carpel, the one
to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and
style. They are then said to be parietal {paries, a wall).

FIG. 11. — 1, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentas,
the dissepiments partially obliterated ; 2, dissepiments wholly obliterated; 3, dissepiments
obliterated, showing a free central placenta ; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments,
as in the flax; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placentoE ; 6, with free central pla-
centae ; 7, an amphitropous ovule ; 8, vertical section of the same ; a, funiculus ; 6, raphe ;
c, chalaza ; </, nucleus ; e, secundine ; f, primine ; g, micropyle ; 9, anatropous ovules at-
tached to the ovar)'.

88. But the placenta? are sometimes found in the common
centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3,6). This
anomaly, which is called a free central placenta, is thus ex-
plained. The dissepiments were at first actually formed in the
usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the
shell, they were torn away and obliterated.

a. As the ovules are always developed by the placentoe, they, of cotirse, grow
out of the margins of the carpellaiy leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be
analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true
leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10; 8), and in the mign-
ionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves.

89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In
the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe,
Coniferee, entirely so, the carpellary leaf being open or wanting.

44

THE FLOWER.

a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovaiy
ascending, when it grows from a little above the base ; pendulous, when it hangs
from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below
the summit.

90. In their early state, the ovules are quite soft, consisting of
two sacks or integuments, containing a pulpy mass, and open
only at their apex, Avhere there is a passage left tlirough both,
called the foramen. The outer integument is called the pri7nine,
the other the secundine, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus.
(Fig. 11; 8.)

a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in
water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue
from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed,
which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18).

91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the pla-
centa, is called the funiculus, and its point of attachment to the
nucleus of the ovule, the chalaza. Through these the ovule
receives its nourishment from the placenta. (Fig- 11 ; 8, 9.)

} 4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS.

92. The specific use of
the stamens and pistils is
the fertilization of the
seed (57, 58). Tliis ap-
pears to be effected in the
following manner. At the
proper season, the anthers
discharge the poUen con-
tained in their cavities,
tlurough their dehiscence

FIG. 12. — 1, Section of the upper part of the style Or poreS, into the air. Some
of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down q^ j-(- i^J^i^i^g falls UDOU the
between the cells ; 2, 3, 4, 5, various forms of pollen,
showing the tubes ; 6, pollen of the ffinothera biennis, SUj^lllcl.
one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style.

a. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of
this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the
stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip,
and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain

CALYX. 45

laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the
proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by tlie
elasticity of the filaments. In Monoecious and Dioecious plants, where the sta-
mens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often con-
veyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey.

93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat
of each granule bursts (70, a) at one or more points, allowing
the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This
tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and
passes dowii between the loose cells of the style, extending
itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of con-
siderable length. When these titbcs reach the ovary, they
direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and
enter the foramen, which at tliis time is turned towards the
base of the stylo, and brought in contact with its condvicting
tissue (83).

94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjec-
tured that the molecules which they contain (69, a) are conveyed
by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing them-
selves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they
constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly
known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule
shortly after the pollen tube enters it.

CHAPTER VII.

THE FLOWER.
5 5. OF THE CALYX.

95. The temi cabjz comes from the Greek, and signifies a
cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in
reference to its common form and position. It is generally
green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other coloi
than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more
delicate organs of the flower in aestivation (in the bud).

96. The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are

46

THE FLOWER.

sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges, to a
greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as
in the pink. The calyx is then said to be monoscpalous, a term
which must never be literally applied, since no true calyx can
consist of merely a single sepal ; when the sepals are not united
in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous.

97. If the calyx is free, that
is, distinct from the ovary, as
in the pink, it is said to be in-
ferior, while the ovaiy is supe-
rior ; but if the calyx be adhe-
rent to the sides of tlie ovaiy,
so as to appear to grow out of
its summit, as in the rose, it is
said to be superior. (Fig. 13 ;

FIG. 13.— 3, Ovar)', with adherent (superior), j^ 3 \
persistent calyx; 1, vertical section of the same,

showing the epi^nous (Gr. «;)on <Ae piS«iOs»a- 98. Ll rCSpCCt tO duratioU,
mens ; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- -^ -^ ^af/wcOMi whcu it faUs off
nous (Gr. under the pistil); 4, stamens on the

calyx, that is, perigynous(Gr. arounrf «;ie;)is(i/); as soon aS the tlower IS ex-
5, stamens on the corolla (perigynous) ; 6, sta- ponded, Ex. poppy ; dcciduOUS,
men with the connectile continued beyond the -. /- n n- ,^ n

3„„,gr when it falls oft as the flower

decays, Ex. water lily; and p)ersistent, when it remains upon
the germ after the corolla has fallen ; Ex. rose, apple.

99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and some-
times, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting
(54).

a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like
processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is pecu-
liar to the Composite, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the
flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no
room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus con-
sists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose ; if the hairs are
feathery, plumose; if they are stiff', like bristles, setose; if dilated.
so as to become chaffy, paleaceous.

56. OF THE COROLLA.

100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or

MONOPKTALOUS COROLLAS. 47

crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the lioral envelopes
situated between the cal^rx and the stamens, upon the delicate
texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the
flower.

101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the
sepals of the cal}rx, they are either distinct, or united by their
adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning
glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypet-
alous; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly mis-
applied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true
corolla can consist simply of a single petal.

102. A petal consists of two parts ; the claic, which is the
narrow part at the base, answering to the stalk of a leaf, and
the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the
claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf The claw is some-
times very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the
rose.

103. Wlien the petals are confluent into a monopetalous
corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the
tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of
it, wliich is called the limh or border. Both of these parts are
exhibited in the Phlox.

10-1. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts
correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and
irregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various
forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as
follows :

1. Campamdate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and
swelling abmptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Cam-
panula).

2. Lifundibuliform (funnel -form), tubular at the base, but
gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory,
tobacco.

3. Hijpocrateriform (salver- form), the tube ending abruptly in
a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox.

4. Rotate (.wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading,
with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein.

5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft

48

THE FLOWER.

into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower lip. If
the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo,
to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are
pressed together, personate {persona, a mask) ; Ex. snap dragon.
If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex.
Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally char-
acterizes the plants of the large and important natural order
Labiata?.

FIG. 14. — Forms of corollas; 1, Campanula rotiindifolia ; 2, tobacco; 3, Convolvulus;
4, Veronica ; 5, sage ; C, Gaullheria procumbens ; 7, Phlox ; 8, cabbage ; 9, rose ; 10, Lathyrus.

105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also re-
ceived appropriate names, and are described as follows. The
last only is irregular.

1. Cruciform {crux, a cross), consisting of four petals spread-
ing at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla con-
stitute the large natural order Cmciferaj, which corresponds to
the loth class in the artificial arrangement. Of this kind is the
mustard (Sinapis).

2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of
five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the
receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple.

3. Liliaceous, Y\\ie t\ieY\\y. The Perianth consists of six parts,
each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resem-
ble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4).

NECTAUy. 49

4. Carrjojjhyllaceous, like the piiilv. Tliis corolla consists of
five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex.
pink, cockle (Fig. 4).

5. Papilionaceous, buttei-fly-shaped. This corolla consists of
five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows ; —
the upper and largest is called the ba?tner [vexillum); the two
lateral ones beneath this, the wings {alee); and the two lower
ones cohering by their lower margins, the keel {carina). Exam-
ples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla consti-
tute the greater part of the Leguminosee, one of the most
extensive and useful of the natural families.

106. Physiological structure. The floral envelopes are
found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of
which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expan-
sions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of dehcate spiral
vessels, all covered witli an epidermis often having stomata.
Tlieir various colors are produced by secretions contained in the
little bladders of the cellular tissue.

{ 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK.

107. These are terms which have been apphed to certain
anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in
structiure and position, ., oo -^.i

a. The nectary (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secfetiOft of
honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of
the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal.
In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectai-ies are merely
abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady's slipper and other Orchida-
ceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was
called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or
lip.

b. The DISK is a term applied to certain little projections situated between the
bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised
rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is,
f^ypogyrwus [iin-Z, under, ywif, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top
of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (eri,
upon, ywx), as in the Comus.

c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by
Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary st;itc, as it is sometimes separated
into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the tnie stamens.

50

THE FLOWER.

^8. OF jESTIVATION.

108. yEsTivATioN {cestivus, of summer) is a term used by
botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several
organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is
the same to the flower-bud as vernation {vernus, of the spring)
is to the leaf -bud.

a. The different modes of aestiration may be best observed in sections of the
bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common varieties
ai-e the following.

1. Valvule; applied to each other by the margins oifly ; as the
petals of the Umbelliferas, the valves of a capsule, &c.

2. Convolute ; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the
petals of the wall-flower.

3. Quincuncial ; when the pieces are five in number, of which
two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior
with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the ex-
terior, as in Rosa.

4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and over-
lapping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin beuag, in
like manner, overlapped by that wliich stands next it, as
the corolla of Apocynum.

5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner
is covered by the outer in such a way that each of the exterior
rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the Lfliacese.

FIG. 15.— Estivation of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiranthus; 3, Rose (single);
4, Oxalis ; 5, Lilium ; 6, Pisum ; 7, Lysimachia ; 8, Solanum ; 9, calyx of the Rose. Tho
last form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricate.

THE FRUIT. St

6. Vexillari/ ; when one piece is much lai'ger than the others,
and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in
papiUonaceous flowers. „„„

7. Induplicatc ; having the margins bent abruptly inwards,
and the external face of these edges applied to each other with-
out any twisting ; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis.

8. Supervolute ; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is en-
veloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction ; as
the leaves of the apricot.

Of these foniis of aestivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are fre-
quently designated by the general term imbricate, that is, edge
overlapping edge.

TO

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FRUIT.

109. The fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable
organization ; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases,
the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the
fruU, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly
said to be ' the tcnnination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new.'

a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it
does not, like the flower, sen-c to adom the face of nature by the beauty of its
form and color, yet, besides its owti peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life,
it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man.

b. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always
preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its
maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen from the anthers, the
pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the
peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary
brought to perfection.

110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same
general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with much accuracy,
by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, how-
ever, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary,
as to disguise its real stiiicture ; so that an early examination would be even more
safe in its results than a late one.

a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit ^vith but one cell and one seed,
although its ovary had three cells and six ovules. The change is produced by
5*

52 THE FRUIT.

the non-development of five of the oviiles, while the sixth grows so rapidly as to
obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change also
takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the bu-ch is two-ceUed and tvvo-
ovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes one-
celled.

§ 1. OF THE PERICARP.

111. The FRUIT consists of the pericarp aud the seed; the
former may be wanting, but the latter is essential.

a. Truly nake.d seeds are found in few plants, except the Coniferse, where the
pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The
seeds of the sage and the borage, with their respective tribes, generally said to be
nafed, are not so in fact, for each seed being the product of an ovary with one
ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp.

112. The PERICARP {jte^i', around, xagnog, fruit) is the covering
or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It
consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (em, upon) is
the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (svdov, within),
called also putamen or sheU, is the inner coat, and the sarco-
carp (ff«^|, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance.

a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sarcocarp, and
the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the
glazed lining of the cells, the epicarp the epidermis, and the sarcocarp the inter-
vening pulp.

113. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts
below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner
into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by
evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which
still perfonn the functions of trae leaves. Thus these parts become gradually
distended into the fonn and dimensions of the frait..

114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical changes, effected by
the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp
consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular and
ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37).

a. Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour by
absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin
ciple.

b. Lastly, when the fiiiit has attained its fixll growth, the pulp becomes gi-adu
ally sweetened and softened, by the fonnation of sugar at the expense of the
acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard.
These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, &c., where the
greater portion of nutiitive matter is stored up in the pericarp ; but in the fniit of

CAPSULE. 53

the oak, chestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposited in the
seed.

FIG. IG. — Modes of dehiscence | 1, Locu.icidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Seplilragal. The straiglit
lines represent the dissepiments.

llo. Dehiscence. When the pencarp has arrived at maturity,
it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn,
or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are
called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de-
hiscence is always vertical, and is called,

1. LocuUcidal {loculus, a cell, cccdo, to cut), when it takes
place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel directly
into the cell. Ex. lily.

2. Septicidal (septum, a wall, and ccedo), when it takes place
through the dissepiments (wlaich are doubled, §85, c). Ex.
mallows.

3. Septifragal {septum, and frango, to break), when the valves
separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the
axis. Ex. Convolvulus.

•t. Sntural (suticra, a seam), when it takes place at one or
both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea.

5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile (circumscindo,
to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c.,
where the top of the pericarp falls off like a lid. (Fig. IS ; 16.)

116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been
studied by botanists ^^^th gi-cat attention. The following varieties are generally
described in elementary works.

1. Capsule (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps
which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com-
pound ovar}^ dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some-
times by pores only.

a. The capsule consists of only 07ie cell, or is divided within

64

THE FRUIT.

by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or
substance formed by the united placentae is called the colu-
mella. To this the seeds are generally attached. The seed-
vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot ( San-
guinaria), are capsules.

FIG. 17. — Forms of fruit : 1, capsule of Rhododendron ; 2, Nicotiana ; 3, Colchicum ;
4, CEnothera ; 5, silique of Raphanus ; 6, silicle of Capsella ; 7, legume of the pea ; 8, jointed
legume (loment) of Desmodium ; 9, follicle of Apocynum ; 10, nut of oak ; 11, drupe of
Cerasus.

2. Silique (a pod). This is a long, nan-ow pericarp of two
valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by
the extended placenta?. The seeds are attached to the edges
of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex.
mustard, wallflower, and other Ciaiciferaj.

3. Silicle (a little pod), differs from the siUque, by being
shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd's
purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are peculiar to plants
with cruciform corollas.

4. Legume (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a
simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the sihque. It
bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately,
along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of
the great natural order Leguminosas. The legume, therefore,
accompanies the papilionaceous corolla.

5. Follicle (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one

PEPo, 55

cell, opening by a sutiual deliiscence on the iimer side, and
bearing seeds at the base, or along the sutme. Ex. peony, col-
umbine, silk-weed.

6. Drupe (stone-fruit) is one-celled, one or two seeded, nide-
hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and
pulpy cpicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cheriy, peach. It also
includes those fniits wliich have a fibro-flcshy, or even coria-
ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are
called drupaceous.

7. The Nut is a hard, dry, indeliiscent shell, proceeding from
an ovaiy which is two or more celled, and two or more oviiled,
but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled ( 110, a).
It differs from the Drupe, in wanting the soft, succulent cover-
ing. Listead of tliis it is seated in a kind of persistent involu-
cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle.

8. Caryopsis (kernel). This is a tliin, dry, one-celled peri-
carp, inseparable from the seed wliich it encloses. Ex. maize,
wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is
called a utricle, as in the pig-weed ( Chenopodium).

9. An ACHENiuM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, dis-
tinct from the seed wliich it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun-
culus, Aster, and the Compositse generally.

10. Samara (Avingcd fruit). It consists of a diy, indeliiscent,
one-seeded pericarp, A\'ith a -wuig-like appendage. Ex. birch,
maple.

11. A PYxis (box) is a capsule which opens by a chcum-
sessile deliiscence (115 ; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with
a hd. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca).

12. Pome (apple). This is a fleshy, indeliiscent pericarp,
formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous
cai-pels, or cells, wliich enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, peai-,
quince.

13. The PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed-
ing from a compound ovary, either one-ceUed, or entirely filled
with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin.

14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the
seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft

56

THE FRUIT.

mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon an-
swer tliis definition, and are therefore berries.

FIG. 18. — Forms of fruit ; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged,
fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle ; 15,
samara of Acer ; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear); 18, berry of Ribes
(gooseberry) ; 19, section of the same enlarged ; 20, strobile of Pinus ; 21, cYemocarp of the
UmbelliferiSe, as Conium.

a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en-
larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does
it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the Rubus, is an aggre-
gate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Etseria, by Mirbel.
(Fig. 18; 13, 14.)

15. Strobile (cone). Tliis is an aggregate fruit, consisting
of scale-like cai-pels spread open, ^vith naked seeds on their
inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is
on tlris account called ConifersD.

HILUM. 57

CHAPTER IX.

THE FRUIT.
{2. OF THE SEED.

117. The seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con-
tains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the
original.

a. The seed consists of three principal parts; — the integu-
ments, the ALBUMEN, and the embryo.

118. The Integuments, or coverings, invest the seed immedi-
ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single,
they consist of several membranes, to each of wliich an appro-
priate name has been apphed. The first, or outer membrane,
is the testa; the second, the mesosperm; the third, the endo-
PLEURA, con-esponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule,

a. The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), homy (cms-
taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes
beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often
highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into
^vings, as in the Arabisi, and sometimes into a tuft of bans at one end, called
coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton.

6. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi-
fication of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the
achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Compositas.

119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of
the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when
the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing
the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering
of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely
envelops the seed, hi other seeds it is a mere scale, and often
it is wanting.

120. The HILUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats
of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is
commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig.
11; 8, a.)

. 121. The hilum of the seed gometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the

58 THE FRUIT.

ovule. lu this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can-
dleberry (Myrica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond
the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it
is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that
part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is
called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted),
and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the ana-
tropous seed, and seiwes to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11 ; No's 8 and 9.)

122. The Albumen. Next within the integuments, there is a
wliite substance called the albumen, consisting cliiefly of starch.
It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat,
rye, and serves to nourish the embiyo in its nascent state. It
abounds chiefly in those seeds wliich have but one cotyledon.
It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The
albumen in some seeds is entirely wantuag, particularly in the
bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the
cotyledon.

123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiments of the
young plant, situated witliin the integuments. To the growth
of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. In some
seeds the embiyo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus.

124. The embryo is divided into three parts ', the radicle, the
plumule, and cotyledon.

a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined
to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points
towards the foramen.

h. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embiyo, or the
rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually
directed towards the chalaza.

125. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porous, and farinaceous
part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the
young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule
and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the
bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons
are conspicuous in rising above the gi'ound.

a. The number of cotyledons is variable ; and upon this cir-
cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division
of the Ph^enogamia, or flowering plants.

126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon,

SPORES.

59

or, if two fti-e present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called
ENDOGEXS ((vifov, inside, ■}ivo/aui, to originate or grow), because their stems increase
by internal accretions (197). Sucli are the grasses, the palms, the Liliacca;, &c.,
whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins.

127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons.
These are also called exogexs (ua, outside), because their stems increase by
external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees,
&c. Tliese are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves,
which arc reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like
network.

v^ a^^ r^ /^5

FIG. 19. — Structure of seeds and germination ; 1, seed of a garden bean ; 2, the same
after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified) ;
n, fungons chalaza, t, raphe, c, Inlum ; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, 6, radicle, c, fissure, beneath
which lies the plumule ; 5, vertical section of the same ; <i, the radicle seen beneath ilia
fissure ; G, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, 6, plumule, c, radicle ; 7, seed of Canna
lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, 6, embryo ; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commence-
ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle ; 9, the same, having thrown off the
pericarp and become a young plant ; 10, germinating seed of Calla ^thiopica ; a, seed, 6,
first leaf of plumule, c, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base;
12, the same after germination has commenced ; 13, the germination completed, and the
young plant formed; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons; 15, the same
after germination has commenced ; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon.

128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to throe cotyledons, while the
dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo >vith no coty-
ledon.

129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Conifera;, &c., occasionally have two
or even several embr}-os in a seed, while all the Crtptogamia, or flowerless
plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spores,
(48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants.

60 THE FRUIT.

§3. OF GERMINATION. - .

"130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec-
tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of
the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injm-ed or destroyed, the ultimate
object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated.

a. Germination is a term denoting the first stages of vital
action in the seed ; the process is briefly described as follows :

131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate
temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften,
and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines
Avith the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the
tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh con-
verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now
begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments
burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom
of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to
the air and the light.* (See Fig. 19, explanations.)

132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at
the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in
the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise
above the surface with the ascendiaig axis, become green, and
perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves,
for the nourishment of the young plant.

133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed
are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness.

a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a
seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within,

* The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex-
periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float-
ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while
the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres.

The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravity is a law in vegetation, as uni-
versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less diflicult to explain. From the two
following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the
law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in
moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror,
reflecting the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards.

Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer-
ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve-
ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant
was inclined at an angle of 45°, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with
the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth.

DISSEMINATION OF SEUDS. jftl

must be obtained from without. Ditl'eient degreos of heat are required by dif-
ferent plants, but a temperatui-c from 50° to 80' is most favorable to those of the
temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by tlie sun.

b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the
drj- nutriment stored up in the albimien, or tlie cotyledons. This is supplied in
showers of rain and dew.

c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar ;
a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as
well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is suppUed by the
water and by the air.

d. And, finally, darkness is fiivorablo, because it is through the influence of
light, as ^nll hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air,
decompose it, retain the carbonic acid, and give back the oxygen only. Light
would tlicrcfore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it.
Hence die seed should be buried in the soil.

134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality
for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which vnW neither cause them
to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence
of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years
old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and tlie raspbeiTy and beach plum after
many centmies.* ,, ,,.j ,

■i-: y.UUTJKxt 'ih

§4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS

135. Is a subject liighly curious and interesting ; and when attentively consid-
ered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the
^\•isdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus,
already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants,
are wafted by winds to considerable distances, across rivers, mountains, and even
the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadmse, a weed now common on both sides the
Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Eui-ope from
Canada, of wliich country it is native.

a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro-
vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are
thus scattered far and mde.

b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are
throAvn to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams,
and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to

* No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by Dr.
Lindley. ' I have before me,' says he, ' three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which
were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface
of the earth. lie had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore
probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.'

Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, in dig-
ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface,
and placed it by itself A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand,
grew, produced fruit, and proved to be Uie beach-plum. -i.um^i, cjOOj iiiii ,iiav6-ii«t)j-'

62 THE ROOT.

country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany,
have heen known to perfonn long voyages, without injui-y to their \-itality. Squir-
rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from cUme to
clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to eifect the same im-
portant end.

CHAPTER X.

THE ROOT.

136. The koot is the basis of the plant, and the principal
source of its nourisliment. It originates with the radicle of the
seed ; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener-
ally immersed in the soil.

a. When the radicle has hurst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the
soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again
divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever
extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full gi-owth.

137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme deUcacy
of the fibres, which renders them averse to the ah- and light, by their avidity for
moisture, and by the cff'ects of gravitation.

a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not
kno\vn to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain dis-
tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a
uniform depth, however great the iiregularities of the surface.

138. The number and extent of the roots must always coiTcspond to the
demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining
it in its erect position. It follows, therefore, that for every expanding leaf, or
extending t^^^g, there must be a con-esponding increment of the roots and fibres
beneath the soil.

139. Eoots are generally distinguished from stems by their
downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the
constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the
absence of buds, stomata, and pith.

140. To all these characteristics there arc, howevei-, exceptions. Thus, buds in
peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers,
around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state
of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly
destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment

SPONGIOSES. 63

than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious.
On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do
naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modem
writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the
6i</6 of the tulip, or the ruAfr of the potato. "j> ^liii-' .0

141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to
the ascending axis, is designated as the collum, or neck.

a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying
the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge-
ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the ah-, while all below it
descends into the earth.

142. The parts of the root wliich require especial notice, are
the caudex, fibrils, and spongioles.

a. The caudex (stock) is the main body of the root. ■'^"

b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off
from the caudex. These are the true roots.

c. The SPONGIOLES are the tender and delicate extremities of
the fibrils ; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions
made to these exti'emities, these are their growing points.

143. The form of the root is much diversified in different
plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct-
ive names, are the following : — •

144. iJamose (branching). This root consists of ramifications
sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in
no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees aiid
sln-ubs. (Fig. 20.) ,f\fi ggxf: o.j:tx9 -iovjol orft lodl ior^

a. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In
many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other ;
that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots
put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus
inverted without injuring their \4tality.

b. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a
branch (offset) of the willow or cuiTant (Eibes) be inserted into the ground, cither
by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it mil take root and flourish.
Other trees, as the mulbeny (Morns) may be multiplied by layers. A branch is
bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is
severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree.

r. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances.
This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much
greater. Those of tlie elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar,
6*

64

THE ROOT.

400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less
fiiinly rooted than those in open situations.

145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy
caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, np-
wards. It sends off' from the sides and extremity, tlnread-lilce
fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb
nonrishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish.

FIG. 20.-
10, Orcliis.

■ Forms of the root ; 7, branchuig roots of a tree ; 8, root of Daucus ; 9, Oxalis ;

a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be
forked. "Wlien it tapers from the coUum downwards its whole length, it is called
a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the

b. Premorse, in wliich the caudex terminates abruptly below,
as if it had been bitten off (prsemorsus). Tliis is due to the
fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex.
Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa.

c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the
fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame-
ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip.

146. The fibrous root consists of numerous tln:ead-hke divis-
ions, sent off' directly from the base without any caudex. Such
are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed-
ingly in a fight sandy soil.

a. A fasciculated, root is a variety of the fibrous, Math some of
its fibres tluckened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony,
Dahlia, &c.

147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, or

ROOTS.

65

tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis.
This root must be distinguished from the tuber, which, hke the
potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems.

a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous,
where the knob is separated below into short, thickened pro-
cesses, as in some species of the Orchis.

b. A gramdated root consists of many small tubercular knobs,
connected by fibres, as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some
writers call tliis variety tnoniliform (nionile, a necklace).

FIG. 21. — Forms of the root ; — 1, Raphanus ; 2, Brassica rapa ; 3, Scabiosa ; 4, Poa ;
5, Pseonia ; 6, Dahlia.

148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reser-
voirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant,
is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for
the time of flowering.

a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, •which are
remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soil.

149. The Jloating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely
upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, CalHtriche. The
latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until
flowering, after wliich it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in
the mud, and there ripens its seeds.

150. Aerial xoots are those which, instead of originating from
portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are pro-
duced from some portion in the open air. Of these roots, seve-
ral varieties are remarkable. 1st, Tliose wliich are sent forth

66 THE ROOT.

firom the joints of creeping or prostrate plants ; as the ground -
ivy, and the twin -flower (Linnsea). 2d, The roots of certain
erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the
stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class
the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose
aerial roots are often several feet in length before reacliing the
earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the
common maize (Zea).

b. A third class of aerial roots is pecuhar to the epiphytes (ent,
upon, (pvTov, a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk
and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment
chiefly from the air. Such are tlie long moss (Tillandsia), pen-
dent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidaceas at the south.
4th, The roots o£ parasites are usually aerial. These are not
only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues,
they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuscuta and
Mistletoe are examples.

PHYSICAl. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT.

151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the
stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of
cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root
is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case
it is always destitute of a pith.

152. Tlie fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or
main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue
(32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the ex-
tremities (35), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceed-
ingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property
of powerfully absorbing water.

153. The gi-owth of the root does not take place by the ex-
pansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition
of new matter at the extremities, and by the fonnation of new
layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with
which it penetrates the crevices of the sod, and forces its way
into the hardest earth.

154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely
mechanical one of fixing the plant in the earth, and maintaining

ABSORPTION. 67

its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is
ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture
which its growth absolutely requires.

a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its
roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially
to the sun, the water will disappear from the glas« more rapidly than could be
expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to
absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water
thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled through the leaves
(a process called exhalation), only a small part of it^ together with the salts
which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant.

155. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon
the activity of exhalation; and since the latter is dependent upon
the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption ^vill, in
general, be more active by day than by night.

156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface,
indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities
of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epider-
mis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue
of the fibril to the vessels of the main root, and immediately
carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant.

a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the
end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the
root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the
curved body of the root be immersed, the plant ■will soon wither, but ■rtII soon be
again re\nvcd, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged.

b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to presence,
uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres.

157. Tlie force \vith which plants absorb fluids by their roots
is very great, as is proved by experiment.

a. If the stem of a \-ine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be
tied to the end of the standing part, it wUl in a few days become distended ^vith
sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus
severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury,
or 1.3 lbs. to the square inch.

1 58. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject
of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction-,
but, unfortunately for this theory, there arc no capillary tubes in the vegetable
slructui-e, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous
walls of which the fluids must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon

in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Duti-ochet, which bears so strong a resem-
blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex-
plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows :

a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of
bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now
the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take
place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution
viill be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the
opposite direction, the solution ■(vitliin passing into the water without, but in a
much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and
immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal
current is termed endosmose (flowing inwards), and the other exosmose (flow-
ing outwards). ■

159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly
inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two
fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever
these conditions exist, the current exists also.

a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep-
tum; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid ■within,
rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves.
Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must
be the counter current, the exosmose, also. That this is actually the case, is proved
by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in
the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always
communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is im-
mersed.

_^ 16Q. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely th6 intro-
duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min-
eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part
of its food.

a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer-
tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained.
Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the
silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid
parts of its stem ; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use
the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution.

b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the
excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and
the consequent cessation of exhalation, — tiie rootlets, being deep in the ground,
below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu-
lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves
are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap,
so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceasea
as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers.

oiijiituiiiuq a .iyfarfOii ,ai aiaili .■(tiH jiuiif 3-Jtoi 3sum siiusit oin ihiiivr to cJI«'.v

HERB .1 G9

CHAPTER XI.

THE STEIkl, OR ASCENDING AXi;^. , , , , ,, ,. ,

161. That part of the plant wliich originates with the phim-
ule (124, b), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to
the influence of the air and the light, is called the ascending

AXIS or STEM.

a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is suppos^^
to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. ,

162. Altliough the first direction of the stem's growth is verti-
cal, there are many plants in wliich it does not continue so, but
extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above
the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem
continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect.
AVhen it grows horizontally upon the surface, it is said to be
prociimbeirt, creejnng, trailing, &c. "When it arises obhquely it
is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried beneath the
soil it is a suhterratiean stem. '-i

a. Ilie subtciTancan stem, and some vaiieties of the creeping, have usually
been described as roots.

163. In regard to duration, the stem, hke the root, is said to
be annual when it lives but one season, aftenvards dying, at
least down to the root, and ])erennial when its existence is con-
tinued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time.

164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are
distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs.

a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk,
which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above
the ground. Ex. elm, palm.

h. A SHR.UB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, hav-
ing a perennial, woody stem, which divides into branches at or
near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is
termed an under sliriib. Ex. whortlebeny.
y„c. An HERB is a plant ^vith aii amiual or perennial rppt, pro^^

.■;i; ./ \mUkA (11 -:i ,f,;\ n iiioii b:il;.'i>:r;oa

70 THE STEM.

ducing stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration
only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein.

165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the forma-
tion and development of buds. At the commencement of its
gi'owth, the ascending axis is itself a bud.

166. Buds are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-hud, containing
the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the flower-bud, containing
the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for
the purposes of reproduction.

167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, groivmg point
of cellular tissue, originatmg with the pith, surrounded and pro-
tected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves.
(Fig. 22; 1.)

168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the mdimentaiy leaves of
the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by
the frosts and scanty nntriraent, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If
the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (iEsculus) be examined, when swollen in
spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the
evident haves within.

a. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom, that buds are furnished
"with scales only in wintry climates. In the ton-id zone, or in hot-houses, where
the temperature is ec[ualized througli the year, plants develope their buds into
foliage immediately after their foi-mation, without clothing them in scales. In
annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to sm-vive
the winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of ai;tumnal leaves into
scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young
shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture, — an ofiSce which they
effectually fulfil by their numei'ous do\vny folds, and their insoluble coat of
resin. *

169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first
developed into a simiiile stem, and being itself continually repro-
duced, is always borne at the termination of that stem ; that is,
the axis is alicays terminated by a bud.

a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is,
at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain
inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however,

* In many trees tlie scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the
horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a
viscid and aromatic resin, resembling; a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be
separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water.

NODE AND INTER.\OUE<. 7i

•ome or all of tbeui are tleveloped, forming- leafy divisions of tlie axis, wliieli llius
))ecomes branched.

b. Buds are said to be advtntitious when they are neither tenninal nor axillary.
Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maim-
ing or disease, and may be foiTiied in the internodes, or upon the roots (140),
or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum.

170. A BRANCH, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced
by the development of an axillary bud.

171. A TiiORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed,
woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for self-
defence. Ex. Crataegus, locust.

a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the im-
perfect develojjment of the growing point only, while its leafy coverings perish.
Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by cultivation.
In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to 2:>roduce branches instead
of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, goosebeiTy.

b. The thorn is distinguished from the piicklc (43) by its woody structure, and
its connection with tlie wood of the stem, while the priclde, as of the rose, consists
of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only.

172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillaiy
bud, is produced, is called the node, and the spaces between
them the internodes.

a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this
order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres being sent off later-
ally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence,
also, each intcrnodc contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those
below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards.

173. Suice the branches arise from axillary buds, their ar-
rangement upon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves,
which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great
s^nnmctry and order.

174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and
indeed of all other appendages, tlmt they are disposed spirally,
that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads
of a screw.

a. But this an-angcment is often so much disguised by distiu-bing causes that it
can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular,
which is readily explained. The sjiiral line is fonned by the union of t^vo
motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the grow-
ing plant Ijy tlic advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be
7

72

THE STEM.

interrupted from any cause, a cii'cular arrangement is the consequence, — an
arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, a, b, c), and in the
leaves of the Stellatie, and other plants.

175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is
more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When tivo
arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at
right angles to the adjacent pairs. Wlien three or more arise at
each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said
to be verticillate, or whorled.

176. In like manner, the anangement of the branches, when
divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be spiral ; that is,
alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &;c., or verticillate
in the pine, &c.

FIG. 22. — 1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes ; 2, the scaly bulb of
the lily, showing its analogy to the bud ; 3, vertical section of the same.

a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in fonn, size, position, and struc-
ture, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has
already been stated, that although its tendency is at first itpwards, it does not
always arise above the sm-fitcc. Hence the primary division of this organ into
stibteiranean and aerial.

177. The suBTEKKANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the ear-
lier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only
were called acanlescent or stemless, terais still in use, denoting
merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifica-
tions are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper.

TLliEK. 73

178. The BULB partfikes oi' the nature of the bud. It consists
of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in
concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst,
and roots from the base or collum (141).

a. Bulbs ai"e said to be tunicated when they consist of concentric layers, each
entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common
variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of tliickened concave scales, connected to-
gether at the base, as the lily, tulip.

b. The bulb is renewed aimually, at the approach of winter, by the develop-
ment of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the
old.

c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, fonncd in the axils of the leaves upon the
stem, which, when matured, fiill to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect
plant. The tiger-lily (Lihum bulbifcnim) is an example, also several species of
the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous.

FIG. 2-3. — Forms of the stem; — 1, Allium; 2, Arum; 3, Solarium tuberosum; 4, San-
guinaria ; 5, a spinous branch.

179. Tlie coRM is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem,
resembUng the bulb in form and position, but differing in struc-
ture, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without dis-
tinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a
solid bulb. Ex. Anun, or Lidian turnip.

180. The TUBER, is an annual, tliickened portion of a subter-
ranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from
which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the develop-
ment of buds, and the fact of its origin witli the ascending axis,
that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The pota-
toe is an example.

74 THE STKM.

181. The RHizoMA, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened,
rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often cov-
ered with scales, which are the rndiments of leaves, or marked
with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and
yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the tliickened,
horizontal portion of the blood-root ( Sanguinaria), sweet flag
(Calamus), and the bramble (Rubus).

1 82. The CEEEPEK differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender
branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions,
and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches
at intervals. The -switch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants
ai'e a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be
torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus
multiplied as many times as there are fragments.

«. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They fre-
quently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they sei-ve to bind down and secure
against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself Holland is said to owe its
very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound
together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below
the level of the sea. To protect it fi-om inundation, dikes of earth have been
built, vdth immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a
tliick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex are-
naria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which
they are enabled to resist the wasliing of the waves

183. To AERIAL STEMS belong the following varieties; — caulis,
ruiiner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon.

184. Caulis (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aerial
stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and
destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con-
venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter
the absence of the cauhs, or aerial stem.

185. Runner. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, ex-
tending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out
roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant,
soon putting forth new runners in its tiun. Ex. strawberry.

186. The scape is a stem which springs from the summit of
the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant,
but not its foliage. Ex. Sarracenia, daffodil, several species of
the Orchis, &c. The fohage of such plants is usually radical,
that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem.

TRUNK. i^

a. Culm (ndmus) is a tenii by wliich the peculiar stems of the grasses, and
similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, howeyer,
an unnecessary distinction.

187. Vine. This is a term denoting those stems which, being
too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any conven-
ient support, and do not throw out roots Hke the runner. The
vme sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by
means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe ( Cucurbita-
cese); the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called cliynhers.

a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch ; or an appendage growing out of
the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf.
Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it
immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic
hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitaceas and
grape, above cited ; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosse), where it
is appended to the leaves.

188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate
to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself
around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into
the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its ■windings is
always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left ; nor can any artificial
training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among
twining plants. Eveiy individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in
one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species.
Thus the Convoh^ilus revolves from left to right, against the sun.

189. Trunk. Tliis is the name given to the pecuUar stems
of trees. It is tlie central coUum, or axis, which supports their
branching tops, and Avithstands the assaults of the wind by
means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligne-
ous tissue in which it abounds.

a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus
strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimefl attains
the height of 1 80, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and yrithout a
branch for more than two thirds its length. *

•At tlje first establishment of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a
tree of this species, measuring; 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests,
measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree an the
island of TenerifTe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Sene-
gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The
famous Chestnut tree on IMt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feel in diameter, and
consequently near 200 feet circumference.

7*

76

THE STEM.

b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few
years and immediately decaying, while on the contraiy, the ordinary age of trees
is beyond the age of man, and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. *

190. The SUCKER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or
root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing
out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant.
Ex. rose, raspberry.

191. An OFFSET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a
cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated
from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum).

192. A STOLON is a branch which proceeds from an elevated
part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes
root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It
differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not
below it.

FIG. 24. — Forms of ihe stem ; 1, Fragaria; 2, Vitis ; b, tendrils ; 3, cirrhose leafof Pisum ;
4, Pyrola ; 5, sucker.

193. A plurality of stems, or tiTinks, is observed in a few spe-
cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus

*It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years ; a sycamore in Palestine,
1050 yearg ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years ; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the
great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the
" garden of Gelhsemane," some of the olives which wimessed our Saviour's passion ; and
at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny.

EXOGENS AND EN©OGENS. 77

Indica), and the black Mangrove {Rhizophora mangle) are men-
tioned as examples of this singular conformation.

a. The former originally arises with a single tnink. From the principal
branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup-
port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth,
they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The
branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other tninks to descend,
until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of
this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than
3000 trunks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of
the West Indies. The new trunks of this tree are said to be fonned from the
seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending
down remai-kably long, tapeiing radicles to the eaiih.

5 1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM,

194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu-
lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi-
tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and
vascular tissue, wliich diverge from the main stem into the
leaves.

19-3. This is essentially the structure of the Jirst year's gi-owth
of j^erennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame-
work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual
pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated
by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years.

a. Plants diff"er in respect to the an-angement of these tibres and vessels, and in
the mode of their increase ; on this difference is based that first grand distinction
of Phajnogamous plants into Exogens and Endogens, to which allusion has
already been made (126 — 7).

196. The division of Exogens (outside growers) includes all
the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cli-
mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter
of the stem are made externally to the part ah-eady foraied.

197. The division of Endogens (inside growers), including
the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and
the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre-
tions of the stem being made within 'the portions already
fonned.

19S. Li the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith,
wood, and bark.

78

THE STEM.

199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the
stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is
chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable
only in the earher stages of growth. It is then pervaded by
fluids ; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being
filled with air only, and much diminished in volume.

FIG. 25. — Exogens, — oak, fir, &c. ; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c.

200. Liimediately around the pith is foraied the medullary
SHEATH, which is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue
(33), sending off' a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and
veins of each leaf This, with the leaves, is the only part of
exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels.

201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers,
pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The
first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath,
is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each
successive year, during the life of the plant ; hence the whole

ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN.

79

number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate
the age of the tree.

202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous librc, vasi-
form tissue, and ducts (33,/"). The fust gives strength and solid-
ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage.

a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre,
while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in
the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of
their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir-
cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section
of the stem.

FIG. 26. — Sections of wood ; 1, 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one
years growth ; a, pith, b, bark, c, medullary rays, rf, woody bundles of fibre and vessels ;
2, stem of three years' growth, a, pith, e, bark, 6, c, rf, successive annual layers ; 4, a, pith, b,
spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, doited ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark ; 3, Endogen-
ous stem, exhibitiiig the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed
in the cellular tissue ; 5, a, cellular tissue, 6, spiral vessels on inner side of c, dotted ducts, d,
woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark.

203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the albur-
num {albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter
color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone,
that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by
the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until they can no longer allow
the passage of fluids through them. Thus the dlramln (chtrus, hard), or heart-
wood is formed, the texture of which is firm and durable. It is only the dura-
men which is useful in the arts.

80 TliE STEM

204. The medullary rays are those fine lines which appear in
a cross section of the stem, radiating from the pith to the bark,
intersectmg all the intervening layers. They consist of tliin,
firm plates of cellnlar tissue ; being, like the pith, the remains of
that tissue, wliich at the fu-st constituted the whole of the stem.

a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the
maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain.

205. The bark is the external covering of the stem, consisting
of several integuments, of "which the outer is the epider77iis (35),
that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liher.

206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly
cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and
woody. The cellular integument is veiy thick in Quercus
suber, and constitutes that useful substance cork. The liber
(Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it was manufactured
into parchment) is usually tliin, delicate, and strong, and has
been often apphed to useful purposes, as in those trees of Poly-
nesia from w^liich cloth, mats, and saUs are made.

207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transformed into a
viscid, glutinous matter called cambium, is deposited between the libtr and the
u-ood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon
aftei-wards, the new layers are pervaded by woody tubes and fibres, Avhich com-
mence at the leaves and grow do^vnwards. Thus the number of layers formed
in the bark and wood will always be equal.

a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows
that the older layers must be carried outwards and continually expanded. Thus,
although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough,
with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off, as in the hem-
lock, spruce, walnut, &c. Not unfrcquently, however, the older layers are ex-
tended in horizontal grains, or fibres, encii'cling the stem, as in the white birch
(Betula papjTacea).

6. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark rather than
in the wood ; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dyes, tannin, &c.

c. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, serving for the circula-
tion of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the form of a
complete network of vessels, through wliich the sap m'oves in all directions.

§ 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM.

208. "We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to
convey the sap from the roots to the opposite extremities of the
plant.

KNDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 9ff

209. That portion of the stem which serves this important
purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres
the sap is elevated to tlie leaves, with the vessels of wliich they
communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and
decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it de-
scends by the laticiferous tissues of the liber. Of this descend-
ing sap a part is earned inward from the bark by the medullary
rays, and thus difliised tlnrough the whole stem ; the remainder
descends to the roots, and is in the same manner diffused
tlirough their substance, both for their nourishment, and for the
pm-pose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose
(lo9, a).

§ 3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE.

210. In the e?idogenovs stem there is no distinction of pith,
wood, and bark, nor does a cross-section exliibit any concentric
arrangement of annual layers. (Fig- 26; 3, 5.)

211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that
of the exogcn, that is, of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral ves-
sels, and ducts ; the first existing equally in all parts of the
stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles.

212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral
vessels adjoining their inner side next the centi'e of the stem,
and woody fibres on their outer side, as in the exogen.

a. A new .set of these bundles is foiTned annually, or oftener, proceeding from
the leaves and passing do^vnwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cel-
lular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner,
they turn outwards, and interlace themselves ■v^'ith those which were previously
formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the palms, and other endogens,
become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the sti-oke of the axe.

b. The age of most endogenous trees, as the palms, would seem to be limited
by this peculiarity of growth. The stem at length becomes incapable of further
increase in diameter, and the lower portions of it so densely filled with the de-
scending fibres as to become impervious to all succeeding ones, and the tree
languishes and dies.

c Endogenous stems, both herbaceous and woody, are often hollow, with solid
joints ; as in the grasses and bamboo.

82 THE LEAF.

CHAPTEE- XII.

THE LEAT.

213. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far
the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of
nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable
economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration.

2 14. The leaf is characterized by a tlain and expanded form,
presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air
and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and in-
crease of the plant.

215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, wliich
of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity
varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the
more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure
is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson,
orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety,
variety, and splendor of coloring, which the ^vildest fancy could
scarcely surpass.

a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or grains, called chlorophyll
(green leaf), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, and
composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their
change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation.
As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve by day,
an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green first to
yellow, then to orange, red, and crimson siiccessively, accordhig to the quantity
absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids.

b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and
splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the
chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alka-
lies in the cells.

§1. VERNATION.

216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves,
folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible
space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are
folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called ver-
nation.

ARRANGEMENT. 83

a. The vernation of the leaf is exhibited in a most interesting manner, bj
making, with a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen statci
just before its expansion ; or it may be well obsen-ed by removing the scales.

217. The foi-ms of vernation are mostly similar to those of estivation (108),
and are expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following :

1 . Equilant, overlapping each
other in a parallel manner, wth-
out any involution, as in the
leaves of the Iris.

2. Obvolute, one of the margins
of each leaf interior and the
other exterior to the margin of
the leaf opposite. Ex. sage.

FIG. 27. — Forms of vernation. The numbers agree 3. Involute, having the edges
with the corresponding paragraphs. rolled inwards. Ex. apple, \'ioIet.

f WJ

4. Rcvolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. willow, rosemary

5. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry.

6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan.. Ex. vine, bkch.

7. Circulate, when rolled downwards from the apex. Ex. sundew, fern.

§ 2. ARRANGEMENT.

218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the arrange-
ment of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circular,
but by the development of the axis, tliis arrangement is modi-
fied in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be

1. Scattered, or in'egular, as in the potatoe.

2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea.

3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172).

Ex. Hydrangia.

4. Vcrticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each

node. Ex. meadow lily.

5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex.

Callitriche.

219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may
be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, that, in general, when the
leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive
observer, to be strictly, though perhaps uTegularly, spiral ; — always so in the
annual shoot.

a. Thus in the potato-^-ine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we
commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the
next ind so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem,
8

84 THE LEAF.

describing one turn of an elongated spire, so tliat eacli sixth leaf only is placed
exactly above the first.

b. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one complete turn
on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf
is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which the first is in-
serted, so that several turns must be made before we arrive at one wliich is
exactly in that line.

c. The opposite, or whorlcd, airangement may be referred to the non-develop-
ment of some of the intcrnodes ; but a better theory is that which supposes seve-
ral coordinate spires arising side by side : two, when the leaves are opposite, and
three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or
whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above their intervening
spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals wth the sepals, &c. (61, b).

220. Ill regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are
radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the sur-
face of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots ; cau-
line, when they grow from the stem, and ramial {ramus, a
branch) when from the branches.

§3. ORGANOGRAPHY.

221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two
outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin
surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the
medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called
the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is,
connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to
the stem by a foot-stalk caUed the petiole.

222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded
part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petals (102), it is not
an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cyhn-
dric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It
is said to be

1. Compressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so
that it is agitated by the slightest breath of air, as in the aspen
(Populus).

2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded later-
ally into a border. Ex. orange.

3. Amplexicaid (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into
a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Um-
bellifera?.

VEIN8. 85

223. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longer
than wide, with equal sides but unequal e7ids. It is, however,
subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of
the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the
apez.

224. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece,
however cut, cleft, or divided ; and compound when it consists
of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a
co7npou7id petiole.

225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above men-
tioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the
lamina itself is, of course, parenc/ti/ma (29). These vessels are
collectively called vei?is, from the analogy of their functions.

226. The manner in which the veins are divided and distrib-
uted is termed venation. The organs of venation, differing from
each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein,
veins, veinlets, and veinulets. ( The old terms midrib and nerves,
being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.)

227. The midvein is the principal prolongation of the petiole,
running directly through the lamina to the apex ; as in the leaf
of the birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole,
radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately
termed the veins ; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, five-
veined, &c. Ex. maple.

228. The primary branches sent off from the midvein or the
veins we may term the veinlets; and the secondary branches, or
those sent off from the veinlets, are the veinulets.

229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in genei'al, char-
acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom.

1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogens. The petiole is
prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midvein, or several pri-
mary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which
unite again, and by their frequent inoscidations form a kind of
network. Ex. maple, bean.

2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. Li this kind of vena-
tion the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base
of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the midvein, and

86 THE LEAF.

are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grass,
lily.

1 2 3 4

FIG. 28 —Forms of venation. 1, 2, Exogens ; 3, Endogen ; 4, acrogen.

3d. Forhed-veined, as in the Cryptogamia, when the veins
divide and subdivide by forked divisions wliich do not unite
again. Ex. ferns.

230. Of the first kind of venation, the reticulate, there are tivo varieties which
deserve the most careful attention. The feather-veined and the radiate-veined.

1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation con-
sists of a midvein, giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and
branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut.

2. Li the radiate-veintd, the venation consists of several
veins (^227) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base
towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets
and veinulets. Ex. maple, crow-foot.

3. Li parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the
linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of the
Orclhs, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c.

§4. FORM OR FIGURE.

231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful foiins for which the leaf is
distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection
with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed
for the development and extension of the parenchvTna, it follows that there \vill
be the greatest extension of outlim where the veins are largest and most numer-
ous. Consequently, the form of the leaf vnW depend upon the direction of the
veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening ti-^sue. For
this interesting theory we are indebted to Alphonse De Candolle.

VEINS.

87

a. In our description of individual forms, we shall select only the most remark-
able, leaving others for explanation in the Glossary.

The most obvious arrangement is that wliich is founded upon the modes of the
veining ; but it should be premised that diiferent forms of venation often give rise
to the same outline.

232. Of FEATHER-VEINED Icaves, the following forms depend
on the length of the veinlets in relation to each other, and to the
mill vein. If the middle veinlets ai-e longer than the rest, the leaf
will be

1, Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrola rotundifolia.

FIG. 29. — Figures of feather-veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraplis. a, deltate
leaf of Populus.

2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespedeza prostrata; or

3. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Arenaria lateriflora.

If the lower veinlets are longer than the rest,the leaf will be

4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the Mitchella repens, or

5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), narrow, and tapering to each
end. Ex. sweet-william.

When the veins are most developed towards the summit of
the leaf, it becomes

6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or

7. Spathulatc (shaped like a spathula), as in the daisy.
Again, if the lowest veinlets are longest, sending off veinulets

backwards, the leaf will be

8. Cordate (heart-shaped), hke the ovate fcirm, with a hollow
(sinus) at the base, as in the lilac.

9. Aiiriculate, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex.
sage.

8*

S8

THE LEAF.

10. Hastate (halbert-shaped), hollowed out at the base and
sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet.

11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes
at base. Ex. Polygonnm sagittatum ; Sagittaria ; &c.

12. Reniform (kidney-shaped), broad, rounded at the apex,
and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense.

a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of
the veinlets than on the imperfect development of the tissue
between them.

FIG. 30. — 12 — 16, figures of feather-veined leaves, the remainder of radiate-veined.

13. Runcinate (re -uncinate), having the margin extended at
the veins into pointed segments, wliich curve backwards. Ex.
Taraxacum.

14. Lyrate (lyi'e- shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses,
occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veinlets ;
water-cress (Sisymbrium).

15. Pinnatijid (feather-cleft), with deep sinuses between the
veinlets, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, par-
allel segments. Ex. Lepidium.

16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the
veinlets, seen in the leaves of the white oak.

233. R.iDiATE-VEiNED Icavcs assume luany forms, depending
upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the uiter-
vening tissue. Some of them are the following.

17. Falmaie (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many
veins (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the
palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower.

PAKALLEL-VEINED LEAVES.

89

18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper
segments than the pahnate, as in the hemp.

19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that
the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the
peony and passion-flower.

20. Laciniate (gashed), the veins and veinlets separate, as if
the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus.

21. Peltate (shield-like), the veins radiating in all directions,
and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener-
ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the
base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllum peltatum, Tropeolum, Brasenia.

22. Rc7viform, hroad-ovatc, broad-cordate, &c., may also result
from the radiate veining.

231. The form of parallel-veined leaves is less diversified
than that of the preceding classes, being

23. Linear, when the veins (and fibres) are straight, as in the
grasses. Tliis form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf
by an equal development of all the veinlets as in Linaria vul-
garis, &:c.

FIG. 31. — 23, 24, 25, figures of leaves witli parallel veins ; 2 — 10, margins of leaves.

24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the
veins are curved, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, Sec, or it
may be

25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are curved back-
wards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate,
when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagit-
taria.

90 THE LEAF.

26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is Htlle or no distinc-
tion of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine.

§ 5. MARGIN.

235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the
same causes which affect the form. It is said to be

1. Entire, when even-edged. This may result from the full development of the
tissue, or from a vein running parallel with the margin. Ex. lilac, lily.

2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges,
pointing outwards from the centre. Ex. hawkweed. If the teeth are very tine,
the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is
doubly dentate.

3. Serrate, having shai-p teeth pointing fonvard like the teeth of a saw Ex
Kosa. If the serratures are very small, it is semdate. J£ they are themselves
serrate, it is doubly serrate.

4. Crenate, notched with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such
notches are very small, it is crenulate.

5. Erose (gnawed), having the margin irregularly toothed, or jagged, as if
bitten by animals.

6. Undulate (wavy), the margin rising and falling like waves. Ex. Amaranthus.

7. Spinous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in
the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and the opposite coiTesponding
term is tmarmed.

8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions.

9. Laciniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes.

10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tissue,
as in the mallows.

11. J^epanrf, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins.
Ex. Solanum nigrum.

§6. APEX.

236. Li regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is
said to be

1. .Acute, when it ends with an acute angle.

2. Obtuse, when it ends Avith a segment of a circle.

3. .Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point.

4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end.

5. i?€iwse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed.

6. Mucronate, abruptly terminated by a short, hard, bristly point, &c.

§7. SURFACE.

237. The following terras are employed in descriptive botany,
chiefly to denote the modifications of the surface (epidermis)

LEAFLETS.

91

of the leaf. They are, however, equally appHcable to the sur-
face of any other organs. (41, a.)

1. Glabrous, srnooth ; denoting the absence of all haii-s or bristles. Hydrangea.

2. Pubcsccut, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum.

3. Hough, with hard, short, even points. Borago officinalis.

4. Pilose, with short, weak, thin hairs. Pmnella vulgaris.

5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphalium.

6. Villose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissinia.

7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein.

8. Tomentose, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa.

9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabun-
dance. Sage.

10. Punctate, dotted mth pellucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punctatum.

§ S. COMPOUND LEAVES.

FIG. 32. — Compound leaves. 4, Trifoliate leaves ; a, pinnately, as of the bean ; 6, pal-
mately, clover

238. "When a simple leaf becomes a compound one, the dms-
ion takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an
enthe leaf into segments, lobes, and teeth, namely, from a defi-
ciency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the
leaflets will therefore, in hke manner, depend upon the mode of
veining.

239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called leaflets,
and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &c., occur in them
as in simple leaves. In the truly compound leaf, each leaflet

92 THE LEAF.

(which is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated
(articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from ^it
in decay.

240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the
following forms of compound leaves :

1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (midvein) bears a row
of leaflets on each side, generally equal in number and oppo-
site, as in the Acacia.

2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the
petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendril, as the Cassia
Marilandica, and unequally ^nnnate when it is terminated by an
odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter
case the leaf is called cinhose.

3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately
smaU and large, as in the potato, avens.

4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or
thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the
number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or
trifoliate, as in the ash ; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the non-
development of the pinna (pairs) reduced to a single terminal
leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound
by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole.

5. A bipinnatc leaf (twice pinnate), is formed when the leaf-
lets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fuma-
ria officinalis.

6. A tripinnate leaf (tlirice pinnate), is formed when the leaf-
lets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In
the leaf of the honey-locust (Gleditschia), we sometimes find all
these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate,
and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual tran-
sition of the simple to the most compound leaf

7. A biternate leaf is fonned when the leaflets of the temate
leaf become themselves ternate, as in Famaria lutea.

8. A triternate leaf is formed wdien the leaflets of a biternate
leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia.

241. The following forms of compound leaves may result
from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, biternate,
&c., already mentioned ;

ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS.

93

9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the
same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea.

10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same
point in the petiole, and so on.

242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be

1. Amplecdcaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem.

12 4 3 5

P

FIG. 33. — Modes of insenion.

2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are
united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the
leaf

3. Dccurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the
stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run
doivmcards (Lat. decurro).

4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united.

5. Stcllutc, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are
arranged around the stem at the same node.

24.3. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two
or more of tlie terms above mentioned, to express some intermediate figure or
quality ; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c.

(7. The Latin preposition sub (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes
the quality which the temi expresses, in a lower degree, as suhscssile, nearly ses-
sile, snbscrrate, somewhat serrate, &c.

§9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS.

244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild
pine of South America, there are liollows at the point of union between the leaf-
stalk and the stem, capable of holding a considerable amount of water. The
midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, are channeled out in such a
manner as to convey water to the axil.

245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are hollowed out
into the form of pitchers, called ascidia.

a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are
evidently formed by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting
together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete
vase, witli a broad expansion at the top. wliich may be regarded as the true leaf.

94

THE LEAF.

The ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are drowned,
being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth.

246. The Nepenthes is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are ses-
sile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex, like a tendril, to the
length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hol-
low vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure
water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which ex-
pands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cup is
open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry weather
to prevent its evaporation.

FIG. 34. — Ascidia. 1, Sarraceiiia purpurea ; 2, Nepentlies distillatoria ; 3, Dischidia Raf-
flesiana.

247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is ohsen-ed in a plant gi-owing
in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall
trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near
its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from
the earth. The pitchers seem fonncd of a leaf with its edges rolled towards each
other, and adherent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive whatever
moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considerable quantity.
But the greatest marvel in its stracture is yet to be described. Several bundles
of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, 6), are sent out from the nearest parts
of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread themselves through the cavity.
The design of this apparatus scarcely needs be mentioned.

248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Dionsea muscipula), native at the south, is
also of a veiy curious constniction. At the extremity of each leaf are two lobes,
bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points
projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive to insects. But
when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly
close and impale him in their fatal embrace.

249. Stipules are certain leaf-like expansions situated on
each side of the petiole, at its base. They are membranous,
leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, but are
pretty uniformly present in each plan+ of the same natural order
Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor.

250. Stipules are generally supposed to be accessory kai^cs, although their

[XVOLUCRE.

93

nature is certainly obscure. They are subject to the same laws of venation and
form, perform the same functious, and arc sometimes almost undistingiiishable
from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils.
a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as
rudimentary leaves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common,
they ai-e the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the rose.

251. When leaves are furnished ^\'ith stipules they are said
to be stipulate, and when without them they are exstipidate.
The stipules Avhich are situated at the base of leaflets are called
stipch.

FIG. 35. — Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass ; 2, 6, of rose ; 3, c, bract of Tilia ;
4, d, of a Campanula ; 5, Sium. a, involucre, c, involucel ; 6, Comus Canadensis, a, colored
involucre, c, flowers ; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix.

252. Bracts, called also floral leaves, are leaf-like append-
ages, intermediate between leaves and the floral organs. From
leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placed
near the flower, their smaller size, their difTerence in form, and
often in color.

253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so
gradual is the transition between them that no absolute limits can be assigned.
That they have a common oiigin vn\\\ the sepals of the calyx also, is equally evi-
dent,— so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bi'acts; afFoi'ding one of the
strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis.

a. Bracts have received diiferent names, according to their an-angement and
situation. They constitute an

254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and sur
round several flowers. In the Phlox, and generally, it is green,
9

96 THE LEAF.

but sometimes, as in the Cornns, it is colored like petals. Situ-
ated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a
general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial invo-
lucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbellifera.

255. In the Composite the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in
several whorls sun-ounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the
calyx siUTOunds a simple flower.

256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk Or
chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at tlic base of a
spikelet of flowers, are called the glume, con-esponding to the involucre. Those
situated at the base of each separate flower are palca, answering to the calyx, or
corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two),
are called valves.

§ 10. DURATION.

257. Leaves, although so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only
temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a gi-eat ma-
jority of cases flourish but a single season, at the end of which they perish,
although the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To
mark theh duration more accurately, leaves are said to be

1. Fugacious, when they fall oflf early, before the end of summer.

2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn.

3. Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their
color until the new leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is
always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to
be DECIDUOUS, or evergreen.

258. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn,
and marks an important era in the year. The fu-st symptoms of decay are seen
in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. These
gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the com-
mon color of the faded leaf.

259. Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several
causes. During the latter part of the summer, the vessels become clogged by the
deposition of earthy and solid matter contained in the sap, until they can no lon-
ger admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. Tbe whole structure
consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast off at the
point of articulation, as a dead part is from the li\-ing body of an animal.

§ 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.

260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent
portion of the medullary sheath (200), it must consist essentially
of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by
woodv fibre, that is, fibr a -vascular tissue.

ni Y .- 1 U LU C! 1 VA i. STKU CT IJKK .

97

a. The tissue of the lamina, in like manner, must essentially
correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it
is but an extension. That pecuhar form of cellular tissue of
which it is composed is called parendtyma.

261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as
might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced
(221). In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in
position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards,
these two layers are dissimilar in structure ; but in those leaves
where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not mate-
rially differ.

' a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed \vith the epi-
dermis.

262. The internal structure of the parenchyma is more complicated than would
be at fii-st supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination.
Let an exceedingly thin paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina
and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the
rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of
such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of
leaves in general.

e e

FIG. 36. — 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the lily ; a, of the epidennis with stomata.

263. The upper surface (n, a) is thus seen to consist of the flattened cells of tlie
epidermis, arranged in a single layer. Just bcneatli this (6, h) is the more com-
pact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a
position that their longer axis is peqjendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below
we meet ■with the parenchpna of tlie lower surface (r, c), composed of oblong
cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty
spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis (rf, d) of the under surface
with stomata (f, e), opening into air-chambers.

a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma arc seen adliering to the walls,
the green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parcncliyma. — dark

gi-een above, where it is more compact ; but paler beneath, where the cells are
more loose and separate.

264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate
with the external air by means of the stomata (37 — 39), which are generally
found only in the lower surface. In those leaves, however, whose position is nat-
urally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfaces.
In other leaves, as in the Nymphsea, they are found upon the upper surface alone,
the lower being in contact with the surface of the water.

265. The vessels of the latex (34) are distributed through the under layer of the
parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having
reached the edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower sur-
face, and are again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally
returned into the bark.

266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants
of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very
compact, and there are few if any stomata on the lower smface, their places
being supplied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aper-
ture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the
conditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flouiishes. The hairs absorb
moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epider-
mis effectually restrains its evaporation.

J 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

267. These are exhalation, absorption, respiration, and diges-
tion, and the result of their combined action is the conversion
of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the
proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the
plant, \vith its various products.

268. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution
minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter
derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the
leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the
previously formed secretions, "which it meets with on its -way.

269. Exhalation is the process by wliich the superabundant
water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the re-
maining sap is reduced, as it were, by concentration, and con-
tains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to
perspiration in animals.

270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation ; the latter
depending solely upon heat and the state of the aii-, and being,
in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis.

271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata

RESPIRATION. »»

alone. But since these are oi)ened by the influence of the light
and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed
only in the presence of the light (155).

a. If a plate of glass be held near the under surface of an active leaf of the
Hydrangea, in a still au-, it will soon be covered vs^ith dew ; but if the experiment
be repeated by holding the glass over the tipper surface, it will remain dry.
A"-ain, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active
growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature ; and
if the stomata be then examined they will be found closed.

272. That exhalation and absoi-ption by the roots are mutually dependent upon
eachother, has already been stated (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by
the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been
confinned by experiment. A sunflower 3|- feet high, was ascei-tained by Hales
to transpu-e from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c.
Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the
petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains,
absorbed and exlialed its own weight of water in 6 hom-s.

273. Absorption is primarily the office of the roots (154), but
in certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also.

a. When the roots are imperfect, or wanting, or sen'e merely to fix the plant
in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidacese, it is
evident that the plant must derive its nom-ishment chiefly from the absorption
performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in
general are capable of this function. Eveiy one knows how plants, when parched
and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their
roots, but only moistens their leaves.

274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorp-
tion. This is readily shown by expeiiment. Leaves with their lower surfaces in
contact -vvith the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper
surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, mth the upper surface only
in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted
as many months.

275. Respiration in plants is analogous to respiration, or
breathing, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally
necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not
confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also,
even by the roots.

276. Respiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from
the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid.

o. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a con-
trary nature, treated of under the head of digestion.
9*

100 THE LEAF.

277. Pvespiration appears to be going on constantly, by day
and by night, dviring the hfe of the plant, even while it is act-
ively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of car-
bon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous
portion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from
the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleteri-
ous acid is removed from the blood of animals by brea tiling.

278. Let a few healthy plants be placed under a bell-glass containing air from
which all the carbonic acid has been previously removed. After a few hom'S
let the air be tested by sliaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain
carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced,
whether the bell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of
acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness.

279. Respiration is carried on with peculiar activity during
the two periods of germination and flowering.

a. In germination pure oxygen is absorbed, either ft-om the air or water, or
both, in the absence of light (133, d), and returned to the air combined with the
superfluous carbon of the starch, which thus is converted into sugar for the nour-
ishment of the young plant.

b. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen
being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By this process it seems that
the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle (59), is changed
into saccharine matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70,81), the
superfluous portion flowing off" in the form of honey. And it has been ascer-
tained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the devel-
opment of the disk, t

280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it
be suiTOunded by an atmosphere with too great a proportion of carbonic acid, or
in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and ex-
cluded from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily
perishes. J

281. Digestion, in plants, consists properly of all those
changes effected by the leaves in rendering the crude sap fit for
the purposes of nutrition. But that process wliich is more par-

* Carbonic acid is composed of 0 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts of
oxygen.

t Thus Sausaure found that the flower of the Arum, wliile in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its
own volume of oxygen in 2t hours ; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times, and during
its withering, 5 times. When the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity
of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times
their own bulk.

CARBON. 101

ticularly described under the head of digestion, consists in the
decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of the leaves,
under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon,
and the evolution of pure oxygen.

282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable stractnre. The
chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains
it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of ani-
mals, from the earth, &c.

a. ' Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air
charged with 7 or 8 per cent, of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light
of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of tlie carbonic
acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this
change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light. Ac-
cordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the
want of the proper supply of carbon, on which their green color depends.

283. "We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the
plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The
former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But
as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and
evolved by the latter, there can be no reasonable doubt ; for when we consider
how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too,
derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid
is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with
tliis are the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently shown,
that ' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined
in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as
fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long
as it continues healthy.'

284. Thus are the two great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subser-
vient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animals
require an atmosphere comparatively pure, although, by then- respiration and
decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases.
Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the res-
toration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire
this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases,
the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, afi"ording the highest proof of wis-
:lom and design.

t Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained; viz. that
it id not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspensioti of yital action.
During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by
day is lost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorb«(i to
recombinc with some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the
loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the origi-
nal design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it.

102 INFLORESCENCE.

CHAPTER XIII.

INFLOEESCENCE.

285. Inflorescence is a term denoting the arrangement of
the flowers npon a stem or branch.

286. Li regard to position npon the stem, the inflorescence,
like the leaf-bnd, of wliich we have shown it to be a modifica-
tion, is either terminal or axillary.

a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanaceje),
situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with
Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad-
heres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until
it is opposite the succeeding leaf.

287. The peduncle (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on
which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no
leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered
in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the
flower is said to be sessile.

288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may
be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of
course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it
bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin-
gle flower, are called pedicels.

289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter-
ranean stem, in such plants as are caUed stemless (177). Ex.
Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus._ Like the peduncle, of
which it is a modification, it is leafless, or Avith bracts only, and
may be either simple or branched.

290. The rachis {qu/jc, the spine) is the axis of the inflores-
cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which
the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, cuiTant,
grape, and grasses.

291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists
of a single terminal flower, as in Eiythi-onium, or when but a
single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu-'
nia, Convolvulus.

C'EXTRll'UGAL INFLOKESCENCE.

103

292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is,
the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota-
nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely,
the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from
axillary, and the other from terminal flowers.

293. Li CENTRIPETAL infloresccncc the evolution (blossoming)
of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or
the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as
in the Umbelliferae and the Cruciferce.

a. The student vrsSS. readily perceive that the circumference of a depressed (flat-
tened, inflorescence coiTesponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the
centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or
rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it beai's along with it at its apex, leav-
ing the circumference at the base.

294. In CENTRIFUGAL inflorescencc the blossoming com-
mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds
towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex.
Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe.

a. ' This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli-
tary flower seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the
flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which
teiTninates the axis) temiinate lateral branches successively produced at the node
next below the primary flower. This is beautifully illustrated in Spergula.

FIG. 37. — Modes of inflorescence ; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maxi-
mum ; 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb) ; 4, spike.

295. Sometimes we find these tAvo modes of inflorescence
combined in the same plant. In the CompositEe, as Dr. Gray
remarks, the heads, which may be called the ^^(^rtial inflores-

101 INFLORESCENCE.

cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri-
fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral
ones. But in the Labiate the partial inflorescences (verticilas-
ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is
centripetal.

296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are,
the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head,
panicle, and thyrse.

297. The spike is an inflorescence consisting of several ses-
sile flowers an-anged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex.
Plantago, Verbascum.

298. The raceme is the same as the spike, but having the
flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and
blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme
may be either erect, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as
in the currant and black cherry.

299. The ament, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are cov-
ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and
fall ofi^ together, all remaining still connected with the rachis.
Ex. Salix, Betula.

300. The SPADIX is a spike with a fleshy racliis enveloped in
a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Aiaim, Calla.

301. The CORYMB is the same as the raceme, having the
lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all' the flowers to
nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (Crata3gus).

302. An UMBEL resembles the corymb, but the pedicels are of
nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the
common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Ai-aha hispida, onion.

303. A HEAD or CAPiTULUM is similar to an umbel, but the
flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the pedun-
cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena).

a. But the more common kind of cajntidum is that where the
summit of the peduncle {rachis) is dilated into a broad disk {re-
ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is
the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the
Compositse, and is equivalent to the compound Jtowers of the
earlier botanists.

h. In the capitulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, the

CYME. 105

rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are
called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central
portions, florets of the disk.

304. The panicle is a compound inflorescence, formed by an
irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats,
Poa, and many other grasses.

305. The thyrse is the same as the panicle, having the
lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of
them ver}'^ compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut.

a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes
itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbclliferae. In these cases
the secondary umbels are called umbellets, and sometimes
partial lanbek. See § 254.

By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound
raceme, a cor^niib a compound corymb, Sec.

FIG. 33. — Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme ; 2, ament ; 3, spadix ; 4, head ; 5, panicle ;
6, verticillaster; 7, thyrse.

306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties
are described ; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster.

307. Cyme. Tliis inflorescence has the general aspect of the
coiymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu-
gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked
and 3 -forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, chick-
weed.

a. The cjTne is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its nonnal struc-
ture and develonment are as follow? The terminal flower, wliich is the first to

106 INFLORESCENCE.

be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course,
transverse to each other (219, c). rrom one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs
of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or
niultinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary
peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pau-s of tertiary peduncles,
each to be tenninated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and
so on.

b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be
a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be
occasioned by the absence of other parts.

308. Fascicle. This is a modification of the cyme, in which
the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet
William, and other species of Dianthus.

309. Verticillaster or verticil, called also, though improp-
erly, whorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are
peculiar to the Labiatas, where two such cymes occupy the
opposite axils of each pair of leaves.

a. Sometimes the pedimcle, instead of producing flowers, is changed into a ten-
dril, as in the vine.

CHAPTER XIV.

REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.

310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters,
that plants consist chiefly of Jbui- simple organic elements ; viz.
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The first mentioned
exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of
the others. These four elements constitvite about 94 per cent
of all vegetable matter.

311. Carbon (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the
composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture
of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled by
heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and
strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. Nitrogen,
although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the
tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable
products ; as gluten, legumine, albumen.

nr.VIKW OF THE PRINCIPf.ES OF NTTEITIOX. 107

812. Besides these four universal elements, many other sub-
stances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or
less in diiferent species : thus forest trees and most other inland
plants contain potassa ; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c. ; the
gi-asses, silex and phosphate of liine ; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate
of lime ; the Leguminosaj, carbonate of lime. Now all these
ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential
elements in the food which they require for healthy vegetation ;
and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied,
constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry.

313. It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter,
and therefore do not oi'iginate in themselves any of the ingre-
dients which compose them ; consequently they must obtain
them from sources without. These sources are obviously air,
earth, and water. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid
which the atmosphere contains, and from the decaying vegetable
matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the water, and from
the carbonic acid of the atmosphere ; hydrogen, from water and
ammonia ; and nitrogen, from ammonia alone, either drawn from
the air or the soil.

314. The ATMOSPHERE contains about yo^g^ part of carbonic
acid, diffused throughout the whole extent ; and, as this gas con-
tains 27 per cent, of carbon, it may be demonstrated, that the
whole atmosphere contains at least fourteen hundred billions of
tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources mentioned in
§ 282, — an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless drain
made upon it by the vegetable kingdom.

315. Soil consists of two classes of materials ; viz. mineral
and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated
and decomposed rocks, — all the various mineral substances
which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as
potassa, soda, silica, lime, &c., all of which are more or less
soluble in water. The organic materials consist of the remains
of former tribes of plants and animals, mingled with the earths,
which, having access to air, are decomposed, evolving carbonic
acid and ammonia both to the air and the water.

316. \Yater is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, in the pro-
portion of 8 to 1 by weight. Having pervaded the atmosphere

10

108 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.

in the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil,
it holds in solution carbonic acid, ammonia, and many of the
various minerals above mentioned.

317. Ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the pro-
portions of 14 to 3 by weight. It arises from decaying animal
and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is also generated in
the atmosphere, during storms, by the flashes of the electric
fluid.

318. Thus it appears that the three compounds, water, car-
bonic acid, and ammonia, may yield to plants their four essential
organic elements. And, since all of them are contained in the
air, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone ; but most
species are dependent on water, earth, and air, and demand a
copious supply. The external circumstances, therefore, first
requisite to healthy vegetation are, —

1. Free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by-
winds.

2. A proper supply of rain or river-water.

3. A soil possessing the pecuhar minerals required by the
species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion
of vegetable mould.

319. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by
nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are
often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agricul-
ture. By irrigation, streams of water are turned from their
natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched
with drought ; while, by drainage, the inundated bog is con-
verted into a luxuriant lawn.

320. The object o'l tillage is to pulverize and lighten the too
compact soil, and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the
air in order to hasten its decomposition. The object of manur-
ing is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter. By
various atnendmcnts, as gypsum, lime, and pulverized charcoal,
ammonia is powerfully attracted from the air, and yielded again
to the water. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and
ashes add to the potassa which exists naturally in it being
derived from the decomposition of the rocks wliich contain it,
as fjranite, clay-slate, basalt, &;c.

REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109

321. Soils are often improved by lying fallow for a season,
thus allowing time to form by decomposition a fresh supply of
that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous
crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects
of a rotation of such crops as require difierent mineral substances
in their composition.

322. But when all these materials have been supplied to the
plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great
work of vegetation will not go on. These life-giving principles
are light and heat, both of wdiich emanate in floods from the sun.
Under their influence the raw material is received into the ves-
sels of the plant, and assimilated to its own substance, — a pro-
cess which can be fully comprehended only by Him whose
power is adequate to carry it on.

323. Under the influence of solar light, and a temperature
above the freezing point, water is imbibed by the roots and
raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving, as it passes, small
portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this
state it is crude sap. But passing on it enters the leaves, and
is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (215, a), which
chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is con-
centrated by exhalation and evaporation, sending off quantities
of pure water. Meanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic
acid, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure
oxygen to the air.

324. Thus elaborated, the sap is now termed the proper
JUICE, and consists of course of carbon and water, with a little
nitrogen, and minute portions of the mineral substances men-
tioned above. From this juice are elaborated the building
material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and
secretions.

325. First, by the aid of light, chlorophylle is developed, cloth-
ing the plant in living green. Next lignin is produced, the
peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, or woody,
consisting of carbon with the exact elements of water, viz. oxy-
gen and hydrogen.

326. Meanwhile gum, starch, and sugar, nutritive products
common to aJl plants, are also developed from Xk^ proper juice, —

110 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.

not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues,
but mostly to be stored away in reserve for future use. Such
deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and
in the fruit of almost all plants. These three products, with
lignin, are all composed of carbon with the elements of water, —
gum and starch containing them in the same proportions.

327. Sugar is sometimes produced directly from the proper
juice, as in the root of the beet, stalk of the maize and sugar-
cane ; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited
in the seed. Its composition differs from that of starch, only in
containing a larger proportion of the elements of water, or (what
is the same thing) a smaller proportion of carbon. The trans-
formation of starch into sugar appears to be dependent on the
presence of a certain substance called " diastase ; minute quan-
tities of which exist in seeds, and about the eyes of the potato."

328. The similarity of these four general products, in chemical
constitution, accounts for the facility with which they are con-
verted into each other in the growing plant. Thus gnm is
converted into starch (in which state it is best adapted for pre-
servation), and starch is converted into sugar (131). In flowering,
sugar is rapidly consumed by the flower, — a portion of it being
reconverted into starch, and deposited in the seed. Both gum
and sugar appear to be converted into lignin during the growth
of the tissues; and this substance, in the laboratory of the chemist,
has been changed again into gum and sugar.

329. Among the numerous secretions of plants which our limits
forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids, containing more
oxygen than exists in water ; and the oils and resins, containing
less than exists in water, or none at all. These substances vary
in the different species almost to infinity, taking into their con-
stitution, in addition to the four organic elements, minute portions
of the mineral substances introduced by rain-water. Their
peculiarities of flavor, odor, color, properties, &;c. although so
obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences in constitu-
tion often so slight as to elude the most delicate tests of the
chemist.

SPECIES AND GENERA. Ill

CHAPTER XV.

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

§1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS.

330. Systematic Botany relates to the arrangement of plants
into groups and families, according to their characters, for the
purpose of facilitating the study of tlieir names, affinities, habits,
history, properties, and uses.

331. The student in botanical seience is introduced into a boundless field of
inquiry. The subjects of his research meet liim at every step : they clothe the
hill and the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up in the hedges
and by the wayside ; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its sur-
foce; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the
depths of the ocean ; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet
the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each individual of tliis vast king-
dom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either
interesting, instructive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is pre-
sented to his view.

332. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment
of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or without
the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufficient to make a begin-
ning.

333. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author
of Nature has grouped these mjTiads of individuals into species (50). Wlien
he called them into existence in their specific fonns, he endowed each with the
power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us
distinguished by the same differences of character and properties as at the begin-
ning. "UTien, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one indi-
^•idual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same
species.

a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the mil-
lions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of the
ivhite pine will answer, in all essential points, for every individual tree of that
ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found.

334. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by
obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby
they are formed into larger groups, called genera (52). Thus the white clover
and the red (Trifolium repens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as of
different species, but of the same genus ; and a single generic description of any

10* /

112 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent,
concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species.

335. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is gi-ouped into species, and the spe-
cies themselves into genera. But natural affinities do not stop here. The genera
are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The natu-
ralist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer
and larger tribes or groups. Accoi'dingly he finds, on comparing the genera with
each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps,
of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other.
These general characters, therefore, sei-ve to associate the genera into a sys-
tematic arrangement of Classes and Orders.

336. There are two independent and widely different methods
of classifying the genera, wliich have generally been approved,
namely, the Artificial System of Linnaeus,, and the Natural Sys-
tem of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters
which are derived from the organs of fructification, leaving all
other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary,
is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of
plants, by which Nature herself has distinguished them into
groups and families.

337. In legard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no
longer room for comparison. That of Linnaeus is truly ingenious and beautiful,
and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for detei-mining the names of plants
■which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use.
Indeed, its author liimself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any
higher merit.

338. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate knowledge of the vegetable
kingdom, the Katural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which
can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which
fonnerly embarrassed the science of the vegetable structure, so as to render this
system unavailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle
and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Ton-ey and Gray, of our own country, that it
is brought generally within the scope of the ordinary mind, and shoAvn to be
founded in true philosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted.

339. Still, the difficulties attending analysis * by the Natural System alone,
are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at tlie threshold of the
science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity
of the charactei'istic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining inac-
curacies of their definitions. On this account it has been thought best to retain,
in this work, the artificial characters of the Linnsean Classes and Orders, in the

* Analysis, as used iu botany, denotes the dissection and examination of the organic struc-
ture of plants, in order to learn their characters, affinities, names, &c. See s 344 — 348.

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113

form of mialytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis of plants,
to point the learner to the place in the Natural System which his specimen
occupies.

340. The artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders,
genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the nat-
ural system (50, 51), and the two higher divisions, classes and
orders, have already been seen (74, 80) to be founded upon
the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and
pistils.

CHAPTER XVI.

OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

341. It is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the
same divisions and groups, those plants which have the greatest
general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and struc-
ture, but also in properties.

342. While the artificial arrangement employs only a single
character in classification, the natural seizes upon every charac-
ter in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus,
those plants which correspond in the greatest number of points
will be associated in the smaller and lower divisions, as species
and genera, while those corresponding in fewer points will be
assembled in divisions of higher rank.

343. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of
each of the famihes of the Natural System, we may at once
determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are
its affinities Avith others, and what are its poisonous or useful
properties.

344. Although the aim of tliis System is as above stated, yet
the full consummation of it is still reserved for a future age. At
present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in
the aid of artificial characters, where Nature is as yet too pro-
foimd for ordinary skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in
the first subdivision of Angiosperms.

114 THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

345. The fii-st and highest division of the vegetable kingdom,
namely, into the Phcenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the
Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has ahready been noticed,
and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III., and elsewhere.
These grand divisions he at the foundation of both the System
of LinnsBUS and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature ;
for

The Ph^enogamia

1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages.

2. They possess a woody and vascular structure.

3. They develope flowers, and

4. They produce seeds. On the other hand
The Ckyptogamia

1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves.

2. They possess a cellular structure only.

3. They do not develope flowers, and

4. They produce spokes (129) instead of seeds.

346. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in
all cases ; for the higher Cryptogamia, as the ferns, give indications both of a regu-
lar woody axis and of a vascular structure, while some of the lower Phoenogamia
can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the
transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fix
upon characters so definite as to completely cu-cumscribe any one group, while at
the same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating
groups.

347. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent dis-
covery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic
accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flow-
erless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that botanists are at
a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular stnicture, develope flowers
immediately from the root, whence they are called Ehizanths {oityj, a root, avflof,
a flower) ; but their ovaries are said to be filled with spores instead of seeds, and
hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. RaSlesia.

348. Again, the Phsenogamia are veiy naturally resolved into
two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called
ExoGENS and Endogens, whose distinctions are briefly as fol-
lows : —

ExOGENS,

1. Growing by external accretions (196).

2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by
an articulation.

3. Seeds with two or more cotyledons (127) or dicotyledonous.

acrogews. 115

Endoqexs,

1. Growing by internal accretions (197).

2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling otf.

3. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or monocotyledonoui.

349. Classes. The gi'oups above mentioned, comprising the
whole vegetable kingdom, are again subdivided into six classes.
The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are
founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp ; namely,

Class I. AxGiosPERMS, (as the oak, rose,)

1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and

2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma.

3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp.

4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons.
Class II. Gymnosperms, (as the pine, yew,)

1. 0\'ixles produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel.

2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma.

3. Becoming tiidy naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp.

4. Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons.

350. The next two classes are foniied from the subdivision
Eudogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of
glumes or husks ; namely,

Class III. Aglu-mace^ or aglumaceous endogens,

Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constmcted on the
usual plan ; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid
organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush.

Class IV. Glumacejs or glusiaceous endogens,

Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested in an imbri-
cated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx ; as the grasses, grains,
sedges.

351. The Cry]itogamia are separated into two gi-eat classes,
called Acrogens and Thallogens ; the former including those
tribes which make some approximation towards the Phaenoga-
mia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable
kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from
each other by their manner of growth ; thus,

Class V. Acrogems (growing from c«k§oc, the summit or point) have a regular
stem, or axis, which grows by the extension of the point, or apex only,
without increasing at all in diameter, generally furnished with leaves,
and composed of cellular tissue and ducts. Ex. ferns, mosses, club-
mosses, and the Equisetaceae.

116 TJIE NATURAL SYSTEM.

Class VI. Thallogens, consisting merely of cellular tissue, with a tendency to
grow into a flat expansion called thallus, but having no distinction of
root, stem, leaves, or flowers. Ex. Lichens, seaweeds, livenvorts,
fungi.

352. Affinities of the Six Classes. These may be represented
to the sight by the following aiTangement •

Angiospemis.
Gymnosperms. Aglumacea3,
Acrogens. Glumaceas.

Thallogens.

Angiosperms stand in the highest rank, as they justly merit, by their superior
organization. These are nearly allied to Gymnosperms by their mode of growth ;
and, on the other hand, to Aglumaceje by their mode of flowering. Gymnos-
perms are intimately connected with Acrogens through Eqiiisetaceaj of the latter,
which stands intermediate ; and the Aglumaceffi approach the Glumacese, almost
indefinitely, through the Junceaj (rushes). Between the Acrogens and Thallo-
gens a close relationship is established through the Musci (mosses), while the
sporogens form the connecting link between the Endogens and the lowest tribes
of vegetation, as the Fungi. Thus, from the highest rank we descend to the low-
est, through Gjinnosperms and Acrogens on the one hand, and tlu-ough Aglu-
macese and Glumaceise on the other, forming a circle of afiinities.

353. The mutual relations of the six classes with the higher di\'isions, are pre-
sented in the following sjTiopsis :

jExOGENs; jgjj /j

Jf H^NOGAMIA ; ■{ >

Vegetable J [ Endogens ; <

TCn«fjr>mvr • 1 \

Angiosperms.

Gymnosperms.

Class III. Aglumaceous.

■cr 1 I Class IV. Glujiaceotjs.

Kingdom;! ( Class V. Acrogens.

[ CETPT0GA3IIA i j ^j^^^ ^j Thallogens.

354. SuB-CLASSES. The classes are next to be broken up
into smaller divisions. In efTecting tins object most writers
have employed artificial methods, since no natural one, founded
upon clear and comprehensive distinctions, has yet been de-
vised. Thus Angiosperms, which class is by far the largest of
the six, is divided into tlnee sub-classes. PoLYPETALiE, or poly-.
PETALous ExoGENS, flowers with distinct petals ; Monopetal^,
or monopetalous Exogens, flowers with united petals ; Apet-
AL.J:, or apetalous Exogens, flower with no floral envelopes, or
with a calyx only.

355. Orders, or Families, are the most important of all the
natural associations. On thp ^fo^-i-mnfr r>-nA r\^^V\r\ofr\pt<a. nV thp

ORDERS. 117

characters of these, botanists have bestowed the highest degree
of attention, and the stndent's progi-ess will depend cliiefly upon
his acquaintance with them.

356. Orders are formed by associating together those genera
wluch arc the most nearly allied to each other, or to some 07ic
genus previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the spe-
cies form genera, so genera form orders.

357. In systematic works, the orders are also associated on
natural principles into alliances, groups, &c., wliich are inter-
mediate between these and the sub-classes, and are designated
numerically, thus, group 1st, group 2d, &cc., or by names derived
from a leading order.

358. Li regard to their extent, the orders differ very widely,
some consisting of a single genus, as Sarraceniaceae, while
others comprehend hundreds of genera, as Compositaj. For
convenience' sake the larger orders arc broken up into sub-
orders, or tribes.

359. The Natural System, with its classes and subordinate
dix-isions, may be exhibited in one view ;

The Vegetable Kingdom is separated

1st, into Grand Divisions and Subdivisions.

2nd, " Classes.

3d, " Sub-classes, Alliances, and Groups.

4 th, " Orders and Sub -orders.

5th, " Genera and Sub-genera,

6th, " Species and Varieties, and

7th, " Individuals.

118 NOMENCLATURE.

CHAPTER XVII.

§1. NOMENCLATURE.

860. The names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, (feminine, plural, to agree
with plantce, plants, understood,) usually derived from the name of the most
prominent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination
into acece, as Rosacea, the rose tribe, Papaveracca, the poppy tribe, from Rosa and
Papaver.

a. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the Order,
and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composite, with com-
pound flowers ; Labiates, with labiate flowers.

361. Generic names are Latin substantives, arbitraiily formed, often from some
medicinal vhtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the
genus ; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of
some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said
to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often
retained. Examples of all these modes of construction -will be hereafter seen.

362. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen-
der with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded
upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucous-
stemmed Gerardia; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia; G. tenuifolia, slender-
leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, wliich,
in some respect, it resembles ; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G.
delphinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia.

363. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of dis-
tinguished persons. The rales given by Lindlcy, for the construction of such
names, are, 1st, If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive
in the genitive case, singular number ; as, Lobelia Kalmii, Kalm's Lobelia ; Pinus
Fraseri, Eraser's pine. 2d, IS the name is merely conferred in honor of the per-
son to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending in nus, na, num ; as Erica
Linneana, Linnajus's heath ; Rosa Lawrenciana, IVIiss La^vrence's rose. In these
cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or
where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter.

§2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS.

364. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the
natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c.
is called botanical analysis.

365. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examina-
tion plants should he in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with-

PRESERVING PLANTS. 119

ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination
of the minute parts of the structure, or of the flower.

366. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the practical
botanist. Without this exercise, the study of authors will be of little avail. A
more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes,
by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of tlie dried, than by com-
mitting to memoi-y the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the
flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom,
with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit,
will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of
its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names,
habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown fa-
miliar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in liis vicinity.

367. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown!
plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immedi-
ately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and
physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist,
who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Families, will at once
determine to which of them the plant belongs.

368. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a
measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guided to
the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of
inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, tlierefore, and for the
convenience of all, we ai-c happy to be able to add a fuU series oTf Analytical
Tables, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost im-
mediately, to the object of their research. . See the directions.

§3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVLNG PLANTS.

309. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering at-
tention to the collection and preservation of specimens of as many species of
plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections,
cither in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more
thorough examination at one's leisure, are such as will afford an abundant com-
pensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them.

a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an herbarium, or
by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden).

370. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, 1st, a
close tin box, 20 inclies in length, and of a portable fonn ; 2d, a portable press^
consisting of two boards of light material, 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting
by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is
a good substitute); 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a
dozen or more quires of printing paper) ; 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size
as the paper ; 5th, a small screw-press, or several lead weights of various sizes,
from 15 to 30 pounds each.

n

120 NOMENCLATURE.

371. In gathering plants for this purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the
smaller and herbaceous plants should be taken up with a portion of the roots,
while from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete represen-
tations of the leaves and flowers. They may be preserved for several days, with-
out withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thick-
nesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable
that they be gathered in a dry day ; if not, they should be freed from dampness
before being committed to the paper and press.

372. In drying the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve
well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended
that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible,
between 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the
boards. The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush tlieir parts, and
may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights
used. Cotton batting may be used to equalize the pressure.

373. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to
fresh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are
ready to be transferred to the cabinet. The true secret of preserving specimens
with aU their colors is to extract the moisture from them by pressure in an abund-
ance of drj', bibulous paper as soon as fjossible.

374. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens.
For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper,
about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or
they may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done
skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same
genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper,
with the name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet
should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, time of gather-
ing, habits, &c.

375. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being
wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a diff"erent color from that which en-
folds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on
the outside. Thus arranged, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a
cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects,
pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge satu-
rated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept
dry, and well ventilated.

376. Fruits and seeds which are too large to be pressed with the plants, and
also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

,% The figures refer to paragraphs.

A; (=«, privative) in composition signifies
without.

Abortion; an imperfect development of
any organ. Abbreviations, 128.

Absorption, 157, 15S, 272, 273, 274.

Acaulescent, 1S4.

Accessory ; something added to the nsual
parts.

Accretion ; the growing of one thing to
anotlier.

Accumbent; lying upon. In the Cru-
cifcrtB it denotes the radicle lying upon
the edses of the cotyledons.

Acerose,"234, 26. ^

Achenium, 116, 9.

Achlamydeous, 54.

Acicular; needle-shaped.

Acine ; a separate grain or carpel of a col-
lective fruit.

Acotyledonous, 48.

Acrogens, 351.

Aculeate ; armed with prickles.

Acuminate, 236, 3.

Acute, 236, 1.

Adherent, 97.

Adnata ; growing to or upon, 69, 2.

j:stivation, 108.

Aggregate ; assembled closely together.

Aglujnaceous, 350.

Alse, 105, 5.

Alburnum, 203.

Albumen, 122.

Alternative, 108, 5.

Alveolate ; with partitions like a honey-
comb.

Amcnt, 299.

Amplexicaul, 222, 3.

Anastomosing ; the uniting of vessels ;
inosculating.

Anatropous, 121.

Ancipital; two-edged.

Andrcecium, 57, 6o.

Androgynous; with both stamens and
pistils.

Angiospenns, 349.

Anthelmintic ; expelling or killing worms.

Animal, definition of, 11.

Antiseptic ; efficacious against putrefac-
tion.

Anther, 68.

Apetalas, 354. Apetalous, without petals.

Appressed; pressed closely upon some-
thing else.

Apterous ; without wings (or margins).

Aquatics ; growing m or belonging to the
water.

Arachnoid; 41, a.

Arboreous ; tree-like.

Arborescent ; belonging to a tree.

Areolaj ; having the surface divided into
little spaces, or areas.

Ariditv ; dryness.

Aril, 119.

Aristate ; bearded, as in the glumes of
barley.

Armed; 235, 7.

Aroma ; the spicy quality of a thing.

Articulation ; a joint ; the place where
one thing is jouied to another.

Artificial Classes, 73.

Artificial Orders, SO.

Ascidia, 245.

Ascending; arising obliquely, assurgent.

Assurgent; arising in an oblique cKreo-
tion.

Attenuate ; rendered slender or thin.

Auriculate, 232, 9.

Awn, 256.

Axil (arm-pit); the angle between the
petiole and branch, on the upper side

Axillary ; growing out of the axils.

Axis, ascending, 19.

Axis, descending, 19.

122

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Baccate ; beny-like, covered with pulp.

Banner, 105, 5.

Bark, 205.

Beak ; a hard, short point, like the beak

of a bird.
Bearded ; with long awns or hairs.
Beny, 116, 14.

Bicuspidate ; with two points.
Bidentate ; vdth two teeth.
Biennial ; of two years' duration.
Bifid ; two-cleft.
Bifoliate ; with two leaves.
Bilabiate ; two-lipped.
Bifurcate ; two-forked.
Blnate ; growing two together.
Bipinnate, 240, 5.
Bipinnatifid ; twice pinnatifid.
Bisaccate ; with two tumors or sacks.
Bitemate, 240, 7.
Bivalved ; two-valved.
Botany defined, 1.
Brachiate; with opposite spreading

branches (arms).
Bracteatc ; having bracts.
Bracteola3 ; httle bracts.
Bracts, 252.

Branchlets ; small branches.
Branch, 170.
Bristles ; rigid hairs.
Bud, 20, 22. 165—169.
Bulb; 178.
Bulbiferous, 178, c.
Bulblets, 178, c.
Bulbous ; having bulbs.

Caducous, 98.

Casspitose ; turfy, growing in tufts.

Calycine ; of a calyx.

Calvculated; having bracteoles resem-
bling an external or additional calyx..

Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to
the cover of the theca of some mosses.

Calyx, 55, 95.

Cambium, 207.

Campanulate, 104, 1.

Campylotropous ; denotes that the ovule
is curved upon itself.

Canaliculate ; channelled, or furrowed.

Canescent ; hoary, approaching to white.

CapUlary ; very slender, hair-like.

Capitate ; growing in a head.

Capsule, 116, 1. x»

Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped.

Caiyopsis ; a small, 1-celled, iadehiscent
pericarp, adhering to the seed which it
encloses, as in the grasses. 116,8.

Carpels, 77.

Caroophore ; the axis of the fruit in tlie
Umbelliferse.

Cartiladnous ; gi'istly.

Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4.

Cathartic ; purgative.

Catkin, 299.

Caudate ; with a tail-like appendage.

Caudex, 142, a.

Caulescent, 184.

Cauline, 220.

Caulis, mi.

Cellular ; composed of cells.

Cellular tissue, 29.

Cellulares, 47.

Cernuous ; nodding.

Chaffv ; with chaft" like processes.

Chalaza, 91.

Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 23.

Chlorophyll, 215, a.

Chromulte ; gi-een coloring-matter or par
tides.

Cilise ; hairs like those of the eyelash.

CiUate, 41, a.

Circinate, 217, 7.

Circurascissile, 115, 5.

CiiThose, 240, 2.

Clavate ; club-shaped.

Claw, 102.

Chmbers, 187.

Cochleate ; resembling the shell of a
snail.

Cohering; connected.

Collimi, 141.

Columella, 116, a.

Colored ; not green.

Columnar ; fonned like columns.

Column ; the consolidated stamens and
pistils of Orchidacese.

Coma, 118, a.

Commissure ; the inner face of the car
pels of Umbelliferse.

Compound leaves, 23S.

Comose ; a kind of inflorescence, having
a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it.

Compound leaves ; consisting of several
leaflets.

Compressed, 222, 1.

Concave ; hollow.

Concentric ; points or lines at equal dis-
tance from a common centre.

Concrete; hardened, or formed into one
mass.

Confluent ; running into one another.

Conjugate ; joined in pairs.

Connate; joined together at the base,
242,4.

Connectile, 68, 3.

Connivent; converging.

Conoid ; like a cone.

Contorted ; 108, 4, twisted.

Convolute, 108, 2.

Convex ; rising spherically.

Coral Islands, 12, c.

Cordate, 234, 25.

Coriaceous j leather^', thick, and tough.

Corm, 179.

Corimte ; horned.

Corolla, 56, 100.

Corona (a crown); the expanded cup-
like disk of the Narcissus, &c.

Corymb, 301.

CorjTnbose ; arranged like a corymb

Costate; ribbed.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

123

Cotyledon, 125.

Cotyledonous plants, 48.

Creeper, 182.

Crenate, 235, 4.

Crenulate, 235, 4.

Crisped, 235, 10.

Crucifoiin, 105, 1.

Cryptogamia, 345.

Cucullate ; hooded, cowled.

Culm, 1S6, a.

Cultivation, effects of, 15.

Cuneate ; wedge-shaped.

Cupule ; the cup, or involucre, of the
acorn, and of all amentaceous plants.

Cuspidate ; like the point of a spear. A
leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con-
tracted to a point.

Cuticle ; the epidermis ; scarf-skin.

Cyathifonn ; cup-shaped ; concave.

Cylindraceous ; like a C3'linder in form.

Cyme, 307. Cymose, like a cyme.

Cyanic, of the blue series ; i. e. white, red,
blue.anv color save yellow or ochroleuc.

Decandrous ; with 10 stamens.

Deciduous, 9S.

Declinate ; turned towai'ds one side.

Decompound ; more than once compoun-
ded, as bipinnate, &c.

Decumbent ; h'ing down, or leaning on
the ground.

Decun-ent, 242, 3.

Decussate ; crossing each other at right
angles.

Deflexed ; bent downwards.

Defoliation, 259.

Dehiscence, 6S, a, 115.

Deltoid ; shaped like the Greek letter A.

Dentate, 235, 2.

Denticulate, 235, 2.

Depressed; pressed inward or flattened
from above.

Diandrous ; with two stamens.

Diadelphous ; having the stamens united
in 2 sets.

Diaphanous ; transparent.

Dichotomous ; branching by two equal
divisions ; forked.

Diclinous ; (stamens and pistils) in sepa-
rate flowers.

Dicotyledonous plants, 127.

Didymous ; two united.

Didj-namous ; having two long stamens
and two short ones in the same flower.

Diffuse; wide-spread, scattered.

Digestion, 2S1.

Digitate, 233, 18.

DigjTious ; with two pistils.

Diojcious ; bearing staminate flowei-s on
one individual, and pistillate on another.

Discoid ; in the Compositee, when the
flowers are all tubular m the same
head.

Disk, 107, h ; also, the centre of a head in
the Compositae.

Dissected ; cut into 2 parts.
11*

Dissepiment; the partitions by which
the cells of the pericarp are separated.

Dissemination of seeds, 135.

Distichous ; leaves or flowers in two op-
posite rows.

Distinct, 63, e.

Divaricate ; spreading in a straggling
manner.

Dodecandrous ; having twelve stamens.

Dorsal, 84 (on the back).

Drupe, 116, 6.

Ducts, 33, f.

Duramen, 203.

Echinate ; beset with prickles.

Elementary organs, 29, &c.

Elliptical, 232, 2.

Elongated ; exceeding the common length.

Emarginate, 236, 4.

Embryo, 123, 124, 130.

EmoUient; softening.

Eudocarp, 112.

Endogenous structure 210, 211.

Endogens, 126, 197, 348.

Endopleura, 118.

Endosmose, 158, a.

Endostome ; inner month or perforation.

Ensiform ; sword-shaped, two-edged.

Entire, 235, 1.

Epicarp, 112.

Epidermis, 35.

Epigynous, 107, b, .

Epipin'tes, 150, h.

Equitant, 217, 1.

Erose, 235, 5.

Esculent; eatable.

Etiolated ; blanched or whitened.

Exhalation, 269, 271.

Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c.

Exogens, 127, 196, 348.

Excsmose, 158, a.

Exotic ; foreign ; not native.

Exserted ; projecting or extending out of

the flower or sheath.
Exsiccated ; dried up.
Exstipulate, 251.
Extrorse, 6S, 4.

Fsecula ; the nutritious part of wheat and

other fruits.
Falcate ; sickle-shaped ; linear and curved.
Farinaceous ; mealy.
Fascicle, 308.
Fasciculated, 146, a.
Fastigiate ; ha\'ing a flat or level top.
Favose ; deeply pitted.
Feather-veined, 230, 1.
Febrifuge ; efficacious against fever.
Fecundation ; the act of making fruitful.
FeiTuginous ; iron-colored; rusty.
Fibrils, 1 12, b, 152.
Fibro-vascular tissue, 260.
Fibrous, 146.
Filament, 67.
Filifomi ; shaped like a thread.

124

INDEX AND GLOSSARV.

Fimbriate; fringed.

Fistular or fistulous ; tubular.

Flabelliform ; fan-shaped.

Flexuous ; bent in an undulating manner.

Floating root, 149.

Floral envelopes, or perianth, 54.

Floral leaves, 252.

Florets, 303, b.

FIosculous ; consisting of many tubular

monopetalous flowers, or florets.
Flower, origin of, 24.
" consists of, 53.
" physiological structure of, 106.
" normal structure of, 61, c.
Flower-bud, 166.

Foliaceous ; having the form of leaves.
Follicle, 116, 5.
Foot-stalks ; the stalks of either flowers

or leaves.
Foramen, 90.
Fork-veined, 229, 3.
Free, 97.

Free central placenta, 88.
Fringed ; having a border like a fringe.
Frond ; the leaves of the ferns, palms, &c.

have been generally so called.
Fruit, 109, 110.

" growth of, 113.

" ripening of, 114.

" consists of. 111.
Frutescent; shrubby.
Fugacious, 257, 1.

Fungous ; of the substance of the Fungi.
Funiculus, 91.
Furcate ; forked.
Fusiform, 145.

Galea ; (104, 5) the arched upper lip of a
labiate flower.

Geminate ; doubled.

Genus, 52.

Germ ; the old name of the ovary.

Germination, 130 — 133.

Gibbous ; swelled out, protuberant.

Glabrous, 237, 1.

Glands, 44.

Glandulai- fibre or tissue, 31.

Glaucous; sea green; pale bluish green
with a powder or bloom.

Globose ; round or spherical.

Glossology, 4.

Glumacese, 350.

Glume, 256.

Granular ; 147, 5, formed of grains or cov-
ered with grains.

Gregarious ; herding together.

Grooved ; furrowed or channelled.

Groups, 357.

Gymnosperms, 349.

Gynandrous ; having the stamens and
styles combined in one body.

Gynoecium, 5S.

Hairs, 41.
Hastate 232, 10.

Habit ; the general aspect or external
features of a plant, by which it is
known at sight.

Head, 303.

Helmet or Galea, 104, 5.

Herb, 164, c.

Herbariimi, 369, 370.

Heterogamous ; flowers not all perfect,
some being neutral or pistillate.

Hexandrous ; having six stamens.

Hilum, 120.

Hirsute, 41, a.

Hispid ; rough, with stiff hairs.

Hoary, 237, 5.

Homogamous ; flowers all tubular, simi-
lar and perfect, as in some of the Com-
positse.

Homogeneous ; having a imiform nature
or composition.

Hooded ; curved or hollowed at the end
into the form of a hood.

Hot springs, 12, e.

Hyaline ; crystalline, transparent.

Hybrid ; partaking of the nature of two
species.

Hypocrateriform, 104, 3.

Hypogynous, 107, b.

Imbricate ; placed one over another, like
the tiles upon a roof, 108, 8.

Incised, 235, 8.

Incrassated; becoming thicker by de-
grees.

Indehiscent, 115.

Indigenous ; native of.

Induplicate, 108, 7.

Incumbent ; lying against or across. In
the Criiciferae it denotes that the radi-
cle is applied to the back of one of the
cotyledons.

Indusium ; the membrane that encloses
the theca of ferns.

Inferior, 97.

Inflated; tumid and hollow, blown up
like a bladder.

Jnflexed ; bending inward.

Inflorescence, 2S5, &c.

" centripetal, 293.

" centrifugal, 294.

InfimdibulifoiTn, 104, 2.

Innate, 68, 1.

Inserted into ; gro^-ing out of.

Integument, 118.

Intercellular passages, 39.

Internode, 172.

Introrse, 69, 4.

Involucel, 2.54.

Involucre, 254.

Involute, 217, 3.

Irregular ; unequal in size or figure.

Keel, 105, 5.

Kidney-shaped, 232, 12 (reniform).

Labellum, 107, a.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

125

Labiate, 104, 5.

Laciniatc, »3, 20.

Lactescent; milky or juicy.

Lamina, 102.

Lanate ; woolly.

Lanceolate, 2.32, 5.

Lateral ; relating to the side.

Latex, 205.

Laticiicrous tissue, .34, 207, c.

Leaf consists of, 27.

" form of, 231.

" color of, 215.

" niarpin of, 235.

" surface of, 2.37.

" functions of, 2ti7.

" duration of, 257.
Leaf-bud, 167.
Leatlets, 239.

Leaves, arrangement of, 218.
Legume, 116, 4.
Legmninous ; having legumes.
Lenticular; lens-shajied.
Liber, 205, 206.
Ligneous ; woody.
Ligula, or ligulc ; the membrane at the

top of the sheath of grasses, &c.
Ligulate ; strnp-shaped.
Liliaceous, 105, 3.
Limb, 103.
Linear, 234, 23.
Linnean Classes, 73, 74.
Linnean Orders, 80.
Loculicidal, 115, 1.
Loment; a jointed legume.
Lunate ; crescent-shaped.
Lyrate, 232, 14.

Marescent ; withering on the plant.

Marginal ; on the margin.

Medulla; pith.

Medullary rays, 201.

Medullary sheath, 200.

Membranous, or membranaceous ; with

the texture of membrane.
^Mcricarp; half-fruit.
Mesosperm, US.
Midrib, 226. Midvein, 220.
Mineral defined, 9.
Monadelphous ; stamens all united.
Monandrous ; with one stamen.
Moniliform, 147, b.
Monocotyledonous plants, 126.
Monoecious ; stamens and pistils apart, in

separate flowers on the same plant,
^lonopctala;, 354.
Monopetalous, 101.
Monosepalous, 90.
Mucronate, 236, 6.
Multifid; many-cleft.
Muricate ; witt hard short points.

Naked o^^lles or seeds, 111, a.
Napifoi-m, 145, c.

Narcotic ; producing sleep or torpor.
Natural System, 341.

Nectariferous; producing honey.

Nectary, 107, a.

Nerves, 227.

Net-veined, 229.

Nodding ; in a drooping position.

Node, 172.

Noniial ; regular, according to rule.

Nomial structure of plants, 61.

" causes of deviation from, 63.
Nucleus, 90.
Nut, lie, 7. Nutrition, priuciples of, 310.

Ob, in composition implies inversion, as
obovate, mversely-ovate, &c.

Oblong, 232, 3.

Obovate, 2-32, 6.

Obvolute ; 217, 2.

Obsolete; indistinct, as if worn out.'

Obtuse; blunt. Ochroleiicnus, yellowish-

Octandrous ; with eight stamens, [white.

Octogynous ; with eight styles.

Otficnial : u«ed in or belonging to the
shojjs.

Offset, 191.

Oleaginous, oily.

Operculum ; the lid to a pyxis, &c.

Opposite, 218, 3.

Orbicular, 232, 1.

Orders, 355.
" names of, 360.

Ordinal ; relating to the Orders.

Organic bases, 2y.

Organography, 2.

Orthotropous, 121.

Oval, 234, 24.

Ovarj-, 76, 77.

Ovate ; egg-shaped (surface), as a leaf.

Ovoid; egg-formed (solid), as a fruit.

Ovules, 81, 89.

Paleacious, 99, a.

Palea;, 250.

Palmate, 147, a.

Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped, rounded at
the ends, narrow in the middle.

Panicle, 304.

Papilionaceous, 105, 5.

Papillose ; producing small glandular ex-
crescences.

Pappus, 99, a.

Parasitic ; growing upon or nourished by
another.

ParaUel-veined, 229, 2.

Parenchyma, 29, 261.

Parietal placentae,

Pectinate; comb-like, with long, narrow
segments.

Pedate; when the palmate leaf has the
two lateral lobes cut into two or more
segments.

Pedicel, 28S.

Pedicellate ; furnished with a pedicel.

Peduncle, 287, 288.

Pellucid; transparent.

Peltate, 233, 21.

126

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Pendulous ; drooping, hanging down.

Pentagonal ; with 5 sides and 5 angles.

Pentandrous ; with 5 stamens.

Pepo, 116, 13.

Perennial ; enduring three years or more.

Perfoliate, 242, 2.

Perianth, 54.

Pericarp, 112.

Perigynous ; inserted into the calyx.

Peristome ; the rim or border surrounding
the orifice of the theca of a moss.

Permanent ; same as persistent.

Persistent, 98.

Personate, 104, 5.

Petal, 101.

Petaloid ; resembling petals.

Petiolate, 221.

Petiole, 221, 222.

Phffinogamia, 46, 345.

Pilose, 99, a.

Pinnae ; (wmgs) the segments of a pinnate
leaf.

Pinnate, 240, 1.

Pinnatifid, 232, 15.

Pistil, 58, 75.
" physiological structure of, 83.
" theoretical structure of, 84.

Pistillate ; bearing pistils.

Pith, 199.

Placenta, 87.

Plaited, 217, 6.

Plant defined, 10.

Plicate ; folded like a fan.

Plumose, 99, a.

Plumule, 124, b.

Pod ; legumes, siliques, &c.

Pollen, 70.

Polyandrous ; with many stamens.

Polyadelphous ; stamens united in seve-
ral sets.

Polygamous ; having staminate or pistil-
late and perfect flowers on the same
tree.

Polygynous ; with many pistils.

Polypetalas, 354.

Polypetalous, 101.

Polysepalous, 9'i.

Polyspermous ; manv-seeded.

Pome, 116, 12.

Pores; apertures of perspiration in the
cuticle.

Premorse, 145, h.

Priclcles, 43.

Primine, 90.

Prismatic ; formed like a prism, with 3
or more angles.

Procumbent ; trailing on the ground.

Proliferous ; forming young plants about
the roots.

Prostrate ; trailing flat on the ground.

Pubescent, 41, a.

Pulp ; the soft, juicy, cellular substance
found in berries and other fruits.

Pulverulent; powdery.

Punctate, 237, 10.

Pungent ; stingmg or pricking.
Putamen, 112.
PjTiform ; pear-shaped.
Pyxis, 116, 11.

Quinate, 241, 9.
Quincuncial, 108, 3.

Raceme, 298.

Racemose ; resembling a raceme.

Rachis, 290.

Radiate ; when the outer flowers of an in-
florescence are largest, or furnished
with rays.

Radiate-veined, 230, 2.

Radical, 220.

Radicle, 124, a.

Ramial, 220.

Ramose, 144.

Raphe, 121.

Raphides, 29, /

Receptacle, 59.

Recurved ; bent or curved backwards.

Reflexed ; curved backwards and down-
wards.

Reniform, 232, 12.

Repand, 235, 11.

Respiration, 275 — 280.

Resupinate ; inverted.

Reticulate, 229, 1.

Retrorse ; bent backwards.

Ret use, 236, 5.

Revolute, 217, 4.

Rhizoma, 181.

Rhomboid ; oval and angular in the mid-
dle.

Rib [costa] ; ridge caused by projecting
veins, &c.

Ringent, 104, 5.

Root, 136—160.
" growth of, 153.
" forms of, 143, &c.
" use of, 154.
" physiological structure of, 151.

Rosaceous, 105, 2.

Rostrate ; with a beak.

Rosulate ; aiTanged in a radiant manner,
like the petals of a double rose.

Rotate, 104, 4.

Rugose, 237, 9.

Runcinate, 232, 13.

Runner, 185.

Saccate ; with a bag or sack.
Sagittate, 232, 11.
Samara, 116, 10.
Sap, 268.
Sapwood, 203.
Sarcocai-p, 112.
Scabrous ; rough.

Scale ; the bracts of the Compositffi.
Scape, 186, 2S9.

Scarious ; dry, colorless, membranaceous.
Scorpoid ; when racemes are revolute be-
fore expansion, as Drosera, &c.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

127

Scattered, 21S, 1.

Secund ; turned to one side.

Secundine, 90.

Scrobiculate ; pitted or furrowed.

Seed, 117, Sec.

" vitality of, 134.
Segments ; parts or di^sions.
Seminal; of the seed.
Sepals, 96.
Septicidal, 11.5, 2.
Septifraoral, 115, 3.
Septiiiate, 2-11, 10.
Septum ; a partition.
Sericeou^:, 41, a.
Serrate, 23-5, 3.
SernUate, 235, 3.
Sessile, 221.

Setaceous, or setose ; bristly.
Setose, 99, a.

Sheath ; the lower part of the leaf or leaf-
stalk which surrounds the stem.
Shrub. Kit, i. Signs, 128.
Silicic, 116,3.
Siliquc, IK), 2.
Sinuate, 232, 16.
Sinus ; the recesses foiTned by the lobes

of leaves, &c.
Soporific ; inducing sleep.
Son ; the patches of fructification on the

back of the fronds of ferns.
Spadix, 300.
Spathe ; the sheath sun'ounding a spadix

or a single flower.
Spathiilatc ; obovate, with the lower end

much narrowed and tapering.
Species, 50.
Specific names, 362.
Spei-modenn ; skin of a seed.
Spike, 297.
Spines, 171.
Spinous, 235, 7.
Spiral vessels, .33, a.
Spongiolcs, 142, c.
Spores, 129.
Sporogens, 347
Sporules or spores, 129.
Spur, 107, a.
Stamens, 57, 65, 73. ^
" consist of, 66.
" and pistils, use of, 92.
Staminate ; with stamens only, barren.
Standard ; same as vexiUum or banner.
Stellate, 242, 5.
Stem, 161.

" functions of, 20S, 209.
Sterile ; barren, unfruitful.
Sternutatory ; exciting to sneezing.
Stigma, 79.
Stings, 42.

Stipe ; the stalk of a pod, of a fungus, &c.
Stipels, 251.

Stipitate, borne on a stipe.
Stipules, 249.
Stipulate, 251.
Stolon, 192.

Stolouiferous ; bearing stolons.

Stomata, 37, 3S, 39.

Straight-veined ; where the principal

veins pass direct to the margin.
Striffi ; small streaks, channels or furrows.
Striate ; with striEc, slightly furrowed, &c.
Strigose ; clothed with snort, stiff, and

appressed hairs.
Strobile, 116, 15.
Style, 7s.
Stylopodium ; a kind of disk which is

epigynous and confluent with the style.
Sub ; in composition, it denotes a lower

degree of the quality. :is sub-sessile,

nearly sessile, &c.
Submersed ; under water.
Subulate ; awl-shaped.
Succulent ; thick, juicv, and fleshy.
Suffnitescent ; somewfiat shnibby.
SuflVuticosc ; same as the last.
Sulcate ; furrowed or grooved.
Superior, 97.
Suture, 84.
Symmetrica], 61, c.
Syncarpous ; when the fruit consists of

united carpels.
Syngencsious ; when the anthers are uni-
ted into a tube, as in Composita;.
Systematic botany, 330.

Tap root, 145, c.

Tendril, 1S7, a.

Terete ; rounded or cylindric.

Temiinai ; borne at the summit.

Ternate, 240, 4.

Testa, US.

Tetradynamous ; with 2 short and 4 long
stamens.

Tetragj'nous ; with 4 pistils.

Tetrandrous ; with 4 stamens.

Thallogens, 351.

Thallus ; that part of Lichens which
bears the fructification.

Theca; the vessels which contain the
sporules of the Crj'ptogamia.

Thorn, 171.

Throat; the orifice of the tube of the
corolla.

ThjTse, 305.

Tomentose, 41, a.

Toothed; dentate.

Torose ; uneven or undulating on the sur-
face.

Torus ; receptacle, .59.

Trailing ; creeping or lying on the ground.

Transverse ; ci'oss-wise.

Tree, 164, a.

Triandrous ; with 3 stamens.

Tricuspidate ; having three points.

Tridentate ; three-toothed.

Trifid; three-cleft.

Tripinnate, 239, 6.

Triternate, 239, S.

Truncate ; blunt, as if cut square off.

Trunk, 169.

128

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Tube, 103.

Tuber, ISO.

Tuberiferous ; bearing tubers.

Tuberous, 147.

Tubular, 103.

Tunicated, 178, a.

Turbinate ; shaped like a top.

Turgid ; swollen.

Umbel, 302, a.

Umbellet, 305, a.

Umbilicate ; depressed in the centre.

Unarmed, 235, 7.

Uncinate ; hooked at the end.

Undulate ; wavy.

Unquis ; the claw, as of a petal.

Unilateral; one-sided.

Utricle, 116, 8.

Valvate, 108, 1.
Valves, 115.
Varieties, 51.
Vascular tissue, 33.
Vasculares, 47.
Vasiform tissue, 32.

Vegetable physiology, 3.

Vegetable kingdom, variety of, 13.

Vegetation, its diffusion, 14, a.

Veins, 228.

Veinlets, 228. Veinulets, 228.

Velvety ; clothed with a dense, soft pub-
escence.

Venation, 226.

Ventral, 84.

Vernation, 216.

Verticilla.ster, 309.

VerticiUate, 218, 4.

Vescicular; bladdery.

Vexillary, 108, 6.

Vexillum, 105, 5.

ViUose ; villous ; clothed with long haira.

Vine, 1S7.

Viscid ; clammy, sticky.

Vittas ; receptacles ot secretion in th«
seed of Umbellifer£e.

Whorled, 175.

Winged, 222, 2.

Wood, 201, 202.

Woody tissue, or fibre, 30.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS,

OFTEN USED I.N DESCRIPTIVE BOTANV.

ach. achenia.
cBSt. SBstivation.
alter, alternate.
am]jlex. amplexicaul.
anth. anther.
axill. axillary.
cal. calyx.
caps, capsule.
Cor. corolla.
decid. deciduous.
diam. diameter.
ellip. elliptical.
emarg. emarginate.
epig. epigynous.
/. or ft. feet.

fil. filaments.

fi. flower ; fis. flowers.

fr. fruit.

hd. head ; hds. heads.

hyp. hypogynous.

imbr. imbricate.

inf. inferior.

invol. involucre.

irreg. irregular.

leg. legume.

If. leaf; Ivs. leaves.

Ifts. leaflets.

lorn, loment.

opp. opposite.

ova. ovarv.

ped. peduncle.
pet. petals.
perig. perigynous.
perig. perigynium.
recep. receptacle.
reg. regular.
rkiz. rliizoma.
rt. root.
sds. seeds.
scg. segments.
Sep. sepals.
St. stem.
sta. stamens.
stig. stigmas.
sty. styles.

The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and
always in the same manner as in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Mass.
Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York ; la. or Ind., Indiana, &c.

Tlie follovdng Signs are also 171 gejieral use : —

© An annual plant.

© A biennial plant.

1| A perennial herb.

h A plant with a woody stem.

d A staminate flower or plant.

5 A pistillate flower or plant.

ARBREVIATIONS, ETC.

129

Used only in the Cruciferse.

$ A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers.

8 Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers.

^d" Dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.

V 5 cf Polygamous ; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers.

0 Wanting or none.

00 Indefinite, or numerous.

0= Cotyledons accumbent.

0 II Cot_ylcdons incumbent.
0>> Cotyledons conduplicate.
4 A naturalized plant.
t A plant cultivated for ornament.

1 A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a
description. In other situations they have their usual signification a.s rnarks of
division or reference. In measure of "length, or other dimensions, the following signs
are adopted in this work : —

f (without the period) A foot.

' (a single accent) An inch.

" (a double accent) A line (one twelfth of ')•
! The note of exclamation, now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety
to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certahUy from personal obser-
vation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens
either in or from that place." Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that
the writer h:is examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affir-
mation is used only where the fact stated or "implied is somewhat 72eir, or might
otherwise have been regarded as doubtful.

Authors' names, when of
writing the first syllable and
are nearly all the names thus

Adans. Adanson.
Agh. Agardh.
Ait. Aiton.
Arn. Arnott.
Bart. Barton.
Benth. Bentham.
Berl. Berlandier.
Bernh. Bernhardt
Brongn. Brongniart.
Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow.
Boehm. Boehmer.
Bong. Bongard.
Br. Brown.
Cass. Cassini.
Cav. Cavanilles.
Darl. Darlington.
DC. De Candolle.
Desf. Dcsfontaines.
Desv. Desvaux.
Dew. Dewey.
Duh. Duhamel.
Endl. Endlicher.
Ehrh. Ehrhart.
Ell. Elliot.

more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by
the next following or last consonant. The following
abridged in this work : —

Engel. Engelman.
Forsk. Forskahl.
Froel. Froelich.
Ga;rt. Gsertner.
Ging. Gingins.
Gmel. Gmelin.
Gron. Gronovius.
Hedw. Hedwig.
Hofl'm. Hoffmann.
Hook. Hooker.
Juss. Jussieu.
Lam. Lamark.
Lee. Le Conte.
Lindl. Lindley.
Linn.* Linnaeus.
Lk. Link.
Lehm. Lehmann.
Mart. Martins.
Mentz. ^Mentzel.
ilichx. Michaux.
MUl. Miller.
Jlirb. Mirbel.
Mcench. Mcenchai;sen.
Muhl. Muhlenberg.

Nutt. Nuttall.

Pers. Persoon.

Pall. Pallas.

Pav. Pavon.

Poir. Poiret.

Ph. Pursh.

R. Br. Robert Brown.

Raf. Rafinesque.

Rich. Richard.

Schw. Schwenitz.

Scop. Scopoli.

Ser. Seringe.

Schk. Schkuhr.

Sm. Smith.

Spr. Sprengel.

Sw. Swartz.

T. & G. Torrey & Gray,

Torr. Torrey.

Tourn. Tournefort.

Traut. Trautvetter.

Willd. Willdenow.

Walt. Walter.

ANALYTICAL TABLES.

The object of scientific tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical ; — to ex-
hibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to
which thev relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast.
Second, practical ; — " to aid the student in his researches by aftbrding him an
abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora
may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter ; viz.

• In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Lmn. is to be
understood.

ISO ANALYTICAL TABLES.

as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor
and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination
of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists
of a simple series oi dilemmas or alternatives ; the decision being, in almost all cases,
to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These
decisions or (A7c/« was being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with
absolute precision (provide'^cl the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good
one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading
across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by
those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole
pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satis-
factory conclusion.

In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that
they are drawn from leaves, fruit, flower, Or any portion of the plant which suited
our convenience, — our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most
obvioics and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances
these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to
those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work ;
that is, found in the United States, north"of lat. 381". In our choice of terms we have
always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none
but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work.

Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be ob-
vious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions
and illustrations. 'We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown
plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words to analyze.
To this end, he first determines to which of the six great classes of the natural sys-
tem it belongs, — either by his previous knowledge of their characters, which should
be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical view, page 130.
Thus he inquires, —

1. Is the plant a flowering or flowerless one ? Ans. Flowering. It belongs there-
fore to Phjenognmia. Turn next to the 'id couplet.

2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or paraEel-veined, &c. Ans. Net-veined, and
the flowers are not wliolly trimerous ; that is, the petals, sepals, and stamens, are in
in threes, but the carpels are single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogens.
Turn to the 3d couplet.

3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. Ans. Stigmas present. The_ plant
therefore belongs to Class I. Angiospermous Exogeus. Next ascertain to which of
the sub-classes it belongs, by synopsis 2d.

4. Are the petals distinct," or united, or 0, &c. ? Ans. Distinct. The plant will
be found therefore among the Polypetalous Exogens. Now turn to the Conspectus
of the Orders of this subdivision, and inquire, —

7. Is the plant an herb or a shrub ? Ans. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 54.
54. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate ? Ans. Alternate. Ti;rn to 65.

65. Stipules present, or stipules none ? Ans. Stipules none. 70.

70. Flowers cf ?, or § ? Ans. §. Turn then to couplet 72.

72. Stamens (00) indefinite, or 6, or 4, or 5 ? Ans. 6 ; and the plant belongs there-
fore to the natural order Berberidacece. The pupil now turns to Order vl. and
inquires in the Conspectus, —

Is the plant an herb or a shrub ? Ans. A shrub, and therefore belongs to Berberis,
genus 1st. Turn finally to that genus, and study the species.

Again, suppose the plant to be an herb. Turn to couplet 8.

8. Leaves alternate, &c. or opposite ? Aiis. All radical. 9.

9. Stipules present or 0 ? ^4?j,'!. Present (radical). 34.

34. Flowers regular or irregular ? Ans. Regular. 35.

35. Stamens monadelphous or distinct ? Ans. Distinct, and the order sought is
Rosace*. Then turn to Order XLVIII. and inquire, —

Ovaries free or adherent ? A)is. Free.

Naked or enclosed, &c. ? Ans. Naked.

Are they 3 — 50 in number or 1 only ? A7is. 3 — 50.

Are they in fruit follicles, a compound berry, or achenia ? Ans. Achenia.

On a dry receptacle or juicy ? Atis. Dry.

Caudate with the persistent style or not ? A?is. Not caudate.

Leaves simple or compound ? A7is. Compound.

Is the plant caulescent or acaulescent ? A7is. Acaulescent, and the genus is
Waldsteiuia. Turn lastly to that genus, and learn the species. Further illustrations
are perhaps unnecessary.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

Sec> !• Classes and Subclasses.

1 Flowering plants (Ph^enogamia). 2

I Flowerless pliints (Cryptogamia). 5

2 Lv3. net-veined (§ 229, 1). Fls. never wholly trimerous (Exogens). 3
2 Lvs. parallel- (rarely net-) veined. Fls. trimerous (Endogens). 4

3 Stiemas present. Sds. enclosed in a pericarp. 6 ANGIOSPERMS. I

3 Stig. none. Sds. quite naked. (Conifeh^. CXXXI) GYMNOSPERMS. II
4 Sepals and petals verticillatc or 0. Glumes 0. 143 AGLUMACE^. Ill
4 Sep. and pet. none. Glumes altern. Fr. 1-s'ded. 163 GLUMACE^. IV

5 Stems and leaves distinguishable. 164 - - - - ACROGENS. V.

5 Stems and leaves undistinguishable. 168 - - - THALLOGENS. VI

6 Petals (or pctaloid sepals) distinct. 7 Polj'petalae. I

6 Petals united (at least at their bases). 76 - - - - Mouopetalae. II
6 Petals 0. Sepals more or less united or none. 116 - Apetalse. Ill

Sec. II. Orders of the Polypetalous Bxogens.

7 Herbs (164), annual, biennial or perennial, rarely suffruticose at base. - - 8

7 Shrubs and trees (164). 54

8 Leaves alternate or all radical. ---------------- 9

8 Leaves cauliiie, opposite, at least the lower ones. -- ...--.-38

9 Stipules (249) present. 34

9 Stipules none. .-.-----------------10

10 Polyandrous,— stamens (20—200) indefinite. 11

10 Oligandrous, — stamens (few) definite. -------------17

II Stamens (hypogynous) inserted on the receptacle (74, 2d). 12

11 Stamens (perigynous) inserted on the calyx or corolla. 16

12 Ovaries simple; fruit acheniate, foUiculate, &c., never capsular. 13

12 Ovaries united into a compound capsule. ------------15

13 Leaves never peltate. Seeds albuminous. Ranunculaceje. I

13 Leaves centrally or subcentrally peltate. Aquatic. 14

14 Sepals and petals definite (2 — 4). Seeds albuminous. - - Cabombaceje. VH
14 Sepals and petals indefinite, numerous. Albumen 0. - - - NelumbiacejE. VIII

15 Sepals and petals indefinite, numerous. Nymphjsaces. IX

15 Sepals and petals 5. Lvs. pitcher- or trumpet-form. - Sarraceniace*. X

15 Sepals 2. Juice usually colored. Papavebace.e. XI

16 Sepals and petals 5—10. A ' ' ' 'r Jt

16 Sepals and petals indefinite and confounded. - Cactace.e. LXI

17 Flowers very irregular. -----------------18

17 Flowers regular or nearly so. -------------^-20

18 Filaments 6 or 8, united below into one or two sets. -- 19

18 Filaments 5, cohering only at top. Balsaminace.e. XXVIII

18 Filaments 8, distinct. Leaves peltate. Tropjeolace^. XXIX

18 Filaments 8, distinct. Lvs. bitemate. Vine with tendrils. Sapindaceje. XLIV

19 Leaves much dissected and divided. Fumariace^. XII

19 Leaves simple, entire. Polygalaceje. XVI

20 Ovaries superior (97), free from the calyx ornearly so. - --------21

20 Ovaries inferior, or wholly adherent to the calyx (97). -- 32

21 Sepals 2. Fleshy herbs. Pohtulacace«. XXIV

21 Sepals 3 or more. ......-------22

22 Sta. (hypogynous) inserted on the receptacle or torus. 23

22 Stamens (perigynous) inserted on the calyx. ---"""""""" ^J

23 Sepals, petals and stamens symmetrical (61, c). - - 24

23 Sepals, petals and stamens unsymmetrical. Fruit a pod. 29

24 Carpels solitary, fruit simple, one-celled. Beebehidace.e. VI

24 Carpels 3 — 5, more or less united. -------•"""""■?§

25 Leaves simple. ..........---------^o

25 Leaves compound. .---.-..-------- " " ^|

26 Ovary and capsule one-celled. Aquatic. Dhoseraceje. XVIU

26 Ovary and capsule 5 10-celled. ---.-.--- Linace^. XXVI

27 Plants aquatic. Fr. 2— 5 fleshy achenia. Juice acid. Limnanthaceje. XXX

27 Plants not aquatic. ""■■'■"'""' ",-v'""" '■v'vvr

28 Leaves palmately 3-foliate. Juice acrid. Oxalidace.s;. XAAl

28 Leaves pinnate, with pellucid resinous dots. - - - - RuTACEfi. XXXI V
■ 29FIowerscruciform(105, 1). Pods2-carpeled,2-celled. - Chuciferje. XIU

29. Flowers not cruciform. ^"

12

132 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

30 Pods 2-carpeled, one-celled. Capparidace^. XIV

30 Pods 3 — 6-carpeled, one-celled. Resedace;e. XV

31 Ovaries (3 — 20) as many as the sepals. Cbassulace;e. LXIV

31 Ovaries (2) fewer than the sepals. Saxifhagace^e. LXV

32 Flowers in simple or compound umbels. --- ---33

32 Flovi'ers in racemes, solitary, &c. --------- Onaghaces. LV

33 Carpels 2, dry, separable, 1-seeded, indehiscent. - - Umbellifer^e. LXVII
33 Carp. 2 — 6, inseparably combined into a berry or drupe. Ahaliace^e. LXVIII

34 Flowers regular. --.... 35

34 Flowers irregular. --------------- 36

35 Stamens monadelphous (74, xvi). .--.-. Malvace^e. XXXVII
35 Stamens distinct. ------------ Rosacea. XL VIII

36 Fruit a three-celled capsule. --.-.--.--------37

36 Fruit a legume (116, 4). ...-- Leguminosje. XLVIj

37 Caps.with 3 broad wings. Monoecious and monadelphous. Begoniace.e. LVIII
37 Capsule not winged. Flowers perfect. ...... VioLACEiE. XVII

38 Stipules present, sometimes minute. -.....-.---..39

38 Stipules none. ---------------------41

39 Ovaries 5, distinct and one-seeded in fruit. - - - Gehaniacke. XXVII
39 Ovary compound, 1 — 5-ceUed. .---...----..-40

40 Sepals, petals and stamens 5. - ------- Jllecebrace*. XXII

40 Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 2 or 3. Aquatic. - Elatinace^. XXV

41 Flowers very irregular. Polygalaceje. XVI

41 Flowers regular or slightly unequal. - .-... ..49

42 Ovaries inferior. .-.-.-.-.43

42 Ovaries superior. ...------- 45

43 Calyx adhering only to the angles of the ovary. - - . . Melastomaceje. LI
43 Calyx tube wholly adherent to the ovary. .-.--.-----44

44 Involucre 4-leaved, white, subtending the small cyme. - - - Cornace^. LXIX
44 Involucre 0. Leaves (3 only, compound, lxviii.) many. - Onageace*. LV

45 Ovaries 00, distinct, simple, acheniate, caudate. - - - Ranunculace^. I

45 Ovaries compound, (or simple, with 2 Ivs and I. fl. vi.) 46

•16 Sepals 2, fewer than the petals. PoRTULACACEi:. XXIV

46 Sepals 3 — 5, more or less united. -47

47 Styles united into one. --- ......---48

47 Styles distinct. 49

48 Sepals equal, combined into a tube. --------- Lythrace*. LIl

48 Sepals unequal, nearly distinct. - CisxACEiE. XIX

49 Stamens hypogynous (arising from the receptacle). 50

49 Stamens perigynous (arising from the calyx). 51

50 Stem tumid at the nodes. Leaves not punctate. - Cakvophvllace^. XXIII

50 Ste^ often ancipltal. Leaves with pellucid and black dots. Hypehicace.e. XX

51jBtamens 20 or more, indefinite. Exotic. - - - Mesembrvace.e. LXII

5]^tamens fewer than 20, definite. -----52

52 Cupels (follicles) distinct, always as many as the sepals. Chassulaceje. LXI V

52 Carpels 2 — 5, partly or completely united. -.----.--.--53

53 Embryo coiled around the albumen. Styles 3 — 5. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. XXIII

53 Embryo straight, in the midst of the alb. Styles 2. - Saxifragace.e. LXV

54 Leaves opposite. ....- 55

54 Leaves alternate. --......--.---------65

55 Stipules present, deciduous. -----... Celastrace.e. XLV

55 Stipules none. ---..--.--. 56

56 Flowers irregular. Hippocastanace*. XLIII

56 Flowers regular. ---..-.....-........57

57 Stamens (00) indefinite, 20 or more. - 58

57 Stamens definite, fewer than 20. -.- ......61

58 Ovary superior (§ 97). 60

58 Ovary inferior. -- 59

59 Ovary compound, of 3 — 5 carpels. Leaves dotted. - - Hypericace.e. XX
59 Ovaries 00, simple, enclosed in the fleshy calyx. - CalycanthacejE. XLIX

60 Styles united into one. Myrtace;e. L

60 Styles 4, distinct. § Philapelphe^. LXV

61 Ovary superior. --------------- -----g2

61 Ovary inferior. --------- ..---..----(;3

62 Fruit a one-celled capsule. Depressed shrubs. Cistace^. XIX

62 Fruit 2 united samarce (116, 10). Erect shrubs and trees. - Acerace^e. XLll
C2 Fruit a 2-seeded berry. Climbing by tendrils. - - - ViTACEiE. XXXVIII

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 133

63 Styles 2, distinct. Cymes radiate. § Hydbanges. LXV

63 Styles united into one. .----------------o4

64 Berry 4-angled, 4-celled. Exotic. - Onagbace^. L\

64 Drupe 1— 2-celled. Terrestrial shrubs or trees. - - - - Cohnacee. Lj^Xl;^

64 Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. Parasites. LoBANTHACEiE. LXX

65 Stipules present, sometimesniinute, or only 2glands. ob

65 Stipules none. Flowers regular. '^

66 Flowers regular. ..--.- - - b7

66 Flowers more or less irregular. Leguminosje. AL.vii

67 Stamens 4— 5, distinct. Erect shrubs. - - o°

67 Stamens 5, united into one set. Climbing. - - - Passiflobace^. L,VU

67 Stamens 00, 20 or more. y'tvt

68 Stamens opposite to the petals. Rhamnaces. -?^\i

68 Stamens alternate with the petals. Celastbacee. AL, v

69 Filaments distinct, hypogynous. Flowers very large. - Magnohace.e^ ii

69 Filaments distinct, perigynous. ^°®^^^*Vyyvtt

69 Filaments united into one set. m ^'^^^^^■-ArvViTT

69 Filaments united into 5 sets. Flowers small. - - Tiliacex. XXXVIU

70 Flowers dia;cious. Climbing vines. - - - Menispermace^. V

70 Flowers diiEcious. Erect shrubs. --------- 71

70 Flowers perfect. --- ■""„'"""'" vvvtt

71 Ovary superior. Prickly shrubs. Zanthoxylaceb. ^^^'■\

71 Ovary inferior. Unarmed. Hamamelace.e. LXVl

72 Stamens (00) indefinite, 18 or more. Ovaries (5 Ros. xlvihO 00 or 1. - - 7^

72 Stamens 6, opposite to the 6 petals. Bebbebidaces. Vl

72 Stamens 4, alternate with the petals. Coenace*. LXIX

72 Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. '■*

73 Fruit large, fleshy pods. Flowers trimerous (63, a) - - Anonacm:. 1 V
73 Fruit a several-celled capsule. Fls. pentamerous. Tebnstb(EMAce«. XXXVI

73 Fruit a many-celled berry. Aubantiace^. X50C V

74 Fruit a dry, one-seeded drupe. Anacardiaces. XXXIH

74 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. § Escallionee. LXV

74 Fruit a one-celled, globose berry. Grossulace^ LX

74 Fruit a 5-celled baccate drupe. ABALiACEffi. LXVlll

75 Styles several, distinct. Rosacea. XL VIU

75 Styles united into L LoASACEiE. LVl

Sec. III. Orders of the Mouopetalous Exogeus.

76 Herbs annual, biennial or perennial, """""■""""'"'"ill
76 Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. ---------------- 10b

77 Stem long, juicy, climbing by tendrils. ... - - Cucubbitace.e. LIX

77 Stem not furnished with tendrils. ----.----.--- ' '^\

78 Leaves alternate or all radical. ----------------79

78 Leaves opposite, cauline. -------.--.--.----95

78 Leaves none. Plant without verdure. .-...--------93

79 Flowers regular. ---..-.------------80

79 Flowers irregular. -----...-..--------90

80 Stamens 5, cohering by the anth. Fls. small, in heads. - Compositje. LXXV

80 Stamens 4 — 10, distinct (or united and fls. not capitate). -.---.-81

81 Ovary (inferior) adherent to the calyx tube. ----------82

81 Ovary (superior) free. (Stamens 6, diadelphous. Vine. 19.) 83

82 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. - - Campanulace*. LXXVII

62 Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the cor. - - § Vaccine^:. LXXVIII

83 Stamens twice as many as the slightly united petals. § Pyeoleb. LXXVIII

83 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. ----------84

84 Stamens opposite the segments of the corolla. --.---.---85
64 Sta. alternate with the segm. of the cor. Styles united into one. - - - - 86

85 Ovary many-seeded. ---------- Prim0Lace«. LXXXII

65 Ova. 1-s'ded. Pet. often but slightly connected. PLrMBAGWACE^E. LXXXV
86 Acaulescent. Fls. spicate. Fr. a minute pyxis. Plantaginaceje. LXXXIV

86 Caulescent. - 87

87 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia (116, 9). Bobbaginaces. XCIV

87 Fruit compound, capsular, or baccate (follicular, 105.) 88

88 Corolla twisted and imbricate in aestivation. ... Polemoniaces. XCVI
88 Corolla twisted and plicate in aestivation, - - - Convolvulace.e. XCVIII

88 Corolla in aestivation not twisted. - 89

89 Fruit a few-(2— 4-)seeded capsule. .... - Hydbophyllaceb. XCV

134 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

89 Fr. a many-seeded capsule or berry. jEstivation plicate. Solanaceje. XCIX
90 Ovary inferior. -------------- Lobeliace.k. LXXVI

90 Ovary superior. ----------- 91

91 Stamens 2, or 4 and didynamous. -- 9?

91 Stamens 5, rarely 4 and not didynamous. Cor.(veryirreg.l8) slightly uneq. 115
92 Ovary 1-celled. Aquatic, acaulescent. - - - - LentibulacejE. LXXXVI

92 Ovary (spuriously) 4-celled. --------- Pedaliace^. LXXXIX

92 Ovary regularly 2-celled. ---------- ScnoPHULARiACEi:. XCI

93 Flowers regular. ---. § Monothope^. LXXVIII

93 Flowers irregular. -------------------94

94 Erect herbs, color reddish-white or brown. - - - Orobanchace^. LXXXVII
94 Twining, parasitic vines, orange-colored. - - - - § Cuscutine*. XCVUI

95 Herbs with a watery juice. ----------------96

95 Herbs with a milky juice. Fruit 1 or 2 follicles. 105

96 Corolla limb quite regular, or else hgulate. -----97

96 Corolla limb more or less irregular. -.-.----------102

97 Fls. small, in dense, involucrate heads. Fr. achenia. Composit.e. LXXV

97 Flowers in umbels, racemes, &c., not involucrate. 98

98 Ovaries inferior. --...-.-..---..------99

98 Ovaries superior, or nearly so. -------------.--- 100

99 Fruit with 2 or more seeds. --- Rubiaceje. LXXII

99 Fruit with but 1 perfect seed. ------- ValerianacejE. LXXHI

100 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia. Labiate. XCHI

100 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. § Spigele^. LXXH

100 Fruit a 3-celled capsule, loculicidal. ------ Polemoniaces. XCVIII

100 Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded capsule. -- --.-.. loi

101 Stamens opposite the petals. Placentae central, free. Primulace.e. LXXXH
101 Stamens alternate with the petals. Placentae parietal. - Gentianace^. C

102 Ovary inferior. - . - . 103

102 Ovary superior. -------.--.-.-- 104

103 Flowers in dense, involucrate heads. ------ Dipsaceje. LXXIV

103 Flowers solitary or geminate. --_ § Lonicere^. LXXl

104 Ovary 2-ceIled, Sds.(few, onhooks.AcANTHAcE^.xc.) Scrophulariaceje. XCI
104 Ovary drupaceous, entire, 2 or 4-seeded. ------ Verbenaceje. XCII

104 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4 distinct achenia in fruit. . - - - Labiate. XCIH
105 Flowers with a corona and in sin<ple umbels. - - AscLEPiADACEi:. CH

105 Flowers with no corona, and in cymes. Apocynacb^. CI

106 Leaves alternate. -----------..-------112

106 Leaves opposite. ..---.-----------..- 107

107 Ovary superior. ---.------.---..--- 109

107 Ovary inferior. 108

108 Stipules present. Flowers in globose heads. Stamens4. § CiNCHONEa:. LXXII

108 Stipules (mostly) none. Stamens 5. Capkifoliaceje. LXXI

109 Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens 2 or 4. - BiGNONiACEiE. LXXXVIII

109 Flowers regular. -------- -110

110 Stamens 10, twice as many as the corolla lobes. - § Ericineje. LXXVIII
110 Stamens 5, as many as the corolla lobes. ------ ApocvNACEfi. CHI

110 Stamens 2, fewer than the corolla lobes. ------- -----in

HI Corolla imbricate and twisted in EBStivation. - - - - Jasminace*. CHI

11 1 Corolla valvate in aestivation. -- Oleace^. CIV

112 Ovary superior. 114

112 Ovary inferior. 113

113 Fls. capitate, involucrate, minute. Fr. an achenium. CompositjE. LXXV

113 Fls. racemose, &c. Stamens distinct. Fr. a berry. § Vaccines. LXXVIII

113 Fls. racemose, &c. Sta. monad. Fr. a winged drupe. SxYRACACEiE. LXXXI

1-4 Stamens (hypogynous) inseried with the corolla. - - § Ericine*. LXXVIII

114 Sta.(perigynous)insertedon the summit of the cor. tube. DiapensiacejE. XCVII

114 Stamens (perigynous) inserted into the cor. tube inside. -------115

115 Drupe with 8 1-seeded cells. Petals 4. ----- Ebenace;e. LXXX

115 Drupe with 3 — 6 1-seeded cells. - AauiFOLiAcE^E. LXXIX

115 Beriy with 2 many-seeded cells. Solanaceje. XCIX

Sec. IV. Orders of the Apetalous £xogens.
116 Herbs. 117

116 Trees, shrubs and undershrubs. -------.---.... 130

117 Leaves alternate or all radical. (Flowers withspadix and spathe, cxxxvi.) 118
117 Leaves opposite. -.... 123

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 135

118 Stipules (ochreee) sheathing the stem above the nodea. - Poltgonaces. CX

118 Stipules 0, or not ochreate. 119

119 Fruit capsular, 3-carpelecl, 3-seeded, trlpartible. - - EuPHonBiACEJE. CXXI
119 Fruit baccate, 10-carpeled, 10-seeded. Fls. purple. Phytolaccacejb. CXI

119 Fruit capsular, 3— 6-celIed, many-seeded. 120

119 Fruit 4-seeded. Calyx 0. Stamens 7. ... - Sauhuhacejh. CXVII

119 Fruit a solitary, 1-celled, 1-seeded utricle. 121 (or many distinct achenia. 13)

120 Flowers with a petaloid or colored calyx. Aerial. - - Aristolochiaceje. C V

120 Flowers with a green calyx or 0. Aquatic. - - - PoDosTEMiACEiE. CXX

121 Sep. white, petaloid, connected to the anthers by threads. Santalaceje. CXIII

121 Sepals green, minute. -- 122

121 Sep. dry and scarious, with scarious bracts around. Amahanthaceje. CVIII

122 Flowers perfect. Chenopodiaoes. CVI

122 Flowers monajcious or dioecious. ....... Uhticaceje. CXXX

123 Stipules present. Urticacb*. CXXX

123 Stipules none. 124

124 Flowers monochlamydeous (with calyx only). 125

124 Flowers achlamydeous (with neither calyx or corolla.) 129

124 Flowers with a calyx-like involucre; capsule 3-seedea. EuPHORBiACEa. CXXI
125 Stamens numerous, indefinite. Sepals distinct, colored. ..... 13

125 Stamens 10. Calyx green. Scleranthaceje. CVII

125 Stamens I, 3, 4, 5, 8. 126

126 Calyx large, colored, limb entire, funnel-shaped. - - NYCTAGiNACEa. CIX

126 Calyx small, limb 3 — 5-lobed, or annular. ---127

127 Ovary (inferior) adherent to the calyx tube. --.■.----.-32
127 Ovary (superior) free from the calyx. .-..-.----.- 128

128 Capsule I-celled, 5-seeded. Calyx colored. 101

128 Capsule 1-celled, 00-seeded. 50

128 Capsule 2— 4-celled, co-seeded. 48

128 Utricle 1-seeded. Calyx dry, with dry, colored bracts. Amakantaceb. CVIII
129 Leaves verticillate. Ovary 1-seeded. . - - Cebatophyllaceje. CXVIII

129 Leaves opposite. Ovary 4-seeded. CALLiTHicHACEiE. CXIX

130 Leaves alternate. ...........131

130 Leaves opposite. Flowers declinous. 138

131 Stipules present, often deciduous. 132

131 Stipules none. 139

132 Juice milky. § More^e. CXXX

132 Juice watery, &c. .-.-...------------- 133

133 Flowers not in aments, mostly perfect and monochlamydeous. - - -134

133 Flowers amentaceous, diclinous. 135

134 Ovary inferior. Capsule 3— €-celled. ARiSTOLOCHiACEiB. CV

134 Ovary superior. Samaraor drupe 1-seeded. Trees. - - - Ulmace;e. CXVI
135 Aments pistillate and staminate, globular and pendulous. Trees. - - 137

135 Aments pistillate and staminate, cylindric and oblong. 136

136 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in fruit 1-seeded. ... - Mthicace^e. CXXVI

136 Ovary 2-ceiled, 2-ovuled, in fruit 1-seeded. Betulace*. CXXV

136 Ovary follicular, 00-ovuled, in fruit 00-seeded. . . - Salicace'^. CXXVII

137 Fruit 2-celled, several-seeded. Balsamifluje. CXXVIII

137 Fruit a 1-sceded, clavate nut. PtATANACEJE. CXXIX

138 Samara double, winged. .................62

138 Achenium enclosed in the berry-like calyx tube. .... Eleagnaceje. CXV

138 Fruit capsular, of 3, 1-seeded, slightly united nuts. - - Euphohbiace*. CXXI

139 Fruit 1-celled (ovary 1— 2-ovuled). - - - 140

139 Fr. 3 — 9-celle(l. Fls. perf. Evergreen undershrubs. Empethaceje. CXXII
140 Both pistillate and stamin. fls. in oblong aments. Shrubs. Myricace.k. CXXVI

140 Only the staminate flowers in aments. Tr§es. 142

140 None of the flowers amentaceous. ^ulil

141 Ova. inferior. Fls. greenish. Drupe blue. Large trees. Santalaceje. CXIII
141 Ova. super. Fls. greenish, deeply cleft. Shrubs or sm'll tr's. Lauraceb. CXII
141 Ova. superior. Fls. tubular, yellow or white. Shrubs. Thymelaces. CXIV

142 Leaves pinnate. JuGLANDACEiE. CXXIII

142 Leaves simple, straight-veined. - - - CupuLiFEHis CXXIV

Sec. V. Orders of the Aglumaceous Eudogens.

143 Veinlets of the leaves diverging from the midvein. 156

143 Veinlets of the leaves all parallel with the midvein. 144

143 Veinlets of the leaves reticulated. 160

12*

136 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

144 Fls. incomplete, coUec'd. in a small, round, whitehead. Ebiocaulonace.e. CLIX

144 Flowers incomplete and mostly on a spadix. 157

144 Flowers complete (rarely dioecious), never on a spadix. 145

145 Flowers regular. 145

145 Flowers more or less irregular. ..,..---.-.-.. 155

146 Perianth free from the ovary. •• 147

146 Perianth adherent to the ovary. 153

147 Sepals and petals similarly colored. .,.-.-------- 150

147 Sepals and petals differently colored. ...-------.. 148

148 Flowers solitary, or racemose, &c. ....---------- 149

148 Flowers densely capitate, yellow. ...-..- Xyhidace^. CLVIII

149 Styles and stigmas distinct. Leaves radical. - Alismaceje. CXXXVIII

149 Styles and stigmas united into 1. Leaves cauline. CoMMBLiNACEiE. CLVII

150 Styles and stigmas distinct. .......--...---. 151

150 Styles and stigmas united into 1. ..-....-..---- 152

151 Perianth scale-like, dry. -..-...§ JuncaginejB. CXXXVIII

151 Perianth petaloid, green or colored. Aerial plants. Melanthace*. CLV

151 Per. petaloid, small. Plants float'g in water. HydrochahidacejE. CXXXIX

152 Flowers succulent and withering, colored. ...... Liliace*:. CLIII

152 Flowers dry and (if colored) scarious. JtrNCACE^. CLVI

153 Stamens 3. Ibidace^. CXLIX

153 Stamens 6. 154

154 Leaves equitant and channeled (§ 216, 1). - - - Hjemodoraceje. CXLVIII
154 Leaves flat and not equitant. ....... Amartllidace^. CXLVII

155 Ovary inferior. -...........--...--. 155

155 Ovary superior. -..-. - Pontedehiace*. CLIV

156 Stamens gynandrous (§ 74, XX.) ........ OrchidacejB. CXL

156 Stamen free, 1 only, with half an anther. -..-.. Cannace^.
156 Stamens free, 3, with extrorse anthers. - ..--.. Ihidace*. CXLIX
157 Root floating in water. Stamens 1 or 2. - - - - Lemnaceje. CXXXV

157 Root fixed in earth. 158

158 Stems floating in water. NAiADACEiE. CXXXVII

158 Stems erect, terrestrial. 159

159 Spadix with a spathe, or on a leaf-like scape. - - - Arace^. CXXXIV

159 Spadix without a spathe, and not on a scape. - - Typhace^e. CXXXVI

160 Flowers perfect, solitary, or 2 — 3. ........ Trilhaceje. CLIl

160 Flowers dioecious. ..-..-.....-.-...-. 161

161 Leaves cauline, mostly climbing shrubs. --..---.--- 162

161 Leaves radical. -- Alismaceje. CXXXVIII

162 Fruit a thin, 3-cornered capsule. --------. Dioscoreaceje. CL

162 Fruit a globose, fleshy berry. .---------- Smilace*. CLI

Sec. VI. Orders of the Glumaceous E^dogens.

163 Stems mostly solid. Sheaths entire. CYPERACEis. CLX

163 Stems mostly fistulous. Sheaths split down to the nodes. Gbamineje. CLXI

Sec. VII. Orders of Cryptogamia.

164 Plants consisting of woody and vascular tissue. .-----..-- 165
164 Plants consisting of cellular tissue only. --...---.... 166

165 Fruit terminal, cone-like. Leaves sheath-like. - - Equisetaceb. CLXII

165 Fr. axillary, &c. Leaves 1-veined. Lycopodiace^. CLXIII

165 Fruit borne upon the veiny, often contracted leaves. - - Filices. CLXIV

165 Fruit radical or nearly so, of two kinds. Aquatics. Marsileace*. CLXV

166 Leaves veinless, distinct from each other or from the axis. Musci. (CLXVID

166 Leaves veiny, mostly confluent into one expansion. Hepaticje. (CLXVIII)

167 Plants with no distinct axis of growth. -.-----.--- 168

167 Plants having a distinct axis, with whorled branches. Chahacex. CLXVI

168 Plants aerial, dry, crustaceous, on trees, rocks, &c. - - Lichenes. (CLXIX)

168 Plants aerial, succulent, often ephemeral, never green. - - Fungi. (CLXXi

168 Plants aquatic, consisting of simple vesicles or lobed fronds. Alg;e. (CLXXI)

FIRST GRAND DIVISION,

PHiENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Plants consisting of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages ,

compcsed of a cellular, vascular and ligneous structure ;

developing floicers and producing seeds.

SUBDIVISION FIRST.

EXOGENS, OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem composed of distinct bark and pith, with an intervening layer
of woody fibre and vessels. Growth by annual, concentric, exter-
nal zones or layers. Leaves mostly with reticulated veins, and fall-
ing off by an articulation. Sepals and petals in 5s and 4s much

ftener than in 3s. Embryo with 2 opposite, or several whorled

rityledons.

CliASS I. ANGIOSPERMS.

Ovules produced within an ovary and fertilized by the pollen
through the medium of the pistil, becoming seeds enclosed in a
pericarp. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. >

SUBCLASS I. POLYPETAL^.

Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the
latter composed of distinct petals.

Order I. RANUNCULACE^.— Crowfoots.

Herbs, with an acrid, colorless juice.

Leaves mostly alternate and much divided, with half-clasping petioles.

Calyx.— Sefiah mostly 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6, mostly deciduous, andimbricated in testivation.

Corolla. — Petals 3 — 15, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or 0.

StameTis 00, distinct, hypogj'nous. Anthers, adnate or innate.

Ovaries 00, rarely solitary or few, distinct, seated on the torus.

Fruit either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular.

Embryo minute, at the base of horny or fleshy albumen.

Genera 41, species about looo (T.indley), mostly natives of cold, damp climates. Europe is supposed
fo contain one fifth of the species. North America one-seventh, India one-twenty-fifth. South America
one-seventeenth, Africa very few, and New Holland but 18.

Properties.— A\mosit all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily
decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. 'I hey also lose their poisonous (lualitiesin
drying. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated plants.

138

I. RANUNCULACEiE.

Clematis,

FIG. 39.— 1. Ranunculus bulbosus. 2. A petal with the nectariferous scale. 3. A carpel with its beak.
4. Vertical section, showing the erect ovule. 5. Aquilegia Canadensis. 6. Torus, with the stamens and
pistils, and a petal attached. 7. Follicle. 8. Seed. 9. Its vertical section, showing the funiculus and
minute embryo. 10. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of the 5 ovaries, the 20
stamens in i series, &c.

Conspectus of the Genera.

r follicular.

C Sepals
I equal. .

1 Sepals
L unequal,

rPet. small.
< Petals 0.

J Pet. 1 -lipped. Troltttta.
("Flowers 4 cauline. { Pet. 2-lipped. Ue.Ueborus.
I solitary, \ radical. . . . Copris-
I < white. . Cimiclfusa.

L Flowers racemose, \ dark purple. Zantharliiza.

<) Calyx white
f Calyx bright yellow.
I 4plane, 3-lobed.

. L Petals conspicuous, fall spurred behind.

J upper one large, vaulted.

Ay

(■Petals 0, or
inconspicu.

Isopyrum.

Caltha.

Nigella.

Aquilegia.

Aconitum.

Delphinium..

Paonia.

Trautvetteria.

Thalictruni.

4 colored, . .? upper one spurred behind. .
, { green and foliaceous. Petals plane.

5 palmate.

5 Leaves alternate, ( 2— 3-femate

I Invol. 0. . . ? Leaves opposite. Mostly climbers. Clematis.

I Involucre calyx-like, near the flower. . . Hepatica. 3

. Involucre leaf-like, remote from flower. . . Anemone. 2

i with no nectary, scarlet. . . Adonis. 4

, ^ with nectariferous, tubular claws. Myosurus. 18

acheniate. L Petals conspicuous, ...' with a nectariferous scale at base. Ranunculus. 5

< solitary, many-seeded. Flowers racemose Actma. 14

Carpels t baccate, (numerous, l—2-seeded. Flowers solitary Hydrastis. 20

1. CLEMATIS.
Cfr. KKrifia, a tendril ; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles instead.

Calyx 4-(rarely 5, 6 or 8-) sepaled, colored, pubescent; corolla 0,
or smaller than the calyx ; filaments 00, shorter than the sepals ;
ovaries 4 — 20 ; styles longer than the stamens ; achenia caudate with
the long, plumose, permanent style. — %■ Mostly climbing. Leaves
mnstly comjpoiind a7id opposite.

Anemone. I. RANUNCULACE^. 139

§ Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. Atragene. DC.

1. C. vERTiciLLARis. DC. (Atrageiic Americana, Sims.) Whorl-leaved
Virgin's Bower.

Climbing; Ivs. in 4s., verticillate, ternate; Ifts. cordate, nearly entire;
ped. 1-flowered ; sepals very large, acute. — A handsome climber in highland
woods, Vt., {^Dr. Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem ascending trees
15f by means of its twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl of four 3-foliate
leaves, and 2 large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1 — 2' by i — 1'. Sepals
thick, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals'?) dilated, spatulate,
tipped with imperfect anthers. May, Jn.

§§ Petals 0. Clematis proper.

2. C. ViRGiNiANA. Virgin's Dowcr.

St. climbing; Zcs. ternale ; Ifls., ovate, cordate, acuminate, lobed and cut-
dentate ; Jis. oftenQJ*, paniculate. — A common, hardy climber in iiedges and
thickets. Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8—15 f. in length, supporting itself
on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles. Leaflets 2 — 3' by
H — 2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oval-oblong, obtuse. Sta-
mens 28 — 36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with
long, plumose tails (caudce), appearing in large, downy tuft;s. Aug. -f

3. C. VioRNA. Leather Flower.

St. climbing ; Ivs. pinnately divided ; ^5. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each
end, entire or 3-lobed ; Jls. solitary, campanulate ; sep. thick and leathery, acumi-
nate.— In woods, Penn. to 111. (Jenny) and Ga. Stem 10 — 15f in length, cyl-
indrical, striate. Leaves opposite, decompound, consisting of 9 — 12 leaflets,
Flowers axillary, purple, large, nodding. Peduncle 3 — 6' long, with a pair of
small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with long, plumose tails,
Jn. Jl. t

4. C. ocHROLEUCA. Ait. (C. sericea. Michx.) Erect Clematis.

St. herbaceous, erect, simple, silky-pubescent ; Ivs. undivided, ovate, entire,
silky beneath ; Jls. pedunculate, terminal, solitary, inclined to one side ; cal.
silky outside. — Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. An erect species, 12—18'
high. Leaves subsessile, 2 — 4' long, two-thirds as wide, with prominent veins,
upper surface becoming glabrous. Flowers yellowish white (ochroleucous),
camnanulate in form. May, Jn.

5. C. CRisPA. Crisp-flowered CUmatis.

St. climbing ; Ivs. pinnate and ternate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute,
3-lobed or entire ; fls. solitary ; sep. acuminate, revolute, thick, with undulate
and crisped margins. — Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6— 8f long. Flowers a
third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading
or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia
with naked (not plumose) candas. Jl. f

6. C. Flammula. Sweet Virgin's Bo\oer. — Lws. pinnate; Ifts. smooth, entire,
orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute. — From France. A fine climber for
arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. Jl. — Oct. •)•

7. C. FLORIDA. Large-flaioered Virgin's Bower. L/vs. 2-foliate and decom-

?ound ; segments ovate, acute, entire ; sep. acuminate, glabrous ; involiicre 0. —
'rom Japan. Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn.
—Sept. t

8. C. ViTicELLA. L/vs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire ;
sep. obovate. — From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often
double-flowered. Vine 20f long. Flowers purple, f

Observation.— KW the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a common soil
and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed.

2. ANEMONE.

Gr. avcfto!, wind; most of the species grow in elevated or windy places.

Involticre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves ; calyx regu-
lar, of 5 — 15 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter
than the sepals ; ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or oval

140 I. RANUNCULACEiE. Anemone.

head ; achenia 00, mucronate.' — % Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaf-
like involucres.

1. A. NEMORosA (andquinquefolia. Linn.). Wood Anemone.

Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones
2-parted, incisely dentate ; i?ivol. similar to the leaves, petiolate ; st. 1-ilowered.
— A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and some-
times in open fields. Root creeping, fcitem 6 — 9' high, erect. The involucre
consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its
bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the
base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single
white flower, purplish outside. Apr. May.

2. A. cYLiNDRicA. Gray.

WTiole plant pnhescent ; Irs. ternate, lateral ^te. 2-parted to the ha.se, middle
oiu: deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and lobed at
apex; lvs. of invol. petiolate; ped.2 — 6, rarely 1, all naked; sep.5; ach. woolly,
in a long, cylindric head. — Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to la. Not common.
Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2 — 3' wide, and similar in their divisions
to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8 — 10' long, umbellate, but
little diverging. Flowers large, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse.
Heads of fruit l\' long. May, Jn.

3. A. ViRGiNiANA. Virginian Anemone.

Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate,
lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed ; invol. foliaceous, petiolate ; fr. in
oblong heads. — A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car.
Scape erect, 2 — 3 f high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long,
parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of 3
bracts. Leaves 2-— 3' by 3 — 4', on radical petioles 6 — 10' long, petioles of the
bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fruit woolly, in
heads V long. July.
/?. alba. Oakes. Fls. larger ; sep. white. — Ledges, Vt. Dr. Bobbins.

4. A. HuDSONiANA. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and 1st edit.)

Hairy ; lvs. 3 — 5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate ;
scape 1, 2 or 3-flowered ; i7ivol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles;
sep. 5—8, oval, obtuse. — On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester
and Burlington, Vt. Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare.
Scape 6 — 10' high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5
segments distinct to the base, about 1' diam., each segment J' long, in 3 linear
lobes, petioles 1 — 2' long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of
fruit oval or globose. Jn.

5. A. Pennsylvanica. (A. aconitifolia. Michx. A. dichotoma. Li?in.)
SI. dichotomous ; lvs. 3— 5-parted and incisely dentate ; irivol. and involucels

leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; sep. 5 ;
fr. in globose heads. — Shores and rocky places, Fenn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare.
Scape 15 — 20' high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles,
the middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involucel, the involu-
cre at their base. Flowers white, 12 — 14" diam. Carpels hairy, compressed,
as long as the curved style. Jn. Jl.

6. A. PATENS. (A. Ludoviciana. Nidt.)

Silky- villous ; lvs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and
incised, lobes lance-linear; invol. subulately dissected; sep. 5 — 6, erect. — Dry
hills. 111. ! W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6 — 10' high. Leaves smoothish above, seg-
ments 1 — 3' long, 1 — 2" wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped.
Sepals 1' long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2' long.

7. A. Coronaria. Poppy-leaved Anemone. — Lvs. ternate, with multifid seg-
ments and linear, mucronate lobes ; sep. 6, oval, close. — From Levant. A
hardy, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. f

8. A. hortensis. Star Anemone. — Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate
lobes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10 — 12, oblong. —

Ranunculus. I. RANUNCULACE^. 141

From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of
red, white and blue flowers. May. f

Observaiion.— Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They aU
prefer a fresh, loamy soil.

3. HEPATlCA. Dill.

Gr. t^irariKos, of the liver; from the fencied resemblance of the leaf.

Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx,
situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5 — 9 petaloid sepals, dis-
posed in 2 or 3 rows ; corolla 0 ; achenia awnless.

H TRILOBA. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. Linn.^ Livcrieart.

Jjvs. trilobate, the lobes entire; scape I-flowered, nairy. — Woods, Can. to
Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting
forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow-
bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical,
ou long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes,
which .suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3 — 4' long, solitary, numer-
ous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cul-
tivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two
varieties : —

a. obkisa, lobes obtuse, rounded. — Prefers the south side of hills.
3. acuta, lobes acute. — Prefers the north side of hills.

4. ADONIS.

Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar.

Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5 — 15, with naked claws ; achenia in
a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style.

A. AUTL'MNALis. Pheasant's Ei/e.

St. branching; Jls. 5 — 8-petaled ; carpels crowned with a very short style,
and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head ; pet. longer than the calyx. — A
fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem
thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers
crimson, IJ' diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil, f §

5. RANUNCtJLUS.

Lat. rana, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species.

Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each
with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside ; filaments 00.
much shorter than the petals ; achenia 00, crowded in a roundish or
oblong head. — Herbs mostly %, with yellow flowers.
*Leavcs all undivided.

1. R. Flammula. Small Spearvsort.

St. declinate ; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones
petiolate ; ped. opposite the leaves. — An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and
swamps. Can. to N. Car. W. to 111. ! Root fibrous. Stem 6 — 18' long, more or
less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3 — 6' in length, \ — 1' wide, entire or with
a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yel-
low, on peduncles \ as long as the leaves. It abounds in a very acrid juice.
Jn. — Aug.

2. R. REPTANs. Creeping Crowfoot.

Very small, smooth ; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting ; nodes 1-flowered ;
Ivs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote. — A slender species, creeping on river banks
and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., {Mr. T. Rickard,) W. to Oregon. Stem
6 — 10' long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6 — 12" in length,
mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncles.
Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary
covered by a scale. Achenia very^ smooth. Jl.
p. nvalis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 — 10.

142 I. RANUNCULACE^. Ranunculus.

y. filifarmis. DC. (R.. filiformis. MUhx.) St. filiiorm, very long, with
linear leaves and small flowers.

3. R. pusiLLUs. Poir. /?. muticus. T. & G. Puny Crowfoot.

Erect; lis. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate;
pel. mostl}'- but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth,
in small globose heads. — In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender,
weak, 6 — 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, J — 1'
long, i as wide, petioles 1 — 3" long, upper ones 1 — IJ" long, i as wide, with
minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May.

4. R. CvMBALARiA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot.

Very small, smooth ; st. iiliform, creeping, rooting at the joints ; Ivs. reni-
form-cordate, crenale-dentate ; ped. solitary, mostly 2-flowered ; pet. spatulate ;
ach. oblong. — In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at
Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radi-
cal, i — 1' diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2 — 6' high, each with 2 or 3 small,
bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn.
* * Leaves divided.

5. R. ABORTivus. Round-leaved Crowfoot.

Smooth; radical Ins. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; cauline
Ivs. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, upper ones sessile ; cat. a
little longer than petals, reflexed. — A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark.,
remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 — 16'
high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8 — 18" diam., quite regularly margined with
crenate divisions, and on petioles 2 — 5' long. Lower steiA leaves pedate, with
a pentangular outline ; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yelloM .
Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn.

6. R. scELERATUs. Ph. Cclenj Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. 638.
Smooth ; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subincised ; stem

Ivs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, ^cppcr ones simple, lanceolate, entire ;
carpels in an oblong head. — Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather
thick, hollow, much branched, 1 — lif high. Lower petioles 3 — 5' long, with
rather large, palmately 3 — 5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly
simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyx
deflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters
upon the skin. Jn. Jl.

7. R. RECURVATUs. Wood- Croufoot.

St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs ; Ivs. 3-parted,
hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones2-lobed; caZ. recurved;
pet. linear-lanceolate ; ach. uncinate. — About 1 f. high, in damp woods. Lab.
to Ga., pale green, branching above. Leaves lA — 2' long, 2 — 3i' wide, on peti-
oles 3—6' long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base.
Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped
with minute, hooked beaks. May. — Jl.
]__ 8. R. ACRis. Butter-cups. Crov-joot. Yellow Weed.
I St. erect, many flowered ; Ivs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the seg-

ments laciniate, upper ones with linear segments ; ped. round ; cal. hairy,
spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved. — This
is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson's Bay, In meadows and
pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem 1 — 2f high, round, hollow,
mostly hairy. Leaves IJ — 3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear segments. Flowers
large, golden vellow. Jn. — Sept.
li. Fis. double, the pet. excessively multiplied. — Gardens.

9. R. BULBosus. Bulbo^is Crowfoot. (Fig. 39.)

Hairy ; st. erect, bulbous at the base ; radical Ivs. ternate, Ifts. petiolate,
incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed. — This is
another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Root fleshy.
Stem leafy, furrowed, 6 — 18' high, hollow, thickened at tlie base into a sort
of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers.
It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, arid its furrowed

Caltha. I. RANUNCULACEiE. 143

peduncles. The lobeb oltlie root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at
apex. May, Jn. <^

10. R. FASCICULARI.S. Muhl. Early Crowfoot.

St. erect, branched ; lis. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3-
clcft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed; ca^. villous, spreading, shorter than the
petals. — Rocky woods and hills, Peun. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle
of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3 — 8' long, so divided as to appear
almost pinnate ; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals
yellow, cuneate-obovatc, with a scale at base as broad as the transparent claw.
Apr. May.

11. R. PENNSvi.VAN'icLs. CR. hispidus. Pk.) Bristly Crowfoot.

St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs ; hs. vil-
lous, ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cat. reflexed,
rather longer than the roundish petals ; carpels tipped with a short, straight
style. — A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem li — 3f
high. Leaves 2 — 3' diam. ; leaflets strongly veined and with spreading seg-
ments. Flowers numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cy-
lindrical heads. Jn. — Aug.

12. R. REPENs. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.)

St. branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints; Ivs. trifo-
liate, Ifls. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate ; ped. furrowed ; cal. spreading ;
carpels with a broad, not recurved point. — In moist or shady places. Can. and
U. S. Stems 1 — 3 or 4f long, generally nairy at base, the early flowering
branches erect. Petioles hairy, long. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green.
Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. May — Jl.

/?. llncarilobiis. DC. St. very long, florifcrous ; lobes of Ivs. very narrow.

y. Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and pctioks dcnselj' hirsute with soft hairs ;
Ifts. distinctly petiolulate.

13. R. PuRSHii. Richardson. Floating Croivfoot.

Floating; sMong; submergedlvs. cXe^into numerous capillary segments,
emersed ones reniform, 3 — 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sep. reflexed,
half as long as the petals ; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style ;
hds. globose. — Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy places. Can., U. S. Stem
1 — 2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, | — IJ'
diam., those below most finely divided; petioles i — 2' in length. Flowers
bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn.

/?. (R. fluviatilis. I3w. R. lacustris. Beck.) Lvs. all capillaceous-multi-
fid ; fls. as large as in R. acris.

14. R. AauATiLis. /?. capillaccus. River Crovrfoot.

St. floating ; submersed lvs. filiformly dissected ; pet. obovate, larger than the
cal3'x, white ; carpels transversely rugose. — Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic
Am. to S. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the
flowers, and perhaps a lew of the upper leaves. Stem 1 — 2f or more in length,
slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into
numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and J — 1' diam. Peduncles
thick, I — U' long. Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow,
white, except the yellow claws. Jl. Aug.

Observation.— Several of the above mentioned species are double-flo wared in cultivation, as No9. 8, 9,
and 12. Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers van-ins to
every hue, and R. acomtilblius, wiUi white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in
our gardens.

6. CALTHA.

Gr. (caXa^of , a soblet ; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup.

Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals ; corolla 0 ;
stamens 00, shorter than the sepals ; follicles 5 — 10, oblong, com-
pressed, erect, many-seeded. — % Aquatic and very glabrous.
C. PALUSTRis. Marsh Marigold. CffiosUps.

St. erect ; lvs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate. — Wet meadows. Can. to Car.

W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about It high, hollow, round,

13 . . >

144 1. iiANUNCULACE^. Coptis.

dichotomous. Lower leaves 2 — 4' wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper
ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers of a
golden yellow in all their parts, 1^' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row
of filaments clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in
great request in spring, for greens. May.

/?. integerrima. (C. integerrima. PL) L/vs. entire; sep. obovate, obtuse.

y. plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens.

7. TROLLIUS.

Gem. trol or troUen, globular; alluding to the form of the flowers.

Sepals 5 — 10 — 15, rounclisli ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5 —
25, small, linear, tubular at base ; stamens 00, much shorter than the
sepals ; follicles 00, subcylindrie, sessile, many-seeded. — %■ Smooth^
with palmate leaves.

1. T. LAXUS. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.) American Globe Flov'er.

Sep. 5, oblong, spreading ; pet. 15—25, shorter than the stamens. — In
swamps, Can. to Penn. Not common. About If high. Leaves deeply cleft into 5
segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yelloAV, resembling petals,
4 — 5" long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned
with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn.

2. E. EuR0P.s:us. Etiropean Globe Flmccr. — Erect, branched, leafy; Ivs. deeply
cleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisel}^ lobed and toothed;
Jls. solitary, erect, large, globular ; ped. long, naked ; sep. closely converging ;
pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2 — 3f iiigh. Flowers
of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or
roots. May, Jn.f

3. T. AsiATiccs. Asiatic Globe Flovcr. — Erect ; Ivs. deeply divided into 5
broad segments ; segments laciniately lobed and toothed ; jls. terminal, soli-
tary, pedunculate ; sep. spreading ; pet. longer than the stamens. — Native of
Asia. Plani about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-color-
ed flowers — yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.f

8. HELLEBORUS.— Adans.
EXeiv, to cause death ; popa, food ; the poisonous qualities are well Known.

Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8 — 10, very short,
tubular, 2-lipped ; stamens 00; stigmas 3 — 10, orbicular; follicles
cohering at base, many-seeded. — % Lvs. coriaceous., divided. Fls.
large., nodding.

H. viRiDis. — Green Hellebore.

Glabrous ; radical lvs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, ser-
rate ; cauline lvs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs ; sep.
roundish ovate, acute, green. — A European plant, ^ on Long Island. Stem
2—3 f. high, thick. Apr.f

9. COPTIS.— Salisb.

Gr. KOTTTOi, to cut ; from the numerous divisions of the leaves.

Sepals 5 — 6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous ; petals 5 — 6,
small, cueullate, obconic ; stamens 20 — 25 ; follicles 5 — 10, stipitate,
rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4 — 6-seeded. — Low herbs.
with radical leaves, and a, long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma.

C. TRiFOLiA. — Goldthread.

Ijvs. 3-foliate ; scape 1-flowered ; pet. much smaller than the sepals. — Penn.
N. to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very
bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 4 — 8" long, crenate-mu-
cronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 — 2' long. Peduncles 3 — 4'
high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white star-
like flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color
among the white stamens. Mav. Medicinal.

Delphinium. 1. RA^<UNCULACE^. 145

10. I S O P Y R U M .

Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes
0; stamens 10 — 40; ovaries 3 — 20; follicles subsessile, acuminate
with the style, 2-several-sceded. — Delicale herbs, with leaves 2 — Z-ter-
nate, segments 2 — o-lobcd. Fls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white.
I. BiTERNATu.M. Torr. and Gra}'. (Enemion. Raf.)
Low, erect, glabrous ; ;jc//o/c.<aiiricledat base ; lis. membranaceous; jpet.
0 ; carpels 3 — 6, broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds.
obovatc, compressed, smooth and shining. — % Damp shades. Western States.
Root fibrous. Stems several, 4 — 10' high. Leaves mostly biternate, petiolules
longer than the petioles, segments cuneate-obovate, 4 — 6" long. Flowers on
slender peduncles 1 — 2' long. May.

11. AaUILEGIA.

Lat. aquila, the eagle ; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey.

Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous ; petals 5, tu-
bular, dilated at the mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner
attached to the torus, extending behind into a long, spurred nectary ;
stamens 30 — 40, the inner ones longer and sterile ; styles 5 ; fol-
licles 5, many seeded. — % Fls. nodding.

1. A. Canadensis. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 39.)

Glabrous ; division;: of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ;
sep. rather acute, longer than the corolla ; spurs straight, longer than the limb ; sta.
and sty. exserted.— This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in
dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the
greatest ease, and is much more delicate i^ foliage and in the hues of its flowers,
than the common blue Columbine. Stem branching, a foot high, with ternate,
lobed leaves. Flowers terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous,
much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles.
Fruit erect. May.

2. A. VULGARIS. Common Columbine. — Spurs incurved; sis. leafy, many-
flowered ; Ivs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate ; sty. a little longer than the
stamens.— From Europe. Stem 1— 2f high, with a profusion of handsome,
smooth foliage, and large purple flowers. Leaflets bifid and trifid, with round-
ed lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double by the multiplication of
the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades from
purple to white. Jn.f

12. DELPHINIUM.

Gr. icXtptv, a dolphin ; from the fancied resemblance of the flower.

Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred ; petals very irregular,
the two upper ones terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous
spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx ; styles 1 — 5 ; follicles 1 — 5.
— Showy herbs, with leaves much divided. Fls. blue, red or purpli-',
never yelloiu.

1. D. CoNSOLiDA. Branching Larkspur.

St. suberect, smooth, with spreading branches ; Jls. lew, loosely racemed ;
ped. longer than the bracts ; stij. 1 ; carpel solitary, smooth.— The common
larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Leaves
in numerous linear divisions. Jn. Jl. It has numerous varieties of double
and semi-double flowers of various colors.^ f

2. D. EXALTATOi. American Larkspur.

Petioles not dilated at base ; hs. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segments cu-
neiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2-lobed ; roc.
straight ; sjnir longer than the caly.x.— Native of the Middle States, rarely of the
Northern. Stem 3— 4f high, straight, erect. Flowers of a brilliant purplish

14G 1. RANUNCULACE^. Act«a.

blue. It is deservedly esteemed in the flower-garden, and is of the easiest cul-
ture. Jl. Aug. f

3. D. TRicoRNE. Michx. Three-fruited Larkspur.

Pctioks slightly dilated at base ; Ivs. 5-parted, divisions 3 — 5-cleft, lobes
linear, acutish ; |;rf. shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded
inside ; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in
fruit. — Uplands, Penn. to Mo. and Ark. Plant 6 — 18' high, nearly smooth.
Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Flowers 6—8, light blue, in a
rather loose panicle.

4. D. AZUREUM. Michx. Azure Larkspur.

Pubescent or nearly smooth ; st. erect ; Ivs. 3 — 5-parted, many-cleft, with
linear lobes; petioles some dilated at base ; rac. strict ; pet. shorter than sepals,
lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft ; spur ascending. — Native in Wis. and Ark.
A very variable species, cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 — 4 f. high. Flowers
azure-colored.-f-

5. D. GRANDiFLORCM. Large Dhie Larkspur. — Lrs. palmate, many-parted,
lobes linear, distant ; pedicels longer than bract ; pet. shorter than calyx. — A
superb perennial species, from Siberia. Flowers double or single, in racemes,
of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple.f

6. D. ELATUM. Bee Larkspur. — Lrs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base,
trifid, cut-dentate ; spur inflexed. — Native of Siberia. Stem 5 or 6f high.
Flowers blue, and when viewed at a little distance, resembling the bee in Ibrm.f

Observation.— K few other species may perhaps be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the
easiest culture.

13. ACONITUM.

Gr. aKoviTo;, without dust; because the plants grow on dry rocks.

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted ; petals 5, the 3
lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper
sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex ; styles 3 — 5 ; follicles
3 — 5. — %Lvs. digitate or palmate. Fls. in terminal spikes.
I. A. UNCiNATUM. American Wolfs-Bane.

SI. flexuose ; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches ; Ivs. palmate,
3 — 5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; gaka (upper
sepal) exactly conical, rostrate; s;>;^r inclined, somewhat spiral ; oua. villous. —
A cultivated, poisonous plant, also native N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2f high.
Leaves coriaceous, dark green, 4 — 5' wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near
the summit of each branch. Jl. Aug.

2. A. Napellus. (A. delphinifolia. DC.) Monk's-Hood. — iS*. straight, erect ;
Ivs. deeply 5-cleft, cut into linear segments, furrowed above ; upper sep. arched
at the back, lateral ones hairy inside ; ova. smooth. — A poisonous plant, culti-
vated among flowers. It is a tall, rank perennial, making quite a consequen-
tial appearance. Stem 4f high, with a long spicate inflorescence at its termi-
nation. Flowers dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if
hooded in a monk's coavI. Aug. — There are varieties with flowers white, rose-
colored, &c.

14. ACT^A.

Gr. UKTri, the elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage.

Calyx inferior, of 4 roundish, deciduous sepals ; corolla of 4 — 8
spatulate, unguiculate petals ; filaments about 30, dilated above ;
anthers 2-lobed, introrse ; stigmas sessile ; ovary ovoid ; berry glo-
bose, with a lateral furrow, 1-celled ; seeds many, smooth, com-
pressed.— % with ternatcly divided Ivs. Fls. white.

1. A. RUBRA. Bigelow. (A. Americana. Ph.) Red Bane-herry.

Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; rac. hemispherical ; pet. acute ; pedicels of the

fruit slender; bcrricsv&A, ovoid-oblong. — Not uncommon in rocky woods, Penn.

to Lab. W. to Rocky Mts. Stem IJ — 2f high, dividing into 2 branches, one

of which usually bears leaves only, the other leaves and a cluster of flowers.

Thalictrum. 1. RAJMUNCULACE^. lYf

Leaves 2 or 3-iernate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets, variously lobed and cut.
Petioles 4 — 7' long, smooth, and slightly glaucous, like the whole plant.
Flowers 20 — 40, in a short dense raceme. Berries bright red, on slender pedi-
cels. May.

2. A. ALBA. Bw. (A. Americana. /?. alba. Ph.) White Bane-berry.

Lvs. twice and thrice tcrnate ; ra^. oblong ; pet. truncate ; pedicels of the fruit
thicker than the peduncles; iemex white.— Grows in rocky woods, common,
Can. to Ga., much like the last in foliage. ' Plant IJ— 2f. high, bearing 2 com-
pound leaves and a cluster of flowers. Leaflets 1 — 2' long, J as wide, acumi-
nate. Raceme 1 — 3' long, U' thick, the pedicels J' long, at length purple, and
about as thick as the purple peduncles, — characters which, as well as the milk-
white fruit, readily distinguish this species Irom the last. May.
15. CIMICIPUGA.

Lat. cimex, a bug,/«g'0, to drive away ; alluding to its offensive odor.

Sepals 4 — 5 ; petals 3 — 8, sometimes wanting ; stamens 00,
anthers introrse ; follicles 1 — 8, oblong, many-seeded. — % Lvs. ter-
nately divided. Fls. white, in long slender racemes.

1. C. RACEMosA. Ell. (Actasa. Linn. Macrotys. Raf.) Black Snake-root.
Las. ternately decompound ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate ; rac. very

long; pet. 2, forked, slender; sty. 1 ; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate. —
A tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actaea, found in upland woods. Stem
4 — 8 f. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepaled and monog}Taous
flowers. Petals 4 — G, small. Stamens about lOO to each flower, giving the
raceme the appearance ol a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid.
Jn. Jl.

2. C. Americana. Michx. (C. podocarpa. £;ZZ. Acteea podocarpa. Z?C.)
Glabrous ; lvs. triternate, segments ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base,

3-parted or 3-cleft and incised ; pet. concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at
base; ova. 2 — 5, stiped, obovate and pod-shaped in fruit; sds. flat, scaly. —
Woods, Penn. to N. Car. Stem 3— Of high. Leaflets 2—4' long, with coarse,
unequal, mucronate serratures. Flowers smaller than in C. racemosa, in a
long panicle of racemes. Follicles abruptly beaked, 6 — 8-seeded.

16. TRAUTVETTERIA. Fisch. and Meyer.

Named in honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist.

Sepals 4 — 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 00, petaloid ; anthers introrse ;
carpels 15 — 20, membranaceous and indeliiscent, 3-carinate, 1-seeded,
tipped with the short, hooked style. — %■ Lvs. palmateli/ lobed.
T. PALMATA. Fisch. and Meyer. (Cimicifiiga. Hook.)
St. slender, terete, smooth, branched above ; lvs. few, rugose and reticulate-
veined, palmately 5— 9-lobed, upper ones sessile, lower on long petioles, lobes
lanceolate, acute^ incisely serrate ; fs. cymose. — Prairies, la. S. to Tenn. Plant
2— 5f high. Radical leaves 4— G' wide, 3—5' long, the petioles twice as long.
Stem leaves 2—4, remote. Flowers many. Sepals orbicular, concave, cadu-
cous, white. Stamens conspicuous, white. Jl. Aug.

17. THALICTRUM.
Said to be from SaWa, to be green.

Calyx colored, of 4 — 5 roundish, concave, deciduous sepals ;
corolla 0 ; filaments 00, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than
the calyx ; ovaries numerous (4 — 15), with sessile stigmas; achenia
awnless, ovoid. — % Lvs. icrnately divided. Fls. often $ c?.

1. T. DioicuM. Early Meadow Rue.

Verv smooth ; lvs. decompound ; Ifls. roundish, with obtuse lobes ; filaments

filiform; Jis. Q (j^.— Herb I— 2f higl;," meadows and woods, British Am. to

Car. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, with 5—7 rounded lobes

or teeth. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. Sepals 5, obtuse, purplish. The

13*

148 J. RANUNCULACEiE. Hydrastis.

barren flowers with numerous slender filaments and yellow anthers, the fertile
ones smaller, with shorter stamens. Fruit oval, striate. May.

2. T. CoRNUTi. (T. Corynellum. DC.) Meadow Rue.

Lfls. obtusely S-looed, paler underneath ; Jls. 9 c^ ; filaments clavate ; fr.
sessile, striate. — A handsome herbaceous plant, common in meadows. Stem
3 — 4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Leaves resembling those of the
columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded.
Leaflets 1 — 2' long, | as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large
and difiuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with
oblong yellow anthers. Fertile flowers smaller and less crowded. Jn. Jl.

3. T. ANEMONolDEs. Michx. (Anemone thalictroides. Ldnn.) Hue Anc-
Ttume.

Floral Ivs. petiolate, simple, whorled, resembling an involucrum ; radical
Ivs. bitemate ; Jls. umbeled. — Woods and pastures. Northern, Middle, and West-
ern States. The root of this little herbaceous plant consists of several oblong
tubercles. Stem erect, 6 — 8' high, slender, bearing several white flowers at top
in a sort of umbel. Leaves \ — 1' long, § as wide, cordate at base, 3-lobed, on
petioles | — IJ' long; radical commgn petioles 2 — i' long. Apr. May.

18. MYOStJRUS. Dill.
Gr. fiv;, fivos, mouse, ovpa, tail ; alluding to the long spike of carpels.

Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertion;
petals 5, with slender, tubular claws ; stamens 5 — 20 ; achenia very
closely spicate on tbe elongated torus. — ® Z,vs. linear, entire, radical.
Scapes l-Jlowered.

M. MINIMUS. (M. Shortii. Raf.) Mouse-tail.

Prairies and bottoms. 111., Mead ! to La. and Oreg., Nuttatt. A diminutive

f)lant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often an inch
ong. Leaves 1 — 3' long, 1 — 2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a single
minute pale-yellow flower at top. Apr.

19. ZANTHORHlZA.

Gr. ^av^o;, yellow, pt^a, root.

Sepals 5 ; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel ; sta-
mens 5 — 10; ovaries 5 — 10, beaked with the styles, 2 — 3-ovuled ;
follicles mostly 1 -seeded, seed suspended. — Suffruticose ; st. and bark
yellow and bitter. Lvs. finnately divided. Rac. axillary, compound,
Fls. small, dark purple, often 9 $ d^-

Z. APiiFOLiA. L'Her. (Z. simplicissima. Michx.)

River banks, Penn. to Ga. Root thick. Stem short, woody, leafy above.
Leaves glabrous, about 8' long, including the long petioles. Leaflets 5, 2 — 3'
long, sessile, inci.sely lobed and dentate. Racemes many-flowered, appearing
with the leaves. Follicles spreading, li" long. March, April.

20. HYDRASTIS.

Gt. iSajp, water ; the plant grows in watery places.

Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, equal ; corolla 0 ; stamens 00, a little
shorter than the sepals ; baccate fruit composed of numerous, aggre-
gate, 1 -seeded acines. — %with 2 lvs. and \ flower.

H. Canadensis. Turyneric-root.

The only species. It grows in bog meadows, Can. to Car. and Ky. ! Rare.
Root of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 6 — 9' higli, becoming purplish,
hairy above. Leaves 2 only, alternate, on the upper part of the stem, petiolate,
emarginate at base, palmate, with 3 — 5 lobes. Peduncle terminal, solitary,
1-flowered. Sepals reddish white, of short duration. Fruit red, juicy, resem-
bling the raspberry. Seeds nearly black. May, Jn.

II. MAGNOLIACEiE. 149

21. PiEONIA.

The physician Pceon, according to mythologr, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with it.

Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 (mostly
changed to petals by cultivation) ; ovaries 2 — 5; style 0; stigmas
double, persistent ; follicles many-seeded. — % Rt. fasciculate. Lvs,
biiernate. Fls. large, terminal, solitary.

1. P. OFFICINALIS. Common Pcrony. — St. erect, herbaceous; lower trs. bipin-
nately diviiied ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolaie, variously incised ; fr. downy, nearly
straight. — The splendid paeony has long been cultivated in every part of Europe
and in this country. This species is said to be native of Switzerland. It is a
hardy perennial, requiring very little pains lor its cultivation. Among its
varieties the double red is the most common. The vrhile is truly beautiful.
The Jlcsh-cohrcd and the pink are also favorites. May, Jn.

2. P. ALBiFLORA. White-flowcrcd PcEony.—Lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute,
entire, smooth ; follicles recurved, smooth. — Native of Tartary. Whole plant
dark, shining-green and smooth. Flowers smaller than the last, but truly ele-
gant and fragrant. Petals white. Calyx brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at
base. Nine or ten varieties with flowers single and double, white, rose-
colored, &c., are now mentioned in the catalogues of American gardeners.

3. P. ANOMALA. Jagged-leaved Siberian Paony. — Lft?. with many lanceo-
late segments, smooth; follicles depressed, smooth; cal. bracteolate. — From
Siberia. Distinguished by the long, narrow segments of the leaflets. Flowers
concave, rose-colored. Follicles usually 5.

4. P. MouTAN. Chinese Tree Paony. — 5'/. shrubby, '4.; Ifts. oblong-ovate,
glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed ; ova. 5, distinct,
surrounded by the very large disk.— From China. The woody stem branches
into a bush 3 — 4f high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large,
always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is re-
markable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom.

5. P. PAPAVERACEA. Chinese Poppij-flowercd Paony. — St. shrubby, %\ Ifts.
oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed ; ova.
about 5, closely united into a globose head. — From China. Resembles the'
last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by
its united carpels. Flowers whi'te, with a purple centre, often single in culti-
vation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this covmtry,
amounting to about 150 in all.

22. NIGELLA.

Lat. \iger, black ; the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery.

Calyx of 5 sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 3-cleft petals ; styles 5 ;
capsules 5, follicular, convex. — ® European herbs. Lvs. in many line-
ar and subulate segments.

1. N. DAMASCEVA. Fcmicl Flmi^cr. — Ms. in a leafy involucre ; anth. dbtase ;
carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose cap-
sule.— Native of S. Europe. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have
been applied the gentle names of " ragged lady," " devil in a bush," <fcc.
Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the Fennel. Flowers
terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided
like the rest. They are often double, white or pale-blue. Jn. — Sept.

2. N. SATiVA. Nutmeg Flmcer. — St. hairy, erect ; fis. naked ; anth. obtuse ;
capsules muricate. — From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn. — Sept.

OaDER II. MAGNOLIACEJE— Magnoliads.

Trees or sTrruis.

Lvs. alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lo1)ed, never serrate.

Stip. meml)raiiaccous, either convolvite in the leaf-bud, or placed face to face.

Fls. solilari', large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect.

150 II. MAGNOLIACE^. Liriodendron.

CaZ.— Sepals 3—6, deciduous, colored like the petals.
Cor.— Petals 6—12, hypogynous, in several rows, imbricate in aestivation.
Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, with short filaments, and adnate anthers.
Ova. several, in many rows upon an elongated torus.
JFV. follicular or baccate, 1— 2-seeded.

Sds. attached to thj3 inner suture of the carpels, from which (in Magnolia) they are suspended by along,
delicate funiculus.

An order consisting of 11 genera and 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest
trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and
the Indies contain a few

Properties.— "The bark of the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which is
tonic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers.

Genera.

Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous Magnolia. 1

Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous Liriodendron. 2

1. MAGNOLIA.

In honor of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, author of ' Botanicum Montpeliense,' &c.

Sepals 5, often 0 or petaloid ; petals 6 — 12, caducous ; carpels
2-valved, I — 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone ; seeds baccate, sub-
cordate, and suspended, when mature, by along funiculus. — A superb
genus, consisting mostly/ of large trees with luxuriant foliage, and large,
fragrant flowers.

1. M. GLAUCA. White Bay.

Lvs. oval, glaucous beneath ; pet. obovate, tapering to the base. — This spe-
cies is native in N. Eng., particularly at Gloucester, Mass., thence to La. and
Mo. The tree is about 25f in height, remarkable only for the beauty of its
foliage and flowers. The leaves are smooth, entire, of a regular, elliptical
form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals
and several concave petals, appearing in July.

2. M. ACUMINATA. Cucuviher Tree.

Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; pet. obovate, obtusish. — Grows
near the Falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the Southern States. It is
a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4 — 5f diam., 60 — 80f high,
bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers
5 — 6' diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely con-
trasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric,
bearing some resemblance to a siuall cucuiuber. May.

3. M. Umbrella. Lam. (M. Tripetala. Linn.') Umbrella TVee.
Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young ; sep. 3, reflexed ;

pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute. — A small tree, 20 — 30f high ; common in the
Middle and Southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. Branches irre-
gular. Leaves 16—20' by 6 — 8', often appearing whorled at the ends of the
branches in the form of an iionbrclla. Flowers terminal, white, 7 — 8' diam.
Fruit conical, 4 — 5' long, of a fine rose-color when ripe. The wood is sofl;
and porous, and of little use in the arts. May, June.

4. M. grandiflora.

Native of the Southern States, is the noblest species of the genus. Its
great neight (80 fA its shining, dark-green leaves, its fragi'ant, white flowers a
foot in diameter, form a combination of rare magnificence.f

2. LIRIODENDRON.

Gr. \cipiov, a bly ; iti/Spov, a tree.

Sepals 3, caducous ; petals 6 ; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 — 2-
seeded ; seeds attenuated at apex into a scale. — Trees, iviih large and
fragrant Jloivers.

L. tulipifera. T\ilip Tree. White Wood. Poplar.

A fine tree, one of the most remarkable of the American forests. Can. to
La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f
high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers it
grows much larger. Near Bloomington, la., I measured a tree of this .species
which had been recently felled. Its circumference, 4 feet from the ground,

Mexispkrmlm. v. MENISPERMACE^. 151

was 23f; 30 feet from the ground its diameter Avas 5f; the whole height
I25f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cjiindric. At top it divides rather
abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Leaves dark green,
smooth, truncate at the end, with two lateral lobes, 3 — 5' in length and breadth,
on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous large and brilliant
flowers, greenish-yellow, orange within, solitary, 4 — 6' diam. The wood is
extensively used as a substitute for pine.

Order IV. ANONACE^.— Anonads.

Trees or Shrubs.

Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, without stipules.

Fls. usually green or brown, a-villars-, larye, shorter than the leaves.

Ca;.— Sepals 3—4, persistent, ol'len united at hase.

Cor.— Petals 6, in two rows, hypogynous, a-stivation valvate.

Sta. indetinite, densely crowded. Fil. short. Anth. adnate, extrorse.

Ova. numerous, closely packed. Sly. short or 0. Sns" simple.

Ft. dry or succulent, i— many-seeded, distinct or aggregated. Sds. anafropous.

Genera 20, species 300, chiefly native within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are
found ill the United States, all of the following genus, l^lants generally aromatic in all their parla.

UVARIA.

Lat. iiva, srape ; from the resemblance of the fruit of some species.

Sepals 3, united at base ; petals G, in 2 rows ; carpels oblong,
baccate, often torulose, pulpy within ; seeds several. — Aromatic shrubs
or trees.

U. TRILOBA. Torr. and Gr. (Anona. Linn.} Pawpmo.
Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate ; pet. dark-purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or
4 times as long as the sepals. — A small and beautiful tree, 15 — 20f high, on
banks of streams. Middle, Southern and Western States. Branches and leaves
nearly glabrous, the latter 8 — 12' by 3 — 4', very smooth and entire, tapering to
very short petioles. Fruit about V thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about
8-seeded, yellowisli, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Flowers in March,
Apr.

Order V. MENISPERMACE^.— Menispermads.

Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, entire leaves.

Fls. small, in panicles or racemes, usually dinncious.

Coi.— Sepals 3— S, inadouble series, 2—4 in each, imbricated m aestivation, hypog., deciduous.

Cor.— Petals 1—S, hypogynous, usually as many as the sepals, rarely o. [many.

§/a. distinct or monadelphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as

Anth. innate and consisting of 4 slobose lobes.

Ova. usually solitary, sometimes 2—4. Fr- a drupe, globose-reniform.

Genera 11, species 175, most of them natives of tropical Asia and America. The only northern genus
is Menispermum.

Properlies.—\ few pl.ants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign species
of INIenispermum yields the colvmbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genus, Anamirta
Cocculus.of India, furnishes iht Indian cockle, so into.xicating to tishes.

MENISPERMUM.

Gr. firii'ij, the moon; (XTttpjia, seed; from the crescent form of the seed.

Flowers $c?; sepals 4 — 8, in a double row ; petals 4 — 7, minute,
retuse; (^Stamens 12 — 20. 9 Ovaries and styles 2 — 4; drupes
1 -seeded ; seeds lunate and compressed.

M. Canadense. — Moon-seed.

SI. climbing; /r5. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted
near the base ; rac. compound ; pet. 6 — 7, small. — In woods and hedges near
streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Mi.ss. Stems round, striate, 8— 12f long.
Leaves 4—5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 — 5'
long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam.,
black, resembling grapes. The root is pereiinial, and in medicine has the pro-
perties of a tonic. Jl.
0. lobatum, has the leaves lobed.

152 VI. BERBERIDACEiE. Jeffersonia.

Order VI. BERBERIDACE^.— Berberids.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually ex3tipulate, .simple or compound leaves.

F/s. solitary, racemose or panicled, perfect.

Ca^— Sepals 3—4—6, imbricate in 2 rows, often reinforced by petaloid scales.

Cor. hypogynous. Pet. l — 3 times as many as the sepals and opposite to them.

Sta. as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them.

Anth. generally opening by recurved valves, extrorse.

Ova. l-celled, solitary, simple. Sti/. often lateral. Stig: often lateral or peltate.

Fr. berried or capsular.

Sds. one or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many, attached to lateral placentae.

Genera 12, species 100, inhabiting the temperate zones. Some genera, as the Podophyllum and JefTer-
sonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain in their fruits malic and oxalic acid.

Conspectus of the Genera.

t Petals 8, flowers on a scape Jeffersonia. 3

< Leaves not peltate. < Petals 6, with a scale at base. . . . Leontice. 4

Herbs perennial. ^ Leaves peltate ; stamens 00. Podophyllum. 2

Shrubs, \vith yellow flowers and irritable tilaments. Berberis. 1

1. BERBERIS.

Calyx of 6, obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the three outer
ones smaller ; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the
base of each ; filaments 6, flattened ; anthers 2 separate lobes on
opposite edges of the connectile ; style 0 ; berry oblong, l-celled ;
seeds 2 or 3. — Fine hardy shrubs.

B. VULGARIS. Berberry Bush.

Spines 3-forked ; Ivs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles ; roc.
pendulous, many-fiowered ; p.et. entire. — A well known bushy, ornamental shrub,
in hard, gravelly soils. Northern States. Grows 3 — 8f high. Leaves 1| — 2'
long, I as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering at base into the petiole, and
remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, a dozen
or more in each hanging cluster. Stamens irritable, springing violently
against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an
agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow.
Jn.!^!

2. PODOPHYLLUM.

Gr. TTotij, ToSo{, afoot; ipvWov, a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles.

Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous ; petals 6 — 9, obovate,
concave; stamens 9 — 18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid,
l-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. — % Loiv, rather poisonous
herbs. Lvs. 2. Fl. solitary.

P.- PELTATUM. May Apple. Wild Mandrake.

In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N.
Eng. Height about If It is among our more curious and interesting plants.
Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the
flower. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5 — 7 lobes, each lobe 6' long
from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedun-
culate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Petals curiously netted with veins.
Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The
root is cathartic. Maj'.

3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart.

In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science.

Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved ; sta-
mens 8, with linear anthers ; stigma peltate ; capsule obovate, stipi-
tate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. — Scape simple .^ \-floivered.
Lvs. 2-parted or binate.

J. DiPHYLLA. Barton.

A singular plant, 8 — 14' high. Middle and Western States. Rhizoma
horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are
placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous

Nelumbium. VIH. NELUMBIACE^. 15S

beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, white. The
capsule opens only halt" round, and has therefore a persistent lid. Apr. — This
plant has in Ohio" the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there
significantly termed rheumatism root.

4. LEONTICE.

Gr. Xetoi', a lion ; the leaf is likened to u lion's foot-track.

Calyx free from the ovary, of 3 — 6 green sepals ; corolla of 6
petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within ; sta-
mens 6 ; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge ; pericarp membrana-
ceous (cadticous), 2 — 4-seedcd ; seeds erect, globose.

L. THALicTRdiDE.s. (Caulophyllum. Michx.) Poppoose Root.

Smooth ; Irs. biternate and triternate ; //Is. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed,
the terminal one equally 3-lobed. — A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can.
to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1 — 2if high, round,
dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other
bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets
paler beneath, 2 — 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia.
Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin
pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May.

Order VII. CxVBOMBACE^.— Watershields.

Herisatiuatic, with lloatin?, entire, centrally peltate leaves.

Fts. axillary, solitary, small. Sep. 3—4, colored inside.

Cor.— Petals 3—4, alternate with the sepals.

Sta. hypogynoiis, either 6, or more than 17. Anth. adnate.

Ova. 2 or more. Stig: simple.

Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style.

Sds globular, pendulous. Emoryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen.

Genera 2, species S. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England.

Proper/y— Slightly astringent.

B R A S E N I A. Schreb.
Calyx of 3 — 4 sepals, colored within, persistent ; corolla of 3 — 4
petals; stamens 18 — 36; ovaries 6 — 18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by
abortion l-)seeded. — %- Aquatic. The stem, peduncles^ and under sur-
face of the leaves are covered tvith a viscid jelly.

B. PF.LTAT.4. Pursh. (Hvdropcltis purpurea. Mr.) Water TUrgct.

It inhabits muddv shores and pools, often in company with the water-lily,
Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 2—3' by 1—1*', with
the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface
of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, on
long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. July.

Order VIII.— NELUMBIACE^.— Water-Beans.

Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical Ivs. Rliizoma prostrate.

F/s. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. i—5.

Cor— Petals 00, in many rows, arising from without the disk.

S'a. 00, in several rows ; filaments petaloid ; onth. adnate, uitrorse.

Ova. 00, separate, each with a simple style ;incl stigma.

Fr.— Nuts generally 1-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus.

Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo.

This order comprises hut a single genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropical
regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all the other parts ot the plant.

NELUMBIUM. Juss.
Characters of the genus the same as those of the order.

N. LCTRCM.

Lvs. peltate, orbicular, entire ; anth. with a linear appendage.— A magnifi-
cent flowering plant, peculiar to the .stagnant Avaters of the south and west!

154 IX. NYJMPHyEACE^. Nophar.

but occasionally mei. with in Ci. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in
depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6 f From this arise the simple scapes and
petioles to the surface. Leaves 10 — 18' diam., the petioles inserted on one side
of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata,
and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow
towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns,
and are used for food by the Indians. June.

Order IX. NYMPH.^ACE^.— Water Lilies.

Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma.

FIs. large, showy, often sweet-scented.

Ca?.— i Sepals and petals numerous, inibricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent.

Cor.— I Pet. inserted upon the disk whicli surrounds the pistil.

Sta. numerous, in seveml rows upon the disk. Fil. petaloid. Anth. adnate, inlrorse.

Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk.

Sds. attached to the spongy placentse, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril.

Genera 5, species 50. inhabiting the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of anendogen.
but they have two foliaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphaea contain a powerful'astringent princi-
ple, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used
for food.

Genera.

Flowers white or rose-color, Nymphcea. 1

Flowers yellow , Nuphar. 2

I. NYMPH^A.

The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters.

Sepals 4 — 5 ; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base ; stamens
gradually transformed into petals ; stigma surrounded with rays ;
pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. — % Aquatic.

N. ODORATA. Water Lily.

Lis. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath ; cal. 4-se-
paled, equaling the petals; stig. 15 — 20-rayed. — One of the loveliest of flowers,
possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and slug-
gish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water
is of 3 — 8 or lOf in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface.
Leaves 5 — 6' diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the
insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, IJ — 2'
long, of the most delicate textm'e, white, tinged with pm-ple. Filaments yellow,
dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into
petals. (^ 72.) July.

/?. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass.

2. NUPHAR. Smith.

Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous
small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous,
truncated, linear stamens on the torus ; stigma discoid, with promi-
nent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. — % Aquatic.

1. N. Advena. Ait. (Nymphsea Adv. M.v.) Ydlmi; Pond Lily.

Lvs. oval, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base; sep. 6;
fet. 00; stig. 12— -15-rayed, margin crenate. — Very common in sluggish streams
7.nd muddy lakes. Can. to Ga. W. to Oreg. A well looking and very curious
plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog
lily. The rhizoma is large, creeping extensively. Leaves large, dark green,
shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half
round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid
stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely 5^ellow, as
well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl.

(i. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomet-
tose beneath,

Sanquivaria. XI. PAPAVERACE^. 155

2. Kalmiana. Ait. (NymphEea Kaliniana. Mkhx. Nupliar lutea,

fi. Kalmiana. T. ^ G.) Kalm's Pond Lily.

'^Floatinic /is. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate; s?<imerse(f to. membra-
naceous, renilorm-cordale, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ; "
5^(V. 8 — l2-rayed, somewhat crcnate. — A smaller species, with small yellow
flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States. — Dr. Robbins,
from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. lutea,
Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 2 — 3' long IJ — 2i'
wide, lower leaves 3—4' diam. Jl.

Order X. SARRACENIACEiE.— Water Pitchers.

Herbs nqantic. perennial in bogs, with fibrous root.'!.

LPS. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit.

F:3. laiee, solitary, or several on scapes.

Cn/.— Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. jEsr. imbricate.

Cnr.—PcUiUo, imijuiculate, hypogynous, concave.

Sta. 00, hypojfynoas. Arith. oblong, adnate, introrse.

Ova. 5-celled, placenta' central. Sty. single. Stig. dihiteii, peltate, .'•-angled.

FV. capsular, 5-celled, 5-valved, crowned with the broad persistent stigma.

Sds. 00, minute.

An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana,:
and T species.

SARRACENIA. Tourn.

In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus.

Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base ; petals 5, deciduous;
stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and sta-
mens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

S. PURPUREA. Slfk-!ia(l(Uc Flower.

Z/r.v.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth,winged
on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lamina. — One of the most
curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes. Lab. to Flor.
Leaves 6 — 9' long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form
petiole (1) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the
whole length inside, from h — 1' wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth
into a lamina (1), covered* above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when
of ordinary size is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water
with drowned insects. Scape 14 — 20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single
large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn.
p. Iwkrophylla. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Eaton.) — Scape rather shorter;
Sep. yellowish-green ; fet. yellow. — Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. WrigM !
Leaves scarcely different.

Order XI. PAPAVERACE^E.— Poppi-^vorts.

Plants herbaceoiLS, generally with a colored juice.

I.vs. iilternate. simple or divided, without stipules.

Fli. solitary, on Ion? peduncles, never blue.

r«/.— Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated m sestivation.

Tor.— Pet/ils 4, rarely 5 or 6. hypo?ynous. , , , ^ , ,. ■ .

Sta often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Antfi. innate.

Opa solitary. Sri/, short or 0. Sr;"-. 2, or if more, stellate upon the (fat apex of ovary.

Fr. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placenta^, or capsular with several.

Sds. uo, minute. Embryo minute, at the base of oily aJbumen.

An order consisting of 18 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives pf Europe
The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turlml june.s ine
seeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental ui cultn ation.
Conspectus of the Genera.

(, .stigmas concave.
(Leaves armed with prickly teeth, l Stigmas conve.\.
f yellow. {Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline.
I orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete.
1 white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose

Arfremone. 3
Mxconopsis. 4
Clielidonni/m. 2
Sangttinaria. 1
Papaoer.

Juice l^io;iess. Teases muiufidwim linear segment.. Capsule terete. . . E.ct,sctu>ltzia. 6

1. SANGUINARIA.

Lat. sang^tils, blood ; all parU abound in a red juice.

Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8. in 2 series, those of the outer series
14

156 XI. PAPAVERACE^. Meconopsis.

longer ; stamens 00 ; stigma 1 — 2-lobed, sessile ; capsule pod-like,
oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. — %. Juice
orange red.

S. Canadensis. Blood-root.

An interesting flower of wood.s, groves, &c., appearing in early spring.
Rhizoma fle.shy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored
fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root-
stalk there .springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with
a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish
lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white,
scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr. May.

2. CHELIDONIUM.

[its departure.
Gr. XcXiimv, the swallow ; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with

Sepals 2, suboi-bicular ; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ;
stamens 24 — 32, shorter than the petals ; stigma 1, small, sessile,
bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1 -celled ; seeds crested. —

%. tvit/i yellow juice.

C. MAJUs. Celandme.

L/vs. pinnate ; Ifts. lobed, segments rounded ;/*■. in umbels. — A pale green,
fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1 — 2f high. Leaves
smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2 — i pairs of leaflets with an odd
one. Leaflets IJ — 2^' long, | as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par-
tial stalks winged at lase. Umbels thin, a.xillarv, pedunculate. Petals ellip-
tical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower.
The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts.
May.— Oct. ^

3. ARGEMONE.

G/". apyc^a, a disease of the 63-6, which this plant was supposed to cure.

Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous ; petals 6, roundish,
larger than the sepals ; stamens 00, as short as the calyx ; stigma
sessile, capitate, 6-lobed ; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by
valves. — ® Herbs with yellow juice.

A. Mexicana. Horn Poppy.

Lis. repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; fl. solitary, erect,
axillary, col. prickly; caps, prickly, 6-valved. — A weed-like plant, native at the
south and west, ^ at the north. " Stem 2 — 3f high, branching, armed with
prickly spines. Leaves 5 — 7' or 8' long, sessile, spinose on the margin and
veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, about 2'
diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is
esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July.^
/?. Fls. ochroleucous. — y. Fls. larger, white.

4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier.
Gr. itrjKwv, a poppy; oipis, resemblance.

Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; style distinct ; stigmas 4 — 6,
radiating, convex, free ; capsule obovate, 1 -celled, opening by 4 valves
at apex. — %-Herbs with a yelloio juice.

M. DiPHYLLA. DC. (Chelidonium. Michx. Stylophorum. Nutt.)
Lis. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5 — 7, ovate-oblong,
sinuate, cmilme'i, opposite, petiolate ; pcd. aggregated, terminal ; caps. 4-valved,
echinate-setose. — Woods, Western States ! Plant 12 — 18' high. Leaves large,
8' by 6', on petioles about the same length ; terminal segments somewhat con-
fluent. Peduncle about 3' long. Petals deep yellow. May.

XII. PUMARIACE^E. 167

5. PAPAVER.

Celtic, papa, pap; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c:

Sepals 2, caducous; petals 4 ; stamens 00; capsule 1 -celled, open-
ing by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. — Exotic herbs, mostly
©, %cith white juice abounding in opium.

1. P. soMNiFERUM. Opiuvi Pappy.

Glabrou-s and glaucous ; /cs. clasping, inci-sed and dentate; scp. glabrous;
cap. globose.— A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in cultiva-
tion. Stem li—3f high. Leaves 4 — 8' by 2— 3', with rather obtuse dentures.
Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully
narcotic, and which wheii hardened in the sun, forms the ojmnn of the shops.
For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn.
Jl.f^

2. P. DUBiUM. Dubious Poppy.

Caulescent ; st. hispid with spreading hairs ; Ivs. pinnately parted, seg-
ments incised; ped. clothed with appressed hairs; sep. hairy; caps, obovoid-
oblong, glabrous. — Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem
about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. Jl. %

3. P. Rh^as. Common Red Poppi/.—St. many-flowered, hairy ; Ivs. incisely
pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly globose.— Distinguished from the last spe-
cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About
2 f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are
produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less dou-
ble. Jn. Jl.f

4. P. ORiENTALE. Oriental Poppy.— St. l-flowered, rough; Ivs. scabrous,
pinnate, serrate ; capsules smooth. — Native of Levant. Stem 3 f high.
Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon
in the sim. Jn. f

G. ESCHSCHOLTZIA.

Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches in California/

Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens GO,
adhering to the claws of the petals ; stigmas 4 — 7, sessile, 2 — 3 of
them abortive ; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many-
seeded. — ® Leaves •pinnatifid., glaucous. The juice., which is colorless,
exhales the odor of hydrochloric acid.

1. E. DouGi,Asii. Hook. (Chryseis Califomica,of I/mrfZ. and of l5;;e(Z<7.)—
St. branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; cat. ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acu-
mination ; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base.— A very showy
annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The
foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid
manner into linear segments. Flowers 2' broad, f

2. E. Californica. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.) — St.
branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much dilated limb ; cat. obconic,
with a long acumination ; fis. orange-yellow.— From California. Leaves and
color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish-
orange hue. ■)■

Order XII. FUMARIACE^.— Fumeworts.

Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice.
Lvs. usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils.

F/s. irroKular, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. i,„,;„„ „. „„,.»

Cor. -Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 mner cohering^at apex.

Sta. 6, diadelphous ; Jil. dilated ; anth. adnate. extrorse, 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-ceUed.

Ova. superior, 1 celled ; sly. filiform ; stig. with one or more |)oints.

Fr. either an indehiscent nut 1—2 seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeaea.

Sde. shinins, ariled. Albumen fleshy.

Genera 13, species U0,-8ome of them beautiful and deHc^l?, inhabiting thickets in the te^^^^
regions of the northern hemisphere. They possess no remarkable action upon the animal economy .

158 XII. FUMARIACE^. Corydalis.

Conspectus of the Genera.

<) Fruit a pod-shaped capsule. . . Corydalis. 3

4 only 1 of the outer, sacc. or spurred. (Fruit a subglobose nut. . . . Pumaria. 4

SQistinct.f 2 outer equally saccate or spurred Dielytra. I

Petals ( united, base bigibbous, ape.x 4-lobed. Climbing herbs. Adluynia. 2

1. DIELYTRA. Borkhausen.

Crr. SiS, double; eXvTpov, wing-case; in allusion to the two spiu's.

Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous
at the base ; stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each ; pod 2-valved,
many-seeded. — '2J..

1. D. CucDLLARiA. DC. (Corydalis Cucullaria. Pcrs.) Dutchman's
Breeches.

Rt. bulbiferous ; rac. 4 — lO-flowered, secund ; spurs divergent, elongated,
acute, straight. — Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizoma
bearing triangular, small, pale-red bulbs under ground. Leaves radical, mul-
tifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles
rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender, 6 — 10' high. Flowers scentless,
nodding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, and
with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla.
April, May.

2. D. Canadensis. DC. (D. eximia. Beck. Corydalis Canadensis.
Goldie.) Squirrel Corn. Dutchman^ Breeches.

St. subterranean, tuberiferous ; t2iiers globose ; rac. simple, secund, 4 — 6-
flowered ; spiers short, rounded, obtuse, slightly incurved. — A smooth, pretty
plant, common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizoma bears a number of
roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright-yellow color. Leaves
radical, subglaucous, biternate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, 5 — 8" long. Scape 6 — 8' high, bearing a few odd-looking
flowers. Corolla white, tipped with yellow, 5" long. Calyx minute. Sta-
mens 3 on each lip. Ma)', Jn.

3. D. EXIMIA. DC. (Corydalis formosa. Ph.) Choice Dielytra.
iJAi^^oma scaly-bulbiferous ; lis. numerous; rac. compound, the branches

cymose ; sp^irs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex. — A fine
species, on rocks, &.c., found by Dr. Sartwcll, in Yates Co., N. Y. (S. to N.
Car.) Leaves radical, 10 — 15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pin-
natifid segments, but quite variable. Scape 8—12' high, with several (4 — 8)
cymes, each with 6 — 10 purplish, nodding flowers. Corolla 8 — 10" long, oroad
at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. .In. — Sept. f

2. ADLUMIA. Raf.

Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C, a cultivator of the vine.

Sepals 2, minute ; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous
corolla, persistent, bigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex ; stamens united
in 2 equal sets; pod 2-Yalved, many-seeded. — d) Climbing.

A ciRRHosA. Raf. (Fumaria fungosa. Willd. Cor)'dalis. JPers.) Mo^cn-

tain Fringe.

A delicate climbing vine, native of rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. Stem stri-
ate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pinnate manner,
ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils.
Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous, cymose clusters, pale-pink.
Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a
spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upwards, 2-lipped. Fine for
arbors. Jn. — Aug.f

3. CORYDAlIS. DC.

Greek name of the Fumitory, from which genus this was taken.

Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base ;

XIII. CRUCIFER^. 159

stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into 2 equal sets by their
broad bases which sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compressed, many-
seeded. — Lvs. cauline. Pedicels raceniose, braciless.

1. C. GLAUCA. Ph. (Furaaria glauca. Curtis.) Glaucous Corydalis.

St. erect, branched ; lvs. glaucous, bipinnate, segments cuneate-obovate, 3-
lobed ; jwds linear, as long as the pedicels. — (g). A smooth, delicate plant, in
mountainous woods, Can. to N. Car., covered with a glaucous bloom. Root
fusitorm. Stem 1 — If high. Leaflets nearly 1' long and i' wide, cut into 3
obtuse lobes. Flowers terminal, on the subpaniculate branches. Calyx of 2,
ovate, acuminate sepals, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the
cylindrical, ringent corolla, beautifully colored with alternating shades of red
and yellow. May — Aug.

2. C. AUREA. Willd. (Fumaria aurea. Muhl.) Golden Corydalis.

St. branching, diffuse; lvs. glaucous, bipinnate, lobed, the lobes oblong-
linear, acute ; bracts linear-lanceolate, dentate, 3 times as long a.s the peduncle ;
roc. secund, opposite the leaves and terminal ; pod terete, torulose. — (i) In rocky
shades. Can. to Mo. S. to Ga. Stem 8 — 12' high, with finely divided leaves.
Flowers bright yellow, about half as long as the torulose pods which succeed
them. May — Aug.

4. FUMARIA.
IM.ftfimvs, smoke ; from its disagreeable smell.

Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the
base, filaments in 2 sets each with 3 anthers ; nut ovoid or globose,
I -seeded and valveless. — Lvs. cauline^ finely dissected.

F. OFnciNALis. Fumitory.

St. suberect, branched, and spreading ; lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, cut
into linear segments; roc. loose; scp. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as
the globose, retuse nut. — A small, handsome plant, in sandy fields and about
gardens, introduced from Europe. Stem 10 — 15' high, smooth as well as the
leaves. Leaflets cut into segments dilated upwards. Flowers small, rose-
colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long as the
bracts. July, Aug. ^

Order XIII. CRUCIFEK^.— Crucifers.

Plants herbaceous, very rarely siiflruticose, with alternate leaves.

Fls. yellow or white, rarely purple, without bracts, generally in racemes.

Ca?.— Sepals 4, deciduous. . [a cross.

Cot. of 4 regular petals, their claws inserted into the receptacle, and their limbs spreading in the form ot

Sta. 6, 2 of them upon opposite sides, shorter than the other 4. [sepiment,— sJig'. two.

Ova. composed of two united carpels, with two parietal placentae united by a membranous lUlse dis-

Fr. a silique or silicle usually 2celled.

Sds. attached in a single row to each side of the placenta' ;— albumen 0.

hnibnjn, witli the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle.

Genera 173, species 1600.— This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater
part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About lOO are peculiar to this comment.

Properties.— The Crucifera- as a class are of much importance to man. They fiiriiisli several alimen-
tary articles which are very nutricious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower; severa others are used as
condiments; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volalile pnnciple,
dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. They are also
remarkable for containing more nitrogen than other veeetables, for which reason ammonia is generally
evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are
reaily poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria ailbrds a blue coloring matter.

14*

160

XIII. CRUCIFERiE

FIG. 40.— 1. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 2. The stamens (4 long and 2 short) and pistil. 3. Plan of the
flower,— stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 4. A silique,— 5, partly open, showing the septum
with seeds attached. e.Cross section ofa seed, cotyledons conduplicate (0>>). 7. Flower (enlarged) and leaf
of Capsella. 8. A si!icle,—9, open, showing the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed,
cotyledons incumbent (0 II). 11. Section ofa winged seed of Arabia Canadensis, cotyledons accumbent o li.

Conspectus of the Genera.

* Ornamental exotics not culinary.'

( Silicle 5 Some of the stamens toothed.
< 2-celled . ( Stamens all toothless
< Petals equal. ( Silicle icelled, l-seeded.
Fruit siliculose ; { Petals unequal, the 2 outer ones larger.
S Stigma capitate.
5 Seeds flat(0= ). J Stigmas comute.
Fruit siliquose ; ^ Seeds ovoid <on). Caly.x furrowed at base. .

Alyssum.. 8
Lunaria. 9

Isalis. 1 1

Iberis. 1 0

CheArantkus. 21

Malthiola.
Hesperis.

** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary exotics.

< 4— oo-seeded.
("ovate and < emarginate, J 2-seeded.
I compressed, ( entire at the apex.
< ovoid or 4 Leaves cauline.
globose. ( Leaves radical.

( Silicle
f Fruit <jointless, L triangular, cuneate at base
■' culose. (

Flowers

Silicle with 2 joints, upper joint ovate or ensiform.
( Sds. not

("Valves
J veinlesa.

("Seeds in a
1 single row.
I Seeds in a
. I double row.

Fruit ] Valves with one central vein, flat, linear

bordered, ^O'l.
4 Pods linear. ( Seeds bordered.
I Pods lanceolate. Leaves few

i wingless

winged on the margin. .

25

Thlaspi.
Lepidium.
Draba.
Cochlearia.
Subularia.
Capsella.
Cakile.
Cardamine.
msymbrium. 19
ChRiranthus. 21
Dentaria. 17
Nasturtium. 12
Turritis. 14

Arabis. T5

Raphanus. 26
Brassica. 24

Raphanvs. 26
Barbarea. 13
Erysimum,.

I'iuwcia r I uiL vaivca \\iLllu[it:i

cyanic. L siliquose. I Valves 0. Silique indehiscent, transversely celled

\ Pods dehiscent.
( globose. < Pods indehi.^cent.
( Seeds in a < oblong (0=). Leaves lyrate.
("Calyx erect < single row, ( oblong (on ). Leaves undivided

J or closed. ( Seeds in a double row I'llrritis. 14

("Fruit ] i .Seeds ovoid or oblong (0(1). . . Sisymbrium. 19

I siliquose. I Calyx spreading. • . ^ Seeds globose (0>>). . . . Sinapis. 23

Flowers I ^ oblong or somewhat terete NasHirtinm. 12

yellow. L Fruit siliculose, . . J obovoid or subglobose Camelina. 7

Section I. SILICULOSE. {{\ 80, note.)

1. THLASPI. Dill.

Gr, ^\aw, to compress ; on account of the compressed or flattened silicles.

Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; silicle short, flat, emarginate
at the apex, many-seeded ; valves carinate, often winged on the
back ; cotyledons accumbent (0 = ). — Lvs. undivided. Fls. white.

1. T. arven.se. Penny Cress.

Iais. oblong, coarsely dentate, smooth; silicle roundish-obovate, shorter than
the pedicel ; stig. subsessile. — In cultivated, stony fields, Can. and Northern States.
The whole plant smooth, 8 — 12' high, branched. Leaves 1 — 2' long, J as wide,
the cauline slightly arrow-shaped with .small obtuse auricles, wavy and toothed

Lepidilm. XIII. CRUCIFER^. 161

at margin. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. Silicles large, flat, with
dilated wings. The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. June.§

2. T. ALLIACEUM.

I/r.'!. oblong, obtuse, somewhat dentate, upper ones sagittate-amplexicaul,
with acute auricles; silicles ovate-ventricose ; sti<r. subsessile. — In cultivated
fields, Western States, not common. Stems 6 — 16' high. Lower leaves petio-
late. Flowers smaller than in T. arvense, in terminal racemes. This also
savors of garlic. May — Jl. ^

3. T. TUBEROSUM. Nutt.

Rt. tuberiferous and fibrous ; st. pubescent, simple, short ; Irs. rhomboid-
ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile, radical ones petiolate ; silicle sub-
orbicular. — '21- Penn. Stem not more than 4 — 5' high. Flowers rather large,
rose-colored. Apr. May.

2. CAPSELLA. Vent.

Diminutive from capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to the fruit.

Calyx equal at base ; silicles triaugular-cuneiform, ohcordate, com
pressed laterally ; valves carinatc, not winged on the back ; septum
sublinear; style short; seeds 00; oblong, small, 0||. — ® Fls. white.
A troublesome weed.

C. BuRSA-PASTORis. Mocuch. (Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. Linn.') Shepherd's

purse.

Found everpvhere, in fields, pastures, and roadsides. Stem 6 — 8 — 12' high,
nearly smooth in the upper part, hirsute below, striate, branching. Root-leaves
rosulate, 2 — fi — 8' long, J as wide, cut-lobed, on margined petioles ; segments
about 13. These leaves are sometimes wanting, (when the weed is crowded,) or
only dentate. Stem-leaves much smaller, very narrow, with two small, acute
auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Flowers small, in racemes, which are
finally 3 — 12' long Silicle smooth, triangular, emarginate at the end, and tipped
with the style. April— Sept. ^

3. LEPIDIUM. R.Br.

Gr. XcTTif, a scale; from the resemblance of the silicle.

Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; silicles oval-orbicular, emar-
ginate ; septum very narrow, crossing the greater diameter ; valves
carinate, dehiscent ; cells 1 -seeded, 0|| or 0=. — Fls. tvhite.

1. L. ViRGiNicuM. Wild Pepper-grass.

Lrs. linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, smooth; .<;)!. paniculately branched
above; sla. 2 — 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate; seeds 0=. — ® In dry fields
and road-sides, U. S. Stem rigid, round, smooth. If high. Leaves 1—2'
by 1 — 3" , acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones sessile, lower pinna-
tifidly cut. Flowers and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of racemes. Fls.
very small, mostly diandrous ; silicles lens-shaped, IJ" diam., with a notch at the
end. Taste pungent, like that of the garden pepper-grass. Jn. — Oct.

2. L. CAMPESTRE, R. Br. (Thlaspi campestris. Linn.) Yellow Seed.

Caidiin: Ivs. sagittate, denticulate ; silicks ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly-
punctate. — (J) In waste places and dry fields, especially among flax. Stem
strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6—10' high, branching. Leaves 1' long,
i as wide, acute, with 2 lobes at base, upper one clasping the stem, all minutely
velvety. Flowers small. Silicles IJ" long, numerous, in long racemes. Jn. Jl.§

3. L. RUDERALE.

Lvs. cauline, incised, those of the branches linear, entire ; fls. apetalous,
and with but 2 stamens ; silicles broadly oval or suborbicular, emarginate, wing-
less; coli/l. oil.— Dry fields, Mich., la.. Mo. Stem 10—15' high. Racemes
many. Flowers remarkable for wanting the petals, which are always present
in our other species.

4. L. SATIVUM. Pcppergrass. — Z/r.';. variously divided and cut ; ^mwc/tcs with-
out spines; silicles orbicular, winged.— ® Native of the East. Stems 1— 3f

162 XIII. CRUCIFER^. Draba.

high, very branching. Silicles 2 — 3" broad, very numerous. A well known
garden salad. July. :j:^

4. DRABA.

Gr. Spa/^ri, acrid, biting ; from the taste of the plant.

Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; filaments without teeth ; silicic
Dval-oblong, entire, the valves flat or convex ; cells 2, many-seeded ;
seeds not margined.

1. D. VERNA. (Eriophila vulgaris. DC.) WhiUow Grass.

Scape naked ; Ivs. oblong, acute, subserrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ;
silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. — (i) A little early-flowering plant in
grassy fields. Can. to Va. Leaves all radical, lanceolate, J — ly long, J as
wide, with a few teeth towards the end. Scape a few inches high, with a
raceme of 5 — 15 small, white flowers. Calyx spreading. Petals cleft half
way down. Silicles about a line wide and 3—4" long, with deciduous valves.
Apr. May.

2. D. ARABlSANS. Michx. (Arabis. Ph.)

St. leafy, somewhat branched and pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acutely den-
tate ; silicle oblong-lanceolate, smooth, longer than the pedicel ; sty. very short. —
Lake shores, among rocks, Vt., N. Y., Mich. Stems several from the same
root, 6 — 8' high. Radical leaves 1' or more in length, attenuate at base, with
a few slender, spreading teeth ; cauline leaves somewhat clasping. Flowers
white, in a short raceme. Silicle elongated (IJ' long), acuminate, contorted,
and might be called a silique. May.

3. D. Caroliniana. Walt. (D. hi.spidula. Michx.)

St. leafy at base, hispid, naked and smooth at the top ; Ivs. ovate-roundish,
entire, hispid ; silicles linear, smooth, longer than the pedicels, corymbose. — (g)
Sandy fields, Conn., Dr. Bobbins, R. I., Mr. G. Hunt, S. to Ga. Stem 1—3' high,
very hairy. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy.
Petals white, twice as long as the sepals. Silicle J' long, lance-linear, many-
seeded. Stigma subsessile. Apr. Jn.

4. D. RAMOsissiMA. Desv. (Alyssum dentatum. Nutt.)

Minutely pubescent ; sts. numerous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with remote and
slender teeth, upper ones entire ; roc. corymbosely paniculate ; silicle lanceo-
late, about the length of the pedicel, and tipped with the style i as long. — %. On
rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., west to Ky. Stems slender, 4 — 10' long, with
tufted leaves at top. Leaves about 1' long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side.
Flowers white. Silicles 3 — 5" in length, ascending. Apr. May.

5. D. NEMORALis. Ehrh.

St. pubescent, branched ; lis. oval, hirsute, cauline lanceolate, toothed ;
pet. emarginate ; silicles oblong-elliptical, the length of the pedicels ; sds. nearly
30.-11- Mich. Mo. Plant slender, 8—10' high. Stem with few branches.
Leaves mostly radical. Racemes much elongated in fruit, with very long
pedicels. Flowers minute, yellowish white. May.

6. D. CUNEIFOLIA. Nutt.

Hirsute-pubescent ; 5^. branching and leafy below ; Ivs. sparingly toothed,
radical spatulate-oblong, ca%diiie fe^, oblong, ovate, somewhat attenuate at
base; rac. rather elongated in fruit; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid,
twice as long as the pedicels ; pet. emarginate. T". (^ G. — % Grassy places
about St. Louis, &c., Nuttall. Plant 3 — 8' high. Flowers much larger than
in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice longer than the sepals. Silicles
about \' long and 30-seeded. March, Apr.

7. D. BRACHYCARPA. Nutt.

Minutely pubescent ; radicallvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate ; ca«/me oblong
or linear, slightly dentate or entire ; rac. many flowered, straight, elongated in
fruit ; pet. obovate, entire ; silicle oval, glabrous, about as long as the pedicels,
10 — 12-seeded. — % Grassy places near St. Louis. Stem much branched and
leafy. Silicles 2 — 3" long, March, Apr.

Alysscm. XIII. CRUCIFERtE. 163

5. COCHLEARIA. Tourn.

Lat. cochlear, a spoon ; refering to the concave leaves.

Calyx equal at base, spreading ; petals entire ; stamens without
teeth ; silicic sessile, obloug or ovoid-globose, with ventricose valves ;
seeds many, not margined ; 0=. — Fls. tohite.

1. C. Armoracia. Horse Radish. — i?«//fc«ni-5. oblong, crenate ; cauline\ang,
lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile ; siiide elliptic. — % A common garden
herb, native of Europe. Root flesh)-, large, white, very acrid. Stem 2 — 3f
high, angular, smooth, branching. Radical leaves near a foot long, J as wide,
on long, channeled petioles. Lower stem-leaves often cut in a pinnatifid
manner, upper toothed or entire. Flowers small, in corymbose racemes. The
root is a well known condiment for roast beef and other viands. Jn.

13. aquatica. (C. aquatica. Eaton and 1st edit.) Lis. all pinnatifid, the
lower ones doubly and finely so. Wet places, often submerged.^

2. C. OFFICINALIS. Scurvij Grass. — Radical lis. cordate, peliolate, caulinc
ovate, angular or dentate ; silicks oval-globose, half as long as the pedicel.—:
%. Native of Europe and of Arctic Am. Stem 8 — 12' high. Root leaves 4 — 18'
long, } as wide. Flowers racemed. Occasionally cultivated for its powerful
antiscorbutic properties. Jn.

6. SUBULARIA.

Named in reference to the linear-subulate leaves.

Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded ; stigma sessile ; coty-
ledons linear, curved. — (1) Aquatic, acaulescent herbs.

S. AaL'ATicA. Awlworf.

A small plant growing on the muddy shores of ponds in Maine, Nutt.,
and near the White Mts., Pickering. Leaves all radical, entire, subulate, an
inch in length. Scape 2 — 3' high, racemose, with a few minute, white flowers,
on slender pedicels only 2" in length. Jl.

7. CAMELlNA. Crantz.

Gr, ^ajiat, dwarf; \tvov, flax.

Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; silicle obovate or subglobose,
with ventricose valves and many-seeded cells ; styles filiform, persis-
tent ; seeds oblong, striate, not margined, 0 || .

C. SATlvA. Crantz. (Myagrum. Linn.) Gnld-of-pleasure. False Flax.

Lis. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire ; silicle obovate-pyriform, mar-
gined, tipped with the pointed style.— (i) In cultivated fields. Stem 1^ — 2i f.
high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves roughish, 1 — 2' long, clasping the
stem with their acute, arrow-shaped lobes. Flowers small, yellow, in panicu-
lated racemes. Silicles 2 — 3" long, on pedicels 2 — 3 times as long. — Said to
be cultivated in Germany for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. Jn.^

8. ALYSSUM.

Gr. a. privative ; \vcT(Ta, rage ; supposed bj' the ancients to allay anger.

Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; some of the stamens with
teeth ; silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the cen-
tre ; seeds I — 4 in each cell.

1. A. sAXATiT.E. Rock Alyssum. Madwort. — St. suffruticose at base, subco-
rymbose; Us. lanceolate, entire, downy; silick ovate-orbicular, 2-secded; 5^5.
margined. — An early-flowering garden perennial, native ol Candia. Stem If
high, with numerous j-ellow flowers in close corymbose bunches. Apr. May.f

2. A. MARiTiML-M. Lam. Sweet Alyssnm.—St. sulTruticose and procumbent
at base; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute,' somewhat hoary; pods oval, smooth.—
% A sweet-scented garden plant, with fine leaves and small white flowers.
Stem a foot in length. Flowers from Jn. to Oct.— All the species of Alyssum
are of easy culture in common loamy soils. ■\

164 Xm. CRUCIf'ER^. Nasturtium.

9. LUNARIA.

Lat. hma, the moon ; from the broad, round silicles.

Sepals somewhat bisaccate at base ; petals nearly entire ; stamens
without teeth ; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate, with flat
valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment.

1. L. REDivlVA. Perennial Satin Flmner or Honesty. — St. erect, branching;
Ivs. ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate ; silicks lanceolate, narrowed
at each end.— 71- From Germany. Stem 2 — 3f high. Flowers light purple. Jn.f

2. L. BIENNIS. DC. Honesty. — St. erect; Ivs. with obtuse teeth; silicles oval,
obtuse at both ends. — (g) These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany.
Stems 3 — 4f high. Leaves cordate. Flowers lilac-colored. The broad,
round, silvery silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Jn. f

10. IBERIS.

Most of the species are native oi Iberia, now Spain.

The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner ; silicles compressed,
truncate, emarginate, the cells 1 -seeded. — None of the species are N.
American.

1. I. UMBELLATA. Purple Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire ; silicles umbellate,
acutely 2-lobed. — This and the following species are very popular garden
annuals, very pretty in borders, and of very ea.sy culture. I. umbellata is from
S. Europe. Stem If high. Flowers purple, terminal, in simple umbels, and
like the rest of the genus remarkable lor having the 2 outer petals larger than
the 2 inner ones. Jn. Jl. f

2. I. AMARA. Bitter Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, some-
what toothed ; fls. corymbed, becoming racemed ; silicles obcordate, narrowly
emarginate. — 0 Native of England. Stem If high. Flowers white. Jn. Jl.-f"

3. 1. piNNATA. Winged -leaved Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. pin-
natifid : roc. corymbose, but little elongated after flowering. — 0 From S. Eu-
rope. Plant If high. Flowers white. Jn. — Aug. f

4. I. SAXATiLis. Rock Candy-tuft. — Shrubby; Ivs. linear, entire, somewhat

fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate ; fis. in corymbs. — (T) From S. Europe.

Neai-ly If high. Flowers white. Apr. — Jn.f

Ois— Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are equally ornamen-
tal with those above mentioned.

11. ISATIS.

Gr. tixa^o), to make equal ; supposed to remove roughness from the skin.

Silicle elliptical, flat, 1 -celled (dissepiment obliterated), 1 -seeded,
mth carinate, navicular valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. — JYone of
the species are N. American.

I. TiNCTORiA. Woad. — Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatu-
late at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. — ® The Woad is native
of England. It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which
yield a dye that may be substituted for indigo. The plant grows about 4 f.
nigh, with large leaves clasping the stem with their broad bases. Flowers
yellow, large, in terminal racemes. May — Jl. f

Section 2. SILiaUOSJE. ((> 80, 7iote.)

12. N A S T U R T I U M. R. Br.

Lat. nasus tortus; from the eftect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose.

Sepals equal at base, spreading; silique subterete, mostly curved
upwards, sometimes short so as to resemble a silicle ; valves veinless ;
seeds in a double row, 0=. — Aquatic herbs.

TnRRiTis. XIII. CRUCIFERtE. 165

1. N. OFFiciNALK. R.Br. (SispnbriumNast. I/iw(.) EnglishWaler Cress.
Lvs. pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, subcordate, repand ; fet. white, longer than tlie

calyx.— '4- Brooks and ponds. Stems decumbent, 11" long, thick, with axillary-
branches. Leaves ot:^ — 7 leaflets; leaflets broad, often cordate, rather acute,
obtusely toothed, terminal one largest. Flowers corymbed. Siliques less than
1' long. Jn.— It is beginning to be cultivated in the vicinity of our cities as a
salad. ^1

2. N. AMpniBirM. R. Br. (Sisymbrium. Linn.) Amphibious Water Cress.
Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifidor serrate; rt. fibrous ;/>«/. longer than

the calyx; siliquc elliptical, acute at base, tipped with the mucronate style.—
% Banks of the Mohawk, Dr. Robhins. Rare. Stem 1— 2f high, furrowed.
Leaves variable, immersed ones pinnatifid or pectinate, upper ones serrate.
Flowers yellow, minute, in a long, dense raceme. Siliquc half as long as the
spreading or reflexed peduncle, pointed with the short style. Jn. Jl.

3. N. PALL-.STRE. DC. Marsh Water Cress.

Lis. pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes confluent, dentate, smooth; rt.
fusiform ; pel. as long as the sepals ; silique spreading, turgid, obtuse at each
end.— T; In wet places. Stem 1— "if high, erect, branched above. Leaves a— 3
long, all more or less pinnatifid, smooth, except a few ciliae at base. Flowers
numerous, minute, yellow. Siliquc 3 — \" long, on pedicels of equal length,
Jn. — Aug.

4. N. HispiDUM. DC. (Si.symbrium. Poiret.) Hispid Water Cress.

St. villous ; /i-5. somewhat villous, runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes rather ob-
tusely dentate ; sili(jucs (rather silicles) ovate, tumid, pointed with the style,
scarcely more than half as long as the pedicels; pet. scarcely as long as the
calyx.— '4 Banks of streams, Walpole, N. H., Conn, to Fenn. Stem angular,
branched, 1— 3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Leaves 3 — 6
long. Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles I" long, on pedicels 2—3" long and
somewhat spreading.

5. N. NATANS. DC. /?. Avicricaimm. Gray. Floating Water Cress.
Emcrscd lvs. serrate, oblong-linear, undivided, immersed ones doubly

pinnatifid, with capillary segments ; pet. twice as long as the calyx ; sihques
obovate, twice as long as the style.— TJ. In water. Can. and U. S. Stem long,
submerged. Flowers white, middle size. Jl.

G. N. sYLVK.^^TKE. (Sisymbrium vulgarc. Pers.') Creeping Water Cress.

Lvs. pinnately divided, segments lanceolate, incisely atrvaXe.; pet. longer
than the calyx; siliques oblong, torulose; sty. very short.— Banks ol the Dela-
ware near Philadelphia. Nuttall. §

13. BARB ARE A. R. Br.

In honor of St. Barbara, who discovered (what no one has since perceived) its medicinal virtuea.

Sepals erect, subequal at base ; silique columnar, 2— 4-coriiered :
valves concave-carinate ; seeds in a single series ; 0=. — Lvs. lyrately
pinnatifid. Fls. yellow.

B. VULGARIS. R. Br. (Erysimum Barbarea. Linn.) Winter Cress.

LoiL-er lvs. Ivrate, the terminal lobe roundish, vpper ones obovate, pin-
natifid at base, crenate or repand-dentate ; siliqtics obscurely 4-cornered.--T; In
old fields, also brook-sides, Northern States, W. to Oregon, common. vVhole
plant glabrous. Stem furrowed, 1— 2f high, branching above. Leaves 1— •.>— 4
Ion?, dark green, shining, on cla.sping petioles, the terminal lobe 1— li diam.,
upper ones sessile, all with obtuse teeth. Flowers on pedicels \ long, in ter-
minal racemes. Siliques slender, V long, curved upwards. May, Jn.

14. TURRITIS. Dillon.

I.nt. IvrritJs, turrcted ; from the pj-ramidal form of the plant.

Sepals erect, converging ; petals erect ; silique long, linear, 2-edged ;
valves plane : seeds in a double scries, 0=. — Fls. cyanic.

166 Xlll. CRUCIFER^. Arabis.

1 . T. GLABRA. Smooth Totcer Mustard.

St. erect ; radical Ivs. petiolate, dentate, with ramose hairs, cauline ones
broad-lanceolate, sagittate, half-clasping, glaucous, smooth; siliques erect. —
Shores of Lake Superior, W. to the Rocky Mts. Naturalized about New
Haven. Eaton. Stem round, simple, IJf high. Leaves 1 — 2' long. Siliques
2 — 3' long, very narrow. Flowers pale sulphur-yellow. May.

/SI T. & G. Lvs. all linear-lanceolate and glabrous, radical mies remotely
repand-denticulate, cauline entire. — Watertown, N. Y., on rocks. Torrey tf* Gray.

2. T. BRACHYCARPA. Torr. & Gray.

Glabrous and glaucous ; radical lvs. .spatulate, dentate, cauline ones linear-
lanceolate, sagittate and subamplexicaul ; siliques short, linear-oblong ; pedicels
pendulous in flower, spreading in fruit. — (^ Lake shores, Mich. Stem 1 — 2f
high, often purplish, as well as the foliage. Flowers rather large, pale purple.
Siliques V long, spreading.

15. arAbis.

Said to derive its name from Arabia, its native country.

Sepals erect ; petals unguiculate, entire ; silique linear, compressed ;
valves 1 -veined in the middle,- seeds in a single row in each cell. —
Fls. white.

1. A. Canadensis. (A. falcata. Mi-chx.) Sickle Pod.

Cauline lvs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, narrow at base, pubescent; josff/-
ceZs pubescent, reflexed in the fruit; silique subfalcate, veined, pendulous; sds.
winged. — %. On rocky hills. Can. to Ga. W. to Ark. A plant remarkable for
its long, drooping pods, which resemble a sickle blade, or rather a curved
sword blade. Stem 2 — 3f high, slender, round, smooth. Leaves 1 — 3' long, J
as wide ; the lowest early marescent, middle and upper ones sessile or clasping,
with narrow bases, remotely denticulate. Flowers small, white. Pods slen-
der, flattened, nearly 3' long. Jn.

2. A. lyrata. (Sisymbrium arabidoides. Darl.^

St. and upper lvs. smooth and glaucous ; radical lvs. lyrately pinnatifid,
often pilose; st. branched at base; pedicels spreading; siliques erect. — (g) On
rocky hills. Can. to Va. Stems often many, united at base, 6 — 12' Mgh. Root-
leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 — 3' long, i as wide, petiolate, lower stem-leaves
pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, upper ones sublinear and subentire. Flowers
middle size. Siliques when mature li — 2' long, less than 1" wide. Apr. May.

3. A. LAEVIGATA. DC. (Turritis loevigata. Miikl.)

Smooth and glaucous ; radical lvs. obovate and oblong, tapering to a pe-
tiole, dentate, stem lvs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, obtuse, upper ones entire ;
pedicels about as long as the calyx, erect ; siliques very long, linear at leno-tJi
spreading and pendulous ; 5^/5. winged. — %. In rocky woods and low grounds,
Can. to Ark. Stem 1 — 2f high, round, smooth, simple or branched above!
Root-leaves often purplish, | — 1§' long, i as wide, with acute teeth. Stem-
leaves 2 — 5' long, i as wide, upper ones entire. Flowers in long racemes.
Siliques 2 — 3' long, scarcely 1" wide. May.

4. A. HiRsuTA. Scop. (Turritis. Linn.)

Erect, branching; lvs. mostly dentate, hirsute, radical ones oblong-ovate,
tapering to a petiole, cauline ones oval or lanceolate, sagittate; siliques ^Xraighi,
erect. — (1) Found in low, rocky grounds. Can. to Va. W. to Oregon. Stems 2
or more from the same root, round, hairy at base, near a foot high, dividing
into very slender and parallel branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with
heart-shaped or arrow-shaped bases, upper ones acute. Flowers greenish-
white. Siliques straight, 1 — 2' long. Jn.

5. A. HETEROPHY'LLA. Nutt.

Nearly smooth ; radical lvs. spatulate, toothed, upjycr ones linear, sessile,
entire ; silique long and spreading ; pet. linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx. —
Near Paris, Me., and the White Mts., N. H. Radical leaves somewhat pilose
with simple hairs, upper ones linear, about 2' long, and 1 — 2" wide. Siliques
about 3' long. NuUall.

Dentaria. XIII. CRLrCIFER^E. 167

G. A. DEN-TATA. Torr. & Gray.

Plant somewhat scabrous ; radical lis. obovate, petiolate, unequally and
sharply dentate ; caulinc ones oblong, amplexicaul ; ^c^. minute, spatulate, as
long as the sepals ; stig. subsessile ; silique short. — (I) River banks. Western
States! Stem slender^ ascending, 1 — 2f high. Petals white, with a purplish
tinge. Siliques 1' in length. Apr.

16. CARD AMINE.

Gr. KapSia, heirt, iajtaoi, to strengthen ; from its stomachic propeitiea.

Calyx a little spreading; silique linear, with flat, veinlcss valve?,
narrower than the dissepiment, and often opening clastically ; stigma
entire ; seeds not margined, with a slender funiculus, 0=. — Mostly %■.
Fls white.

1. C. HiRSUTA. (C. Pennsylvanica. Muhl.) Pennsylvanian Cardamine.
Lis. pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid ; Ifls. entire, or .sparingly repand-den-

ticulate, those of the radical "leaves oval-oblong, of the cauline linear-oblong,
the terminal one longest, about 3-lobcd ; pet. oblong-cuneate ; siliqucs erect,
with a very short stvle. — ® or % A variable plant common in wet places
throughotit the U. S. " Stem 8 — IG' high, mostly smooth. Leaflets 2 — 5 pairs,
4 — IS'' long, smoothish. Fls. small. Siliques about 1' long, 12 — 18 seeded. Jn.

2. C. ViRGiNicA. (C. hirsuta. /?. Hook.) Virginian Cardamine.

Lis. hTately pinnate ; Ifls. with a single tooth on one or both sides ; pet.
nearly twice as long as the calyx ; roc. strictly erect ; stig. sessile ; silique long,
incurved, erect. — (g) A small and delicate species, much resembling the last,
but probably distinct. Found on dry hill-sides, Vt. Ct. to Ky. and Mo. Stem
4—^' high, slender, leafy. Leaflets 2 — 4 pairs with a trilobate odd one, oval,
1 — 2" in length, those of the upper leaves 3 — 5" long, but very narrow. Petals
small. Siliques filiform, 1' long. Jn.

3. C. PRATENSis. Field Cardamine.

St. erect or decumbent, simple ; Ivs. pinnately 7 — 15-foliate ; Ifts. petio-
late, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate ; stij. distinct. —
% Swamps, N. Y. to Arctic Am. Whole plant smooth. Stem round, striate,
10— IG' high. Leaves few, U— 2' long including the petiole. Leaflets of the
root-leaves 1—3" diam., of the cauline 3 — 6" by f". Flowers large, few, in a
terminal raceme. Petals white or rose-color. Siliques nearly 1' in length,
erect. Apr. May.

4. C. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Michx. (C. rhomboidea. DC. Arabis. Pers. Nutt.)
Glabrous or .somewhat hairy; Ivs. entire or vepand-tooiheA, radical ones

orbicular-ovate, on long petioles, cauline ovnl or oblong-lanceolate, petiolate
below, sessile above, dentate. — % Another variable species with rather large,
white or reddish flowers. Stems 6 — 12' high, angular or striate, mostly erect.
Leaves of root 10 — 18" diam., on petioles 2 — 4' long. Racemes about 3' long,
12 — 20-flowered. Petals 2 — 4 times as long as the calyx. Siliques spreading,
6—12" long. Apr. May.

Q. T. &G. /?/. mostly tuberiferous ; st. erect; Imecr stem Ivs. rhomhoid-oval;
pet. large. — Wet meadows. Conn. Vt. Dr. Robbins.

0. T. &. G. Rt. mostly fibrous ; st. decumbent, branching ; Ivs. all petio-
late; fet. smaller, purplish. — Shaded springs and rivulets, N. Y.
4. C. BELLiDiFOLTA. (C. rotttndifolia. Bw. not Michx.)
Lis. smooth, radical ones orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate ; cau-
linc ones entire or 3-lobed; siliques erect. — A minute species on the summits of
the White Mts. Abel Slorrs ! &c., also Arc. Am. to Calif. Stem IJ— 3' high.
Leaves mostlv radical, broadly oval or ovate, i' long, on petioles as long as
the stems. Fascicles corjmibose, each of 3 or 4 white flowers. Petals oval,
obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx. Jl.

17. DENTARIA.

Lat. liens, a tooth : from the tooth like projections of the rhizoma.

Sepals converging ; silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless, revolute

1C8 XIII. CRUCIFERiE. Sisymbrium.

valves, opening elastically ; placentae not winged ; seeds in a single
row, ovate, not bordered ; funiculus slender, 0=. — Rhizoma %. Lvs.
divided, often but 2 or 3. Fls. lohite or purplish.

1. D. DiPHYLLA. Pepper Root.

St. 2-leaved; ///.■:. ternatp, subovatc, unequally and incisely dentate;
r/iiz. dentate.— In woods and wet meadows, Can. to Car. and to the Miss. Stem
about If high, round, smooth, with 2, nearly opposite, ternate leaves above the
middle. Leaflets on very short stalks, the lateral ones oblique, all with rounded,
mucronate, unequal teeth. Flowers racemed, large, white ; the petals much
larger than the calyx. The rootstock is long and large in proportion to the
plant, beset with teeth, with a pungent, aromatic taste. May.

2. D. LACiNiATA. Muhl. (D. concatenata. Mlchx.)

/?Ai^. monilitbrm ; cauline lis. 3, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate or
linear-oblong, incisely toothed or pinnatifid, lateral ones lobed. — In woods, Can.
and U. S. The rootstock consists of several tubers of a pungent taste. Stem
If high, smooth, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up, the
segments with very irregular, mucronate teeth, rarely subentire, lateral ones
cut nearly to the base, rendering the leaf almost quinate. Root-leaves some-
times 0. Flowers racemed, purplish. Apr. May.

3. D. MAXIMA. Nutt.

St. tall ; lvs. alternate, 5—7, remote, the margin a little roughened ; Ifts.
somewhat oval, incisely and acutely dentate, lateral ones lobed.— Western
N. Y. and Penn. Tubers of the rhizoma concatenate. Stem often nearly 2f
high. Flowers pale purple.

4. D. HETEROPHYLLA. Nutt.

Rtiiz. moniliform, with oblong tubers; radical lvs. on long petioles,
deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenate-dentate with abruptly mucronate teeth,
cauline lvs. 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, ternately divided, segments linear-
lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough-edged. — Woods, Penn. to Ky. Stem
8—12' high. Cauline leaflets 1—2' long, 2—3" wide. Corymb with about 9
pale purple flowers. Jn.

18. HE S PER IS.

Gr. to-wpif, evening; when the flower is most fragrant.

Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than the claws of the petals ;
petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate ; silique 4-sided, 2-edged or
subterete ; seeds not margined ; stigmas forked, with the apices con-
verging.

1. H. MATRONALIS. Rockct.

St. simple, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, ovate, denticulate ; pet. emarginate,
mucronate ; pedicels as long as the calyx.— A fine garden perennial, said to be
found native about Lake Huron. Stem 3 — 4f high. Flowers purple, often
double, and white in /?. hortensis. f

2. H. APRlCA. Siberian RocM.—St. erect, simple, pubescent; lvs. oblong,
obtuse, entire, ciliate-hispid ; pedicels as long as the calyx. — % From Siberia.
Stem a foot high. Flowers purple. May. Jn. f

19. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni.
Calyx mostly spreading, equal at base ; petals unguiculate, entire ;
silique subterete ; valves concave ; style very short ; seeds in a sin-
gle series, ovoid; cotyledons Oy, sometimes oblique.

1. S. OFFICINALE. Scop. (Erysimum. Linn.) Hedge Mustard.

Ld-s. runcinate ; rac. slender, virgate ; siligves subulate, erect, closely ap-
pressed to the rachis. — (J) A common and troublesome weed, in fields, road-
sides, rubbish, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem 1— 3f high, round, more or less hairy,
with spreading branches. LoAver leaves 3—8' by 1—3', the lower segments
placed at right angles to the midvein, or pointing "backwards, the terminal seg-

Cheiranthls. Xlli. (JKUCIFEll^E. 169

ment largest. Upper leaves in 3 lanceolate segniems placed at right angles.
Flowers small, yellow, terniluuting the raceme, which becomes 1 — 2f long and
environed by the appre.ssed, sessile pods. Jn. — Sept. Medicinal. ^

2. S. Th.vliana. Gay. (Arabis. Linn.) Tliallan Hedge Mustard.

Lis. subdenlate and \>\\oii<^, radical ones numerous and pctiolate, oblong,
cauline ones lanceolate ; cai. much shorter than the pedicels ; siliqiics ascending,
twice longer than the pedicels. — (i) Rocks and sand}' fields, Vt. to Ga. W. to
Ky. Stem -1 — 12' high, erect, with slender, erect branches, striate, pilose, olten

3. S. TERES. T. & G. (Cardamine. Mich.i:)

St. erect, branched; Ivs. all somewhat lyrately linuatifid; siliqties short,
linear, acuminate, on very short peduncles ; "O II. — (X) Shores of Lake Cham-
plain, Vt. Plant about 8' high, slightly scabrous with very short hairs. Sili-
ques erect, terete, 4" in length, beaked with the short, slender style. Seeds 00.

4. S. CANESCENS. Nutt.

Lvs. bipinnately divided, canescent, lobes oblong or lanceolate, subden-
late or obtuse; pet. about equaling the calyx; siliqnes oblong-linear, shorter
than the pedicels. — 0 Arctic Sea to Flor." Plant 1 — 2f high, often nearly
smooth. Leaves about 3' long, sessile, segmenls 5 — 7 pairs, finely divided.
Fls. very small. Siliques often erect, on spreading pedicels. Variable.

20. ERYSIMUM.

Gr. epvai, to cure ; from its salutary medicinal properties.

Calyx closed ; siliques columnar, 4-sidecl ; stigma capitate ; seeds
in a single series ; cotyledons oblong, 0||.

1. E. CHEIRANTHOiDES.

Pubescence minute, appressed, branched ; Irs. lanceolate, denticulate or
entire; silique erect, spreading, twice longer than the pedicels; stig. small,
nearly sessile. — 0 By streams and in wet grounds, U. S. and Can., not com-
mon. Stem erect, 1 — 2f high, often branched, and, with the leaves, scabrous.
Leaves acute at each end, 1 — 2' long, ^ as wide. Flowers small, yellow, in
long racemes. Siliques ^' to near 1' in length, linear, and somewhat spread-
ing. Jl.

2. E. Arkansanum. Nutt. Yellow Phlox. False Wall- Flanker.

Scabrous, with an appressed pubescence ; st. simple ; lvs. linear-lanceo-
late, remotely dentate, sessile, lower ones runcinate-toothed ; inflorescence race-
mose, corymbed at summit; siliques long, 4-angled, suberect ; stig. capitate.

@ A fine plant with large, showy flowers, resembling the wall-flower. Banks
of Scioto, Sullivant. Arkansas, Nnttall. Bluffs of the Wabash ! Wood. 111.
Mead! Stem 1 — 3f high, slender. Leaves 2 — 3' by 3 — 6". Sepals straw-color.
Petals large, bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3' long. Jn. Jl.

21. CHEIRANTHUS.

Arabic kheyry, the name of a certain plant, and Gr. aj/Soj, flower.

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ;
silique terete or compressed ; stigma 2-lobed or capitate ; seeds flat,
in a single series, often margined, 0=.

1. C. HESPERiDoiDEs. T. & G. (Hesperis piunatifida. Alich.v.)
Glabrous; loicer lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid, «7>/^e/- lanceolate, attenuate at base,
unequally and sharply serrate-dentate, acuminate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ;
pet. obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; silique terete ; stig. capitate ; sds. margined. —
%. Penn. to 111.! S. to Ark. Stem slender, furrowed, 2 — 3f high. Leaves thin,
3—5' long, \ as wide, those of the stem scarcely petiolate. Racemes terminal
and axillary. Calyx shorter than the claws of the violet-colored petals. Siliques
torulose, 15 — ^20" long; seeds oblong, plano-convex, with a narrow border.
May, Jn.

170 Xill. CRUCIFER^. Sixapis.

2. C. CiiKiKi. — Wall-FLoiver. — 5';. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at base ;
Ivs. entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth; branches angular; pet.
obovate; siUques erect, acuminate.— '1|. From S. Europe. A popular garden
flower, admired for its' agreeable odor and its handsome corj-mbose clusters of
orange or yellow flowers. Plant 1 — 2fhigh. Jn.

22. MATTHIOLA. R.Br.

In honor of P. A. Matthioli, physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ;
siliques terete ; stigmas conuiveut, thickened or cornute at the back. —
Herbaceous or shrubby^ oriental -plants, clothed icith a hoary, stellate
■pubescence.

1. M. ANNUUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Ten-ioceks Stock. — St. herba-
ceous, erect, branched ; Ivs. hoary-canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate ;
silique subcylindrical, without glands.—® A fine garden flower from S. Europe.
Stem 2f high, and, with the leaves, covered v\-ith a soft, stellate pubescence.
Flowers variegated. Jn. -f

2. M. iNCANUs. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Purple July Flmoer.Sl.
.shrubby at base, erect, branched; lis. lanceolate, entire, hoary-canescent;
siliqucs subcylindrical, truncate and compressed at apex, without glands.— (g)
One of the most popular flowers of the genus, native of England, &c. Stem
2f high. Flowers purple.— Several varieties are enumerated, as the Double-
flowered, Brompton Stock, and Bromptou Glueen. Jn. -j-

3. M. FENESTRALis. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Window July Floicer. —
St. sutfruticose, erect, simple ; lis. crowded, recurved, undulate, downy ; siliques
downy, without glands, broadest at base.— From S. Europe. Plant If high.
Flowers numerous, large, purple. Jl. Aug. f

4. M. Gr^ecus. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Limi.) Grecian Stock. — St. herba-
ceous, erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous ; siliq-ucs somewhat compressed,
without glands.--(D From Greece. Plant about If high, distinguished from
the remainder of the genus by its smooth foliage. Flowers white, appearing
all summer. -J"

23. SIN APIS.

Sepals equal at base, spreading ; petals ovate, with straight claws ;
siliques subterete ; valves veined ; style short and subulate, or ensi-
form ; seeds in a single series, subglobose, 0 >>. — Fls. always yellow.

1. S. NIGRA. Black Mustard.

Lower Ivs. lyrate, -upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth ; silique smooth,
somewhat 4-angled, appressed to the rachis of the raceme.— (I) In cultivated
grounds and waste places. Stem 3— 6f high, round, smooth, striate, branching.
Leaves all petiolate, lower ones variously lobed and dentate, upper ones pen-
dulous and entire. Sepals and petals sulphur-yellow. Pods very numerous,
nearly 1' long, beaked with the 4-sided styles. S'eeds 00, small, globose, nearly
black, well known as a condiment. Jn. Jl. -^ ^

2. S. ARVENsis. Meld Mustard.

St. and Ivs. hairy; sitiq^ie smooth, many-angled, torose, about 3 times
longer than the slender, ancipital style.—® Naturalized in N. Y., T. <f- G.,
and in Vt., Dr. Bobbins. Lower leaves large, sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones
oblong-ovate, all repand-toothed. Silique somewhat spreading, IJ' long. Seeds
large and black. Jn. — Aug. ^

3. S. ALBA. White Mustard. — Lvs. lyrate, smoothish ; siliques hispid, torose,
shorter than the ensiform beak ; sds. large, pale yellow.—® Native of Europe.
Stem 2— 5f high, thinly hirsute. Leaves all lyrately pinnate, dentate, petiolate.
Siliques spreading, about 4-seeded. The seeds are used for about the same
purposes as those of S. nigra, much esteemed in medicine. Jn. Jl. f

Raphanls. XIII. CRUCIFER^ 171

'24. BRASSICA.

Celtic, Irene, the cabbage.

Sepals equal at base, (mostly) erect ; petals obovate ; filaments
without teeth ; silique subcorapressed, valves concave, with a central
vein ; style short, subterete, obtuse ; seeds globose, in a single (often
double) row; 0>>. — i^/5. yelloiv.

1. B. CAMPESTRIS. Cak.

Lis. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the loiccr lyrate-dentate, subciliate,
upper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate.— (J) Native of Sweden, naturalized
in cultivated fields and waste places. Stem IJ— 3f high, round, smooth above,
with a few scattered, reversed hairs below. Lower leaves 3 — 7' long, J as
wide, the terminal lobe greatly exceeding the lateral ones ; upper smaller, en-
tire, with rounded, clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Racemes
1— 2f long. Sepals erect, spreading. Corolla yellow, 4 — 5" diam. Siliques
IJ' long, with the style i'. Seeds small, dark brown. Jn. Jl. ^

p. Eutaiai^a. (Swedish Turnip.)— Rt. tumid, napiibrm, subglobose, yellow-
ish.—Cultivated like the common turnip ; but after a thorough experiment it is
conceded by farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to
an enormous size. :}:

2. B. Rapa.— Radical Ivs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, caulinc ones incised,
upper entire, smooth. -^

0. depressa. {Cmivnon Turnip.)— Rt. depressed-globose or napiform, con-
tracted below into a slender radicle.— @ Long cultivated for the table, &c., in
gardens and fields. Stem 2 — 4f high, and, with the leaves, deep green. Upper
leaves amplexicaul. Pods 1' long. Seeds small, reddish-brown. Jn. %

3. B. OLERACEA. {Cabbas^e.) — Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand-
toothed or lobed.— (2) Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and
clifis, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cul-
tivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no en-
comium. X ^ ,,

0. bullata. {Savoy Caibage.y—L/vs. curled, subcapitate when yoimg, finally
expanding.

y. botrytis-ca-uliflora. {Cauliflower.}— St. low; hds. thick, compact, terminal;
fls. abortive, on short, fleshv peduncles. :j:

<5. botrytis-asparagoides. {Br()ccoli.)St. taller; hds. subramose; branches fLeshy
at the sumnut, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. |

t. capitata. {Head Cabbage. York Cabbage.) — S'^ short; ZfS. concave, packed
in a dense head before flowering; rac. paniculate. :|:

Section 3.— L.OMENTACEJE.

25. CAKlLE.
Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the up-
per cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive. — ® Mari-
time herbs.

C. MARiTiMA. Scop. (Buuias edentula. i?w.) Sea Rocket.
Upper joint of the silicic ensiform or ovate-ensiform. — Native of the sea-
coast ! and of the lake shores of N. Y. A smooth, succulent plant, branching
and procumbent, 6 — 12' long. Leaves sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, cadu-
cous. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, _co-
rymbosely arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish,
lower joint clavate-obovate upper with one elevated line on each side. Jl. Aug.

26. RAPHANUS.

Gr. pa, quickly, (^au'W, to appear from its rapid growth

Calyx erect; petals obovate, unguiculate : siliques terete, torose,
not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells;
seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, 0 >>.
15*

172 XIV. CAPPARlDACEiE. Polanisia.

1. R. Raphanistrum. Wild Radiih.
L/vs. lyrate; si%w€ terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled,
longer than the style.—® Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides,
but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1 — 2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, den-
tate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they de-
cay. Jn. Jl. §

2. R. SATlVA. Garden Radish.— Lmver Ivs. lyrate, petiolate ; silique torose,
terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. — ® A well-known salad
root, from China. Stem 2 — 4f high, very branching. Lower leaves 6—10' long.
Flowers white or tmged with purple. Pods 1—2' long, thick and fleshy. The
principal varieties are the twrnip radish, root subglobose ; common radish, root
oblong, terete ; black Spanish, radish, root black outside. Jn. Aug. ^

Order XIV. CAPPARIDACE^.— Capparids.

Herbs, shrubs or even trees, destitute of true stipules.

Lvs. alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately divided.

fto. solitary or racemose. Sep. 4.

Cor.— Petals 4, cruciate, unguiculate, hypogynous, more or less unequal.

Sta. 6—12, or some multiple of four, almost perigynous.

Tortw small, often elongated, bearing a single gland.

Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sty. united into one. Stig. discoid.

Fr. either pod-shaped, and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placenta, usually 2.

Sds. many, reniform. Albumen 0. Embryo curved. Cotyl. foliaceous.

Genera 28, species 340,— chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Cru-
cifersB, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge.

Conspectus of the Genera.

$ stamens 6 Cl&rnie.^ 2.

Torus minute { Stamens 8-32. . ^"""iiTA^i^. f

Torus linear and elongated like a stipe. Stamens 6 Gynandropsis. 1.

L GYNANDROPSIS. DC.

Gynandria, a Limiean class, oTpii, appearance.

Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, the filaments ad-
nate below to the linear, elongated torus its whole length ; pod linear-
oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the torus.
— (D Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed.

G. PENTAPHYLLA. DC. (Clcomc. Linn.)

Middle lvs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lotoer ones 3-foliate ; Ifts. ooo-
vate, entire or denticulate. — In cultivated grounds, Penn., &c. Stem simple,

2 3'f high. Flowers of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1' long,

slender. Calyx small. Petals " white, ^ as long as their filiform claws. Sta-
mens 1' long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid
torus. Pod 2' long. %

2. CLEOME.

Sepals sometimes united at base ; petals 4 ; torus minute or round-
ish ; stamens 6 — 4 ; pod subsessile or stipitate. — Herbs or shrubs. Lvs.
simple or digitate. Fls. o-acetncd or solitary.

C. P0NGENS. S^'(/€r«7W?.— Glandular-pubescent; st. simple, and with the peti-
oles, aculeate; lvs. 5— 9-foliate, on long petioles; Z/i!s. elliptic-lanceolate, acute
at each end, obscurely denticulate ; bracts simple ; fl,s. racemed ; sep. distinct ;
pet. on filiform claws"; sta. 6, twice longer than the petals.— A common gar-
den plant, with curious purple flowers. Stem 3 — 4f high. Jl. Aug. f

3. POLANISIA. Raf.

Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4, unequal ; stamens 8 — 32 ; fila-
ments filiform or dilated at the summit, torus minute ; pods linear. —
® Strong-scented herbs.

PoLYUALA. XVI. POLYGALACE^. 173

P. GRAVEOLKNS. Raf. (Cleome dodecandria. Michx.)
Viscid-pubescent; lis. ternate ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong ; fis. axillary, solitary;
sta. 8 — 12 ; capsule oblong, lanceolate, attenuate at base. — A strong-scented plant,
found on gravely shores ! Vt. to Ark. Stem If high, branching, striate. Leaf-
lets 1 — li' long, i as wide, nearly entire and sessile ; common petiole 1' long.
Flowers in terminal racemes. Petals yellowish-white, narrowed below into
long claws. Filaments slender, exserted. Pods 2' long, glandular-pubescent,
siliquose, viscid like every other part of the plant. Jl.

Order XV. RESEDACE.^.— Mignionettes.

Herbs with alternate, entire or pinnate leaves. Slip, minute, gland-like.

FLs. in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant.

C<z(.— Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green.

Cur.— Petals lacerated, unequid.

Sta. 8— 'iO. inserted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-aided, glandular.

Ova. sessile, 3-lobed, l-celled, many-seeded. Flacent<z 3, parietal.

Ft. a capsule, l-celled, opening between the stigmas before maturity.

Genera 6, species 41, inhabiting the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, having no very remarkable
properties. Keseda Luieola contains a yellow coloring matter, and otlier species are very fragrant.

RESEDA.

Lat. resedo, to calm ; the plants aie said to relieve pain.

Sepals many, petals of an equal number, each bearing one or more
stamens ; torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary, with several stamens
and styles.

1. R. LuTEOLA. Dyer's Weed.

Lis. lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each side at base ; col. 4-cleft. — 0
Nearly naturalized in Western N. Y. Stem about 2f high. The flowers are
without petals, arranged in a long spike, which, as Linnaus observes, follows
the course of tlie sun, inclining east, south and west by day, and north by
night. — It affords a useful yellow dye, also the paint called Dutch-pink. ^

2. R. ODORATA. Mignionette. — Lvs. entire, 3-lobed ; sep. shorter than the pe-
tals.— A well known and universal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt.
The flowers are highly fragrant and no boquet should be considered complete
without them. The vavKly frutescens is by a peculiar training raised to the
height of 2 feet with the form of a tree. The species ^AT/tewma, native of Pales-
tine, has a calyx longer than the petals.

Order XVI. POLYGALACE.^.— Milkworts.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes twining.

Lvs. alternate, or rarely opposite, mostly simple, always without stipules.

Fls. perfect, unsymmetrical. Pedicels with 3 bracts.

Cat. — Sepals 5, very irregular, i e.xterior, 1 interior (wings) larger and petaloid.

Cor.— Petals 3, hypogynous, the anterior (keel) larger than the others. [the claws of the petals.

SM.— 6— 8. Pil. combined in a tube which is split on the upper side, and coherent to some extent with

Of o. superior, compressed, 2-celled, one cell otlen abortive. Sty. curved and often cucuUate.

Fr. loculicidal or indehiscent. Sds. pendulous.

Genera 19. species 495, very equally distributed, each division of the globe having two or three genera
peculiar to it. The properties of the Polygalaceae have not been well determined. Some of the genera
possess a bitter matter and a milky juice which is emetic, e.xpectorant and diuretic. PolygaJa is the only
northern genus.

POLYGALA. Tourn.

Gr. TToAti, much, ya\a, mUk, said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals.

Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid ; petals
3, cohering by their claws to the filaments, lower one carinate ; cap-
sule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded ; seeds carunculate. — The
N. American species herbaceous. Lower petal {keel) mostly tipped with
a crest.

* Spikes ovate, globose or oblong, dense, obtitsc.
1. P. SANGUINEA. (P. purpurea. Nutt.) Caducaus Polygala.
SI. branching at top ; lvs. linear, alternate ; fis. beardless, in alternate, ob-

174 XVI. POLYGALACE^. Polygala.

long spikes ; calycine wings obovate. — (T) An erect plant, 6 — 1'2' high, found in
meadows and wet grounds, Mass. to La., and known at once by its short, red-
dish, cylindric spike of flowers. Stem angular, with fastigiate branches, each
ending in a smaller .spike than that of the main stem, but rising above it in
height. Flowers purple, caducous. Jl. — Oct.

2. P. NuTTALLii. T. & G. (P. sanguinea. Nutt.) NuttalVs Polygala.

St. erect, somewhat fastigiate ; Ivs. linear ; spikes rather loose, ovoid-glo-
bose; calycine wings eWi'ptic-dbo'vaXe, attenuate at base, twice longer than the
fruit; crest minute. — (I) Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. R.I. Olney! to La. Stem
&— 10' high. Leaves 6— S" by 1—2", acute. Spikes 5—10" long, 4— 6"diam.
Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black. Aug.

3. P. CRUCiATA. Cross-leaved Polygala.

St. erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles; Ivs. verticillate in
4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or nearly so;
crest minute. — ® In sphagnous swamps and other low groimds. Stem 3—12'
high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Leaves 2 — 10" or
more long, 1 — 2" wide (upper ones the largest), obtuse, tapering to the base,
with small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, about the size of the last. "Wings
of calyx greenish-purple, much dilated at apex. Aug.

4. P. LUTEA. Yellow Polygala.

St. simple or branching ; root Ivs. spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base,
cauline ones lanceolate, acute ; rac. ovate, obtuse, dense ; fls. pedicellate ; wings
ovate, mucronate ; keel with a minute crest. — (g) Sandy plains, N. J. to Flor.
Stem 8 — 12' high, generally with a few long spreading branches. Flowers
bright yellow, longer than the bracts. Style dilated in the middle and with a
stipitate gland. Jn. — Oct.

5. P. iNCARNATA. Flesli-colored Milkwort.

Glaucous ; St. erect, slender, mostly simple ; Ivs. few, scattered, linear-
subulate; i^Ti/ke oblong, terminal ; wm.o-s lanceolate, cuspidate ; claws of the petals
united into a long, cleft tube.— (l) Dry soils N. J. to Flor. "W. to Ark. Stem
1 — 2fhigh. Leaves 4 — 6" long, remote. Spikes 1 — 1§' long. Flowers pale
rose-color or flesh-color. The slender corolla tube nearly twice as long as the
wings, the keel with a conspicuous crest. Jn. Jl.

* * Spikes elongated or razevvose.

6. P. VERTiciLLATA. Whorl-Uaved Polygala.

St. branched, erect ; Ivs. linear, verticillate ; spikes linear, stalked ; fls.
alternate, crested ; calycine wings roundish. — ® Found on dry hills, U. S. and
Can. Stem very slender, square, 6 — 8' high. Leaves in whorls ol 5 or 6,
4 — 10" long, 1" wide, alternate on the branches. Flowers small, greenish-
white, in very slender racemes 5 — 10" long, which are higher upon the branches
than upon the main stem. Jl. — Oct.

7. P. AMBiGUA. Nutt. Dubunis Polygala.

St. erect, with virgate branches ; Ivs. linear, lower ones verticillate, upper
alternate ; spikes dense, on long peduncles ; calycine wings roundish. — (i) Dry
fields and woods, Mass. to Va. Stem 9—15' high, angular, smooth, much
branched. Leaves sessile, tapering to the base, 4 — 10" by 1". Racemes spicate,
acute, about 1' long, 20— 30-flowered, on peduncles IJ— 2^' long. Flowers
small, greenish- white, tinged with purple. Jl. — Nearly allied to P. verticillata.

8. P. Senega. Seneca Snake-root.

St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, tapering at
each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal, spike-lbrm, slender raceme.— '2^
Woods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched, contorted,
about h' thick, ash-colored. Stems 8—14' high, several from the same root.
Leaves 1 — 3' long, J as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white, in a filiform
spike 1—3' long. Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a sweet-
ish, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. Jl. — A valuable stimu-
lating expectorant.

9. P. POLYGAMA. Walt. (P. rubella. Willd.) Bitter Polygala.

Ste. simple, numerous; Ivs. linear, oblong, mucronate, alternate below;

Viola. XVII. VIOLACEiE.

175

roc. terminal and lateral ; fis. sessile, those of the stem winged, those of the root
apterous.— Tj. Fields and pastures. Can. to Flor. dnd La. Stems crowded
many Irom the same root, angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate'
upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers, crested, pui-ple, smaller than
the last. Wings of the calyx obtuse. Anthers 8, in 2 equal parcels. Bracts
small, subulate, caducous. Terminal racemes with perfect flowers radical

racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn. Jl

Bitter and tonic.

* * * Fl&u-ers large, few.

10. P. PAUCiPOLKi. Fringed Polygaia.

St. simple, erect, naked below ; 'hs. ovate, acute, smooth ; terminal Jh.
large, crested, radical ones apterous. — % A small, handsome plant, with a lew
rather large purple flowers. Woods and swamps, Brit. Am. to Ga. Stems
3 — 1' high, with its acute leaves mostly near the top, 2 — 1 flowers above them.
Calyx of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple, with
a purplish crest on its middle lobe. The radical flowers are either close to the
ground or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings ol the calyx. May.

Order XVII. VIOLACEuE.— Violets.

Plant) herbaceous or shrubby.

Lvs. simple, alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, involute in vernation.

Ca^— Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateraj interior.

Cor.— Petals 5, commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base.

Sla. 5, usually inserted on the hyposynous disk. Fil. dilated, prolonged beyond the anth.

Ova. of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placents. Sf;/. l, declinate. S«i§-. cucullate.

Ft. aS-valved capsule. Sds. many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza.

Genera 11, species 300, mostly inhabitants of the Nortliern Temperate Zone. The roots of almost all
the Violaceee possess emetic properties, and some are valued in medicuie. The Ipecac of the shops is
partly the product of certam Brazilian species of loiiidium. Seveml species of the violet are cultivated
for the beauty of their Howers. Of the 4 genera found in North America, only 2 are found in the Northern
States.

Genera.

Sepals uneaual, more or less auricled at bjtse Viola. I

" — 'i nearly equal, not auricled at base. [ Solea. 2

1. viOla.
Sepals 5, oblong, acute, equal, auricular at base ; petals 5, irregular,
the upper one (lower by resupination) broadest, spurred at base, the
2 lateral equal, opposite ; stamens approximate ; anthers connate, the
lobes diverging at base; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to
the valves. — % Loio herbaceous plajits, acaulescent or caulescent. Pe-
duncles angular., solitary., \-Jloioered., recurved at the summit so as to bear
the flowers in a resiipinaie position.

* Acaulescent. Flmcers blue.

1. V. Selkirkii. Goldie. Selkirk's Violet.

L/vs. cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hirsute above, smooth beneath;
the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stig. triangular, margined, distinctly beaked ;
spur nearly as long as the lamina, thick, very obtuse. — Grows on woody hills
and mountains, Mass;, N. Y., Can. A small, stemless violet, with small pale
blue flowers conspicuously spurred. The radical, heart-shaped leaves are
rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. The lateral petals bearded,
and with the upper one striate with deep blue.

2. V. cucCLLATA. Ait. (V. affinis. Z/C Cantc.) Hood-kavcd Violet.
Smooth, sometimes more or less pubescent ; lvs. cordate, cucuUate at

base, crenate; stip. linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded. — This is one of
the more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods, from Arctic Am.
to Flor. Leaves on long petioles, heart-shaped, remarkably rolled at the base
into a hooded form. The late leaves are crenate-reniform. Flowers light blue
or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted,

176 XVII. VIOLACE^. Viola.

veiny, entire, while at the base, the lateral and upper ones mariied with a few
blue strioe. Very variable in respect to pubescence. May.

/?. sororia. T. & G. (V. sororia. WiUd.) Nearly smooth; Zra. exactly cor-
date ; fls. small.

y. reniformis. Pubescent ; Ivs. broadly reniiorm.

6. alba. T. & G. Nearly smooth ; Jls. white.— R. I. Obmj !

3. V. SAGiTTATA. Ait. Arroio-leavcd Violet.

L/vs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often incisely dentate
at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent ; pcd. longer than the
leaves ; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded. — On dry hills. Can. to Flor. W.
to Ark. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, on mar-
gined petioles, acute or not. Scapes 3- 5' long. Sepals lanceolate, acute.
Petals entire, veiny, purplish-blue, white at base. Stigma rostrate, margined.
Apr. — Jn.

4. V. ovATA. Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet.

Lvs. ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, pu-
bescent; lateral pet. hQard^ed; 5//o-. a little rostrate. — On dry hills, N. J. Leaves
many, mostly hairy on both sides, sometimes nearly smooth, | as wide as long,
acute or not, upper ones often laciniate-dentate at base. Sepals ciliate, oblong-
ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, pale-purple, obovate,
the lateral ones with dense white beard. Spur broad. Apr. May.

5. V. PALMATA. Palmated Violet.

Pubescent ; lvs. cordate, lobed in a hastate or palmate manner, the lobes
crenate and toothed, the middle one much the largest ; lateral pet. bearded. — In
upland pastures. Can to Ark. Stem 3 — 6' high. Root-stock scaly. Petioles
hairy. The early leaves are ovate, entire, the later and perfect are often purple
beneath, variously lobed and cleft, the middle lobe always the largest and
longest, with 2 or 3 each side. Peduncle sub-4-angled, 3 — 6' long. Stipules
lanceolate. Petals piu-ple, entire, veiny, Avhite at the base, upper ones smaller,
lateral ones densely bearded, and marked with blue strice. May.

6. V. PEDATA. Pedate Violet.

Nearly glabrous; rt. premorse ; lvs. pedate, 5 — 9-parted, segments linear-
lanceolate, mostly entire ; stig. large, obliquely truncate ; beak obscure. — Dry
woods and pastures, Can. to 111. and to Flor. Rhizoma fleshy, ending abruptly
as if cut or bitten off. Leaves thick, divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow seg-
ments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules at base. Peduncles sub-4-angled,
much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them
beardless and entire. Apr. May.

7. V. DELPHiNiPOLTA. Nutt. Larkspur-leavcd Violet.

Nearly glabrous ; lvs. pedate, 7 — 9-parted, with linear 2 — 3-cleft segments ;
stig. thick, distinctly beaked; 2 upper petals pubescent, 3 lower emarginate;
S'pir. saccate, short. — % Prairies and bottoms. 111. ! and Mo. Root thick. Leaves
often finely divided with many dissected segments. Stipules acuminate, sub-
entire. Peduncles a little longer than the leaves. Flowers rather smaller than
in the last, of a rich blue. Mar. Ap.

8. V. PALUSTRis. Mountain Violet.

Lvs. reniform-cordate ; slip, broadly ovate, acuminate ; stig. margined ;
sepals ovate, obtuse ; caps, oblong-triangular ; sds. ovate, dark green. — Summits
of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Leaves crenate, 1' by |'.
Flowers small, pale blue, on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate
near the middle. Rhizoma creeping, scaly. Jn.

9. V. ODORATA, Sweet or English Violet. — Stolons creeping; lvs. cordate,
crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse ; lateral pet. with a hairy line. — Native of
England. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. The
leaves are truly heart-shaped. Stipules lanceolate, toothed. Peduncles longer
than the leaves, bracted. Flowers small, fragrant. — Several garden varieties
are known, distinguished by the form and color of the flowers ; viz. the purple,
white, and blue flowered, the double white, double purple, and double blue
lowered, and the Neapolitan with pale blue flower.-. Apr. Mav. f

Viola. XVII. VIOLACEiE. 1T7

♦ ♦ Acanlescent. Flmcers white.

10. V. BLAN-DA. Willd. I^V. clandestina. Ph. V. araoena. Le Conte.)
Bland or Sweet-scented Violet.

Lis. cordate, slightly pubescent ; petiole pubescent ; fls. white. — Found in
meadows, Can. to Penn. The rhizoma is slender and creeping. Leaves close
to the earth, nearly round, cordate or ovate, and sometimes with a rounded
sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles .sub-4-sided,
longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones
marked with a few blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, fragrant. May.

11. V. LANCEOLATA. Lancc-lcavcd Violet.

L/vs. smooth, lanceolate, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtusish, sub-
crenate. Found in wet meadows. Can. to Tex. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves
very narrow, and, with the stalk, 3 — 5' long. Petioles half round. Peduncles
sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked
with blue lines, generally beardless. Flowers small. May.

12. V. PRIMUL.EF0LIA. Primvose Violet.

Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly decurrent at base ; bracts lance-linear ; pet.
acute, nearly equal, beardless. — Found in damp soils, Mass. to Ky. Rhizoma
creeping. Leaves sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, mostly smooth, longer
than their stalks. Petals obovate, acute, flat, marked with purple lines at base,
generallv beardless, as long as the bracts. Flowers small, white, on sub-4-sided
stalks. 'May, in N. Eng.

/3. acvta. T. & G. (V. acuta. liir.) — Smooth; lvs. ovate; pet. acute, lateral
ones nearly beardless. Mass.

* * * Acaulescent. Flowers yeUmo.

13. V. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Michx. Rcnind-leavcd Violet.

Lvs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, nearly smooth, with the
sinus closed ; petiole pubescent ; cal. obtuse. -A small yellow violet, found in
woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Leaves nearly round, with a deep, narrow sinus at
base, obscurely and remotely serrated. Veins and petioles pubescent. Pedun-
cles as long as the claws, sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yellow,
marked at base with brown lines. Flowers small.
* * * * Caulescent.

14. V. Canadensis. CoMadian Violet.

Smooth ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, serrate ; pcd. .shorter than the leaves ;
slip, short, entire. — A large species, found in woods, British Am. to Car., often
a foot in height. Stem subsimple, terete, with lance-ovate, membranaceous
stipules. Leaves alternate, the lower on very long petioles, acute or obtuse.
Peduncles sub-4-sided, terminal, with minute bracts. Flowers large, nearly
regular. Petals white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purple
wUhout and marked with blue lines, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all
summer.

15. V. PUBESCENS. Ait. Common Yellow Violet.
Villous-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; Zfs. broad-cordate, toothed;

slip, ovate, subdentate. — A large yellow violet, found in dry, stony woods. Can.
to Ga. and Mo. Root fibrous. Stem simple, more or less pubescent, somewhat
triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top, leafless below. Leaves
broad-ovate, cordate", or deltoid ; obscurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Sti-
pules large, ovate, wavy. Flower-stalks" rather shorter than leaves, downy, ax-
illary, solitary, with 2 .subulate bracts. Petals yellow, lateral ones bearded, and
with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pu-
bescence, sometimes even glabrous. Height very variable, 5 — 20'. May — Jn.

13. eriocarpa. Nutt. (V. eriocarpa. Schv}.) Capsule densely villose.

y. scaJ>riuscula. T. & G. (V. scabriuscula. Schw.) St. decumbent, branch-
ing from the root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous.

16. V. hastata. Michx.

Smooth, simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deltoid-lanceolate, hastate or
broadly ovate-acuminate, dentate; slip, ovate, minute, ciliate, dentate; lower
pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, lateral ones .•^'ightlv bearded ; sep. lanceolate, with

ITM XVII. VlOLACEiE. Solea.

a verv sliort ppur. — Pine woolIs, Penn. to Flor. Stem C — 10' high. Peduncles
shoiter rhan the leaves. Flowers yellow. May.

17. V. MuHLENBERGii. ToiT. Muhknherg's Violet.

St. weak, assurgent; Ivs. reniform-cordate, upper ones crenate, rather
acuminate ; slip, lanceolate, serrate, ciliate. — A spreading, slender species, in
swamps, &c., IJ. S., N. to Lab. Stems branched below, 6 — 8' long, with large
stipules cut into iringe-like serratures. Leaves 6 -10" diam., younger ones in-
volute at base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary
peduncles. Bracts linear, alternate, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals en-
tire, pael purple, the lateral ones bearded. Spur porrected, very obtuse. Stig-
ma rostrate. May.

18. V. RosTRATA. Beaked Violet.

Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect; Zf.s. cordate, roundish, serrate, upper
ones acute; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed; pet. beardless; sp^ir longer than
the corolla. — A common violet in moist woods. Can. to Ky., well characterized
by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the large flowers
similar to" tho.se of the lark.spur. Stem 6 — 8' high, branching below. Petioles
much longer than the leaves. Stipules almost pinnatifid. Peduncles slender,
very long, axillary. Flowers pale blue. May.

19. V. STRIATA. Ait. (V. ochroleuca. Schw.) Striped Violet.
Smooth ; St. branching, nearly erect ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the up-

f)erones somewhat acuminate, crenate-serrate ; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, ob-
ong-lanceolate ; sp^tr somewhat porrected. — Wet grounds, U. S. and Can.
Stem G — 12' high, half round. Leaves 1 — li' wide, on petioles 1 — 2' long.
Stipules conspicuous, laciniate. Peduncles axillary, often much longer than
the leaves. Corolla large, yellowish-white or ochroleucous, lateral petals dense-
ly bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stigma tubular. Jn.

20. V. ARVENsis. Ell. (V. tenella. Muhl. V. bicolor. Ph. V. tricolor.
/3. arvensis. DC.)

St. 3-angled, erect ; Ivs. orbicular-.spatulate, smooth, subdentate, upper
ones ovate-spatulate ; slip, foliaceous, pinnatifid, very large ; jict. longer than
the calyx, bluish-white. — ® A rare species, though widely dispersed from N. Y.
South to Ga., and W. to Mo., on dry hills. Ste?n pubescent on the angles, 2 — 4'
high. Leaves 3 — 5" diam., shorter than the petioles, with about 5 obtuse teeth
or angles; cauline ones more narrow, .sometimes entire. Stipular segments
linear-oblong, as long as the leaves. Peduncles 4-angled, twice longer than
the leaves. Petals twice longer (scarcely longer T. <^' G.) than sepals, lateral
ones bearded, lowest with 5 striae. May.

21. V. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Violet. Panscy. Hiart's-casc. — St. angular, dif-
fuse ; lis. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate ; slip, runci-
nately pinnatifid or Ivratc, the terminal segment as large as the leaves ; spi/r
short, thick. — Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in .spring, and latest
in autumn. Flowers variable in size, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the 2
lateral white and with the lower, striate, all yellow at base, -f-

22. V. GRANDiFLORA. Great Purple Violet.— SI. 3-corncred, simple, procum-
bent; Irs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles; .<;//>. lyrate-pinnati-
fid ; yfc. large. — Native of Switzerland. A large and beautiful sj^ecies, with
dark purple flowers, 1 — 2' diam. Whole plant smooth, G— 12' long. Stipules
1 — 1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter, f

2. SOLEA. Gingins.
Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate ; petals unequal, the lowest 2-
lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate ; stamens cohering,
the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle ; capsule surrounded
at base by the concave torus ; seeds 6 — 8, very large. — % Lvs. cau-
line, alternate.

S. coNCOLOR. Gingins. (Viola concolor. Ph.) Green Violet.

A strictly erect plant, in woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., S. to Car. Stem

Drosera. XVIir. DROSERACE^. 179

1 — 2f higli, simple, and, with tlie leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves 4 — 6' by
1 J — 2i', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Peduncles
very short, 1 — 5-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx
about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Cap-
sule nearly I' in length. Apr. May.

Order XVIII. DEOSERACE^.— Sunbews.

Plants herbaceous, delicate, often covered with glands.

Lvs. alternate, with stipulary fringes, circinate in vernation.

Fed. when young, circinate. Sep. 5. persistent, eiiual, imbricate in aostivation.

Cor.— Petals 5, hypogynous, marescent.

Sta. distinct, marescent usually equal in number to the petiils.

Ova. single. Sty. 3—5, either wholly ili.«tiiict or slightly united, bifid or branched.

Ft. a capsule, i— 3-celled, usually many-seeded. Sds. sometimes ariled.

Genera 7, species 90, scattered over the whole globe, wherever marshes are found. Their leaves aro
usually furnished with glandular hairs, and are entire, alternate or crowded. Attached to this order is
the genus Pamassia, regarded by some as lorming a separate order. It is variously located by dift'erent
botanists. We follow Torrey and Gray, after I)e Candolle. in placing it here. Some peculiarity exists
in the arrangement and structure of the stamens in this genus, which will be mentioned farther on.

No remarkable properties have been discovered belonging to plants of this order.

Conspectus of the Genera.

<.■) in number. Styles 3— 5 Drosera. I

< hypogynous, all perfect and J 10 — 15 in number. Style 1 Dionaa. 2

Stamens (perigynous, inner row 5 perfect ones, outer row 5 groups of imperfect ones. . Parnassia. 3

1. DROSfiRA.

Gr. Spoaos, dew ; from the dew-like secretion.

Sepals 5, united at base, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, with ad-
nate anthers ; styles 3 — 5, each 2-parted ; capsule 3 — 5-valved, 1-
celled, many-seeded. — Small aquatic kerbs.

1. D. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Round-lcared Sundew.

L/ts. radical, nearly round, depressed ; petioles hairy ; scapes erect, bear-
ing a simple raceme. — 7^. This curious little plant is not uncommon in bogs
and muddy shores of ponds and rivers. It is at once distinguished by the red-
dish glandular hairs with which tlie leaves are beset, and which are usually
tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, appearing like dew glistening in
the sun. Leaves small, lying flat on the ground, narrowed into the elongated
petiole. Scape 5 — 8' high, at first coiled inward. Flowers arranged on one
side, very small, white. Aug.

2. LONGiFOLiA. Long-lcavcd Sundew.

lyvs. radical, spatulate and obovate, tapering at base into a long, smooth
petiole ; scape bearing a simple raceme. — % A more slender and delicate spe-
cies, in similar situations with the last. Leaves slender, ascending, cimeiform,
oblong, crcnatc, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops, — length
including the petiole 1 — 3'. Scape ascending at base, bearing a cluster of
small, yellowish-white flowers, and arising 3--8'. Jn. — Aug.

3. D. riLiFORMis. Thread-leaved Sundew.

lyvs. filiform, ver}'' long ; .scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves,
many-flowered; pet. obovate, cro.sely denticulate, longer than the glandular
calyx ; stij. 2-parted to the base. — 7|. Grows in wet sandy places, much larger
than the preceding species. The leaves are destitute of a lamina, are suberect,
nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs except near the base.
Scape about a foot high, with large, purple flowers. Aug. Sept.

4. D. LINEARIS. Goldie. Lincar-Uaved Sundew.

Lvs. linear, obtuse; petioles elongated, naked, erect; scapes few-flowered,
about the length of the leaves; cat. glabrous, much shorter than the oval cap-
sule ; sds. oval, shining, smooth. — (T) Borders of lakes, Can., Mich, to the Rocky
Mts. Hooker. T. (^ G. Scape 3 — & high, with about 3 small flowers. Leaves
about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole.
Jl. Aug.

IG

180 XIX. CISTACE^. Lechea.

2. DION^A. Ellis.

Dioneea is one of the names of Venus.

Sepals 5, ovate, oWong, spreading ; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid
veins; stamens 10 — 15; style 1 ; stigmas 5, connivent, many-cleft;
capsules indehiscent, breaking irregularly, 1 -celled, many-seeded. —
% glabrous. Lvs. radical, sensitive, dosirig convulsively when touched.
Scape umbellate.

D. MusciPULA. Ell. Venus' Fly-trap. — Native of the Southern States. Some-
times cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Leaves rosu-
late, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly
closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. (See Part 1. § 248.)
Scape 6 — 12' high, with an umbel of 8 — 10 white flowers. Apr. May. f

3. PARNASSIA. Tourn.

Named for Mount Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c.

Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly
perigynous ; stamens perigynous, in 2 series, the outer indefinite in
number, united in 5 groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect ; capsule 1-
celled. 4-valved ; seeds very numerous, with a winged testa. — '^1- herbs
toith radical lvs. a7id \-fiowered scapes.

1. P. Caroliniana. Grass of Parnassus.

Sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, sur-
mounted with little .spherical heads ; pet. much exceeding the calyx, marked
with green veins ; lvs. radical or sessile on the scape, broad-oval, with no sinus
at the base. — An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet
meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Root fibrous. Leaves about
7-veined, broad-oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, cau-
line ones sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes about If high,
with a handsome regular flower about 1' diam. Jl. Aug.

2. P. PAHJSTRIS.

L/vs. all cordate, the cauline one (if any) sessile ; scales (bimdles of sterile
stamens) smooth, with numerous slender, pellucid setee. — Bogs and lake shores,
Mich, to Lab. and W. to the Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with
a single clasping leaf near the base. Flowers white. Sepals oblong-lanceo-
late. Petals marked with 3 — 5 green or purple veins. Each scale is distin-
guished by 10 — 15 whitish h?ar-like bristles.

Order XIX. CISTACE^.— Rock Roses.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Branches often viscid.
Lvs. entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-veined.
Fls. white, yellow, or red, very fugacious, in one-sided racemes.
Cal. — Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner with a twisted aestivation.
Cor.— Petals 5, hypogynous, crumpled in aestivation.
Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct. Anth. innate.

Ova. distinct, or many-celled. Sty. single. Btig. simple. [ceeding from the middle of the valves.

Fr. capsular, either l-celled with parietal placentae, or imperfectly 3— 5-celled, with dissepiments pro-
Genera 7, species 185, found most abundant in the north of Africa or south of Europe. They possess
no interest on account of their properties.

Conspectus of the Genera.

<, large and showy, or wanting Helianthemum. 2

Petals 5, \ minute. Delicate shrubs Hudsonia. 3

Petals 3, linear-lanceolate Lechea. l

1. LECHEA.

In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.

Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small ; stamens
3 — 12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3 -valve d ; pla-
centse nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1 — 2-seeded — %
Snffruticose, branchivg plants. Stipules 0.

HuDsoMA. XIX. ClSTACEiE. 181

1. L.MAJOR. Michx. (L. villosa. £7//. L.. minor. Linn.) Larger Pinweed.

Erect, hairy; branches villous, radical ones prostrate; caulineh's. ellipti-
cal, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minu.te; _//.«. small, nu-
merous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sidcd. — In dry woods, U. S. and
Can. Stem 1 — 21' high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched.
Leaves of the stem about 1' long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillale on
the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous.
Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. Jl. Aug.

2. L. MINOR. Lam. Smaller Pimvccd.

Erect, smoothish, branched; In;, linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle leafy,
its branches elongated ; fls. in nearly simple racemes ; caps, rather large.— Grows
in dr}', sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 — 12' high, often decumbent at
base. Stem leaves, 6 — 10" by 2 — 3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute
at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly
twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish purple, cohering at apex. Cap-
sule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn. — Sept.

3. L. THYMiFOLiA. Ph. Tlujnie-lcavcd Pinvecd.

Frutescent; sis. decumbent at base, hoary with appresscd hairs, very
branching and leafy; root Irs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, ellipti-
cal, very small ; canliiie Ivs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts,
Mass. ! to N. J. Stem about If high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about
1' long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very
short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. Jl. — Sep.

2. HELIANTHEMUM.

Gr. I'/Xtoj, the sun, ai/Soj, a flower.

Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller ; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes
abortive ; stamens 00 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangu-
lar, 3-valved, opening at top ; seeds angular. — Fls. yelloio.

l.H. Canadexse. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Willd.) Frost Plant. Rock Rose.

St. ascending ; branches erect, pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, without stipules,
lanceolate, acute, hairy; petaUfcronsfis. few, large, terminal, «j«to/o«.s ones late-
ral, solitary or racemose.— In 'dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about
If high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves &— 12" long, i as wide, entire, sub-
sessile. Flowers with large bright vellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The
axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta-
mens declinate. Capsule" smooth, shining, those of the apet. fls. not larger than
a pin's head. Seeds few, brown. Jn. — Sep.

2. H. coRYMBosuM. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.)
St. branching, canescent, erect ; lis. lance-oblohg, canescently tomentose
beneath ; Jls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform
pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx ; sep. villous-canescent,
outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute. — Sterile sands, N. J. to Ga. Plant
somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length difiusely branched,
about If high. Primary flowers about 1' diam. Secondary ones small, apeta-
lous. Jn. — Aug.

3. HUDSONIA.

' In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of " Flora Anslica."

Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase ; pe-
tals 5 ; Stamens 9—30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded. — Low shrubs with very numerous branches^ and
minute exstipulate Ivs.

1. H. TOMENTosA. Nutt. Dffwnv Hudsonia.

Hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter tlian the intervals
of the stem ; fls. subsessile ; pe'- obtuse.— Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J.
to N H ' and Wise, &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascendmg

183 XX. HYPERlCACEJi. Hypericum.

stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with
whitish down. Leaves about 1 — 2" in length, closely appressed to the stem.
Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May.

2. H. ERicoiDES. Hcath-Uke Hudsonia.

Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. acerose-subulate ; ped. longer than the leaves, fili-
form, hairy ; sep. acutish. — A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass.
to Va. Stem Jf high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent
branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2 — 4" long. Flowers yellow, shorter
than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May.

Order XX. HYPERICACEiE.— St. John's-worts.

Herbs, shrubs or frees, ■with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches.

Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Slip. 0.

Fls. perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence.

CaZ.— Sepals 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted.

Cor.— Petals 4—5, hypogynous, aestivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted.

Sta. hypogynous, indetinite, in 3 or more parcels. Anthers versatile.

Ova. single, superior. Style slender. Stigma simple.

Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute.

Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very great variety in habit, and flourish-
ing in all kinds of localities. The juice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal.

ConspecPus of the Genera.

io Hypericum. 2.

55. Hypogynousglands (3 Elodea. 3.

Petals and sepals { 4. Hypogynous glands 0 Ascyrum. 1.

I. ASCYRUM.
Gr. a, privative, cKvpog, roughness; i. e., a smooth plant.

Sepals 4, the 2 outer usually larger ; petals 4 ; filaments slightly
united at base into several parcels ; styles 2 — 4, mostly distinct ; cap-
sule 1 -celled. — Plants suffruticose. Lvs. punctate with black dots.
Fls. yellow.) 1 — 3, terminal on each branch. Pedicels bibradeolate.

1. A. Crux-Andrea. (A. multicaule, Michx.) St-. Peter^s-wort.

St. much branched at base ; branches suberect, ancipital above ; lvs. obo-
vate or linear-oblong, obtuse ; inner sep. minute, roundish ; pet. linear-oblong ;
sty. 1 — 2. — Sandy woods, N. J. to La. Stem about If high, thickly clothed
with leaves which are i — \\' long, of very variable width. Flowers pale-yel-
low, on very short pedicels, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx. Petals ex-
ceeding the sepals and stamens. July.

2. A. STANS. Michx. (A. hypericoides. Linn.)

St. straight, erect, ancipital or winged, branched above ; lvs. oblong, ob-
tuse, sessile ; o^der sep. cordate, orbicular, longer than the 2 lanceolate, interior
ones; sty. 3. — Swamps in pine barrens, N.J. to La. Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves
1 — ij' long, J as wide, somewhat glaucous. Flowers usually 3 together, much
larger than in the preceding. Yellow. Jl. Aug.

2. HYPERICUM.
Sepals 5, connected at base, subequal, leaf-like ; petals 5, oblique ;
Stamens 00 (sometimes few) united at base into 3 — 5 parcels, with
no glands between them ; styles 3 — 5, distinct or united at base, per-
sistent.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate.^ with pellucid
dots., opposite., entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymose panicles., yellow.
* Stamens 20 — 100, polyadelphous. Herbs.
1. H. PYRAMiDATUM. Ait. (H. ascyroidcs. Willd.) Giant Hypericum.
St. branching, somewhat quadrangular; lis. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute,
smooth; sty. as long as the stamens. — % A large flowering species, found on
dry hills, also on river banks, Ohio and Penn. to Car. Stem 3 — 5f high, scarce-
ly angular, smooth, rigid, herbaceous. Branches corymbose and erect, or late-

Hyplriclm. XX. HYPERICACEiE. 183

ral, axillary, opposite. Leaves acute, not acuminate, those of the stem 2i — ^
long, i as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. Flowers IJ' diam.
Petals obovate, i — i' wide. Stamens capillarj', 100 or more. Capsules 1' long,
ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Seeds 00. Jl. Aug.

2. H. PERFORATUM. Common St. John's-wort.

St. 2-edged, branched; Ivs. elliptical, with pellucid dots; sep. lanceolate,
half as long as the petals. — % A hardy plant, prevailing in pastures and dry
soils. Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. Stem 1 — 21 high,
brachiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the
nodes. Leaves 6 — 10" long, J as wide, ramial ones much smaller, all obtuse, the
dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Flowers numerous, deep
yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sepals bordered with fine dark color-
ed glands. Jn. Jl. ^

3. H. CORYMBOSUM. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.) Spotted St. John's.
St. erect, round, smooth, branching ; lis. clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse,

covered with black dots; cijmcs terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered, corymbose;
sep. ovate, acute. — % In wet meadows and damp woods, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem
IJ — 2f high. Leaves 1 — 2' long, nearly J as wide, with pellucid punctures be-
sides the black dots. Flowers small, numerous, pale-yellow, petals nearly 3
times as long as the sepals, with oblong black dots. Stigmas orange-red, on
distinct styles. Jn. Jl.

4. H. ANGULOSUM. MicJlX.

St. simple below, cor)'mbosely branched above, sharply 4-angled ; Ivs.
somewhat ovate, closely sessile, scarcely punctate ; cymes leafless, compound ;
jls. alternate, solitary on the ultimate branches ; sep. lanceolate, acute, half as
long as the petals. — %. Cedar swamps, N. J. to Flor. Stem nearly 2f high.
Leaves nearly 1' long, J- as wide, rather distant. Petals obovate, brownish-red,
with a single lateral tooth near the apex. Ju. — Aug.

5. H. ELLiPTicuM. Hook. (H sphaerocarpon. Bart.)

St. quadrangular, simple, cymose at summit ; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, some-
what clasping, pellucid-punctate; cy??ie pedunculate ; .se;>. unequal; 5^y. united
at base. — % Low grounds, Oxbridge, Ms., Rickard! R. I. Olney, to N. Y. and
Penn. Stem 8 — 16' high, slender, colored at base. Leaves 8 — 13" by 2 — 4",
somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen
flowers, generally 1 — 2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central flowers sub-
sessile. Petals acutish, orange-yellow, 2 — 3" long ; sepals shorter. Stigmas
minute. July.

* * Stamens 20 — 100, polyadelplums. Shrubs.

6. H. Kalmian'cm. Kalm's St. John's-icort.

St. corymbosely branched ; branches somewhat 4-sided, two of the angles
slightly winged ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse, attenuate at
base ; cymes 3 — 7-flowered, fastigiate ; sep. half as long as petals. — Rocks below
Niagara Falls ! &c. A shrubby species a foot or more in height. Leaves an
inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and thickly
punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate. Flowers yellow. Stamens
very numerous. Aug.

7. H. PROLIFICUM.

Branching; branches ancipital, smooth; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge ; cymes compound, leafy ; sep. un-
equal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; pet. obovate, a little larger than sepals; sty. at
length distinct. — A highlv ornamental shrub, 2 — 4f high, prairies and creek
shores, Mid. and West. States ! Leaves 2 — 2h' long, 4 — 6" wide. Flowers }'
diam.. orange-yellow, in an elongated inflorescence. Stamens 00. Jl. Aug. f
/?. T. & G. ' Lvs. much smaller; capsule attenuate at summit.

8. H. ADPREssuM. Barton.

St. shrubby at base, 2-winged above ; lvs. oblong-linear, sessile, with
pellucid pimctures ; Jls. 1.5 — 20, in "a leafless cyme ; sep. unequal, half as long
as the oblong-obovate petals ; sly. united ; cojis. 3-celled. — Swamps, R. L ! Pa.
16*

184 XX. HYPERICACEiE. Elodea.

to Ark. About 2f high. Leaves 1—2' by 2—4", often somewhat lance-shaped.
Flowers about 6" diam., with very numerous stamens. Aug. Sept.

9. H. AUREUM. Bertram. (H. amcEnum. Ph.) Golden Hypericum.
Branches spreading, ancipital ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base,

glaucous beneath ; fls. few together, subsessile ; pet. coriaceous, reflexed ; sty. 3,
connate, persistent on the ovoid-conic capsule. — A beautiful shrub, 2 — 4f high,
native of S. Car. and Ga. Flowers large, orange-yellow. Stamens 100 or
more. Capsule red. Jn. — Aug.

10. H. NCDiFLORUM. Michx.

St. shrubby at base ; branches winged ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse ;
cymes leafless, pedunculate; central fis. shortly pedicellate ; pet. obovate, longer
than the linear sepals ; sty. united. — Wet grounds, Penn. to La. Plant 1 — 2f
high, with numerous 4-sided branches. Leaves thin, about 2' long, with minute
reddish dots. Flowers small and rather loose in the cyme. Aug. f
* * * Stamens 5 — 20, distinct.

11. H. MUTiLUM. (H. quinquenervium. Walt.) Small St. John's-wort.
St. erect, usually much branched, often subsimple, quadrangular ; Ivs.

obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5- veined, minutely punctate ; cymes leafy ; pet.
shorter than the sepals ; sta 6— 12.— (J) Damp, sandy soils. Can. to Ga. W. to
la ! Stem 3—6 — 9' high. Leaves closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 — 8" by
2 — 5", outer veins obscure. Flowers minute. Jl. Aug.

12. H. Canadense. Canadian St. John's-wart.

St. quadrangular, branched ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pel-
lucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; sep. lanceolate, acute, longer
than the petals ; sta. 5—10.—® Wet, sandy soils. Can. to Ga. Stem 8—15'
high, slightly 4-winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Leaves
about 1' by 1 — 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short.
Flowers small, orange-colored. Ovary longer than the styles. Capsule red,
longer than the sepals. Jl. Aug.

13. H. SAROTHRA. Michx. (Sarothra gentianoides. Linn.)

St. and branches filiform, quadrangular ; Ivs. very minute, subulate ; fls.
sessile. — Dry fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem 4 — 8' high, branched
above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches, apparently leaf-
less, from the minuteness ot the leaves. Flowers very small, yellow, succeeded
by a conical, brown capsule which is twice the length of the sep. Jl. Aug.

14. H. Drqmmondii. Torr. & Gray. (Sarothra. Grev. <f« Hook.)
Branches alternate, square above ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer

than the internodes; Jls. pedicellate; sia. 10 — 20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than
the petals, but longer than the ovate capsule. — Near St. Louis, &c. Plant
more robust than the last, nearly If high, very branching. Leaves i' long.
Flowers about 4" diam.

3. ELODEA. Adans.

Gr. e\toSriS, marshy; from the habitat of the plants.

Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base ; petals 5, deciduous,
equilateral ; stamens triadelphous, the parcels alternating with 3 hy-
pogynous glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled. — % Herbs with
peUucid-pundate leaves, the axils leafless.

1. E. ViRGiNicA. Nutt. (E. campanulata. Ph. Hypericum. Linn.)
St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching ; ivs. oblong, amplexicaul ;

sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set. — Swamps and ditches, U. S.
and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 — 20' high. Leaves 1 J — 2i'
long, h as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse,
glaucous beneath. Cymes terminal and axillary. Flowers 5" diam., orange-
yellow. Petals about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-
colored. Capsules ovoid-oblong, acutish. Jl. Sept.

2. E. PETioLATA. Pursh. (Hypericum. Walt.)

Lvs. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; fls. mostly in 3s, axillary.

Speroula. XXII. ILLECEBRACEiE. 185

nearly sessile ; fil. united above the middle ; capsules oblong, much longer than
the sepals.— Swamps, N. J. to Ky. Stem about 2f high. Leaves 1—3' long,
rounded-obtuse. Flowers smaller than in the last, of a dull orange-color,
Aug. Sept.

Order XXII. ILLECEBRACE^.— Knotworts.

Plants herbaceous or auff/uticose, branching.

Lva. sessile, entire. Stipules uml bracts scurioua. F/s. minute.

Cal.—ScpiiU 5, distinct or coherent at l)ase, persi.stent.

Cor.— Petals minute, inserted between the sepals, often wanting, .

Sla. equal in number to the sepals (sometimes less or more) inserted into the pengynous disk.

Ova. superior, Icelled. IStij- 2—5, either partially or wholly combined.

Fr. a utricle, sd. solitary, attached to base of cell ; or a many-seeded capsule.

Genera 24, species lOO, found mostly around the Mediterranean. Seven of the genera have been found
in N. America. A slight astringency is their only known property.
Conspectus of tJie Genera.

1 ( or sterile filaments none •d"2'<^'\j i

< minute, resembling sterile filaments Paroni/cnio, a

Petals ( conspicuous, white or rose-colored Spergula. 3

1. ANYCHIA. Michx.
Gr. ovv^, the fingernail ; a supposed remedy for the maladies of that organ.

Calyx of 5, ovate-oblong, eonnivent sepals, callous, subsaccate at the
apex ; corolla 0 ; filaments 2 — 5, distinct ; stigma subcapitate ; utri-
cle enclosed in the sepals. — ® Small herbs, with dichotomous branches.
Lvs. stipulate.

A. DiCHOTOMA. Michx. (dueria Canadensis. Linn.) Forked Chichoeed.

St. at length much branched, erect ; lis. lanceolate, cauline ones oppo-
site, ramial ones alternate • Jls. about as long as the stipules, terminal ones
subfasciculate.— Dry woods and hills, Can. and N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 4—10'
high, round, slender, pubescent above, with dichotomous, filiform branches.
Leaves 2 — 8" by A — 2", acute or obtuse, with ovate-acuminate, scarious stipules
at base situated at each fork of the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in ter-
minal clusters of 3 or more, very small, white. Jn. — Aug.

13. capillacea. Torr.— Smooth ; branches capillary ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, cunei-
form at base. la. ! 111. !

2. PARONYCHIA. Tourn.

Etymology similar to the foregoing.

Sepals united at base, acuminate cuspidate at apex, the lining
membrane colored and cucuUate or saccate at summit ; petals (sterile
fil?) very narrow and scale-like; stamens 5; styles more or less
united ; stigmas 2 ; utricle 1 -seeded included in the calyx.

1. P. Jamesii. Torr. & Gray.

Cffispitose, much branched; lvs. linear-subulate, scabrous ; /.>;. few, in
small, dense, dichotomous cymes, the central ones sessile ; pet. (or setfe) alter-
nate with the fertile filaments ; sep. linear, with a minute cu.sp. — Prairies,
Mason Co., 111. Mead. R. Mts. James. Nutt. Stems about Jf long. Flowers
small.

2. P. DICHOTOMA. Nutt. (Achyranthes. Linn.)

Caespito-se, densely branching ; lvs. acerose-mucronate, glabrous, 2-grooved.
each side ; cymes compound, diffuse, without central fls. ; setce much shorter
than the stamens.— Rocks, Harper's Ferry. Stems 6—12' high. Leaves 1' by
i", crowded. Style bifid i its length. Jl. — Nov.

3. SPERGTJLA.

Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds.

Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire ; stamens 5 — 10 ; styles
3 — 5 ; capsules superior, ovate, 3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. — ® Herbs
with flowers in loose cymes. Lvs. stipulate.

186

XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEvE.

1. S. ARVENSis. Corn Spurnj.

Lis. verticillate, linear-subulate ; sta. 10 ; sti/. 5 ; ped. reflexed in fruit ;
sds. reniform, angular, rough.— A common weed in"cultivated grounds, Can. to
Ga. Root small. Stem round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with
copious whorled leaves, somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules
under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending
down as the truit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice
as long. Seeds many, with a membranous margin. May — Aug. ^

2. S. RUBRA. T. & G. (Arenaria rubra. Linn.)

St. decumbent, much branched; Ivs. linear, slightly mucronate ; stipules
ovate, membranous, cleft; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins; pet. red or
rose-color ; sty. 3 ; sds. compressed, angular, roughish.— A common and varia-
ble species, found in sandy fields ! Can. to Flor. &c. Stems a few inches in
length, slender, smooth, .spreading on the ground, with small, narrow leaves
and dry, sheathing stipules. Flowers small, on hairy stalks. May — Oct.

Order XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^.— Cloveworts.

Htrbs, with the stems swelling at the nodes.

Lvs. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Fls. regular.

C'a^— Sepals 4—5, distinct, or cohering in a tnlie, persistent.

Cor.— Petals 4—5, (sometimes none) either unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or

without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk.
Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few ; anthers introrse.
Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner siu^ce.
Fr. a l-celled capsule or imperfectly 2— 5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are

stigmas. Seeds numerous.
Genera 53, species 1055. Elevenof the genera are North American, the remainder are found in the
teipperate and Irigid climates of the E.astem Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable
chiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species.

FIG. 41.— 1. Lychnis diuma. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the
Icelled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bifid lamina, and its 2-tootljed crown. 4. Cross sec-
tion of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading
cyme. 6. A flower enlarged— calyx not tubular.

Conspectus of the Genera.

I partly united Adenarktm.

( entire. I Sepals entirely distinct Arenaria.

i Petals 5, ( bifid SteUaria.

( Styles 3. ; Petals 0 MoUugo.

fnot < Styles 4. Petals 4—5 or 0, entire Sagina.

I tubular. ( Styles 5. Petals 5, bifid Cfrrastium.

{( Calyx calyculate with 2—4 scales at base Dianthus.

( Styles 2. \ Calyx without scales at the base. Saponaria.

. u , ) §'''^» 3 Silene.

tubular. ( Styles 5 Lychnis.

Cerastium. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 187

Tribe 1.— ALSINE.E.

Sepak distinct or nearly so. Petals int/iont claws inserted on the outside of the
disk. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk.

1. STELLARIA.

Lat. Stella, a star:— from the stellate or star like flowers.

Sepals 5, connected at base ; petals 5. 2-parted ; stamens 10, rarely
fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1 -celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded. — S?naU grass-like herbs, in moist., shady places. Fls. in
forked cyvies.

1. S. mf;di.\. Smith. (Alsine. L,in?i.) Chickweed.

Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, -with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; sta.
3 — 5 or 10. — A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering
from the beg^inning ol spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched,
brittle, round, jointed, leaty, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge
extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, while.
The seetls are eaten by poultry and the birds. ^

2. S. LONGiFOLiA. Muhl. (S. gramiuca. Bw.)

Lvs. linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious
bracts; cnl. 3-veined, about equal to the petals. — U. S., N. to Arc. Circ. The
stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other
plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked
cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species.
Three acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. Jl.

3. S. puBi^:RA. Michx.

St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines; lvs. ob-
long-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate ; f$. on short, filiform, recurved pedi-
cels.— '1\ In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. to Ga. Stem 6 — 12' long, often dif-
fusely spreading. Leaves 1 — 2j' by 4 — 10", with minute, scattered hairs.
Flowers ^ diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles.
Apr. — Jn.

4. S. LONGiPEs. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pers.)
Smooth and .shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending

branches; lvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute; peduncks and pedicels
filitbrm, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base; .sf^. with membran-
ous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals. — 1|. Lake
shores, N. Y. ! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the
terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn. — Aug.

5. S. BOREALis. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.)
)S^ weak, smooth; lvs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute; pcd. at length

axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; pet. 2-parted (sometimes wanting), about equal
to the veinless sepals. — (J) "Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artie Am. A spread-
ing flaccid plant. Stem 6 — 12 — 15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and
axillary. Leaves 8 — 15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at
length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the
calyx. Jn. Jl.

6. S. AQUATiCA. Pollich. (S. borealis. Dnrl.)

Nearly glabrous; 5/. slender, decumbent; lvs. oblong, acute, with mani-
fest veinlets; scp. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid
petals ; caps, ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; sty. 3.— 1|. Swampy springs, Penn.
Dr. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbiiis. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant,
6—12' long, with incon.spicuous flowers. Leaves 6" by 2—3". May.

2. CERASTIUM. Linn.
Gr. /ftpaj, a horn ; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species.

Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals ; corolla of 5 bifid petals ; stamens

189 XXm. CARYOPHYLLACEJi. Arenaria.

10, sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsule
superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed; seeds numerous.

* Petals scarcely longer than tlie calyx.

1. C. VDLGATUM. Mausc-ear CMckweed.

Hairy, pale green, csespitose; Ivs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obo-
vate-obtuse ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. when young, longer than the pedi-
cels.— (1) Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flowering all summer.
Stems 6 — 13' long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5 — 8" by 3 — 5", mostly
very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clus-
ters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green,
a little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments.

2. C. viscosuM. (and C. semidecandrum. Linn.') Sticky CMckweed.
Hairy, viscid, spreading ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute ; fls. in

loose cymes; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the
pedicels. — % Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant more deeply
green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dichotomously-cymose. Leaves
5 — 9" long, i — I as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse
cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn. — Aug.
p. semidecandriim. T. & G. Stamens 5. — Mass; to la. !
** Petals much longer than the calyx.

3. C. ARVENSE. (C. tenuifolium. Ph.) Field Chickweed.
Pubescent, somewhat caspitose ; Us. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer

than the internodes ; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, few flowered ; pet.
more than twice longer than the calyx ; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals. —
Rocky hills. Stems 4 — 10' high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9 — 15" long, 1 —
2" wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than
the calyx. May — Aug.

4. C. OBLONGiFOLiHM. ToH'. (C. villosum. Muhl.)

Villose, viscid above; st. erect or declined; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, most-
ly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes ; fls. mmierous, in a spreading cyme ;
pet. twice as long as the sepals ; cap. about twice as long as the calyx. — %
Rocky places. Stems 6 — 10' high, thick. Leaves 9 — 12" by 3 — 5", tapering
from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the fore-
going, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr. — Jn.

5. C. NUTANS. Raf.

Viscid and pubescent ; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate,
narrow, shorter than the internodes ; fls. many, diffusely cymose, on long,
filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx. — ® Low
grounds, Vt. to 111. ! and La. Pale green and very clammy. Stems 8 — 15' high,
branched from the base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, \ as wide. Flowers white. Cap-
sules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May.

3. ARENARIA.

Lat. arena, sand ; in which most species grow.

Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire ; stamens 10, rarely fewer ;
styles 3 ; capsule 3-valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. — Fls. terminal.
Sty. rarely 2 or 4.

1. A. saARRosA. Michx.

Coespitose ; st. few-flowered ; lower Ivs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded,
vpper ones lew, all subulate, channeled, smooth ; pet. obovate, three times longer
than the obtuse, veinless sepals. — %. In sandy barrens, N. Y. Rabbins, to Ga.
Stems 6 — 10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches.
Leaves about J' long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes.
Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr. — Sept.

2. A. STRicTA. Michx. Straight Sandwoi't.

Glabrous, diffuse ; st. branched from the base ; Ivs. subulate-linear, erect ;
pet. much longer than the calyx; seji. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; cymes

Sahin-*. XX hi. CARYOPflVLLACEiE. 189

l'ew-fli)\vc"red, with spreading branches. — 1\. Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car.
Stem 8 — 10' high. Leaves 5 — 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile,
1-veined, much lasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as
the sepals, white. May, Jn.

3. A. Greenlandica. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bia.) Greenland Sandwort.
Glabrous; sts. numerous, low, filiform, suberect ; Ivs. linear-subulate,

flat, spreading; pedicels l-flo\vered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate,
obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals. — %. Summits of high
mountains, N. H ! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, con-
sisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over with
large (8" diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug.

4. A. SERPYI.LIFOLIA. Tki/mc-kaved Sandtrort.

St. dichotomous, spreading; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate; cal. acute, sub-
striate ; pet. shorter than the calyx ; caps, ovate, 6-toothed. — ® By roadsides,
and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs,
a few inches in length. Leaves '2 — 3" long, J as wide. Flowers on axillary
and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3—
5-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn,

5. A. LATERIFLORA. S Ldc-Jlowering Sandwort.

Erect., slightly pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2 — 3-flowered.
— %. A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and
Brit. Am. Stem 6—10' high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at
each end, 6 — 10" long, J as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal
and lateral, 2 — 3' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them
with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4" diam., white. Petals more than
twice as long as sepals. Jn.

3. ADENARIUM. Raf.

Sepals 5, united at ba.se ; petals 5, unguiculate, entire ; stamens
10, inserted into a glandular disk ; styles 3 — 5 ; capsule 3 — 5-valved,
many-seeded. — (D Herbs of the sea-coast^ tcithfieshy leaves.

A. PEPLoiDES. DC. (Arenaria. Linn. Honckenya. E/trA. and \st.

edit.) Sea Chickweed.— Very fleshy; 5/. creeping, with erect, subsimple
branches ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, veinless, exceeding the petals. — Abundant on the
Atlantic coa.st ! N.J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5 — 7 — lO"
long, J as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes.
Flowers .small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. Jl.

5. SAGlNA.

Lat. sagina, any kind of food or nourishment,

Sepals 4 — 5, united at base ; petals entire, 4 or 5, or 0 ; stamens
4 — 10 ; styles 4 — 5 ; capsule 4 — S-valved, many-seeded. — Fls. solitary.

1. S. PROCUMBEXs. Creeping Pcarhcort.

St. procumbent ; glabrous ; pet. very short ; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5.— <g)
A small weed, with slender, creeping stems 3 or 4' long, found in damp places,
R. L ! N. Y. to S. Car., W. to Oregon. Leaves very small, linear, mucronate-
pointed, connate or opposite. Flowers white and green, axillary, on pedimcles
longer than the leaves. Jn.

2. S. DECCMBENs. T. & G. (Spci^ula saginoides. Linn.) Pearlivort.
St. decumbent, ascending, mostly glabrous ; Ivs. linear-subulate, very

acute; ped. much longer than the leaves; pet. and sep. b; sta. 10.— <i) Sandy
fields, U. S. and Can. Stem 2 — 3' long. Flowers axillary and terminal. Pe-
tals white, hardly as large as the sepals. Jl. Apparently a variety of S. pro-
cumbens. ^ 1

3. S. APETALA.

Erect and pubescent ; Ivs. linear-subulate ; ped. elongated, ascending in
fruit; sep. and sta. 4; pet. very minute or 0. — (J) Sandy fields, N. J., Penn.

190 XXIIl. CARYOPHYLLACE^. Silene.

Stems numerous, filiform, 2 — 4' high. Sepals acute, shorter than the capsule.
May Jn.

6. MOLLtJGO.
Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside ; corolla
0 ; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10 ; filaments setaceous, shorter than,
and opposite to the sepals ; anthers simple ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded ; seeds reniform. — Lvs. at length apparently verticillaie,
each ivhorl consisting of \ or 2 large, substipulate leaves, loith several
axillary, smaller ones.

M. VERTiciLLATA. Carpet-wccd.

Lvs. cuneiform, acute ; st. depressed, branched ; pedicels 1-flowered, sub-
umbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. — (p A small, prostrate plant, in dry places through-
out N. Am. Stems slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground. At
every joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size,
usually five in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk which is
very slender and shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, wMte. Jl, — Sep.

Tribe 2.— SILEXE^.

Sepals united into a cylindrical tiibe. Petals dawed, inserted with the stamens
iipon the stipe of tlic ovary.

' / 7. SILENE.
Sileniis was a drunken divinitj' of the Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion.

Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed ; petals 5,
unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2-cleft ; stamens
10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded.

* Calyx vesicular, iv fated; petals scarcely crovnied.

1. S. ACAULis. Stemless Campion.

Low and densely casspitose ; lvs. linear, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary,
short, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate. slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned.
—% A little turfy plant, 1—3' high,' on the White Mts., N. H., and throughout
Arctic Am. Stems scarcely any. Leaves numerous, ^' long. Flowers purple.

2. S. STELLATA. Ait. (Cucubalus stellatus. Linn.') Stellate Campion.
Erect, pubescent ; lvs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; cal.

loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. — % An elegant plant, woods and prairies,
Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! and Ark. Stem 2 — 3f high, paniculately cymose. Leaves
2 — 3' long, ^ as wide, tapering to a long point, sessile. Cal3'x pale-green, with
more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed
at base. Jl.

3. S. NivEA. DC. (Cucubalusniveus. Nuft.) Snowy Campion.

Minutely puberulent, erect, simple or dichotomous above ; lvs. oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate ; Jls. few, terminal ; cal. inflated, with short and obtu.se
teeth ; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown ; caps, stiped. — % in moist places,
Penn., Ohio, near Cincinnati, {Clark \) 111. Stem .slender, lealy. H — 3f high,
generally forked near the top. Leaves 2 — 3' by J — f ', tapering to a very slender
point, floral ones lance-ovate. Flowers 1 — 3. Calyx reticulated. Petals white.

4. S. iNFLATA. Smith. (Cucubalus Behen. Linn.) Bladder Campion.
Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in cymose panicles,

drooping ; cal. ovoid-globular, reticulated with veins. — % in pastures about
fences, Charle.stown, Ms. ! &c. Stem erect, about 2f high. Leaves U — 3' long,
J as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half-way down. Calyx re-
markably inflated, and reticulated with pale purple veins. Jl. — The young
shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for asparagus.
** Calyx not inflated. Petals crowned.

5. S. ANTiRRniNA. Snap-dragon Catch-fly.

Nearly .smooth ; .t/'. erect; lvs. lanceolate, acute, .sub-ciliate; ped. trifid.

LYcnsis. XXIIl. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 191

;{-flo\vered ; pet. emarginate ; caJ. ovate. — %. Road-sides and dry soils, Can. and
U. S. Stem slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height.
Leaves about 2' long, the upper ones very narrow, all .sessile and scabrous oa
the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their
middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Jl.

6. S. NOCTURNA. Nuclurnnl Catch-fiij.

St. branching, hairy below; lis. pubescent, with long cilice at base, low-
er ones spalulate, ^lpper lance-linear ; fis. appressed to the stem, in a dense one-
sided spike; cal. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins;
pet. narrow, 2-parted. — ® Near New Haven, Ct., Rabbins, to Pcnn. Va. Flowers
white, greenish beneath. Jl. ^t

7. S. NOCTiFLORA. Night-fiowcring Catch-Jlij.

Viscid-pubescent ; s/. erect, brancliing ; hicer Ivs. spatulate, vpper linear ;
cal. cylindrical, ventricose, the alternate veins veinleted ; /ccM subulate, very
long; pet. 2-parted. — From Europe, introduced into our cultivated grounds!
Flowers rather large, white, expanding oi\\y in the evening, and in cloudy
weather. ^ f

8. S. Pennsylvanica. Michx. Pcnnsyh-anian Catch-Jlij.
Viscid-pubescent; sis. numerous; lis. from, the root sTpaWiXsitQ or cuneate,

of the stem lanceolate; cij7ne few-flowered; pet. slightly emarginate, sub-crenate.
—% Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng. ! to K3^ and Ga. Stem decumbent at base, near-
ly If high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flow-
ers. Calyx long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped,
red or purplish. Jn.

9. S. ViRGiNicA. Virginian Catch-fly.

Viscid-pubescent ; st. procumbent or erect, branching ; fis. large, cymose ;
cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. — %. Gardens and fields, Penn. to
to Ga. Stem 1 — 2f high, often procumbent at base. Leaves oblong, a little
rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Stamens and pistils exserted.
Petals red, large. Jn. f

10. S. REGiA. Sims. Splendid Catch-fly.

Scabrous, somewhat viscid ; st. rigid, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; cyme
paniculate ; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end ; sta. and 5^/"'. exserted. —
% A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio, Siillivant! to La.
Stems 3 — 4f high. Leaves 2 — 3', by 8 — 15". Flowers very large, numerous.
Calyx tubular, lO-striate, I' long. Petals bright-.scarlet, crowned. Jn. Jl. f

11. S. Armeria. Garden Catch-fly.

Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glutinous below each node ; lis.
ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in corymbose cymes ; pet. obcordate, crowned ; cal. cla-
vate, lO-striate.— -® Introduced from Europe. A popular garden flower. Stem
1 — IJf high, many-flowered. Leaves IJ — 2j' long, ^ as wide; internodes elon-
gated. Calyx f ' long, a little enlarged above. Petals purple, laminae half as
long as calyx. Jl. — Sept. <J-f

8. LYCHNIS.

Gr. Xo^vos, a lamp : some cottony species having been used as lamp-wicks.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, ovoid or cylindrical ; scales 0 ; petals 5,
unguiculate, limb slightly cleft; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1-
celled, or 5-celled at the base, with a 5-toothed dehiscence. — Corolla
sometimes crowned.

1. L. GiTHAGO. Lam. (Agrostemma Githago. Linn.') Corn Coclie.

Hairy; st. dichotomous; pcd. elongated; lis. linear; cal. longer than
the corolla ; pet. entire, without the corona. — ® A well known handsome weed,
growing in fields of wheat, or other grains, and of a pale green color. Stem
2 — 3f high. Leaves 3 — 5' by i — J', fringed with long hairs. Flowers few,
large, of a dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Seeds roundish, angular, purplish-
black. Jl. ()

17

i92 XXili. CARYUPHYLLACE^. Dianthus.

2. L. CnAi.CEDONicA. Scarlet Liychnis or Siveet William. — ^Smoothish ; _/Zs. fas-
ciculate; cal. cylindric, clavate, ribbed; pet. 2-lobed. — % A fine garden-flower,
native of Russia. Stem 1 — 2f high, with dark-green, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate leaves, and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers.
It has varieties with while Jlcnven, and also with double. Jn. Jl. f

3. L. Floscuculi. Ragged Robbin. — Smoothish ; st. ascending, dichotomous
at summit ; Jls. fascicled ; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed ; pet. in 4 deep, linear
segments. — %. Native of Europe. Stem 1^ — 2f high, rough-angled, viscid above.
Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angu-
lar, smooth calyx. Capsule roundish, 1-celled. Jl. — Sept. f

4. L. coRONATA. Chinese Lychnis. — Smooth ; ^5. terminal and axillary, 1 — 3;
cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed; pet. laciniate. — Native of China. Stem 1 — 2f
high. Petals of lively red, remarkable for their large size. There are varieties
with double red, and double white flowers, f

5. L. DiURNA. — St. dichotomous-paniculate ; fls. J* 9 '■> f^^- half-bifid, lobes
narrow, diverging ; caps, ovoid-globose. — Native of Britain, almost naturalized !
Stems about 2f high, pubescent. Leaves 1 — 3' long, elliptic-ovate, acute.
Flowers light-purple, middle size. Jl. — Sep.f

6. L. coRONARiA. DC. (Agrostemma coronaria. Linn.) Mullein Pink.
Rose Campion. — Villose ; sf,. dichotomous ; pcd. long, 1-flowered ; cal. campanu-
late, veined. — % Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wool. Stem
2f high. Flowers purple, large. Varieties are whitc-Jlowered, red-dauble-Jlow-
ered, &c. f

0*s.— other species rarely found in collections are L. fulgens with scarlet flowers ; L. viscaria, with
pink flowers ; L. alpina, low, with pink flowers, &c.

9. SAPONARIA.

Lat. tapo, soap ; the mucilaginous jiiioe is said to make soap.

Calyx tubular, 5-tootliecl, without scales ; petals 5, unguiculate ; sta-
mens 10 ; styles 2 ; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often crowned.

1. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Soap-wort.

Lvs. lanceolote, inclining to elliptical ; Jls. in paniculate fasicles ; cal.
cylindrical ; cro^vn of tlie petals linear. — % By roadsides. New Eng. to Ga. A
hardy, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pink-like flowers. Stem 1 — 2f
high. Leaves 2 — 3' long, i or more as wide, very acute. Flowers many, flesh-
colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, with a saponaceous juice.
Jl. Aug. ^

2. S. Vaccaria. Fly-trap.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile; Jls. in paniculate cymes; cal. pyramidal,
5-angled, smooth ; brads membranaceous, acute. — 0 Gardens and cultivated
grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Leaves broadest at base,
1 2' long, \ as wide, tapering to an acute apex. Flowers on long stalks, pale-
red. Cap-sule 4-toothed. Seeds globose, black. Jl. Aug. % f

10. DIANTHUS.

Gr. Aios av^oi, the flower of Jove, alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance.

Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite,
imbricated scales at base ; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally
notched ; stamens 1 0 ; styles 2, tapering, with tapering, revolute
stigmas; capsule cylindric, 1-cclled.

1. D. Armeria. Wild Pink.

Lvs. linear-subulate, hairy ; Jls. aggregate, fascicled ; scales oj the calyx
lanceolate, subulate, as long as the tube.— (J) Our only native species of the
pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass. to N. J. ! Stem erect, 1 — 2f high,
branching. Leaves erect, 1 — 2' long, 1 — 3" wide at the clasping base, taper-
ing to a subulate point. Flowers inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more.

PoRTULACA. XXIV. PURTULACACE/E. 193

Calyx and its scales i' long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with white,
crenate. Aug.

2. D. BARBATua. Sweet William or Bunch Pink. — Z/i-s. lanceolate ; Jls. aggre-
gate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube. — % An
ornamental flower stilf valued as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beauty
to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure."
Stems IJf high, thick. Leaves 3—5' by *— 1', narrowed to the clasping base.
Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May. — Jl. f

3. D. Chinensis. China Pink.— St. branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; /.
solitary ; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube. — @ Native of
China. An elegant .species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales,
and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like the other spe-
cies, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer, f

4. D. PLUMARiLs. Single Pivk. PhcaMJit's-cyc— Glaucous; st. 3— 3-flow-
ered; fls. solitary, calyx^ teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; lis. linear;
rough at the edge; pet. many-cleft, hairy at the throat. — ^l- Native of Europe.
From this species probably originated those beautiful pinks called pheasant's
eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties.
Flowers white and purple. Jn. — Aug. f

5. D. CARYOPHYLLUs. Carnation. Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, <^c. — Lvs.
linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous ;/5. .solitary; sc«fcs very short, ovate; pet.
very broad, beardless, crenate.— Stem 2— 3f high, branched. Flowers white
and crimson ; petals crenate. This .species is supposed to be the parent of all
the splendid varieties of the carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated
by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson,
white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of
stripes, dots, flakes, and angles.

6. D. suPERBUs. Superb Plnk.—Dvs. linear-subulate; Jls. fastigiate ; scales
short, ovate, mucronate ; pet. pinnate. — % A singularly beautiful pink, native
of Europe. Stem 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed
in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. JL— Sept.

Ofts— other species of this admirable genus are occasionally cultivated, but the varieties of Nos. 4 and
5 are by far the most common. The " Mmithli/ Pink," common in house cultivation, with bright green,
channeled, linear leaves, short, caespitose stems, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a variety oi D.
Carthusianorum.

Order XXIV. P ORTUL AC ACE^.— Purslanes.

Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves and no stipules.

Ca/.— Sepiils 2, united at base.

Or.— Petals 5, sometimes more or less, imbricated in oestivation.

Sta. variable in number. FilavientD distinct. .Anthers versatile or mtrorse.

Oca. superior I -celled. Sty. several, stigmatose along the inner surface.

Fr. a py.vis, dehiscing by a lid or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as sUgmas.

Genera 12, species 184, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remaika-
ble properties.

CoJispectus of the Genera.

< Capsule 3-valved IfL'J"?^; ?

<, 8—20. \ Pyxis dehiscing transversely >.; , ,™^' o

Stamens \ 5, opposite the petals K^iayionia. .t

1. PORTULACA. Tourn.
Sepals 2, the tipper portion deciduous; petals 5 (4 — 6), equal;
stamens 8—20 ; styles 3— 6-cleft or parted ; pyxis subglobose, dehis-
cing near the middle, many-seeded. — Low, herbaceous, fieshy. Fls.
expanding only in sunshine.

1. P. OLERACEA. Purslanc.

Lvs. cuneate ; p. sessile.—® A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common
in our gardens than desirable. Stem thick and succulent, much branched and
spreading, smooth. Leaves fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Flowers yellow.
The herbage of the plant is of a reddish-green color. Sometimes used as a pot-
herb. Jn. — Aug. §

194 XXV. ELATINACE^.

2. P. PiLOSA, ^. Scarlet-flowered Purslane. — Sts. ascending, much branched ;
branches suberect, enlarged upwards ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, the axils villose with
long, woolly hairs; fis. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an
irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of wool; jiet. obovate ; sto. about 15. —
A very delicate plant, with purple stems, and large, bright purple flowers. —
P. australis, with broader leaves and scarlet fls. is also popular in house cul-
tivation. The species are mostly natives of S. Africa, f

'/ 2. CLAYTONIA.

In memory of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia.

Sepals 2, ovate or roundish ; petals 5, emarginate or obtuse ; sta-
mens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals ; stigmas 3-cleft ; capsule
3-valved, 2 — 'S-seeded. — Small., fleshy., delicate., early flowering plants.

1. C. Caroliniana. Michx. Spring Beauty.

Lws. ovate-lanceolate ; scp. and pet. obtuse ; rt. tuberous. — % A delicate
little plant, flowering in April, common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N.
Car. W. to the Mi.ss. Root a compressed, brown tubercle, buried at a depth in
the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-leaves very few, if any,
spatulate. Stem weak, 2 — 3' high, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up,
which are 1 — 2' by \ — f ', entire, tapering at base into the petiole. Flowers in
a terminal cluster, white, with a slight tinge of red, and beautifully penciled
with piu'ple lines. Apr. May.

2. C. ViRGiNiCA. Virginian Spring Beauty.

Lvs. linear, or lance-linear ; scp. rather acute ; pet. obovate, mostly
emarginate or retuse ; pcd. slender, nodding. — % In low, moist grounds. Mid.
and S. States. W. to Mo., Ecerett! rare in N. Eng. Tubercle or cormus as
large as a hazelnut, deep in the ground. Stem 6 — 10' long, weak, with a pair
of opposite, very narrow leaves 3 — 5' long. Flowers 5 — 10, rose-colored, with
deeper colored veins, in a terminal cluster. Sepals acute or obtuse. Petals
often elliptical, subacute. Apr. May.

3. TALI NUM. Adans.

Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous; petals 5, sessile; stamens 10
— 20, inserted with the petals into the torus ; style trifid ; capsule
subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.

1. T. TERETIFOLIUM.

St. simple or branched, short and thick ; lvs. terete, subulate, crowded at
the summit of the stem, on short branches; ped. elongated; fls. in a dichoto-
mous cyme; pet. purple. — Tj. An interesting little plant, on rocks, Penn. Dr.
Darlington! to Ark. Rhizoma or perennial stem firm and fleshy, with fibrous
roots. Branches 1 — 3' long. Leaves I — 2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovate-
lanceolate, minute. Peduncles 5 — 8' high. Flowers small, ephemeral. Sta-
mens about 20. Jn. — Aug.

2. T. PATENS. — Spread in g-flowered Talinum. — S^. erect or decumbent at base,
slender ; lvs. ovate, flat, fleshy ; panicle terminal, with spreading, dichotomous
peduncles. — % Native in S. America. A handsome plant, sometimes cultivat-
ed. Stem 1 — 2f high, round, piuple, terminating in a naked, spreading pani-
cle of small purple flowers. Leaves 2—3' long, tapering to the ba.se. Aug. — Oct.

Order XXV. ELATINACEiE.— Water Peppers.

HerTjs small, annual, \v\\\\ opposite leaves and membranaceou.s stipules. Fls. minute, a.xillary-

C(j'.— .Sepals '2—6. distinct or slightJy coherent at base, persistent.

Cor. — Petals hyposynous, as many a.": the sepals.

Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse.

Ova. 2— 6-celled. Stigmas i— 5, capitate ; placentje in the axis.

Fr. capsular. Seed.'i numerous.

Genera 6, species 22, found in cveiT pait of the globe, growins in marshes. The following is the onlsr
northern genus :

LiNVM. XXVI. LINACEjE. 19S

ELATINE.

Gr. cXarri, fir; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some speeics.

Stigmas sessile, minute.

E. Americaxa. Am. (Cr3T5ta minima. Nutt. Peplys AmericEina. Ph.)
Mud Purslatie.-^St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints,

with assurgent branches; lis. cuneate-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; st/y. 0;

Sep., pet., sta. and stis. 2 — 3, as well as the cells and valves of the capsule; slip.

very minute. — A srnall mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers ! U. S.

Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary-. Corolla minute, closed. Jl. — Sep,

Order XXVI. LINAGE^.— Flaxworts.

Plnnts herbaceous or suffrutescent.

Lv3. entire, ses-sile, alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, without stipules.

Fls. terminal, u-sually in corymbs or panicles, regular and symmelricij.

Cai.— Sepals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, or more or Ices united,- [estivation strongly imbricated.

Cor. —Petals equal in number to sepals, hypogynous, unguirulaie ; estivation twisted.

Sta. 3, 4 or 5, united at base into a hj-poeynous ring, which is often toothed, opposite the petals.

(yoa. of as many cells as sepals or styles. Stig. capitate.

Sds. solitary in each cell, compressed, suspended. Albumen 0.

Genera 3, species 90. A very important order in the art.s. The Linum has a very tenacious fibre in
ita bark, which is wrought into Uiread and clolli, formuig the ii7ic» of commerce. Some species are
cathfljtic, and yield from their seeds a fine mucilage. Only one genus need be mentioned here, viz. :

LINUM.

Celtic Hfn, a thread ; hence Xtvov, Eng. linen, S&x.

Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 5, the latter rarely 3 ; capsules
5-celled ; cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment. (Fig. 11., No. 4.)

1. L. RiGiDUM. Stijf-leaved Max.

St. angular, branching; lis. alternate, rigid, linear, acute ;/5. panicled ;
sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and with the bracts, glandularly fimbriate-
serrate on the margins ; caps, globose, shorter than the calyx. — (D Near New
Haven, Conn., Bobbins ! R. I., found by the Prav. Bot. Assoc. Stem 10—16'
high, erect, with many snberect branches' above. Leaves 4 — 7" by J — 1", sca-
brous on the margin. Sepals 3-veined. Flowers 6—8" diam., sulphur-yellow.

2. L. ViRGiNiiNUM. Virginian Flax.

St. branching above, erect ; lis. alternate, linear-lanceolate, those of the
root oblong, upper ones acute; panicles corymbose, terminal, with the flowers
racemose on the branches ; sep. broad-ovate, mucronate ; caps, depressed, scarce-
ly longer than the calvx.— (i) Woods, hills, &c., U. S. and Can. Stem about
2? high, slender, leafy, terete, glabrous. Leaves 6 — 10" by 1—2", with one
di.stinct vein. Flowers 4 — 6" diam., yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-
veined. Jl.

p.? diffusum. Wood. — St. angular, diffusely branched ; branches aad lanceolate
lis. spreading ; fls. very small (scarcely 2" diam.) — Wet prairies, la. ! Quite
different in habit and inay prove a new species.

3. L. usiTATissiMUM. Common Flax.

St. branching above ; Ivs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle
corjTnbose ; sep. ovate, acute, 3-veined at the ba.se, membranaceous on the mar-
gin ; pet. crenate. — (T) Introduced and somewhat naturalized in fields. Stem 1 — 2f
high, with 3-veined leaves, and many large, handsome, blue flowers. Jn. JL—
This important plant has been cultivated from remote antiquity, (see Gen. xli.
42 ) for the strong fibres of the bark, which are manufactured into linen. The
seeds yield linseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printers' ink, &c.
They are also medicinal. ^ j^

4. L. PERENNE. Perennial Ma.r.— Glabrous, with virgate branches; lys. linear,

acute, scattered ; /.s. supra-axillary and terminal; sepals oval, margins rnem-

branaceous, shorter than the globose capsule ; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times

the length of the sepals.— Q). Native West of the Miss, (perhaps not within the

17*

196 XXVIl. GERANIACE^. Geranium.

limits of this Flora), also of Europe and Asia. Not uncommon in gardens.
Flowers large, blue, -j-

Order XXVII. GERANIACE^.— Gerajiia.

Siems herbaceous or siiffruteaoent, tumid and separable at the nodes.

Lva. opposite, (at least the lower ones,) mostly stipulate, petiolate, palmately veined.

F/g. — Peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves, sometimes axillary-

Ca/. ^Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base.

Cor. — Petals 5, hypogynous or perigynous, imguiculate ; ajstivatiiin tivisted.

Sta. usually monadelphous, hjpogynous, tvk'ice or thrice as many as the petals.

Ova. i of 3 united carpels, 2-ovuled. alternate with sepals, upon an elongated axis, from which they sepa-

Fr. — i rate in fruit, curving upwaras on the persistent style.

Genera 4, species 500. The Cape of Good Hope is the favorite habitation of some of the most impor-
tant genera. Most species of the beautiful Pelargonia are native of tliat region alone.

Conspectus of the Genera.

I all perfect. Geranium. 1

< 5 perfect, with 5 shorter and imperfect Eroiiium. 2

Stamens 10, ( 7 perfect ; corolla inegular PelaTgonimn. 8

1. GERANIUM.

Gt. yepavoi, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembles a crane's bill.

Sepals and petals 5, regular ; stamens 1 0, all perfect, the 5 alter-
nate ones longer, and each with a nectariferous gland at its base ;
fruit rostrate, at length separating into 5 long-styled, 1 -seeded car-
pels ; styles smooth inside, at length recurved from the base upwards
and adhering by the point to the summit of the axis. — Herbaceous,
rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles I, 2 or 3-Jloivered.

1. G. MACULATUM. Spotted Geranium.

St. erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely pubescent ; Ivs. 3 — 5-parted,
lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radical ones on long
petioles, upper ones opposite, on short petioles; pet. entire; sep. mucronate-
awned. — Woods, &c., U. S. and Can., but rare in N. Eng. A fine species,
worthy a place among the parlor " geraniums." Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves
3 — 3' diam., cleft | way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in pairs, on
unequal pedicels, often somewhat umbeled on the ends of the long peduncles.
Root powerfully astringent. Apr. — Jn.

2. G. RoBERTiANUM. Herb Robert.

St. diffuse, hairy ; Ivs. 3 — 5-parted to the base, the segments pinnatifid,
and the pinnae incisely toothed ; sep. mucronate-awned, half the length of the
entire petals. — 1\. Smaller and less interesting than the preceding, in dry, rocky
places. Can. to Va. and Ky. It has a reddish stem, with long, diffuse, weak
branches. Leaves on long petioles, somewhat hairy, outline IJ — 3' diam, with
pinnatifid segments. Flowers small, pale purple. Capsules small, rugose,
keeled. Seeds smooth. The plant has a strong disagreeable smell. May. — Sept.

3. G. PUsiLLUM. Weak Crane's-bill.

.SY. procumbent ; Irs. reniform or roundish, deeply 5 — 7-parted, lobes
3-cleft, linear; sep. hairy, aciuninate, about as long as the emarginate petals. —
(D A delicate, spreading species, growing in waste grounds, pa.stures, &c., L. I.
and Western N. Y. Tirrr. Stem weak. If long, branching, covered with short,
deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base into 5 or 7 lobes,
these again variously cut. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red
flowers in Jn. and Jl.

4. G. Carolinianum. Carolinian Crane's-bill.

St. diffusely branched ; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes incisely toothed ; ped.
rather short and clustered on the ends of the branches ; sep. mucronate-awned,
as long as the emarginate petals. — ® Fields and hills throughout Can. and
U. S. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 — 15' long, swelling at the joints. Leaves
f — li diam., hairy. Flowers small, rose-colored, in pairs, and somewhat fas-
ciculate. Seeds minutely reticulated, reddish brown, 1 in each hairy, beaked
carpel. Jl. — Perhaps too near the follownng species.

Pelargonium. XXVII. GERANIACE^. 197

5. G. DissECTUM. Willd. Wood Crane's-bill.

St. diffuse, pubescent; Ivs. deeply 5-paited, lobes 3-cleft, incisely dentate;
ped. dichotomous; pedicels hairy; xcp. mucronately awned, scarcely as long as
the emarginate petals; beak hairy; carp, rugose. — (I) rocky places, N. Sts. !
A small spreading plant, 8 — 12' long. Leaves pentagonal in outline, IJ — 2'
diam., divisions and their segments oblong-linear, submucronatc. Peduncles
6 — 10" long, with 4 bracts at the fork. Pedicels 6 — 10" long. Sepals 3-veined.
Petals purplish, deeply notched, a little longer than the sepals. Jn. Ji.

6. G. SANGUiNEUM. Bloody Geranium. — Si. erect, diffusely branched; ped.
longer than the petioles ; Ivs. opposite, 5-parted, orbicular in outline, lobes trifid,
with linear segments; carpels bristly at top. — A beautiful species native of
Europe, deemed worthy of culture by many a florist. Grows about a foot high.
Leaves orbicular, deeply divided into 5 or 7, 3-lid lobes. Flowers large, round,
of a deep red or blood-color, f

2. ERODIUM. L'Her.

Gr. epcoSioi, a heron ; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the heron's bill.

Cal3'x 5-leaved ; petals 5 ; scales 5, alternate with the filaments
and nectariferous glands at the base of the stamens; filaments 10,
the 5 alternate ones abortive ; fruit rostrate, of 5 aggregate capsules,
each tipped with the long, spiral style, bearded inside.

1. E. MosciiATUM. L'Heritier. (Geranium moschatum. Linn.) MuskGera^
niinn. — St. procumbent; Irs. pinnated with .'^talked, ovate, unequally serrated
segments ; ped. downy, glandular ; pet. equaling the calyx. — (J) Native of Eng-
land. Sometimes cultivated for the strong, mu.sky scent of its herbage. Afoot
high. Leaves large. Flowers small, purple. May — Jl.

2. E. cicoNiCM. L'Her. (G. ciconium. Linn.) Heron's-bill Geranium. — St.
ascending; Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. pinnatifid, toothed; ped. many-flowered; pet. ob-
long, obtuse. — Q From S. Europe. Stem about If high. Flowers purple.

3. PELARGONIUM. L'Her.

Gr. ve\apyos, a stork; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the stork's bill.

Sepals 5, the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending
down the peduncle with which it is connected ; pet. 5, irregular,
longer than the sepals; filaments 10, 3 of them sterile. — A large
genus of shrubby or herbaceous plants^ embracing more than 300 species
ami iimumerable varieties, nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
Lower Ivs. (in plants raised from the seed) opposite., upper ones alternate.
* Stem scarcely any. Root tuberous.

1. P. FLAVUM. Carrot-leaved Geranium. — St. very simple; Irs. decompound,
/aciniate, hairy, segments linear; umbel many-flowered. — Flowers brownish-
yellow. From the Cape of Good Hope, as well as the other species.

2. P. TRisTE. Mcmrning Geranium. — Lvs. hairy, pinnate; ///.';. bipinnatifid,
divisions linear, acute. A foot high. Flowers dark green, in simple umbels.

* * Stem elongated, herbaceous or suffruticose.

3. P. ODORATissiMUM. Nutmcg-sccnted Geranium. — St. short, fleshy; ^ps.
roundish, cordate, very soft ; branches herbaceous, long, diffuse. — Valued chiefly
for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being small, whitish.

4. P. Alchemilloides. Lady's-mantle Geranium.— St. villous ■ lvs. cordate,
villous, 5-lobed, palmate; ped. few-flowered; stig. sessile.— Stem 6' high, dif-
fuse, very hairy, with deflexed bristles. Flowers pink-colored.

5. P. TRICOLOR. Three-colored Geranium.— St. suffruticose, erect ; lvs. lance-
olate, villous, cut-dentate, trifid; upper pet. glandular at base.— Stem IJf high.
This species is distinguished for its beautifully variegated flowers. Petals
roundi.sh and nearly uniform in shape, but very different in color ; the 3 lower

198 XXVII. GERANIACE^. Pelargonium.

ones are white, slightly veined, the 2 upper of a rich purple, almost black at
base.

6. P. coRiANDRiFOLiuM. Coriander-leavcd Geranium. — SL herbaceous, bien-
nial, somewhat downy; Ivs. bipinnate, smooth, lobes linear, subpinnatifid. —
Stem diffuse, If high. Distinguished by the finely divided leaves and large
flowers. The 2 upper petals much the largest, obovate, veined with purple ;
the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often wanting, are narrow and of a
pure white.

* * * Leaves neither divided nor angular ; stem fruticose.

7. P. GLAOCUM. Glaucmis-leaved Geranium. — Very smooth and glaucous;
Ivs. lanceolate, entire, acuminate; pcd. 1 — 2-flowered. — Stems 3f high, shrubby
and branched. The plant is remarkably distinguished by its leaves. Pedun-
cles axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers. Petals obovate, of a delicate blush-
color, with red veins.

8. P. BETULiNUM. Birch-lcavcd Geranium. — Iws. ovate, unequally serrate,
smoothish; stip. ovate-lanceolate; ped. 2 — 4-flowered. — Stem shrubby, 3f high.
The plant is well named for its leaves. Flowers pale-pink, with deep red veins.

9. P. ACETosuM. Sorrel-leaved Geranium. — Lvs. very smooth, obovate, crenate,
somewhat fleshy; ped. few-flowered; pet. linear. — Stem shrubby, 3f high.
JS'amed for the acid flavor of the leaves. Flowers pink.

* * * * Leaves either angular or palmately lobed ; stem fruticose.

10. P. zoNALE. Horse-shoe Geranium. — Lvs. cordate-orbicular, obsoletely
lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone. — Stem thick, shrubby, 2 — 3f
high. One of the most popular of all the species. Leaves always marked
with a dark concentric stripe of various shades. The flowers are of a bright
scarlet, umbeled, on long peduncles. It has many varieties, of which the most
remarkable is —

/8. 7narginale ; silver-edged, the leaves of which are bordered with white.

11. P. iNaulNANS. Scarlet Geranmm. — Z/t-s. round-reniform, scarcely divided,
crenate, viscid ; umbels many-flowered ; pet. obovate, cuneate. — Justly admired
for the vivid scarlet of its numerous flowers. The name alludes to the reddish,
clammy moisture which stains the fingers in handling the soft, downy branches.

12. P. PELTATUM. Ivy-leaved Geranium. — Lvs. 5-lobed, entire, fleshy, smooth,
more or less peltate ; umbels few-flowered. — Stem climbing, several feet in
length. "Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species, with umbels of very
handsome purplish flowers.

13. P. TETRAGONUM. Squarc-stolked Geranium. — Branches 4-cornered, fleshy ;
lvs. cordate, bluntly lobed, somewhat toothed ; pet. 4, the upper ones pale-pink,
with crimson veins, the 2 lower small, white. — Leaves small, rounded, notched,
with scattered hairs.

14. P. GRANDiFLORUM. Large-jtovjcred Geranium. — Smooth, glaucous ; lvs.
5-lobed, palmated, cordate at base, the lobes dentate towards the end ; pet. three
times as long as the calyx. — Distinguished for the size and beauty of the
flowers, which are white, the 2 upper ones elegantly veined, and tinged with
red, larger than the rest.

15. P. GRAVEOLENs. RosB-scentcd Geranium. — Lvs. palmately 7-lobed, lobes
oblong, bluntly toothed, revolute, and very rough at the edge ; umbels many-
flowered, capitate. — Nectary about half as long as calyx. Leaves very fra-
grant. Flowers purple.

16. P. RADULA. Rasp-leaved Geranium. — Lvs. palmate, rough; lobes narrow,
pinnatifid, revolute at edge, with linear segments; umbels few-flowered; nec-
tary nearly as long as the calyx. — Distinguished for its large rough leaves
deeply divided into linear segments, and with a mint-like fragrance. Flowers
purple.

17. P. auERCiroLiUM. Oak-leaved Geranium. — Lvs. cordate, pinnatifid, with
rounded recesses, lobes obtusely crenate ; branches and petioles hispid. — Leaves
rough, often spotted. Flowers purplish.

XXIX. TROP^OLACE^. 199

06s.— Tbe above are among the more distinguished and popular species of this vast andfkvorite genua.
Imiumerable varieiies produced from seeds and propueated by cuttings are equally common and ollen of
superior beauty. No eenus seems to be regarded wnii such universal favor for green-house plants 03
this. The species and their miUtitudesof hybriil creations, iirodiiced by modern ingenuity, are cultivated
with assiduous attention by nearly every family whicli makes the least pretensions to taste through-
out the civilized world.

Orrer XXVIII. BALSAMINACE^.— Jewel Weeds.

Herbs annua], with succulent stem.i and a watery juice.

Lvs. simple, without stipules. FIs. very irregular and unsymmetrical.

Ca^.— Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous.

Cor.— retals 4. livpugynous, united by pairs, or rarely 5, distinct.

Sta. 5, hypugjiioiis. J-'//a/«<H/s subulate. A)il>iers 2cc[led.

Ova. 5-celleJ. i-onipiiund, Slig^nas sessile.

Pr. capsular, 5 celled, bursting elasticaJly by 5 valves. Sds. several in each cell. Embryo straight.

Genera 2, species llO. With regard to its properties and uses, this order is of no importance, but some
of its species are highly ornamental.

1. IMPATIENS.

Impatient, with respect to the irritable capsules.

Sepals colored, apparently but 4, the 2 upper being united, the
lowest gibbous and spurred ; petals apparently 2, each of the lower
being united to the 2 lateral ones; anthers cohering at the apex;
capsule often 1 -celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, 5-
valved, bursting elastically. — Stems smooth, succulent, tender, sub-pellu-
cid, with tumid joints.

1. I. PALLIDA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. Michx.) TtmcIi^mc-noL

Ijvs. oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate;
pe(}_ 2 — i-flowereti, elongated ; lover gibbous scp. dilated-conical, broader than
long, with a very .short, recurved spur; fls. pale yellow, sparingly maculate. —
® Wet, shady places, U. S. ! and Can. Stem 2— 4f high, branched. Leaves
2 — 5' long, I as wide, with large, obtuse teeth, each tipped with a very short
mucro. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale green, callous-
pointed, the rest pale yellow, the lower produced into a conic nectary, ending
in a spur i' long. Capsules oblong-cylindric, 1' long, bursting at the slightest
touch when mature, and scattering the seed. Aug.

2. I. FULVA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. /?. Michx.) Jewel-weed.

Lvs. rhombic-ovate, obtusish, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucro-
nate ; pcd. 2 — 4-flowered, short ; loivcr gibbon.s sep. acutely conical, longer than
broad, with an elongated, recurved spur ;/5. deep orange, maculate with many
brown spots. — ® In wet, shadv grounds, Can. to Ga., more common than the
last, somewhat glaucous.— Stem U— 3f high. Leaves 1—3' long, § as wide,
having like the last, a few filiform teeth at the base. Flowers about 1' in
length, the recurved spur of the lower sepal i' long. Capsule as in the last. Aug.

3. I. BalsamIna. Garden Balsaviine. — Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones
alternate ; ped. clustered; spur sYiovier than the flower. — (l) From the E. Indies.
It is one of the most beautiful of garden annuals, forming a showy pyramid of
finely variegated, carnation-like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals
are red and white, but the former varies in every possible shade ( '" crimson,
scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color. The flowers are often double. ,

Order XXIX. TROP^OLACE^.— TRoniYwoRxs.

Plants herbaceous, smooth, climbing or twining, with a pungent, watery juice.

Lvs. peltate or palmate. FIs. irregular.

Ca^— Sepals 5. colored, united, the lower one spurred.

Cor.— Petals 5, the three lower ones stalked, the 2 upper inserted on the caJy.\.

SM. 8, di.sitinct, unec|iial.

Oca. of 3 united carpels. StyJe\. Stisfmas'i.

Fr. separating into 3 indehiscent, Iseeded nuts. S(fo. large. Albumen 0.

Genera 3, .-species 40, natives of S. America. They possess the same antiscorbutic properties as the
CruciferiE. The fruit of the following species is pick'ed and used as a substitute tor capers.

200 XXXI. OXALIDACE^. Oxalis.

TROP^OLUM.

Lat. tropceum, a trophy ; tlie leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet.

Character essentially the same as of the order.

T. MAjus. Nasturtion. Indian Cress. — Lis. peltate, roundish, repand on the
margin, with the long petiole inserted a little one side of the centre ; pet. ob-
tu.se, the two upper distant I'rom the 3 lower, which are fimbriate at base, and
contracted into long claws. — ® Native of Peru. Stem at length climbing by-
means of its long petioles several feet. Leaves a fine example of the peltate
form, about 2' diam. Flowers large and showy, orange-colored, with blotches
of deeper shade. They are eaten for salad. Jime — Oct.

Order XXX. LIMNANTHACE^.

Herbs annual, with an acrid, watery juice. Lvs. alternate, pinnatifid.

Stipules 0. Flowers regular.

Ca/.— Sepals 3—5, united at base, persistent, valvate in iestivation.

Cor.— Petals 3—5, marescent, inserted upon an hypogynous disk.

Sta. twice as many as petals and inserted with them. Filaments opposite the sepals, with a small pro-

OiJO. of -2-5 distinct carpels. S^y. united. Stig. siiaiAe. [cess outside the base.

Ft 2—5 achenia, rather fleshy. Sixds solitary.

Genera 2, species 3, mostly natives of the temperate parts of North America. They have no very
remariiable properties. Flcerkea is the only northern genus.

F L CE R K E A. Willd.

Named in honor of Flcprke, a German botanist.

Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals ; stamens 6 ; ovaries 3, tuber-
culate, style 2-cleft. — ® small., aquatic, with finnatdy divided leaves.
F. PRcgERPiNACoiDES. Lindl. (P. uliginosa. Muhl.) False Merynaid.
Grows ifi marshes and on river and lake shores, Vt. to Penn. W. to Mo.
Stems decumbent, less than a foot in length, weak and slender. Leaves alter-
nate, upper ones, or those above the water, pinnately 5-parted, lower or sub-
mersed ones mostly 3-parted, all on slender petioles 1 — 3' in length. Flowers
axillary, pedunculate. Petals white, small, about half as long as the sepals.
Achenia large, 2 or 1, roundish.

Order XXXI. OXALIDACE^.— Wood Sorrels.

St. low, herbaceous, with an acid juice, and alternate, compound leaves.

Slip, rarely present. Fts. regular and symmetrical.

Cai.— Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes slightly cohering at the base.

Cor. — Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguicnlate, deciduous, twisted in Estivation.

Sta. 10, hypogynous, more or less monadelnhous, those opposite the petals longest.

Owe— Carpel's 5, united, opposite the petals.

J^. capsidar, usually membranous, 5-lobed and 5-celled.

Genera 6, species 325, inhabiting hot and temperate regions. The stem and leaves generally contain
free oxalic acid. The order is represented in the Northern States by the following genus only.

OX A LIS,

Gr. o^uf, sour; from the acid taste of most species.

Sepals 5, distinct or united at base ; petals much longer than the
calyx ; styles 5, capitate ; capsule oblong or subglobose ; carpels 5,
1 — several-seeded. — Mostly % with trifoliate leaves.

1. O. AcETOCELLA. Comvion Wood Sorrel.

Acaulescent; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered ; Ifts. broad-obcor-
date, with rounded lobes ; sfij. as long as the inner stamens; ?■<. dentate, scaly. —
Woods and shady places. Can. and Northern States. Leaves palmately 3-ibli-
ate, on long, weak stalks, purplish beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves,
each with a nodding scentless flower wliose petals are white, yellowish at the
base, delicately veined with purple. The whole plant has an agreeable, acid
laste. Jn.

Ptelea. XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACEiE. 201

2. O. viOLACEA. Violet Wood Sornl.

Acaulescent, smooth; scape umbelliferous; pedicels subpubescent ; fis.
nodding ; tips of the cal. fleshy ; stij. shorter than the outer stamens. — An elegant
species, in rocky woods, &c., throughout the II. S. Bulb scaly. Scape nearly
twice taller than the leaves, 5 — 8' high. Leaves palmately 3-lbliate, sometimes
none; leaflets nearly twice as wide as long, witn a very shallow sinus at the
very broad apex. Umbel of 3 — 9 drooping flowers. Petals large, violet-colored,
striate. May.

3. O. STRICTA. Yellaw Wood Sorrel.

Caulescent; st. branching, erect ; pcd. umbelliferous, longer than petioles;
5t7j. as long as the inner stamens. — (T) Fields, U. S. and Can. The plant varies
in height, Irom 3 — 8' or more, according to the soil. Stem leafy, round, smooth,
.succulent. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, numerous, scattered on long stalks.
Umbels on long, axillary stalks, about the length of the petioles. Flowers
small, yellow, appearing all summer. Capsules sparingly hirsute, with spread-
ing hairs.

4. O. coRNicuLATA. Ladies' Wood Sorrel.

Caulescent ; st. creeping, radicating, difi"usely branching; Ifts. pubescent;
ped. 2 or more-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; pet. cuneiform, erose at the
apex; sttj. long as the inner stamens. — Grows in cultivated grounds, U. S. and
Can. Resembles the last, but " is undoubtedly distinct." Robbins. Stems leafy,
prostrate, a foot or more in length. Sepals pubescent, half as long as the emar-
ginate, yellow petals. Capsules densely and closely pubescent. May, and after.

Order XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACEJS.

Trus or shrubs, without stipules.

Lcs. alternate or opposite, pinnate, rarely simple, with pellucid dots.

Fis. regular, polygamous, gray, green, or pink. Sep. 3—9, small, cohering at the btise.

Coc— Petals longer than the sepals, of the same number or o.

Sla. alternate wfth petals, of the same number, seldom twice aj many; in the pistillate flowers either

wantin? or imperfect. Anthfrs introrse.
Ova. usually of the same number as sepals, .stipitate, distinct or united.
Fr. baccate, membranaceous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules.

Genera 20, species 110, chiefly of tropica] America, only 2 genera being native in the United States.

P?operJ/fts.— Bitter, aromatic and stimulant; properties residing chiefly in the bark.

Conspectus of the Genera.

Urees, with 21— 41-foliate leaves Ailanthus. 3

Unarmed ; shrubs, with 3-foliate leaves Ptelea. 2

Prickly shrubs ZarUhoxylum. I

' 1. ZANTHOXtLUM.

Gr. ^av^os, yellow, fiiXoi', wood; from the color of the wood.

9 Calyx inferior, 5-parted ; corolla 0 ; stamens 3 — 6 ; pistils 3 — 5 ;
carpels 3 — 5, 1 -seeded ; 9 like the $ but wanting the stamens; c?
like the $ but wanting the pistils. — Leaves pinnately 3 — 5-foliaie.
Z. Amkric.\num. Miller. (Z. fraxineum. Willd.) Prickly Ash.
Prickly ; Ifts. ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at the base ; iimbcls axillary. —
A shrub 10 or r2'f high, found in woods in most parts of the U. S. The branches
are armed with strong, conical, brown prickles with a broad base. Leaflets
about 5 pairs with an odd one, smooth above, downy beneath ; common petioles
with or without prickles. Flowers in sma'l dense umbels, axillary, greenish,
appearing before the leaves. The perfect and the staminate ones grow upon
the same tree, and the pistillate upon a separate tree. The bark is bitter, aro-
matic and stimulant, used for rheumatism and to alleviate the tooth-ache.
Apr. May.

2. PTELEA.

9 5 c? Sepals 3 — 6, mostly 4, much shorter than the spreading
petals; cJ* stamens longer than the petals and alternate with them,
very short and imperfect in 9 ; ovary of 2 united carpels ; styles

202 XXXIII. ANACARDIACE^. Rhus.

united, short or 0 ; stigmas 2 ; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samar8e,with
a broad, orbicular margin. — Shrubs with 3 — 5-foliaie leaves. Fls.
cymose.

P. TRiFOLiATA. Shrubby lyefoil.

Lvs. 3-foliate, Ifts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones inequila-
teral, terminal ones cuneate at base ; cymes corymbose ; sta. mostly 4 ; sty.
short.--An ornamental shrub, 6— 8f high. Western States! rare in Western
N. Y. Leaflets 3 — \\' by U— U', the peduncles rather longer. Flowers white,
odorous, nearly i' diam. Samara nearly 1' diam.
3. AILANTHUS.
9 5 c? Sepals 5, more or less united at base ; petals 5 : 5 stamens
2 — 3 ; ovaries 3 — 5 ; styles lateral ; fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded samara
with oblong margins; d" stamens 10; $ ovaries, styles and samarte
as in 5. — Oriental. Trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves. Fls. in
panicles.

A. GLANDULosA. Dcsf. Tree of Heaven.— Lvs. glabrous, unequally pinnate ;
Ifts. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly petiolulate, with one or two
obtuse, glandular teeth each side at base, terminal one long-petiolate.— A tree
of large dimensions, and with extremely rich and luxuriant tbliage, native of
China and Japan. Trunk straight, with a smooth, brown hark. Leaves 3— 5f
in length, with 10—20 pairs of leaflets and an odd one. Flowers in terminal
panicles, greenish, pertecting seed in our climate.— The tree is of extremely
rapid growth, and is becoming common in our streets and shrubberies, f

Order XXXIII. ANACARDIACE^.— Sumachs.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice.

Lvs. alternate, simple or ternate or unequally pinnate, without pellucid dots.

Fls. terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious.

Ca;.— Sepals 3—5, united at base, persistent.

Cor.— Petals same number as .sepals, sometimes 0, imbricate in aestivation.

Sta. as many as petals, alternate with them, distinct, on the base of the calyx.

OtJ«. 1-celled, free. Ovule one. Styles 3 orO. StigmasS.

fr. a berry or drupe, usually the latter and l-seeded.

Genera 41, species 95, chiefly natives of tropical regions, represented in the United States by the genus
Rhus only.

Prorierlies —These plants abound in a resinous juice, which is often poisonous, but is used as an indeli-
ble ink in marking linen, and as an ingredient in varnish. Even the exhalations from some of the species
are deemed poisonous. The Cashew nut is the product of a small tree of both Indies. When fresh the
kernel is full of a milky juice, and has a most delicious taste, but the coats are filled with a caustic oil
which blisters the skin, and kills warts.

RHUS.

Said to be from /5ft.), to flow ; because used in haemorrhage.

Calyx of 3 sepals united at base ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles
3, stigmas capitate ; fruit a small, l-seeded, subglobose, dry drupe.
— Small trees or shrubs. Leaves aUernate, mostly compound. Flowers
often by abortion 9 c? or 9 $ c?.

* Leaves pinnate.

1. R. GLABRA. Smooth Sumach.

Lrcs. and branches glabrous; Ifts. 6—15 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate,
acutely serrate, whitish beneath; fr. red, with crimson hairs. — Thickets and
waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Shrub 6— 15f high, consisting of many strag-
gling branches, smooth, except its fruit. Leaflets about 3' long, i as wide,
sessile except sometimes the tenninal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid,
dense panicles, greenish-red, 9 ^. Fertile ovaries clothed with grayish down,
which in the fruit becomes crimson, and contains malic acid (bi-malate of
lime. Prof. Rogers), extremely sour to the taste. Jn. J].— The bark of this
and other specfes may be used in tanning. The drupes dye red. Lands long
neglected are sometimes overrun by this shrub.

Rhus. XXXIII. ANACARDIACE^. 203

2. R. TYPHlN.v. Stag-horn Sumach.

Branches and petioles densely villous; Ifts. 6 — 15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ; fr. red, with crimson hairs. —
A larger shrub than the former, attaining the height ol' 20f, in rocky or low
barren places, U. S. and Can. Stem with straggling, thick branches. Leaves
at length 2 — 3t" long. Leaflets 2 — 4' long, i as wide, sessile, except the termi-
nal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, yellowish-green,
often 9 cT or 9 $ cT- Drupes compressed, compact, the crimson down very
acid. Jn. — The wood is aromatic, of a sulphur-yellow, and used in dyeing.

0. laciniata. — Lfts. very irregularly coherent and incised ; panicles partly
transformed into gashed leaves. Hanover, N. H. Richard.

3. R. copALLiNA. Mountain Sinnac.

Branches and petioles pubescent; lfts. 4 — 10 pairs, oval-lanceolate, mostly
entire, unequal at base, common petiole winged ; Jls. in dense panicles ; drupes
red, hairy. — A smaller shrub, not half the height of the last, in dry, rocky pla-
ces, U. S. and Can. Common petiole about G' long, expanding into a leafy
margin, between each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1 — 3' long, near J as wide,
dark green and shining on the upper surface. Panicles of flowers terminal,
sessile, thyrsoid, 9 c?i greenish Drupes acid. Jl.
fi. leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. Barratt.

4. R. VENENATA. DC. (R. vernii. Linn.) Poison Sumac. Dog-wood.
Very glabrous; Ifts.'i — 6 pairs, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire ;

panicles loose, pedunculate; drupes greenish-yellow, smooth. — A shrub or small
tree of fine appearance, 10 — 15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk seve-
ral inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, ti — 10'
long. Leaflets about 3' long, nearly § as wide, sessile, except the odd one.
Panicles axillary, 9 c?; those of the barren tree more diffuse. Flowers very
small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn. The whole plant is very poison-'
ous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around with
its pernicious efiiuvium.

♦ ♦ Leaves ternate.

5. R. Toxicodendron. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy.

Erect or decumbent; Ivs. pubescent; lfts. broadly oval, acuminate, entire
or sinuate-dentate; fls. in racemose, axillary, subsessile panicles ; drupes sxnooih,
roundish. — Can. and U. S. A small shrub, 1^ — 3f high, nearly smooth in all
its parts. Leaflets 2 — 6' long, | as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 4 — 5'
long. Flowers small, 9 c?- Drupes pale brown. Poisonous, but less so than
the last.

H. radicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, and of \st edit.) Poison Ivy. St.
climbing 3 — 20 or 50f ! by myriads of radicating tendrils. — It seems now gen-
erally conceded that this is but a variety. Certainly, if so, it is a very remark-
able one. In damp, shady places. Poisonous.

6. R. AROMATiCA. Ait. Swcct Sumac.

Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath, lateral ones ovate, ter-
minal one rhomboid; fls. in close aments, preceding the leaves; dr^ipe globose,
villous. — A small, aromatic shrub, 2 — 6f high, in hedges and thickets. Can. and
U. S. Leaflets 1 2' long, J as wide, sessile, the common petiole an inch or
two in length. Flowers yellowish, with a 5-lobed, glandular disk. Drupes
red, acid. May.

* * * Leaves simple.

7. R. CoTlNus. Venetian Sumac. — Lvs. obovate, entire ; fls. mostly abor-
tive; pedicels finally elongated and clothed with long hairs. — A small shrub, 6f
high, native in Ark. according to Nuttall, remarkable chiefly for the very sin-
gular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery fruil-stalks,
showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of smoke.
Flowers small, in terminal, compound panicles. Leaves smooth, entire, much
rounded at the end. In Italv the plant is used for tanning, f

18

204 XXXV. AURANTIACE^. Citrus.

Order XXXIV. RUTACE^.— Rueworts.

Herbs, or generally shruba and trees, with punctate Ivs. and no stipulea.

F/s. perfect. Sep. 4— 5. Per. 4— 5, rarely 0.

Sta. as many, or twice or thrice as many as petals, inserted on the outside of a cup-Uke oisK.

Ova. 3— Slobed, 3— 5-celled ; styles united or distinct only at base.

Ft. usually separating into its component, few-seeded carpels.

Genera 47, species 400, usually inhabiting the warmer parts of the temperate zone on the Eastern con-
tinent, and the equatorial parts of S. America. They are characterized by a powerful odor and intense
bitterness, often febrifugal and anthelmintic. Dictamnus abounds in a volatile od, dittusmg an intlam-
mable gaa.

Genera.

Sepals permanent. Petals equal BMta. I

Sepals deciduous. Petsds unequal Dictamnus. i

1. RUT A.
Calyx of 4 — 5 sepals united at base ; petals 4 — 5, concave, obo-
vate, distinct; torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores; stamens
10; capsule lobed. — %■ Herbaceous or shrubby., mostly European.

R. GRAVEOLENs. Common Rue. — Siiffruticose, nearly glabrous; lis. 2 and 3-
pinnately divided, segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all
entire or irregularly cleft; ^5. terminal, corymbofeo ; pet. entire. — Native of S.
Europe. Stem branched, 3— 4f high. Leaflets C— 10" by .2 — i", conspicuously
dotted. Corolla yellow, 6" diam. Jn. — Sept. :j:

2. DICTAMNUS.

Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals ; petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; fila-
ments declinate, with glandular dots ; capsules 5, slightly united. — '^l-
Herbs, native of Germany.

D. ALBUS. Willd. (and D. Fraxinella. Liiik.) Fraxinella.—St. simple;
Ivs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, terminal, erect pan-
icle.— In gardens. Stems 1— 2f high. Flowers showy, white, varying to rose-
color and purple. The whole plant emits a lemon-scented, aromatic, volatile
oil, which is so abundant in hot weather as to render the air around it inflam-
mable, f

p. rubra. Flowers purple ; rachis of the leaves winged, -f

Order XXXV. AURANTIACE^.— Oranges.

Trees ox shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of volatile oil.
Lvs. alternate, articulated with the petiole which is frequently winged.
Cai.— Sepals 3— .5, united into a short, urceolate or campanulate cup.

Sta. as many as the petals, or some multiple of their number, in a single row, hypogynous.

Owa. compounded of several united carpels. Style l.

Fr.—X berry (orange), many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind.

Sds. attached to the inner angle of each carpel. Albumen 0.

Genera 2fl species 95, nearly all natives of tropical Asia, and are naturalized throughout all tropical
regions, and cultivated in all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers and fruit.

Propertiys.— These fruits contain free citric and .ma/Zc acid, and their pulp is grateful to the taste.
The rind contains an aromatic, volatile oil, which is tonic and stomachic. The rind of the lime yields
the oil of Bergamot, and the flower of the orange the oil of Neroli.

CITRUS.

Gr. KiTpta, the citron; the fruit of one of the species.

Sepals and petals in 5s ; anthers 20, or some other and higher
multiple of 5, versatile, the conuectile articulated to the filament ;
filaments dilated at base, polyadelphous ; berry 9 — 18-celled. — A no-
ble genus of trees and shrubs, all tropical, combining in its species, beauty
of form, tvith shini?ig, ever-green foliage, odoriferous flowers, and fragrant
and delicious fruit.

1. C. LiMoNUM. Lemon Tree.— Petioles somewhat winged, articulated with
the lamina (which is thus shown to be the terminal or odd leaflet of a reduced

Camellia. XXX VI. TER.N'STKCEiMIACEiE. 205

compound leal) ; [ft. oblong, acute, dentate ; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-.spheroid, with
a thin rind and very acid pulp. — A tree about 15f in height, which, when laden
with its golden fruit, suspended among its dark green leaves, makes a most
beautilul appearance. It is a native ot tropical regions, and is easily cultivat-
ed in our climate if protected during winter, f

2. C. Li.META. Linie Tree. — Pei!w/<?5 not winged ; leaf (leaflet) ovate-orbicu-
lar, serrate; sta. 30; fr. globose, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top.
This like most other species, is native of Asia. Height about 8f, with a crook-
ed trunk, dilluse branches with prickles. Berry 1 J' diam., of a greenish-yellow,
shining surface, f

3. C. AuRANTiuM. Sweet Oranc^e Tree. — Pf/wZ^; winged ; leaf (l€afl£t) oh\ong,
acute, crenulate; sta. 20; fr. globose, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. — A mid-
dle-sized evergreen tree, with a grccnish-brown bark. When filled with its
large, round, golden fruit (sometimes to the number of 20,000, Lindley), it is
one of the most beautiful objects in nature. It is easily cultivated in the green
house, f

4. C. Medica. Citron Tree. — Pc<ioZf5 not winged; Zee/ (fc^^^) oblong, acute:
sta. 40 ; /r. oblong-spheroid, rugose, with an acid pulp. — Commonly about 8i
high. Fruit 6' in length, very Iragrant. f

5. C. DECUMANA. Shaddock Tree. — Petinles winged ; leaf (leaflet) obtuse,
emarginate ; fr. very large, with a thick rind. — A tree 15f in height. Wings
of the petioles as broad as the leaves. Fruit grows to the diameter of 7 — 8',
weighs 14 pounds, and is of a yellowish-green color, f

Ois— In a splendid work entitled " The Natural History of Oranges," written in French by Risso of
Nice in 1818, there are described 169 varieties, and 105 of them figured. They are arranged as Siweet Oran-
ges,oi which there are de.scribed 42 varieties; Bilter anil i>our Oranges, il; Bergamots,5; LimtisS; Sliad-
dodcs, 6; Luines, 12; Lemons, 46; Citrons, 17. The most successful methods of cultivation are by
cuttings.

Order XXXVI. TERNSTKCEMIACE^.— Teaworts.

Trees OT shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves.

Fls. axillary or terminal, white, rarely red or pink.

Co/.— Sepals 5 or 7, concave, coriaceous, deciduous, the inner often tlie largest.

Cor— Petals 5, 6 or 9, not equal in number to the sepals.

Sta. 00, hypoKynous. PUaments distinct, or united into one or more seta.

Ova. superior, with several cells. Styles 3—7, more or less combined.

Pr. 2— 7c<;lled, capsular. Sds. large, few, attached to the a.xis.

Genera 33, species 130. Beautiful flowering plants, 60 or 70 of them natives of S. America, 4of N.
America, the remainder of China and E. Indies. Their properties are in general little known. The tea,
80 extensively used as a beverage in the civilized world is the leaf of 2 or 3 species of Thea. It con-
tains a peculiar extractive matter and a stimulating, essential oil, which becomes narcotic in some hot
climates.

Ge7iera.

(, 5, equal. Trees Gordonia. 1

SepaJs j 6— 7, unequal, the inner ones largest. (Shrubs.) Camellia. 2

1. GORDONIA.

In honor of James Gordon, a distinguished nurseryman of London.

Sepals 5, roundish, strongly imbricated ; petals 5 ; styles united
into one ; capsule woody, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; seeds winged. —
Trees with large, white flowers.

G. PUBESCEN.S. L'Her. (Franklinia Americana. Marsh.) Pranklinia. — Lvs.
serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining above, canescent beneath ; sep. and
pet. silky outside. — A tree ^0 — 50f high in Ga. and Flor., or an ornamental
shrub in cultivation at the north, admired for its large, white flowers, with yel-
low stamens and rich fragrance. May — Aug.

2. CAMELLIA.

In honorof G. J. Kamel, a Jesuit, author of some botanical works.

Sepals imbricated, the inner ones larger ; petals sometimes adher-
ing at base, filaments 00, shorter than the corolla, united at base ;
styles united ; stigmas 3 — 5, acuto. — Ornamental shrubs, native of
China o.7id Ja.pan.

206

XXXVll. MALVACEyE.

Mal.\a.

C. Japonica. Tea Plant. Japan Rose. — Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely ser-
rate, glabrous and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles;
Jls. terminal and mostly solitary ; pet. obovate, of a firm texture ; sta. about 50,
mostly changed to petals in cultivation ; stig. unequally 5-cleft. A lofty tree in
Japan, its native country, a splendid flowering shrub with us, of difficult culti-
vation, requiring protection in our climale. Flowers varying from white to
red, resembling the rose but wanting its fragrance. Over 300 varieties are
enumerated.

Order XXXVII. MALVACE^.— Mallows.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves. Hairs stellate or none.

Fls. axillary, showy, regular, often with an involucel at the base.

Cai.— Sepals generally 5, more or less united at base, valvate in ajstivation.

C07-.— Petals equal in number to the sei)als, hypogynous.

Sta. indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers l-celled, bursting transversely.

Ova. of several carpels arranged in one or more rows around a common axis.

Sty. as many as the carpels, either united or distinct.

Pr. capsular or baccate ; carpels one or more-seeded, united or distinct.

Sds. sometimes (as in Gossypium) hairy. Embryo curved.

Genera 37, species lOOO. A somewhat important class of plants, forming about one-fiftieth of all the
flowering plants of tropical valleys.— But few are natives of the temperate, and none of the frigid zone.
In the Northern States they are all herbs. The most important product of the order is cotton.

Proper/ ;&s.— Generally abounding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleterious qualities.

FIG 41.— 1. Hibiscus Trionum. 2. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts.
3. Cross section of the 5-celled capsule. 4. Capsule open by its 5 valves. 5. Malva sylvestris. 6.. Its
fruit consisting of 10 carpels arranged in a circle. 7. Section of one of the carpels showing the curved
embryo.

Conspectus of the Genera.

^ are nearly distinct Malva. l

(of 3 oblong bracteoles which < are united Lavatera. 3

{ Capsule 3— 5-ceIled Gossypium. 2

of 3 cordate bracteoles. { Carpels OO, distinct Malope. 6

i united Althcca. 4

of 6— ISbracteoles whichare ( nearly distinct Htbiscta. 5

i Cells 3— 6-seeded. Abutilon. 7

wanting. Carpels united. I Cells l-seeded Svla. 8

1. MALVA.

Crr. \ia\a')(jq, soft; on account of the soft naucilaginous properties.

Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel mostly 3-leaved ; carpels 00, 1-ceIled,
l-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly.

1. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA. LoW MolloW. ^

St. prostrate; Irs. roundish, cordate, obtusely 5-lobed ; ped. in fruit re-
flexed ; cor. twice as long as the calyx. — 1\. Common in cultivated grounds.
Root fusiform. Stems numerous, a foot or more long. Leaves of a fine, deli-
cate texture, somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5 — 7 shallow lobes, and on long,
hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched.
Fruit depressed-globose, compo.sed of the numerous carpels arranged circularly.
The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very naturally
suggests. Jn. — Oct. ^

2. M. sTLVESTRis. High Mallow. (Fig. 41, 5.)

St. erect ; lvs. 5 — 7-lobed, lobes rather acute ; ped. and petioles hairy. —

Althjea. XXXVJI. MALVACEAE. 507

1\. Native of England. A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often
springing up spontaneously in fields and roadsides, Mid. and W. States !
Height 3f. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. The whole
plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage. Jn. — Oct. § •)•

3. M. HouGHTONii. Torr. & Gray. Houghton's Malva.

St. erect, hirsute; Ivs. strigose, ovate, truncate at the base, lower ones
cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate ; f ankle terminal, difluse, many-flow-
ered; pet. purple; carpels lO — 15. — Prairies and bottoms. 111. Mead! &c. A
handsome but rather rough species, 2 — 3f high. Root fusiform. Leaves 2 — 3'
by 1 — 2', on long, hairy petioles, thick. Flowers nearly as large (IJ' diam.)
as those of M. sylvestris. Jl. Aug.

4. M. Mauritiana. Ivy-lcaced Malloic. — S'i. erect; Zi;5. 5-lobed, obtuse ; peft'-
oles and pedicels smoothishj or downy on the upper side. — (X) From S. Europe.
A tall species, 4 — 6f high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored
veins, f

5. M. MoscHATA. Musk Mallow. — St. erect; radical Ivs. reniform, incised.
cauli)i€ ones many-parted, the segments linear; ped. and cal. hairy. — Native of
Britain. Stems 2f high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored.
The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. Jl.

6. M. CRisPA. Curled or Crisped-lcavcd Mallow.— St. erect ; Ivs. angular-lobed,
dentate, crisped, smooth ; Jls. axillary, sessile. — (T) A tall, straight, simple, erect
plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5 — 6f high. Leaves
large, roundish, margins abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers white, not
conspicuous. Jn. — Aug. f

2. GOSSYPIUM.

A word said to be from the Arabic, goz, a silky substance.

Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate
leaves, deeply and incisely toothed ; capsule 3 — 5-celled ; seeds in-
volved in cotton. — Fls. yelloio.

1. G. HERBACEUM. Common Cotton Plant. — Iws. 5-lobed, with a single gland
below, lobes mucronate ; cott^)n white.—® This is the species commonly culti-
vated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5f high. The
flowers like those of all the other species are yellow. Leaves cut half way
do\vn into 3 large and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the
midvein at its back, half an inch from the base. Jl. -j-

2. G. Barbadexse. Sea Islmtd Cotton Plant.— Lvs. 5-lobed with 3 glands
beneath, upper ones .3-lobed ; seeds black; cotton white.— @ Native and culti-
vated in the W. Indies. A larger plant than the foregoing. Sown in Sept.
and Oct. An acre yields an average product of 270 pounds of this cotton. —
These plants are ornamental in cultivation, f

3. LAVATERA.

Xamed in honor of the two Lavaterg, physicians of Zurich.

Calyx surrounded at base with a 3-cleft involucel; carpels 00, 1-
celled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly.

1 L arborea. 7VceMa//o?r.—Lrs. 7-angled, downy, plicate; ;?C(f!<;e& axil-
lary 1 -flowered, clustered, much shorter than the petiole.—^ A splendid plant
for borders or shrubberies, from Europe. Height about 61. Flowers purple.
Sept. Oct. t

2. L. Thuringiaca. Gay Malhno.—Lvs.s.om&whz.iAovmy; lower onesangu-
lar, upper ones 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest.— t; From Germany. Height
4f. Flowers light blue. Sept.

4. ALTHiEA.
Gr. aX5w, to cure ; the mucilaginous root is highly esteemed in medicine.

Calyx surrounded at base by a 6— 0-cleft involucel ; carpels 00, 1-
eeeded, indehiscent. arranged circularly around the axis.
18*

208 XXXVII. MALVACEJ5. Hibiscds.

1. A. OFFICINALIS. Marsh Mallow.

Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 3-lobed,
all entire ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. — %. A
European plant, naturalized on the borders of our salt marshes. Stem 3f high,
erect, firm, covered with thick, woolly down, with alternate, velvet-like leaves.
Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. The root, as well as the
other parts of the plant, abounds in mucilage, and in medicine is often used as
an emollient to promote suppuration. Sept. {

2. A. ROSEA. Cav. (Alcea rosea. Linn.) Hollyhock. — St. erect, hairy ; lvs.
cordate, 5 — 7-angled, rugose ; /s. axillary, sessile. — Q Native of China 1 A tall
plant, very commonly cultivated in gardens. Numerous varieties have been
noticed, with single, double, and semi-double flowers, of various shades of
coloring, as white, rose-colored, flesh-colored, dark red, and even a purplish
black, purple, yellow, straw-color, &c. f

3. A. FiciFOLiA. Cav. (Alcea ficifolia. Linn.) rig-leaved Hollyhock. — St.
erect, hairy ; lvs. palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, an-
gularly toothed. — Native of Levant. Stem tali as the above. Flowers orange-
colored, t

5. HIBISCUS.
Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel ; stigmas 5 ;
capsule 5-celled ; cells several-seeded.

1. H. MoscHEUTos. T. & G. (H. Moscheutos and palustris. Linn.)
Marsh Hibiscus.

Herbaceous, simple, erect; lvs. ovate, obtusely dentate, hoary-tomen-
tose beneath ; ped. long, axillary, or connected with the petiole. — Tj. A tall,
showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea or near salt springs, and on wet
prairies, U. S. and Can. Stem round, downy, 4 — 6f high. Leaves 4 — 6' by
3 — i', often with two lateral lobes. Flowers larger than those of the holly-
hock, rose-colored, purple, in the centre. Peduncles usually distinct from the
petiole, often some of them united with it, and jointed above the middle.
Styles 1' longer than the stamens. Aug.

p. (H. incanus, Wc7idl 1) Ms. larger ; pet. (4—5' long) of a light sulphur-
yellow with a purple base. Marshes, Indiana !

2. H. ViRGiNicus. Virgi7iian Hibiscus.

Lvs. acuminate, cordate-ovate, serrate-dentate, upper and lower ones un-
divided, middle ones 3-lobed ; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nod-
ding ; pistils declinate. — % Marshes near the sea, L. I. to Ga. The whole plant
scabrous-tomentose, about 3f high. Leaves 2 — 2j' by IJ', some of them some-
what 3-lobed. Flowers 2 — 3' diam., red or rose-color. Capsule hispid, acute-
angled. Aug.

3. H. MiLiTARis. Cav. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus.

Glabrous; lvs. hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate; cor. tubular-
campanulate ; caps, smooth, ovoid-acuminate. — Middle and Western States.
Stem 3 — 4f high. Leaves cordate at base, 4 or 5' long, rendered somewhat
hastate by a small lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish
base, 2 — 3' long. Peduncles with the joint above the middle. Jl. Aug.

4. H. Manihot. Hand-leaved Hibiscus.

Not prickly ; lvs. palmately divided into 5—7 linear, acuminate, coarse-
ly dentate lobes •, ped. and involucel hispid ; bracts of the involucel 5 — 7, ovate or
lanceolate, acutish, persistent, entire ; cal. split on one side ; capsule densely
hirsute, acuminate. — %. Western States. A beautiful herb, 4 — 5f high. Leaves
cordate, lobes 6 — 10' long, J — IJ' wide, separated to near the base, about as long
as the petioles. Teeth largest near the summit. The flowers are of an ex-
ceedingly rich sulphur-yellow ; purple in the centre. Petals 3--4' long. Jl. Aug.
5. H. cocciNEUs. Walt. (H. speciosus. Ait. and \st. edit.) Scarlet Hibis-
cus.— Very smooth; lvs. palmate, 5-parted; kbes lanceolate, acuminate, remote-
ly serrate above ; cor. expanding ; cap. smooth, ovoid. — Tj. A splendid flower,
uative of damp soils, in Georgia, &c., and is raised from seeds in our gardens'.

SiDA. XXXVII. MALVACEAE. 209

Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, 5 — Of high. Segments of the leaves 6'
long, very acuminate. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the
base, 4 — 5' long. Column still longer, slender and terete. Jl. — Oct. -j-

6. H. GRANDiFLORUS. Michx. Grcat-Jlov:ering Hibiscus. — Lvs. cordate, 3-
lobed, coriaceous, tomentose, hoary beneath ; car. expanding; cap.";, tomentose,
truncated. — %. Southern States. Stems 5 — 7f high. Leaves and flowers very
large, the latter, when expanded, nearly a foot in diameter. Petals flesh-color-
ed, red at the base. Jl. — Oct. f

7. H. Syriacus. Syrian Hibiscus. — Lvs. cuneiform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate ;
pedicels scarcely longer than the petiole ; i/tvoliiccl about 8-leaved. — A beauti-
ful, hardy, free-flowering shrub, from Syria, 5 — lOf high. Flowers purple.
There are varieties with white, red and striped flowers, both single and double, f

8. H. Trio.v'UM. Flower of an Hour. — L/vs. dentate, lower undivided, upper
3-parted, lobes lanceolate, middle one very long; col. inflated, membranaceous,
veined. — ® From Italy. An exceedingly beautiful flower, branching, 1 — 2f
high. Flowers large, numerous, but soon withering. Petals of a rich chlorine
yellow, the base of a deep brown, f (Fig. 41, 1.)

9. H. EscuLENTUs. Edible Hibiscus or Okro. — Lvs. cordate, 5-lobcd, obtuse,
dentate ; petiole longer than the flower ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. — Na-
tive of W. Indies. Plant herbaceous, 2 — 3f high, nearly glabrous. Petiole
with a hairy line on the upper side, nearly If in length. Lamina 8 — 10' broad.
The flowers 1 — 2' long, on a short peduncle. Petals greenish-yellow. The
large, mucilaginous pods are used for pickles, cr served up with butter.

6. MALOPE.
Calyx surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel ; carpels irregularly ag-
gregated, 1 -seeded.

M. MALACOiDES.

"Z/1'5. ovate, crenate; slip, oblong-linear; ped. axillary, l-flowered. — ®
Penn. Muh'. Stem 1 — Uf high, sparingly branched, clothed with white hairs
above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, nearly glabrous above. Petioles
r long. Bracteoles setaceous. Carpels hispid, in a depressed, globular head.
Petals yellow." Torrey cf' Gray suppose it may prove a species of Malva.

7. ABUTIlON. Dill.
Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular ; ovaries 5, many-
seeded ; styles many-cleft ; capsule of 5 or more carpels, arranged
circularly, each l-celled, 1 — 3-seeded.

A. AvicEN>fiE. (Sida Abutilon. Linn.) Indian Mallow.

Lvs. roundish-cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvet3'^-tomentose ; ped. shorter
than the petiole, solitary; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked.
— (1) Native in both Indies and naturalized in most of the states, inhabiting
waste places, &c. Stem branched, 3 — If high. Leaves 4 — 6' diam., deeply
cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at surface.
Flowers yellow, near 1' broad. Jl. §

8. SIDA.
Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, ovary 5 — many-celled ; cap-
sule of 5 or more 1-seeded carpels ; radicle superior.

1. S. SPINOSA.

St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
with a spinose tubercle at the base of the petiole; slip, setaceous; /s. axillary;
carpels birostrate.— ® Sandy fields and roadsides, Middle, Southern and West-
ern States ! Plant bushy, 'S— IG' high. Leaves 9—15" long, J as wide, most-
ly obtuse at each end. Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration. Jl. Aug.

2. S. Nap.ea. Cav. (Napaea Isevi.s. Linn.)

SI. slender, glabrous; lis. palmately 5-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes ob-
long-linear, acuminate, coarsely toothed; ped. many-flowered; carpels 10, acu-

210 XXXVIII. TILIACE^. Tilia.

rainate. — % Shady places, Penn. to Ohio! Stems angular, 3 — 5f high. Leaves
on short petioles, cordate, lobes 2 — 4' long, J — }' wide, floral leaves much smal- .
ler. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat leafy, the
divisions 1 — 4-flowered. Flowers 4 — 5" diam. Petals white, twice as long as
the calyx. Aug.

3. S. DioiCA. Cav. (Napaea dioica and scabra. Linn.)
Jjvs. palmately 7 — 9-lobed, scabrous, lobes lanceolate, incisely dentate ;
ped. many-flowered, bracteate, somewhat corymbose ; fis. 9 J* ; carpels 8 — 10,
pointless, in a roundish, depressed head. — % Va., Penn. MiMenberg. Flowers
small, white, in a crowded head. Aug.

Order XXXVIII. TILIACE^.— Lindenblooms.

Trees or shrubs, (very rarely herbs,) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate leaves.

Fls. axillary, usually perfect.

Cai.— Sepals 4 — 5, deciciuou8, valvate in EPstivation.

Cor.— Petals 4—5, hyiHjgynous, glands 4—5, at their base.

Sta. 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers versatile.

Ora.— Carpels 2—10, urjited. Style 1, compound. Stigmas as many aa carpels.

Fr. capsular, 2 — 5 celled, with numerous seeds. Cotyledons leafy.

Genera 35, species 350, native in all regions, but especially within the tropics. These plants abound in
a wholesome, mucilaginous juice. The inner bark is remarkable for toughness, and is usefvtl for various
purposes, as fishing-lines, nets, rice-bags, &c.

TILIA.
Calyx of 5 united sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 oblong, obtuse petals,
crenate at apex ; stamens 00, somewhat polyadelphous, each set in
the N. American species with a petaloid scale (nectary, Limi., trans-
formed stamen, T. t^ G.) attached at base; ovary superior, 5-celled,
cells 2-ovuled ; capsules globose, by abortion 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded. —
Trees. Lvs. cordate. Fls. cymose., icith the pedmide adnate to the mid-
vein of a large., leaf-like bract.

1. T. Americana. Linden or Lwie IVec. Bass-wood. Pumpkin-wood.
Lvs. alternate, diffuse, broad-cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely serrate,

coriaceous, smooth ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex. — A common forest tree in
the Northern and Middle States. It often grows to the height of 80f, the trunk
straight and naked more than half this height, and 2 — 3f diam. Leaves 4 — 5'
by 3 — 4', those of the young shoots often twice these dimensions. Bract yel-
lowish, linear-oblong. Petals yellowish-white, larger than the scales at their
base. Fruit woody, greenish, of the size of peas. Jn. — The inner bark is very
strong and is manufactured into ropes. The wood is white, soft and clear,
much used in cabinet work and in the panneling of carriages.

2. T. HETEROPHYLLA. Vcut. Various-lcaved Linden.

Lvs. obliquely subcordate, very white and velvety beneath, with darker
veins, glabrous, shining and dark green above, coarsely and mucronately ser-
rate ; pel. obtuse, crenulate ; transformed stamens or scales spatulate ; sty. hairy
at base, longer than the petals.— Banks of the Ohio and Miss. Pursh. Not
common. Tree 20 — 30f high. Leaves very oblique at base, 5 — 8' diam., well
distinguished by the white surface beneath, contrasted with the purplish veins.
Torr. (^ Gray.

3. T. ALBA. Michx. White Lime or Linden.

Lvs. obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent
beneath, -with veins of the same hue, glabrous above, acuminately serrate; pet.
emarginate; scales spatulate; sty. nearly glabrous. — Woods, Middle and West-
ern States ! Trunk 30 — 40f high, 1 — l|f diam., branches with a smooth, silvery
bark. Leaves 3 — 5' diam., slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils
of the veins beneath. Flowers larger and whiter than in the other species. Jn.
4. T. MicROPHYLLA. (T. intermedia. Hayne.) European Lime-tree. — Lvs.
cordate, scarcely oblique, acuminate, glabrous both sides, twice as long as the
petioles ; axils of the veiiis bearded beneath ; staminate scale 0 ; fr. membrana-

ViTis. XLI. VITACEiE. 211

ceous, oblong, unequal, '2-seeded. — Native of Northern Europe. Trunk 40f
high, with a pyramidal head. Jn. — Aug. -j-

Order XLI. VI T AC E..E.— Grape-vines.

SftruJj climbing by tendrils, with tumid, separable joints.

Lvs. simple or compound, the loweropiiosile, upper alternate.

FiS. racemose, often polygamous ordicucious.

Cal. minute, nearly entire oi aioothed. land caducous.

Cor.— Petals 4—5, inserted on the out^side of the disk, val vate and inflexed in teat., often cohering above

Sta. 4—5, opposite the petals, iiiserted on the di.sk.

Ova. superior, 2 celled. SHjle 1, very short. Fruit a berry, globose, pulpy. Seeds bony.

Genera 7. species 260. natives of the warmer part.s of both hemispheres. The grape fruit is the only
important production of this order. The aciil of the grape is tartaric. It contains a sugar which difl'ers
from the common sugar in coutaitiing a smaller quantity of carbon.

GcTicra,

Torus elevated into a ring surrounding the ovary. Leaves cordate, &c Vitla. I

Torus without a ring. Leaves digitately 5-foliate Ampeloptls. a

1. VITIS.

Celtic gwi/d, a tree or shrub.

Petals deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading ;
ovary partly enclosed within the torus, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; stigma
sessile, capitate ; berry 1 -celled, 1 — 4-seeded. — Fed. often changed
into tendrils.

1. V. Labrusca.

Lvs. broad cordate, an,s:ular-lobed, tomentose beneath. — This vine is na-
tive through the U. S., growing in woods and groves. Like most of the N.
American species, the flowers are dicEcious. Stem woody, rough-barked,
ascending trees often to a great height, and hanging like cables suspended from
the branches. Leaves very large, somewhat 3-lobed, at first white-downy be-
neath. Flowers small, green, in panicles with a leaf opposite. Fruit large,
purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for its deep shade in
summer arbors, and its fruit which is pleasant in taste. The Isabella, and
other sorts known in gardens, are varieties of this species. ;):

2. V. coRDiFOLiA. Mx. (V. vulpina. Linn.) Frost Grape. Winter Grape.
Lvs. cordate, acuminate, .somewhat equally toothed, smooth on both

sides; roc. loose, many-flowered; berries small. — Grows in thickets, by rivers,
&c., ascending shrubs and trees to the height of 10 — "iOf. Leaves large, mem-
branous, often 3-lobed, with pubescent veins when young, and with a lew
mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid, but well fla-
vored after frosts of November. Jn.

3. V. .ESTIVALIS.

Lvs. broadly cordate, 3 — 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate,
with scattered, ferruginous hairs heneath; fertile rac. long, panicled; berries
small. — Grows in woods, by rivers, &c. Stem very long, slender, climbing,
with very large leaves, which are sometimes with deep, rounded sinuses,
clothed beneath when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Ten-
drils Irom the peduncles which are dense flowered, and with a leaf opposite.
Petals cohering at summit. Berries deep blue, well flavored, but small, ripe
in September. Flowers in June.

4. V. RiPARiA. Michx. Winter Grape.

Lvs. incisely dentate, somewhat 3-lobed : the petioles, veins and margins
pubescent; berries small, in loose racemes. — Grows in thickets, on river banks,
«S£C., Can. to Va., W. to Ark. Vine 15— 30f long. Leaves large, as long as
wide, with coarse, unequal, acuminate teeth. Fruit dark-purple.

5. V. vi.MFERA. Common Wine Grape.— Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed,
glabrous or tomentose ; /.f. all 5 .—Naturalized in nearly all temperate climates,
but supposed not to be indigenous to this country. No plant in the vegetable
kingdom possesses more interesting attributes, is cultivated with greater care,
or, let me add, has been worse perverted or abused by mankind, than the com-

212 XLll. ACERACEiE. Acer.

mon vine. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differing in the form,
color, size, and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its consti-
tution. In N. England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden and as a
dessert fruit; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western
States, for the production of wine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Va-
rieties without end may be raised from the seed, which will bear fruit the fourth
or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for 200 years.

2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx.
Gr. afi-rreXoi, a vine, o^is, appearance; from its resemblance.

Calyx entire ; petals 5, distinct, spreading ; ovary 2-celled, cells
2-ovuled ; style very short ; berry 2-celled, cells 1 — 2-seeded.

A. QUINdUEFOLIA.

Lis. quinate, digitate ; //?,<;. oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth.
— A vigorous climber, found wild in woods and thickets. It has long been cul-
tivated as a covering for walls, and is best known by the name of Woodbine.
By means of its radicating tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon trees, ascend-
ing to the height of 50f In the same manner it ascends and overspreads walls
and buildings. The large, quinate leaves constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark,
glossy green. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotomous clusters. Ber-
ries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Jl.

Order XLII. ACER ACE ^.—Maples.

TreRS or shrubs with opposite, usually simple and palmate-veined leaves.
Stipules 0. F/s. often polygamous, in axillary corymbs or racemes.
Ca?.— Sepals 5, rarely 4—9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in EEstivation.
Cor.— Petals 5, rarely 4—9, hypogynous ; sometimes o.
Sta. hypogynous, 3 — 12, usually 8. Anthers introrseor versatile.
Ova. Z-lobed, compounded of 2 united carpels.

Ft. a double samara with opposite wings, thickened at the lower edges.
Genera 3, species 60. The sap of several species of the Maple yields sugar by evaporation.

Genera.

Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple Acer. I

Flowers dicBcious. Leaves compound, pinnate. , . . . Negttndo. S

1. ACER. Moench.
Lat. acer, sharp, vigorous ; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war.

Calyx 5-eleft; corolla 5-petaled or 0; stamens 8 ; styles 2; sama-
133 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded. — Lvs. simple.
§ Flowers corymbose, (^c. Trees.

1. A. RUBRUM. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally and incisely toothed,
the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; Jis. aggregate, about 5 together, on rather
long pedicels ; ova. smooth. — The red maple is a common tenant of low woods
and swamps throughout the Atlantic States. It is a tree somewhat above the
middle size. The trunk is covered with a smooth bark, marked with large,
white .spots, becoming dark with age. In spring, the appearance of the tree is
remarkable for the deep crimson flowers with which it is thickly clothed. Each
bud produces a fascicle of about 5 flowers. Stamens much exserted. The fer-
tile flowers are succeeded by a red fruit, furnished with a pair of wings resem-
bling those of some insect. The wood is hard and compact, and is much used
in cabinet work, particularly that well-known and handsome variety called
curled maple. Mar. Apr.

2. A. DASYCARPUM. Ehrh. (A. eriocarpum. Mr.) White Maple.
Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, truncated at base, unequally and incisly toothed,

with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath; Jls. in crowded, simple umbels,
with short pedicels and downy ovaries. — This species much resembles the last,
but its leaves are larger, and the winged fruit is also larger than that of the
red maple or of any of the following species. It is a tall tree, 50f in height, not
uncommon in the N. England forests. The flowers are of a yellowish green

Neoundo. XLIl. ACERACEjE. 213

color, as also the fruit. The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that
of other species. The sap yields sugar in smaller proportion than the sugar
maple.

3. A. SACCHARlNUM. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.

Lis. palmatcly 5-lobed, subcordate at base, acuminate, remotely toothed,
with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; Jls. pedunculate, pendu-
lous.— This fine tree is found throughout U. S., but most abundant in the primi-
tive soils of N. England, constituting the greater part of some of its Ibrests.
It is a tree of lofty proportions, 70f in height, with a trunk Sfdiam. The bark
is of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. The branches become numerous and
finely ramified in open situations, and in summer are clothed with a foliage
of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more extensively
cultivated as a shade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and
favorite elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly
the product of this species. An ordinary tree will yield 5 — 10 pounds in a sea-
son. The wood is very strong and compact, and niakes the best of fuel. It is
sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents that beautilul ar-
rangement of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is highly esteemed in cabinet-
work. The flowers are exceedingly abundant, and, suspended on long, thread-
like pedicels, are most delicately beautiful. Apr.

4. A. NIGRUM. Mich. f. Black Maple. Sugar TVee.

Lis. palmately 5-lobcd, cordate, M'ith the sinus closed, lobes divaricate,
sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and petioles pubescent ; Jls.
corymbose, on long, .slender pedicels ; fr. glabrous, turgid at base, the wings
diverging. — A large tree, in mountainous situations, Vt. to la. ! Resembles the
last, but is distinct. Robbius., Tally. Trunk 30 — 50f high, with a shaggy
bark. Leaves 3 — 5' diam., dark-green above, the 2 inferior lobes much smaller.
Flowers pendulous, on long peduncles, yellowish. Fruit with wings 1' in
length, pale-yellow, and more diverging "than in A. saccharinum. The sap,
like the last mentioned tree, yields sugar abundantly. Apr.

§ § Flowers in racemes. Mostly shrubs.

5. A. Pen'n.sylvakicum. (A. .striatum. Lam.) Striped Maple. Whistle-wood.
Lvs. with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ;

roc. simple, pendulous. — A small tree or shrub 10 — I5f high. Can. to Ga., and
Ky., but most abundant in our northern woods. The bark is smooth, and beau-
tifully striped length-wise with green and black. Flowers large, yellowish-
green, succeeded by long clusters of fruit, with pale-green wings. The smaller
branches are straight and smooth, easily separated from the bark in spring, and
are often manufactured by the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it
is called M-histle-wood. In Europe it is prized in ornamental gardening. May.

6. A. spiCATCM. Lam. Movntain Maple Bush-.

Lvs. about 5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; rac. erect, com-
pound.— A shrub of smaller stature than the last, found in mountain or hilly
woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Leaves small, rough,
divided into 3 or 5 lobes, which are somewhat pointed, with large, sharp teeth,
and more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and minute, in
cylindric, oblong, clo.se, branched clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged
fruit. Jn.

7. A. Pseudo-Platancs. Sycamore. — Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, glabrous and
glaucous beneath, segments or lobes acute, unequally dentate ; Jls. in long,
pendulous racemes; samara glabrous. — Native of Northern Europe. An orna-
mental tree, 40 — 50f high, with very large, dark green leaves. A beautiful
variety with striped leaves is also cultivated. Apr. May. -f

2. NEGUNDO. Moench.
Flowers 9 c? ; corolla 0 ; 9 flowers racemed, J* fascicled ; calyx,
stamens and fruit as in the last genus. — Leaves compound, pinnately
3 — 5-foliate.

214 XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACEiE. iEscuLus.

N. ACERoiDEs. Mosnch. (Acer Negundo. Linn.) Ash-leaved Maple.

Box Elder.

Lvs. ternate and 5-pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and une-
qually dentate ; 9 racemes long and" pendulous, barren fls. corymbose ; fr. ob-
long, with large wings dilated upwards.— A handsome tree, 20— 30f in height,
with irregular, spreading branches, growing in woods. The trunk is a foot or
more in diameter, and when young, covered with a smooth, yellowish-green
bark. Leaflets serrated above the middle, petiolate, the terminal one largest,
all slightly pubescent. Wings of the samara approximate, broadest towards
the end. Apr.

Order XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACE^.— Buckeyes.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, compound, without stipules.

Fls. showy, with the pedicels articulated.

Cal. campanulale, of 5 united sepals

Cor. — Petals 5, (one of them sometimes abortive,) unequal, hypogynous.

Sta. 6 — 8, distinct, unequal, inserted upon a disk with the petals.

Ova. roundish, 3-cornered, Scelled, crowned with a single, fililorm, conical style.

Pr. roundish, coriaceous, with 1—3 large, roundish, smooth seeds.

Genera 3, native of N. America and Northern India. The species are generally ornamental trees, with
astringent properties residing in the bark. The seeds contain much starch, and are nutritive but bitter.
Only the following genus is found in the Northern States, and even this is not indigenous in N. Eng.

MSCtJhVS.
Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed ; corolla irregular, 4 — 5-
petaled ; stamens, ovary and fruit, as expressed in the order. — Trees,
with palmately 5 — 7-foliale leaves. Flowers in thyrse-like panicles.

1. M. GLABRA. Willd. (Pavia pallida. Spa.ch. P. Ohiensis. Mickz.)
Ohio Buckeye.

Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate; fls. in lax, thyr-
soid panicles; car. 4-petaled, .spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx;
sta. longer than the corolla ; fr. echinate. — A small, ill-scented tree, along the
banks of the Ohio and its tributaries. Leaflets 3 — 6' long, i as wide, .subsessile,
or abruptly contracted at base to short stalks. Flowers yellowish-white, small,
slightly irregular. Fruit about f ' diam.

2. M. FLAVA. Ait. (Pavia flava. DC.) Big Biixkcye. Sweet Buckeye.
Lfts. 5 — 7, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent

beneath; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles, about 6 on each division of the
peduncle ; cat. campanulate, not half the length of the corolla ; pet. very unequal,
connivent, longer than the stamens; fr. unarmed. — A large tree, 30-^70f high,
common in the Western and Southern States. Leaflets 4—7', by 1 — 3'.
Flowers pale yellow. Fruit globose, uneven on the surface, but not prickly,
2 — 2i' diam, with 1 or 2 large brown .seeds. Apr. May.

3. JEa. pavia. (Pavia rubra. Lam.) Small Bvckeye. — Lfls. 5, oblong-lan-
ceolate, cuneate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, "finely serrate; _/25.
very irregular, in a lax, thyrsoid raceme, pet. 4, erect, as long as the stamens.—
A beautiful shrub, 6 — lOf high, native of the Southern States. Flowers large,
red, glabrous. Apr. May. f

4. M. PARviFLoRA, Walt. (jE. machrostachya. Mlch.r.) native at the South,
a beautiful shrub, with numerous small, white flowers, in a long, slender, thyr-
soid raceme, is rarely cultivated.

5. JEi. HiPPOCASTANDM. Hmsc Chcstmit. — Z/r.s. digitate, of 7 obovate leaflets ;
pet. 5; spreading;//-, prickly. — A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic
proportions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the
north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is
a frequent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains
the height of 40 or 50f In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or
thyrses of flowers, of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of
its massy foliage. The leaves are digitate, with 7 obovate, acute, serrate leaf-
lets. The fruit is large, mahoganv-colored, and eaten onlv bv deer.

CELASTRCa XLV. CELASTRACEiE. 215

Order XLIV. SAPINDACE^.— Soapworts.

JYeea, shrubs or herbs, the latter furnished with tendrils.

Lv3. alternate, usually compound and without stipules.

Flu. small, usually iiolygamous. Sep. 4—5, distinct, imbricated in aestivation.

Cor.— Petals as many as the sepals, sometimes 1 less, (or rarely wanting,) inserted outside the hypoey-

S!a. 8 or lu ; fil. distinct ; anth introrsc. liious disk which ues at the bottom of the calyx.

Ova. of 3 united carpels ; sly. partly or completely united.

Fr. u 3-celled capsule or samara, or often Heshy and indehiscent,

Sds. 1—3 in each cell, usually arilled, without albumen.

CARDIOSPERMUM.

Gr. Kapcta, heart, circpiia, seed; the globose seeds marked with a large, corAzfehilum.

Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest ; petals 4, each with an emarginate
scale above the base ; the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their
scales crested ; glands of the disk 2, opposite the lower petals ; sta-
mens 8, unequal ; style trifid ; capsule membranous, inflated. — Climb-
ing herbs with bilernate leaves. Lower pair of pedicels changed to tendrils.

C. Haliacabum. Heart-seed. Dallco-n-vhie.

Plant nearly glabrous ; leajlets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and den-
tate ; fruit pyrilbrm-globose, large, bladder-like. — Native on the Missouri and
its branches. Torr. ^ Gr. Naturalized in the W. States. Mead. A curious
vine, 4 — 6f in length, with remarkably large, inflated, membranous capsules. Jl. "I-

Order XLV. CELASTRACE^.— Staff-trees.

S/iruts, or rarely trees, with oppo.site or alternate leaves. Fls. not always perfect.

Co/.— Sepals 4—5, united at base, imbricated. [which surrounda the ovary.

Cor. — Petals as many as sepals, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the flat, expanded disk

Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of the disk.

Ova. superior, immersed in and adhering to the disk.

Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds either with or without an arillus.

Genera 27, species 274, chiefly native of the temperate zone of both hemispherea. They possess acrid
and bitter properties, sometimes emetic and stimulant.

Geiiera.

J compound (ternate) Staphylea. l

< opposite, < simple Etionymut. 3

Shrubs with leaves I alternate, simple Celaslrus. 2

Tribe 1. STAPHYLE^.

Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds not ariled. Cotyledons thick.

1. STAPHYLEA.

A Greek word, meaning a cluster of grapes ; from the form of the fructification.

Fls. $ ; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals ; petals and stamens
5 ; styles 3 ; capsules 2 — 3, membranous and inflated.

S. TRiFOLiA. Bladder-nut.

Lis. ternate ; ra^. pendulous ; pet. ciliate below ; fr. ovate. — A handsome
shrub, 6 — 8f high, in moist woods and thickets. Can. to Car. and Tenn. Leal-
lets oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Flowers white,
in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its
large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, containing
several hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May.

Tribe 2. EUOXYMEJ3.

Leaves simple. Seeds usually ariled. Cotyledons leafy.

2. CELASTRUS.

Flowers sometimes polygamous ; calyx flat, of 5 united sepals ; co-
rolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule subglobose, or 3-angled,
3-celled; seeds with an arillus, 1 — 2 in each cell. — Climbiiig shrubs.,
with deciduous leaves., and minute., deciduous stipules.
C. scANDENs. Staff-tree. *

Unarmed; st. woodv, twining; Irs. oblong, acuminate ."lerrate ; roc. ter-
19

216 XL VI. RHAMNACEiE. Rhimnto.

minal; fis. dioecious. — A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems
twining about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves
alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenish-
white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule,
continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn.
3. E U O N "$■ M U S.
Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals ; corolla flat, m-
serted on the outer margin of a glandular disk ; stamens 5, with
short filaments ; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds
ariled. — Shrubs, erect or trailing, with opposite leaves.

1. E. ATROPURPUREus. Jacq. Spindle Th-ee. Burning Bush.
Brandies smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent

beneath ; ped. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually pentamerous. — A
smooth shrub, 4 — lOf high, in shady woods, U. S. E. of the Miss. Leaves 2 —
5' long, i as wide, mostly acute at base, on petioles \ — 1' long. Peduncles op-
posite, slender, 1—2*' long, each with a cyme of 3—6 flowers. Corolla dark-
purple, about 2^" diam. Capsule crimson, smooth. Seeds covered in a bright
red aril. Jn.

2. E. Americanus. Burning Bush.

Branches smooth, 4-angled ; Its. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire at
margin, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth ; j)cd. round, about 3-flow-
ered; fls. mostly pentamerous.— Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with
small leaves, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Leaves a— 2' long, ^ as wide,
coriaceous. Pedimcles longer than the leaves, 2, 3, or 4-flowered. Flowers a
little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts in 3s, 4s or 5s. Capsule
dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Jn.

3. E. EuROP^EUS.— Zyi'5. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; ped. com-
pressed, 3-flowered ; fl.s. usually tetrandrous.— Native of Europe. A handsome
shrub, 4 — 12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not su-
perior in elegance to E. Americanus. May — Jl.

Order XLVI. PtHAMNACE^.— Buckthorns.

Shruhs or trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate. Stipules minute or 0.

Fls. small, axillary or terminal, greenish, sometimes dicccioua.

Ca/.— Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in fpstivation.

Cor.— Petals 4 or 5, distnict, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, sometimes 0.

Sta. opposite the petals, 4 or 5.

Ova. superior, or half superior, with an erect ovale in eaeh cell.

Pr. a capsule, drupe or berry.

Genera 42, species 250, distributed throughout all countries, e.xcept those in the frigid zones. Many
are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America.

Poperties.—The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zizyphus Jujubn,
yields the wellknown jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a sub-
stitute for tea.

Genera.

Calyx free from the ovary ; petals plane ; flowers minute Rhamnus. 1

Calyx adherent to the ovary at base ; petals unguiculate Ceanotnus. 2

1. RHAMNUS.
Calyx urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft ; petals 4 — 5, emarginate, inserted upon
the calyx ; ovary free, 2 — 4-celled ; styles 2 — 4, more or less united ;
fruit drupaceous. 3 — 4-seeded. — Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. mostly
alternate. Fls. minute.

1. R. cATHARTicus. Buckthom.

Shrub erect, with thorny branches ; tvs. ovate, doubly serrate ; fl.s. tetran-
drous, 9 5 d^ and 9 c?, fasicled; fr. subglobose, 4-seeded.— A shrub, 10— 15f
high, in mountains and woods, Mass. and N. Y., rare. Leaves nearly smooth,
1_2' long, i as wide, in crowded clusters at the ends of the branchlets. Flowers
small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed, petals entire. Fruit black, globose,
and with the inner bark, powerfully cathartic. This shrub is sometimes used
lor hedges. \

XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. 217

2. R. ALN-iFOLius. L'Her. (R. Iranguloides. Michx.) Alder-leaved

Buckthorn.

Shrub erect, with unarmed branches; Zt-x. oval, acuminate, serrate, pu-
bescent on the veins beneath ; fcd. aggregate, 1-flowercd ; /.>-. mostly pen'tan-

drous ; cal. acute ; shj. 3, united, very short ; //-. turbinate, black. — A shrub 2 4f

high, common in rough pastures and hills, Penn. to Can. Leaves 1 3' long

J as wide, acute at base. Flowers mostly apetalous. Berries about as large
as currants, black, 3-seeded. May, Jn.

2. C F, A N O T H U S.
Calyx tubular, campanulate, 5-cleft. separating transversely after
flowering ; petals 5, saccate-arched, with long claws ; stamens mostly
exserted ; style mostly 3-cleft ; capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled,

3-seeded, surrounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. >

Shrubby and thornless.

1. C. Americanus. Jersey Tea. Red-root.

I/vs. oblong-ovate, serrate, 3-veined; panicles axillary, elongated.— A
small shrub, with a profusion of white blossoms, found in woods and groves, U.
S. Very abundant on the barrens at the West. Stems 2 — 4f high, slender'
with reddisli, round, smooth branches. Leaves thrice as long as broad, very
downy, with soft hairs beneath. Flowers minute, white, in crowded panicles
from the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens enclosed in the cm-iously vaulted
corolla. The root, which is large and red, is sometimes used for coloring.
The leaves have been used as a substitute for tea. Jn.

2. C. ovALis. Bw. Oval-kavcd Ceanothiis.

Lis. oval-lanceolate, with glandular serratures, 3-veined, veins pubescent
• beneath ; thyrse corymbose, abbreviated. — Burlington, Vt., Rvbbins, W. to Mich.
Shrub 2-— 3f high. Leaves smooth and shining, 1 — 3' long, \ — h as wide most-
ly acute at each end, crenately serrate, the serratures tipped with black', glan-
dular points. Thyrse short, almost hemispherical, IJ' diam. Flowers white
larger than those of the last. May. '

Order XLVII. LEGUMINOS^.— Leguminous Plants.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, usually compound, margins entire.
Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2.
Cal. — Sepals generally 5, more or less united, often unequal.
Cor. — Petals 5. either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous.
Sta. diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct. Antliets versatile.
Ova. superior, single and simple. Stijle and stigma simple.
Pr. a legume, either continuous (1 celled), or (a lament) jointed into 1-seeded cells.
Sd.s. solitary or several, destitute of albumen.
The genera and species of this vast order were estimated by Mr. Bentham, in 1843, as follows
Suborder 1. Papilionacea;, 350 genera, 4800 species.

" 2. Cacsalpineae, 88 " 700 "

" 3. Mimoseae, 29 " looo "

Total, 467 " 6500 "

Geography.— The Leguminoseae are distributed throughout all lands, with the exception of a few
unimportant islands, from the equator to either of the frigid zones. Of its 6500 species now known, about
350 are natives of the United States and Territories.

Properties.— 'No family of the vegetable kingdom po.ssesses a higher claim to the attention of the
naturalist than the LeguminosEB, whether we regard them as objects of ornament or utility. Of the
former we might mention the splendid varieties of Cersis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with
their airj' foliage and silky stamen.^, the pride of India, Colulea and Ca^salpina, with a host of others,
which, like the sweet pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the beans, ptas, Itntiis, cluvur and
lucerne, are too well known to require particular commendation. Among timber trees tlu' Knscwood (a
Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive-green color, and the
locust (Robinia) of our own country, are preeminent?

The following are a few of the important officinal products of this order. In medicine : liquorice is the
product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna conaists of the leaves of
Cassia senna, C. acutifolia, C. jEthiopica and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marjlandica is also
a cathartic, but more mild than the former. The sweet pulp tamariml, is the product of a large and
beautiful tree {Tamarindus Indica) of the E. and W. Indies. Resins and balsams : Gum Senegal is
yielded by Acacia Verek of the river Senegal ; Gum Arabic, by several sjtecies of Acncia of Central
Africa; Gi/m Tragacijnth, by Astragalus verus, A-c, of Persia. Balsam Copaiva is the product of
several species of Copaifera, natives of Brazil and W. India ; liaham Tohi of Myosperraum toluiferum,
of Peni, and balsam Peru of M. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c. -. Indigo, the most valuable
of all. (but a violent poison,) is the product of several southern species of Indigof6ra,as I. anil of the W.
Indies, and I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood, from Ca?salpina Braziliensis. Log-mood from Hsmatoxy-
ten Campeachianum.of Campeachv.nnd Red iandol-irond [rom Plcrocarpuspantalinusof Egypl,&c.,&c.

21B

XLVll. LEGUMINOStE.

FIG. 43. — 1. Lath3Tus odoratus. 2. The stamens, the upper one free, and with the style, turned
upwards. 3. The legume. 4. A seed, showing the embryo with the two large cotyledons. 5. Hedysa-
rum boreale, a leaf and jointed legumes (loments). 6. One of the joints open, showing the seed.
7. TrifoUum pratense. 8. The legume and part of the calyx. 9. Section of the seed. 10. A flower
enlarged.

Conspectus of the Genera.
* Corolla papilionaceous.

i turgid,

00-seeded,

f Legumes ( i-seeded.

(00

E 1-celled.
[ sub-2-celled.
i Stem erect.
! St. twining.

(•Herbs.

f unequally.

Leaves 1 ,>-..■..„=«. ^ut

pinnate (.abruptly, . (not cirrhose.

Phaca. a

Astragalus. 21
Tephrosia. 13
Apios. 6

Petalostemon. 17
Dalea. 18

.S^chynormne. 25
Hedysarutn. 26
Coronilla.
Colutea.
Ainorpha.
Wistaria.
Robinia.
Vicia.

24

compr's'd.
[ Stamens 5.
! Stamens 10. .

S Sta. 5 & 5. .
J Fls. racemed. . . l Sta. 9 & 1. .
LLoment 2— 10-jnt. (Flowers umbellate. .

i Fls. yellow.
[ Erect. . . ( Fls. blue. .
< unarmed. . . ( Twining. Bracts colored.
L Shrubs and trees, . . ( armed with stipular spines. .

i Seeds oval.
$ outside. . ( Sds. globose. Pisu'/n.

. 5 Style villous ( inside, next the free sta. Lathyrus.

J cirrhose. (Style glabrous Ervum.

Stem erect § Vicia.

I J Calyx bibracteolate. . Lespedeza.
1-seeded, indehiscent. . (Calyx naked. . . . Psoralea. 14

2-seeded. None of the flowers apetalous. . . Melilotus. 19

2-seeded in the apetalous flowers AmpMcarpma. 10
S Keel and sta. circinate. Phaseoliis. 5
5 Cal.S-toothed ( Keel long-clawed, . . Clitoria. 9

00-seeded. (Calyx 4-toothed Galactia. 8

, \ i 2 jointed and one-seeded Stylosanthes. 23

r pinnately. ( Loment ( several jointed, several-seeded Dcsmodium. 27

I \ Leg. falcate or spiral. . Medicago. 20

S Stamens diadelph. (9ft 1.) (Leg. included in cal. . Trifolium. 18

{ Stamens lo, distinct, equal. Baptisia. 33

taburnum. 32

i Herbs Crotalaria. 30

i Shrubs Genista. 29

Leaves simple. . . . ( Trees ... Cercis. »4

leaves palmately S-ls foliate Uipimu. SI

28

Leaves (Herbs.

8-foliate (.palmately. (Trees.

Lathtrus. XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. Mf

♦ ♦ Corolla not papilionaceous.

\ Unarmed and frlubrous DarlingtonUi. 40

( Corolla regular. ( Armed with uncinate spines Schrmikia. 39

Herbs. (Corolla irregular Cassia, SS

Shrubs. Corolla ret'ular Mimosa. 38

( unarmed. GymnocladUl. 3fl

Trees J armed with triple spines Gleditschia. 31

Suborder 1. PAPIIjIONACEJB.

Petals papilionaceous, imbricate in aestivation, the upper one exter-
nal. Stamens mostly 10 and diadelphous.

1. LATHlfRUS.
Calyx campanulate, the 2 upper sepals shortest ; stamens 10, dia-
delphous (9 and 1) ; style flat, dilated above, ascending, bent at a
right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside next
the free stamen ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Herbaceous, mostly
climbing. Jbvs abruptly pinnate, of 1 — several pairs ofleajiets. Petioles
prodwced into tendrils. Peds. axillary.

1. L. vENosus. Muhl.

St. 4-cornered, naked ; dips, semi-sagittate, lanceolate, very small ; ped.
8 — 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; Ifts. 5 — 7 pairs, somewhat alternate,
obtusish, mucronate. — % In shady grounds. Can. and U. S. Stem erect, 2 — 3f
high, mostly smooth. Leaflets 1§ — 2' long. Pedmicles axillary, many-flow-
ered, aboutthe length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and nar-
roAv. Jn. Jl.

2. L. ocHROLKUcus. Hook. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.)

St. slender; pcd. 7 — 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; upper segments
of the calyx truncate, angular ; Ifls. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate ; stip. semi-cor-
date.— % A small, delicate species, very rare, in shady places and on river banks,
N. J. to Wise. ! N. to the Aictic circle. Stem 2 — 3f long, leaning or climbing
on other plants. Leaflets 1 — li' long, | as wide, larger than the stipules. Pe-
duncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white (ochroleu-
cous.) Jn. Jl.

3. L. PALUSTRis. Marsh Lathyrus.

St. winged ; stip. semi-sagittate, large, ovate, mucronate ; Ifis. in 2 pairs,
oblong-ovate, mucronate ; ped. 3— 5-flowered, larger than the leaves. — % A slen-
der climber, found in wet meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. Stem slender,
square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaves pin-
Date-cirrhose, leaflets broad or narrow-ovate. Flowers drooping, rather large,
variegated with blue and purple. Jn. Jl.

4. L. MARiTiMus. Bw. (Pisum maritimum. Ph.) Beach Pea.

St. quadrangular, compressed; petioles flat above; stip. sagittate; Ifts.
numerous, subalternate, ovate ; pcd. many-flowered. — A pale green, creeping
plant, resembling the common pea, foimd on sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W.
to Or. Stem rigid, 1 — 2f in length. Stipules connate. Leaves ending in a
branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Flowers large, blue. Pod
hairy. May — July.

5. L. MYRTIFOLIUS. Muhl.

St. quadrangular, winged, weak andflexuous; stip. semi-sagittate, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; Ifts. 2 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, vein-
less ; ped. longer than the leaves, 4 — 5-flowered.— t; A little climber, on river
banks. Can. to Md. Rnbbins. Stem about 3f long. Leaflets 1—2' long, i as
wide. Flowers pale purple. Jl. Aug.

6. L. LATiFOLius. Everlasting Pea.— Pcd. many-flowered ; Ifls. 2, lanceolate ;
joints membranous, winged.— 1j. A very showy plant lor gardens and arbors,
native of England. Stein Gf long, climbing, winged between the joints. Flow-
ers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 — 10' in length. Jl. Aug.

7. L. ODOR ATI'S. Sweet Pea.— Pcd. 2-flowcred; tfts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg.

19*

220 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. Vicia,

nirsute. — (J) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers ap-
pear in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant.

8. L. SATlvus. Chick Pea. — Peduncles 1-flowered; Ifts. 2 — 4; leg. ovate,
compressed, with 2 winged margins at the back. — (J) Native of S. Europe,
where it has been sometimes cultivated for food ; but it proves to be a slow poison
both to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering
the limbs rigid, but without pain.

2. VICIA.

Celtic gwig, whence Gr. 0ikiov, Lat. vicia, Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch.

Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segments straight and longer
than the 2 above; vexillum emarginate ; stamens 10, diadelphous
(9 and 1) ; style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, villous
"beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel) ; legume oblong,
several-seeded. — Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Leaves abruptly pin-
nate, with several pairs of leaflets and a branching tendril. Peduncles
axillary.

1. V. Americana. Muhl. American Vetch.

Smooth ; ped. 4— 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; slip, semi-sagittate,
deeply dentate ; Ifts. 10 — 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, veined, some-
what alternate ; legumes oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated. — N. Y. W. to
the R. Mts. Stems slender, 1— 3f long. Leaflets 1' by 5", subsessile. Flow-
ers blue or purple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer than the
2 upper. Style very hairy at the summit. May.

2. V. Caroliniana. Walt. Carolinian Vetch.

Ped. many-flowered ; fis. distant ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube,
the two upper very short; sty. hairy at the summit; Ifts. 8 — 12, linear-oblong,
smoothish ; leg. not reticulated, oblong.— Woods and river banks. A slender
climber, 4 — Gf long. Leaflets about 8" by 2—3". Flowers pale-blue, the ban-
ner tipped with deep purple. May.

3. V. cracca. Thifted Vetch.

Fls. in imbricated spikes; Ifts. lanceolate, pubescent; slip, semi-sagit-
tate, linear- subulate, entire. — A slender climber, 2 — 3f long, about fences,
hedges, thickets, &c., lat. 39° to Can. Stem square, downy. Leaves of many
pairs of downy, mucronate leaflets, with a branched tendril at the end of the
principal stalk. Leaflets 6 — 8" by 2— 3", petiolulate. Flowers blue and purple,
in a long, dense, one-sided raceme. July.

4. V. tetrasperma. Loisel. (V. pusilla. Muhl. Ervtmi. Linn.) Slen-
der Vetch.

Ped. about 2-flowered ; calyx teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; leg.
smooth, 4-seeded ; Ifts. 4 — 6, small, linear ; stip. lanceolate, semi-sagittate.— 3)
Slender and delicate plants, banks of streams, &c., Can. to Penn. Stems al-
most filiform, 1— 2f long. Leaflets 5 — 10" by 1", acute or obtuse. Flowers
very small, bluish-white, on filiform peduncles. Legumes 4 — 6" long, 4, some-
times 5-seeded. Jl.

5. V. sATivA. Common Vetch. Tares.

Fls. solitary or in pairs, subsessile ; Ifts. 10 — 12, oblong-obovate, often
linear, retuse, mucronate ; stip. semi-sagittate, subdentate, dotted ; leg. .erect,
roundish, reticulated, smooth.—® A slender, climbing plant, found in cultivat-
ed fields, introduced from Europe. Stem decumbent or climbing, 2— 3f long.
Leaflets 8 — 12" by 1 — 4", lower ones near the base of the petiole. Flowers
pale purple, half as long as the leaves. Legumes 1—2' long. Jn. §

6. V. Faba. Willd. (Faba vulgaris. Moench.) Coffee Bean. Windsor Bean,
^c. — St. rigidly erect, with axillary, m.any-flowered racemes; Ifts. 2 — 4, oval,
entire, mucronate or acute ; tendrils obsolete ; stip. semi-sagittate, dentate at
base.— Native of Egrpt. This species is frequently found in gardens, but not
so much admired as formerly for the table. Stem simple, 1— 2f high. Flowers

Phaseolus. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. 221

white, with a large black spot on each of the alae. Legume torulose. Seeds
very large, with the large hilum at one end. (See Fig. 19, 1, 2.) t

3. ERVUM.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the segments acute, linear, and nearly equal,
about the length of the corolla ; stigma capitate, smooth ; style fili-
form ; legume oblong, 2 — 4-seeded. — ® Lvs. abruptly pinnate, of many
leaflets and a terminal tendril.

E. niRsuTCM. Hairy or Creeping Vetch.

Lf/s. linear, truncate, mucronate; sfip. semi-sagittate, narrow; ped.
3 — C-flowercd, shorter than the leaves; leg. hirsute, 2-.seeded. — A creeping weed
in cultivated fields, N. Y. to S. Car. Stem very slender, 1 — 3f long. Leaflets
8 — 20, 4:— 8" long, hardly 1" wide, broadest above. Peduncles axillary, 3 — 6-
flowered. Calyx segments rather shorter than the bluish-white corolla. Le-
gumes short, with roundish, compressed brown seeds. Jn. ^1

4. P I S U M.

Celtic pi», Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. yoM.

Calyx segments leafy, the upper 2 shortest ; vexillum large, re-
flexed ; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style compressed, cari-
nate, villous on the upper side ; legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded ;
seeds globose, with an orbicular hilum. — Herbaceous, climbing. Lvs.
abruptly pinnate, ending zvit/i, branching tendrils.

P. SATIVUM. Common Garden Pea. — Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4; sttp.
ovate, serai-cordate at base, crenate ; ped. several-flowered. — (I) One of the
most valuable of leguminous plants, smooth and glaucous. Stem 2 — 5f long,
nearly simple, climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 — 3' long, § as wide, obtuse,
mucronate. Stipules rather larger than the leaflets. Flowers 2 or more, on ax-
illary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cultivated from time im-
memorial, so that its native country is unknown. There are many varieties.
Jn. X

5. PHASEOLUS.

Lat. phasclus, a little boat ; which the pods may be said to resemble.

Calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed ; keel with
the stamens and style spirally twisted ; legume compressed and fal-
cate, or cylindric, many-seeded ; seeds compressed, reniform. — Her-
baceous, twilling or trailing. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate: Lfts. stipellate.

1. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS. PCrS.

Sf. prostrate, difluse, scabrous with recurved hairs; //?.•;. angular, 2 — 3-
lobed or entire ; ped. longer than the leaf, few-flowered ; louder tooth of the cal.
longer than the tube ; kg. pubescent, broadly linear, cylindric. — ® A creeping
or climbing plant, 3 — 5f long, on sandy shores and prairies, Can. and U. S.
Leaflets 1 — 2' long, | as wide, with .scattered hairs beneath, often variously
and very obtusely lobed. Peduncles 2 — 8-flowered, 3 — 6' long. Corolla pur-
plish. Legumes become black when ripe, 5 — 7-seeded. Aug. — Oct.

2. P. iiELvoLus. (and P. vexillatus. Limi.)

St. slender, twining; lfts. between oblong-ovate and linear, entire; ped.
slender, several times longer than the leaves, few-flowered; leg. straight, cylin-
dric, 8— 10-seeded.— 'i; Sandy fields, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3— 5f long.
Leaflets 1—2' by i— 1'. Peduncles 4- -8' long; 4— 7-flowered. Calyx with 2
bracts at base. Corolla purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Legume 2 — 3'
long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug. Sept.

3. P. PERENNis. Walt. Wild Bean Vine.

Twining, pubescent; rac. paniculate, mostly in pairs, axillary; lfts.
ovate, acuminate, 3-veined ; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad-mucronate. — % A
slender, twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U. S., common. Stem 4— 7f
long, somewhat branching. Leaflets IJ — 3j' long, } — equal width; terminal

2*22 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. Wistaria.

one often subcordate, lateral ones unequally enlarged at base outside, under
surface scabrous. Racemes 1 — 3 together, 6 — 12' long, loose, oiten unfruitful.
Corolla purple and violet. Legume about 2' long, J' wide, with compressed,
renifcrm, dark purple seeds. July, Aug.

4. P. LEiospERMUs. Torr. & Gray.

St. slender, retrorsely hirsute ; Z/?s. linear-oblong, not lobed, as long as the
petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces ; slip, subulate ; ped. much lon-
ger than the leaves ; hds. few-flowered ; leg. very hirsute, about 5-seeded. T.
cf- G. abr. — Prairies, 111., Mead. Also Ark. and La. Stem 2 — 4f long, prostrate.
Leaflets 1 — 2' by 3 — 5". Pods about 1' long, \ as wide. Aug.

5. P. VULGARIS. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. String Bean. — St. twining;
Ifts. ovate-acuminate ; roc. solitary, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels in pairs ; cal.
as short as its 2 bracts at base ; kg. pendulous, long-mucronate ; seed reniform,
variously, often brightly colored. — (T) Native of E. Indies. Universally culti-
vated in gardens, not only for the mature fruit, but for the young pods, which
constitute that favorite dish called string beaiis. Stem 5 — 8f long, twining
against the sun. Flowers mostly white. July.

6. P. MULTiFLORUs. Scarlet Pole Bean. — St. twining ; Ifts. ovate-acute ; rac.
solitary, as long as the leaves ; jtedicels opposite ; cal. longer than the 2 appressed
bracts at base; leg. pendulous; seeds reniform. — (T) Native of S.America.
Stem 6 — lOf long, twining against the sun. Flowers scarlet, numerous and
very brilliant. Fruit not so generally admired as the last. July.

7. P. LUNATUs. Lima Bean. — St. twining; Ifts. ovate, deltoid, acute; rac.
shorter than the leaves ; ped. in pairs ; cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base ; Us.
scimetar-shaped, or somewhat lunate ; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-
white. — Native of E. Indies. Stem 6 — 8f long. Flowers small, whitish.
Much valued and cultivated. July.

8. P. NANDs. Dvmrf Kidney Bean. Bvsh Bean. IVhii-e Field Bean. — St.
smooth, very branching, erect ; Ifts. broad-ovate, acute ; cal. shorter than its 2
bracts at base ; leg. pendulous, compressed, rugose. — (T) Native of India. Stem
If high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small, but there are many varieties.
Much cultivated. June.

6. APIOS.

Cr. name for the wild pear, which the root resembles in form.

Calyx catapanulate, obscurely bilabiate, tbe upper lip of 2 very
sbort, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower
one acute and elongated ; keel falcate, pushing back the broad, pli-
cate vexillum at top ; ovary sheathed at base. — % Twining, smooth.
Root bearing edible tubers. Leaves pinnately 5 — 7-foliaic.

A. TUBER6.SA. Ph. (Glycine Apios. Linn.) Oromid Nut.

St. twining ; lis. pinnate, of 7 ovate-lanceolate leaflets ; rac. shorter than
the leaves. — Thickets and shady woods, Can. and U. S., twining about other
plants. Stem round, 2 — 4f in length. Leaves rather numerous, each consist-
ing of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd, terminal one. These are ovate,
narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Racemes axillary,
solitary, 1 — 3' long, crowded. Flowers dark purple. To the root are appended
oval, fleshy tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated
had we not the potato. Jl., Aug.

7. WISTARIA. Nutt.

In memory of Caspar Wistar, M. D., President of Am. Phil. Soc.

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one 3 sub-equal
teeth ; vexillum with 2 callosities ascending the claw and separating
above ; wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top ; legume
torulose : seeds many, reniform. — Twining.^ shrubby plants.^ with pin-
nate leaves. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts. Fls. lilac-colored.

Amphicarp^ia. XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. 223

1. W PRUTEscEvs. DC. (W. speciosa. Nutt. Glycine frutescens. Linn )
St. pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9—13 ovate or el-
hptic-lancfolate, acute, sub-pubescent; in-ni;s with 2 'auricles at base- ma
glabrous.— An ornamental, vigorous vine, in'rich alluvion. Southern and West-
ern States. Stems .several yards long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets 1

2' by J— 1'. Flowers nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous in
racemes 3—6 or 8' long, sheathed in very conspicuous bracts. Seeds spotted
Apr. May. f ^

2. W. coNSEauANA. Bcnth. Chinese Wistaiia.—Lfts. 9—13, ovate-lanceolate
silky-pubescent; roc. terminal, nodding, loosely man3'-flowered. — A splendid
flowering vine from China. Stem of rapid growth, 12f or more in length.
Flowers in long, pendulous clusters. May. in. ■\

8, GALACTIA.

Gr. yaXa, milk : alliuling to the juice of some of the species.

Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly equal length,
upper one broadest ; pet. oblong : vexillum broadest and incumbent ;
keel petals slightly cohering at top. — Herbs prostrate or iwi?iing, some-
times shrubby. Lvs. ^innately trifoliate. Rac. axillary.

1. G. GLABELI-A. Michx.

St. mostly prostrate, nearly glabrous; If/s. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at
each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath; rac. peduncu-
late, about the length of the leaves; Jls. pedicellate. — In arid soils, N. J. to Flor.
Stem 2 — 4f long. Leaflets 10 — 20" by 5—10", varying in form from elliptic
through oblong to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-piu-ple, greenish exter-
nally. Aug. Sept.

2. G. MOLLIS. Michx.

St. mostly twining, softly pubescent; Ifts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth
above, softly villose and whitish beneath ; rac'. longer than the leaves, pedun-
culate, fasciculate ; fs. on very short pedicels ; leg. villose. — Dry soils, Md. to
Ga. Stem several leet long. Leaflets about 1' long, | as wide. "Flowers about
half as large as in the last. Aug.

9. CLITORIA.

Calyx bibracteolate, tubular, 5-toothed, segments acuminate ; vexil-
lum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate ; keel smaller than the
wings, acute, on long claws ; legume linear-oblong, torulose, many-
seeded. — % Mostly tiriniiig. Lvs. pi?inately 3 — 5foliate. Fls. very
large., solitary or several together.

C. Mariana.

Glabrous ; st. suberect or twining, suflJhiticose ; Ifts. 3, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulate ; ped. short, 1 — 3-flowered ; bracteoles
and bracts very short ; leg. torulose, 3 — 4-seeded. — Dry soils, N. J. ! to Flor.
Stem 1 — 3f long, round, slender, branched. Leaflets rather remote, about 1' by
J'. Corolla pale blue, 2 — 2i' in length, calyx |', bracteoles 2". Jl. Aug.

10. AMPHICARP^A. Ell.
Gr. aficpi, around, Kopiros, fruit; in reference to the ovary sheathed at base.

Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4-toothed (or 5-toothed, the upper 2
united) with nearly equal segments; petals oblong; vexillum with
the sides appressed ; stigma capitate ; ovary on a sheathed stipe ;
legume flat, 2 — 4-seeded. — ® Slender., twining. Lvs. pinnately trifo-
liate. The upper fls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apetalous
and fruitful.

A. MONOiCA. Nutt. (Glycine monoica. Linn.) Pea Vine.

St. hairy; Ifts. ovate, acute, smooth; rac. of the stem with pendulous.

224 XLVII. LEGUMlNOSiE. Tephrosia.

petaliferous, barren flowers ; radical fed. with apetalous, fertile flowers. — A
very slender vine, in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem twining, rough
backwards, 4 — 8f in length. Leaflets veiy thin, 1 — 3' long, f as wide, lateral
ones oblique at base. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers pale purple.
Cauline legumes sraoothish, with 3 — 4 dark purple seeds. Radical legumes
often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. Jl. — Sept.

11. ROBINIA.

In memory of John Robin, lierbulist to Louis XIV.

Calyx short, campanulate, 5-eleft, the 2 upper segments more or
less coherent ; vexillum large ; aloe obtuse ; stamens diadelphous
(9 & 1) ; style bearded inside ; legume compressed, elongated, many-
seeded. — Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally pin-
nate. Fls. showy., in axillary racemes.

1. R. PsEUDACAciA. Loc'ust. Tree.

Branches armed with stipular prickles; Ifts. ovate and oblong-ovate;
roc. pendulous, smooth, as well as the legumes. — Native in Penn. and the more
Southern and Western States, and abundantly naturalized in N. Eng. In the
durability, hardness and lightness of its timber, and the beauty of its foliage
and flowers, it is exceeded % few trees of the American forest. West of the
Alleghanies it sometimes attains the height of 80f with a diameter of 3 or 4.
In N. England it seldom exceeds half these dimensions. The pinnate leaves
have a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8 — 12 pairs of leaflets,
with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth.
Flowers in numerous, pendulous clusters, diff'using an agreeable fragrance.
Pod nan-ow, flat, with 5 or 6 small brown seeds. When young, the tree is
armed with thorns which disappear in its maturity. May.

2. R. viscosA. Vent. Clammy Locust. — Sli'pular spines very short; branch-
leU, petioles and leg. glandular-viscid; Ifts. ovate; rac. crowded. — This beauti-
ful tree is from the South, where it attains the height of 40f The flowers
numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green
foliage, render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the
garden. Apr.

3. R. HispiDA. Rose Acacia. — Stipular spines almost wanting ; sAn<A mostly
hispid ; rac. loose, suberect. — A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States.
It is cultivated in our gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, red flowers.
Height a— 5f May.

3. rosea has its branches nearly smooth.

12. COLUTEA.

Calyx 5-toothed ; vexillum with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than
the obtuse carina ; stigma lateral, under the hooked summit of the
style, which is longitudinally bearded on the back side ; legume in-
flated, scarious. — Shrubs toith unequally pinnate leaves.

C. ARBORESCENS. Bladder Senna. — Lfts. elliptical, retuse ; vex. shortly gib-
bous behind. — A hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Italy, &c., growing
almost alone on the summits of Mt. Vesuvius. Stems 8 — 12f high. Leaflets
about 9. Flowers large, yellow, with a broadly expanded banner. In medi-
cine the leaves are used instead of senna. Jn. — Aug. f

13. TEPHROSIA.

Gr, T£<ppoi, ash-colored; in allusion to the color of the foliage.

Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate teeth ; bracteoles 0 ; vexillum
large, orbicular ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings ; stamens dia-
delphous (in the following species) or monadelphous ; legume linear,
much compressed, many-seeded. — Herbs and shrubs., with unequally
pinnate leaves.

A.MORPHA. XLVII. LEGUMINOS/E. 2*25

T. ViRGiN'iANA. Pers. (Galcga. Linn.) Goat's Rue. Cat-gut.

Erect, villous; Ifts. numerous, oblong, acuminate; /ac. terminal, subsea-
sile ; kg. lalcatc, villous. — % Plant 1 — 21' high, with heautil'ul while and pur-
ple flowers, I'ound in dry sand)' soils, Can., la., 111., S. lo Flor. Stem simple.
Leaflets 15 — '27, 10 — 13' by 2 — 3", mucronate, straight-veined, odd one oblong-
obcordatc, petiolules 1" long. Stipules subulate, J' long, deciduous. Flowers
large, in a dcn.'^c, terminal raceme. Calyx very villous. Banner while, keels
rose-colored, wings red. Jl.

14. PS OR ALE A.

Gr. ipoipaXsoi, leprous or scaly ; alluding to the glandular dots.

Calyx 5-cleft, carapanulaie , segments acuminate, lower one longest;
stamens diadelphous. rarely somewhat monadelphous ; legume as long
as the calj'x, 1 -seeded, iudehiscent. — '^1- or h Often glandvlar. Lvs.
various. Stip. cohenng with tlic base of the petiole. l<ls. cyanic.

1. P. FI.ORIBUXDA. Null.

Canescent, much branched, destitute of glands ; hs. palmately 3 — 5-
foliate; Ifts. oblong-obovate, varying to linear; stip. setaceous; rw^. slender,
40 — 50-flowered, twice longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers
and longer than the small, ovate, acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth.
—Alluvial soil. III. Mead.! and Ark. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem 2 — 4f high,
the branches spreading. Leaflets 1 — 2' by 2 — 4", common petiole \ — 1' long.
Flowers bluish purple, nearly as large (3" long) as in the two following. Jn.

2. P. ESCULENTA. Ph.

Hirsute, erect, branching ; lvs. palmately 5-foliate, Ifts. lanceolate ; spikes
axillary, dense ; cal. scg. lanceolate, a little shorter than the corolla ; leg. ensi-
form, beaked; rt. thick and fusiform.

B. (P. ESCULENTA. Nutt.) Nearly acax:lescent ; Ifts. oblong-obovate. — Mo.
near the lead mines. Stem a few inches high. Leaflets 1 — 3' long, nearly
half as wide. Flowers pale blue. The root is about V diam., rather insipid,
but is eaten by the Indians, either raw or boiled. Jn. Jl.

3. P. Ecr.ANDULosA. Ell. (P. melilotoidcs. MicLx.)

SI. much branched ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, fmcly dotted with glands ;
spikes oblong; bra/-ts broadly-ovate, acuminate, and with the calyx hairy; leg.
roundish, transversely wrinkled. — Dry soils, la. ! to Ark. Slender, 2f high,
spreading. Leaflets 2 — 2§' long, I as wide, obtuse, longer than the petioles.
Flowers blue. Pods 2" diam. Jn. Jl.

4. P. Onoerychis. Nutt.

Pubescent; Ifts. ovate, acuminate; roc. elongated; cal. much shorter
than corolla, teeth small, obtu.se, equal ; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled. —
Low grounds and thickets. Western States ! Stem rigidly erect, nearly simple,
'.i — 5f high. Leaflets 2 — 4' long, nearly J as wide. Flowers small, pedicellate,
blue. Pods exceeding the calyx, rostrate. Jn. Jl.

15. AMORPHA.

Gr. a, privative, fiop<pii, form; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla.

Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft ; vexillum concave, unguiculate,
erect ; wings and keel 0 ; stamens exserted ; legume oblong, some-
what curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 — 2-seeded.
— Shrubs or halfshrubbi/ American plants. Lvs. imcquall]/ pinnate,
punctate. Fls. bluish white, in virgatc racemes.

1. A. FRUTICOSA.

Pubescent or nearly glabrous, shrubby or arborescent ; Ifts. 9 — 13, oval,
petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem; cal. teeth obtuse,
short, lower one acuminate and ratlier the longest ; leg. 2-seeded. — A shrub or
small tree, 6 — 16f higVi, Wis. Lapham! to La. and JPlor., W. to Rocky Mts,
Leaves 3 — 5' long, leaflets about 1' by J', rather remote from each other and

•>2(> XLVII. LEGUMINOSjE. Trifolium.

Irom the stem, petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicaie racemes terminal, solitary
or fascicled, 3—4' long. Vexillum purple, emarginate. Jn.

2. A. CANEscENs. Nutt. Lead Plant.

Suffruticose and canescently villose ; Ifts. small, numerous, and crowded,
ovate-elliptical, subsessile, mucronate ; &fikcs aggregate ; /s. subsessile ; cal.
teeth equal, ovate, acute ; vex. bright blue ; leg. 1-seeded.— A beautiful species,
2 — if high, in dry, sandy soils! Wis. to La. and Rocky Mts., and is supposed
to prefer localities of lead ore. Leaves 2 — 3' long. Leaflets coriaceous, 16 — 24
pairs, obtuse at base, 4—6" by 1—2". Spikes 2 — 3' long. Jl. Aug.

16. DALE A.

In honor of Thomas Dcile, an English botanist of the last century.

Calyx subequally cleft or toothed ; petals unguiculate, claws of the
wings and keel adnata to the staminate tube half way up ; vexillum
free, the limb cordate ; stamens 10, united into a cleft tube ; ovary 2-
ovuled ; legume enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Mostly
herbaceous and glandular -punctate. Lvs. odd-phmate. Stipels 0, stipules
minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense.

D. ALOPEcuRoiDEs. Willd. (D. LinnEei. Michx. Petalostemon. Ph.)
Glabrous and much branched ; Ifts. 8 — 14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or
retuse, mucronate, punctate beneath ; spikes pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, ter-
minal, silky ; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the calyx. — ®
Prairies and bottoms, 111. ! Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and
pale green. Leaflets not more than 4" by 1", sessile, and nearly in mutual
contact. Spikes 1 — 2' long. Vexillum white, wings and keel pale violet.

17. PETALOSTEMON. Michx.

Alluding to the union of the petals and stamens.

Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal ; petals 5, on filiform claws, 4 of
them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the
staminate tube ; stamens 5, monadelphous ; tube cleft ; legume 1-
seeded. indehiscent, included in the calyx. — % Lvs. unequally pinnate,
ex-stipellate. Fls. in dense, pedwiculate, terminal spikes or heads.

1. P. CANDIDUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willi.)

Glabrous, erect ; Ifls. 7 — 9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate,
glandular beneath ; spikes on long peduncles ; bracts setaceous ; vex. broadly
cordate, the other petals ovate. — A fine-looking plant, in dry prairies Southern
and Western States ! Stem 2 — 4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Leaflets
9 — 18" by 3 — 5", terminal one largest. Flowers small, Avhite, crowded in dense
spikes which are 1 — 3' long. Jl.

2. P. viOLACEUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willd.)

Minutely pubescent, erect; Ifts. 5, linear, glandular beneath; spikes
pedunculate, oblong or subglobose ; vex. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse
at base. — A beautiful plant, of similar habits with the last. Stem slender, stri-
ate, subsimple, IJ— 2f high. Leaflets about 1' by 1", all sessile. Spikes 1—8,
very dense, J— IJ' long. Petals of a bright violet purple. Jl. Aug.

18. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn.

Gr. TpKpvWov, (three-leaved); Lat. trifolhtm; Fr. trefle; Eng. trefoil.

Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent ; petals more
or less united at the base, withering : vexillum reflesed ; alie oblong,
shorter than the vexillum; carina shorter than the aire : stamens 10,
diadelphous (9 & 1); legume short, membranous, mostly indehiscent,
covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 2 — 4-seeded ; seeds
roundish. — Herbs. Lvs. palmately trifoliate ; Ifts. loith straight, scarcely
reticulated veins. Flnioers in dense heads nr spikes.

Tripolium. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. 237

* Heads not invducrate. FloKcrs pedicellate, deflexed u-hen old.

1. T. REPEXS. Creeping OT White Clover or Trefoil. Shamrock.

St. creeping, diffuse; Ifts. obcordale, denticulate; stip. narrow, scarious;
hds. subumbellate, on verj' long, axillary peduncles ; kg. about 4-seeded ; cal.
teeth shorter than the tube. — % In all soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky,
throughout ><. Am. Stems several from the same root, extending 6 — 12', root-
ing at the joints. Pedimcle angular, much longer than the leaves. Flowers
white. May — Sep. — Highly valued for pasturage.

2. T. REFLEXCM. Buffalo Clover.

Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent ; Ifts. obovate or oblong-obovate,
serrulate, some of them emarginate; stip. leafy, semi-cordate; hds. many-flow-
ered; leg. about 4-seeded — H.! Prairies and meadows, Western! and Southern
States. "Stem 8—16' high. Leaflets subsessile, 7 — 8" by 4r-5"; petioles 1—2'
long. Heads large and handsome. Pedimcles 1 — 3' long. Vexillum rose-
red. Apr. — Jn.

3. T. STOLONIFERCM. Muhl. Running Bit ffolo Clovcr.

Glabrous, creeping ; branches axillary, ascending, short ; Ifts. broadly
obcordate, denticulate ; slip, leafy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; jls. loose, um-
bellate-capitate ; kg. about 2-seeded. — % Fields and woods. Western States !
, Stems 6 — 12' long, several together. Branches 3 — 4' high, generally with one
'head, which is 1' diam. Leaflets 6 — 10' by 5 — 9". Flowers white, erect, but
in fruit all reflexed. May, Jn.

* ♦ Heads not inrolucrate. Flowers never deflexed nor yellow.

4. T. ARVEXSE. Hare's-foot Trefoil.

Hds. cylindrical, verj' hairy ; calyx teeth setaceous, longer than the corol-
la; Ifts. narrow-obovate, — (J) Alow plant, abundant in dry, sandj' fields. Stems
much branched, round, hairy, 6 — 12' high. Leaves hairy, on short petioles,
of 3 narrow leaflets, i — 1' long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, often red.
Heads of white or pale red flowers, spiked, J — li' long, very soft and downy,
the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine, silky, reddish
hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. Jl. Aug. Common in N. Eng.

5. T. PRATEXSE. Common Red Clover. (Fig. 43, 7.)

Spikes dense ; sts. ascending ; cors. unequal ; loicer tooth of the calyx lon-
ger than the four others, which are equal ; Ifts. oval, entire.— {§) This" is the
common red clover, so extensively cultivated 'in grass lands, with herds-grass
(^Phlcum pratensc) and other grasses, and olten alone. Stems several from the
same root, hairy. Leaves ternate, the leaflets ovate, lighter colored in the cen-
tre, entire and nearly smooth. Stipules ovate, mucronate. Flowers red, in
short, ovate spikes or heads, sweet-scented. Corollas monopetalous. Flowers
all summer. ^

6. T. MEDIUM. Zig-Zag Clover.

St. suberect, branching, 'flexuous, nearly glabrous ; Ifts. oblong or ellipti-
cal, subentire ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate; hds. of fis. ovoid-globose, peduncu-
late ; cal. t^eth setaceous, hairy. — % In meadows, Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Heads
of flowers larger than in T. pratense. Corollas deep purple. Leaves of a imi-
fonn green. ^

7. T. ixcARXATL-M. Mesh-colored Clover. — S/. erect; flexuous • Z/fc. ovate-
orbicular, obtuse or obcordate, sessile, crenate, villous ; spikes dense, oblong,
obtuse, leafless ; cal. teeth setaceous, villous. — (i) A fine species from Italy, oc-
casionally cultivated as a border flower, and has been proposed (Z>/-. Dewey,
Rep. Herb. PI. Mass.) for cultivation as a valuable plant for hay.

* * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never defkxed, yellow.

8. T. PR0cu>rEEXs. Yellow Clovcr or Trefoil.

St. procumbent or ascending ; Ifts. obovate-cuneate, or obovate-orbicular,
obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal one petiolulate ; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, much shorter than the petioles; hds. small, subglobose, on shortish pe-
duncles ; cor. yellow ; sty. 3 or 4 times shorter than the 1-seeded legumes.— <D
In drv soils, N. H. ! to Va. Stems raanv from the same root, slender, more or
•20

328 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. Medicago.

less pubescent, striate, 3 — 10' long, often suberect. Leaflets 4 — 8' long, | —
equally as wide, lateral ones placed 1 — 2" below the terminal one, petiole J —
ly long. Heads about 20-flowered, 2 — 3" diam., on slender peduncles J — IJ'
long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jn. Jl. §

9. T. AGRARIUM. Field oT Hop Trefoil. Yellow Clover.

St. ascending or erect ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, or oblong-cuneate, denticu-
late, all subsessile ; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the
petiole; hds. ovoid-elliptic, on long peduncles ; 2 upper cal. segments shorter;
cor. yellow ; sty. about equaling the 1-seeded legume. — (T) Sandy fields, N. Eng !
Stems 6 — 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Leaflets 5—10" by 1 — 3".
Common petiole 3 — 10" long, the upper ones shorter than their stipules. Heads
of flowers twice larger than in the last, on peduncles | — IJ' long. Flowers at
length reflexed. Jl. Aug. ^

19. MELT LOT US. Tourn.
Lat. mel, honey, and lotus ; in doing it exhales a sweet odor.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla deciduous, keel pe-
tals completely united, shorter than the alas or vexillum ; stamens
diadelphous (9 and 1); legume rugose, longer than calyx, I — few-
seeded. — Genus taken from Tri folium. Lvs. f innately trifoliate, veins
of the leaflets simple or forked. Fls. in racemes.

1. M. OFFICINALIS. Willd. (M. vulgaris. Ea.) Yclloio Mclilot.

St. erect, with spreading branches ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate ;
rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the yellow corolla ;
leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. — Alluvial meadows. Stem sulcate, about 3f high. Leaf-
lets smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Flowers in long, 1-sided, slender
racemes. Petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. ^

2. M. LEUCANTHA. Koch. (TrifoHum officinale, /?. Linn. M. officinalis,
/?. alba, Nutt. and of 1st. edit.) White Mclilot. Sweet-scented Clover.

St. erect, branched ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the
apex, remotely serrate; stip. setaceous; cal. less than half as long as the white
corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. — (g) Alluvial soils. Stem robust, very branching,
sulcate, 4 — 6f high. Leaflets 1 — 2' long, more obtuse at the apex than at base,
mucronately serrate. Flowers numerous, the racemes more loose and longer
than in the last. Petals unequal, banner longer than wings or keel. Very fra-
grant when dried. Jl. Aug. ^f

20. MEDIC A GO.

Name derived from Medea, its native country?

Calyx 5-cleft, subcylindric ; keel of the corolla deflexed from the
vexillum by the falcate or spirally coiled legume. — Herbs with pal-
mately trifoliate leaves.

1. M. LUPULlNA. None-such.

Spikes ovate ; leg. reniform, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose ; sts. procumbent. —
(j) Common in fields and road-sides, Can. to Flor. Stems angular, leafy, 6 — 16'
long. Leaves resenibling those of clover. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucro-
nate. Spikes small,' of yellow flowers. Pods somewhat spiral, a form which
characterizes the genus. May — Oct. ^

2. M. sATiVA. Lmcerne Medkk.

Ped. racemed; leg. smooth, spirally twisted ; slip, entire; Ifts. oblong,
toothed. — 71- A deep-rooting plant, sending up numerous, tall and slender clover-
like shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Native of Europe, where it
is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been naturalized and cultivated to
some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. ^ -^
Z. M. iNTERTEXTA. HcdgB-hog. — Pfi/. about 2-flowered ; feo-. cochlea te, oval,
with downy, setaceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles ; Ifts. rhomboidal,
toothed. — (I) Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curi-
osity of its pods. About a foot in height. FloM-ers yellow. .Tn. — .'^ug. f

Stylosanthlb. XLVll. LEGUMINOSiE. 2S9

4. M. scuTELLATA. Snail. — Ped. 2-flowered; kg. unarmed, cochleate, or-
bicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds. — (J) Native
of S. Europe. Cultivated among flowers for the curiosity of its pods, which
much resemble snail shells. July, f

Oto.— Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens.

21. ASTRAGALUS.
Calyx 5-toothed ; keel of the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelphous
(9 & 1) ; legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. —
Herbaceous or suffruticnse., with uiiequally pinnate leaves. " Hairs often,
fixed by the middle.''^ {T. 6f G.)

1. A. Canadensis. Canadian Milk Vetch.

Canescent, erect, diff"use ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; Ifts. about
10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse ;
ped. about as long as the leaves, when in fruit shorter ; spikes oblong ; its. spread-
ing, somewhat reflexed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled,
many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style. — IX River
banks, &c.. Can to Flor. At the ferry, Niagara Falls ! Stem bushy, about 3f
high, very leafy. Flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods i' in
length, leathery. Jl. Aug.

2. A. OBCORDATUS. Ell. 1

Nearly smooth, procumbent, branched; Ifts. 8 — 12 pairs, obcordate or
oblong-obovate ; ped. about as long as the leaves ; rac. 6 — 12 flowered, roimd-
ish ; leg. oblong, triangular, a little curved, acute at each end, the lower suture
sulcate. — Prairies and bottoms. 111. Met^d! N. Car. to Flor. Baldwin. Plant
but 4 — 6' long, branched at base. Leaves about 3' in length. Leaflets 3 — 6" by
1 — ij", lower ones roundish. Flowers blue, 4 — 5" long, frmt about 1'.

22. PHACA.

Gr. (paKrj, lentil, derived from 0ay(j, to eat.

Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; legume
continuous, turgid, 1 -celled; placenta swelling, several-seeded. — %
Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in axillary, pedunculate racevies.

1. P. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Grav.

Erect, branching, nearly smooth ; Ifts. elliptical, 8—13 pairs (5—9, T. &
G.); stip. minute ; rac. many-flowered, rather loose; fe^. sessile, smooth, round-
ish-ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. — By streams
and lakes. Western N. Y. to Wiscon. LaphamJ Plant resembling Astragalus
Canadensis, but more slender and delicate. Stem 1— 2f high, terete. Leaflets

9 15" by 3 — 5", minutely puberulent beneath. Flowers white, 10 — 20 in a

raceme. Pods about f long, with many small seeds. Jn. Jl.

2. P. RoBBiNsii. Oakes.

St. erect, simple, striate; Ifts. 5—11, elliptical, very obtuse, terminal one
largest; stip. triangular-ovate; ped. long, erect, each with a short, ovate or ob-
long raceme; car. horizontal, twice as long as the calyx; keel obtuse, shorter
than the other petals ; kg. tipped with the recurved, persistent style. — Ledges,
banks of Onion River, Vt. Robbins! Plant nearly smooth. Stem slender,
8 — 14' high. Leaves remote, 2 — 4' long. Leaflets 4-— 8" by \\ — 3", petiolulate.
Racemes surpassing the stem, on peduncles 5 — IC loiig, 12 — 18-flowered.
Corollas white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4 — 8-seeded. May, Jn.

23. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz.
Gr. o-niXos, a style, av^os, a flower, i. e. a flower with a conspicuous style.

Flowers of two kinds, c? Calyx somewhat bilabiate, bibracteolate
at base, the tube very long and slender, with the corolla inserted on
its throat; vexillum very broad ; stamens 10, monadelphous ; ovary
always sterile, with a very long style. 9 Calyx and corolla 0 ; ovary

230 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. HEm-sARUM.

between 2 bracteoles ; legume 1 — 2-jointed, uncinate with the short,
persistent style. — Lvs. pinnately trifoliate.

S. ELATioR. Swartz. (Trifolium biflomm. Linn.) Pencil Flower.

St. pnbescent on one side ; Ifls. lanceolate, smooth, acute at each end ;
bra-cts lanceolate, ciliate; spikes 3— 4-flowered ; lament ]-seeded (lower joint
abortive).— '1]. Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Flor. and Ark. Stem mostly
erect, branched, If in height, remarkable I'or being densely pubescent on that
side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the other side is
smooth. Leaves on short stalks, leaflets 1' or more in length. Bracts fringed
with yellow bristles. Flowers yellow. Jl. Aug.

24. CORONILLA.

Lat. corona, a. crown; from the resemblance of the inflorescence.

Calyx bilabiate ; petals unguiculate ; loment somewhat terete,
jointed ; seeds mostly cylindrical. — Mostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally
pinnate. Fls. in simple., pedunculate umbels.

1. C. Emeru-s. Scorpion Senna. — S^. woody, angular ; ^e<^. about 3-flowered ;
claws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. — A beautiful, free-flowering
shrub from France. Stem about 3f high, aquare, with opposite branches. Leaf-
lets about 7, broadly obcordate. Flowers rose-colored, collected in little tufts
on the ends of the subaxillary peduncles. Apr. — Jn. -f

2. C. VARiA. Purple Coronilla. — St. herbaceous, erect, smooth, branching;
lvs. sessile, smooth; Ifts. 11 — 19, all subsessile, oblong, obtuse; umbels long-
pedunculate, 10 — 15-flowered ; Jls. pale purple. — An elegant Em-opean species,
2 — 4f high, crowned with many hemispherical umbels 1' diam. Jl. — Sept. f

25. iESCHYNOMENE.

CrT. ai(T)(yvofiai, to be modest; alluding to its sensitive property.

Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower trifid ; vexil-
lum roundish ; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base ; stamens
diadelphous, 5 in each set ; legume exserted, composed of several
truncated, separable, 1 -seeded joints. — Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. semi-
sagittate. Rac. axillary.

M. HispiDA. Willd. (Hedysarum Virginicum. Linn.')
St. erect, scabrous-pubescent, as well as the petioles, peduncles, and
legumes ; Ifts. very smooth and numerous (often as many as 49, Nutt.), linear,
obtuse ; stip. ovate, acuminate ; rac. 3 — 5-flowered ; loment compressed, 6 — 9-
jointed. — (I) Marshes, Penn. to Flor. Stem 2 — 3f high. Leaflets about f long.
Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, reddish outside. Legume
2' long, sinuate on one side. Aug.

26. HEDYSARUM.

Gr. r]6vi, sweet, apayjia, smell; some of the species are fragrant.

Calyx cleft into 5, linear-subulate, subequal segments ; keel ob-
liquely truncate, longer than the wings ; stamens diadelphous (9 «& 1 ),
and with the style abruptly bent near the summit ; legume (loment)
of several 1 -seeded joints connected by their middle. — % Mostly herba-
ceous. Lvs. unequally pinnate.

H. BOREALE. Nntt. NorlJiern Hedysarum.

)S<. erect; lvs. subsessile, of 6 — 10 pairs of oblong, smoothish leaflets;
stip. imited, sheathing, with subulate points ; rac. spicate, on long peduncles ;
fls. numerous, deflexed ; cat. teeth short, the lowest longest ; keel longer than the
banner or wings ; joints of the legume 1 — 4, flat, suborbicular, rugose-reticu-
late.— On the precipitous sides of Willoughby Mt. Westmore, Vt. 500f above
the lake below ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem rigid, 1 — 2f high, very leafy. Leaf-
lets 5 — 8" by 2 — 4", obtuse-mucronulate. Racemes 2 — 4' long, on rigid pedun-
cles 3 — 5'. Flowers large and handsome, violet-purple. Jn. Jl.

Desmodilm. XLVll. LEGUMLNOSiE. SSI

27. DESM ODIUM. DC.
€iT. Stofios, a bood ; in reference to the slightly connected JoinU of the lomentl

Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base ; vexilltiia
roundish; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), sometimes
monadelphous ; legume (loment) compressed, composed of several
1 -seeded, separable joints. — Genus taken from Hedysarum. % Her-
baceous or suffruticose. Lvs. piyinately trifoliate.

* Staniens all connected. Calyx toothed or entire,

1. D. NUDiFLORUM. DC. (Hcdysarum. Linn.)

Lfts. roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly glaucous beneath; scape radical,
panicled, smooth; joints of the loment obtusely triangular — Common in woods,
U. S. and Can. It is remarkably distinguished by having its leaves and flow-
ers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Stem 8—10' high, with
several ternate, lonsj-stalked, smoothish, terminal leaves. Scape 2^— 3f long,
slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with many small, purple flowers. Aug.

2. D. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.)

Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at top ; lfts. ovate, long-acuminate,
the odd one round-rhomboidal ; panicle terminal, on a very long pedimcle. —
Common in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 — 12' high, ending in a slender
panicle 1 or 2f long. Leaves at the top of the stem and below the panicle.
Terminal leaflet roundish, 3' diam., lateral leaflets smaller, all of them covered
with scattered, appressed hairs and conspicuously pointed. Flowers small,
flesh-colored. Pod of about 3 triangular joints. July. Aug.

3. D. PAUciFLORUM. DC. (H. pauciflorum. Nutt.)

St. assurgent, simple, or slightly branched, retrorsely hairj'; lfts. mem-
branaceous, pale beneath, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal,
lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute, or subacuminate ; roc. termi-
nal, few-flowered ; Jls. in pairs ; pet. all distinct ! spreading. — Woods, Penn.
to 111. and La. Root creeping, tubercular. Stems often clustered. If high.
Petioles 2 — 3' long. Leaflets 1 — 3' long, } — f as wide. Flowers 2 — 6, white or
purplish. Legume of 2 — 3 obtusely triangular joints. Jl. Aug.
* * Statnens diadelphmis or the tenth stamen nearly free.

4. D. Canadense. DC. (Hedysarum Canadense. Linn.) Bv,sh Trefoil.

Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, nearly smooth ; stip. filiform ; l^racts. ovate, long-
acuminate ; fls. racemcd; joints of the Iwnent obtusely triangular, hispid. — Rath-
er common in woods. Can. to Penn. and la. A handsome plant about 3f in
height. Stem upright, striate. Leaflets 3' long, broadest at base, pointed, near-
ly smooth. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes with conspicuous
bracts. Pods about 5-jointed. Jl.

5. D. CANEscENs. DC. (D. Aikinianum. Beck. H. canesc. L.)

St. erect, branched, striate, scabrous ; lfts. ovate, rather obtuse, scaorous
on the upper surface, soft-villous beneath ; slip, large, oblique, acuminate ; pan.
terminal, very long, densely canescent, naked ; joints of the loment triangular ;
upper lip of the calyx nearly entire. — Woods, N. Eng. to Flor. An upright,
branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers greenish externally, piu'ple
within. Stem 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed. Aug.

6. D. DiLLE.Mi. Darl. (D. Marilandicum. DC. H. Maril. WiUd.)
DiUenius' Dcsmodium.

Plant erect, branching, hairy ; lfts. oblong, villose beneath ; stip. subu-
late; roc. panicled; joints of the loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy.
—Moist soils, Northern and Western States. Stem sulcate, scabrous, ^rrpi,
high. Leaflets 2—3' by 1—2', smooth above. Panicle large, termwial,. u^je4f;
Flowers purple. Jl. - •M••l'•

7. D. cuspidatum. T. &G. (D. bracteosum. ^CH, bract. JMiE^)f up.--.
Plant erect, smooth ; lfts. oblong-oval or ovate, acuminate j: siip.laxieeS^
late-subulate; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scattered flowers^; IA^h;^
ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth ; joitUsof the htiieiU suboval.-^A larger spo-
20*

232 XLVII. LEGUMINOSjE. Desmodium.

cies than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem branch-
ing, erect, 4 — 5f high. Leaflets 3' long, widest at base, smooth, entire, pointed.
Stipules of the leaves ovate, long-acuminate, of the leaflets awl-shaped. Flow-
ers large, purple, with conspicuous bracts. Pods in about six joints, long, pen-
dulous, rough. Aug.

8. D. Marilandicum. Boott. (D. obtusum. DC. H. Marilandicum. Linn.')
Plant erect, branching, hairy; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base;

slip, subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the lomcnt roundish, reticulate, hispid.
—Woods, N. States to Flor. Stem 2— 3f high. Leaflets J— 1' long, | as wide.
Flowers violet-purple, small. Loment 1 — 3-jointed. Aug.

9. D. ciLiARE. DC. (H. ciliare. Wllld.) Fringed Desmodium.

Plant erect, slender, subpubescent ; Ivs. crowded, on short, hairy petioles ;
Ifts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the margin ; slip.
filiform, caducous ; panicle \.&i-xn\nB.\, the lower branches much longer ; joi?i<5
of the loment 2 or 3, half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate. — Woods, N. Eng. to La.
Height 2f. Flowers purple. Aug.

10. D. RiGiDUM. DC. (H. rigidum. Ell.)

Erect, branching, rough-pubescent ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse, terminal
one the longest ; petiole short, hairy ; slip, acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; roc.
paniculate, very long ; Zeo-. with 2 — 3 semi-oval or semi-obovate joints. — Hills
and woods, Mass. to La. Stem 2 — 3f high, often with numerous, long, erect,
rigid branches. Leaflets 1 — 3' long, J as wide, rather coriaceous, reticulately
veined. Flowers violet-purple. Aug.

11. D. PANiGULATUM. DC. (H. pauiculatum. Linn.)

Plant erect, smooth ; Ifts. thin, oblong-lanceolate ; slip, subulate ; panicle
terminal, with long and slender pedicels ; bracts lanceolate ; joints of t/w loment
rhomboidal. — A handsome species, near 3f in height, found in woods, U. S. and
Can. Stem slender, striate. Leaves of 3, smooth, narrow leaflets, broadest at
the base, tapering to an obtuse point, about 3' in length, with subulate, decidu-
ous bracts. Pods 4 — 5 jointed, large. Flowers purple, numerous. Jl. Aug.

12. D. ROTUNDiFOLiuM. DC. (H. rotuudifoHum. Linn.)

St. prostrate, hairy; Z/fo. suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts hroa-dly
ovate, acuminate; rac few-flowered; joi^its of the loment subrhomboidal. — A
hairy, prostrate plant, 2 — 3f in length, found in rocky woods throughout the
U. S. Leaves of 3 roundish leaflets, pale beneath, 1 — 2' diam.,on hairy stalks.
Stipules cordate, reflexed, hairy. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal
racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug.

13. D. HUMiFusDM. Beck. (H. humifusum. Muhl.) Prostrate Desmodium.
St. procumbent, striate, nearly smooth ; Ifts. oval, sub-pubescent ; slip.

persistent ; rac. axillary and terminal ; leg. of 2-— 4 obtusely 4-angled joints. —
Woods, Waltham, Mass. Bigcloio, Penn. 3Iuhl. A species much resembling
the last, but the whole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower
bracts. Stem 2 — 3flong. Leaflets oval or ovate, subacute. Aug.

14. D. viRiDiFLORUM. Beck. (Hedys. virid. Linn.)

St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above ; Ifts. ovate, mostly ob-
tuse, scabrous above, softly villous beneath ; slip, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
caducous ; panicle very long, leafless ; cal. very hairy, upper lip bifid ; leg. of 3 — i
triangular joints. — Alluvial soils, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3 — 4f high,
rigid, branched. Leaflets 2 — 3' long. Corolla violet, turning green in withering.
Legume 1 — 2' long.

15. D. L.s;viGATUM 1 DC. (H. lEevigatum. Nutt.)

Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; Ivs. on long petioles ; Ifts. ovate or oblong-
ovate, rather obtuse; slip, subulate, minute and deciduous; particle terminal,
nearly simple ; Jls. in pairs, on elongated peflicels ; bracts ovate, very small ;
upper lip of calyx emarginate, segments of the lower lip lanceolate, lowest one
acuminate, half as long as the corolla. — Woods, N. J. Nutt. Harper's Ferry !
The smoothest of our Desmodia, 2 — 3f high. Leaflets rather coriaceous, 1 — 2^'
long, I— If wide. Pedicels 5— -8" long. Flowers purple. Sept. — My speci-
mens, as well as those of Nuttall, are without fruit.

LEsptDEZA. XLVIl. LEGUMINOSjE. 333

16. D. SEssiLiFOLiCM. Torr. & Gray. (H. sessilifolium. Tbrr.)

S<. erect, toraentose-pubescent ; Zfs. sessile ; Ifts. linear or linear-oblong,
obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentbse beneath; if?;?, subulate;
panicle of spicate rac. very long; bracts minute; Ifg. small, hispid, of 2 — 3 semi-
orbicular joints. — Woods, Western States and Texas. Stem 2 — 3fhigh. Leaf-
lets about 2' by i'. Flowers small, numerous and crowded. Aug.

17. D. sTRicTUM. DC. (FI. strictum. Punk.)

Erect, slender, nearly glabrous and simple ; /i-5. petiolate ; Ifts linear,
elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate ; stip. subulate ; pani-
cles slender, few-flowered ; leg. hispid, incurved, of 1 — 3 lunately triangular
joints with a filiform isthmus. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. and La. Stem
about 3f high. Leaflets 2 — 3' by 2 — 3", longer than the petioles. Flowers
small, purple, on very slender pedicels. Aug.

28. LESPEDEZA. Michx.

In honor of Leapedez, governor of Florida, who protected Jlichaux in his travels there.

Calyx S-parted, bibracteolate, segments nearly equal ; keel of the
corolla very obtuse, on slender claws ; legume (loment) lenticular,
compressed, small, unarmed, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — (3-eniis taken
from Hedysarum. % Lis. falmatdy trifoliate., reticulate-veined.
§ FloweTs all complete and fertile, in dense spikes. Corolla ochroleucous

or white, with a purple spot on the vexillum, scarcely longer than the

calyx.

1. L. capitata. Mx. (L. frutescens. Ell. Hedysarum frutescens. Willd.)Busk
Clover. — Lfts. elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent ; slip, subulate ; fascicles of

Jls. ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; laments hairy, shorter than
the villous calyx. — An erect, hairy, half-shrubby plant, in dry soils, Can. to Car.
Stem nearly simple, villous, 2 — If high. Leaves numerous, on short petioles,
consisting of 3 coriaceous leaflets. Leaflets 1 — U' by 3— -6", nearly smooth
above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug. Sept.
,5. angiistfolia. Ph. (L. angustifolia. Ell.) — Ljts. linear, smooth above.

2. L. HiRTA. Ell. (Hedysarum hirtum. Linn.')

Villous and pubescent; lfts. roundish-elliptic; rac. capitate, axillary, ot)-
long, longer than the leaves ; cor. and lonunt about as long as the calyx. — Plant
3— 4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branching and very
hairy. Leaves less numerous than in the last, on very short stalks, consisting
of 3 oval leaflets hairy beneath. Peduncle hairy, becoming longer than the
raceme. Flowers reddish-white, crowded. Aug. Sept.

§ § Flowers of two kinds, complete and apetalons, the latter chiefly hear-
ing the fruit. Corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx.
Lespedezaria. T. & G.

3. L. PRocLMBENs. Michx. (Hedysarum repens. Willd.)

S'. procumbent, villose ; If's. oval, upper surface smooth ; rac. short, on
very long, setaceous peduncles ;" laments roundish, pubescent. — Dry woods and
sandy fields, Mass. to La. Plant pubescent in all its parts. Stems several from
the same root, slender, 2 — 3f long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong or roundish
leaflets, on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in short, raceme-like heads, axillary,
the lower ones apetalous, and on short, the upper on very long, thread-like
peduncles. Aug.

4. L. REPENS. Torr. & Gray. (H. repens. Linn.) Creeping Lespedeza.
St. prostrate, diffuse, nearly smooth ; lfts. oval or obovate-elliptical, smooth

above, on very short petioles ; pr'd. axillary, filiform, simple, few-flowered, lower
ones bearing apetalous flowers ; leg. suborbicular, subpubescent. — Dry .soils,
Can., Hooker, N. J. and Southern States ! Probably it will yet be found in N. Y.
Stems very slender, numerous. Leaflets 5 — 9" by 3 — 5", obtuse. Peduncles
2 — 3' long. Aug. Sept

5. L. viOLACEA. Pers. (H. violaceum. Linn.) Violet Lespedeza.
Erect or diffuse, branching; //fo. elliptic or oval-oblong, obtu.se or emar-

•J34 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^. Crotalaria,

ginate, about equaling the petiole, more or less pubescent beneath ; roc. axillary,
subumbellate, lower ones with apetalous flowers ; ji$. in pairs ; Ug. ovate, smooth-
ish, much longer than the calyx. — Dry woods. Can. and U. S. Root creeping
and woody. Stems clustered, slender, 8 — 14' long. Apetalous flowers few, the
complete ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 6 — 12" by 4 — 8". Petioles
9 — 18" long. Corollas small, violet, pedicellate. Legume rhomboidal. Jl. Aug.
/?. dlvergcns. (L. divergens. Ph.) Pcrf. filiform, divergent, much longer than
the leaves, mostly unfruitful; leg. reticulate. — Leaflets ovate.

6. L. sessiliflOra. Michx. (L. violacea, 0. T. tf* G.)

St. erect, branching, puberulent ; Ifls. small, oblong-oval, obtuse, mucro-
nate, longer than the petioles ; Jls. glomerate, on peduncles much shorter than
the leaves, those at the base apetalous and fertile ; loicer segment of the calyx in
the complete flowers much longer than the others ; leg. orbicular-ovate, reticu-
lated, smooth, much longer than the calyx. — Woods, Can. ! to Flor., Ohio ! and
La. Stem rigid, slender, 1 — 2f high, with numerous, crowded, small leaves.
Leaflets rigid, 3 — 6 or 8" by 1 — 2". Flowers numerous, mostly apetalous.
Legume about 2" diam. Aug. Sept.

7. L. RETICULATA. Pers. (h. violacea, y. T. tf- G.)

St. erect, rigid, simple, glabrous; petioles nearly erect; Ifts. sublinear,
-strigose-pubescent beneath, strongly reticulated and mucronate ; Jls. fasciculate
on short, axillary peduncles; seginents of the calyx of nearly equal length ; leg.
strongly reticulated, acute. — N. J. ! to 111. ! and La. Stem 2f or more high, slen-
der, rarely branched. Leaflets 10 — 18" by 1§ — 3", a little broadest in the mid-
dle, acute at each end, upper ones smaller. Flowers all complete in some speci-
mens, all apetalous in others. Corolla violet. Legume li" diam. Aug.

8. L. Stuvei. Nutt.

Erect, branched, tomontose-pubescent ; Ifts. oval or roundish, longer than
the petiole ; rcLC. axillary, many-flowered, equaling or exceeding the leaves in
length; apetalous fls. few; leg. hairy, ovate, acuminate, longer than the subulate
calyx teeth. — Dry soils, N. Y. to La. A variable plant, 2 — 3f high. Leaves
always hairy beneath, generally so above. Corollas purple, much longer than
the calyx. Aug. Sept.

29. GENISTA.

Celtic ge7i, Fr. genet ; a small shrub.

Calyx with the upper lip 2-parte(i and the lower 3-toothed ; vexil-
lum oblong ; keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens and style ;
stigma involute ; stamens monadelphous. — Shrubby plants with sim-
ple leaves and yellow flowers.

G. tinctoria. Dyer's Broom. Wood-toaxen,

Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth; leg.
smooth. — % A naturalized species, found occasionally in dry, hilly grounds.
Stems or branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creep-
ing roots. Leaves sessile, alternate. Flowers bright yellow, axillary, sessile,
or nearly so, solitarj'. The whole plant dyes yellow, and with woad, green. Aug.
30. CROTALARIA.
Gr. KpoToKov, a rattle ; from the rattling of the loose seeds in the pods.

Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat bilabiate ; vexillum cordate, large ; keel acu-
minate ; sta. 10, monadelphous ; filamentous sheath eleft on the upper
side ; legume pedicellate, turgid. — Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. often simple.

C. sagittalis. Rattle-box.

Plant erect, branching, hairy ; lvs. simple, lanceolate ; slip, opposite,
acuminate, decurrent; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves; cor. shorter than
the calyx. — ® Plant about a foot high, with a hairy aspect, and inflated pods,
in woods and sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. Stem herbaceous, rigid. Leaves al-
ternate, entire, nearly sessile, rounded at the base. The plant is best distin-
guished by its opposite, united, decurrent stipules, so situated that each pair ap-
pears inversely sagittate. Sepals long, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Seeds
few, rattling in the turgid pod. Jl.

Baptisia. XLVIl. LEGUMINOS.E. 335

31. LUPlNUS. Tourn.
Lat. lupus, a wolf; because it overruns tlie field and devours iu fertility. (Doubtful.)

Calyx deeply bilabiate, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3- toothed ;
wings united towards the summit ; keel acuminate ; stamens mona-
delphous, the filamentous sheath entire ; anthers alternately oblong
and globose ; legume coriaceous and t'orulose. — Herbs. Lvs. pabnate-
ly 5 — \b-foliate.

1. L. PERENNis. Common Lvpine.

Rt. creeping, perennial ; //?.<. 7 — 9, oblanceolate, mucronate ; Rs. alternate ;
cai. without appendages, upper lip cmarginate, lower entire. — % Grows wild
abundantly in sandy woods and hills, Lake Champlain to Wis. Lapham ! S. to Ga.
It is a beautiful plant, much cultiv^ited in gardens. It is often called sun-dial,
Irom the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till
night. Stem erect, soft, smoothish, a foot high. Leaves soft, downy, on long
stalks. Llts. li — 2' by 4 — 6", lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flowers
blue, varying to white, in a terminal spike or raceme. May, June.

2. L. POLYPHYLLUs. Lindl. Many-lcavcd LvpiTu:. — Tall ; //i!^. 11— 15, lanceo-
late, .sericeous beneath ; /.S-. alternate, in a very long raceme; jmlicds longer
than the lanceolate, deciduous bracts ; cal. ebracteolatc, both lips subentire ; Leg.
densely hairy. — 7]- A splendid ornament of the garden, from Oregon. Stem
3 — 5t' high. Racemes a foot or more long. Flowers scattered (subverticillate
in p. grandlfolius, Lindl.), white, purple or yellow in diflerent varieties, f

3. L. N00TK.A.TEN-SIS. Doun. Nootka So^md L/upine. — St. villous, with long,
spreading hairs; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, attenuate at base, sericeous
beneath; <:«/. very hairy, both lips nearly entire; bracts linear, hairy, longer
than the calyx.— A haiidsome species, from the N. W. Coast, 2 — 3f high, in
gardens. Leaflets about 7. Flowers purple, f

4. L. AUBOREUs. Tree Lnipinc. — Fruticose ;/?.<. in whorls ; cal. appendaged,
lips acute, entire. — A handsome exotic shrub, Gf high, with large yellow flowers, f

Ois —Several annual species are occasionally sown in gardens, as L. albus, with white flowers ; L. pi-
l09us. with rose-colored Howera ; L. luleus, with yellow flowers, and L. hirsutus, with blue flowers, and
an appendaged caly.\.

32. LABURNUM. Benth.

Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; upper lip 2, lower 3-toothcd ; vexil-

lum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings ; filaments diadelphous

(9 «fc 1) : legume continuous, tapering to the base, several-seeded. — Ori-

ental thornless shrubs or trees. Lvs. palmatcly trifoliate. Fls. viostly yellow.

1. L. vuLGARE. (Cytisus Laburnum. Linn.) Golden Chain. — Arborescent;
If's. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acuminate ; rac. simple, elongated, pendulous;
ks. hirsute.— A small, ornamental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. Flowers
numerous, large, in racemes If long, f

2. L. ALPl-NUM. (Cytisus alpinus. Linn.) Scotch Laiynrnum. — Arborescent ;
Ifls. oblong-ovate, rounded at base ; rac. long, simple, pendulous ; kg. glabrous.
—A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of various alpine regions of Europe. Like
the former, it develops numerous, brilliant yellow flowers, in long, drooping clus-
ters.—There are varieties with ochroleucous, white, and even purple flowers, f

33. BAPTISIA. Vent.

Gr. ffavTw, to dye; a use to which some species are applied.

Calyx 4— 5-cleft half-way, persistent ; petals of about equal length,
somewhat united ; vexillum orbicular, cmarginate ; stamens 10, dis-
tinct, deciduous : legume inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion
few)-seeded.— "4- Lvs. palmatcly o-Jvliate, or simple.

1 B. TiNCTORiA. R. Br. (Sophora. Limi. Podalyria. Lam.) Wild Indigo.

Glabrous, branching ; lis. palmatcly 3-foliate, subsessile ; Ifts. roundish-

obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex; stip. setaceous, caducous; rac.

236 XL VII. LEGUMINOa.'E. Cassia.

loose, terminal ; fc^'. subglobose. — A plant with bluish-green foliage, frequent in
dry soils, Can. and U. S. Stem very bushy, about 2f high. Leaflets about 7"
by 4 — 6", emarginate, petiole 1 — 2" long. Flowers 6 — 12 or more in each ra-
ceme. Petals 6" long, yellow. Legume about as large as a pea, on a long
stipe, mostly 1-seeded. Jl. — Sept.

2. B. LEUCOPHAEA. Nutt. OchroUucovs Baptisia.

Villous; petioks almost 0; l/ts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate; stip. and
bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent ; r»c. secund, with numerous flowers
drooping on long pedicels ; kg. ovoid or roundish, inflated. — Dry, rich soil, South-
ern ! and Western States 1 Stem 2 — 3f high, smoothish when old. Leaflets 2 —
3' by J — 2', stipules more than half as large. Raceme 40 — 60-flowered. Pedi-
cels 1 — 2' long. Corollas very large, ochroleucous. Apr.

3. B. LEUCANTHA. Torr. & Gray. (B. alba. Hook.) White-flowered Bapt.

Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. on short petioles ; Ifts. cuneiform-obovate, ob-
tuse; rac. long, erect; irocte caducous ; kg. inflated, stipitate. — Very conspicu-
ous in prairies, &c., Mich. la. 1 to Ark. Stem thick, 2 — 3f high, branches
about 3, towards the summit. Racemes terminal, of large, white flowers, 6—
24' long, showy. Leaflets 1 — 2' long, J as wide, turning bluish-black in dry-
ing. Jn. Jl.

4. B. AUSTRALis. R. Br. (B. ccerulea. Nutt.) Blue-flowered Baptisia.
Glabrous ; petioks short ; Ifts. obovate, or somewhat oblong, obtuse ; stip.

lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct at base ; rat. long, erect ;
trracts caducous ; pcdkcls rather shorter than the calyx ; kg. oblong-oval, stipe
long as the calyx. — Alluvial soils, Ohio river, Cter^-.' Harper's Ferry ! to Ga.
and La. Stem 2 — 3f high, branched. Petioles 1 — 6" long. Leaflets IJ — 3' by
J — 1', sometimes acute. Stipules J — 1' long. Flowers indigo-blue, large. Pod
about 2' long. Jn. — Aug.

34. C E R C I S.

Gr. Kcpxii, a weaver's shuttle ; from the form of the legumes.

Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals scarcely papiliona-
ceous, all distinct ; wings longer than the vexillum and smaller than
the keel petals ; stamens 1 0, distinct ; legume compressed, with the
seed-bearing suture winged ; seeds obovate. — Trees with simple, cor-
date leaves ajid rose-colored flowers.

C. CANADENSIS. Judas Tree. Red-bud.

Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins beneath. — A
handsome tree, 20 — 30f high. Mid. and W. States. The wood is finely veined
with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Leaves 3 — 4' by 4 — 5', entire,
smooth, 7-veined, on petioles 1 — 2' long. The flowers appear in advance of the
leaves, usually in abundance, in small, lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple.
May.— The young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old author Gerarde
in compliance with the popular notion of his time, says " This is the tree
whereon Judas did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said."

Suborder 2.— C .J3SAL.PIX./E.

Corolla not papilionaceous, irregular. Stamens 10 or fewer, all distinct.

35. CASSIA.

From the Hebrew word Katzioth.

Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal ; petals 5, unequal,
but not papilionaceous ; stamens 10, distinct; 3 upper anthers often
sterile, 3 lower ones beaked; legume many-seeded. — Trees, shrubs or
herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly pinnate.

1. C. Marilandica. American Senna.

Plant smooth ; Ifts. 6 — 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, an obovoid
gland near the base of the common petiole'- fls. in axillary racemes and termi-
nal panicles.— t; This beautiful plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils,
(U. S.) growing in close masses. 3— 5f high. S(cm round, striate, often with

GLEDIT3CHU. XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. 237

scattered hairs. Petioles channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled
gland near the base. Leaflets 1 — 2' by 4—9". Racemes in the upper axils,
forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medi-
cine it is a mild cathartic. Aug.

2. C. CiiAMiECRisTA. Soisitive Pea. Dwarf Cassia.

St. erect or decumbent; Ifts. 8 — 12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ;
gland on the petiole subsessile ; /«.scic/cs of Jloiccrs supra-axillary, subsessile;
anthers 10, all fertile.—® An elegant plant, in dry soil, Mass. Mid. W. and S.
States. Stem i — 2f high, round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, 4 — 8" by 1 — 2j",
smooth, subsessile. Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each lascicle. Bracts lance-
subulate, as are also the .'Stipules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper
ones with a purple spot. Aug. — The leaves po.ssess considerable irritability.

3. C. NiCTiTANS. Wild Sensitive Plant.

St. erect or procumbent; ///.«. ij — 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucro-
nate, sessile; glaml an the petiole .slightly pedicellate; fls. small, 2 or 3 in each
supra-axillary, subsessile fascicle ; sta. 5, subcqual. — In dry sandy soils, Mass.
to La. Stem" about If long, slender, a little branching. Leaflets crowded, 4 —
6" by 1 — 2", common petiole 1 — 2' long, with the gland a line or two below the
-owest pair of leaflets, ^'lowers very small, pale yellow, on short pedicels. Jl.
— The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when touched.

36. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam.

Gr. yvjivoi, naked, K\aSoi, a shoot; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter.

Flowers 9 c?- c? Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, equal; petals 5, inserted
into the summit of the tube; stamens 10, distinct. 9 Calyx and
corolla as above : style 1 ; legumes 1 -celled, oblong, very large, pulpy
within. — A slnider^ unarmed iree,ioit/i nnequally biyinnatc Ivs. Lfis.
ovate, acuminate.

G. Canadpinsis. Lam. Coffee Tree. _

Grows in Western N. Y., Ohio, la. 1 &c., on the borders of lakes and riv-
ers. Height 50f, with a trunk 15' diam., straight and simple to the height ot
25f, covered with a rough, scalv bark, and supporting a rather small, but regu-
lar head. The compound leaves are 2— 3f long, and 15—20' wide, bemg doubly
compounded of a great number of didl green leaflets. Smgle leaflets olten oc-
cupy the place of some of the pinna;. Flowers large and white, succeeded by
large, curving pods containing several hard, gray seeds. The wood is reddish, line-
grained and strong, and is valuable in architecture, and cabinet-work. May— Jl.
37. GLEDITSCHIA.

In honor of John G. GlediL'sch, a botanical writer, Leipzig, about 1750.

Flowers 9 5 c?. Sepals equal, 3—5, united at base ; petals 3—5 ;
stamens 3—5, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion
fewer or 0 ; style short ; legume continuous, compressed, often inter-
cepted between the seeds by a quantity of sweet pulp. — Trees, toith
supra-axillanj, branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate
ofteii in the same specimen.

G. TRiACANTHUS. Honey Locust.

Branches armed with stout, triple spines; Ifls. alternate, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse ; le^. linear-oblong, compressed, intervals filled with sweet pulp.—
This line tree, native from Pcnn. to Mo. and La,, is becoming common in cul-
tivation. In favorable circumstances it attains the height ol /01,_undiviclea naii
its length, with a diameter of 3— 4f. The thorns with which its branches are
armed^ in a most formidable manner, are 2-3' long, ligneous, often havm? -
secondarv ones branching from the sides. Foliage light and elegant, l^eaneis
about is; l-li'long, \ as wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently translormcd, either
partly or whoflv, into smaller leaflets {{) 240, (3). Flowers small, white suc-
ceeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods I'i-18' long, of a dul red. Seeds flat,
hard, brown imbedded in a fleshv substance, at first .sweet but becomes sour, Jn.

238 XLVII. ROSACEiE.

Suborder 3.— M I M O S E -E .

Sepals and petals valvate in aestivation, subregular. Stamens 5 — 200.

Embryo straight. — Leaves abruptly pinnate or bipinnate.

38. MIMOSA.

Gr, fitjios, a buffoon ; the leaves seems spoitiiig with the hand that touches them.

Flowers 9 ?? c?- $ Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 0, or 5-toothed ; sta.
4 — 15 ; legume separated into 1-seeded joints ; c? like the perfect, but
without ovaries or fruit. — % Hbs. and shrubs^ natives of tropical Amer. <Sj-c.

M. puDicA. Sensitive Plant. — St. prickly, more or less hispid ; lis. digitate-
pinnate ; pinna: 4, of many (20 or more) pairs of linear leaflets. — Native of Bra-
zil. Stem shrubby, about a foot high. Leaflets about 3" long, very numerous.
Flowers small, capitate. — It is occasionally cultivated for the interest excited
by its spontaneous motions, — the leaves bending, folding, and apparently shrink-
ing away from the touch of the hand.

39. SCHRANKIA. Willd.

In honor of Francis de Paula Schrank, a German botanist.

Flowers ? J* ; calyx minute, 5-toothed ; petals united into a funnel-
shaped, 5cleft corolla; stamens 8 — 10, distinct or monadelphous; legume
echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded; — % Prickly herbs. St.
procumbent. Lvs. sensitive^ bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish.

S. UNCiNATA. Willd. (Mimosa horridula. Michx.) Sensitive Brier.

St. angled, grooved; pinmcc 6 — 8 pairs; tfts. numerous, minute, elliptical,
reticulated beneath; hds. solitary, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; leg.
very densely clothed with prickles. — Dry soils, Clark Co., Mo. Mead, and
Southern States. Stem 2 — 4f long, and with the petioles and peduncles armed
with short, sharp prickles turned downwards. Leaflets about 2" by I". Pedun-
cles 2 — 3' long, heads i — J' diam. Maj' — Jl.

40. DARLINGTONIA. DC.

In honorof Hon. Wm. Darlington, of Penn., author of Flora Cestrica, <S:c.

Flowers $ ; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals 5, distinct ; sta-
mens 5, distinct ; style filiform ; stigma minute, funnel-shaped ;
legume lanceolate, dry, 2-valved, 4 — 6-seeded. — % Unarmed and gla-
brous herbs. Lvs. abruptly bipinnate ; Ifts. very tiumerous. Fls. white, in
axillary, pedunculate heads.

D. BRACHYLOBA. DC. (Desmanthus. Bcnth.)

a. Illinoensis. T. & G. (Mimosa Illinoensis. Michx.) Pinnae 6 — 11
pairs, with a gland between the lowest pair only ; stems numerous, diffuse ; leq.
slightly falcate. — Prairies and bottoms, HI. to La. Stems 2 — 3f high, simple,
striate. Leaves 2 — M long. Leaflets linear-oblong, subfalcate, obtuse at each
end, 2j" by \" . Legumes crowded, f long. Jn. Aug. — This genus is reduced
by Bentham to Desmanthus, Willd., but there are numerous genera based on
less important distinctions than this ; c. g. Vicia and Lathyrus.

Order XLVIII. ROSACEA.

Trees, shrubs or h^rbs. Leaves alternate.

Stipules usually large or conspicuous, sometimes none.

F/s. regular, commonly showy, rarely dia'cious.

Cnl. — .Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often reinforced by as many bracts.

Co)\— Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted on the disk which lines the orifice of the calyx.

Sta. 00, usually numerous,.arising from the calyx, distinct.

Ova. superior, 1 or several, distinct, l-celieJ, often coherent to the sides of the calj-x and each other.

Styles distinct or united. Fiuil a drupe, pome, achenia or follicle.

This order, as here constituted, consists of three suborders, which by Lindley are regarded as separata
orders ; viz. Amygdalea, Pmnecc and Rosacea: proper, to which is added CliryaolalanecF. not represented
in this flora. The genera and species in each suborder are estimated by Lindley as follows :

Chrysobalaneai, 11 genera, 50 species.

Amygdalese, 5 " IlO "

Pomeas, 16 " 200 "

Rosacese proper, 50 " 625 "

Total, f.-2 " 9S5

XLVIII. ROSACEA.

239

A large proportion of these are natives of temperate climates north of the equator.

Properties —A highly important order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its medicinal products, or
the beauty of its flowers. None of it.s species (excepting those of the Almond tribe) are unwholesome.
An astrineent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly in the bark and the roots. The roots of
the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent ; those of Gillenia, as an emetic ; Agrimo-
nia, as a vermifuge. The petals of Ro-sa damascena, yield the well known fragrant oil, called ottar (if
rose. The Almond, Pe.ich. &c., abound in [irussic acid, a deadly poison, residing chiefly in the kemeU. —
Of the Ro3arx:a:, as ornamental flowering shrubs, it is scarcely necessary to speak.

. j:

nm Lr

FIG. 44.— 1. Potentilla arguta, flower and leaf. 2. Verticil section of a flower with the petals removed,
."showmg the perigynous disk, stamens, ovaries, &c. 3. Enlarged ovary and style. 4. Mature ovary.
5. section showing the seed and funiculus. 6. Vertical section of a flower of Fragaria, showing the peri-
gynou-s stamens, the ovaries, &c. 7. Enlarged carpel. 9. Fruit, consisting of the enlarsed receptacle
with the achenia external. 9 Perigynous stamens of Rubus Idseus. 10. Fruit, the fleshy carpels aggre-
irated. n. Section of the fruit. 12. Flower of the apple tree. 13. Vertical section of a rose, showing
the distinct carpels in the calyx tube.

Conspectus of the Genera.

5 Sta. 5. Sibbaldia. 24

(Leaves <cauline. JSta. 00. Pntentilla. 12

rnot < comp.. Ml radical. . Waldsteinla. \e

I caudate, t Leaves simple. . . Dalibarda. 15

f on a dry I and caudate with ^ Petals 8 or 9. Dryas. S5

j receptacle (.the persistent style. ^ Petals 5. . Geum. 17

on a juicy i which is sweet and eatable in . Fragaria. 14

("Achenia (.receptacle > but insipid in Comamm. 13

I Compound fruit (116, 14, a) of many aggregate drupes. . Riibijs. 11

^ (Lvs. simi)le or pinnate. Spirra. 21

I t2— 10-seeded ? Leaves trifolinte. . . Gillenia. 2-i

fS — 60. L Follicles n-seeded. Shrub with simple Ivs. (Fls. double ) A>rr;a. 23

( globose. Fr. glab. not glauc. Cerasits. l

< 5 Fruit glabrous. Prumis.

(nucleus smooth ( compr. ? Fruit pubescent.

-■ J 1 only I < Fruit fleshy. .

g ("naked, iFruitadrupe;' nucleus perforated and furrowed. ^ Fruit dry.
a (Stamens 1—4. Lvs.palm.

^ <StKmens4. Lvs pini

5 Pet. 0. ' Slamens 20—30.
(Carpelsl— 4. ^PetalsS. Stamens 12— 15 .
Lbut enclosed in its tubes, o-arpels numerous. Petals 5 — 00. Sta. 00.
i ( Pome with 1—5 Iseeded cells.

< Pome with 3—5 2-.seeded cells,
adherent to < Petals roundish. . .( Pome with 5 many-seeded cells. .
L the calyx tube. ; Petals lance-oliovate. Pom« .with 5 ilouble cells. .

Armeniaca. 3

Persira. 4

Amvsdalis. 5

Alchinulln. 5C
Sanguinorha. 18

Po'erivm. 19

Asmmonia. 20

/?0S(7. 10

Cratcegua. 6

Pyriis. 7

Cydonia 8

Amelanchier. 9

21

240 XLVIII. ROSACEiE. CERAaus,

Suborder I.— A MYGDALE^.

Ovary solitary. Fruit a drupe. Seeds mostly solitary. Calyx deciduous.

1. CERAs US. Juss.

Name from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens
15 — 30 ; drupe globose, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a glau-
cous bloom ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. — Trees' or shrubs. Lvs. con-
duplicate ill (Estivation.

* Flowers in racemes.

1. C. sEROTiNA. DC. (C. Virginiana. Michx. Prunus. Ehrh.) Black
or Wild Cherry. — Lvs. deciduous, oval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate,

smooth, shining above ; petioles with 2 — 4 glands ; roc. spreading, elongated. — A
large forest tree, throughout the U. S. Trunk 50 — 80f high, of uniform size and
undivided to the height of 20 — 30f, 2 — 4f diam. Bark black and rough. Leaves
3 — 5' long, i as wide, with 1 — 2 pairs of reddish glands at base. In May and
June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white flowers. Fruit nearly
black when mature, bitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured
by birds. — The wood, extensively used in cabinet-work, is compact, fine-grained,
and receives a high polish. The bark has a strong, bitter taste, and has been
used in medicine as a tonic.

2. C. Virginiana. DC. (C. serotina. Hook. Prunus. Linn.) Choke Cherry.

Lis. smooth, sharply serrate, oval, deciduous, the lower serratures glandu-
lar, veins bearded on each side towards the ba.se ; petiole with 2 glands ; rac.
lax, short, .spreading ; pet. orbicular. — A small tree or shrub, 5 — 20f high, in
woods and hedges. Bark grayish. Leaves 2 — 3' long, J as wide, with a short,
abrupt acumination, and spreading, subulate serratures. Flowers white, ap-
pearing in May. The fruit (cherries) is abundant, of a dark red color, very
astringent to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable.

* * Flowers subumbellate or solitary.

3. C. Pennsylvanica. Ait. (Prunus borealis. Ph.) Wild Red Cherry.
Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, membranous, smooth ; umbels

corymbose, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small, ovoid-subglobose. — A small
tree, common in woods and thickets in the Northern States. The trunk rarely
exceeds 25f in height, with a diameter of 6 — 8'. Bark smooth, reddish-brown.
Leaves 2 — 5' long, h as wide, the fine teeth mostly glandular, apex tapering to
a long acumination. Flowers white, on long (2*') slender pedicels collected
into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. — This tree is of rapid growth, and
quickly succeeds a forest-clearing if neglected. May.

4. C. PUMiLA. Michx. (Prunus depre.ssa. Ph.) Sand Cherry.

Lvs. lanceolate, oval or obovate, acute, subserrate, smooth, paler beneath ;
umbels few-flowered, sessile ; drupe ovoid. — A small, trailing shrub, in gravelly
soils. Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, 1 — 2f high. Leaves 2 — 3' long, \
as wide, very acute at each end. Flowers white, 3, 4 or 5 in each umbel, the
pedicels smooth, 1' in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but agreeable to the
taste. May.

5. C. Avium. Mcench. (Prunus. Linn.) Duke Cherry. Ox-heart. English
Cherry. Bigareau, d^c., (^c. — Branches erect or ascending; lvs. oblong-obovate,
acuminate, hairy beneath ; mw?/ic/5 sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe ovoid-
globose, subcordate at base. — Cultivated in gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk
20 — 50f in height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. Leaves 3 — 6' long, § as
wide, on petioles 1 — 2' long, often with 2 glands. Flowers expanding with the
leaves, white. Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. May. — The fruit
is well known and appreciated. About 75 varieties are published in American
catalogues. :(:

6. C. vuLG.^Ris. Mill. (Prunus Cerasus. Linn.) Sour Cherry. Large Red
Cherry. Morello, <^c. — Branches spreading ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute a't apex,
narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; umbels subsessile, with short pedicels ; drupes

Prunus. XL VIII. ROSACEiE. 241

globose. — A smaller tree than the preceding, much cultivated. Trunk 15 — 20f
high, with a roundish, compact head. Branches slender. Leaves 2 — 3' long,
f as wide, unequally serrate, on petioles \ as long, with 2 glands. Flowers
white, expanding sooner than the leaves, 2 or 3 from each bud, on pedicels f
long. Fruit large, various shades of red, acid or subacid. Apr. — In Prince's
Catalogue, 1844, these two species are transpo.^ed (perhaps by mistake). About
125 varieties are there published, of which 50 belong to the present species. :j:

2. PRUNUS. Tourn.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens
15 — 30 ; ovary 2-ovuled ; drupe ovate, fleshy, smooth, generally cov-
ered with a glaucous bloom ; nucleus compressed, smooth. — Small
trees or shrubs. IjVS. convolute in vernation.

1. P. Americana. Marsh. (Cerasus nigra. Liriscl.) RcdPlvm. Yellow Plum.
Somewhat thorny ; ^i".'>'. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptl)' and strongly

acuminate, doubly serrate; drupes roundish -oval, reddish-orange, with a thick,
coriaceous skin. — Hedges and low woods, U. S. and Can., often cultivated for
its .sweet, pleasant fruit, which is about the size of the damson. Shrub 10 — 15f
high. Leaves 2 — 3' long, J as wide, petioles \ — i' long, mo.stly with 2 glands at
the summit. Flowers preceding the leaves, 3^ — 4 in each of the numerous um-
bels, white. Drupes nearly destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. ^

2. P. INSITITIA. Wild Ijullace Tree.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate,
pubescent-villous beneath; branches aorac^xhsii ^^ymy ; Jls. naked, generally in
pairs; cal. segments entire, obtuse ;^d. obovate ; /nii< globular. — A European
shrub or small tree, 15 — 20f high, naturalised " on the banks of Charles River,
in Cambridge, roadrsides at Cohasset, and other places in the vicinity of Bos-
ton." Emerson, Rep. trees and shrubs of Mass. The leaves and flowers are
from separate, but adjacent buds, the former 1 — li' long, with short petioles.
Petals white. Fruit black, covered with a yellowish bloom. ^

3. P. Maritima. Wang. (P. littoralis. Bw.') Beach Plum.

Lis. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles with 2
glands ; umbels few-flowered ; pedicels short, pubescent ; Jr. nearly round. — A
small shrub, abundant on the sea-beach, particularly on Plum Island ! at the
mouth of Merrimac river. Very branching. Leaves 1 — 3' long, downy-canes-
cent beneath when young, becoming at length nearly smooth. Flowers white,
2 — 5 in each of the numerous umbels. Fruit globular, eatable, red or purple,
little inferior in size to the common garden plum, ripe in Aug., Sept. Fl. in May.

4. P. spiNOSA. Black T%orn. Sloe. — Branches ihomy; fis. solitary; c«Z. cam-
panulate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; lvs. pubescent beneath, obovate-
elliptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; drupe globose. — Hedge-
rows and cultivated grounds, Penn. Pursh. A thorny shrub, 12 — 15f high, na-
tive of Europe. ^

5. P. Chicasa. Michx. (Cerasus. DC.^ Chickasaw Plum. — Branches spi-
nose ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular-serrulate, acute, nearly
smooth ; umbels 2 — 3-flowered, pedicels short, smooth ; drupe globose. — A fine
fruit-.shrub, native of Arkansas, &c., often. cultivated. Height 8 — 12f, with a
bushy head. Leaves 1 — 2' long, ^ as wide, petioles about i' long. Flowers
small, white, expanding with the leaves, in Apr. Fruit red, or yellowish-red,
tender and succulent, ripe in July. There are several varieties. ;}•

6. P. DOMESTiCA. Common Garden Plum. Damson PI. — Branches unarmed ;
Irs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe globose, oval,
ovoid and obovoid. — This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of
Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Leaves quite variable in form, 1 — 3'
.ong, I as wide, sometimes obtuse, on petioles about V in length. Flowers
white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the leaves are but half
grown, in Apr.'and May. Fruit black, varying through many colors to white,
covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe m Aug. About 150 varieties are pub-
lished in the catalogues of American gardeners. :j:

242 XLVIII. ROSACEA. Amyodalus

3. ARMENlACA. Tourn.

Named from Armenia, its native Country.

Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous : petals 5 ; drupe succulent, pubescent ;
nucleus compressed, smooth, margins sulcate, one obtuse and the other
acute. — Small trees. Lvs. convoliue in cestivation.

1. A. vuLG.lRis. Lam. (Prunus Armeniaca. Wilid.) Common Apricot. — Lvs.
broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base, denticulate ; stij). palmate ; Jis.
sessile, subsolitary, preceding the leaves; drupe somewhat compressed, subglo-
bose, large. — Occasionally cultivated in gardens, &c. Tree 10 — 15f high.
Leaves 2—3' long, f as wide, smooth, petioles nearly 2' long, with several glands.
Flowers white, Apr. Fruit purplish-yellow, &c., 1 — 2' diam., ripe Jl. Aug.
There are about 20 varieties, -j:

2. A. DASYCARPA. DC. (Prunus. Ekrh.) Black Apricot. — Lvs. ovate, acumi-
nate, doubly serrate; petioles with 1 or 2 glands; Jls. pedicellate; drupe subglo-
bose. — This species is from Siberia. The tree or shrub is about the size of
the last, hardy and thrifty. Leaves smooth above, pubescent on the veins be-
neath, 2 — 3' long, § as wide, on petioles near 1' long. Flowers white, preced-
ing the leaves, distinctly pedicellate. Fruit dark purple when mature, in July.
Fls. Apr. :[: Neither .species is yet common.

4. P E R S I C A. Tourn.

Named from Persia, its native country.

Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe fleshy, tomeu-
tose or smooth ; nucleus somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely
furrowed and perforated on the surface. — Small trees. Lvs. co/idupli-
cate in (Estivation.

\. P. VULGARIS. Mill. (Amygdalus Persica. IVilld.) Cnvimon Peach. — Lvs.
lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; Jls. solitary, subsessile, pre-
ceding the leaves ; drupe tomentose. — Tree or shrub, 8 — 15f high. Leaves 3 — 5'
long, \ as wide, smooth, petioles short, with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color,
with the odor of Prussic acid. Fruit large, 1 — 2^' diam., yellowish, tinged with
purple, densely tomentose. — About 200 varieties of this delicious fruit are now
named and described in the catalogues of American nurserymen. In order to
attain its proper flavor in the Northern States, the peach requires protection in
the spring months. The double-flowered peach is a highly ornamental variety,
blossoming in May. ij:

2. P. L.EVIS. (Amygdalus Persica. Willd.) Nectarine. — Lvs. lanceolate, ser-
rate, the serratures all acute ; Jls. .solitary, subsessile, appearing before the leaves ;
drupe glabrous. — Closely resembles the peach tree in tbrm, foliage and flowers.
The fruit is 1 — 3' diam., smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Of its numerous
(about 25^varieties, about a fourth are clingstones, — flesh adhering to the stone, and
the remainder /;Testo?ics or ckarstones, — flesh free, or separating from the stone.:^

5. AMYGDAlUS. Willd.
Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe not fleshy,
compressed ; nucleus perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one
edge acute, the other broad-obtuse. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. condupli-
cate in ccstivatioyi.

1. A. commOnis. Willd. Almond. — Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower
serratures glandular; jls. sessile, in pairs, appearing before the leaves. — From
Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in this country for the fruit, which we receive
most]y from S. Europe. A double-flowered variety is highly ornamental in
shrubberies, f

2. A. NANA. Dwarf single-Jloinering Almond. — Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base,
simply and finely serrate ; Jls. subsessile, appearing before the leaves. — A very
ornamental shrub, from Russia. Height about 3f, branching. Leaves 3 — 6'
long, i as wide, smooth, acuminate at each end. Flov/ers numerous. Petals
oblong, obtuse, rose-colored, often double. May, Jn. f

Crxt£qvs. XLVIII. ROSACEiE. 243

3. A. PUMiLA. Dicarf double-jlowering Almond. — Lvs. lanceolate, doubly ser-
rate; fls. pedicellate. — Native of China. A low shrub, highly ornamental,
common in cultivation. Stems 2 — 31" high, branching. Leaves 3 — 5' by i — 1',
acute at each end, smooth. Flowers very numerous, clothing the whole shrub
in their roseate hue, while the leaves are yet small. May, Jn. f

Suborder 2.— P O M E JE .

Ovaries 2 — 5 (rarely 1,) cohering with the sides of the persistent

calyx and with each other. Fruit a pome.

(5. CRATAEGUS.

Gr. Kparoi, strength; on account of the firmness of the wood.

Calj'i urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; ovaries 1 — 5,
with as many styles ; pome fleshy, containing I — 5 bony, 1 -seeded car-
pels, and crowned at the summit by the persistent calyx and disk. —
Trees or shrubs, armed to th thorns. Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts
subulate, deciduous. Fls. corymbose.

1. C. cocciN-EA. (C. Crus-galli. Bic. C. glandulosa. Willd.) Crimson-
fruited Thorn. White Tharii. — Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate and

sub (9)-lobed, thin and smooth, subacuminate, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slen-
der, and (with the calyx) smooth and subglandular ; sty. 3 — 5. — A thorny shrub
or small tree, 10 — 2df high, in thickets, by streams, &c.. Can. and U. S.
Branches crooked and spreading, branchlets and thorns whitish. Thorns stout,
rigid, sharp, a little recurved, about IJ' long. Leaves 1§ — 2j' long, | as wide,
lobed, or (rather) coarsely, doubly acuminate-serrate. Petioles very slender, i
as long as the lamina. Flowers white, in paniculate, lateral corymbs of about
12. Fruits — 5" diam., bright purple, eatable in Sept. Fls. May.

2. C. Crus-gallt. (Mespilus. Lam. tf-c.) Cock-spur Thorn.

Lvs. obovate-cuneiform or oblanceolate, subsessile, serrate, coriaceous,
shining above ; spines very long ; corymbs glabrous ; sep. lanceolate, subserrate ;
sty. 1 (2 or 3).— Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S., rare. Shrub 10— 20f
high, much branched. Thorns 2 — 3' long, straight, sharp, and rather slender.
Leaves 1 — 2i' long, ^ — | as wide, tapering and entire at base, mostly obtuse at
apex ; petioles 1 — 5" long. Flowers white, fragrant, in corymbs of about 15,
on very short, lateral branchlets. Fruit pyrilbrm, dull red, 2 — 3" diam., per-
sistent during winter, unless eaten by birds. Jn.
0. pyracanthifoUa. Ait. — Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, petioles J' long.

3. C. PUNCTATA. Jacq. (C. latifolia. DC. Mespilus. Spach.) Thorn.
Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire at base

and narrowed to a petiole, veins straight and prominent, pubescent beneath ;
cortimbs and cal. villose-pubescent ; sty. 3 (1 or 2); /;•. globose, punctate. — Bor-
ders of woods, U. S. and Can. Tree 12 — 25f high. Branches wide-spreading,
crooked, covered with cinerous bark.. Thorns stout, sharp, 1 — 2' long, some-
times wanting. Leaves IJ — 2^' long, i as wide, acute or short acuminate;
petioles § — 1' long. Flowers white, in somewhat leafy, compound corymbs oi
8-— 15. Fruit 5—-^'' diam., red or yellowish, eatable in Sept. Fl. May, Jn.

4. C. TOMENTOSA. (C. pyrifolia. Ait. C. lobata. Bosc. C. flava. Hook.)
Black Thorn. — Lvs. oval, or elliptic-ovate, narrowed at base into a mar-
gined petiole, subplicate, incisely and doubly serrate, .smoothish above, tomen-
tose beneath; corymbs large, tomentose when young; sty. 3 — 5; fr. pyriform. —
Thickets and hedges, Can. S. to K}-. and Car. — A large .shrub, 12— 15f high,
armed with .sharp thorns 1 — 2' long. Leaves 3 — 5' long, J — § as wide, acute
at apex ; margined petiole i — 1' long. Fls. large, frngrant,white, in a leafy corymb
of gt — 12. Fruit 4 — 6" diam., orange-red, eatable but rather insipid. May, Jn.

0. (Torr. & Gray.) Lvs. strongly plicate, nearly smooth, smaller.

5. C. OxYCANTHA. Hairthom. English Thorn.

Lvs. obovate or broad ovate, obtuse, 3 — 7-lobed, serrate, smoothish, shining
above; stip. large, incisely dentate; corymbs glabrous; sty. 1 — 3; fr. ovoid,
21*

244 XLVIll. ROSACEA. Pyrus.

small. — Hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. Shrub very branching, 8 — 18f
high. Thorns slender, very sharp, axillary, i' long. Leaves IJ — 2' long, nearly
as wide, lower ones deeply lobed ; petioles J — 1' long, with 2 leafy stipules at
base. Flowers White. Fruit 2--3" diam., purple. — Used for hedges (exten-
sively in Eixrope). There are several varieties. ^ :j:

6. C. PARviFLORA. Ait. (C. tomentosa. Mlchx. Mespiluslaciniata. Walt.)
Thorns slender; Ivs. coriaceous, pubescent, cuneate-obovate, subsessile, in-

cisely serrate ; Jls. subsolitary ; cal. with the pedicels and branchlets villous-to-
mentose; sep. laciniate, foliaceous; sty. b; fr. large, roundish-obovoid, with 5
bony, 1-seeded nuts. — Sandy woods, N. J. and Southern States. A much
branched shrub, 4 — 7f high. Leaves 1 — 2' by \ — f, the upper surface shining
and nearly glabrous when old. Fruit greenish-yellow, near V diam., and eata-
ble when ripe. Apr. May.

7. C. coRDATA. Ait. (C. populifolia. Walt.) Washington Thcrrn.

Thoi-n glabrous and glandless ; Ixs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, acu-
minate, incisely lobed and serrate, with long and slender petioles; sep. short;
sty. 5; fr. small, globose-depressed. — Banks of streams, Va. to Ga., cultivated
in the Middle States lor hedge-rows. Shrub 15 — 20f high, the branches with
very sharp and slender thorns 2 — 3' long. Leaves often deeply 3 — 5-lobed, about
2' by \\' . Pomes \' diam., numerous, red. Jn. ^\

7. PYRUS.

Celtic peren ; Anglo-Saxon pers; Tx. poire: hat. pyrus ; Eng. pear.

Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft; petals 5, roundish ; styles 5 (2 or 3),
often united at base ; pome closed, 2 — 5-carpeled, fleshy or baccate ;
carpels cartilaginous, 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple or pin-
nate. Fls. white or rose-colored., i?i cymose corymbs.

§ Leaves simple. Cyme simple. Styles united at base.

1. P. coRONARiA. (Malus. Mill.) Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree,
Lvs. broad-ovate, rounded at base, incisely serrate, often sublobate, smooth-

ish, on very slender petioles ; pet. unguiculate ; sty. united and wooly at the
base; fr. as well as the/5. very fragrant, corymbose. — Borders of woods. Mid.
"West, and South. States. A sinall tree, 10 — 20f high, with spreading branches.
Leaves 2 — 3' long, | as. wide, resembling those of Crataegus coccinea ; petioles
i — 1' long. Flowers very large, rose-colored, in loose corymbs of 5 — 10. Fruit
as large (1 — IJ' diam.) as a small apple, yellowish, hard and sour, but esteem-
ed for preserves. May. :j:

2. P. ANGUsTiFOLiA. Ait. (Malus. Michx.)

Glabrous ; lvs. lance-oblong, acute at base, slightly dentate-serrate, shin-
ing above; sty. distinct; fr. small. — Penn. and S. States. A tree 15 — 20f high,
resembling the last, but with smaller leaves and fruit. Apr. May.

3. P. Malus. Common Apple Tree. — Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate,
acute or short-acuminate, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, petiolate; co-
rymbs subumbellate : pedicels and. cff/y.rvillose-tomentose; pet. with short claws;
sty. 5, united and villose at base ; pome globose. — Native in Europe and almost
naturalized here. Tree 20 — 25f high (in thickets 25 — 40). Branches rigid,
crooked, .spreading. Bark rough and blackish. Leaves 2—3' long, § as wide,
petioles i — r long. Flowers expanding with the leaves, fragrant, large, clothing
the tree in their light roseate hue, making ample amends for its roughness and de-
foimity. — The Romans had 22 varieties (^PUny) but the number is now greatly
increased. Probably nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the U. S. X

4. P. COMMUNIS. Pear Tree. — Leaves, ovate-lanceolate, .subserrate, glabrous
above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemose ; cal. and pe-
dicels pubescent; 5/7/. 5, distinct and villose at base; povie pyriform. — Tree
usually taller than the apple, 20 — 35f high. Bark rough, blackish. Branches
ascending. Leaves 2 — 3^' long, § as wide ; petioles 1 — 2' long. Flowers white,
small. — Native in Europe, where, in its wild state, the fruit is small and ira-
palatable. The Romans cultivated 36 varieties {Pliny), but, like the apple,
varieties without end are now raised from the seed of this delicious fruit. X

Amelanchieb. XLVIII. ROSACEA. 245

§ § Leaves simple. Cymes compound. Styles united at base.

5. P. ARBUTiFOLiA. Linn. f. (Mespilus. Linn. Aronia. Pers.) Choke Berry.
Lvs. oblong-obovate or oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate,

smooth above, tomentose beneath when young, attenuate at base into a short
petiole; ped. and cal. when young, tomentose ; fr. pyriform or subglobose, dark
red. — Low, moist woodlands, U. S. and Can. A shrub 5 — 81' high. Leaves 1
— 2' long, \ as wide, often subacuminate, subcoriaceous, serratures small, with
a glandular, incurved point ; petioles 2 — 1" long. Flowers white, in compound,
terminal corymbs of 12 or more. Fruit astringent, as large as a currant. May Jn.f
ff. melanocarpa. Hook. fP. melanocarpa. Willii.) — Lis., cal. and ped. gla-
brous or nearly so ; fr. blacKish-purple. — Swamps. Height 2 — 'If.

§ § § Leaves pinnate. Cymes compound. Styles distinct.

6. P. Americana. DC. (Sorbus Americana. PA.) Mountain Ash.
Lfls. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth, subses-

sile ; cymes compound, with numerous flowers ; pome small, globose ; sty. 3 — 5.
— A srnall tree in mountain woods, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Trunk 15 — 20f
high, covered with a reddish-brown bark. Leaves 8 — 12' long, composed of 9
— 15 leaflets. Leaflets 2 — 3i' by A — 1', subopposite, often acute, on petioles 1"
in length. Flowers small, white, in terminal cymes, of 50 — 100 or more. Fruit
scarlet, 2 — 3" diam., beautiful. May. f

/?. microcarpa. T. & G. (P. microcarpa. DC. Sorbus microcarpa. PA.) —
Fr. smaller.

7. P. AUCUPARIA. English Mountain Ash. — Lfts. as in P. Americana, except
that they are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute
at apex; Jls. cor}Tnbose; fr. globose. — Native of Europe. A tree 20 — 40f high,
often cultivated as well as the last species, for its ornamental clusters of scar-
let berries. It is a tree of larger size and rougher bark than the last, but is
hardly to be distinguished by the foliage, flowers or fruit, f
8. C YD ONI A. Toum.

Named for Cydonia, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought.

Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; styles 5 ; pome 5-carpeled ;
carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded ; seeds covered with mucilaginous
pulp. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple. Fls. viostly solitary.

C. VULGARIS. Pers. (Pyrus Cydonia. Willd.) QuiJice. — Lvs. oblong-ovate,
obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above, tomentose beneath;
ped. solitary, and, with thecal., woolly; pome lomentose, obovoid. — Shrub 8 — 12f
(rarely 20f ) high, with crooked, straggling branches. Leaves about as large
as those of the pear tree. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, termi-
nal. Fruit large, lengthened at base, clothed with a soft down, yellow when
ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. — The plant is reared from layers.

10. AMELANCHIER. Medic.
Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens
short ; styles 5, somewhat united at base ; pome 3 — 5-celled ; cells
partially divided, 2-seeded. — Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple, ser-
rate. Fls. racemose, white.

A. Canadensis. Torr. & Gray. (Mespilus. Linn. Aronia. Pers. Pyrus
Botryapium. Linn, f Mespilus arborea. Michx.) Shad Berry. June
Berry. Wild Service Berry. — Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, often cordate at
base, acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth; r«^. loose,
elongated; seg. of the cal. triangular-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; pet.
linear-oblong or oblanceolate; fr. purplish, globose. — A small tree or shrub,
found in woods, U. S. and British Am., rarely exceeding 35f in height. Leaves
alternate, 2 — 3' long, downy-tomentose when young, at length very smooth on
both sides, very acute and finely serrate. Flowers large, white, in terminal
racemes, appearing in April and May, rendering the tree quite conspicuous in
the yet naked forest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in June.

246 XLVIII. ROSACEA. Rosa.

/?. oblongifolia. T. & G. (A. ovalis. Hook.) — Shrubby; ^m. oblong-oval, mu-
cronate, and with small, sharp serratures ; roc. and Jls. smaller ; pet. oblong-
obovate, thrice longer than the calyx.

y. rotundifolia. T. & G. (Pyrus ovalis. Willd.)—Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear-
oblong.— Shrub 10— 20f high.

i. alnifolia. T. & G. (Aronia alnifolia. iVM«.)— Shrubby or arborescent ; Ivs.
orbicular-oval, rounded or retuse at each end, serrate only near the apex ; Tpet.
linear-oblong ; sta. very short.

Suborder III.— R OSACE^ PROPER.

Ovaries solitary or several, distinct ; fruit achenia or follicular.
10. ROSA.

Celtic rhos, red ; Gr. poiov ; Lat. rosa; Eng. rose.

Calyx tube urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, limb 5-cleft,
the segments somewhat imbricated in aestivation, and mostly with a
leafy appendage ; petals 5, (greatly multiplied by culture) ; achenia
00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the inside of the fleshy
tube of the calyx. — Shrubby and frickly. Leaves unequally pinnate.
Stipules mostly adnate to the petiole.

* Native species.

1. R. Carolina. (R. Caroliniana. Bw.) Carolina Hose. Swamp Rose.
St. glabrous, with uncinate, stipular prickles; lfts.5 — 0, oblong-lanceolate

or elliptical, acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath, not shining above, peti-
oles hairy or subaculeate ; Jls. corymbose ; fr. depressed-globose, and with the
peduncles hispid. — A prickly (not hi.spid) shrub, in swamps and damp woods,
Can. and U. S., 4 — 8f high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches. Prickles
mostly 2 at the base of the stipules. Leaflets 1—2' long, J as wide, rather vari-
able in form. Flowers in a sort of leafy corymb of 3 — 7. Petals obcordate,
large, varying between red and white. Fruit dark red. Jn. Jl.

2. R. LUCiDA. Ehrh. (R. Caroliniana. M.v. not Bw.) Shining or Wild Rose.
St. armed with scattered, setaceous prickles, those of the stipules straight ;

Ifts. 5 — 9, elliptical, imbricate, simply serrate, smooth and shining above ; peti-
oles glabrous or subhispid; fls. generally in pairs (1 — 3); fr. depressed-globose,
and with the peduncles, glandular hispid. — Shrub 1 — 3f high, in dry woods or
thickets throughout the U. S., slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 — If
long, J as wide, acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate, the others sessile. Sepals
often appendiculate, as long as the large, obcordate, pale red petals. Fruit
small, red. Jn. Jl.

0. T. & G. (R. parviflora. Ehrh.) — Lfts. ova , mostly very obtuse, paler be-
neath ; petioles smooth or pubescent.

3. R. NiTiDA. Willd. Shining or Wild Rose.

St. low, densely armed with straight, slender, reddish prickles ; lfts. 5 — 9,
narrow-lanceolate, .smooth and shining, sharply serrate ; slip, narrow, often
reaching to the lower leaflets ; fs. solitary ; cal. hispid; fr. globose. — In swamps,
N. Eng. States. Stems 1 — 2f high, reddish from its dense armor of prickles.
Leaflets 1 — IJ' long, ^ as wide, subsessile, odd one petiolulate. Stipules 5 — 8"
long, adnate to the petiole, each side. Flowers with red, obcordate petals. Fruit
scarlet. Jn.

4. R. ELANDA. Ait. (R. gemella. Linn.) Bland Rose.

Taller ; st. armed with scattered, straight, deciduous prickles ; lfts. 5 — 7,
oblong, obtuse, serrate, smooth, but not shining above, paler and pubescent on
the veins beneath, petiole unarmed; slip, dilated; fs. mostly in pairs (1 — 3);
fr. globose, smooth, as well as the short peduncles. — Shrub found on dry, sunny
hills. Northern and Middle States. Stems 2 — 3f high, with reddish bark.
Flowers rather large. Sepals entire, shorter than the reddish, emarginate petals.
Bracts large, downy. Jn.

5. R. SETIGERA. Michx. (R. rubifolia. /?. i?A) Michigan or Prairie Rose.
Branches elongated, ascending, glabrous ; spines few, strong, stipular ; lfts.

Ro8A. XLVIII. ROSACEiE. 247

large, 3 — 5, ovate ; stip. narrow, acuminate j/7s. corymbose ; cal. glandular, seg-
ments subentire; sty. united; fr. globose. — This splendid species is a native of
Michigan, and other States W ! and S. About 20 varieties are enumerated in
cultivation. They are hardy, of rapid growth, and capable of being trained
12 — 20f. Flowers in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless,
and of short duration.

* * Naturalized species.

6. R. RUBiGixosA. (R. suaveolens. Ph.) Eglantine. Sweet Brier.

St. glabrous, armed with very strong, recurved prickles ; Ifts. 5 — 7, broad-
oval, with ferruginous glands beneath ; Jls. mostly solitary ; fr. ovoid, oval or
obovoid; ped. glandular-hispid. — A stout, prickly shrub, 4--iOf high, natural-
ized in fields and road-sides, throughout the U. S. The older stems are bushy,
much branched, 1' diam., the younger shoots nearly simple, declined at top.
Leaflets i — 1' long, | as wide, unequally and sharply serrate, acute, bright green
above, rusty beneath, and when rubbed, very fragrant. Flowers light red, 1 —
2' diam., fragrant. Fruit orange-red. Jn. — Of this beautiful species there are
about 25 cultivated varieties, single and double.

7. R. ciNNAMOMEA. Cinnamon Rose.

5^/. tall, with ascending branches; spines of tJve younger stems numerous,
scattered, fl/" /A<; branches few, larger, stipular; Ifts. 5 — 7, oval-oblong, rugose,
cinerous-pubescent beneath ; .s'//?. undulate ; se;?. entire, as long as the petals;
fr. smooth, globose. — Native of Oregon. Stem 5 — 12f high, with reddish bark.
Flowers mostly double, purple.

♦ * * Exotic species, f Priekies straight, mostly acerose.

8. R. GALi.icA. Commx)ri Erench Rose. — S^. and ^e/^ofe armed with numerous,
fine, scattered prickles; Ifts. mostly 5, elliptical or broad-oval, thick; fls. erect;
pet. 5 or more, large, spreading; sep. ovate ; fr. ovoid, and with the ped., hispid.
— The common red rose of gardens, from which have originated not less than
200 varieties, known in cultivation, and registered in catalogues, as the velvet,
carmine, carnation, &c. Many of them are beautifully variegated, as the tri-
color and picotee. The dried petals are used in medicine, andlrom them are ex-
tracted tinctures for cookery. Jn. Jl.

9. R. piMPiNELLiFOLiA. Scr. (R. spiuosissima. Linn.) Scotch or Burnet
Rose. — St. densely armed with straight, acerose prickles: Ifts. 5 — 9, roundish,
obtuse, smooth, simply serrate; fis. small, usually roseate, but changing in the
numerous varieties to' white, red or yellow. — Native of Scotland and other parts
of Europe. These shrubs are but 2 — 3f high, with small, delicate leaflets.
Flowers numerous, globular, very fine. May, Jn.

10. R. EGLA.N'TERiA. Scr. (R. lutca. Mill.) Yellow Rose. Austrian Egluntine.
— St. with a cinerous bark, branches red, both armed with straight, slender,
scattered prickles ; Ifts. 5 — 7, small, broad-oval or obovate, smooth, shining
above, sharply serrate; cal. nearly naked and entire; pet. large, broad-obcor-
date. — From Germany. Shrub about 3f high, bushy. Flowers numerous, of
a golden-yellow, very fugacious, of less agreeable fragrance than the leaves.
There are many varieties, both single and double, variegated with red. Jn.

11. R. ALPiNA. Alpine or Bovrsault Rose. — Younger shoots echinate with nu-
merous weak prickles, older ones smooth, rarely armed with strong prickles ;
Ifts. 5 — 11, ovate or obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate; 5/;^. narrow,
apex diverging; ped. deflexed after flowering, and with the calyx hi.spid or
smooth; sep. entire, spreading; fr. ovoid, pendulous, crowned with the conni-
vent calyx. — Hardy, vigorous, climbing, with pink, red or crimson flowers.

* * * Exotic species. ■\-\ Prickles falcate, strovg.

12. R, DAMAscEXA. Dama.-ik Rose. — St. branching and bushy, armed with un-
equal spines, mostly stipular, cauline ones broad, falcate or hooked; Ifts. large,
broadly elliptical, downy-canescent; 5fy>. reflexcd ; fr. ovoid, elongated. — Native
of the Levant. Shrub 3 — 4f high. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate,
pale roseate hue, usually with very numerous petals, and a delicious fragrance.
Among its numerous varieties is the common monthly, low, blooming at all
seasons.

248 XLVIII. ROSACEaE. Roai.

13. R. CANlNA. Dog Rose. — Prickles remote, strong, compressed, falcate ; Ifts.
5 — 9, with acute, incurved, and often double serratures ; stip. rather broad, ser-
rulate; fed. and cal. smooth or hispid; sep. after flowering, deflexed and de-
ciduous ; fr. ovoid, red. — Native of Europe. Shrub 4 — 8f high.

/?. Burboniana. Ser. — Lfts. ovate, subcordate, simply dentate ; fls. purple,
double and semi-double ; pet. concave ; sep. entire. — A splendid class of roses,
of which more than 100 varieties are cultivated. They are hardy, with am-
ple and glossy foliage. — 18 other varieties are described by Seriuge in DC.

14. R. CENTiFOLiA. Hundred-Uaxed OX Proveiis Rose. — P/ffAfes nearly straight,
scarcely dilated at base ; Ifis. 5 — 7, ovate, glandular-ciliate on the margin, sub-
pilose beneath ; floxoer-bud short-ovoid ; scp. spreading (not deflexed) in flower;
fr. ovoid ; cal. and pcd. glandular-hispid, viscid and fragrant. — From S. Europe.
Shrub 2— 4f high, very prickly. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying
in hue, form and size, &c., through a hundred known varieties.

15. R. MoscHATA. Musk Rose. — /SAoo/s ascending and climbing; ^?'c/tZescau-
line, slender, recurved ; Ifls. 5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish, discolored ;
stip. very narrow, acute; Jls. often very numerous; pe</. and cal. subhispid; sep.

subpinnatifid, elongated and appendiculate ; fr. ovoid, red. — Native of .

Stems trailing or climbing 10 — 12f. Flowers peculiarly fragrant, rather large,
white, produced in panicles.

16. R. ALBA. White Garden Rose. — Slightly glaucous ; prickles slender, re-
curved, sometimes wanting; lfts. roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate; petioles
and veins subtomentose, glandular ; scp. pinnatifid ; pet. spreading ; fr. ovoid,
nearly smooth. — From Germany. Shrub 5 — 8f high. Flowers large, corym-
bose, sweet-scented, generally pure white, but often, in its numerous varieties, .
tinged with the most delicate blush.

17. R. >iuLTiFLORA. Many-fiowcred or Japan Rose. — Branches, pcd. and cal.
tomentose ; shoots very long ; prickles slender, scattered ; lfts. 5 — 7, ovate-lance-
olate, soft and slightly rugose; stip. pectinate ; fls. corymbose, often numerous;
fio^cer-bud ovoid-globose ; scp. short ; sty. exserted, scarcely cohering in an elon-
gated, pilose column ; pet. white, varying through roseate to purple. — Japan.
Shrub with luxuriant shoots, easily trained to the height of 15 — 20f.

18. R. Indica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. — Erect or climbing, pur-
plish ; prickles strong, remote ; Ifts.'S — 5, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining,
smooth, serrulate, discolored; stip. very narrow ; _/?5. solitary or paniculate;
ped. often thickened, and, with the cal. smooth, or rugose-hispid ; sta. inflexed ;
fr. turbinate 1 — Splendid varieties, blooming from Apr. to Nov. Flowers of
ever}'' hue from pure white to crimson.

/?. Laiorencicma. (R. Lawrenciana. Lindl. R. Ind. i. acuminata. Ser.) Miss
Lawrence's Rose. — St. and branches v^c^x\es.ie, bristly and subglabrous; lfts. ovate,
purplish beneath ; pet. obovate-acuminate. — A class of varieties with very small
flowers, pink to deep purple.

19. R. BRACTEATA. Macartticy Rose. — Branches erect, tomentose ; prickles re-
curved, often double ; lfts. b—d, obovate, subserrate, coriaceous, smooth and shin-
ing ; stip. fimbriate-setaceous ; fls. solitary, terminal ; ped. and cal. tomentose ; /r.
globose, large, orange. — Varieties with cream-colored, white, to scarlet flowers.

20. R. sEMPERVlRENs. Evcrgrccn Rose. — St. climbing; prickles subequal;
lfts. persistent, 5 — 7, coriaceous ; fls. .subsolitary or corymbose ; sep. subentire,
elongated ; sty. coherent into an elongated column ; fr. ovoid or subglobose, yel-
low, and with the ped. glandular hispid. — Allied to the following, but its leaves
are coriaceous and evergreen, persistent until January.

21. R. ARVENSis. Ayrshire Rose. — Shoots very long and flexile; prickles une-
qual, falcate ; lfts. 5 — 7, smooth or with scattered hairs, and glaucous beneath,
deciduous; fls. solitary or corymbose; sep. subentire, short; sty. cohering in a
long, glabrous column ; fr. ovoid-globose, smoothish. — England. The shoots
grow 15 — 20f in a season and are very hardy. Flowers white to blush, crim-
son and purple.

♦ * Exotic species, f f f Unarmed.

22. R. BANKSI.E. Banks' Rose. — Smooth ; lfts. lanceolate, crowded, 3 — 5,

RuBTJs. XLVIII. ROSACEA. 349

scarcely serrate ; slip, deciduous ; Jls. umbellate ; fr. globular, nearly black. —
From China. Thornless shrubs, with small, cup-shaped flowers. Not hardy.

Oi».— This beautiful genu.^ includes, according to Seringe, 146 apecies; but the varieties produced by
cultivation amoiuit to near .iOOO. t> tt o tt o

Celtic rub, red ; the color of the fruit of some species.

Calyx spreading, 5-partecl ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 00, in-
serted into the border of the disk ; ovaries many, with 2 ovules, one of
them abortive ; achenia pulp}-, drupaceous, aggregated into a compound
berry ; radicle superior. — 4- Half shrubby ptanls. Stems usually (gi, and
armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugal. Fr. esculent.
§ Fruit inseparable from the juicy ^ deciduous receptacle. Blackberries.

1. R. viLi.oscs. Ait. Hi<rk Blackberry.

Pubescent, vi.scid and prickly ; st. angular ; Ifls. 3—5, ovate, acuminate,
serrate, hairy both sides ; petioles prickly ; cal. acuminate, shorter than the petals ;
roc. loose, leafless, about 20-flowered. — A well known, thorny shrub. Can. and
U. S. Stems tall and slender, branching, recurved at top, 3 — 6f high. Leaflets
2i — 1' by li — 2i', terminal one on a long petiolule, the others on short ones or
none. Pedicels' slender, 1' long. Petals white, obovate or oblong, obtu.se.
Fruit consisting of about 20 rouiidi.sh, shining, black, fleshy carpels, closely col-
lected into an ovate or oblong head, subacid, well-flavored, ripe in Aug. and Sept.
0. frondosus. ToVr. (R. fiondosus. Bw.)—Lfts. incisely serrate; rac. with a
few simple leaves or leafy bracts at base ; fis. about 10 in each cluster, the ter-
minal one opening first, as in all the species, the lowest next, and the highest
but one last. Fruit more acid and with fewer carpels.

2. R. HispiDis. (R. sempervirens. Bw.) Bristly Blackberry.

St. slender, reclining or prostrate, hispid with retrorse bristles ; Ivs. 3-foliate,
rarely quinate, smooth and green both sides; Ifts. coarsely serrate, obovate,
mostly obtuse, subcoriaceous ; pod. corymbose, many-flowered, with filiform
pedicels and short bracts;/.';, and//-, small.— In damp woods, Can. to Car.
Stems slender, trailing several feet, with suberect branches 8 — 12' high. Leaflets
\ — 2' long, A as wide, nearlv sessile, persistent through the winter, on a (1 — 3')
long, common petiole. Flowers white. Fruit dusky-purple, sour. May, Jn.

a. setosiis. T. & G. (R. setosus. Bw.)—Lfls. oblanceolatc, rather narrow,
li— 2i' long, tapering, and (like the variety a) entire at base, sharply serrate
above. Fruit red.

3. R. Canadensis. (R. trivialis. Ph.) Low Blackberry. Dewberry.

Sf. procumbent or trailing, subaculeate; lis. 3-foliate, rarely quinate ; Ifts.
elliptical or rhomboid-oval, acute, thin, unequally cut-serrate ; pedicels solitary,
elongated, somewhat corymbed ; fr. large, black.— Common in dry, stony fields,
Can. to Va., trailing several yards upon the ground. Leaflets light green and
membranaceous, nearly sessile, 1— U' long, J as wide, common petioles 1—2'
long, pubescent or a little prickly. Flowers large, on slender pedicels. Petals
obovate, white, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit J- 1' diam., very sweet and
juicy, in July and Aug. Fl. May.

4. R. ccNEiFOLius. Ph. Wcdgc-lcaved Blackberry.

St. erect, shrubby, armed with recurved prickles; Ivs. 3-foliate, and wiih
the young branches and petioles pubescent beneath ; Ifts. cuneate-obovate, en-
tire at base, dentate above, subplicate, tomento.se beneath ; roc. loose, few-flow-
ered.—A low shrub, 2— 3f high, in sandy woods, Long Island, Torrey, to Flor.
Petioles often prickly. Leaflets rarely 5, 1—2' long, i as wide, obtuse, or with
a short acumination. Petals white or roseate, 3 times as long as the calyx.
Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in Ji. Aug. Fl. May. Jn.
§ § Fruit concave beneath, separating from the dry, conical, persistent
receptacle. Raspberries.
* Leaves simple.

5. R. ODORATUS. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Mulberry.

St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilose; Ivs. palmately 3— 5-lobed,

a50 XL VIII. ROSACEA. Rubus.

unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple.— A
fine flowering shrub, 3— 5f high, in upland woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., common.
Leaves 4 — 8' long, nearly as wide, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, petioles
2—3' long, and, with the branches, calyx and peduncles, clothed with viscid
hairs. Flowers nearly 2' diam., not very unlike a rose, save the (100—200) sta-
mens are whitish. Fruit broad and thin, bright red, sweet, ripe in Aug. Fl. Jn. Jl.-f

6. R. Cham.em6rus. Dwarf Mulberry. Cloudberry.

Herbaceous; st. decumbent at base, erect, unarmed, 1-flowered; Ivs. cor-
date-reniform, rugose, with 5 rounded lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate,
white.— An alpine species with us, found by Dr. Robbins on the White Mts.
and by Mr. Oakes in Me. Flowers large. Fruit large, yellow or amber color,
sweet and juicy, ripe in Aug. Fl. May, Jn.

7. R. NuTKANUs. Mo9ino. Nootka Sound Hubus.

St. shrubby, somewhat pilose, with glandular hairs above ; lis. broad, 5-
lobed, unequally and coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered ; sev. long-acuminate,
shorter than the very large, round-oval, white petals.— A fine species, Mich.,
Wis. to Oreg., &c., with very large, showy, white flowers. It has received some
notice in cultivation, and a few other species of this section also, -f-
* * Leaves 3 — 1-fuliat-e.

8. R. Id.s;ds. Garden Raspberry.

Hispid or armed with recurved 'prickles; Zrs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate; Ifts.
broad-ovate or rhomboidaj, acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary-
tomentose beneath, sessile, odd one petiolulate ; fls. in paniculate corymbs ;
pet. entire, shorter than the hoary-tomentose, acuminate calyx. — Many varieties
of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Stems shrubby, 3 — 5f high.
Leaflets smoothish above, 2 — 4' long, f as wide. Flowers white, in lax, termi-
nal clusters. Fruit red, amber color or white. — Plants essentially agreeing
with the above described were found at Cambridge, Vt., in woods, also at Cole-
brook, Ct., by Dr Robbins. j:

9. R. STRiGosus. Michx. (R. Idaeus. Nutt.) Wild Red Raspberry.

Plant shrubby, strongly hispid ; Ivs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate ; Ifts. oblong-
ovate or oval, obtuse at base, coarsely and unequally serrate, canescent-tomen-
tose beneath, odd one often subcordate at base, lateral ones sessile ; cor. cup-
shaped, about the length of the calyx. — In hedges and neglected fields, Can.
and N. States, very abundant. Stem without prickles, covered with strong
bristles instead. Leaflets 1^ — 2i' long, a — § as wide, terminal one distinctly
petiolulate. Flowers white. Fr. hemispherical, light red, and of a peculiar
rich flavor, in Jn. — Aug. Fl. May.

10. R. occiDENTALis. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry.

Plant shrubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3-
foliate; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, sublobate or doubly serrate, hoary-tomentose
beneath, lateral ones sessile ;/5. axillary and terminal, fr. black. — A tall, slen-
der bramble, 4 — 8f high, in thickets, rocky fields, &c., Can. and U. S. Plant
not hispid. Leaflets 2 — 3' long, § — | as wide, nearly white beneath, odd one
distinctly petiolulate, common petiole terete, long. Flowers white, lower ones
solitary, upper corymbose. Fruit roundish, glaucous, of a lively, agreeable
taste, ripe in July. Fl. Maj'. :j:

11. R. TRiFLORUs. Rich. (R. saxatilis. Bw.) Three-flowered Raspberry.
St. shrubby, unarmed, declined; branches herbaceous, green; Ivs. 3 or*5-

foliate ; Ifts. nearly smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally cut-dentate,
odd one petiolulate; 5/^^. ovate, entire; pcd. terminal, 1 — 3-flowered; pet. erect,
oblong-obovate.- Moist woods and shady hills, Penn. to Brit. Am. Stems flftx-
uous, smooth, reddish. Petioles very slender, 1 — 2' long. Leaflets 1 — 2' by \ —
1', lateral ones .sessile, oblique or unequally 2-lobed. Petals white, rather lon-
ger than the triangular-lanceolate, reflexed sepals. Fruit consisting of a few
large, dark-red grains, acid, ripe in Aug. Fl. May.

12. R. R0S.EF0LIUS. Rose-leaved Rubus or Bridal Rose. — Erect, branching,
armed with nearly straight prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3 — 7-foliate ; Ifts. ovate-
lanceolate, subplicate, doubly serrate, smooth beneath, velvety above; stip.

POTENTILLA. XLVIII. ROSACEA. 251

minute, subulate ; sep. spreading, long-acuminate, shorter than the narrow-obo-
vate, emarginate petals; shj. 00. — A delicate house-plant, with snow-white
double flowers. Native of Mauritius.

12. POTENTILLA.

Lat. potcntia, power; in allusion to its supposed potency in medicine.

Calyx concave, deeply 4 — 5-clcft, with an equal number of alter-
nate, exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 4 — 5, obcordate ; sta-
mens 00 ; filaraeuts slender ; ovaries collected iuto a head on a small,
dry receptacle ; styles deciduous ; achenia GO. — Herbaceous or shrubby.
Lvs. finnately or falniately compound. Fls. solitary or cymose., mostly
yellow.

* Leaves jpalviately trifoliate.

1. P. NoRVEGiCA, Nonoegiaii Potentilla or CtnquefoU.

Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; Ifls. 3, elliptical or obovate, den-
tate-serrate, petiolulate ; q/ffies leafy; ca/. exceeding the emarginate petals. —
Old fields and thickets. Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 1 — 4t high, covered with silky-
hairs, terete, at length ibrlvcd near the top. Cauline petioles shorter than the
leaves. Leaflets J — IJ' by \ — *', (lower and radical ones very small,) often
incised. Stipules large, ov'ate, subentire. Flowers many, crowded, with pale
yellow petals shorter than the lanceolate, acute, hairy sepals. Jl. — Sept.

0. ? hirsuta. T. & G. (P. hirsuta. Michx.) — Hairs loose, silky ; st. slender,
erect, subsimple ; lower and middle lvs. equal, long-petiolate ; Ifls. roundish-obo-
vate, sessile, incisely dentate ; fls. few, petals rather conspicuous, nearly as long
as the calyx. — Dry fields. With reluctance I adopt the views of Torrey & Gray
in regard to this plant.

2. P. TRiDENTATA. Ait. Tridciit OX Mou7ilai7i Potentilla.

Smooth ; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; Ifls. 3, obovate-cune-
ate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apex ; cytnes nearly naked ; pet.
twice longer than the calyx. — On the White Mis. ! and other alpine summits in
the N. States. Flowering stems 6 — 12' high, round, often with minute, ap-
pressed hairs. Petioles mostly longer than the leaves. Leaflets sessile, 9 — 18"
by 4 — 6", coriaceous, smooth. Flowers with white, obovate petals. Carpels
and achenia with scattered hairs. Jn. Jl.

3. P. MINIMA. Haller.

St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowered; lvs. trifoliate; Ifls. obovate,
obtuse, incisely serrate, with 5 — 9 teeth above ; pet. longer than the sepals. —
Alpine regions of the White Mts. Stems numerous and leafy, 1 — 3' high.
Leaflets with the margins and veins beneath hairy. Flowers small. Petals
obcordate. Bracteoles oval-obtuse, narrowed at the base.
* * Leaves palmatcly 3 or 5-foliate.

4. P. Canadensis. (P. sarmentosa. Willd.) Comvion CinqxtefoU.
Villose pubescent ; st. sarmentose, procumbent and ascending ; lvs. pal-

mately 5-foliate, the leaflets obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the
apex, entire and attenuate towards the base ; stip. hairy, deeply 2 or 3-cleft, or
entire; pedicels a.xi\\xvcj, solitary; bracteoles of the calyx longer than the seg-
ments, and nearly as long as the petals. — Common in fields and thickets, U. S.
and Can. Stems more or less procumbent at base, from a few inches to a foot
or more in length. Flowers yellow, on long pedicels. Calyx segments lanceo-
late or linear. Apr. — Aug.

13. jniviila. T. & G. (P. pumila. Ph.) — ^Very small and delicate, flowering
in Apr. and May. — I cannot perceive any diflerence between this and the above,
except its diminutive size and early flowering. In dry, sandy soils. Stems
about 3' high.

y. simple.c. T. & G. (P. simplex. Michx.)— Plant less hirsute ; st. simple,
erect or ascending at base; Ifls. oval-cuneiform; flowering in June — Aug. — In
richer .soils. Stems 8—14' high. Leaflets about 1' long, i as wide.

5. P. ARGENTEA. SUvcry Clnqvefoil.

St. ascending, tomentose, branched above ; Ifts. oblong-cuneiform, with a
22

252 XLVIII. ROSACEA. Fhagarfa.

few large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery-canescent beneath, sessile ; fls.
in a cymose corymb ; pet. longer than the obtusish sepals. — A pretty species, on
dry or rocky hills, Can. and N. States, remarkable for the silvery whiteness of
the lower surface of the leaves. Stems 6—10' long, at length with slender
branches. Leaflets 5 — 9" by 1—2", with 2 or 3 slender, spreading teeth each
side ; upper ones linear, entire. Flowers small. Calyx canescent. Petals yel-
low. Jn. — Sept.

* * * Leaves pinnate.

6. P. FRUTicOsA. (P. floribunda. Ph.) Shrubby Cinquefoil.

St. fruticose, very branching, hirsute, erect ; Ifis. 5—7, linear-oblong, all
sessile, margin entire and revolute ; pet. large, much longer than the calyx. — A
low, bushy shrub, in meadows and rocky hills. Northern States and Brit. Am.
Stems 1 — 2f high, with a reddish bark ; petioles shorter than the leaves. Leaf-
lets J — li' (mostly 1') by 2 — 3" wide, acute, crowded, pubescent. Stipules
nearly as long as the petioles. Flowers f — l^' diam., yellow, in terminal clus-
ters. Jn. — Aug.

7. P. ANSERiNA. Silver-ivced. Goose-grass.

St. slender, creeping, prostrate, rooting ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts.
many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath ; pcd. solitary, 1-flowered,
very long. — A fine species on wet shores and meadows, N. Eng. to Arctic Am.
Stems subterraneous, sending out reddish stolons 1 — 2f long. Petioles mostly
radical, 6 — 10' long. Leaflets 1 — IJ' by 3—6", sessile, with several minute
pairs interposed. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Fls. yellow, I'diam. Jn.— Sept.

8. P. ARGtJTA. Ph. (P. confertiflora. Hitchcock. Boottia sylvestris. Bw.)
False Avens. IVfiite-Jlmvercd Poientilla. — St. erect; radical Ivs. on long

petioles, 7— 9-foliate, cauline few, 3— 7-foliate ; Ifts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate ;
fls. in dense, terminal cymes. — Along streams, &c.. Can. and N. States, W. to
the Rocky Mts. Stems 2 — 3f high, stout, terete, striate, and with nearly the
whole plant very pttbescent. Radical leaves If or more long. Leaflets 1 — 3'
.ong, i as wide, sessile, odd one petiolulate. Fls. about 8" diam. Petals round-
ish, yellowish white, longer than the sepals. Disk glandular, 5-lobed. May, Jn.

9. P. PARADoxA. Nutt. (P. supina. Mr.)

Decumbent at base, pubescent; Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. 7 — 9, obovate-oblong,
incised, the upper ones confluent ; siip. ovate ; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit ;
pet. obovate, about equaling the sepals; ach. 2-lobed, the lower portion chiefly
composed of starch-like albumen. — River banks, Ohio to Oregon. Nuttall in
T. & G. Fl. p. 437.

13. COM A RUM.

Gr. KOjiapoi, the strcawberry tree, ivhich this plant resembles.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with bracteoles alternating witli the seg-
ments ; petals 5, very small ; stamens numerous, inserted into the
disk; achenia smooth, crowded upon the enlarged, ovate, spongy, per-
sistent receptacle. — % Lvs. pinnate.

C. PALUSTRE. Marsh Cinquefoil.

In spagnous swamps, N. States! Wise. ! to the Arctic Circle. Stems creep-
ing at base, 1 — 2f high, nearly smooth, branching. Leaflets 3, 5 and 7, crowded,
Ij — 2 J' long, ^ as wide, oblong-lanceolate, hoary beneath, obtuse, sharply ser-
rate, subsessile ; petiole longer than the scarious, woolly, adnate stipules at
base. Flowers large. Calyx segments several times larger than the petals.
Petals about 3" long, ovate-lanceolate, and, with the stamens, styles and upper
surface of the sepals, dark purple. Fruit permanent. Jn.

14. FRAGARIA.

Lat. fragrans, fragiunt ; on account of its perfumed fruit.

Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate,
exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 5, obcordate ; stamens 00 ;
achenia smooth, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle. — %
Stnus stoloniferous. Lvs. trifoliate. Fis. on a scape., white.

Gelm. XLVIII. ROSACEiE. 253

1. F. ViRGiNiAN'A. Ehrh. (F. Canadensis. M/cA.r.) Scarkt or Wild Straic-
berrij. — Pubescent; cal. of the fruit erect-spreading; ach. imbedded in pits

in the globose receptacle ; ped. conimonly shorter than the leaves. — Fields and
woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stolons slender, terete, reddish, often If or more
long, rooting at the ends. Petioles radical, -2 — 6' long, with spreading hairs.
Leaflets 3, oval, obtuse, coarsely dentate, subsessile, 1 — 2}' long, } as wide,
lateral ones oblique. Scape less hairy than the petioles, cymose at top. Flowers
in Apr. and May. Fruit in Jn. Jl., highly fragrant and delicious when ripened
in the sun.

2. F. VESCA. Alpine, Wood, or E^iglish Strawberrij.

Pubescent; calyx of the fruit much spreading or reflexed; ach. superficial
on the conical or hemispherical receptacle which is without pits ; ped. usually
longer than the leaves. — Fields and woods. Northern States, &c. Stolons often
creeping several feet. Leaves pubescent, and flowers as in F. Virginiana. —
Nimierous varieties are cultivated in gardens, where the fruit is sometimes au
ounce or more in weight. Fl. Apr. May. Fr. Jn. Jl.

3. F. Chilensis. Ehrh. Chili Strawberry. — Lfts. villose-silky beneath, ru-
gose, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse, serrate ; ped. and cal. silky ; pet.
large, spreading. — From Oregon and California. Not generally cultivated.

OJs— other species with varieties are sometimes found in gardens; as F. elatior, the hautbois S.,
with tall, thill leaves, tall and strong scapes, and fruit greenish white tinged with purple ; F. grandiflora,
the pine-apple S. (made a synonym of F. Chilensis by DC.) with firm, crenate leaves, large flowers and
large, globose fruit, varying from whitish to purple.

15. DALIBARDA.

Named by Linnseus, in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.

Calyx inferior, deeply 5 — 6-partecl, spreading, 3 of the segments
larger ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; styles 5 — 8, long, deciduous ;
fruit achenia, dry or somewhat drupaceous. — % Low herbs. St. creep-
ing. Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1 — 2-Jioicercd.

D. REPENS. False Violet.

DiflJuse, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; lvs. simple, roundish-cordate,
crenate ; slip, linear-setaceous ; cal. spreading in flower, erect in fruit. — In low
•woods, Penn. to Can. Creeping stems 1 or 2' to 10 or 12' in length. Leaves
1 — 2' diam., rounded at apex, cordate at base, villose-pubescent, on petioles 1,
2 or 3' long. Scapes 1-flowercd, about as long as the petioles. Petals white,
obovate, longer than the sepals. Jn.

16. WALDSTEINIA. Willd.
Named by Willdenow, in honor of Franz de Waldstein, a German botanist.

Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous
bracteoles ; petals 5 or more, sessile, deciduous ; stamens 00, inserted
into the calyx ; styles 2 — 6 ; achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle.
— % Acaulesceiit herbs., tvith lobed or divided radical lvs. , and yellow fls.
W. FRAGARioiDES. Traut. (Dalibarda. Michx. Comaropsis. DC) Dry
Straivberry. — Lvs. trifoliate ; lfts. broad-cuneiform, incisely dentate-crenate,
ciliate ; scapes bracteate, many-flowered ; cal. tube obconic. — A handsome plant,
in hilly woods, Can. to Ga., bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Rhi-
zoma thick, scaly, blackish. Petioles 3—6' long, slightly pubescent. Leaflets
1 — 2' diam., nearly sessile, dark shining greeri above, apex rounded and cut
into lobes and teeth. Scape about as high as the leaves, divided at lop, bearing
2 — 6 flowers \' diam. Petals varj'ing from 5—10 ! Jn.

17. GEUM.

G-r.yeVbi, to taste well ; in allusion to the taste of the roots.

Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or bracteoles, smaller and
exterior ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; achenia 00, aggregated on a dry
receptacle, and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, genicu-
late and bearded style. — %

254 XL VIII. ROSACEtE. Geum.

* Styles articulated and geniculate, upper joint decidutrus.

1. G. uiVALE. Water Avens. Purple avens.

Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical Ivs. lyrate ; stip. ovate, acute ; Jls. nod-
ding; pet. as long as the erect calyx segments; upper joint of the persistent style
plumose. — A fine plant, with drooping, purple flowers, conspicuous among
the grass in Avet meadows, Northern and Mid. States. Rhizoma woody, creep-
ing. Stem 1 — 2f high, paniculate at top. Root leaves interruptedly pinnatfe,
inclining to l}Tate, 4—6' long, terminal leaflet large, roundish, lobed and cre-
iiate-dentate. Stem leaves 1 — 3, 3-foliate or lobed, subsessile. Flowers sub-
globose. Calyx purplish-brown. Petals broad-obcordate, clawed, purplish-
yellow, veined. Jn. — The root is aromatic and astringent.

2. G. STRICTUM. Ait. Yellow Avens.

Hirsute ; radical Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; cauline 3 — 5-foliate ; Ifts. obo-
vate and ovate, lobed and toothed ; stip. large and erect ; bracteoles linear, shorter
than the sepals ; pet. roundish, longer than the calyx ; sty. smooth, upper joint
hairy. — Fields moist or dry, N. States and Brit. Am. Stem hispid at base, 2 —
3f high, dichotomous, and with spreading hairs at summit. Root leaves 5 — 8'
long, inclining to lyrate, the terminal leaflet largest, obovate and lobed. Flow-
ers numerous, rather large, yellow. Receptacle densely pubescent. Jl. Aug.

3. G. ViRGiNiANUM. (G. album. Gmcl.) White Avens.

Pubescent ; radical Ivs. pinnate, ternate, or even rarely simple ; cauline
3 — 5-tbliate or lobed, all unequally and incisely dentate, nearly smooth or softly
pubescent ; Jls. erect ; pet. not exceeding the calyx ; sty. glabrous ; recep. densely
hirsute. — Hedges and thickets. Can. and U. S. Stem simple or branched,
smoothish above. Leaves very variable in form, lower ones often 3-foliate,
with long, (6 — 8') appendaged petioles. Stipules mostly incised. Upper leaves
simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white. Peduncles in fruit long
and diverging. Jl.

4. G. MACROPHYLLUM. Willd. Large-lcttved Yellow Avens.

Hispid ; radical Ivs. interruptedly lyiate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet much
the largest, roundish-cordate ; cauline with minute, lateral leaflets, and a large,
roundish, lobed, terminal one, all unequally dentate ; pet. longer than the calyx ;
recep. nearly smooth. — White Mts. ! Stem 1 — 2f high, stout, very hispid and
leafy. Terminal leaflets 3 — 5' diam. Flowers yellow. Jn. Jl.

5. G. VERNCM. T. & G. (Stylipus vernus. Baf.)

Slender and slightly pubescent ; st. ascending at base ; radical Ivs. pin-
nately 5 — 9-foliate, with incised leaflets, or often simple and cordate, incisely
lobed and dentate ; cauline Ivs. 3 — 5-foliate or lobed ; stip. large and incised ;
Jls. very small ; sep. reflexed ; head nf carpels globose, raised on a slender stipe.
— Shades and thickets, Ohio ! to 111. and Tex. Stem 8 — 20' high, striate, di-
or trichotomous at top, few-leaved and few-flowered. Petals yellow, and with
the sepals hardly more than 1" in length. Stipe of the head of carpels J' long.
Apr. — Jn.

* * Styles not articulated, wholly persistent. Sieversia. R. Br.

6. G. TRiFLORUM. Pursh. Three-pnoered Geum.

Villous ; St. erect, about 3-flowered ; Ivs. mostly radical, interruptedly pin-
nate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate leaflets ; bracteoles linear, longer
than the sepals ; sty. plumose, very long in fruit. — Brit. Am. and the Western
States ! rare in the Northern. Stems scarcely a foot high, with a pair of oppo-
site, laciniate leaves near the middle, and several bracts at the base of the long,
slender petioles. Radical leaves 5 — 6' long, the terminal leaflet not enlarged.
Flowers rather large, purplish white. Styles 2' long in fruit. May, Jn.

7. G. Peckii. Pursh. Peck^s Geum.

Nearly glabrous; st. erect, several-flowered, nearly naked; radical Ivs.
lyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet very large, roundish, truncate at base, the
lateral ones minute ; pet. much longer than the calyx. — White Mts. ! Scape 9'
high (4 — 5, Bw. 12-— 18, T. tf- G.), with several small, incised bracts. Petioles
3 5' long, bearing 4 or 6, dentate, lateral leaflets 1 — 4" long, and ending in a
half-round leaflet 2 — 4' wide, lobed and dentate. Flowers 8" diam., yellow, ter-
minal on the elongated branches. Jl. Aug.

Spir^a. XLVIII. ROSACEiE. 9M

18. SANGUIS ORB A.
Lai. sanguis, sorbere, q. d. to absorb blood j the plant ia esteemed a vulnerary.

Calyx tube 4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base ; limb 4parted ; petals
0 ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx segments ; filaments dilated upwards ;
style 1 , filiform ; achenium dry, included in the calyx. — Herbs with
v,Hequally pinnate leaves.

S. Canadensis. Burnet Saxifrage.

Glabrous; Ifts. oblong, cordate, obtuse, seiTate; spikes den.se, cylindric,
very long ; sta. much longer than the calyx. — %. in wet meadows, U. S. and
Brit. Am., and cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 — 3f high, smooth, striate, spar-
ingly branched. Stipules leafy, serrate. Leaflets 2 — 4' long, j — J as wide,
petiolate, mostly stipellate. Spikes 3 — 6' long, terminating the long, naked
branches. Bracteoles 3. Calyx greenish white, resembling a corolla. Aug.

19. POTERIUM.

Lilerally a drinking vessel, and hence a beverage ; from the use of the plant.

Fls. 8 ■ Calyx tube contracted at the mouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4-
parted ; petals 0 ; stamens 20 — 30 ; ovaries 2 ; style filiform ; ache-
nia dry, included in the calyx. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves.

P. SANGUisoRBA. Biimet.

Herbaceous; st. unarmed, angular, and with the leaves, smooth; Ifts.
7 — 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate ; spikes or hds. subglobose, the lower
flowers staminate. — % Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued
in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to be native about Lake Huron.

20. AGRIMONIA.

Gr. avpos, a tield, jiovos, alone ; a name of dignity for its medicinal qualities.

Calyx tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked
bristles above, limb 5-cleft; petals 5 ; stamens 12 — 15 ; ovaries 2 ;
styles terminal ; achcnia included in the indurated tube of the calyx.
— % L^s. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long., slender racemes.

1. A. EoPATORiA. Agrimony.

Hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate, upper ones 3-foliate ; Ifts. ovate, oval
or oval-lanceolate, coarsely dentate ; slip, large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than
the calyx.— Road sides, borders of fields. Can. and U. S., common. Stem I— 3f
high, branching, leafy. Leaflets 3, 5, 7, with small ones interposed, nearly
smooth beneath, 1^—3' long, J as wide, sessile, terminal one with a petiolule
1_3" long. Racemes G — 12' long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about 4" diam.,
on very short pedicels. Calyx tube curiously fluted with 10 ribs, and sur-
mounted with reddish, hooked bristles. Jl.

/?. hirsuta. Torr. — Smaller and more hairy.

y. parviflora. Hook. (A. parviflora. £>C.)— Less hairy ;^. smaller, on longer
pedicels.

2. A. PARVIFLORA. Ait. (A. suaveolens. Ph.)

St. and petioles hirsute ; lis. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. numerous, crowded,
pubescent beneath, linear-lanceolate, equally and inci-sely serrate ; stip. acutely
incised ; rac. spicate-virgate ; fls. small ; pet. longer than calyx ; fr. hispid.—-
"Woods and dry meadows, Penn. ! to S. Car. W. to la. and Tenn. Stem 3 — 4f
high, the hairs spreading, brownish and glandular. Leaflets 2—3' by J— i',
with smaller ones intermixed. Petals yellow. The plant has an agreeable
balsamic odor. Aug.

21. SPIR^A.
Gr. aneipa, a cord or wreath ; the flowers arc, or may be used in garlands.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; petals 5, roundish; stamens 10 — 50,
exserted; carpels distinct, 3 — 12, follicular, 1-celled, 1 — 2-valved,
1 — 10-seeded ; styles terminal. — % Unarmed shrubs or herbs. Branches
and Ivs. alternate. Fls. white or rose-color, n£ver yellow.

22*

256 XLVIII. ROSACEA. Spiraea.

♦ Leaves without stipules.

1. S. T0MENT6SA. Hardhack.

Femiginous-tomentose ; Ivs. simple, ovate-lanceolate, smoothish above,
unequally serrate ; roc. short, dense, aggregated in a dense, slender, terminal
panicle ; carpels 5. — A small shrub, very common in pastures and low grounds,
Can. and U. S. Stem very hard, brittle, consequently troublesome to the scythe
of the hay-maker. Leaves 1 J — 2' long, J as wide, dark green above, rusty white
with a dense tomentum beneath, crowded, and on short petioles. Flowers
small, very numerous, with conspicuous stamens, light piirple, forming a slen-
der, pyramidal cluster of some beauty. The persistent fruit in winter furnishes
food for the snow bird. Jl. Aug.

2. S. SALicipoLiA. (S. alba. Bw.) Queen of the Meadow. Meadow-sweet.
Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. oblong, obovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; rac.

forming a more or less dense, terminal panicle ; carpels 5. — A small shrub in
meadows, thickets, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems 3 — 4f high, slender, purplish,
brittle. Leaves smooth, IJ — 3' long, | — | as wide, acute at each end, petiolate,
often with small leaves in the axils. Flowers white, often tinged with red,
small, numerous, with conspicuous stamens, in a more or less spreading pani-
cle. Jl. Aug. t

3. S. Aruncus. Goat^s Beard.

Herbaceous ; Ivs. membranaceous, tripinnate ; IJis. oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, doubly and sharply serrate ; fis. 9 (^,
very numerous ; carpels 3 — 5, very smooth. — On the Catskill Mts., N. Y. to Ga.
Torrey <f« Gray. Stem 4 — 6f high, branching. Flowers very small, white,
in numeroixs, slender racemes, forming a large, compound panicle. Jn. Jl.
/?. Fls. in very long, virgate racemes. Georgetown, D. C. Bobbins.

4. S. coRYMBosA. Raf (S. chamsedrifolia. Ph.) Corymbose Spiraea.
L/vs. ovate or oblong-oval, incisely and unequally serrate near the apex,

whitish with minute tomentum beneath ; corymbs large, terminal, pedunculate,
fastigiate, compound, dense, often leafy ; sty. and carpels 3 — 5. — Mountains,
Penn. Fauquier Co., Va. Dr. Bobbins, to Ky. S. to Flor. Stem slightly pu-
bescent, reddish, 1 — 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth above, entire towards the
base, 2—3' by | — If. Flowers innumerable, white or rose-colored, in a co-
rymb 4 — 6' broad. May, Jn. f

5. S. HYPERiciFOLiA St. Peter's Wreath. — Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, ta-
pering at base to a petiole, entire or slightly dentate, nearly smooth ; Jls. in
pedimculate corymbs or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or pubescent ; segments
of the calyx ascending. — Cultivated in gardens and shrubberies. Shrub 3^5f
high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Flowers white, in numerous umbels, ter-
minating the short, lateral branches. Pedicels as long as the leaves. May. -f

* * Leaves accompanied with stipules.

6. S. soRBiPOLiA. Sorb-leaved SpircBa. — )S/w«6 stout, with straggling branches
and rough bark ; ^i'5. unequally pinnate ; lateral Ifts. oblong-lanceolate; termi-
nal one larger, irregularly lobed, all acuminate, sessile and doubly serrate ; fls.
in thyrsoid panicles, large, numerous, white. — In shrubberies. Height 4-— 6f.
May. t

S. 7. OPULiPOLiA. Nine-bark.

Nearly glabrous; lvs. roundish, 3-lobed, petiolate, doubly-serrate ; corymbs
pedunculate ; carpels 3 — 5, exceeding the calyx in fruit. — A beautiful shrub,
3 — 5f high, on the banks of streams, Ca». la. ! Mo. S. to Ga., rare. Bark
loose, outer layers deciduous. Leaves 1 — 2J' long, nearly as wide, sometimes
cordate at base, with 3 obtuse lobes above, petioles 6 — 9" long. Corymbs re-
sembling simple umbelSj hemispherical, 1 — 2^' diam. Flowers white, often
tinged with purple. Follicles diverging, smooth, shining, purple, 2-seeded. Jn.f

8. S. LOB AT A. Siberian Red Spireea.

Herbaceous ; lvs. pinnately 3 — 7 foliate, often with smaller leaflets inter-
posed, lateral Ifts. of 3, lanceolate lobes, cuneate at base, terminal one large,
pedately 7 — 9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate ; slip, reniform ; panicle large,
cymosely branched; fls. large, deep rose-color; carpels 6 — 8. — An herb of ex-

Kerria. XLVIII. ROSACEjE. 257

quisite beauty, in meadows and prairies, Mich. la. ! to Car. Stem 4 — 8f high.
Flowers numerous and exceedingly delicate. Jn. Jl. ■\

9. S. Fit.iPENDULA. Pride of the Meadow. — Herbaceous, smooth ; Zus. inter-
ruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. pinnatifidly serrate, 9 — 21, with many minute ones in-
terposed; slip, large, semiconlate, serrate; corymb on a long, terminal pedun-
cle.— A very delicate herb, often cultivated. Stems 1 — 3f high. Leaves 3 — 6'
long, leaflets 1 — 2' long, linear, the serratures tipped with short bristles. Flow-
ers white, 4 or 5" diam. Petals oblong-obovate. Jn.

10. S. Ulmaria. Double Mcadov-swect. — Herbaceous; Iv^. "i — 7-foliate, with
minute leaflets interposed ; lateral Ifls. ovate-lanceolate ; terminal one much
larger, palmately 5 — 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and whitish-tomentose beneath ;
stip. reniform, serrate ; panicle corymbose, long-pedunculate. — In gardens, where
the numerous white flowers are mostly double. Jl. f — Other species of this
beautiful genus are sometimes cultivated.

22. GILLENIA. Mocnch.
Gr. yc\aco, to laugh; on account of its exhilarating qualities.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft ; pe-
tals 5, linear-lanceolate, very long, unequal : stamens 10 — 15, very
short ; carpels 5, connate at base ; styles terminal, follicles 2-valved,
2 — 4-seeded. — % Herbs ivith trifoliate., doubly serrate leaves.

1. G. TRiFOLiATA. Mocnch. (Spiraea. Linn.) Indian Phytic.

Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; slip, linear-setaceous, entire ; fls. on long
pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbose panicles. — In woods, western N. Y. to Ga.
A handsome shrub, 2 — 3f high, slender and nearly smooth. Lower leaves pe-
tiolate, leaflets 2 — 4' long, | as wide, pubescent beneath, subsessile. Flowers
axillary and terminal. Petals rose-color or nearly white, 8" by 2". Seeds
brown, bitter. Jn. Jl. — Root said to be emetic, cathartic or tonic, according
to the dose.

2. G. sTiPULACEA. NiUt. (Spirea. Ph.) Bowman's Boot.

Lfts. lanceolate, deeply incised ; radical Ics. pinnatifid ; stip. leafy, ovate,
doubly incised, clasping; Jls. large, in loose panicles. — Western N. Y. to Ala.
Readily distinguished from the former by the large, clasping stipules. Flow-
ers fewer, rose-colored. Jn.^-Properties of the root like the former.

.23. KERRIA. DC.

In honor of Wm. Ker, a botanical collector, who sent plants from China.

Calyx of 5 acuminate, nearly distinct sepals ; corolla of 5 orbicu-
lar petals ; ovaries 5 — 8, smooth, globose ; ovules solitary ; styles
filiform ; achenia globose. — A slender shrub, native of Japan. Lvs.
simple., ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, without stipules. Fls. terminal
on the branches, solitary or few together, orange-yellow.

K. Japonica. DC. (Corchorus Japonica. Willd.) Japan Globe Flower. —
Common in gardens, &c. Stems numerous, 5 — 8f high, with a smooth bark.
Leaves minutely pubescent, 2 — 3' by 1 — \\\ with a very sharp, slender point.
Petioles 3 — 5" long, Flowers double in cultivation, and abortive, globose, near
1 diam. f

24. SIBBALDIA procumbens. Linn.— Mts. of Vt. Pursli. Also Can.
to Greenland.

25. DRYAS iNTEGRiFOi.iA. Vahl.— White Mts., N. H. Pursh. Also N. to
Greenland.

20. ALCHEMILLA alpIna. Linn.— White Mts., N. H., Green Mts.,
Vt., and Greenland, according to Pursh. These three species, whose leading
characters are indicated in the " Conspectus of the Genera," have never, to my
knowledge, been attributed to N. Eng. by any botanist except on the authority
of Pursh, which in this case, Drs. Torrey & Gray (p. 432) think to be " ex-
tremely doubtful."

258 L. MYRTACEiE. Ponica.

Order XLIX. CALYCANTHACEiE.— Calycanths.

shrubs with square steins exhibiting 4 axes of growth surrounding the central one.

Lvs. opposite, entire, simple, without stipules. Fts. solitary, axillary. . , u i i ^

CaL— ^ Sepals numerous, colored, in several rows, confounded with the petals, all united below into a

Cor. — I fleshy tube or cup.

Sta. 00, inserted into the fleshy rim of the calyx ; inner row sterile.

Ova. indefinite, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube.

Fr.— Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx tube as in genus Rosa.

The order consists of but 2 genera, Calycanthus, American, and Chimonanthus of Japan. The speciei
are 6. The flowers are highly aromatic, and the same quality resides in the bark.

CALYCANTHUS.

Gr. KoXv^, calyx, av^oi, a flower; from the character.

Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, somewhat
coriaceous and fleshy, colored ; stamens unequal, about 12 outer ones
fertile ; anthers estrorse. The bark and (eaves exhale the odor of cam-
fhor. Fls. of a lurid purple.

C. FLORiDUs. Carolina Allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub.
Lvs. oval, mostly acute or acuminate, tomentose beneath ; branches spread-
ing ; flowers nearly .sessile. — Fertile soils along streams, Va. and all the S.
States. Not uncommon in gardens farther north. The species of Willdenow
and Elliot are all referred to this of Linnaeus, by Torrey and Gray, as follows :

/?. (C. laevigatus Willd.) — Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
gradually acute, glabrous ; branches erect, f

y. (C. glaucus TF;7Z^.)—Z/rs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous
and glabrous beneath ; branches .spreading, f

S. (C. inodorus. Ell.)— Lvs. lanceolate, scabrous and shining above, smooth
below ; branches spreading.

Order L. MYRTACE^.— Myrtleblooms.

Trees and shrubs, without stipules. .

Lvs. opposite entire, punctate, usually with a vein running close to the margin.
Cal. adherent below to the compound ovarj-, the limb 4— 5-cleft. valvate.
Cor.— Petals as many as the segments of the calyx.
Sta. indefinite, .-t^r/ifirs introrse. Style a.nA stigma s\mv\6-
Fr. with many seeds.
A fine order, of 45 genera and 1300 species, native of warm or torrid countries, especially of S. America

Properties —A fragrant or pungent volatile oil, residing chiefly in the pellucid dotting of the leaves per-
vades the order The Caryophyllus aromaticus, native of Arabia, a tree about 20 feet in height, yields the
clove (clou Fr. a nail) which is the dried flower. Cajeput oil is distilled from the leaves of the Melaleu-
ca Cajeputi, native of the E. Indies. A kind of gum kino is obtained from Eucalyptus resinifera, also a
native of India. The root of the Pomegranate yields an extract which is an excellent vermifuge.— All the
eenera are e.\otic with us.— Many of them are highly ornamental in cidture.

Ge7iera.

Fruit 2— Scelled. Leaves evergreen, with a marginal vein. Myrtvs. I

Fruit many-celled. Leaves deciduous, without the marginal vein Pwnica. 2

1. MYRTUS. Tourn.
G-r. nvpov, perfume.

Calyx 5-eleft ; petals 5 ; berry 2— 3-celled ; radicle and cotyle-
dons distinct. — Shrubs with evergreen leaves.

M. COMMUNIS. Comvion Myrtle. — Lvs. oblong-ovate, with a marginal vein ;
fls. solitary ; invol. 2-leaved.— This popular shrub is a native of S. Europe. In
our climate it is reared only in houses and conservatories. Among the ancients
it was a great favorite for its elegance of form, and its fragrant, evergreen
leaves. It was sacred to Venus. The brows of bloodless victors were adorned
with myrtle wreaths, and at Athens it was an emblem of civic ai'-thority.
Leaves about 1' by h'. Flowers white. Jl. Aug.f

2. PUNICA.

Lat. Punica, Carthagenian, or, of Carthage, where it first grew.

Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; berry many-celled, many-seeded ; seeds
baccate ; placenta parietal. — Deciduous trees and shrubs.

LIl. LYTHRACE^. 259

P. Granatum. Pamegranate. — Arborescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, with no margin-
al vein. — A thorny bush when wild, from S. Europe, where it is sometimes used
for hedges like the hawthorn. Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth, 2 — 3' by
5 — 10", obtuse. The flowers are scarlet, large, and make a fine appearance.
The fruit is large, highly ornamental and of a fine flavor. Much care is requi-
site for its cultivation. It requires a rich loam, a sunny situation, protected by
glass. In this way double flowers of great beauty may be produced, f

P. NANA. Dwarf Pomegranate. — Shrubby; lis. linear-lanceolate, acute. — Na-
tive of the W. Indies, where it is used as a hedge plant. Shrub 4 — 6f high, with
smaller purple flowers, often double, f

Order LI. MELASTOMACE^.— Melastomes.

Trees, shrubs or herbs with square branches, and usualljf exstipulate.

Lvs. opposite, entire and undivided, without dots and with several veins.

Oa/.— .Sepals 4-6, united, persistent, the tube urceolate, cohering with only the angles of the ovary.

Cor. — Petals as many as the segments of the caly.x, twisted in (estivation.

Sta. twice as many as the petals, sometimes of the same number, the tilaments inflexed in sstivation.

Anth. before flowering contained in the cavity between the cal. and the sides of ova.

Pr. capsular or baccate.

Genera 118, species 1200. The order is represented in the United .States by a single genus, the remain-
der being natives chiefly of India and tropical America. No plant of this order js poisonous. All ara
slightly astringent.

RHEXIA.

Gr. pe^ii, a rupture ; some of the species are good vulneraries.

Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base ; petals 4 ; stamens 8, 1 -celled ;
style declined ; capsule 4-celled, nearly free from the investing calyx
tube ; placentce prominent ; seeds numerous. — % Lvs. opposite^ exstipu-
late, 3-veined.

1. R. ViRGiNicA. Meadcno Beauty. Deer Grass.

S^. with 4-winged angles; lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate,
and with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; cal. hispid. — Grows in wet
grounds, Mass. to 111. ! and La. Stem If or more high, often 3-forked above.
Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent veins, ] — 3' long, about J as wide,
acute. Flowers large, in corymbose cymes. Petals bright purple, obovate, his-
pid beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden yellow
above with a purple line beneath. Style somewhat longer than the stamens, a
little declined. Jl. Aug.

2. R. Mariana. Maryland Deer Grass.

St. nearly terete, covered with bristly hairs ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, atten-
uate at base into a very short petiole and, with the calyx, clothed with scattered
hairs. — In sandy bogs, N. J. to Flor. The whole plant is hispid, even the pe-
tals externally. Stem 1 — 2f high, slender, and generally without branches.
Leaves often narrowly oblong, serrate-ciliate. Petals lajge, obovate, purple.
Jn.— Sept.

Order LII. LYTHRACE^.— Loosestrifes.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, frequently with 4-cornered branches.

Lvs. oppo.-^ite, rarely alternate, entire, with neither stipules nor glands.

Cal. tubular, the limb 4 — 7 lobed, sometimes with as many intermediate teeth.

Cor.— Petals inserted into the calyx between the lobes, very deciduous, or 0.

Sta. equal in number to the petals, or 2—4 times as many, inserted into the calyx.

Ova. superior, enclosed in the calyx-tube, 2— 4-celled. Sly. united into one.

Fr. — Capsule membranous, enveloped in the calyx, usually by abortion Icelled.

Sds. small, 00, attached to a central placenta. Albumen o.

Genera 35, species 300. Some of the species are found in temperate climes, but most of them are tro-
pical- Lythrum salicaria, native of Europe, N. Holland and U. .S., is used for tajming where it abounds.
All the species are astringent.

Consjiectus of the Genera.

\ 0 horns. Petals 0 HypoiricMa. 5

$ with 4 teeth and ; 4 short horns Ammannia. 1

fcampanulate, ? with 5 teeth and 5 long horns Becodon. 3

< cylindrical, with minute, intermediate horns. hythrv/m. 2

Calyx ( ventricose, gibbous at bane, intermediate horns 0 Cuphea. 4

260 LII. LYTHRACE^. Lythrum.

1. AMMANNIA.

Named in honor of John Ammann, native of Siberia, prof, of bot. St. Petersburg.

Calyx campanulate, 4 — 5-toothed or lobed, generally with as many
horn-like processes alternating with the lobes ; petals 4 or 5, often 0 ;
stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes ; capsule
2 — 4-celled, many-seeded. — (D Imcet places. Sts. square and Ivs. oppo-
site, entire. Fls. axillary.

1. A. HUMiLis. Michx. fA. ramosior. Linn.) Low Aviviannia.

St. branched from the base, ascending ; Ivs. linear-oblong or lanceolate,
obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole ; Jls. solitary, closely sessile, all the
parts in 4s ; sty. very short. — An obscure and humble plant in wet places, Ct. to
Ga. W. to Oregon. Stems square, procumbent at base, 6 — 10' high. Flowers
minute, one in the axil of each leaf,. with 4 purplish, caducous petals. Calyx
with 4 short, horn-like processes, alternating with the 4 short lobes of the limb.
Aug. Sept.

/?. (T. & G. A. ramosior. Michx.) — Lvs. subsessile, cordate-sagittate at base ;
Jls. about 3 in each of the lower axils, solitary above. — In N. J., where, it is said
by T. & G., to grow with and pass into the other variety.

2. A. LATiFOLiA. (A. ramosior. Linn.)

St. erect, branching; lvs. linear-lanceolate, dilated and auricula ted at the
sessile base ; Jls. crowded and apparently verticillate, upper subsolitary and
pedunculate; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned; sep., pet., sta. and cells oj capsule 4. — Wet
prairies, Western States. Stem 1 — 2fhigh. Leaves 2 — 3' by 2 — 5". Flowers
purple. Jl. — Sept.

2. LYTHRUM.

Gr. XtiSpoi/, black blood; referring to the color of the flower.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 4 — 6-toothed, with as many inter-
mediate, minute processes ; petals 4 — 6, equal ; stamens as many, or
twice as many as the petals, inserted into the calyx ; style filiform ;
capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Mostly %, with entire leaves.

1. L. Hyssopifolia. (^L. hj'ssopifolium. i?w. and IsictZi^.) Grass-poly.

Glabrous, erect, branchmg ; lvs. alternate or opposite, linear or oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse ; Jls. solitary, axillary, sub.sessile ; pet. and sta. 5 or 6. — (I) A
slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dried beds of ponds, &c., Mass.
and N. Y., near the coast, rare. Plant G — 10' high, with spreading, square
branches. Leaves sessile, acute at base, pale green, each with a single small
flower sessile in its axil. Petals pale purple. Calyx obscurely striate, with
short lobes. Jl.

2. L. ALATUM. Ph. WLn3:-slem lAjthrwm.

Glabrous, erect, branched ; st. winged below ; lvs. lance-ovate, sessile,
broadest at base, alternate and oi^posite; Jls. axillary, solitary. — Damp grounds,
Southern and Western States, common ! Stem 1 — 2f high, striate, the wings
narrow. Leaves 1 — 2' long, \ as wide. Calyx tube 12-striate, 12-toothed, alter-
nate teeth cornute. Corolla purple, wavy, 6-petaled. Stamens 6, included. Jn. Jl.

3. L. LINEARE. Linear-leaved Lylhruvi,.

St, slender, somewhat 4-angled, iDranched above ; lvs. linear, mostly oppo-
site and obtuse ; Jls. nearly sessile ; pet. and sta. 6. — Swamps, near the coast,
N. J. to Flor. Stem 2 — 4f high, the angle sometimes slightly winged. Leaves
1 — 2' by 2 — 4", rather fleshy. Flowers small, nearly white.

4. L. Salicaria. Loose-strije.

More or less pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, cordate at base ; /s. nearly ses-
sile. In a long, somewhat verticillate, interrupted spike ;"pci!. 6 or 7; sta. twice
as many as the petals. — %. An ornamental plant, native in wet meadows. Can.
and N. Eng., rare. Stem 2 — 5f high, branching. Leaves 3 — 6' long, \ as wide,
gradually acuminate, entire, on a short petiole, opposite, or in verticils of 3,
upper ones reduced to sessile bracts. Flowers large, numerous and showy.
Petals purple. Jl. Aug. f

LV. ONAGRACEiE. 261

5. L. viRGATUM. Aust/rian L/ythrum. — St. erect, branched, virgate ; Ivs. lan-
ceolate, acute at each end, floral ones small ; fls. about 3 in each axil of the vir-
gate raceme ; sta. 12. — A fine species for the garden, native of Austria. Stem
3 — 4f high. Flowers purple. Jn. — Sept. f

3. DEC 0 DON, Gmel.

Gr. SeKa, ten, oSovs, a tooth; from the hom-like teeth of the calyx.

Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect teeth, and 5 elon-
gated, spreading, horn-like processes ; stamens 10, alternate ones very
long ; style filiform ; capsule globose, included, many-seeded. — %■ Lvs.

opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary., purple.

D. vERTiciLLATUM. Ell. (Lythrum. Linn. Nessea. Kunth.')
Swamps throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem woody at base, often pros-
trate, and rooting at the summit, 3 — 8f in length, or erect and 2 — 3f high, 4 — 6
angled. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short petioles, acute
at base, 3 — 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. Flowers in axil-
lary, subsessile umbels of 3 or more, apparently whorled, constituting a long,
leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a fine purple.
Jl. Aug.

a. pubescens. — St. and lvs. beneath pubescent. R. Island.

p. leevigatum. — Glabrous and bright green. Most common in N. Eng.

4. CUPHEA.

Gr. Kvipos, curved or gibbous ; in reference to the capsule.

Calyx tubular, ventricose, with 6 erect teeth, and often as many
intermediate processes; petals 6 — 7, unequal; stamens 11 — 14,
rarely 6 — 7, unequal ; style filiform ; capsule membranaceous, 1 — 2-
celled, few-seeded. — Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. opposite, entire.
Fls. axillary and terminal.

C. viscosissiMA. Jacq. (Lythrum petiolatum. Linn.)
Herbaceous, viscid-pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, scabrous ;
fls. on short peduncles; cal. gibbous at base on the upper side, 13-veined,
6-toothed, very viscid. — ® Wet grounds, Pittsfield, Mass., Hitchcock, Cam-
bridge, N. Y., Stevenson, to Ga. and Ark. Stem 9 — 18' high, with alternate
branches. Leaves somewhat repand, 1 — 2' long, ^ as wide, on petioles \ as
long. Flowers solitary, one in each axil, irregular. Calyx often purple, ven-
tricose. Petals violet, obovate. Stamens included. Capsule bursting length-
wise before the seeds are ripe. Aug.

5. HYPOBRICHIA. Curtis.
Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth ; petals 0 ; stamens 2 — 4 ;
ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile ; capsule globose, bursting
irregularly, many-seeded. — A submersed aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite,
crowded, linear. Fls. axillary, sessile, miyiute.
H. NuTTALLTi. Curt. (Peplis diandra. Nutt.)

A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams, 111., Mead, Buckley, to
Mo. and La. Its habit is similar to a Callitriche. Stem mostly submersed,
10 — 20' long. Leaves 10 — 15" by 1 — 2", very numerous. Jn. — Aug.

Order LV. ONAGRACE^.— Onagrads.

Plants herbaceous, sometimes shrubby, with alternate or opposite leaves.
Tls. axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes.

Ca?.— Sepals 4, (2—6) united below into a tube, the lobes valvate in [estivation.

Cor.— i Petals 4, (2—6) inserted with the 4 or 8 (1—2—3—8) stamens into the throat of the calyx. Pollen
Sta. — I triangular, often cohering by threads.
Ova. coherent with the tube of the calyx ; placenta in the axis.
Fr. baccate or capsular, 2—4 celled, many-seeded. Albumen none.
Genera 36, species 520, particularly abundant throughout America, more rare in the Old World. They

',Hi2

Lv. onagracea:.

Epilobium.

possess no remarkable properties. Many genera are ornamental, and one, the well known Fuchsia, is so
to a high (legiee.

To this order is appended the suborder Halorngece, consisting of aouatic herbs of a low grade, tha
flowers being imperfect or reduced to solitary parts or organs.

FIG. 45.— 1. Flower of Oenothera fi-uticosa. 2. Plan of the flower. 3. Section of the 4-celled capsule
of (E. biennis. 5. Hippuris vulgaris ; 6, its flower, with 1 stamen, 1 ovary, 1 style. 4. Vertical section
of its iseeded fruit. 7. Circaea Lutetiana. 8. The flower enlarged. 9. Plan of the flower. 10. Vertical
section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit.

Conspectus of the Genera.

rPet. scarcely < Seeds comoae. Epilobium. I

J clawed ; i Seeds naked. (Enotkera. 2

] ( Claws unarmed. Gaura. S

J Herbs. I Pet. clawed; ( Claws with 2 teeth. ClarJna. 3

<i Sta. S; ; Beautiful green-house shrubs. . . Fuchsia. 4

^Fls.perf. ^Stamens 4; styles united into 1 tudwigia. 6

|'by4s; ^Flowers monoecious ; aquatic; leaves multifid. . . Myriophyllum. 9

J by 3s; flowers apetalous ; ariuatic ; leaves pectinate. . . . Proserpinaca. 8

I by 2s; flowers complete and regular; leaves dentate. . . . Circcea. 7

Parts of fl.arrang'd I by Is; flowers aiietalous; aquatic; leaves verticillate. . . . Hippuris. 10

Tribe 1. ONAGREa3.

Flowers perfect, the parts arranged in 4s (rarely 3s); pollen connected by threads.
1. EPILOBIUM.

Gr. CTTi, upon, \ofioit, a pod, lov, a violet ; j. e. a violet growing upon a pod.

Calyx tube not prolouged beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, 4-
parted and deciduous ; petals 4 ; stamens 8, anthers fixed near the
middle ; stigma often with 4 spreading lobes ; ovary and capsule
linear, 4-cornered, 4-cclled, 4-valved ; seeds 00, comose, vrith a tuft
of long hairs. — "4-

1. E. ANGUSTiFOLiuM. (E. spicatum. Lam.) Willoiv Herb. Rose-bay.
St. simple, erect ; lis. scattered, lanceolate, subentire, with a marginal

vein ; rac. long, terminal, spicate ; pet. unguiculate ; sta. and stij. declined ; stig.
with 4 linear, revolute lobes. — In newly cleared land.s, low waste groimds,
Penn. to Arctic Am. Stem 4 — 6f high, often branched above. Leaves sessile,
smooth, 2 — 5' long, j as wide, acuminate, with pellucid veins. Flowers nume-
rous and showy, all the parts colored, petals deep lilac-purple, ovary and sepals
(5 — 6" long) pale glaucou.s-purple. Jl. Aug.

p. canescen.'^. — Flowers of a pure Avhite in all their parts ; ovaries silvery-
canescent. — Danville, Vt. Miss M. L. Toide !

2. E. coLORATUM. Muhl. Colored Epilobum.

St. subterete, puberulent, erect, very branching; Ivs. mostly opposite, lan-
ceolate, dent-serrulate, acute, subpetiolate, .smooth, often with reddish veins ;
pet. small, 2-clefl at apex; cal. campanulate ; sty. included; s</^. clavate ; ovules
in a single row. — Ditches and wet, shady grounds, British Am. to Ga. W. to
Oregon. Stem 1 — 3f high, becoming very much branched. Leaves 2 — 4' long,
\ as wide, with minute, white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on
short petioles. Flowers numerous, axillary. Pedicels 1 — 2" in length, ovaries
4 — G", capsules 20", very slender. Petals rose-color, twice longer than the
sepals. Jl. — Sept. — Scarcely distinct from the next.
^ 3. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Epilobium.

S/.. terete, branching, .somewhat hirsute; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, subden-

lE-NOTHERA. LV. ONAGRACE^. 263

ticulate, smooth, attenuate at base, rather acute, lower ones opposite ; pet. small,
obcordate, twice longer than calyx ; sti/. included ; stig. clavate ; cajps. pubes-
cent.— In swamps and marshes, Penn. to Ai'tic Am., W. to Oregon. Stem 1 —
2f high, ver}^ branching. Leaves mostly alternate, 1 — 3' long, J as wide, en-
tire, or with a few minute teeth. Flowers numerous, axillary. Petals rose-
color. Capsules 1 — 2' long, on short pedicels. Aug.

/?. albifiorum. Lehm. (E. lineare. Miihl.) St. slender, at first simple,
branched at top ; lis. linear, entire, margin revolute ; capsules canescent.

4. E. MOLLE. Torr. (E. strictum. Muhl.') Soft Epilobium.

Plant clothed with a dense, soft, velvet-like pubescence ; st. terete, straight,
erect, branching above ; lis. opposite (alternate above), crowded, sessile, mostly
entire and oblong-linear, obtusish; pet. deeply emarginate, twice longer than
the calyx ; stig. large, turbinate ; caps, elongated, subsessile. — (i) Swamps, Mass.
to N. J., rare. Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves numerous, 8 — 15" by 1 — i". Flow-
ers rose-color. Capsules 3' long. Sept.

5. E. ALPlNUM. Alpine Epilobium.

St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flowered ; Ivs.
opposite, oblong-ovate, subentire, obtuse, sessile or subpetiolate, smooth; stig.
undivided ; caps, mostly pedicellate. — Mountains, Northern States to Artie Am.
Stem 6 — 12' high. Leaves often slightly petiolate and denticulate, lower ob-
tuse, middle acute, and upper acuminate. Flowers smaller than in E. moUe,
reddish-white.
/?. natans. Hornem. — St. large, nodding at the summit ; lis. oblong, denticulate.

2. CENOTHERA.

Gr. oivos, wine, ^rjpcj, to hunt; the root is said to cause a thirst for wine.

Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, segments 4.
reflexed ; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top
of the tube ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ;
seeds many, naked. — Herbs with alternate leaves.

1. ffi. BIENNIS. Common Evening Priinrose. Scaiisk. (Fig. 45.)

St. erect, hirsute; hs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; Jls. sessile, in
a terminal, leafy spike ; cahj.v tube 2 or 3 times longer than the ovary ; sta.
shorter than petals ; caps, oblong, obtusely 4-angled. — (T) and ^ Common in
fields and waste places, U. S. and British Am. Stem mostly simple, 2 — 5f
high, with whitish, scattered hairs. Leaves 3 — 6' by i — li', roughly pubes-
cent, slightly toothed, sessile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole.
Flowers numerous, opening by night and continuing but a single day. Petals
large, roundish, obcordate. Seeds very numerous, 2 rows in each cell. Jn. — Aug.

/?. muricata. (CE. muricata. Ph.) St. muricate or strigosely hirsute, red;
pet. scarcely longer than the stamens. Stem 1 — 2f high.

y. grandiflora. (CE. grandiflora. Ait.') Pel. much longer than the stamens,
rather deeply obcordate. Stem branched, f

2. OH. FRUTicos.i: Perennial Evening Primrose.

St. pubescent or hirsute ; hs. oblong-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rac.
leafy, or naked below, corymbed ; cops, oblong-clavate, 4-angled, pedicellate.
—1], In sterile .soils, Mass., Ct., N. Y. to Flor. and Western States. Stem hard,
rigid, (not shrubby) branched, purple, 1 — 3f high. Leaves variable in pubes-
cence, form and size., 1 — 3' by 3 — 8", sessile, minutely punctate. Flowers few
or many, 1|' diam. in a terminal, bracteate, mostly pedunculate raceme. Calyx
tube longer than the ovar}^ Petals broad-obcordate, yellow. Jn. — Aug.
/?. ambigua. Lvs. membranaceous ; pet. longer than broad.

3. ffi. PUMiL.4. (& CE. pusillal Michx.) Divarf Evening Primrose.
Low, pubescent ; st. ascending ; lis. lanceolate, entire, obtuse, attenuate

at base; spike loose, leafy, naked below; calyx tube shorter than the subsessile,
oblong-clavate, angular ovary. — (§) A small, half-erect plant, common in grass
lands. Can. to S. Car. Stem 6 — 10' long, round, slender, simple. Leaves 1 —
IJ' by 2 — 3", radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, 6" diam., open-
ing in succession 1 or 2 at a time. .Tn. — Aug.
23

264 LV. ONAGRACE^. Clarkia.

4. CE. CHRYSANTHA. Michx. Golden Evening Primrose.

St. ascending, slender ; fls. small, crowded, spicate ; calyx tube equal in
length to the ovary, longer than the segments ; pet. broadly obovate, emarginate,
longer than the stamens ; caps, smooth, pedicellate, clavate, the alternate angles
slightly winged.— (g) "Western N. Y. to Mich. Stem 12—18' long, purple.
Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, denticulate, radical ones spatulate.
Flowers 5" diam., orange-yellow. Jn. Jl.

5. CE. LINEARIS. Michx.

St. slender, often decumbent at base, much branched; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, somewhat denticulate ; Jls. large, in terminal corymbs ; calyx tube
longer than the ovary; pet. longer than the stamens; caps, canescent, with
slightly winged angles, tapering at base. — % Montauk Point, L. I. Torrey, to
Flor. ! and La., rare. Stem 1— 2f high. Flowers yellow, 1' diam. Capsules
obovoid, tapering to a slender pedicel. May — Jl.

6. CE. SINUATA.

St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, assurgent ; Ivs. pubescent,
oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate or incised ; Jls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; cal. vil-
lous, the tube longer than the ovary; caps, prismatic.—® Fields, N. J. to La.
Stems 3 — 8' high. Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers about \' diam., terminal,
yellow.

/?. minima. Nutt. (CE. minima. Ph.) Low, simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. nearly
entire. — Pine barrens, N. J., &c.

7. CE. sPEciosA. Nutt. — Minutely pubescent, mostly erect and branched ;
Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base, lower ones petiolate ; Jls. large, in a long,
loose spike ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; caps, obovoid-clavate, pedicel-
late. % From Ark. and Tex. Stem 2— 3f high. Flowers white or rose-colored,
fragrant, f

8. CE. RIPAHIA. Nutt.

Nearly smooth ; st. erect and virgately branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
obscurely and remotely denticulate, somewhat petiolate; /5. in a long raceme;
calyx tube much longer than the ovary ; caps, oblong-ovoid, 8-grooved ; valves
dorsally ridged. — Swamps, auaker Bridge, N. J., &c. Stem 2— 3f high, slen-
der, and often with virgate branches. Leaves 2—4' by 2 — 4", almost entire,
thick, obtuse. Flowers \\' diam., yellow, scentless.

9. CE. MissouRiENsis. Sims.

Simple, decumbent ; Irs. coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, or short-acumi-
nate, petiolate, subentire, downy-canescent when young; Jls. very large, axilla-
ry ; calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary ; caps, very large, oval, de-
pressed, with 4 winged margins. — Dry hills, Mo. ! Remarkable for the mag-
nitude of its flowers and fruit. Petals yellow, 2—3' long. Calyx tube 4 — 7
long ! Capsule 2' long. Seeds large, crested, in one row in each cell. Jl. — Oct. j-

3. CLARKIA. Ph.

In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mountains.

Calyx (deciduous) tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, limb
4-parted ; petals 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws with 2 mi-
nute teeth ; stamens 8; style 1, filiform; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule
largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valYed, many seeded. — Annual herbs {from
Oregon and California) ivith showy, axillary flowers.

1. C. pui.cHELLA. Ph. Beautiful Clarkia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet.
large, broadly cuneiform, tapering into a slender claw, with 2 reflexed teeth,
limb with 3 spreading lobes; alternate sta. abortive; caps, pedicellate. — Gar-
dens. A handsome annual, with lilac-purple or white flowers, of easy culture, f

2. C. ELEGANS. Lindl. Elegant Clarkia. — Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticu-
late, on short petioles; pet. undivided, rhombic or triangular-ovate, with a
toothless claw ; sta. all fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each ; stig.
hairy ; caps, subsessile, hairy.— Gardens. Flowers smaller than in the last. Pe-
tals and stigma purple. Hairs at base of stamens red. f

LuDWiou. LV. ONAGRACEiE. 265

4. FUCHSIA.

In honor of Leonard Fuchs, an excellent German botanist of the 15th century.

Calyx tubular-infundibuliform, colored, deciduous ; limb 4-lobed ;
petals 4, in the throat of the calyx, alternate with its segments ; disk
glandular, 8-furrowed ; baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sided. —
Mostly shrubby. S. Avierican plants of great beauty.

1. F. cocciNEA. Ait. (F. Magellanica. Lam.) Ladies' Ear-drop. —
Branches smooth ; Ivs. opposite and in verticils of 3s, ovate, acute, denticulate,
on short petioles ; fs. axillarj', nodding ; sep. oblong, acute ; pet. convolute, half
as long as calyx. — Native of Chili. A very delicate and beautiful green-house
shrub, 1 — 6f high. Flowers on long, filiform pedicels. Calyx scarlet, much
longer than the included, violet-purple petals. Stamens crimson, much exsert-
ed. Berry purple.

2. F. GRACILIS. Lindl. — St. suffruticose, often simple; ivs. opposite, ovate,
petiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-dentate ; Jls. opposite, solitary, pendu-
lous, longer than the leaves ; pet. nearly as long as the sepals and much broad-
er.— Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. Stem 2 — 3fhigh, thick.
Flowers larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx and crim-
son corolla, f

5. GAURA.

Gr. yavpoi, superb; a term characteriatic of the flowers.

Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary, cylindric ; limb 4-
cleft ; petals 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal, inserted into the
tube ; stamens 8, declinate, alternate ones a little shorter ; ovary ob-
long, 4-celled, one only proving fruitful ; nut usually by abortion
1-celled, 1 — 4-seeded. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alteriiate. Fls.
white and red., rarely trimerous.

1. G. BIENNIS. Biennial Gaitra.

St. branched, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate ; spiAre crowded ;
calyx tube as long as the segments; pet. rather declinate and shorter than sepals;
fr. subsessile, 8-ribbed, alternate ribs minute. — A beautiful biennial, on the dry
banks of streams. Can. to Ga. rare. Stem 3— 5f high. Leaves sessile, pale
green, acute at each end. Flowers numerous, sessile. Calyx reddish. Corol-
la at first rose-color, changing to deep red. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit rarely ma-
turing more than 1 seed. Aug.

2. G. FiLiPEs. Spach. Slender-stalked Gaura.

St. pubescent, paniculate and naked above ; lvs. linear-oblong, repand-den-
tate, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; branches of the panicle very slender, naked,
with tufted leaves at their base ; calj'X canescent, longer than the petals. — Dry
grounds, S. and W. States ! Stem rigid, 3— 5f high, very leafy just below the
panicle. Leaves 1 — 3' long, 2 — 6" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong-
spatulate, rose-color, or white. July, Aug.

6. LUDWIGIA.

In honor of C. D. Ludwig, prof of botany at Leipsic, about 1750.

Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly
persistent ; petals 4, equal, obcordate, often minute or 0 ; stamens 4,
opposite the sepals ; style short ; capsule short often perforated at
top, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persistent
calyx lobes. — % Herbs., in wet grounds. Lvs. entire.
1. L. ALTERNIFOLIA. Secd-box. Bcistard Loosestrife.
Erect, branched, nearly or quite smooth ; lvs. alternate, lanceolate, sessile,
pale beneath ; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle ;
pet. scarcely as large as the spreading, acuminate sepls ; caps, large, with 4
winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx.— Shaay swamps. Stem 1— 3f

266 LV. ONAGRACE^. Circ^a.

high, round, with a strong bark and several branches. Leaves with margin-
al veins, 2 — 3' long, ^ — 1' wide. Capsule convex at apex, the angles conspic-
uously winged. Sepals large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy. Jl. Aug.

2. L. HiRTELLA. Raf. (L. hirsuta. Ph.)

Hairy, erect, sparingly branched ; Ivs. alternate, ovate -oblong, sessile, ob-
tuse ; Jl. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, with two bracteoles below it ; sejj. nearly
as long as the petals ; cap. subglobose, 4 angled and winged. — Moist soils, N.
J. to Flor. Stem 1 — 31' high. Leaves numerous, hairy both sides, J — If by
2 — 8". Flowers yellow, about f diam. Calyx spreading, and, with the cap-
sule, villous. Jn. — Sept.

3. L. LINEARIS. Walt. (Isnardia. DC.)

Glabrous, slender, with angular branches ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute at each
end ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; pet. obovate-oblong, slightly longer than the
sepals, but much shorter than the elongated, obovoid-clavate, 4-sided capsules. —
Swamps, N. J. and S. States. An erect, .smooth plant, 1 — 2i high, often send-
ing out runners at the base with obovate leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous.
JL— Sept.

4. L. spH.ffi:R0CARPA. Ell. (Isnardia. DC.)

Erect, smooth or nearly so ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, acute, attenuate at
base ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very short pedicels ; ^?«?/,. minute or wanting,
as well as the bracteoles ; 5*?;?. as long as the small, subglobose capsule. — In
water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, near Boston, Ms.
Stem 2 — 3f high, branching, angular. Margin of the leaves rough, sometimes
remotely and obscurely denticulate. Fls. greeni.sh, inconspicuous. Jl. — Sept.

5. L. POLYCARPA. Short & Peter.

Glabrous, erect, much branched and often stoloniferous ; Ivs. lance-linear,
gradually acute at each end ; fls. apetalous, axillary, solitary, with two subu-
late bracteoles at base ; caps. '1-angled, truncated above, tapering below, crown-
ed with the 4-lobed stylopodium. — Swamps, Western States ! Stem 1 — 3f high.
Leaves 2 — 3' by 2 — 4", ten times longer than the flowers. Aug. — Oct.

6. L. PALUSTRis. Ell. (Isnardia. Lhin.) Water Pursclain.
Prostrate and creeping, smooth and slightly succulent; Ivs. opposite, ovate,

acute, tapering at base into a petiole; fls. sessile, axillary, solitary; pet. 0, or
very small. — In U. S. and Can., creeping in muddy places, or floating in water.
Stem round, reddish, 10 — 18' long, often sparingly branched. Leaves, including
their slender petioles, about IJ' by J', ovate-.spatulate. Calyx lobes and style
very short. Petals when present, flesh-color. Capsule 1 — 2" long, abrupt at
each end, with 4 green angles. Jn. — Sept.

Tribe 2. CIRC^EiE.

Flower regular, all its parts in 2s.

7. CIRC^A.

Circe was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments.

Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted •
petals 2, obcordate ; stamens 2, opposite the sepals ; capsule obo-
void, uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; styles united.
% Lvs. opposite.

1. C. LuTETiANA. Larger Enchanter^ s-Nightshade. (Fig. 45.)

St. erect, pubescent above; lvs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, slightly re-
pand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles ; hractsnone ; fr. reflexed, hispid-
imcinate. — Damp shades and thickets. Can. to Car. W. to 111. ! Stem 1 — 2f
high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark green, smooth or
slightly pubescent, 2 — i' long, h as wide, petiole 8 — 15" long. Flowers small,
rose-color, in long, terminal and axillary racemes. Fruit obcordate, with con-
spicuous hooks. Jn. Jl.

2. C. ALPiNA. Alpine Enckanierh-NigMshadc.

Smooth ; si. ascending at base, weak ; Im. broad-cordate, membranaceous,
dentate, as long as the petioles; bracts setaceous; capsule pubescent. — A small^

Mtriophyllum. LV. ONAGRACE-ffi. «W

delicate plant, common in wet, rocky woodlands in mountainous districts, N.
Eng., Brit. Am. W. to Or. Stem diaphanous, juicy, 5 — 10' high. Leaves 1 —
2' long, f as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, r«mote teeth, pale green and
shining. Flowers white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. Jl.

Suborder,— H AIiORAGE-2E.

Plants small, aquatic. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile. Calyx entire, or
3 — i-lobed. Petals 3—4, often 0. Stamens 1 — 8, inserted with the petals into
the summit of the calyx. Ovary inferior, 1 — i-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent,
1 — 4-celled. Seed pendulous, 1 in each cell.

8. PROSERPINACA.
Lat. Proserpina, a Roman goddess ; from some fancied resemblance.

Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted ; petals
0 ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3 ; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, crowaed
with the permanent calyx. — % Aquatic. Lvs. alternate.

1. P. PALUSTRis. Spear-haved Mermaid-weed.

Jjvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those below (if
any) pinnatifid.— Ditches, swamps and ponds, often partly submersed, N. Eng. !
to Ark. Root creeping. Stems ascending at base, 6 — 20' hig-h, striate, round-
ish. Leaves 10 — 15" by 2 — 3", acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles,
and if growing in water, pinnatifid with linear segments. Flowers greenish,
sessile, 1 — 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves, succeeded by a very hard,
triangular nut. Jn. Jl.

2. P. PECTiNACEA. Lam. (P. palustris, 0. Mx.) Cut-kaved Mermaid-weed.
Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segments ; fr. obtusely 3-angled.

—Sandy swamps, in Ms. ! (rare) S. to Flor. Stems 5 — 10' high, ascending at
base from long, creeping roots. Leaves all finely and regularly divided into
very narrow segments. Styles 0. Stigmas attenuate above. Fruit rather
smaller (less than 1" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugose when mature. Jl. Aug.

9. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill.

Gr. ^vptos, a myriad, ^uXXov, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf.

Flowers <?, or frequently ?; calyx 4-toothed in the $ and 9, 4-
parted in the c? ; petals 4, often inconspicuous or 0 ; stamens 4 — 8 ;
stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile ; fruit of 4 nut-like carpels cohering by
their inner angles. — % Submersed, aquatic herbs. Submersed lvs. parted
into capillary segments. Upper fls. usually c?, middle ones ?, lower 9.

1. M. spiCATUM. — Spiked Water-Milfoil.

Lvs. in verticils of 3s, all pinna tely parted into capillary segments; fls.
in terminal, nearly naked spikes ; Jloral lvs. or brads ovate, entire, shorter than
the flowers ; lovxst ones subserrate and larger ; pet. broadly ovate ; sta. 8 ; carpels
imooth. — N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, the flowers only rising above the sur-
face. Stems slender, branched, very long. Leaves composed of innumerable,
hair-like segments, always submerged. Flowers greenish, sessile. Jl. Aug.

2: M. VERTiciLLATUM. Water-Milfoil.

Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower ones pinnately parted into opposite, capillary
or setaceous segments ; fls. in terminal, leafy spikes ; fioral lvs. pectinate-pin-
natifid, much longer than the flowers ; pet. oblong-obovate ; sta. 8 ; carpels
smooth. — In stagnant water, Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. Stem long, less slen-
der than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Flowers small, green, ax-
illary, with conspicuous floral leaves. Sepals acute. Anthers oblong. Jl. Aug.

3. M. HETEROPHYLLUM. Mich.x. (Potamogcton verticillatum. Walt.)
Lvs. in verticils of 5s, the lower ones pinnately parted into capillary

lobes; 5;?jte terminal, nearly naked; Jl.oral lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer
than the flowers, crowded ; pet. oblong ; sta. 4 — 6 ; carpels scabrous, with 2 slight
ridges on the back. — In sluggish water, Can. to Flor. and Tex., rare. Stem
23*

268 LVI. LOASACEiE. Mentzelu.

thick, branching. Leaves very various, lowest floral ones pectinately divided.
Petals somewhat persistent. Sepals minute. Bracteoles serrulate. Jn. — Sept.

4. M. AMBiGUUM. Nutt. (M. natans. DC.) Water Milfoil.

I/vs. alternate, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary segments, middle
ones pectinate, upper linear, petiolate, toothed or entire ;^s. mostly $; pet. ob-
long, somewhat persistent ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged on the back. — In
ponds and ditches, Penn. to Mass. ! Stems floating, upper end emerged with
the minute flowers, and linear floral leaves. But in other situations it varies
as follows :

/S. limosum. Nutt. (M. procumbens. Bw.') — St. procumbent and rooting;
leaves all linear, rigid, often entire.^ — Muddy places ! where it is a small, creep-
ing and branching plant.

y. capUlaceum. Torr. — I/vs. all immersed and capillary. — Ponds !

5. M. TENELLUM. Bw.

Erect and almost leafless ; floral Ivs. or bracts alternate, minute, entire, ob-
tuse ; fls. (f ; pet. linear ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged. — About the edges
of ponds and rivers. Providence, R. I. Olney! northern part of N. Y. to New-
foundland. Rhizoma prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems or scapes,
which are simple, and 4 — 12' high. Flowers small, purplish-white, sessile, al-
ternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones J^. Jl.

6. M. scABRATQM. Michx.

L/vs. pinnatifid, in whorls of 4s and 5s ; fls. verticillate, axillary ; upper
fls. (^, with 4 stamens ; Imver ones 9 ; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate. —
Plymouth, Mass. Oakes. Block Island, Bobbins, S. and W. States. Stem 6 —
12' high. Segments of the leaves linear-capillary.

10. HIPPURIS.

Gr. iTTTTOf, a horse, ovpa, tail.

Calyx with a minute, entire limb, crowning the ovary ; corolla 0 ;
stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx ; anther 2-lobed,
compressed; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole
length, in a groove of the anther; seed 1. — % Aquatic herbs. St.
simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, mhvute.

H. VULGARIS. Mare^s-tail. (Fig. 45.)

lyvs. in verticils of 8 — 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, often
Q 5 c?- — III the borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arctic Am., very rare.
Rhizoma with long, verticillate fibres. Stem erect, jointed, 1 — 2f high. The
flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting
merely of 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed' in a 1-celled ovary, and with neither calyx,
lobes or corolla. May, Jn.

Order LVI. LOASACE^.— Loasads.

Plants herbaceous, hispid, with pungent hairs secreting an acrid juice.
Lvs. opposite or alternate, usually more or less divided. Stipules 0.
Fed. axillary, l-flowered. Sep. united, 5, persistent, equal.
Cor.— Petals 5 orlO, cucuUate, inserted into the recesses of the calyx.
Sta. 00, inserted with the petals, distinct or adhering in several sets.
Ova. adherent to the calyx more or less, icelled, with 3—5 parietal placentae. Sty. 1.
Sals, many or few, anatropous.
Genera 15, species 70, natives of America.

MENTZELIA.

Named by Linn, in honor of C. Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.

Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted ; petals 5 — 10, flat, spreading; sta-
mens indefinite, 30 — 200 ; ovary inferior ; styles 3, filiform, connate,
and often spirally twisted : stigmas simple, minute ; capsule 1-eelled,
many-seeded. — Branching herbs. Lrs. alternate.

1. M. LiNDLEVi. Torr. & Gray. (Bartonia aurea. Lindley.) Golden Barto-
nia. — Hispid; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes often dentate; fls. solitary

LVIII. BEGONIACEiE. 369

or nearly so, terminal ; pet. broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate ; filaments
filiform, and, with the seeds, numerous. — (I) Native of California. Stems decum-
bent, branching, 1 — 3f in length, with golden yellow flowers 2 — 3 inches in
diameter, the beauty of which is greatly heightened by the innumerable thread-
like, yellow stamens.

2. M. OLIGOSPERMA. Nutt.

Very rough with barbed hairs; st. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
tapering to very short petioles, lobed or incisely dentate ; pet. entire, cuspidate,
expanding in sunshine ; sta. 20 or more, shorter than the petals ; caps. 3 — 5-
celled. — % Dry or rocky places. Pike Co., 111., Mead, and Mo. to Tex. Root
tuberous. Stems If high, divaricately branched. Leaves 10 — 15" by 6 — 8",
upper ovate. Flowers solitary, of a deep, golden yellow, 8 — 10" diam., very
fugacious. Capsule cylindric, very small. May — jl.

Order LVII. PASSIFLORACE^.— Passionworts.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing. Lvs. tilternate, often glandular. Slip, foliaceous.
Fls. axillar>- or terminal, often with a 3-leaved involucre.

C'a/.— Sepals 4—5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are lined with a ring of fila-
mentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals.
Cor. — Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx outside the crown.
Sta. 5, monadelphous, surrounding the stipe of the ovary.
Ova. superior, on a long stipe, 1-ceHed. Styles 3.
Pr. stalked, within the caly.x, many-seeded.

Genera 12, species 210, natives of tropical America, but cultivated in many other countries as ornamen-
tal flowers. The fruit of the Granadilla (Passiflora multiformis) is eaten in the AV. Indies, and highly
valued as a dessert, but the root is poisonous.

PASSIFLORA. ru =, • ,

[the .Savior's passion.
Lat. ^os passionis; the several parts of the flower were superstitiously compared to the instruments of

Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex, filamen-
tous crown ; petals 5, sometimes 0 ; stamens 5, connate with the stipe
of the ovary ; anthers large ; stigmas 3, large, clavate, capitate ; fruit
a pulpy berry. — Climbing herbs or shrubs.

1. P. ccERULEA. Common Passion-floiver. — Shrubby; Zi-s. palmately and deeply
5-parted; segments linear-oblong, entire, lateral ones often 2-lobed; _pe<. glandu-
lar, with a 3-bracteolate involucre near the flower ; bracteoles entire ; fit. of the
crown shorter than the corolla. — Native of Brazil, where it grows to the thick-
ness of a man's arm and the height of 30f. Flowers large and beautiful, blue
externally, white and purple within, continuing but one day. Fruit ovoid, yel-
low. Admired in cultivation.

2. P. iNCARNATA. Flesh-coloTcd Passion-flo^cer.

Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong, acute, serrate ; petioks with 2 glands
near the summit; b^racieoles of the involncre 3, ohovale, glandular; crow «, triple. —
Native from Va. to Flor. Stem climbing 20— 30f Flowers large and showy.
Petals white. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple, with a whitish band,
the inner row of short rays, flesh-colored. Berry pale yellow, of the size of an
apple, eatable. May — July.

3. P. LUTEA. Yelloio Passionflower.

Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles without glands ; pcd. mostly
in pairs ; pet. narrower and much longer than the sepals. — A slender climber,
5 — lOf long, in woods and thickets, Ohio and S. States. Leaves yellowish-
green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Corona in 3
rows, the inner row a membranous disk with a fringed border. Fruit dark-
purple. May — Jl.

Order LVIII. BEGONIACE^.— Begoniads.

Herbaceous plants, or succulent undershrubs, with an acid juice.

I.vs. alternate, toothed, rarely entire, oblique at the base. Stipules large, scarious.

Fls. pink-coloredj in cymes, moncecious or dinjcious. Cal. adherent, colored. . [pistillate.

Sep. in the stammate 2, in the pistillate 3 or 4. Pet. smaller than sepals, 2 in the staminate, 2 or 4 in the

Sta. (stam. fls.) indefinite, distinct or combined. Anth. collected into a head, 2-celled.

270 LIX. CUCURBITACE^. Echinocystis.

Ova. (pist. fls.) winged, scelled, with 3 large pkcentse meeting in the axis. Stig. 3, 2-lobed, somewhat
Fr. capsular, winged, Scelled, many-seedea. Sds. minute, without albumen. [spiral.

Genera 3, species 159, common in the West Indies, S. America and East Indies— none N. American.
The roots are astringent and slightly bitter.

DIPLOCLINIUM. Lindl.

Gr. (JittXooj, double, K\tvri, couch; alluding to the double placentae.

Fls. <? •— c? Sepals orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger ;
pet. oblong, acute ; sta. combined in a column ; anth. in a globose
head. 9 Sepals 3, lanceolate, larger than the 2 petals ; stig. lobes
distinct, spiral, erect ; caps, wings unequal ; placentae double, or two
in each cell. — Evergreen^ succulent undershrubs.

D. EvANsiANUM. Lindl. (Begonia discolor. Willd. Sind 1st edit.) — Glabrous;
St. branched, tumid and colored at the joints, succulent; Ivs. large, slightly an-
gular, mucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate, very unequal at base, petiolate, with
weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red veins, the under surface deeply red-
dened ; fls. pink-colored in all their parts except the golden yellow anthers and
stigmas ; 9 larger than the J* and on peduncles twice as long. — From China, f

Order LIX. CUCURBITACEiE.— Cucurbits.

Herbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils.

Lvs. alternaie, palmately-veiiied, rough. Fts. moncBcious or polygamous, never blue.

Cal. 5-toothed. [reticulated veins.

Cor.— Petals 5, united with each other and cohering to the calyx, very cellular, strongly marked with

Sla. 5, distinct, more generally cohering in 3 sets. Anth. very long and wavy or twisted.

Ova. inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentee often filling the cells.

Fr. a pepo or membranous. Seeds flat, with no albumen, often ariled.

Genera 56, species 270, natives of tropical regions, only a few being found m the temperate zones of
Europe and America. A highly important order of plants, aftbrding some of the most delicious and
nutritive of fruits. A bitter, laxative principle pervades the group, which is so concentrated in a few as
to render them actively medicinal. The officinal colocynth is prepared from the pulp of Cucumis Colo-
cynthis, a powerful drastic poison.

Conspectus of the Genera.

t l-seeded Sicyos.

!4 Fruit membranaceous, echinate, } 4-seeded.
white. J Fruit a pepo with a hgneous, smooth rind.
i Seeds thin at edge.
4 indehiscent. I Seeds thick at edge.
( Fruit a pepo, ( dehiscing elastically on one side.
yellow. I Fruit a small, oval, many-seeded berry.

EchinoeystU. 2

Lage.naria. S

Cucumis. 5

Cucurbita. 7

Momordica. 4

Melothria. 3

1. SICYOS.

Gr. aiKVOi, the ancient name of the cucumber.

Flowers S . cf Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla rotate, 5-petaled ; stamens
5, monadelphous or at length triadelphous ; anthers contorted. 9
Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate ; petals 5, united at base into a cam-
panulate corolla ; styles 3, united at base ; fruit ovate, membrana-
ceous, hispid or echinate, with 1 large, compressed seed. — ® Climb-
ing herbs., icith compound tendrils. Sterile and fertile Jls. in the same axils.

S. ANGULATUs. Singlc-seed Ciicumber.

St. branching, hairy ; lvs. roundish, cordate with an obtuse sinus, 5-angled
or 5-lobed, lobes acuminate, denticulate ; 9 much smaller than the (^. — Can.
and U. S. A weak, climbing vine, with long, spiral, branching tendrils. Leaves
3 — 4' broad, alternate, on long stalk.-?. Flowers whitish, marked with green
lines, the barren ones in long-pedunculate racemes. Fruit J' long, ovate, spi-
nous, 8 — 10 together in a crowded cluster, each with one large seed. Jl.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray.

Gr, cx^ivoi, seaiu'chin, leuorif, bladder; alluding to the spiny, inflated fruit.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile fl. — Calyx of 6 filiform-subulate seg-
ments, shorter than the corolla ; petals 6, united at base into a rotate-
campanulate corolla ; stamens 3, diadelphous. Fertile Jl. — Cal. and

CucuMis. LIX. CUCURBITACE^. 271

cor. as above; abortive fil. 3, distiDct, minute ; style very short ; stig.
2, large ; fruit roiindish, inflated, echinate, 4-seeded. — (1) A climbing
herb with branched tendrils.

E. LOBATA. T. & G. (Sicyos. Mlchx. Momordica echinata. MuM.)
A smoothish, running vine, in rich river soils, Can. to Penn. and Mo.
Stem deeply furrowed, with long, 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the
long petioles. Leaves membranaceous, palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base,
lobes acuminate, denticulate. Flowers small, white, the barren ones very
numerous, in axillary racemes often If long ; fertile ones solitary or several,
situated at the base of the raceme. Fruit 1 — 2' in length, setose-echinate, at
length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds. Jl. — Sept.

3. MELOTHRIA.

(r)'. uriXov.a. melon, ^piog, a certain food.

Flowers 9 5 J* or c? . Calyx infundibuliform-campanulate, limb
in 5 subulate segments ; petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla.
cJ* Stamens 5, triadelphous. 9 Stigmas 3 ; fruit a berry, ovoid, small,
many-seeded. — Tendrils simple.

M. PENDULA.

Lvs. roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid ; fls. axillary, the
sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. — N. Y. to Ga.
and La. A slender vine, climbing over other vegetables. Leaves small (1 — 2'
diam.) Flowers small, yellowish. Style short, surrounded by a cup-shaped
disk. Fruit small, oval. Jl.

4. MOMORDICA.

Lat. mordeo, mmnordi, to chew ; from the chewed appeaiance of the seeds.

Flowers c?. c?* Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, united at base; stamens 5,
triadelphous. 9 Calyx and corolla as in the (f ; style 3-cleft ; pepo
fleshy, bursting elastically ; seeds compressed, with a fleshy arillus.

M. BalsamIna. Comvwn Balsam Apple. — Lis. palmately 5-lobed, dentate,
naked, shining ; ped. solitary, filiform, 1-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate,
dentate bract above the middle ; fr. roundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, burst-
ing elastically on one side. — From E. Indies. Occasionally cultivated for the
balsamic and vulnerary i'ruit. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils.
Flowers pale-yellow. Fruit orange-color, as large as a goose-egg. Aug.

5. CUCtJMIS.

Said to lie from the Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel.

Flowers t? or ? . Calyx tubular-campanulate, with subulate seg-
ments ; corolla deeply 5-parted. c? Stamens 5. triadelphous. 9 Style
short ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed ; pepo fleshy, indehiscent ; seeds
ovate, flat, acute and not margined at the edge. — Creeping., or climb-
ing by tendrils. Fls. axillary., solitary., yellow.

1. C. .sATiv0s. Cucumber. — St. prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; lvs. sub-
cordate, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes subentire, acute, terminal one long-
est;/;•. oblong, obtusely prismatic, prickly, on a short peduncle. — (i) Native
of Tartary and India, whence it was first brought to England in 1573. It is
now universally cultivated for the table, either fresh or pickled. Gathered and
eaten before maturity. Jn. — Sept. — Many varieties.

2. C. Melo. Musk Melon. — St. prostrate, rough ; tendrils simple ; lvs. sub-
cordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled, lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely
denticulate ; /s. 9 $ c^, the ^ on short peduncles ; //•. oval or subglobose,
longitudinally torulose. — 0 Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to Eng-
land in 1570." Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored
flesh of the mature fruit. Jn. Jl. — Varieties numerous.

272 LIX. CUGURBITACE^. Cucurbitj.

3. C. Anguria. Prickly Cucumber. — St. prostrate, slender, hispid; tendrils
simple ; lis. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base ; /;•. oval-ovoid
or subglobose, echinate. — (I) Native of Jamaica. Cultivated for the green fruit,
which is about the size of a hen's tg^, and used for pickles. Jl. Aug.

4. C. CiTRULLUS. Ser. (Cucurbita. Linn.) Water Melon. — St. prostrate, slen-
der, hairy ; tendrils branching ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath,
lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; fls. solitary, on haiiy
peduncles, bracted at base;/;-, elliptical, smooth, discolored. — (T) Native of
Africa and India. Generally cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. Jn. — Aug.

5. C. CoLOCYNTHis. Colocynth. — St. prostrate, subhi.spid ; lis. cordate-ovate,
cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath; tendrils short ; /5. axillary,
pedunculate; ^ with a globose, hispid calyx tube and campanulate limb, with
small petals ; jr. globose, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange, and
intolerably bitter. The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but
medicinal. — From Japan.

6. LAGENARIA. Ser.

Gr. \aytvoi, a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit.

Flowers § . Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals 5, obovate. c?
Stamens 5, triadelphous ; anthers very long, contorted. 9 Stigmas
3, thick, 2-lobed, subsessile ; pepo ligneous, 1-celled ; seeds ariled, ob-
cordate, compressed, margin tumid. — Mostbj climbing by tendrils.

L. VULGARIS. Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. — Softly pubescent ; st. climbing
by branching tendrils ; hs. roundLsh-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate,
with 2 glands beneath at base ; fls. axillary, solitary, pedunculate; fr. clavate,
ventricose, at length smooth. — (I) Native within the tropics, often cultivated — ■
the hard, woody rind of the fruit being used as ladles, bottles, &c. Flowers
white Jl. Aug.

7. CUCURBITA.

A Latin word, signilying a vessel ; from the form of the fruit of some species.

Flowers <? . Corolla campanulate ; petals united and coherent with
the calyx. J* Calyx 5-toothed ; stamens 5, triadelphous, anthers syn-
genecious, straight, parallel. 9 Calyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu-
ous after flowering; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed; pepo fleshy or ligne-
ous, 3 — 5-celled ; seeds thickened at margin, obovate, compressed,
smooth. — Fls. mostly yellow.

1. C. Pepo. Pumpkin. — Hi.spid and scabrous; st. procumbent; tendrils
branched ; Ivs. (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, denticulate ;
Jls. axillary, ,^ long-pedunculate ; fr. very large, roundish or oblong, smooth,
furrowed and torulose. — ® Native of the Levant. Long cultivated as a useful
kitchen vegetable or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. Fruit sometimes 3f
diam., yellow when mature, yielding sugar abtindantly. Jl.

2. C. Melopepo. Flat Squash. — Hairy; s/. procumbent, with branched ten-
drils ; Ivs. cordate, palmately somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate ; fls. pedunculate;
fr. depressed-orbicular, the margin mostly torulose or tumid, smooth or warty.
— Native country unknown. Cultivated for its fruit, a well known kitchen ve-
getable. There are many varieties in respect to the fruit.

3. C. VERRUCOSA. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Crook-neck Squash, d^c. —
Hairy, procumbent ; Irs. cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate,
terminal lobe narrowed at base ; fls. pedunculate, large ; fr. roundish elliptic, or
clavate, often elongated and incurved at base. — (I) Mentioned by Nuttall as long
cultivated by the Indians west of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens,
with numerous well known varieties of the fruit. Jl.

4. C. oviFERA. Egg Squash. — Lvs. cordate, angular, 5-lobed, denticulate,
pubescent ; cal. obovate, with a short neck, limb deciduous after flowering ; fr.
obovate, striped with lines lengthwise. — Native of Astrakan. Herbage and
flowers similar to those of C. pepo, but less scabrous.

Rises. LX. GROSSULACE^. 273

Oeder LX. CtROSSULACE^.— Currants.

Shmbs either unarmed or spiny. Lvs. alternate, lobed, plaited in vernation.

Fls. in axillary racemes, with bracts at their base.

C'a/.— Superior, 4— Scleft. regular, colored, marescent, imbricate in sestivation.

Cor.— Petals inserted in the throat of the caiy.\, small, distinct, as many as sepals.

Sta. as many as petals and alternate with them, very short; cn«/i«rs introrse.

Ova. 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; ovules numerous ; styles 2.

Fr. a 1-celled berry (the cell filled with pulp) crowned with the remams of the flower.

Sds. anatropous, the embryo minute, radicle ne.vt the raicropyle.

Genera 1, species 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone of both con-
tinents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemisphere, except S. America.

Properties.— The berries contain a sweet, mucilaginous pulp, together with malic or citric acid. They
are always wholesome and usually esculent.

RIBES.
Character the same as that of the Order.

* Stems unarmed. Currants.

1. R. FLORiDUM. L'Her. Wild Black Currant.

Lvs. subcordate, 3 — 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resin-
ous dots ; rac. many-flowered, pendulous, pubescent ; cal. cylindrical ; bracts
linear, longer than the pedicels;/;-, obovoid, .smooth, black. — A handsome
shrub in woods and hedges. Can. to Ky. common, 3 — it high. Leaves 1 — 2'
long, the width something more, lobes acute, spreading, 3, sometimes with 2
small additional ones; dots just visible to the naked eye. Petioles 1 — 2' long.
Flowers rather bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit insipid. May, Jn.

2. R. PROSTRATUM. L'Hcr. (R. rigens. Mick.v.) Mmmtain Currant.

St. reclined ; lvs. smooth, deeply cordate, 5 — 7-lobed, doubly serrate, retic-
ulate-rugose ; rac. erect, lax, many-flowered ; coA. rotate ; berries globose, glan-
dular-hispid, red. — A small shrub, on mountains and rocky hills, Penn. to Can.,
ill-scented, and with ill-flavored berries — sometimes called Skunk Currajit.
Prostrate stems, with erect, straight branches. Leaves about as large as in
No. 1, lobes acute. Petioles elongated. Racemes about 8-flowered, becoming
erect in Iruit. Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berries
rather large. May.

3. R. RUBRUM. Common Red Currant.

Lvs. obtusely 3— 5-lobed, smooth above, pubescent beneath, subcordate at
base, margin mucronately serrate ; rac. nearly smooth, pendulous ; cal. short,
rotate; bro,cts much shorter than the pedicels; fr. globose, glabrous, red. —
Woods, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 3Tr. Care]/, Wisconsin, Laphavil N. to the Arctic
ocean. Cultivated universally in gardens.

B. ( White Currant.) Fr. light amber-colored, larger and sweeter.

4. R. NIGRUM. Black Curraiit. — Lvs. 3 — 5-lobed, punctate beneath, dentate-
serrate, longer than their petioles ; rac. lax, hairy, somewhat nodding ; cal.
campanulate ; brads nearly equaling the pedicels ;//•. roundish-ovoid, nearly
black. — Native of Europe, &c. Cultivated and esteemed for its medicinal ^'e%.
Flowers yellowish. — This species much resembles R. floridum.

5. R. AUREUM. Ph. Missouri, or Golden Currant.

Plant smooth ; lvs. 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, entire or with a few large
teeth ; petioles longer than the leaves ; bracts linear, as long as the pedicels ;
rac. lax, many-flowered ; cal. tubular, longer than the pedicels, segments ob-
long, obtuse ; pet. linear ; fr. smooth, oblong or globose, yellow, finally browTi.
— Mo. W. to Oregon. A'beautiful shrub, 6 — lOf high, common in cultivation.
Flowers numerous, yellow, very fragrant. Apr. May.

** Spinescent or prickly. Gooseberries.

6. R. Cynosbati. Prickly Gooseberry.

St. jsrickly or not ; subazillary spines about in pairs ; lvs. cordate, 3 — 5-
lobed, softly pubescent, lobes incisely dentate ; rac. nodding, 2 — 3-flowered ; ca-
Z(/.i-/uie ovate-cylindric, longer than the '.segments ; ^eil. obovate. shorter than
the calyx segments ; denies prickly. — A handsome shrub. Northern and West-
ern States, about 4f high, in hedges and thickets, mo.stly without prickles, but
armed with 1 — 3 .sharp spines ju.=t below the axil of each leaf Leaves 1§ — 2i'

274 LXl. CACTACE^. Opuntia.

diam. Petioles downy. Flowers greeni.^h-white. Fruit mostly covered with
long prickles, brownish-purple, eatable. May, Jn.

7. R. ROTUNDIFOLI0M. Mlchx. (R. triflorum. WiUd.) Wild Gooseberry.

St. without prickles ; subaxillary spines mostly solitary, short ; Ivs. round-
ish, smooth, 3 — 5-lobed, incisely dentate ; pcd. smooth, 1 — 3-flowered ; cal. cyl-
indrical, smooth; pcL spatulate, unguiculate; sta. exserted, smooth, much
longer than the petals; s/;/. hairy, exserted, deeply 2-^3-cleft ; berries smoo\X\. —
In woods, N. H. to N. Car. aird Mo. Shrub 3 — 4f high. Stems with a whit-
ish bark. Leaves 1 — 2' diam. mostly truncate at base, shining above. Pe-
tioles ciliate, 1 — 3' long. Petals white. Fruit purple, delicious, resembling
the garden gooseberry. May.

8. R. LACusTRE. Poir. Sii'avip Gooseberry.

St. covered with prickles; subaxillary spiiies several ; Zi's. deeply 3 — 5-lobed,
cordate at base, lobes deeply incised ; rac. 5 — 8-flowered, pilose ; cal. rotate ;
berries small, hispid. — In swamps, Northern States, and British Am. Shrub
3 — 4f high. Stems reddish from the numerous prickles, which differ from the
spines only in size. Leaves shining above, li — 2i' diam. Petioles ciliate,
hispid, longer than the leaves. Flowers green. Fruit covered with long prickles,
dark-purple, disagreeable. May. — The older stems are unarmed, save with a
few spines.

9. R. HiRTELLDM. Michx. (R. triflorum. Biv. R. saxosum. Hook.)

St. unarmed, rarely prickly ; subaxillary spines short, solitary, or nearly
so; Ivs. roundish, cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath; pcd. short,
1 — 2-flowered ; cahix tube smooth, campanulate ; segments twice longer than
the petals ; sta. longer than either ; sty. hairy, 2-cleft ; //•. smooth. — In rocky-
woods, N. H. and Mass. to Wisconsin, N. to Hudson's Bay. Leaves 9 — 18"
diam., generally cleft half way to the middle. Flowers nodding, greenish.
Fruit purple. May, Jn.

10. R. UvA-CRispA. (R. Grossularia. Willd. and Isl edit.) English or Gar-
den Gc'jseberry . — St. prickly ; Ivs. roundish, 3 — 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short,
hairy petioles ; ped. hairy, 1-flowered ; cal. campanulate; sly. and ova. hairy;
fr. smooth or hairy, globose. — Native in England, and long cultivated until
there are several hundred varieties, with red, white, green and amber fruit,
often weighing an ounce or more each. Apr.

Order LXI. CACTACE^.— Indian Figs.

St. succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2 edged.

Lvs. almost always wanting, when present, fleshy, smooth and entire.

Fls. sessile, usually showy and of siiort duration.

Ca?.— 4 Sepals and petals niunerous, often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from

Cor.— \ the surface, and the petals from the summit of ovary.

Sta. indefinite. Fil. long and filiform. Antli. ovate, versatile.

Ova. inferior, fleshy, 1-celled, with parietal placenta'.

Sty. single, filiform, with several anthers in a star-like cluster.

Fr. succulent, l-celled, many-.'seeded.

Sds. without albumen, with thick, foliaceous cotyledons, or often with scarcely any.

Genera 16, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other
quarter of the globe. They are chiefly confined within the tropics, only two or three species having been
found beyond them. The prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north
as New York. ,■ ,, „

Conspectus oj the Genera.

<> Axis cylindric Cereus. 2

^tubular-campanulate, rose-colored, &c. {Axis globose Melocactus. 'i

Flowers (somewhat rotate, yellow Opuntia. \

1. OPUNTIA. Tourn.

Opuntiana was a country nearPhocis, where this was said to be naturalized.

Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced
into a tube above it ; stamens 00, shorter than the petals ; style with
numerous, thick, erect stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, tubercu-
late ; cotyledons semiterete. — Shriihhy plants.^ with arliculuicd branches^
the joints usually broad andflatteved^ vith fascicles of priclies o-egularhj
arravgcd upon the surface.

LXI. CACTACEyE. 875

O. VULGARIS. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Linn.) Prickly Pear.

Prostrate, creeping; joMi^s ovaKe; prickles numerous in each fascicle, of-
ten with several subulate spines ; fls. yellow.— A curious, fleshy plant, native
in rocky and sandy places, Mass. to Flor. W. to la. ! It is often cultivated.
The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4—6' long, | as
wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-col-
ored spines. The flowers come forth from the edge of the joints, large, bright-
yellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit, f

2. CEREUS. DC.
Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary,
and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner pe-
taloid ; stamens 00, coherent with the tube ; style filiform, with many
stigmas ; berry scaly, with the remains of the sepals ; cotyledons
none ? — Fleshy shrubs, icith ivoody, cylindrical, grooved axes, armed
with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines.

1. C. Phyllanthxs. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Splccnwort. — Branches ensiform,
compressed, serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the
limb of the petals.— From S. America. The articulations of the stem are 2f
or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and trav-
ersed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Flowers white, 9 — 12'
long, expanding by night, fragrant, -f

2. C. PHVLLANTHoiDKs. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) — Branches ensiform, com-
pressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral
crenatures of the branches ; tube shorter than the limb of the petals.— From
Mexico. A splendid flowerer, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each G — 10' long, 1 —
2' wide. Flowers rose-colored, 4' in length, expanding by day.f

3. C. TRUNCATUs. (Cactus. Linn.) — Branching; joints short-compressed,
serrate, truncate at the summit ; fls. arising from the summit of the joints ; sty.
longer than the stamens or reflexed petals.— From Brazil. A very distinct spe-
cies, a foot or more high. Joints 2—3' long, 1—1 J' wide, leaf-like. Flowers
2 — 3' long, pink-colored, f

4. C. GRANDiFLORUs. DC. (Cactus. im?i.)— Creeping, rooting; st. with
about 5 angles ; fls. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal ; pet. spreading,
shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals.— From the W. Indies. Stems cylin-
dric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Flowers expand-
ing by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8 — 12' diam. Sepals brown without,
yellow within ; petals white.— A magniftcent flower, but of difficult culture, t

5. C. FLAGELLiFORMis. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Snake Cacius.— St. creeping,
with about 10 angles, hispid;/^-, lateral, diurnal; tube slender, longer than
the limb of the petals. — From S. America. Stem about the size of the little
finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2— 5f long. Flowers of a lively pink
color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days.f

Obs.—Mnny other species of this curious genus are occasionally reared in the parior or the green-house,
—so many that to notice them individually would transcend our limits.

3. MELOCACTUS.

Compounded of melon and cactus; from its form.

Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 — 6, petaloid ; petals as
many as sepals, united with them into a long cylindric tube ; stamens
and style filiform ; stigma 5-rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the
withered calyx and .corolla. — Suffruticose, fleshy, leafless. Spadix sim-
ple, croicning the globular, deeply fir rowed axis. Flowers terminal.

M. COMMUNIS. Turk's Cap. Melon Thistle.— Axis ovate-subglobose, dark

green, 12— l8-angled; ri^(S straight; 5^7«es fasciculate, subequal.— Native of the

Caribbean Island's. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon,

with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juic" It is surmounted

24

276 LXIV. CRASSULACE^E. Sedum.

with a spadix (cephalium), which is cylindric, tuberculate, densely tomentose,
bearing the red flowers at summit, f

Order LXII. MESEMBRYACE^.— Ficoids.

Plants fleshy, of singular and various forms, yet often beautiful.

Lvs. mostly opposite, thick and oddly shaped. [tion.

Fls. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, numerous, brilliant, and of long dura-

Cal. — Sepals varj'ing from 4 to 8, but usually 5, somewhat connected at base.

Cor.— Petals indefinite, colored, in many rows.

Sta. indefinite, distinct, arising from the calyx.

Ova. inferior or nearly superior, many-celled. Stigmas numerous.

Caps, many-celled, openin? in a stellate manner at the ape.x.

Sds. more commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells.

Genera 5, species 375, chiefly natives of the arid, sandy plains of the Cape of Good Hope. The species
are much cultivated for ornament.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM.

Gt. fxtarifuppta, mid-day, av^o;\ flowers expanding at midday.

Character essentially the same as that of the order.

1. M. CRYSTALLlNUM. Icc-plmit. — Rt. biennial ; lvs. large, ovate, acute, wavy,
frosted, 3-veined beneath. — A popular house plant, from Greece. It has a
creeping stem. If or more in length, and, with the leaves, is covered over with
frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Flowers
white, appearing all summer, f

2. M. coRDiFOLiuM. Hcart-leavcd Ice-plmit. — Procumbent, spreading; lvs.
petiolate, opposite, cordate- ovate; caZ. 4-cleft, 2-horned. — 7|. An interesting plant
in house cultivation, from Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and suc-
culent like others ot its kind. Flowers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the
horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines. -f

Order LXIV. CRASSULACE^.— Houseleeks.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Slip, 0.

Fls. sessile, usually in cymes.

Cal. — Sepals 3 — 20, more or less united at base, persistent.

Cor.— Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely cohering.

Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many.

Ova. as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise.

Fr. — Follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded.
Genera 22, species 450. chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the Cape of Good

Hope. About 20 are found in North America. They grow in the thinnest and dryest soil, on naked

rocks, sandy deserts, &c. Thev have no peculiar property except a slight acridity. Many are highly

ornamental.

Conspectus of the Genera.

i stamens 4 Tillcsa. I

J in 43 ; J Stamens 8 Bryophyllvm. 5

\ 5 Carpels distinct. Sedum. 2

un 59 ; stamens 10 ; \ Carpels united. Penthorum. 4

Floral organs arranged ( in 12s Sempervivum. 3

1. TILL^A. Michx.

In memorj' of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist; died 1740.

Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base ; petals 3 or 4, equal ; sta-
mens 3 or 4 ; caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner
surface, 2 or many-seeded. — d) Very mimde., aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite.

T. SIMPLEX. Nutt. (T. ascendens. Eaton.) Pigmy-u-ecd.

St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. connate at base,
linear-oblong, fleshy ; /75. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s; pet.
oval or oblong; carpels 8 — lO-see'ded. — Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dr.
Bobbins), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, raj-e. Stem 1 — 3' high. Leaves
2 — 3" long. Flowers as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice
as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a
greenish-white color. Jl. — Sept.

2. SEDUM.

Lat. sedere, to sit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there.

Sepals 4 — 5, united at base ; petals 4 — 5. distinct ; stamens 8 —

Bryophyllum. LXIV. CRASSULACE^. 277

10 ; carpels 4 — 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the
base of each. — Mostly herbxceous. lafiorescerice cymose. Fls. mostly
'peniamerous.

1. S. TELEPHIOiDES. Michx.

L/vs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes
dense, corjTnbose; sta. 10, the petals, sepals and carpels in 5s. — Found on rocks,
lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va. ! &c. Stem a foot

high. Leaves 1 2' long, § as wide. Flowers numerous, purple, in a terminal,

branching cyme. Jn.— Aug. — Like the other species, very tenacious of life.
My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper's Ferry, are still grow-
ing in the dry papers.

2. S. TERNATUM. Michx. Stone-crop.

Lvs. temately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones
scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikes; /s. sec und, the central
one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. — % In Can. West, Penn. the South-
ern and Western States, Plummcr! Cultivated in N. Eng. Stems 3 — 8' long,
branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches
spreading and recurved, the white flowers loosely arranged on their uppqr side.
Jl. Aug. t

3. S. Telephium. Common Orpine, hive-forever . — Rl. tuberous, fleshy,
white ; St. 1 or 2f high, erect ; lis. flattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered ;
cipne corymbose, leafy. — ^1- From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized.
SUems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers
white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f

4. S. Anacampseros. Evergreen Stone-crop. — Rt. fibrous; st. decumbent;
lvs. cuneiform, attenuate at base ; cyvies corymbose, leafy. — % Native of Eu-
rope, growing there in crevices of rocks. Stems reddish and decumbent at
base, erect and glaucous above. Lvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fls. purple. Jl. f

5. S. ACRE. English Moss. Wall Pepper. — Procumbent, spreading, branch-
ing from the base; lvs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate,
closelv sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. — From
Great Britain. In cultivation it .spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower-
beds, &c. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant
abounds in an acrid, biting juice, -f

3. SEMPERVlVUM,

Lat. semper vivere, to live forever; in allusion to their tenacity of life.

Sepals 6 — 20, slightly cohering at base ; petals as many as sepals,
acuminate ; stamens twice as many as petals ; hypogynous scales la-
cerated ; carpels as many as the petals. — %■ Herbaceous plants or
shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick., fleshy.

1. S. Tectorum. House-leek. — Zyi\^. fringed ; o^'ffa spreading. — A well known
plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out
runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will
grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes
placed in the borders of flower-beds.

2. S. ARBOREUM. Tree House-leek. — SI. arborescent, smooth, branched ; lvs.
cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading cilise. — A curious and or-
namental evergreen, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching
into a tree-like form, 8 — lOf high (1— 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing.

4. BRYOPHYLLUM. Salisb.

Gr. 3pvco, to grow, ^vXAov, a leaf; i. e. germinating from a leaf.

Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopeta-
lous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base ; limb
in 4, triangular, acute lobes ; seeds many. — An evergreen, fleshy,

278 LXV. SAXIFRAGACEjE. Saxifhaga.

suffruticose plant, native of the E. Indies. Lvs. opposite^ unequally
pimiate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish-purple.

B. cALYClNUM. Salisb. — Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but
little water, in a well-drained pot ot rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f
high. Leaves 3 — 5-tbliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a
loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and
the long, tubular, exserted corollas.— This plant is distinguished in vegetable
physiology. — See Fig. 10, 1, and ^ 88, a.

5. PENTHORUM.

Gr. TTCVTC, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at base ; petals 5 or 0 ; capsules of 5
united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked ; seeds 00, minute. —
% Erect {not succidcnt) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish., cymose.
P. SEDoiDEs. Virginia Slone-crop.

St. branched and angular above ; lis. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute al
each end, unequally serrate ; jls. in unilateral, cymose racemes. — A hardy
plant of little beauty, in moist situations. Can. and U. S. Stem 10 — 16' high,
with a few, short branches. Leaves 2 — 3' by i — 1', membranaceous, smooth,
sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, i*ecurved at first, at length
spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corym-
bose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. Jl — Sept.

Order LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^.— Saxifrages.

Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate.

Cal. — Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent.

Cor.— Petiils as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx.

S/a. 5— 10. vl??.;/i«rs3-cellerl, oiienins; longitudinally.

Ova. inferior, usually of a-carpels, cohering at base, distinct and divergent above.

Fr. generally capsular, l— 2celled, many-seeded.

Genera 33, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe their roots
are astringent. Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants.
Conspectus of the Genera.

\ Capsule 2-celled Saxffrag-a. 1

( Stamens 10. { Capsule 1-celled Tiarella. 5

< i Capsule 2-celled. . . . . . SulHvantia. 2

J entire. ( Stamens 5. ( Capsule 1-celled Heuchera. 3

i Petals 5, Jpectinately pinnatifid Mite.lla. i

Herbs. J Petals 0. Leaves opposite. Aquatic, depressed Chrysosplentwn. S

\ Petals valvale in festivation Hydrangea. 8

i Leaves opposite. < Petals convolute in aestivation Philadetphus. 9

Shrubs. ( Leaves alternate Ilea. 7

Suborder 1. SAXIFRAGEtE.

Petals imbricate in aestivation ; carpels united, the summits dis-
tinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs.

1. saxifrAga.

Lat. saxum, a.xocV,fra7igerR, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks.

Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ova-
ry ; petals 5, eixtire, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; stamens 10 ;
anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate
carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ;
seeds CO.— '^

1. S. ViRGiNiENSis. Michx. (S. Virginica. Bw.) Earlij Saxifrage.

L/vs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, short-
er than the broad petiole; sc(7;(?e nearly leafless, paniculately branched above;
fls. many, cymose ; ca.l. adherent to the base of the ovary ; pet. oblong, much
exceeding the calyx. — An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills,
Can. and U. S. Scape 4 — 12' high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy,
9 13" by 6 — 12". Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with pur-
ple, in early spring.

Heuchera. LXV. SAXIFRAGACEiE. 279

2. Pennsylvanica. Tall Saxifrage.

Lvs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate;
scape nearly leafless ; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse
paaicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx.
— Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves
fleshy, pale green, 5 — 8' by 1 — 2', on a broad petiole. Scape 2 — 3f high, gross,
hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish
green flowers of no beauty. May.

3. S. AizooN. Jacq.

Lrs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white
teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots ; Jls. corymbose-paniculate ; cat.
(avidipcd. glandular- viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb;
pet. obovate ; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx. — Southern shores of Lake
Sup. {Pitcher, in T. & G. L p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5 — 10' high.
Fls. white. Jl.

4. S. AIZOiDES.

Casspitose, leafy ; lvs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slight-
ly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent ; Jloivcring stevis annual ; fis. panicu-
late, sometimes solitary ; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ovary ; pet. ob-
long, longer than the sepals ; stigmas depressed ; caps, rather thick, as long as
the styles. — In the clefts of rock-s, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above
W. Lake, Wood, N. to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded
leaves ; flowering ones ascending, 2 — 4' long, with scattered leaves. Leaves
4 — 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted.

5. S. OPPOSiTiFOLiA. Opposite-leaved. Saxifrage.

Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate,
persistent; fls. solitary; cal. free from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined,
longer than the stamens. — In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems
purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1 — 2" in length,
narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1 — 3' long. Flow-
ers light purple, large and showy.

Obs.—l discovered this and the foregoing species in the above localitj-, in Aug. 1845, when they had
passed flowering.

6. S. RIVULARIS.

St. weak, ascending, 3 — 5-flowered; radical lvs. petiolate, reniform, cre-
nately lobed ; cauline lanceolate, subentire ; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as
long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules.
— White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white,
bracteate flowers. Stems about 2' high, annual, with alternate leaves.
2. SULLIVANTIA. Torr.
In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c.

Calyx campauulate, coherent with the base of the ovary ; segments
ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguieulate, inserted on the sum-
mit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes ; stamens 5, in-
serted with the petals, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2-beaked, 2-
celled ; seeds 00, ascending ; testa wing-like, not conformed to the
nucleus. — % Lvs. mostly radical, falmate-veiwA. Fls. in a loose pani-
cle, small, white.

S. Ohionis. Torr.

A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio !
by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 8 — 16' long, ascend-
ing, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1 — 2'
diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate
at base, 3 — 5-toothed at summit. Ma}", Jn.

3. HEUCHfiRA.

In honor of Prof Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Germany.

Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse ; co-

24*

280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^. Tiarella.

rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens
on the throat of the calyx ; capsule I -celled, 2-bealied, many-seeded.
— % ZiVS. radical, l-ong-petioled.

1. H. Americana. Alum-root.

Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, lobes short
and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; panicle elongated, loose ; pedi-
cels divaricate ; cal. short, obtuse ; pet. spatulate, about as long as the cal)^x ;
sta. much exserted. — A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and
N, Y., frequent at the W. ! and S. Leaves all radical, 3— 3i' diam., on peti-
oles 3-— 8' in length. Scape 2 — 4f high, paniculate, nearly 5 this length. Pe-
duncles 2 — 3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplish-
white petals. May, Jn. — Root astringent, hence the common name.

2. H. PUBEscENs. Ph. (H. grandiflora. Raf.')

Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, aiid with the long petioles, gla-
brous below; Irs. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 — 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and
with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth ; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexu-
ous, almost geniculate ; fls. lar^e ; pet. longer than the included stamens ; sty.
exserted. — Mts. Penn., Md ! Va. Scape 1 — 2f high. Leaves 3 — 5' diam., the
veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5 — 6" long, purple. May, Jn.

3. H. RiCHARDsoNr. R. Br.

Scape (naked) and petioles hairy and rough ; Irs. orbicular-cordate, with
a deep sinus, 5 — 7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate ; panicle rather
contracted ; cal. somewhat oblique ; pet. ciliolate, somewhat unequal, about the
.ength of the sepals ; sta. a little exserted ; sty. included. — Prairies and bottoms,
la. ! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1 — 2f high. Leaves glabrous above, veins be-
neath hairy. Flowers 6 — 7" long. May.

4, MITELLA. Tourn.

A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella.

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate ; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, insert-
ed on the throat of the calyx ; stamens 5 or 10, included ; styles 2,
short; capsule 1 -celled, with 2 equal valves. — %

1. M. DiPHYLLA. Cnrr ant-leaf. Bislwp's Cap.

Lvs. cordate, acute, .sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long peti-
oles, cauline 2, opposite, subsessile. — Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to
Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the
midst. Leaves 1 — 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on hi.spid petioles 2 — 6' long.
Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most
beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and
shining. May — Jn.

2. M. NDDA. (M. prostrata, M.x. M. cordifolia. Lam.) Dwarf Mitella.
Lis. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above; scape

filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform
segments. — A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands
at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green,
pellucid. Scape 4 — 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers,
with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creep-
ing stolons from the base. Leaves f ' long and of nearly the same width. Jn.

5. TIARELLA.

Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule .

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5 ; entire, the claws in-
serted on the calyx ; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx ;
styles 2 ; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. — % Flow-
ers white.

T. CORDIFOLIA. Mitrc-icort. Gem-fruif.

I/vs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucrbnate-dentate, pilose ; scape racemose ;

Hydrangea. LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^. '281

stolons creeping. — Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally asso-
ciated with MitcUa diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resem-
bles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10' high, often bear-
ing a leaf Leaves 2 — 3' long, -f- as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 — 6'
long. Racemes 1 2A' long ; fls. wholly white, with minute bracts. May, Jn.

6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn.

Gr. xpvooi, gold, arrXriv, the spleen ; on account of the medicinal qualities.

Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 — 5-lobed, more or less colored inside ;
corolla 0 ; stamens 8 — 10, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcor-
date, compressed, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Small, aquatic
herbs.

C. Americanum. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michx.) . Watei -carpet.
Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. — A small
plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square,
3 — 6 inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite,
J' in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corol-
la 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only
conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous.
Apr. May.

Suborder 2.— E SCAI/LONIEJ3.
7. I T E A .

Gr. name for the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage.

Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments ; petals 5, lance-linear, in-
flexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 5, inserted into
the calyx ; styles united ; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 — 12-seeded.
— A shrub with alternate, simple leaves., and a simple., spicate, terminal
raceme of white fioivers.

I. VlRGINlCA.

Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn, to Flor.
Shrub about 6f high. Leaves IJ — 3' long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short
petioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with the style, its two carpels separating
in maturity. May, Jn.

Suborder. 3— H Y D R A N G E JE.

' Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Shrubs.
8. HYDRANGEA.

G) . vSoip, water, ayytov, a vessel ; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water.

Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4 — 5-cleft,
colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles. Fertile fl.
Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 — 5-toothed,
persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals ;
capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks ; seeds
numerous. — Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fls. cymose, generally radiant.

1. H. arborescens. (H. vulgaris. Michx.) Conimon Hydrangea.

Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly
smooth ; fls. in lastigiate cymes. — An elegant shrub, native in tlie Middle and
Western States! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on
. its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very
numerous. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate,
or all sterile and radiate, f

2. H. auERCiFOLiA. Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. — Lvs. deeply sinuate-
lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile f.mrers
very large and numerous. — A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon

282 LXVI. HAMAMELACE^. Hamamelis.

in gardens. Height 4 — 5f. Leaves very large. Sterile flowers with roundish
sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy, f

3. H. HORTENSis. Changeable Hydrangea. — L/vs. elliptical, narrowed at each
end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant ; fis. mostly sterile.
— Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1 — 3f
high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green,
passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and
pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large
pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure sever-
al months, f

StJBORDER 4.— P HILiADELPHEjE.

Petals convolute in aestivation. Capsule 3 — 4-celled, loculicidal. Shrubs.

9. PHILADELPHUS.

Name from Philadelphus, king of Egypt.

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, half-superior, persistent : corolla 4 — 5-petaled ;
style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 — 40, shorter than the petals ; capsule 4-
celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds many, arilled. —
Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstipulate.

1. P. GRANDiFLORUS. Willd. (P. iuodorus. Mickz.) Large-Jloioered Syringa. —
L/vs. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy ; stig. 4,
linear ; sty. undivided. — A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cul-
tivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in
a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicu-
ously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn. — The upper leaves are
often entire and quite narrow, f

2. P. coRONARius. False Syringa. — Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; sty. dis-
tinct.— Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub-
beries. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the
orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect.
It grows 5 — 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite,
reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f

Order LXVI. HAMAMELACE^.

Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. Slip, de-

Cal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduous.

Cor. — Petals 4, linear.

Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.)

Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitaiy.

Fr.— Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celIed.

Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan. No remarkable properties have been dis-
covered.

HAMAMELIS.

Gt. ajia, with, fir)\oVy fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree.

Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2 — 3 bracts at base ;
petals 4, very long, linear ; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the
petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones ; capsule nut-like, 2-celled,
2-beaked. — Shrubs or small trees.

H. ViRGiNiANA. Witch Hazel.

Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely cordate at base,
on short petioles ; Jls. sessile, 3 — 4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subses-
sile glomerule. — U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked,
branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10 — I2f high.
Leaves nearly smooth, 3 — 5' long, f as wide. Petioles J' long. Calyx downy.
Petals yellow, curled or twisted, f ' long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts. —
This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning

LXVII. UMBELLIFERiE,

283

desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms.
The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods," to indicate the
presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even
at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an
offence little short of heresy.

Order LXVII. UMBELLIFER^.— Umbellifers.

St. herbaceous, hollow, furrowed.

Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles.

F/s. arranged in umbels, mostly white, often yellow, pink, blue, or greenish.

Cal. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed.

Cor. — Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in aestivation.

Sta. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk.

Ova. inferior, 2-ceiled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. '

Sty. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stig. simple.

Fr. dry, consisting of2 coherent carpels, sejjarating from each other by their faces icommixsure) into two

halves (merocarps) .
Carpophore,— the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the

faces of the commissure.
Ribs.— A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the

smaller (.seco7idary).
V"i«a;.— Little linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just

beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure.
Genera 267, species 1500.— This is a vast and well defined natural order, native of damp places, way-
sides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon
the mountains.

P7-opf?-nes aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vittae of
the fruit, in the roots, <fec. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering
it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Conium maculatum {hemlock), Cicuta virosa, jEthusa Cynapium
(fools parsley) , besides many others which have, at lea.st, a suspicious character. But the fruit is never
poi.5onous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as caraway, anise, dill, coriander, &c. Even the roots
and herbage of other species are wholesome and nutritive, as the carrot, parsnep, sweet cisely, celery
and Archangelica. The gum-resin, a-ssafcetida, exudes from incisions in the Ferula of Persia; the gum
galbanum is the product of Galbanum olScinale, an Indian species.

The genera of the Umbelliferae are numerous, and not easily distinguished. The characters by which
De Candolle has more successfully than any other author divided this order into tribes and genera, are
chiefly founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vittce., and
the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. These parts, therefore, minute as they are, will
require the special attention of the student.

FIG. 4S.— 1. Zizia aurea, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. The fruit
with it^ filiform ribs and two persistent styles. 4. Cross section, showing the two carpels with the vittse
and flat commissure. 5. Umbel of Osmorhiza longistylis in fruit. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. The fruit
with the meroKirps separating from the base and sui>ported by the bifid carpophore. 8. Surmitofthe
fruit of 0. brevistylis. 9. Fruitof Conium maculatum, with the undulatecrenulate ribs. 10. Cross sec-
tion, showing the grooved commissure and involute albumen. 11. Radiant flower of Coriandrtun
12. Vertical section of the globose fruit, show ing the minute embryo.

c

s

•284 LXVII. UMBELLIFER^. Hydrocotyle,

Conspectus of the Genera.
* Plants native or naturalized.

4 Seeds flattish inside. SiMTO. 8

r Fr. laterally compressed. ( Seeds grooved inside. Canium. 28

I ii Petals radiant. . Heraclewn. 23

Fr. dorsally compressed. I Petals all equal. . Conioselinum. 18

I S with smooth ribs. . Ligusticum. 17

fof entire bracts. I Fr. scarcely compressed, ^ with bristly ribs. . Osmorhiza. 27

\ Rays 2—4. . . Sanicula. 3

4 Fr. very bristly. \ Rays many. . . Daucus. 25

i several. } Fruit not bristly Discopleurum. 5

'Involucre Lofcleftbracts, (one only, bipinnatifid Erigenia. 29

I Cal. limb ^ Leaves 3-parted, . . Ciyptotcsnia. 9

■ S I < obsolete. ^ Leaves finely divided. . ChcErophyllum.^

2 i2 ^ (Tr. laterally compressed. ( Calyx limb 5-toothed. . . Cicuta. 7

.? f ^ J 1 the margin singly winged. . . Arc)i6iiwra. 21

!* fi 1 Fr. dorsally compressed, i the margin doubly winged. . . Archangelica. 20

£ I D Linvoluc.O. L Fruit scarcely compressed, ovoid-globose .Xtkusa. 16

S I S Lvs. linear. . Crantzia. 2

o i with 4—30 pedicellate or subsessile flowers. ( Lvs. roundish. Hydrocotyle. I

E I Umbels simple, (densely capitate, with 50 or more sessile flowers. . . . Eryngium. 4

I Carpels with 5 winged ribs Thaspium. 15

< Carpels with 5 filiform ribs Zizia. 10

( Involucels minute. ( Carpels smooth, ribs obsolete. . . . Polyt(ie.nia. 24

Onvolucels very large. Leaves simple, perfoliate Bupleurum. 6

Flowers yellow. ( Involucels 0. Fruit much compressed dorsally Pastinaca. 22

* * Cultivated exotics, not naturalized.

( Fruit laterally <^ roundish. . Apium. 13

( Petals all equal. -J compressed, ?oval. . . Carum. 11

f Involucre 0, or < ( Fruit not compressed. . . PimpineUa. 12

< of 1 entire bract. ( Petals radiant Coriandrum. 30

^ white. ( Involucre of a few cleft bracts Petroselinum. \i

Flowers I yellow Fmniculum. 19

Suborder 1.— O RTHOSPERM.E.

The inner surface of the seeds and albumen flat or nearly so.
1. HYDROCOTYLE.

Gr. vSoip, water, KorvXn, a vessel ; the concave leaf often holds water.

Calyx obsolete ; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point
not inflected ; styles shorter than stamens ; fruit laterally flattened,
the commissure narrow ; carpels 3-ribbed, without vittae. — Herba-
ceous, creeping, usually/ aquatic pkmis. Umbels simple. Involucre few-
leaved.

1. H. Americana. Pennywort.

Smooth and .shining; s^" fiiiform, procumbent; lvs. reniform-orbicular,
slightly lobed, crenate ; umbels ses.sile, 3 — 5-flowered ; fr. orbicular. — %. A small,
delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vege-
tables, Can. to S. Car. Stems branching, 2 — 6' long. Leaves thin, 1 — 2' diam.,
on petioles 2 — 3' long. Flowers greenish- white, small, nearly sessile, in sim-
ple, capitate, .sessile, axillary umbels. Jn. — Aug.

2. H. iNTERRUPTA. Muhl. (H. Vulgaris. Michx.)

Smooth ; lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate ; itmhels capitate, proliferous, sub-
sessile, about 5-flowered ; fr. acute at base. — 1\. In wet places, New Bedford,
Mass. T. A. Greene, rare. Root and stem creeping. Leaves almost centrally
peltate, thin, 8—10" diam. Petioles 2—3' long. Peduncles longer than the
petioles. Flowers subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in inter-
rupted spikes by other umbels being successively produced on the extending
peduncle. Jn.

3. H. UMBELLATA. Umbellate Pennywort.

Smooth ; lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long peti-
oles ; scapes about as long as the petioles; wmicZs simple, often proliferous ; /s.
pedicellate. — % In ponds and bogs, Mass. ! to La., rare. Stems creeping, often
submersed, several inches long. Leaves 8 — 12" diam., notched at base so as to
appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes slender, float-
ing or erect, and 4—6' long. Umbels 20— 30-flowered, the upper pedicel often
prolonged and umbellate. May — Jl.

Erynoium. LXVll. UMBELLIFERiE. 285

4. H. RANUNcuLoiDEs. Linii. f. (H. cymbularifolia. Muhl.)
Glabrous ; lis. roundish-reniform, 3 — 5-lobed, crenate ; petioks much longer

than the peduncles ; umbels 5 — lO-flowered, capitate ; fr. roundish, smooth. — In
water, Penn. to Ga. Stems weak, 1 — 2f long Leaves 1 — 2' diam., the middle
lobe smaller than the others. Petioles 2— 3' long. Peduncle about 1' long. Jl. Aug.

2. C RANT Z I A. Nutt.

In honor of Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph on the Umbelliferffi.

Calyx tube subglobose, margin obsolete; petals obtuse; fruit sub-
globose, the commissure excavated, with 2 vittjB ; carpels unequal, 5-
ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. — Small, creeping herbs with line-
ar or filiform, entire leaves. Umbels simple, involucrate.

C. ijNEATA. Nutt. (Hydrocotyle. Mich.z.)

Lvs. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse veins,
shorter than the peduncles. — Muddy banks of rivers, Mass. ! to La. Stems sev-
eral inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves 1 — 2' by 1 — 2",
often linear and appearing'like petioles without lamina. Umbels 4 — 8-flower-
ed. Peduncles ^ longer than the leaves. Involucre 4 — 6-leaved. Fruit with
red vittae. May — Jl.

3. SANICULA. Tourn.

Lat. sana.re, to cure ; on account of the reputed virtues as a vulnerary.

Flowers 9 ^ J* ; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy ; pe-
tals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point; fruit subglobose,
armed with hooked prickles ; carpels without ribs ; vittae nnmerous. —
% Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbel-
lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several, entire.

5. Marilandica. Sanick.

Lvs. 5-parted, digitate, mostly radical ; Ifts. or segments, oblong, incisely
serrate ; sterile fls. pedicellate, fertile sessile ; calyx segments entire. — In low
woods, thickets, U. S., and Can., common. Stem 1 — 2f high, dichotomously
branched above, smooth, furrowed. Radical leaves on petioles 6 — 12' long, 3-
parted to the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Segments 2 — 4'
long, J as wide, irregularly and mucronately toothed. Cauline leaves few,
nearly sessile. Involucres G-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. Um-
bellets capitate. Flowers mostly barren, white, sometimes 3^ellowish. Fruit
densely clothed With hooked bristles. Jn.

4. ERYNGIUM. Tourn.

Gr, epvyeiVf to belch; a supposed remedy for flatulence.

Flowers sessile, collected in dense heads ; calyx lobes somewhat
leafy ; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long inflexed
poiiit ; styles filiform ; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, with-
out vittae or scales. — Herbaceous or suffruticose. Fls. blue or white,
bracteatc ; hirer bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous.

1. E. AauATicuM. Button Snake-root.

Lvs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with remote soft spines ; bracts
tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globose
heads.— Low grounds on prairies, la. ! 111., &c. A remarkable plant, appearing
like one ofthe Endogena?. Very glaucous. Stem simple, l—5f high. Leaves
often 1— 2f long, §— U' wide. Heads pedunculate, *— 1' diam. Flowers white,
inconspicuous. Jl. Aug.

2. E. ViRGiNiANUM. Lam. (E. aquaticum. Michx.)

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends ; invol. of
7—8 linear leaflets, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or spinose-dentate ; scales tri-
cuspidate.— 71 Marshes, N. J. to Ohio, Prof. Lock ! and La. Stem hollow,
3_4f high, branched above. Leaves 6—10' bv 5—10", upper ones much small-

■286 LXVII. UMBELLIFER^. Cicuta.

er. Heads numerous, less than 1' diam. Flowers pale blue or nearly white.
Jl. Aug.

5. DISCOPLEURA. DC.

Gr. Sia<os, the disk ; nXcvpa, a rib; i. e. the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united.

Calyx teetli subulate, persistent ; petals ovate, entire, with a mi-
nute, infiexed point ; fruit ovate, often didyinous ; carpels 5-ribbed,
the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united,
with a thick accessory margin ; intervals with single vittae, seeds sub-
terete. — (D ZjVS. much dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the in-
volucre cleft. Fls. white.

D. CAPiLLACEA. DC. (Ammi. Sprang.) Bishop-weed.
Erect or procumbent; ■umbels 3 — lO-rayed; Ifts of Vic invol. 3 — 5, mostly 3-
cleft; fr. ovate. — In swamps near the coast, Mass.! to Ga. Stem much
branched, 1 — 2f high. Leaves very smooth, ternately dissected, with subulate,
spreading segments. Umbels axillary, pedunculate, spreading. Involucre leaf-
lets about 3, with setaceous segments. Involucels filiform, longer than the um-
bellets. Jl. — Nov.

6. BUPLEURUM. Tourn.

Gl'. 0OVS, an ox, ■iT\tvpov, a rib ; from the ribbed (veined) leaves of some of the species.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a
broad, closely inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5-
ribbed, lateral ones marginal ; seed teretely convex ; flattish on the
face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. viosthj simple. Invol. various.
Fls. yellow.

B. ROTUNDiroLiuM. AL^dcshj. Thfli-ovgh-u-ax.

Lvs. roundish-ovate, entire, perlbliate ; invol. 0 ; involucels of 5, ovate,
mucronate bracts ; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without
vittse. — In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y. and Penn. and la. ! raie. Stem
If or more high, branching. Leaves 1 — 3' long, f as wide, rounded at base,
acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5 — 9-rayed. Involucels longer than the
umbellets. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles (stylo-
podimn). Jl. Aug.

7. CICUTA.

A Latin name used by Virgil (Ec. 2d and 5th) but of unknown application.

Calyx margin of 5, broad segments ; petals obcordate, the points
inflected ; fruit subglobose, didymous ; carpels with 5 flattish, equal
ribs, 2 of them marginal ; intervals filled with single vittje, com-
missure with 2 vittoi ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds terete. — %- Aquatic
poisonous herbs. Leaves compound. Stems lioUow. Umbels perfect.
J)ivol. few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. ichite.

1. C. MACULATA. Watcj Hemloclc. Spotted Coxclanc.

S/. streaked with purple; lower Zt-5. triternate and quinate ; upper biter-
nate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate; aimbels terminal and axillary.
— Common in wet meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 — Gf high, smooth, striate,
jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at base into long,
abrtipt, clasping stipules. Leaflets or segments 1 — 3' long, { — f wide, finely
serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to the points ! Umbels
rather numerous, naked, 2 — 4' broad. Involucels of 5 — G short, narrow, acute
bracts. Fruit IJ" diam., lO-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and
stvies. Jl. Aug. — The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes
used in medicine.

2. C. BULBIFEHA. Bvlbferous Cicuta. Narrow-leaved Hemlock.

Axils of the branches bulbilerous ; /r5. biternately divided ; Ifts, linear, with
remote, divergent teeth; mnbcls terminal and axillary. — In wet meadows. Penn.

ZiziA. LXVII. UMBELLIFERiE. 287

to Can. Stem 3— 4f high, round, striate, hollow, green, branching. Leaves
various, those of the stem generally biternate, of the branches ternate. Leaf-
lets or segments 2 — 4' long, 1 — 4""wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with
slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the
bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Involucre 0. Unibellets of close, small,
white flowers, and slight involucels. Aug.

8. SIUM.

Celtic siw, water ; that is, a genus of aquatic plants.

Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an in-
flexed point ; fruit nearly oval ; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and
several vittse in each interval ; carpophore 2-parted. — % Aquatic.
Lvs. 'pinnately divided. Umbels perfect, with partial and general many-
leai'cd involucra. Fls. white.

1. S. LATipoLiuM. Water Parsncp.

St. angular, sulcate ; IJis. oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate, acuminate ;
cat. teeth elongated. — A tall plant in SAvamps and ditches, N. .T. to la. ! and Can.
Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow, with 7 deep-furrowed and prominent an-
gles. Leaflets or segments 4—6' long, 1—2' broad, equally serrate, in about 4
pairs, with an odd one, those submerged, if any, pinnatilid. Petioles embrac-
ing the stem. Umbels large, with many-flowered rays. Flowers small, white.
Jl. Aug.

2. S. LiNEARE. Mlckx. (S. latifolium, /?. lineare. Bio.)

St. angular, sulcate ; tfts. 9 — 11, linear and lance-linear, finely serrate,
acute ; cat teeth obsolete. — More common than the last, in swamps, N. J. to
la. ! and Can. Stem 2 — 4f high, smooth, with 7 prominent angles. Leaflets
2 — 4' long, 2 — 4" (rarely 10") wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle
pairs sessile. Umbels U — 2^' broad. Involucre of 5 or 6 linear bracts, \ as
long as the 15 — 21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white flowers.
Fruit roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. Jl. Aug.

9. CRYPTOTiENIA. DC.

Crr. KpVTTTCi), to conceal, raivta, a ■wreath or border ; from the obsolete border of calyx.

Margin of the calyx obsolete ; petals with an inflexed point ; fruit
linear-oblong or ovate-oblong ; ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs ; carpo-
phore free, 2-parted ; vittae very narrow, twice as many as the ribs.
— % Lvs. d-parted, lobed oMd toothed. Umbels compound., with very un-
equal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. white.

C. Canadensis. DC. (Sison Canadense. Linn.) Hone-u-ort.

Lvs. smooth ; Z/?.s-. or segments rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 — 3-
lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base ; mnbcls numerous, irregular,
axillary and terminal. — Common in moist woods. Stem erect, 1 — 2f high. Lower
petioles 2 — G' long, clasping. Leaflets 3, 2 — 3' long, 1 — 2' wide, petiolulate.
Umbels paniculate, of 3 — 5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4 — 6 unequal
pedicels and minute involucels. Flowers .small, white. Fruit near 3" long,
oblong-elliptic. Jl.

10. ZIZIA. Koch.
Calyx margin obsolete or minutely toothed ; petals carinate, apex
acuminate, inflexed ; fruit roundish or oval, didymous ; carpels 5-
ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with 1 — 3 vittae, commis-
sure with 2 — 4 ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds plano-convex. — % Lvs.
divided. Umbels perfect. Livol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. yellow.

1. Z. AUREA. Koch. (Smyrnium. Linn. Thaspium. Nutt. ?) Golden Alcxavders.

iyi'5. biternate; Z/"fa. oval-lanceolate, serrate; umbellets with short rays. —
Hills and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems 1 — 2f high, branching above, rather
slender, erect, hollow, angular- furrowed, smooth as well as every other part of

288 LXVII. UMBELLIFERiE. Petroselinum.

the plant, and furnished with few leaves. The lower leaves are on long peti-
oles, the leaflets with coarse serratures, and sometimes quinate. The umbels
are about 2 inches broad, of 10 — 15 rays, the umbellets ^ inch broad, dense.
Flowers numerous, orange-yellow. Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs.
Root black, tufted. June.

2. Z. iNTEGERRiMA. DC. (Smymium. Linn.) Golden Alexanders.

Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. oblique, oval, entire, smooth and glaucous. — Rocky
woods, &c., N. Y. to Ohio and La., rare. Stem 1 — 2f high, branching above.
Radical leaves often triternate, cauline biternate, all petiolate. Segments 1 — 1 J'
long, J as wide, mucronate, lateral oblique at ba.se, odd one often 2 — 3-lobed.
Umbels terminal, loose, on a long peduncle. Rays unequal, slender, spread-
ing, 1 — 3' long, with minute involucels. Fruit roundish, compressed laterally.
May, Jn.

11. CARUM

From Curia, the native country of the plant, according to Pliny.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, tbe point in-
flexed ; styles dilated at base, spreading ; fruit oval, compressed lat-
erally ; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single
vittse, commissure with 2. — Herbs with dissected Leaves. Umbels per-
fect. Ijivolucra various. Fls. white.

C. Carvi. Caraivay. — Lvs. .somewhat bipinnatifid, with numerous linear
segments ; invol. 1-leaved or 0 ; involucels 0. — Native of Europe, &c. Stem
about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate. Lower leaves large, on long petioles,
with tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles, involucrate bract,
when present, linear-lanceolate. Jn. — Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit, so
well known in domestic economy. :j:

12. PIMPINELLA.

Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obcordate, a little unequal ; disk 0 ;
flowers perfect or diclinous ; styles capillary, as long as fruit ; fruit
ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals. — Eurojwan herbs, mostly %., with
'pinnalely .^ many-farted leaves., and xohite jlowers. Umbels compound.
Invol. 0.

P. Anisum. Anise. — Radical lvs. incisely trifid ; cauline ones multifid,
with narrow-linear segments, all glabrous and shining ; umbels large, many-
rayed. — Native of Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of the
fruit are well known.

13. APIUM.

Celtic apon, water ; the plants grow in watery situations.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a small, inflexed
point ; fruit roundish, laterally compressed ; carpels 5-ribbed, the
lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vittse ; carpophore undi-
vided.— European herbs. Umbels perfect, naked.

A. GRAVEOLENs. Celery. — Lower lvs. pinnately dissected, on very long peti-
oles, segments broad-cuneate, incised ; upper lvs. 3-parted, segments cimeate,
lobed and incisely dentate at apex.— (g) Native of Britain. Stem 2 — 3f high,
branching, furrowed. Radical petioles thick, juicy. If in length. Umbels with
unequal, spreading rays. Flowers white. — The stems when blanched by being
buried, are sweet, crisp and spicy in flavor, and used as salad. Jn.— Aug. :):

14. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm.

Ch'. TTCToa, aeXtvov, stone-parsley; from its native habitat.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a narrow, inflexed
point ; fruit ovate, compressed laterally ; carpels 5-ribbed ; intervals

LiGUSTicuji. LXVII. UMBELLIFERtE. 280

with single vitte, commissure with 2 ; carpophore 2-parted. — European
herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. few-leaved. lavolucel many -leaved.

P. SATIVUM. Hoffm. (Apium Petroselinum. WiUd.) Parsley. — Lvs. decom-
pound, segments of the lower ones cmieate-uvate, terminal ones trifid, all in-
cised, cauline segments lance-linear, subentire; involucels of 3—5 subulate
bracts.— (g) From Sardinia and Greece. Stem 2 — 4f high, branched. Leaves
smooth and shining, with numerous, narrow segments. Petals white. Jn.—
C ultivation has produced several varieties. Esteemed as a pot-herb, for soups, &,c.X

15. THASPIUM. Nutt.

From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia.

Calyx margin 5-toothed ; petals elliptic, with a long, inflexed
point ; fruit elliptical, not compressed laterally ; carpels convex, with
5 winged ribs ; intervals with single vittse, commissure with 2. — %
Umbels tvithout an involucre. Involucels o-leavcd, lateral.

I. T. coRDATUM. Nutt. (Smymium cordatum. Mc. Zizia cordatum. Dc.)
Radical lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, <:«(/^;«eo7i(?5 ternate, stalked; segments
acute, serrate; umbels terminal. — Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can.
Stem erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2— 3f high. Root leaves on long stalks,
roundish-heart-shaped, the rest ternate, becoming only 3-parted above, all light
green. Umbels dense with yellow flowers. Fruit black, oval, with 3 promi-
nent, paler, winged ridges on each side. May, Jn.
/?. atropurpureum,. (Thapsia trilbliata. Linn.) Ms. dark purple. — N. J., Penn.
3. T. BARBiNODE. Nutt. (Ligusticum barbinode Michx.)
St. pubescent at the nodes ; lower lvs. triternately divided, t/^per biternately,
segments cuneate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate,
entire towards the base ; uvibels terminal and opposite the leaves ; fr. elliptical,
the ribs alternately broader.— River banks, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 — 3f high,
angular and grooved, branching above. Leaves smooth, upper ones suboppo-
site; segments 1—2' by ^— U'. Rays about 2' long, each about 20-flowered.
Petals deep yellow. Jn.

16. ^THtJSA.

G-r. aidta, to bum; on account of its poisonous acridity.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point ;
fruit globose-ovate; carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs; lateral
ones marginal, broader ; intervals acutely angled, with single vittas,
commissure with 2. — ® Poisonous herbs. Invol. 0. Involucels l-sided.
Fls. white.

M. cYNAPiuM. FooVs Parsley.

Jjvs.'bi- or tripinnately divided, segments cuneate, obtuse; involucels 3-
leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels. — In waste grounds, Ms., rare.
Stem about 2f high, green, striate. Leaves with numerous, narrow, wedge-
shaped segments, uniform, dark green, flat. Leaflets of the involucels linear,
long, deflected, and situated on the outside. Jl. Aug.— The plant somewhat re-
sembles parsky, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its disagree-
able odor. It is said to be poisonous.

17. LIGUSTICUM.

One species was said to be native oi Liguria ; hence the name.

Calyx teeth minute or obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, with
an inflexed point ; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed late-
rally; carpels 5-ribbed, with numerous vittas. — % Lvs. ternately
divided. Involucels many -leaved. Fls. white.

1. L. ScOTicuM. Sea Lavage.

Stem lvs. biternate, the upper ones ternate ; lateral Ifts. oblique, the terminal
one rhomboid ; bracts of the involucres numerous, linear.— Sea coast. Root thick,

290 LXVII. UMBELLIFER^. Archangelica.

tapering. Stem a foot high, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Leaves petiolate.
Leaflets 1— 2J' long, dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate
above. Fruit 4 — 5" long. Jl.

2. L. ACTiEFOLiDM. Michx. (Thaspium. NiM.)

Lvs. triternate, Avith ovate, dent-serrate leaflets ; nmhels numerous, panicu-
late ; invol. and involuccls of about 3, short, subulate leaves.— Banks of the St.
Lawrence. Michx. Topsfield and Scituate, Mass. Oakes. Russcl. S. States,
rare. Plant 3— 6f high. Leaflets 2—3' long, lateral ones trapeziform. Umbels
on long, verticillate peduncles, terminal one abortive.

18. CONIOSELlNUM. Fisch.
Name compounded of Coniimi and Selinum.

Calyx teetli obsolete ; petals obovate, with an inflected point ; fruit
compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, lateral ones
marginal and much the broadest ; intervals with 1 — 3 vitta), commis-
sure with 4 — 8. — © Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on very large., iiifiaied
jKtioles. Invol. various. Involucels 5 — 7-leaved.

C. ■? CANADENSE. Torr. & Gray. (Selinum. Michx. Cnidium. Spr.)
Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes ; invol.
0_ or 2 — 3-leaved ; fr. oblong-oval ; vitta: solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2—3 in
the lateral. — In wet Avoods, Maine to Wisconsin 1 but not common. Stem 3 — 5f
high. Leaves much compounded, the ultimate segments pinnatifid with linear-
oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Petals white, spreading. Styles slender,
diverging. Fruit about 2" long. Aug. Sept.

19. FCENICULUM. Adans.

Lat. diminutive oifcdnum, hay ; from the resemblance of its odor.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals revolute, with a broad, retuse apex ;
fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally subcompressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse
ribs, marginal ones a little broader ; intervals with single vittoe, com-
missure with 2. — Umbels perfect.^ with no invol. or involucels.

F. vuLGARE. Gaert. (Anethum. Willd.) FenTiel. — Lvs. biternately dissect-
ed, segments linear-subulate, elongated ; rays of the umbel numerous, unequal,
spreading; carpels turgid, ovate-oblong. — Native of England, &c. Cultivated
in gardens. Stem 3— 5f high, terete, branched. Leaves large and smooth,
finely cleft into numerous, very narrow segments. Flowers yellow. Jl. — The
seeds are warmly aromatic. :(:

20. ARCHANGELICA. Hoffm.

So named for its preeminence in size and virtues among the UmbellifenE.

Calyx teeth short ; petals equal, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, with
the point inflexed ; fruit dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick
ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones dilated into membrana-
ceous wings ; vittas very numerous. — %■ Umbels perfect. Involucels
many-leaved.

1. A. ATROPURPDREA. Hoffm. (Angelica triquiuata. M.t.') Angelica.

St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate ; Ifts. in-
cisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the
others decursive. — Among the largest of the umbellifer?e, well known for its aro-
matic properties, common in fields and meadows, Northern and Western States.
Stem 4 — 6f high, 1 — 2h' in thickness, smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large,
inflated, channeled on the upper side, with inflated stipules at base. Leaflets
cut-serrate, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed, the lateral ones of the upper di-
vision decurrent. Umbels 3, terminal, spherical, 6 — 8' diam. without the in-
volucre ; umbellets on angular stalks and with involucels of subulate bracts
longer than the rays. Flowers greenish white.

2. A. nmsuTA. Torr. &Gray. (Angelica. Muhl.)

St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentose-hirsute ; lvs. bipinnate-

Heracleum. XLVII. UMBELLIFERjE. 291

ly divided, the divisions quinate, segments oblong-, acutish, the upper pair con-
nate but not decurrent at base— Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. Stem simple, erect,
straight, 3— 5f high. Leaves on petioles 6—10' long. Leaflets 1—2^' long, i
as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, olten tapering at base. Umbels 3 or 4, on long,
velvety peduncles, 2 — 4' broad. Rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentose.
Involucre 0. Involucels of 4—6 bracts, about as long as the rays. Jl. Aug.

3. A. PEREGRINA. Nutt.

St. striate, pubescent at summit ; lis. ternately divided, the divisions
quinate, segments incisely serrate ; umbel with many slender rays ; invol. 0 ; in-
volucels of many leaflets, as long as the umbellets.— Sea coast. Me. and Mass.,
Pickering. Marginal ribs of the fruit thick and obtuse.

4. A. OFFICINALIS. Hoifm. (Angelica, Linn.) Garden Angelica.

St. smooth, round, striate ; lis. bipinnately divided into lobate, subcordate,
acutely serrate segments, the terminal one 3-lobed ; sheaths large and saccate.
Said to be native in Labrador, &c. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the
sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. %

2LARCHEMORA. DC.

A fanciful name from Archemortts, who, according to mythology, died by swallowing a bee.

Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals obcordate with an inflexed point ;
fruit oval, lenticular, compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 ribs,
marginal ones broadly winged ; intervals with single large vittae,
commissure with 4 — 6 ; seeds flat. — % Invol. 0. or few-leaved. Invol-
ucels many-leaved.

A. RiGiDA. DC. (CEnanthe. Nutt.) Water Dropwort. Cow-ba7ve.

,S;. rigid, striate, smooth ; Ivs. pinnately divided, smooth, IJis. 3 — 11, ob-
long-lanceolate or ovate, entire or remotely toothed, sessile ; 2anbels spreading,
smooth.— Swamps, Mich, to Flor. and La. Stem 2 — 4f high, slender, terete.
Leaflets 2 — i' by 3 — 9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2 — 3,
of many slender rays. Petals white. Fruit with subequal greenish ribs, and
large, purple vitta; filling the intervals. Commissure white. Sept.— Said to be
poisonous.
^. (CEnanthe ambigua. Nutt.) Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire.
22. PAS TIN AC A. Tourn.

Lat. pastm, food or repa.st ; from the nutritive properties of the root.

Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long inflexed
point ; fruit much compressed, oval, with a broad margin ; carpels
with 5 nearly obsolete ribs ; intervals with single vittae ; carpophore
2-parted ; seeds flat. — ® Rt. fusiform. Invol. mostly 0 ; involucels 0
or few-leaved. Fls. yellow.

P. SATivA. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep.

Lis. pinnate, downy beneath ; lfts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one
3-lobed.— (D The parsnep is said to have been introduced, but it grows wild abun-
dantly in fields, by fences, &c. The root is fusiform, large, sweet-flavored,
esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes
hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled in size. Stem 3f high, erect, fur-
rowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Flowers yellow, small.
Fruit large, flat. The abundance of saccharine matter in the cultivated root,
renders it wholesome and nutritious. Jl.

23. HERACLfiUM.

Named after the hero Hercules ; it being a rank, robust plant.

Calyx limb of 5 small, acute teeth ; petals obcordate, with the point
inflexed, often radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply
2-cleft ; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 ob-
tuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel ; intervals with single vittae ; seeds
25*

292 LXVII. UMBELLIFERJi:. Chjerophyli.um.

flat. — Stout herbs, with large umbels. Invol. deciduous. Involuccls
many-leaved.

H. LANATUM.

Jjvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentose beneath; Ifis. petioled, round-cordate,
lobed ; fr. orbicular. — Penn. to Lab. W. to Oreg. A large, coarse-looking, um-
belliferous plant, growing about moist, cultivated grounds. Stem about 4t' high,
thick, furrowed, branching, and covered with spreading hairs. Leaves very
large, on channeled stalks. Leaflets woolly underneath, irregularly cut-lobed
and serrated. At the top of the stem and branches are its huge umbels, often a
foot broad, with spreading rays, and long-pointed, lanceolate involucels. In-
volucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white. Jn.

24. POLYT^NIA. DC.
Calyx limb S-toothed ; petals with a long inflesed point ; fruit oval,
glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened,
corky margin ; ribs obscure or obsolete ; commissure with 4 — 6 vittae ;
seeds plano-convex. — A smooth herb., with bipinnately divided leaves.
Invol. 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts.

P. NUTTALLII. DC.

Prairies and barrens, Western States ! &c. Stem furrowed, scabrous or
nearly smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles, segments incisely toothed, upper
ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite
the leaves, about 2' broad. Fruit large, (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a
thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May.

25. D AUG US. Tourn.

AatJKOj, the ancient Greek name of the carrot.

Calyx limb 5-toothed, petals emarginate with an inflected point ;
the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft ; fruit oblong ; carpels
with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more promi-
nent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and hav-
ing single vittpe beneath ; carpophore entire, free. — d) Invol. pinnati-
fid. Involucels of entire or o-clcft bracts. Central Jl. abortive.
D. Carota. Carrot.

St. hispid; petioles veined beneath; Ivs. tripinnate or pinnatifid, the seg-
ments linear, acute ;«?»6eZ5 dense, concave. — The word fear in Celtic signifies
red, hence carrot. JNaturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid.
States. Root fusiform. Stem 2 — 3f high, branching. Leaves numerous,
divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very com-
pact, with white flowers blooming all the summer. Cultivation has produced
several varieties. Jl. — Sept. ^ j^

Suborder 2.— C AMPYL.OSPERMJG.
The inner surface of the seed deeply furrowed, or with involute margins.
26. CH^ROPHYLLUM.
Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, point inflexed ;
fruit laterally compressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs ; inter-
vals with 2 vittoe, commissure deeply sulcate.— iws. bi- or triternate,
segments incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel
many-leaved.

C. PROCUMBENS. Lam. (Scandix procumbens. Linn.)

Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous; segments of the Ivs. pinnatifid,

with oblong, obtuse lobes; umbels difl^use, few-flowered, often simple; invol. 0;

fr. linear-oblong. — (T) or (g) Moist woods, Ohio, Clark! Ky. Slwrt, to N.J.

Stems 1 — 2f long, pubescent when young, diffuse, slender. Segments of the

Erigenia. LXVII. UMBELLIFER^. 293

leaves about 4" by 1". Umbels quite irregular, oftea with leaves in the place
of the involucre. Rays 1 — 4, 1 — 4-flowered, about 2' long. Petals white. Apr. May.

27. OSMORHlZA. Raf.

Gr. 0(Tfii}, perfume, pl^a, root; from the anisate, aromatic root.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate
point inflexed ; styles conical at base ; fruit linear, very long, clavate,
attenuate at base ; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs ; intervals
without \ittse ; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. — % Lvs.
biternatdy divided, toith the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved ; involu-
cels 4 — 7 -leaved. Fls. white.

1. O. LONGisTYLis. DC. (Uraspermum. Claytoni. Nutt.) Sweet Cicely.
S(y. filitbrm, nearly as long as the ovary ; 'fr. clavate. — A leafy plant,

very common in woods, Can. to Va., 1 — 3f high, with inconspicuous umbels
of white flowers. Root branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, .spicy flavor. Stem
erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Root leaves on long, slender stalks, the
upper stem leaves sessile, both decompound, the ultimate divisions often pin-
nate ; leaflets irregularly divided by clefts and sinuses into lobes and teeth, the
lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than
the rays. Fruit blackish, an inch in length, much more acute at the base than
at the summit, crowned with the persistent styles. May, Jn.

2. O. BREVisTYLis. DC. ( U. Mrsutum. Bw.) Short-styled Cicely.

Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; /;■. somewhat
tapering at the summit. — Common in woods. Can. to Peim. W. to Oreg. The
general aspect of this species is very similar to that of the preceding, but the root
is destitute of the anise-like flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste.
The plant is more hairy, and with more deeply clelt divisions in the leaves.
Involucre deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging ra3^s, of which but few
prove fertile. The fruit is similar to the la.st, but crowned with convergent, not
with spreading styles. May, Jn.

28. CONIUM.

Gr. KO}veiov, hemlock, from koji/oj, a top ; because it causes dizziness.

Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an acute, inflected
point ; fruit ovate, laterally compressed ; carpels with 5, acute, equal,
undulate-crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal ; intervals without vit-
tve ] seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face. — @ Poisonous herbs.
Lvs. decompound. Invol. and involmels 3 — 5-leaved, the latter unilate-
ral. Fls. white.

C. MACULATUM. Poisoii Hcmlock.

St. spotted ; lvs. tripinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; fr. smooth. — Grows
in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. Stem much
branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. The
lower leaves are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheath-
ing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the involucre of 6 — 8 lanceolate bracts, the
involucels with the inner half wanting. Flowers small, white. Fruit with un-
dulate or wrinkled ribs. The plant is a powerful narcotic, exhaling a disa-
greeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. Jl. Aug. §

Suborder 8.— C CEIjOSPERMtE.

Seeds incurved at base and apex.

29. E R I GEN I A. Nutt.

Gt. rjpiysveia, daughter of the early spring ; for its early flowering.

Calyx limb obsolete ; petals flat, entire ; fruit contracted at the
commissure ; carpels 3-ribbed, ovate-reniform. — "^1- Rt. tuberous. Radi-

294 LXVIII. ARALIACEiE. Aralia

cal leaf triternately decompound. Involucrate Ivs. solitary., biter iiately
compound. Involucels of 3 — 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts.

E. BULBosA. Nutt. (Sison. Michx. Hydrocotyle composita. PA.)
A small, early-flowering herb, along the shady banks of streams, Western
N. Y. (Torr. (^ Gray.) W. to Ohio ! and Mo. Plant 4— G' high, with 2—4
leaves, the lower one "radical, numerously divided, the divisions incisely cleft
into narrow segments ; the upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each sub-
tending a 3-rayed umbel of white flowers. March, Apr.

30. CORIANDRUM.

Gr. KopiS, a bug ; on account of the smell of the leaves.

Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth ; petals obcordate, iuflexed at the
point, outer ones radiate, bifid ; fruit globose ; carpels cohering, with
5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones ;
seeds concave on the face. — (D Smooth. Invol. 0 or l-leaved. Invo-
lucels 3-leaved, unilateral.

C. SATIVUM. Coriander. — Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate
leaflets, upper with linear ones ; carpels hemispherical. — Native of Europe, &c.
This well known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds, which are used as a
spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, &c. Stem 2f high. Leaves numerously
divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Flowers
white. Jl. %

Order LXVIII. ARALIACE^.— Araliads.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, -with the habit of umbellifers.

Cal. superior, entire or toothed.

Cor.— Petals 5 — 10, deciduous, rarely 0, valvate in aestivation.

Sta. equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them. Anth. introrse.

Ova. crowned with a disk, 2 or many-celled. Ovules solitary. Styles M many as cells.

J^V. baccate or drupaceous, of several one-seeded cells.

Genera 21, species 160, nearly allied to Umbellifer<e, from which they are distinguished chiefly by the
several-celled ovary and fleshy fruit. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemis-

fiheres.— Several species are well known in medicine, &c., as ginseng, spikenard, sarsaparilla, &c. The
alter is sometimes substituted for the sarsaparilla of the shops.

Conspecttts of the Genera.

i Flowers perfect Aralia. 1

5 compound. \ Flowers polygamous Panax. 2

Leaves < simple, angular and lobed Hedera. 3

1. ARALIA.

Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb short, 5-toothed or entire ;

petals 5, spreading, apex not inflexed ; stamens 5 — 10; styles 5,

spreading ; berry crowned with the remains of the calyx and styles,

mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded. — Lvs. compowid. Fls. in simple., solitary

or racemose panicles.

1. A. NUDiCAULis. Wild Sarsaparilla.

Nearly stemless ; If. solitary, decompound ; scape naked, shorter than the
leaf; umbels few. — % A well known plant, found in woods, most abundant in rich
and rocky soils, Can. to Car. and Tenn. It has a large, fleshy root, from which
arise a leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem. The former is long, sup-
porting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either 3-ternate or 3-quinate.
Leaflets oval and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. The scape is about a foot
high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish flowers. Jn. Jl.

2. A. RACEMosA. Pettymorrel. Spikenard.

St. herbaceous, smooth ; lvs. decompound; ^e^/. axillarv, branching, um-
belled.— 1|- In rocky woods. Can. to the S. States. Stem 3— 4f high, dark green
or reddish, arising from a thick, aromatic root. The leaf-stalks divide into 3
partitions, each of which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate leaflets. Umbels
numerous, arranged in branching racemes from the axils of the leaves or

Hkdera. LXVIII. ARALIACEiE. 295

branches. The root is pleasant to the taste, and highly esteemed as an ingre-
dient in small beer, &c. July.

3. A. HispiDA. Wild Elder. Bristly Aralia.

SI. shrubby at base, hispid ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate ; umbels
on long peduncles. — %. Common in fields, about stumps and stone-heaps, N. Eng.
to Va. Stem 1 — 2f high, the lower part woody and thickly beset with sharp,
stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Leaflets many, ending in
a long point, ovate, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globose, axillary and ter-
minal, followed by bunches of dark-colored, nauseous berries. The plant ex-
hales an unpleasant odor. Jl. Aug.

A. spiNosA. Angelica Tree.

Arborescent ; 5^. and petioles prickly ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate,
sessile, glaucous beneath ; umbels nurderous, forming a very large panicle ;
invol. small, few-leaved. — Damp woods, Penn. to Flor. and La. Shrub 8 — I2f
high, with the leaves all crowded near the summit. Flowers white. Aug. —
Emetic and cathartic. :j:

2. PANAX.

Gr. Trai', all, axo;, a remedy ; i. e. a panacea, or universal remedy.

Dioeciously polygamous. $ Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb short,
obsoletely 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals ;
styles 2 — 3 ; fruit baccate, 2 — 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. c? Calyx
limb nearly entire ; petals and stamens 5. — Herbs or shrubs. Lvs.
3 {in the herbaceous sjjecies), falmately compound. Fls. in a solitary.,
simple umbel.

1. P. TRiFOLiUM. Ground Ntit. Dwarf Gi7iseng.

Rt. globose, tuberous ; lvs. 3, verticillate, 3 — 5-foliate ; Ifts. wedge-lanceo-
late, serrate, subsessile ; sty. 3 ; berries 3-seeded. — Common in low woods, Can.
to S. States. The globular root is deep in the ground, and nearly I' diam.,
connected with the stem by a short, screw-like ligament. The stem arises 3—
6' above the surface, smooth, slender, simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3
compound leaves, with a central peduncle terminating in a little umbel of pure
white flowers. Leaflets generally 3, nearly or quite smooth. Barren and fer-
tile flowers on different plants, the latter without stamens, succeeded by green
berries, the former with a single, abortive style. May.

2. P. auiNauEFOLiuM. Ginseng.

Rt. fusiform ; lvs. 3, verticillate, 5-foliate ; Ifts. oval, acuminate, serrate,
petiolate ; pcd. of the umbel rather shorter than the common petioles. — Not un-
common in rocky or mountainous woods, Can. to the mountains of the South-
ern States. Root whitish, thick and fleshy. Stem round, smooth, If high,
with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle bearing
a simple umbel. Leaves on round and smooth foot-stalks, consisting of 5,
rarely 3 or 7 obovate leaflets. The flowers are small, yellowish, on short pedi-
cels. The barren ones borne on separate plants have larger petals and an en-
tire calvx. The fertile ones are succeeded by berries of a bright scarlet color.
The root is in little estimation as a drug with us, but it enters into the compo-
sition of almost every medicine used by the Chinese and Tartars. Jn. Jl.

3. HEDERA.

Celtic hedra, a cord ; from the vine-like habit.

Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5, dilated at the base ; berry 5-seeded,
surrounded by the permanent calyx. — European shrubby plants., climb-
ing or erect, with simple, evergreen leaves and green flotcers.

H. HELIX. English Ivy. — St and branches long and. flexible, attached to the
earth or trees or walls by numerous radicating fibres ; lvs. dark green, smooth,
with white veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate ; fls. in numeroits
um-bels, forming a corymb; ^erry black, with a mealy pulp. — Native of Britain.
There are several varieties in gardens, f

296 LXIX. CORNACEiE. Cornus.

Order LXIX. CORNACE^.— Cornels.

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules.

Lvs. opposite (alternate in one species), with pinnate veinlets. Hairs fixed by the centre.

Cal. — Sepals adherent to the ovary, the limb minute, 4 or 5-toothed or lobed.

Cor.— Petals 4 or 5, distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx.

Sta. of the same number as petals and alternate with them.

Ova. 1 or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx.

Genera 9, species 40. They are natives throughout the temperate zone of both continents. The order
is distinguished for its bitler and astringent bark. That of Cornus florida is an excellent tonic, similar in
its action to the Peruvian bark. Cornus is the only N. American genus.

CORNUS.

Lat. cornu, a horn; from the hardness of the wood of some species.

Calyx 4-tootlied, segments small ; petals 4, oblong, sessile ; sta-
mens 4; style 1 ; drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut. — Trees,
shrubs or perennial herbs. Lvs. [mostly opposite), entire. Fls. in cymes,
often involucrate. Floral envelops valvate in aestivation.
* Flowers cymose. Involucre 0. Shrubs.

1. C. STOLONIFERA. Michx. (C. alba. Wang.) Wldte-berried Cornel or
Dog-wood. — St. often stoloniferous ; branches spreading, smooth; shoots vir-

gate ; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cyims naked, flat ; ber-
ries white. — A small tree, N. and W. States, and Can., 8 — lOf in height, with
smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are commonly red, especially
in winter. It often sends out from its base prostrate and rooting stems,
with erect shoots. Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish
tomentose beneath, petiolate and pointed. Flowers in terminal cymes, white,
followed by bluish-white drupes. According to Dr. Bigelow, it sometimes blos-
soms twice a year. May, Jn.

2. C. sERicEA. Red Osier.

i?;«7icA<?5 spreading ; branchlets v^ooWy ; lvs. ovate, rounded at base, acu-
minate, ferruginous, pubescent beneath ; cymes depressed, woolly ; drupes bright
blue. — U. S. and Can. A variety has leaves tapering at base. A shrub about
8f high, with opposite, du.sky, purple branches, and dark-red shoots. Leaves 2
— 4' long, J as wide, varying from ovate and oval to lanceolate, nearly smooth
above, with rather prominent veins ; petioles J — 1' long. Flowers yellowish-
white appearing in June.

3. C. CIRCINATA. Round-leaved, Cornel or Dog-wood.

Branches verrucose ; lvs. orbicular or very broadly oval, white tomentose
beneath; cymes spreading, depressed; (^/r«;7fs light-blue. — A shrub some 6f high,
Can. to Md., W. to la. Stem gi'eyish, upright, with opposite, cylindrical,
green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, about as broad as long, oppo-
site, acuminate, covered with a white, thick down on the under side. Flowers
white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn.

4. C. PANicuLATA. White or Panicled Cornel.

Branches erect, smooth ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base,
scabrous above, hoary beneath ; cymes paniculate ; drupes white. — A handsome
shrub, lOf high, common in low woodlands and thickets, N. and W. States and
Can. It has numerous and very branching stems, covered with a greyish bark,
the shoots chestnut-colored. Leaves small, (1 — 2' long, J — f wide). Petioles
1 — 4" long. Flowers small, white in all their parts, in many small, conical
cymes, succeeded by small drupes.

5. C. ALTERNIPOLIA.

Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath ; branches alternate, verrucose ;
drupes purple, globose. — A small tree, N. and W. States and Can., about twice
the height of the last, in moist woods. The branches are smooth, even, spread-
ing from the upper part of the .stem, and forming a depressed summit. Bark
greenish, marked with warty streaks. Leaves irregularly scattered along the
branches, oval-lanceolate, acute, entire, veined, M^hitish underneath, on rather
long stalks. Flowers pale buff-color, in a loose cyme. Jn.

ViscuM. LXX. LORANTHACE-^. 297

* * Mmcers uTnbellate. Involucre Cleaved, petaloid.

6. C. FLORIDA. Flowering Dog-wood.

Arboreus ; Zi'5. opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire ; /s. small, in a close,
c)Tnose umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-leaved, obcordate involu-
cre.—A tree from 20— 30f in height, very ornamental when in flower. Woods,
U. S. and Can. The wood is very hard and compact, covered with a rough
bark, which is extremely bitter, and used in medicine as a tonic. The leaves,
which at flowering-time are but partially expanded, are acutely ovate, nearly
smooth, veinv, pale underneath. The true flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-
yellow, but the involucre is very large and showy, of veiny, white, obovate
leaves, ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so abruptly as to
give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Drupe red. May.
7. C. Canadensis. Low Cornel or Dog-uvod.

Herbaceous, low ; vpper Ivs. whorled, v-einy, on short petioles ; st. simple.
— A small, handsome plant, common in woods, nearly throughout N. Am. N.
of lat. 39^, remarkable for its large, white involucre. Rhizoma creeping, woody.
The flowering stems erect, 4 — 8' high, bearing 2 small stipules in the middle,
and a whorl of 6 leaves at the top, two of which are larger, placed a little lower
and opposite. An umbellate cyme of flowers arises from the centre of the whorl,
and with its large, showy involucre of 4 white leaves, might easily be taken for
a single flower. They are succeeded by a bunch of red berries. The barren
stems support a whorl of 4 equal leaves. May, Jn.

Order LXX. LORANTHACE^.— Loranths.

St. parasitical, half-shrubby, dichotomous.

Lvs. evergreen, opposite, fleshy, without stipules. ,

Fts. dioecious and small, whitish or greenish-yellow, sometimes perfect and brilliant.

CoZ. adnate to the ovarj' in perfect flower, limb 3— 5-cleft or obsolete. .

Cor. of 3— 4 or 8 petals, cohering in a tube, sometimes distinct, inserted into the epigynoua disK.

Sta. as many as the petals and opposite to them, or to the sepals when the pet. are 0.

Ova. l-cel!ed, with a single suspended ovule. Stij. simple or 0.

Fr. baccate, with one anatropous seed.

Genera 23, species 412, about equally distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia and America.
They possess the remarkable property of rooting firmly on other plants and Imng upon theu juices.
They are slightly astringent.

VISCUM. Toum.
^ or 9 c?.— c? Calyx with 4 (3—5) triangular, erect segments, val-
vate in rcstivation ; anthers as many as the sepals, and inserted on
them ; corolla 0. 9 Limb of the calyx obsolete ; petals 4, fleshy, epi-
gynous ; stamens 0 ; stigma sessile ; berry fleshy, 1 -seeded. — Lvs. very
rarely alternate or scale-like.

V. FLAVESCENS. Ph. (V. album. Walt. V. verticillatum. Nutt.) Misseltoe.

Branches opposite, sometimes verticillate, terete; lvs. cuneate-obovate, 3-
veined, obtuse ; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves ; berries
white, semi-transparent.— A yellowish green, succulent parasite inserted on the
branches of aged trees, N. J. W. to la. and the Southern States ! Stems 1— IJf
high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9—16" by 4—9", smooth and entire,
on short petioles. Flowers small, sterile ones mostly 3-parted. Berry with a
viscous pulp. Apr. May.

298 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEvE. Lonicera.

SUBCLASS II. MONOPETAL^.

Floral envelops consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter com-
posed of petals more or less united (monopetalous).

Order LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE^.— Honeysuckles.

l^hriibs r.irely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves and no stipules.

Fls. cymose and often fragrant.

Cal. adherent to the ovary (superior), the limb 5- (rarely 4) cleft or toothed.

Cor. tubular or rotate, regular or irreeular. [the tube.

Sta. as many, or one less than as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on

Ova. 3- (rarely 4 or 5-) celled. Style l. Stiff. 1—4.

F>: baccate, fleshy ordry, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds pendulous.

Genera 14, species 2-20, chiefly natives of the northern temperate regions, and occasionally found in the
alpine parts of the tropical zone.

Properties.— The fever-root (Triosteum perfoliatum) is a mild cathartic, and in large doses emetic : the
dried and roasted berries are sometimes substituted for coffee. The leaves and bark of the elder are both
emetic and cathartic ; the flowers are sudorific, and the berries la.xative. The beauty and fragrance of
the honeysuckles in cultivation are well known to every one.

The order consists of two distinct tribes; Lonicerea; and Sambuceae.

Conspectus of the Genera.

t few-seeded Lonicera. \

i Berry 1 — 3-ce!led, ^ many-seeded Diervilla. 2

( Shrubs, i! Berry 4-celled, 2 seeded Synvphoricarpus. 4

< 5 Stamens 4. Trailing, evergreen Linncea. 5

f tubular. (Herbs. (Stamens 5. Stem erect, simple Triostewin. 3

< J simple leaves Viburnum,. 7

Corolla ' rotate, regular. Shrubs with i pinnate leaves Sambucus. 6

Tribe 1. t,ONICEREJ3.

Corolla tubular, the limb often irregular. Style filiform.
1. LONICERA.

In honor of Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the 16th century.

Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobose ; corolla infundibuliform or cam-
panulate, limb 5-cleft, often labiate ; stamens 5, exserted ; ovary 2 — 3
celled ; berry few-seeded ; stigma capitate. — A genius of climbing or
erect shrubs, toiih opposite and often connate leaves.

§ Stems climbing. Flowers sessile, verticillaie. Caprifolium.

1. L: HiRstJTA. Eaton. (C. pubescens. GiMie.) Hairy Honeysuckle.

L/vs. hairy above, soft-villose beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acumi-
nate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fls. in verticillate .spikes ; cor. ringent ;
fil. bearded. — A shrubby climber, rather rare, in -n-oods, N. Eng. to Mich, antl
Can., twining about trees to the height of 15— 20f The whole plant is more
or less hairy. Leaves pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side
ciliate with scattered hairs. The flowers are large, numerous, greenish-yellow,
in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of corolla .spreading. Style
and stamens exsert. Jn.

2. L. PARViPLORA. Lam. (C. parviflorum. Ph.) Small-flmcercd HoneysivcJde.

L/V'S. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all sessile or con-
nate, the upper pair perfoliate; fls. in heads of several approximate whorls;
cor. ringent; tube short, gibbous at base ; fil. bearded. — A small, smooth, shrubby
climber, in rocky woods. Can. and CJ. S. Stem 8 — 1 Of long. Leaves wavy and
revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the under side. Flowers rather small.
Corolla V in length, yellow, tinged with dull red, gibbous at the base, the .short
limb in curled segments. Stamens and style exserted. Berries orange-colored.
May, Jn.

/?. 1 Sullivantii. Lis. pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct,
the lower ones petiolate. — Ohio, W. S. Sulltvant ! S. Car. Miss Carpenter ! Per-
haps distinct.

LoNicERA. LXXl. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 299

3. L. FLAVA. Sims. (C. Fraseri. Ph.) Yellow Honeysuckle.

Lvs. ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilaginous tnargin, upper pair
connate-perfoliate ; spikes terminal, of close whorls ; car. smooth, tube slender,
gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent ; fll. smooth. — A beautiful shrub,
scarcely twining, mountains, N. Y. to Ga. W. to Wisconsin. Often cultivated.
Leaves deciduous, obtuse, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfo-
liate pair. Flowers in heads of about 10, fragrant. Corolla an inch or more
in length, the tube much longer than the limb, bright yellow. Upper lip much
broader than the lower, in 4 segments. Jn. Jl. -J-

4. L. GRATA. Ait. (C. gratum. Ph.) Evergreen Honeysuckle.

Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair con-
nate-perlbliate ; Jls. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, tube
long, slender, not gibbous at base. — A beautiful climbing species, damp wood-
lands, N. Y., Penn. and Western States. Leaves opposite or in 3s, margin
revolute. Flowers large and very fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl. Corolla pale
yellow within, becoming reddish without. Stamens exserted. Berries red.
The leaves are very obtuse, ending in a short, abrupt point. Jn.

5. L. sEMPERVlRENS. Ait. (C. scmpervircns. Mlchx.) Trumpet Honey suckle.
L/vs. oblong, evergreen, the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; Jls. in nearly

naked spikes of distant whorls ; cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricose
above. — In moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Com-
mon in cultivation, where few flowers are found more beautiful, although they
are deficient in tragrance. Stem woody, twining with the sun. Leaves ovate
or elliptical, of a dark, perennial green above. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly
2' long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a fine
scarlet without and yellow within. May — Aug. f

6. L. Periclymenum. Tourn. (C. Periclpnenum. Linn.) Woodbine Honey-
suckk. — Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, on short petioles ;/s. in ovate,
imbricate, terminal heads ; cor. ringent. — A woody climber, native of Europe,
cultivated and nearly naturalized. Flowers yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded
by red berries. May — Jl. f

/?. quercifolia. (^Oak-leaved Honeysuckle.) Lvs. sinuate-lobed.

7. L. Capripolium. (Caprifolium Italicum. R. (f- S.) Italian Honeysuckle. —
Lvs. deciduous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate ; Jls. in a terminal verticil ;
cor. ringent. — Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty
and fragrance. Flowers of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. — Aug. f

§ § Stem erect. Flowers pedunculate, geminate. Xylostedm.

8. L. ciLiATA. Muhl. (Xylosteum ciliatum. Ph.) My Honci/suckle.
Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate ; corolla limb with short and subequal lobes;

tuie saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct. — A branching, erect shrub,
3 — 4f high, found in woods. Me. to Ohio and Can. Leaves thin, oblong-ovate,
often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villose beneath
when young. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top of the peduncle,
with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs,
but not connate, 3 — 5-seeded. June.

9. L. OBLONGiFOLiA. Hook. (X. oblongifolium. Goldie.)

Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath; corolla limb deeply bila-
biate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries connate or united
into one, globose, purple, bi-umbilicate. — A shrub 3— 4f high, in swamps. Can.
and N. Y. Leaves almost sessile, 1^—2' long, peduncles of equal length. Co-
rolla hairy, greenish-yellow outside, purpli-sh inside, the lower lip nearly entire,
the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two
calyces. Jn.

10. L. coERtjLEA. (X. villosum. M.V. X. Solonis. Eat.) Blue-fruited
Honeysuckle. — Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at'leno-th

smoothish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; brads longer than the ovaries ; berries
connate or united into one, deep blue. — A low shrub, in rocky woods, Mass.
and N. Y., N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem 2f high, with small leaves and pairs of
26

300 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Symphoricarpus.

small, yellow flowers, which are longer than their peduncles. Leaves ovate,
oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, June.

11. L. Tartaric A. Tartarian Hnnajsuckle. — Stems erect, much branched;
Ivs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining and dark green above, paler beneath,
entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-flowered; segments of the
corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. — Art elegant and much admired shrub, from Rus-
sia. Grows from 4 to lOf high. Leaves 1 — 2' by | — U', coriaceous. Flowers
small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. — Jn. f

2. D I E R V I L L A. Tourn.

In honor of Dierville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species.

Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnel-
shaped ; limb 5-cleft and nearly regular ; stamens 5 ; capsular fruit
2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placentae), many-
seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous leaves.

D. TRiFiDA. Mcench. (D. Tournefortii. Mlchx. D. Canadensis. Muhl.') Bush
Honeysuckle. — Lrs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles ; ped. axillary and
terminal, 1 — 3 flowered ; caps, attenuate above. — A low shrub, not uncommon
in hedges and thickets. Can. to Car. Stem about 2f high, branching. Leaves
3 — 4' by 1 — H', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ovaries slender,
4 — 5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Stamens and
style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Jn.

3. TRIOSTEUM.

G-r. rpets, three, uo-reov, a l)one ; from the three bony seeds.

Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as
the corolla ; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal ;
stamens 5, included ; stigma capitate, lobed ; fruit drupaceous, crown-
ed with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; seeds ribbed, bony. — % Herba-
ceous, rarely suffruticose.

T. PERFOLiATUM. Fcver-wort.

Lvs. oval-acuminate, connate ; fls. axillarj^ verticillate or clustered. — A
coarse, unattractive plant, growing in rocky woods. Stem simple, stout, erect,
round, hollow, 3 — 4f high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Leaves 6' by 3',
entire, abruptly contracted at base, yet always connate, nearly smooth above,
pubescent beneath. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 5 or G. Corolla dull pur-
ple, viscid-pubescfi.it, the limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fruit a rather dry drupe,
somewhat 3-sided, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading calyx segments,
orange-colored when mature, containing 3 bony nuts or seeds. June. — The
root is large and fleshy, and in much repute in medicine, having many of the
properties of Ipecacuanha.

4. SYMPHORICARPUS.

Gt. cvv, together, (ptpu), to bear, Kapiros, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters.

Calyx tube globose, limb 4 — 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or
bell-shaped, the limb in 4 — 5 subequal lobes ; stamens 4 — 5, inserted
on the corolla ; stigma capitate ; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded
(2 opposite cells abortive). — Small shrubs, with entire lvs. and small fls.

1. S. RACEMosus. Michx. (Symphoria. Pcrs.) Snmv-berry.

Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes ; cor. campanu-
late, densely bearded within; sty. and5te. included. — A smooth, handsome shrub,
2 — 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in Western N. Y., Canada, &c.
Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler
beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Ber-
ries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, and very ornamental when ma-
ture. July, Aug.

2. S. occiDENTALis. R. Br. Wolf-bemj.

Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary and terminal, subsessile, nod-

ViRURNUM. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 301

ding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside ; sta. and bearded style
exserted. — Woods, Mich, to Wis. Lwpham! and Can. Shrub 8 — 4f high.
Leaves 1 — 3' by f — 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Corolla
rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish-white. Berries
white. July.

3. S. VULGARIS. Michx. (Lonicera symphoricarpus. Linn. Symphoria
glomerata. Nutt.) — Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capi-
tate and crowded ; car. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded
style included.— River banks, Penn. to Mo. and S. States. Shrub 2— 3f high.
Branches purplish and often pubescent. Leaves 1 — 2' by f — IJ', somewhat
pubescent. Corolla greenish-red. Berries purple.
5. LINN^ A. Gron.
In honor of Carl Von Linne, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modem.

Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous ; bracteoles at base 2 ;
corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer
than the other 2 ; berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1-seeded (2 cells
abortive). — A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout
the northern temperate zone.

L. BOREALis". Gron. Twin-floiver.

The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen
woods, from lat. 39" to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish
stems, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in
large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or
teeth, and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high
(the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with
a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate,
nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn.

Tribe 2. SAMBUCE^.

Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3 — 5, nearly sessile.

6. SAMBUCUS.

Lat. sambuca, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder.

Calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse ; stamens
5 ; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. —
Shrubs or perennial herbs, with pinnate, or bipinnate lvs. Fls. in cymes.

1. S. Canadensis. Common Elder.

St. shrubby ; cymes 5-parted ; lvs. nearly bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-oval, acu-
minate, smooth. — A common, well known shrub, 6 — lOf high, in thickets and
waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem filled with a light and porous pith, espe-
cially when young. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with an odd one, serrate, the lower
ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Flowers numerous, in very
large (2f broad in la!) level-topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries
dark purple. May — Jl.

2. S. PUBENS. Michx. Panickd Elder.

St. shrubby ; cymes paniculate or pyramidal ; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and, with the petiole, pubescent beneath.
— A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing
about 6f high, often more or less. Leaves simply and unequally pinnate.
Leaflets sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Flowers in a close, ovoid
thyrsus or panicle. Corolla white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn.
ff. leucocarpa. Berries white. — Catskill Mountains. T. (f* G.

7. VIBURNUM.

Lat. viere, to tie ; for the pliancy of the twigs of some of the species.

Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla limb 5-lobed, segments
obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla ; stigmas mostly

3(» LXXl. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Viburnum,

sessile; drupe 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees. Lvs. simple, petiolaie.
Fls. cymose, sometimes radiant.

* Cymes radioMt, the marginal Jlowcrs much larger than the others and neutral,

1. V. LANTANoiDES. HiMlc-bush. Wayfaring Tree.

Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; pet. and
veins covered with a ferruginous down ; cymes sessile ; fr. ovate. — A shrub, very
ornamental when in flower. It is rather common in the rocky woods of N.
Eng. and N. Y., which it adorns in early spring with its large cymes of bril-
liant white flowers. Height about 5f Branches long and crooked, often trail-
ing and rooting. Leaves very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when
young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upoil the
stalk and veins. The radiant, sterile flowers of the cyme are near 1' diam., from
a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Inner flowers
much smaller, fertile. May.

2. V. optJLUs. /?. Americana. Ait. T. & G. (V. Oxycoccus. PA.) High
Cranberry. — Smooth ; Irs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at

base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed ; 'petioles glandular ; cymes
pedunculate. — A handsome shrub, 8 — I2f high, in woods and borders of fields,
N. States and Brit. Am. Stems several from the same root, branched above.
Leaves with large, remote, blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base,
channeled above. Cymes bordered with a circle of large, white, barren flow-
ers, like the preceding species. Fruit resembles the common cranberry in fla-
vor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, re-
maining upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. June.

/?. roseum. Chielder Rose. Snow-hall. — Lis. rather acute at base, longer than
broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth; petioles glandular; ^5. all neu-
tral, in globose cymes. — Native of Europe. This variety is the popular shrub
so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry,
Philadelphus, &c. Its dense, spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren
flowers.

♦ * Cymes not radiant. Flffioers all similar and fertile. Leaves lobed or incised.

4. V. ACERiFOLiUM. Maple-kavcd Viburnum. Dockmackic.

Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely serrate ; pet. with-
out glands ; cy^nes on long peduncles. — A shrub, 4 — Gf high, with yellowish
green bark, growing in woods. Can. and U. S. Leaves broad, rounded and
sometimes cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes with sharp serra-
tures, a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, the under surface, as well
as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexi-
ble, ending with a pair of leaves and a long-stemmed, cymose umbel of white
flowers. Fruit oval, compressed. Stamens much exserted. June.

5. V. PAUGiFLORUM. Pylaie. Fcw-Jlffivered Viburnum.

Nearly smooth in all its parts ; lvs. roundish, slightly 3-lobed or incised
at summit, mostly 5- veined from the base; cymes small and pedunculate, termi-
nating the very short lateral branches; fil. much shorter than the corolla. — A
small shrub, with white flowers, Mansfield Mt., Vt. Macrae, White Mts., N. H.
Robbins, N. to Newfoundland.

6. V. Lentago. Sweet Viburnum.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with
undulate margins. — A common, tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga.
and Ky. Height 10 — 15r Leaves smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3'
long and half as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy, dilated border on
each side. Flowers white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-fla-
vored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn.

7. V. NUDUM. Naked-stalked Viburnum. Withe Rod.

Smooth ; lvs. oval-oblong, revolute at the edge, subcrenulate ; pet. naked ;
cymes pedunculate. — A slirub or small tree, 10 — 15f high, in swamps, U. S.
Leaves elliptical, punctate, coriaceous, the margin more or less rolled, nearly
entire, smooth as well as every other part, and Arhen full grown, 3 or 4 inches

LXXII. RUBIACEiE. 303

tong. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts.
Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom,
sweetish when ripe. June.

ff . cassinbides. (V. pyri folium. Lam.) Z/t;5. ovate, oval or ofteri rhomboidal,
acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig; margin finely
serrate ; fr. oblong-ovoid.

8. V. PRUNiFOLiUM. Black Haw. Sloe.

Lvs. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth ; peti-
oles margined with straight, narrow wings. — In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga.
A shrub or small tree, 10 — 20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often
stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2' long
and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large,
terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are
sweet and eatable. June.

9. V. DENTATUM. Arrmo^oood.

Nearly smooth ; lvs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long
stalks; aj7nes pedunculate. — A shrub, 8 — 12f high, not uncommon in damp
woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow-wood from the long, straight,
slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2 — 3' diam., the upper
pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils.
Flowers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June.

10. V. PUBESCENS. Doumy Viburnum.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and
somewhat hairy above, on short stalks ; stipules 2, subulate ; cymes pedunculate ;
fr. oblong. — In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub,
about 6f high. Leaves about 2' long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate
appendages (stipular I) at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few-
iiowered. Flowers ratner larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn.
11. V. TiNUS. LaurestiTW. — Lrs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts
beneath. — An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height
4 — 5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers
white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable.

Order LXXII. RUBIACEtE.— Madderworts.

Treeg. shrubs, and ?ierbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire.

Slip, between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves.

Cal. — Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4 — 5-cIeft.

Cor. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions.

Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments.

Otta. 2- (rarely more) celled. Sryle single or partly divided.

Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell.

Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., SteUatcB and Cinchoneie, to
which a third, LoganiecE- (which has no representatives at the North) is appended byTorrey and Gray.

The species of the first Suborder, Stellata;, are common in the northern parts of both continents ; the
two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions.

Properties.— \ very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most
important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by
several species of Galium. Among the Cinc.hon-eiB we find Cinchona and CephSelis furnishing two of
the most valuable of all medicines. Penivian lark, a powerful febrifuge, well known and appreciated
everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz.. Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea,
C. lanccolata. C. magnifolia. &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the pres-
ence ol two alkalies, Cinchonia and Qicinia. both combined with Kinicacid. Ipecacuanha, the prince
of all emetics, is the product of the root of CephSelisIpecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping
roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchonese aftbrd substitutes for the true '
ipecac.

Coffee i?the hard albumen of the seeds of CofTea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown
trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berriea
are black when ripe. (Toffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and
London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700, but since that time, enough
has been drank in Einope and America to float the British navy.

Cmispectus of the Genera,

f Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipule.^) in verticils. . . . Galium. l

i C Ovary with 2 corollas ! Mitchella. 2

J I ( Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. . Hedyotis. 3

] I Ovary < Carpels 2, l-seeded, 1 indehiacent. . Spermacoce. 4

Leaves \ Herbs. I simple. ( Carpels 2, l-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 5

S adherent, [opposite. < Shrubs, with flowers in globose heads Cephalanthiis. 6

0\'ary ( nearly free from the calyx. Leaves opposite Spigelia. 7

26*

304 LXXIl. RUBIACEiE. Galium.

Suborder 1. — S T E L Li A T ^ .

Calyx wholly adherent (superior) to the ovary which is two-celled,
two-seeded. Leaves verticillate. Herbs.

1. GALIUM.

Gt. yaXa, milk; the flowers of one species (G. verum) are used in coagulating milk.

Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; stamens 4, short •
styles 2 ; carpels 2, united, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. — Herbs, with slen-
der, A-angled stems. Lvs. verticillate.

* Fruit smooth.

1. G. ASPRELLUM. Michx. Boiigk Cleavers or Clivers.

St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards ; lvs. in 6s, 5s or 4s, lanceo-
late, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely aculeate ; ped.
short, in 2s or 3s. — 7|.Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and Northern
States. Stem weak, 2 — 5f long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering
to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Leaves 5 — 8" by 2 — 3". Flowers
white, small and numerous. Fruit minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when
young. Jl.

2. G. TRiFiDUM. Dyers' Cleavers. Goose-grass.

St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles; lvs. in 5s
and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged ; parts of the Jlcncer
mostly m 3s. — %. In low, wet grounds. Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest
of the species. Leaves 3 — 6" by 1 — 2", often cuneate at base. Peduncles
mostly in 3s, and axillary. Flowers small, white. Jl.

/?. tinctorium. Torr. (G. tinctorium. Linn.') — S^. nearly smooth ; lvs. of the
stem in 6s, of the branches in 4s; ped. 2 — 3-flowered; parts of the flower in 4s. — A
.somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a perma-
nent red.

y. latifolium. Torr. (G. obtusum. Bw.) — I/cs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse ;
ped. 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s.

3. G. VERUM. Yell€V'< Bedstraw.

Erect ; lvs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; fls. densely paniculate. —
1]. Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced.
Bigelou\ Root long, fibrous. Stem slender, erect, 1 — 2f high, with short, op-
posite, leafy, unequal branches. Leaves deflexed, linear, with rolled edges.
Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn. —
The roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk. ^

4. G. coNCiNNUM. Torr. & Gray.

St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; lvs.
in 6s, linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins ; ped. fili-
form, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels ; lobes of the corolla
acute. Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky. 7'. <^ G. la. ! Stems very slender,
10 — 15' high. Leaves in numerous whorls, 5—8" by 1", slightly broader in the
middle. Flowers minute and numerous, white. Jn.

* * Fruit hispid.

5. G. APARlNE. Common Cleavers.

St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; lvs. in 8s, 7s or 6s, linear-oblan-
ceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, l-s-2-flow-
ered. — ® In wet thickets, Can. and Northern States to la. Pluvimer! Stems
several feet long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering by their hooked
prickles to everything in their way. Leaves 12 — 2(3" by 2 — 3". Flowers nu-
merous, small, white. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn. —
The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic ^emed3^ ^ 1

6. G. TRiFLORUM. Michx. T)-i-Jlov:ering GaVnim.

St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining ; lvs. in 5s and fis, lanceo-
late, acuminate-cuspidate, 1 -veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin; ped. elon-
gated, axillary, 3- (rarely 2 ) flowered at the extremity; /5. pedicellate ;/r.

Hkdyotis. LXXII. RUBIACEiE. 305

hispid with hooked hairs. — % Grows in moist thickets and woods, Can. and
U. S. Stem 1 — 3f long, slightly branched. Leaves 1 — 2' long, \ as broad, often
obovate. Flowers greenish-white, small. Fruit whitish with its uncinate
clothing. Jl.

7. G. BOREALE. (G. septentrionale. Bw.) Northern Galium.

St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined,
smooth ; fls. in a terminal, p}Tamidal panicle. — 1\. Grows in rocky, shady places,
Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems If or more high, sev^eral together,
branched above. Leaves 12 — 20" by 2 — 9", tapering to an obtusish point.
Flowers numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem.
Fruit small. Jl.

8. G. piLosuM. Ait. (G. puncticulosum. Michx.) Hairy Galium.

St. ascending, hirsute on the angles ; lis. in 4s., oval, indistinctly veined,
hirsute both sides and punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several times forked,
each division 2 — 3-flowered; fls. pedicellate. — % A rare species, found in dry
woods and sterile .soils, Mass. ! to la.! and Tex. Stem 1 — 2f high, acutely 4-
angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched.
Leaves 9 — 12" by 4 — 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and firuit.
Flowers purplish. Jn.

9. G. cmcEZANs. Michx. Circma-like Galium.

St. erect or ascending, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-
veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flow-
ered; fr. subsessile, nodding. — 1\. Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem about
If in height, with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Leaves 1 — 2'
by 4 — 8". Flowers on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually
2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fruit covered with little hooks as in
Circasa. Jl. — The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice.

/?. 1 lanceolatum. Torr. TG. Torreyi. Bw.) Very smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate;
fr. sessile. — A line variety \ with larger leaves (2' or more in length). Flowers
purple.

y. 1 montanum. T. & G. (G. Littelli. Oakcs.) Dwarf; Ivs. obovate. — White
Mts. Oakes.

Suborder 2.— C INCHOXEiE.

Calyx adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate).
Stipules between the petioles, often united with them into a sheath.

2. MITCHELL A.

In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia.

Flowers 2 on each double ovary ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel-
shaped, hairy within ; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla ; stig-
mas 4 ; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries. — Evergreen herbs,
smooth ayid creepitig, with opposite leaves.

M. REPENs. Partridge Berry.

St. creeping ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate. — A little prostrate plant found
in woods throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem furnished with flat, coriaceous,
dark green leaves, and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distin-
guished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the win-
ter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit well fla-
vored but dry and full of stony seeds. Jn.

3. HEDYCTIS.

Gr. r)Sv;, sweet, (jus) oto;, the ear; said to cure deafness.

Calyx tube ovate, limb 4-parted ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4, in-
serted on the corolla ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
— Herbs, rarely shrubs. Lvs. opposite. Stip. connate ivith the petiole.

306 LXXII. RUBIACE^. Spermacoce.

§ Corolla hypocrateriform, with a long tube, limb glabrous. Peduncles
l-jlowered. Hodstonia. Linn.

1. H. ccERULEA. Hook. (Hous. ccerulea. Linn.) Dwarf Pink. Innocence,
Radical lis. ovate-spatulate, petiolate; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ;

fed. filiform, 1 — 2-flowered. — An elegant little plant, found in moist grounds,
fields and road-sides, Can. and U. S. Its blossoms appear early, and are usu-
ally found in patches of considerable extent, covering the surface of the ground
with a carulean hue. The cauline leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate.
Stems very slender, forked, 3 — 5' high, each branch bearing a flower. Corolla
pale blue, yellowish at the centre. May — Aug.

2. H. MINIMA. T. & G. (Houstonia. Beck.)

Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching ; Ivs. linear-spatulate, much
attenuated to the base ; ped. axillary and terminal, often longer than the leaves ;
sds. 10 — 15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face. — Prairies, &c., Mo. !
Tenn. ! to La. Very small and delicate, 1 — 3' high. Leaves about 5" by 1".
Flowers rose-color. Mar. — May.

§ § Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy inside. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Amphiotis. DC.

3. H. ciLiOLATA. Torr. (Hous. Canadensis. MuM.) Chistered Dwarf Pink,
Radical lis. ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate on the margin ; cau-
line ones ovate-spatulate, sessile; corymbs terminal, pedicellate; ped. tricho-
tomous ; divisions of the calyx lance-linear. — Banks of lakes and rivers, Onta-
rio ! Niagara ! W. to Ohio. A little plant, stouter than the last. Root-leaves
numerous, stem-leaves few. Stems smooth, 4-angled, branched above, and
bearing a corymbose cluster of numerous pale purple flowers. Calyx half-ad-
herent, its lobes about half as long as the tube of the corolla. May — July.

4. H. LONGiFOLiA. Hook. ("Houstonia longif. Gaert.) Long-leaved Dioarf
Pink. — Radical Ivs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; cauline linear or

lance-linear, 1-veined ; fs. in small, paniculate cjTnes. — Tj. Dry hills, N. and
Mid. States ! to Ark. and Flor. Much more slender than the next. Stems
erect, 5 — 12' high, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Leaves 9 — 15"
by 2—3", cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. Flowers 2 or 3
together, on very short pedicels, pale-purple, Avith deeper-colored striae in the
throat. Jn. Jl.

0.1 (H. tenuifolia. Nutt.) St. very branching ; Ivs. very narrow; ped. 61i-
form ; jls. smaller.

5. H. PURPUREA. Torr: & Gray. (Houstonia. Linn.)

St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3 — 5-
veined, closely sessile ; cy7nes 3 — 7-flowered, often clustered ; calyx segments
lance-linear, longer than the capsule. — Mid. and W. States ! in woods and on
river banks. A very delicate flowerer, about If high. Leaves 1 — 2' long, ^ as
wide. Corolla (purple, T. <f- G.) white, scarcely tinged with purple. May — Jl.

§ § § Corolla, rotate, tube very short. Seeds 50 — 60 in each cell. Flowers
mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. Elatinella. Torr. (^ Gray.

6. H. GLOMERATA.. Creeping Green-head.

St. assurgent, branching; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, narrowed at
the base into a short petiole or sessile ; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal;
A plant varying in size from 1 — 2' to as many feet, found in swamps, &c., N.
Y.'to La. Leaves ^' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering
to each side of the petiole. Stipules 2-cleft into narrow subulate divisions.
Calyx in 4 deep, leafy divisions which are much longer than the white, rotate
corolla. Stamens scarcely exserted. Style very short. Capsule opening cross-
wise. Jn. — Sept.

4. SPERMACOCE.
Gt. (nepita, seed, aKCOxri, a point; alluding to the pointed seeds.

Calyx tube ovoid, limb 2 — 4-parted ; corolla tubular, limb spread-
ing, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; stigma 2-cleft ; fruit dry, 2-celled, crowned

Spiqelia. LXXIl. RUBIACEJE. 307

with the calyx ; seeds 2, peltate, furrowed on the face. — Mostly her-
baceous and tropical. Fls. sjfiall, axillary, sessile, whorled.

S. GLABRA. Michx.

Glabrous, procumbent at base; Ivs. opposite, lanceolate, entire; whorls
many-flowered ; cal. 4-tootlied (rarely 5) ; arr. funnel-form, short, hairy in the
throat; anlhen included in the tube; stig. subsessile. — River banks. Western
States ! Stem 1 — 2f long, terete, with 4 prominent lines, branched. Leaves
2 — 3' by \ — r , tapering to each end. Flowers white, 8 — 20 in a whorl, sub-
tended by the subulate bracts of the stipules. Jl. Aug. — Resembles some of
the Labiata;.

5. DIODIA.

Gr. Jif, twice, oiovi, tooth ; alluding to the two calyx teeth crowning the ovary.

Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and fruit, as in Spermacoce, except
that the (2 or 3) 1-seeded, separable carpels are both indehiscent ;
seeds oval, peltate. — American, chiefly tropical herbs, with the habit of
Spermacoce in all respects save the indehiscent carpels.

1. D. ViRGiNiANA. (Spermacoce. A. Rich.)

Procumbent, nearly glabrous or hirsute ; Ivs. lanceolate-linear, sessile,
entire; bristles of the stipules longer than the sheaths; fis. solitary, opposite; co-
rolla tube thrice longer than the calyx ; sta. exserted ; sty. deeply 2-cleft, the
lobes filiform. — % Damp places, 111. to Ga. ! and La. Stem 1 — 2f long, some-
what 4-sided. Leaves 1 — 2' by 2 — 4", 1-veined, often with smaller ones fasci-
cled in the axils. Corolla 5" long, hairy inside. May — Sept.

2. D. TERES. Walt. (Spermacoce diodina. Michx.)

Procumbent or ascending, hairy or scabrous; lis. linear-lanceolate, sessile,
rough-edged, acute, much longer than the sheaths or fruit ; Jis. solitary or several
in each axil ; cor. lunnel-form, with a wide tube, twice longer than the calyx ;
fr. somewhat hairy and 4-sided. — Sandy fields, N. J. to 111. Mead! and South-
ern States. Stems rather rigid, much branched, 5 — 18' long, brownish. Leaves
about 1' by 2". Corolla reddish-white, shorter than the reddish-brown bristles.

6. CEPHALANTHUS.

Gr. Kt(pa\ri, ahead, ai/voj, a flower; flowers growing in dense heads.

Calyx limb 4-toothed : corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ;
style much exserted. — Shrubs with opposite leaves and short stipules.
Fls. in globose heads, without an invol.

C. occiDENTiLis. Button Bush.

Lrs. opposite, and in 3s, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ; hds. peduncu-
late.— A handsome shrub, frequenting the margins of ponds, rivers and brooks,
U. S. and Can. It is readily distinguished by its spherical heads of flowers,
which are near 1' diam., resembling the globular inflorescence of the sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis). Height about 6f. Leaves spreading, entire, 3 — 5' by
2 — 3'. The flowers are tubular, with long, projecting styles, and are inserted
on all sides of the Tound receptacle. July.

Suborder 3.— S PIGEUE^.

Calyx persistent, almost entirely free from the ovary. Leaves oppo-
site, with intermediate stipules.
7. SPIGELIA.

In honor of Adrian Spigelius, Prof, of Anat. and Surg, at Padua, 1578— 1S25.

Calyx 5-parted, segm. linear-subulate ; cor. narrowly funnel-form,
limb 5-eleft, equal ; stam. 5 ; anth. convergent ; caps, didymous, 2-
celled, few -seeded. — Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Slip
ides small, inter petiolar. Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes.

308 LXXlIi. VALERIANACE^. Fedia.

S. Marylandica. Pink-root. Worm-grass.

Erect, simple, nearly glabrous ; st. square ; lis. sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilose; spikes 3 — 8-flowered;
ccrr. tube 4 times longer than the calyx ; anth. exserted ; lobes of the cor. lance-
olate ; caps, glabrous, shorter than the calyx. — % In woods, Penn. to Flor. W.
to 111. Mead, and Tenn. Miss Carpenter! An elegant dark green herb, a foot
high. Leaves 3 — 4' by 1| — 2 J', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules
scarcely perceptible. Flowers IJ — 2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet with-
out, yellow within. Style exserted. June. — A celebrated anthelmintic.

Order LXXIII. VALERIANACE^.— Valerians.

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules.

Cal. adherent, the limb either membranous or resembling a pappus.

Cor. tubular or tunnel-form, 4— 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base.

Sta. distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobea.

Ova. inferior, with one perfect cell, and two abortive ones.

Sds. Solitary, pendulous, in a dry, mdehiscent pericarp.

Genera 12, species 1S5, widely diffused in temperate climates The true valerian of the shops, used in
hysteria, epdepsy, itc, is a product of Valeriana otticinalis. The roots of several other species possess a
hea\-y odor, and are tonic, antispasmodic, febrifugal, &c. The spikenard (John xii. 3, &c.) of old, valued
aa a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys jatamansi.

Genera.

Limb of the calyx at length a plumose pappus, deciduous Valeriani. 1

Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete Fidia. 2

1. VALERIANA.

Dedicated to king Valerius, a patron and friend of botanists. Linn.

Calyx at first very small, at length forming a plumose pappus ;
corolla funnel-form, regular, 5-cleft ; stamens 3 ; fruit 1 -celled, 1-
asL&ded. — % Lvs. opposite, mostly pirmately divided. Fls. in close cymes.

1. V. SYLVATiCA. /?. uliginosa. Wild Valerian.

St. erect, striate, simple ; radical lvs. ovate or subspatulate, undivided ;
cauline ones pinnately divided, segments ovate-lanceolate, entire or subserrate,
the terminal one often dentate ; lobes of the stig. minute, 2 or 3 ; fr. ovate, com-
pressed, smooth. — Stem 1 — 2f high. Swamps, Vt. ! to Mich., very rare.
Plant nearly smooth. Leaves ciliate with scattered hairs ; those of the root
petioled, sometimes auriculate at base, those of the stem with 4 — 8 lateral
segments and a large terminal one. Flowers numerous, rose-colored, appear-
ing in July.

2. V. PAUciFLORA. Michx.

Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base ; radical lvs.
ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles, crenate-serrate ; cauline
pinnately 3 — 7-parted; Ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest; cymules few-
flowered, corymbose ; corolla tube long and slender. — Ohio! to Va. and Tenn.
Stem mostly simple, 1 — 2f high. Leaves of the succors mostly undivided, 1 —
If' by I — IJ', petioles 1 — 4' long. Flowers pale purple, |' in length. Jn. Jl.

3. V. ciLiATA. Torr. & Gray.

Simple, smooth and somewhat fleshy ; lvs. lance-linear, some of them
pinnately cleft into 3 — 7 lance-linear, acute segments, margins densely and
minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base ; cauline ones few, with linear
segments; pawicfe compound ; /r. compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late
calyx limb of 10 or 12 plumose sets. — Low grounds. Can., Wis.! Ohio! Root
yellowish, fusiform. Stem 1 — 3f high. Root-leaves many, 3 — 8' long, seg-
ments 2 — 4" wide. Flowers white, in a close panicle, which is greatly expand-
ed in fruit. June.

2. FED I A. Adans.

Perhaps frorafcEdns; on accomit of the strong odor of some of the species.

Calyx limb 3 — 6-toothed and persistent, or obsolete ; corolla tu-
bular, 5-lobed, regular ; stamens 2 or 3 ; fruit 2 or 3-celled, 1 -seeded.
— ® Lvs. opposite, sessile. One or two cells of tk^ fruit abortive.

DiPSACUs. LXXIV. DIPSACE^. 309

1. F. Fagopyrum. Torr. & Gray. fValerianella radiata. Mmnch.) Wild
Corn-salad or Lamb Letlicce. — <SY. dicnotomous, nearly smooth ; Ivs. oblong-

spatulate, subenlire ; fr. 3-sided, obscurely 2 — 3-toothed at the summit. — West-
ern N. Y. to Ohio ! Stem 8 — 18' in height. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Fruit
resembling that of buck-wheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum) in form, containing
one large seed and two empty cells. Flowers white. June.

2. F. RADIATA. Michx.

Lvs. entire, or toothed towards the base, obtuse ; Jls. white ; fr. ovoid, pu-
bescent, somewhat 4-angled, obscurely 1-toothed at apex ; empty cells not di-
vergent, but with a groove between them ; fertile cell flattish, broader than the
other 2.— Low grounds, Mich. ! Ohio ! to La. Stem 6—12' high, dichotomous
like the other species, smooth. Leaves oblong, more or less tapering to the
base, 1—2' by 2 — 4". Fruit less than 1" long, at length nearly smooth. May.

3. F. OLiTORiA. Vahl. Pawnee Lettuce.

Fr. compound, oblique, at length broader than long, not toothed at apex ;
fertile cell larger than both the others ; empty cells united, but with a groove
between ; lvs. spatulate-obtuse, radical ones petiolate ; Jls. pale blue. — Natural-
ized in some portions of the U. S. Stem smooth, 8 — 12' high, dichotomous.
Leaves mostly entire. Flowers in dense cymules. Fruit 1' diam. June. :j:

4. F. uMBiLicATA. W. S. Sullivant.

Fruit subglobose, inflated, apex 1-toothed, the anterior face deeply umbili-
cate, sterile cells several times larger than the fertile one; bracts subspatulate-
linear, not ciliate. — Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant ! Plant smooth in all its parts,
1 — 2f high, many times dichotomous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clasping, dilated
and coarsely dentate at base, 1 J'— 3' by 3 — 10". Flowers in numerous cymules,
corymbosely arranged. Fruit nearly 1" diam., with 1 rib at the back produced
into a tooth at apex, and a coa.spicuous depression in front.

Order LXXIV. DIPSACE^.— Teaselworts.

lleris or !oio shrubs, with whorled or opposite leaves. , , ■ i

Fls. collected upon a common receptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved mvolur.re.

Cai adherent, often pappus-like, surrounded by a scarious involucel.

Cor. tubular, somewhat irreaular, the limb 4— 5-parted. ,- • .

Sm 1, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, often unequal. Anthers distmct.

Ova inferior, one-celled, one-ovuled. S^y/c one, simple.

Fr. dry, indehiscent, with a single suspended seed.

Genera 6 species 150. The order is nearly allied to the Compositaa. The species are all natives of
the temperate resions of the Eastern continent, none of them American. Their properUes are unimpor-
tant. One of thespecies below is useful in dressing cloth.

1. DIPSAcUS.

■Gr. Siipao), to thirst; alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves.

Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel 4-sided ; calyx
superior; corolla tubular, 4-cleft ; fruit 1 -seeded, crowned with the
calyx. — @ Plants large, hairy or prickly. Lvs. opposite, connate {some-
times distinct) at base.

1. D. sYLVESTRis. Mill. Wild Teasel.

Z/155. connate, sinuate or jagged; /t&. cylindrical ; bracts of the involucre
longer than the head of flowers, slender and pungent, bent inwards.— A tall,
naturalized, European plant, growing in hedges and by road-sides, Mass. to la. !
Stem about 4f high, angled and prickly, with the opposite, lance-shaped leaves
united around it. Flowers bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head whose
bracts or scales are not hooked as in the next species, but straight. July. %

2. D. FuLLONUM. Fullers' TcaseZ.— Lrs. connate entire or serrate; M. cylin-
drical ; bracts hooked ; invol. spreading.— A cultivated, European plant. Root
fleshy, tapering. Stem erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5f high. Leaves
two at each node, united at their bases around the stem in such a way as to
hold a quantity of water. Flowers whitish, in large, oval or ovoid heads. Cul-

310 LXXV. COMPOSITE.

tivated for the use of the clothiei's (^fullonum), who employ the heads with their
hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose
they are fixed around the circumference of a revolving drum. Flowers in July. :f

2. SCABIOSA.

Lat. scabies, leprosy ; plants said to be useful in cutaneous diseases.

Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel nearly cylin-
drical, with 8 little excavations ; calyx limb consisting of 5 setae,
sometimes partially abortive. — % Z,arge, mostly European herbs with
opposite haves.

1. S. succisA. DeviVs-bit. — Rt. premorse ; stem Ivs. remotely toothed; hd$.
offls. nearly globose ; cor. in 4 equal segments. — In gardens, though rarely cul-
tivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet, -f

2. S. ATROPURPUREA. Movrning Bride. — Lvs. pinnatifid and incised ; hds. of
Jis. radiant ; receptacle cylindric ; outer croicji of the seed short, lobed and crenate. —
A beautiful species, 2— -4f high, with dense heads of dark purple flowers, -j-

Order LXXV. COMPOSITE.— Asterworts.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby.

Lvs. alternate or opposite, without stipules, simple though often much divided.

Fls. collected into a dense head (capitulum), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of

many bracts (scales).
Cal. closely adherent to the ovary, the limo wanting, or membranaceous and divided into bristles, hairs,

&c., called pappus.
Cor. superior, consisting of 5 united petals, either ligulate or tubular.
Sta. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Anth. cohering into a cylinder.

Ova. interior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2cleft, the inner margins of the branches occupied by the stigmas.
Fr. an acheiiia, diy, indehiscent, 1-seeded, crowned with the pappus.

This is the most extensive and most natural of all the oroers of the vegetable kingdom, always distin-
guished at sight by the capitate flowers and the united anthers. It comprehends 10U5 genera (at present
known, 1846), and about 90U0 species ; being nearly one-ninth of all the species of flowering plants. The
general inflorescence is centriliigal, that is, the central o; terminal heads are first developed, while the
inflorescence of the heads is centripetal, the outer flowers first expanding. In color the flowers are vari-
ous ; sometimes those of the disk and ray are of difiijrent colors, again they are all of the same, but in the
former case the disk florets are almost always yellow.

This immense order is diflused throughout all countries of the globe, but in very different proportions.
According to Humboldt, they constitute about one-seventh of the Pha'nogamous Flora of (Jeraiany, one-
eighth, ot France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of North America (north of IMexico), and one-half,
of Tropical America. In New Holland they are in the proportion of about one-sixteenth, according to
Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are one-half The Liguliflora; are said to be most abundant in
cold regions, and the Tubulifloree in hot regions. The Labiatifiora; are almost exclusively confined to
South America. In the northern parts of the world the Composita: are universally herbaceous, but tou ards
the tropics they gradually become frutescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on
the island of St. Helena they are trees.

Pro-perties, ^c— The Composita- furnish comparatively few useful products. A bitter principle per-
vades the whole, w hich, when combined with resin and astringent mucilage, becomes tonic andfebrifu-
gal, as in the camomile, colt's-foot, thoroughw;ort, goldenrod, &c. Some are anthelmintics from the
prevalence ot the resinous principle, as tansey, Artemisia, Vernonia. Others are aromatic and extremely
bitter, as wormwood and all the species of Artemisia. Other species are very acrid, as mayweed. The
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), the vegetable oyster (Tragopogon), the true artichoke
(Cynara), lettuce, dandelion and a few others, are the only species useful for food. The order abounds in
ornamental plants of the highest interest to the florist, and of easy culjure. Among these are the splen-
did Dahlias and Chinese Chrysanthema, with the numerous progeny of Aster, Helianthus, Xeranthemuni,
Coreopsis and multitudes of others, constituting the richest ornaments of the autumnal flower garden.

The inflorescence of the Composite is peculiar, and its real nature often complex and obscure. The
following definitions j3f terms are given with reference to this order only, and if understood, will remove
many diinculties that lie in the student's way in the investigation of this subject.

Capitulum or head (compound flower of the earlier botanists) ; a collection of flowers (florets) on a
common receptacle (rachis), as in Aster, Helianthus, &c

Involuci-e (calyx by analogy) is the lower and outer envelope of the head.

Scales ; the modified leaves or bracts composing the involucre.

Monophyllovs involucre ; where the scales are united by their edges.

Polyphylloiis involucre ; where the scales are distinct.

Simple involucre ; where the scales are equal and arranged in a single row. [short ones.

Calyculate involucre ; where a single row of scales is surrounded at base by an outer row of very

Imbricated involucre ; where the scales are in several rows, the outer ones becoming gradually shorter.

The Receptacle or rachis is the dilated extrem.ity of the peduncle, inclosed by the involucre, and upon
which the flowers stand. It is

Columnar, flat, conical or depressed, according to its form ;

Paleaceous or chaffy, where the flowers are subtended by chafty scales which are analogous to bracts ;

Alveolate, where it presents the appearance of a honey -comb, each flower having been sturounded by a
membranous rim or involucel ;

Areotate. where the alveoli are reduced to a mere line ;

Pimbrillate, where the alveoli are split into teeth or bristles ;

Naked, when smoothish, being destitute of chaff, alveoli, bristles, &c.

LXXV. COMPOSITiE.

311

Thejloieers are moreover said to be

Ofthi disk, where they stand in or near the centre of tlie head;

Of the ray, when they stand in the outer circle or circumference of the head;

Ligulate (strap-shaped), when the limb is split on one side and spread open in the form of a strap.

Tubular, when they are monopetalous with a regular limb. The heads are termed

Homogamous, where they consist wholly of perfect flowers ;

Hetero^amous, where the flowers of the disk are perfect or staminate, while those of the ray or margin
are pistillate or neutral ;

Radiant, where the flowers are all ligulate, as in the dandelion ;

Radiate, where tliose of the ray or margin only are ligulate, the rest being tubular, as in Aster;

Discoid, where all the flowers are tubular, as in the thoroughwort ;

Moncecious, where the same head has both staminate and pistillate flowers ;

Hcterocephalous, where the same individual plant has some of its heads wholly of staminate, andotheta
wholly of pistillate flowers.

Diacimis, where the same species has some of its individuals with staminate heads only, and othera
with pistillate heads only. The anthers are usually appendicuiate, that is, prolonged at Uie summit into
a membranous appendage. The achenia are termed

Rostrate, when they aie prolonged at the summit into a slender neck supporting the pappus, as in the
dandelion ;

Compressed, when they are flattened parallel with the diameter of the head ;

Obcompressed, when flattened parallel with the circumference of the head.

FIG. 47.— 1. Helianthus strumosus— head radiate. 2. Vertical section of the head, showing the scales
of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. 3. A perfect disk-flower
magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tubular corolla, the 5 stamens
united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 4. Head (radiate) of Solidago cjEsia.
6. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A (radiant) head of Taraxacum Dens-
leonis. 8. A perfect, ligulate fl. 9. Achenium, with its long beak and plumose pappus. 10. A (radiant)
head of Nabalus altissimus. 11. A flower. 12. Lappa major, head discoid. 13. A flower. 14. One of
the hooked scales. 15. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 16. A flower. 17. Ambrosia arte-
misiaiblia, 18. Staminate head enlarged. 19. Pistillate involucre enlarged. 20. The fertile flower.

Conspectus of the Genera.

S Leaves alternate. . . . § 1
} Corollas cyanic. { Leaves opposite or verticillate. § 2

f discoid. < Corollas yellow §3

i Leaves alternate. . . . § 4

C Rays yellow. . i! Leaves opposite or all radical. §5

I < 5 Leaves opposite or all radical. §6

radiate. ( Rays cyanic. . < Leaves alternate. . . . §7

Heads Lradiant. 5 8

27

312

LXXV. COMPOSITiE.

4 Pappus capillary
Scales much imbricated. ( Pappus plumose
4 spreading, petaloid.
Scales in 2 series, . . ( erect, greenish. .
■Ploweraall perfect. CScales in l row or series

i Receptacle ^ Heads heterogamous.

(Scales < not chafty. l Heads dioecious,
colored. ( Receptacle chafty
i Fls. all 4 Invol. imbricated. .
< equal. ( Invol. calyculate. .
Scales 4 Herbs. ( Ray flowers larger, sterile. .
green, i Shrubby. Heads dioecious.
{( Scales acute- 4 Achenia smooth,
withspinose < cuspidate. ..{ Achenia rugose, 4-angIed.
leaves ' Scales emarginate-mucronale
<\ Heads homog»mous.
with spinose heads only. ( Heads heterocephalous. .

i Receptacle flat.
<i homogamous. ( Receptacle conical.

5 Heads many, I heterocephalus

i erect. { Head solitary, terminal

5 Stem herbaceous, ; climbing and twining

§ 2. t Stem shrubby. Heads monoecious

S Heads corymbose.
<, erect. \ Heads racemose. .
rdry, i, spreading, petaloid, yellow.
I ^ green.

I < erect, close, ( yellowish.

( Corollas t Scales unarmed, I herbaceous, ( spreading and loose. .

("Leaves < all equal. < Scales of the involucre doubly spinose

I alternate. ( Outer corollas enlarged and sterile

1 i Awns of the achenia retrorsely hispid

§ 9. LLeaves opposite. < Awns of the achenia upwardly hispid

{ Heads small.

{C Involucre < Pappus simple. I Hds. verj- large.
J imbricated. ( Pappus double. Hds. midl. size,
flat or 1 Involuc. not 4 Outer scales very short or 0. .
convex. L imbricated. ( Outer scales equal to the inner.
4 Ray flowers pistillate,
conical or globose. . . i. Ray flowers neutral.

4 Achenia quadrangular.
( Pappus minute or 0. i Achenia compressed.
(Rays < Pappus of 2 caducous awns. Achenia wingless.
\ sterile. ( Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Achenia winged.
Receptacle chaflr. ( Rays fertile. Ach. obcompressed (parallel with the scales).

i Awns of ach. retrorsely hispid,
t Involucre double. ( Awns of ach. erectly hispid. .
f Rays sterile. Hiivolucre imbricate in 3 or more rows. .
I \ Achenia obovoid, thick. .

\ ( disk sterile. • • • ( Achenia obcompressed, winged.

I _ •; _ \ Receptacle nearly flat,

ect. . . . i Receptacle conical .

S Scales 5, united in 1 row.
I ^pinnate. ^ Sc. in 2 rows, outerrow distinct.

I tLvs. opposite, ? undivided. Scales distinct.

§ 5. iRecept. notchafly. (Leaves radical, appearing after the solitary head.

\ Rays white, shorter than scales.

S Receptacle flat. ( Rays rose color

i simple. ( Receptacle conical, with large palccB.
t Leaves opposite, (pinnately divided. Inner invol. of 8 united scales.

\ 4 Heads corymbose

§ 6. ( Leaves all radical ( Head solitary, heterogamous. . . • .

4 Achenia silky. Rays about 5. .
("Pappus i copious. ( Achenia smoothish. Rays 6 — 100.
J simple, (of 2 short bristles and several minute ones.
I 4 Heads middle size,

t. Pappus double. ( Heads very large.
( Pappus capillary. Invol. subsimple. Rays 20—200.
xvoi^puiiiio j i i Involucre depressed, broad.

not chaffy, (.smoothish. ( Pappus none. . . ( Involucre hemispherical. .

J Rays pistillate.
<, Disk fls. yellow. ( Rays neutral.
fLvs. finely divided. ^ Disk fls. white. Rays pistillate.
J t3or4. .

J < Rays very .short, white, (5.

4 7. I. Receptacle chaffy. (. Leaves undivided. ( Rays very large, purple. .

< in 2—3 rows.
$ Scales of the invol. equal, (in 1 row.
{ Flowers yellow. ( Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary. .

"Lvs. radical. (Flowers white; pappus plumose

J Pappus single, bristly.
4 Lvs. unarmed. ( Pap. double, outer scaly.

!( Fls. yellow. ( Lvs. spinose-dentate ; pappus very white.
Achenia < Flowers blue. Pappus small, scaly. . . .
not rost. ( Fls. whitish or cream color. Pap. copious, capillary.
( with a fili- t Involucre with calyculate scales. .
Achenia < form beak. ( Involucre without calyculate scales,
rostrate. ( with a short, thick lieak ; involucre imbricate. .

["Receptacle
chaffy. . . LRays fertile.

58

49

("alveolate.
■Receptacle ;

Vernonia. l

Liatris. 7

Hy?nenopapptis. 50
Elephantopus. 2
Cacalia. 51

Gtmphaliwin. 54
Antcnnaria. 55
FLlago. 56

Pluchea. 23

Erechtites. 57

Centaurea. 62

Baccharis. 24

Cirsmm. 69

Onopordon. 67

Cynara. 68

Lappa. 70

Xanthium.
Eupatormm.
Conoclininm.
Ambrosia.
Sclerolepis.
Mikania.
Iva.

Tanacettmi.
Artemisia.
XeranOiemum,.
Senecio.
Bigelovia.
Carthamus.
Cniciis.
Amierboa.
Bidens.
Coreopsis.
Solidago.
Inula.
C'hrysopsis.
Senecio.
Calendula.
Ilelenium.
Leptopoda.
Riidbeckia.
Lepachys.
He.lianthus.
Actino7neris.
Silphimn.
Bidens.
Coreopsis,
lielianthus.
Polyinnia.
.Silphium.
Verbesina.
Heliopsis.
Tagetes.
Dysodia.
Arnica.
TussUago.
Eclipta.
Coreopsis.
Zinnia.
Dahlia.
Nardosm.ia. 9

Bellis. 15

Sericocarptis. u
Aster. 10

Boltonia. 17

Diplopappvs. 12
Caltistephui. 14
Erigeron. 13

Leueanthemum. 40
Chrysanthemum.iz
Anthemis. 37

Marvta. 38

AchiUea. 39

Verbesina. 47

Parthenium. 28
Echinacea. 31

Troximon. 81

Krigia. 72

Taraxicum. 82
Leontodon. 74

Hieracium. 79

Cynthia. 73

Sonchv^. 83

Cichorinm. 71

Nabalvs. 80

Lactiica. 77

Tragopogon. 75
Mulgediioii. Ts

33

ScLEROLEPis. LXXV. COMPOSITtE. 313

Suborder 1.— T UBULIFLOR^,

Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleffc,

or lobed.

Tribe 1. VERXOXIACE^.

Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style subulate, hispid throughout.

1. VERNONIA.- Schreb.

Named for Wm. Vemon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants.

Flowers all tubular ; involucre semicylindric, of ovate, imbricated
scales ; receptacle naked ; pappus double, the exterior chafiy ; the
interior capillary. — %■ Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate.

1. V. NovEBORACENsis. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-weed.

Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate; scales of
involucre filiform at the ends. — A tall, show}'^ plant with numerous large, dark
purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. Stem
branching at top, reddish, 3 — 6f high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical
ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corollas
deep purple, the former ending in long, thread-like appendages. Sept.

0. praalta. L-ess. (V. pi-aealta. Willd.) »S^. and Zrs. beneath pubescent ; 5caZe5
nearly destitute of the filiform appendages. — Rather taller than the preceding.

2. V. FASCicuLATA. Michx. Iron-v-eed.

St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentose ; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to
each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate ; Ms. numerous, in a somewhat fas-
tigiate cyme; invol. ovoid-campanulate ; scales appressed, mucronulate or
obtuse. — Woods and prairies Western States, very common ! A coarse, pur-
plish-green weed 3 — lOf high. Leaves 4 — 8' by 1 — 2', smooth above. Cymes
compact, or loose. Heads large, or small. Corollas showy, dark purple, twice
longer than the involucre. Jl. Aug.
^. Taller and more branching, with smaller heads. — Woods, la. !

2. elephantOpus.

Gt". fXf^aj, elephant, ttods, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species.

Heads 3 — 5-flowered, glomerate ; flowers all equal ; involucre com-
pressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series ; corolla palmate-
ligulate, 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; achenia ribbed, hairy ; pappus
chafiy-setaceous. — %■ Ercd., with alternate., subsessUe leaves. Corolla,
violet purple.

E. Caroliniantts. Willd.

St. branched, leafy, hairy ; lvs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or
oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper ones subses-
sile; hds. terminal and subterminal. — Dry soils, Penn., Ohio! to Flor. and La.
Stem 20 — 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem leaves 5 — 7'
by 3 — 5', upper about 2' by li', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the
small heads in the form of an involucre. Jl. — Sept.

Tribe 2, EUPATORIACEiE.

Heads discoid or radiate. Branches of the style much elongated, obtuse,
minutely pubescent towards the summit outside. Anthers not cordate.
Leaves mostly opposite.

Section 1. Heads discoid, Iiomogatuous*
3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass.

CrT. (T*X;)po5, hard, AtJris, a scale.

Head many-flowered ; scales of the involucre equal, linear, in 2

314 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Eupatorium.

series ; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat ;
branches of the style much exserted ; achenia 5-angled, crowned with
a cup-shaped pappus of 5, obtuse, horny scales. — % Aquatic, glabrous,
simple, tvith 1 — 3 terminal heads. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. purple.

S. vERTiciLLATA. Cass. (Spaxganophorus. Michx.')

In shallow water, N. J. to Flor. Stem decumbent at base, 1 — 2f high.
Leaves in numerous whorls of about 6, linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in length.
Head commonly solitary, at top of the stem. Jl. Sept.

4. EUPATORIUM.

Dedicated to Eupater.king of Pontus.who first used the plant in medicine.

Flowers all tubular ; involucre imbricate, oblong ; style much ex-
serted, deeply cleft ; anthers included ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus
simple, scabrous ; achenia 5-angled. — % Herbs, with opposite or verti-
cillate leaves. Hds. corymbose. Fls. of t/ie cyanic series, thai is, white,
blue, red, S^c. never yellow.

* Leaves verticillate. Flmvcrs purple.-f

1. E. FisTULosuM. Barratt. (E. purpureum. Willd. in part. E. macu-
latum. Li7in. in part. E. purpureum. y. angustifolvum. T. tf* G.) Trmn-
pet-weed. — St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-purple, striate or fluted ; lvs.

in about 12 whorls of 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glan-
dular-serrate ; midvein and veinlets livid purple ; corymb globose, with whorled
peduncles. — Thickets, U. S. and Can., very abundant in the Western States !
Height 6 — lOf, hollow its whole length. Leaves, including the 1' petiole, 8' by
2'. Corymb often If diam. Flowers purple. The glaucous hue and suffused
redness of this majestic plant are most conspicuous in flowering-time. It does
not appear to possess the acrid properties of E. maculatum. July — Sept.

2. E. MACULATUM. (E. purpureum, /?. Darl.) Spotted Eupatorium.

St. solid, striate, hi.spid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous
glands and purple lines ; the glands on the stem and leaves give out an acrid
effluvium in flowering-time ; lvs. tripli-veined, 3 — 5 in a whorl. — Low grounds,
U. S. and Can. Stem 4 — 6f high. Leaves petiolate, 6 — T by 3 — 4', strongly
serrate. Flowers purple. July — Sept.

/?. urticcBfolium. Barratt. Height 4 — 5f; st. solid, slender; lvs. thin, much
longer than the usual Ibrm of E. maculatum.

3. E. PURPUREUM. 1.1X1X1. not of DC. Willd. nor PL (E. verticillatum. W'7ZM.)
St. solid, glabrous, green, sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the

joints about 1' broad; lvs. feather-veined, in whorlsof 3, 4 and 5, smooth above,
with a soft pubescence beneath along the midvein and veinlets, coarsely serrate.
— Dry woods or meadows, common, U. S. and Can. Stem 6f high. Leaves
thin and soft, 9 — 12' (including the 1' petiole) by 3 — 4'. Corymb lax, pale pur-
ple, varying to whitish. Aug. Sept.

0. album. Barratt. (E. trifoliatum. Darl.) i^Zs. dull white ; Zra. 5 in a whorl,
large and distant. — It occurs also with 4 leaves in a whorl — a tall variety,
upper leaves subfalcate ; also with 3 leaves in a whorl — tall and slender.

4. E. TERNiFOLiuM. Ell. (in part.)

St. solid, somewhat hispid and glandular, greenish, with purple dots and
lines ; lvs. mostly 3 in a whorl, the upper and last whorls smooth and finely ser-
rate.

/9. vesiculosum. Barratt. St. striate, purplish, solid, 2 — 3f high. — Abundant
in meadows and pastures. A handsome variety, with a profusion of purple
flowers in a large, spreading corymb. The leaves present a vesicular appear-
ance in a remarkable degree on their upper surface.

* * Leaves opposite. Heads 3 — b-flowered.

5. E. HYSsopiFOLiUM. Narrow-Uaved Eupatorium.

Lvs. opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceo-

t This section according to Dr. Barratt. See preface.

EuPATORiuM. LXXV. COMPOSITiE. 315

late, tripli- veined, punctate, lower ones subserrate, upper ones entire. — A more
delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields,
Mass. ! to La. Stem about 2f high, branching, with numerous narrow leaves,
which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. Heads
5-flowered. Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flowers.
Aug. Sept.

6. E. LEUcoLEPis. T. & G. (E. glaucescens. /?. leucolepis. DC. E.
linearifolium. Mx.) — St. mostly simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear, obtuse,

closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined ; carymb fastigiate,
canescent ; Ms. 5-flowered ; scales 8 — 10, scarious at the summit, as long as the
flowers.— Sandy fields, N. J. to La. Stem 2— 3f high. Leaves IJ— 2J by \ — f,
glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stem, upper ones linear and en-
tire. Corolla dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug. — Oct.

7. E. ALTissiMUM. (Kuhnia glutinosa. DC.) Goldetirod Eupatorium.
St. pubescent-tomentose, tall, corymbose at the summit ; Ivs. lanceolate,

acutely serrate above the middle, pubescence tapering to each end, subsessile,
conspicuously 3-veined ; htJs. 5-flowered ; scales 8 — 12, obtuse, pubescent. —
Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and Western States, Plummer! Stem round,
striate, 3 — 7f high. Leaves 3 — 4' by J — |', much resembling those of Solidago
Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb compound, con-
sisting of many simple, subcapitate ones. Corollas whitish, nearly twice as
long as the scales. Sept. Oct.

8. E. ALBUM. (E. glandulosum. Mickx.) White-floioered Ewpatoriwni.
St. pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, scabrous or

pubescent, acute, obscurely 3-veined ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. 5-flowered ; scaUs
8 — 14, lance-linear, setaceously acuminate, scarious on the margin, and much
longer than the flowers ; ach. glandular. — Sandy fields, Penn. to La. Stem
about 2f high, numerously divided above. Leaves 2 — 3' by \ — 1', upper ones
entire and alternate. Involucre concealing the flowers, and with them copious-
ly sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug. — Oct.

9. E. TEucRTFOLiuM. Willd. (E. verbenasfolium. Mx. E. pubescens. Pen.)
Hairy Eupatoriuvi. — L/vs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny,

the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate or entire ; st. panicu-
late, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above. — Mass. ! to La.
Plant hairy, 2 — 3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers.
The upper leaves are often entire. Involucre 5-flowered, with twice as many-
scales in two rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug.

10. E. SESsiLiPOLiuM. Sessile-leaved Eupatormm.

Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at
the base, very smooth, serrate ; st. smooth. — Plant 2 — 4f high, in rocky woods,
Mass. to la. ! and Ga. Stem slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb
with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat trun-
cate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower-stalks
downy. Heads 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Sept-

11. E. ROTUNDiFoi.iUM. Willd. Hoarkcnind.

Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veined
and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; hds. about
5-flowered, inner scales acuminate, as long as the flowers. — A slender species,
in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. Stem 2— 3f high, roughish. Leaves 1— 2J'
long, I as wide, mostly obtuse. Heads fastigiate-cor}Tnbose. Involucre very
pubescent, outer scales shorter than the inner. Flowers white. Pappus longer
than corolla. Styles much exserted. Aug. Sept.
I 12. E. PUBESCENS. Muhl. (E. ovatum. Bw.) Hairy Eupatorium.

St. hirsute ; lvs. opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough,
pubescent; corymb fastigiate; i^ivol. about 8-flowered. — A large, rough plant,
3 — 4fhigh, growing in" dry grounds, N. H. ! to Penn. Distinguished by its
opposite, broadly ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about
12 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest. Aug
27*

316 LXXV. COMPOSITtE. Conoclinium.

♦ * ♦ Leaves opposite. Heads 8 — 2Q-flowered.

13. E. PERFOLiATUM. ThoToughwort. Boneset.

L/vs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent. — A common, well known plant,
on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can. Abundant. Stem 1 — 5f high,
round, rough and hairy. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to
constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right
angles to it ; they are rough, rugose, serrate, tapering to a long point, and both
combined, are 8—14' in length. Heads about 12-flowered, clustered in large,
terminal corymbs. Corollas white. Aug. — The plant is bitter, and is used in
medicine as a tonic.

14. E. REsiNosuM. Torr.

St. minutely tomentose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, tapering to
a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly glandular both
sides ; corymJb fastigiate, compound ; Ms. 10 — 15-tlowered ; scales obtuse, hoary-
tomentose. — Wet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. Stem 2 — 3f high, growing in tufts.
Leaves 3 — 6' by 3 — 6". Aug. Sept. — This singular species appears to be nearly
confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first found by Dr. Torrey.

15. E. AGERATOlDEs. Nettk-kaved Eupatorium.

St. smooth, somewhat branched ; Ivs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate,
acuminate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth ; con/nibs compound ; invol, simple,
smooth. — Rocky hills and woods. Can. and U. S. Stem round, 2 — 4f high,
and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Leaves large, 3 — 6' long, 2 — 4' broad
at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1 — 2' long. Heads numerous, in small clus-
ters, constituting a compound corymb. Involucre scales mostly in a row, con-
taining 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug. Sept.

16. E. AROMATicuM. Aromatic Eupatorium.

St. rough, pubescent, corymbose at summit; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, sub-
cordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish ; invol. simple,
pubescent. — A handsome species, in low woods, Mass. to La. Whole plant
slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Leaves 2 — 4' long, | as wide, on petioles
less than an inch long. Heads of the flowers large, 10 — 15-flowered, white and
aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug. Sept.

17. E. SEROTiNUM. Michx.

St. puberulent, diffusely branched ; Ivs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, sharp-
ly serrate, tripli-veined, nearly glabrous ; corymbs compound ; kds. 12 — 15-
flowered; scales 10 — 12, scarious-edged, very pubescent. 111. Mead, to Ga.
Stem 4 — 6f high, somewhat paniculate above. Leaves 4 — 6' by | — IJ', upper
ones nearly entire, and somewhat scattered, lower ones opposite, with large,
irregular serratures. Sept. Oct.

5. MI KAN I A. Willd.

In honor of Professor Mikan, of Prague.

Flowers all tubular ; involucre 4 — 6-leaved, 4 — 6-flowered ; recep-
tacle naked ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ; anthers partly ex-
serted ; achenia angled. — Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opposite.

M. SCANDENS. Willd. Climbing Boncsct.

St. smooth ; lvs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate,
rather unequal ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. — A climbing plant of
wet thickets, Mass. ! to Ga., rather rare. Every part smooth. Leaves 2 — 3' by
1 — 2', on petioles 1 — 2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short,
nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of whitish, or pink-colored flowers.
Aug. Sept.

6. CONOCLINIUM. DC.

Gr. Kcovoi, cone, K^ivr;, bed or receptacle.

Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical. Character otherwise as
in Eupatorium. — % Herbaceous or snffruticose. Lvs. opposite., petiolate.,
serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in' crowded corymbs.

LuTRis. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 317

C. ccELESTlNUM. DC. (Coelcstina ccerulea. Spreng. Eupatorium celes-
tinum. Linn.) — Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much branched ; lis. deltoid-
ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate-
serrate, veiny ; petioles slender, about half as long as the lamina ; corymbs nu-
merous, subumbellate ; scales numerous, setaceous. — Hedges, thickets, roadsides,
&c., Penn. and S. and W. States! Stem 1 — 2if high, terete, with opposite
branches. Leaves 1 — 2i' long, § as wide. Flowers 20 — 50 in a head, of a
light or sky-blue, reddish in fading. Aug. Sept.

7. LIATRIS.

Gr. Xi, an emphatic prefix, arptoj, invulnerable; used as a viilnerary.

Flowers all tubular ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; receptacle naked ;
pappus plumose, copious ; achenia obconic, 10-striate; styles much
exserted. — % herbs or shrubs. Root tuberous. St. simple. Lvs.
alternate. Fls. cyanic.

* Heads 16 — 60-Jlowered.

1. L. sauARRosA. Willd. Blazing Star.

Smooth or scabrous- pubescent ; lvs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base ;
rac. flexuous, leafy ; hds. few, sessile or nearly so ; invol. ovate-cylindric ; scales
large, squarrose-spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate,
scarce!}' colored ; fls. numerous ; pappus plumose. — A splendid plant, native
(in N. Y. according to Prof. Eaton) Penn. to Flor. and W. States ! Stem 2
— 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Heads 5 — 20, with brilliant
purple flowers. Aug. f

2. L. CYLINDRACEA. Michx.

St. low, slender and very leafy, smooth or somewhat hirsute; lvs. rigid,
linear, mostly 1-veined ; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15 — 20-
flowered ; scales short, close, rounded or obtuse and abruptly mucronate at apex. —
Prairies and barrens, Mich, to Mo. Stem 6 — 18' high. Leaves 2 — 5' by 2 — 4".
Heads 1' long, rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Flowers
bright purple.

3. L. scARiosA. Gay Feather.

Scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear
and much smaller ; hds. remotely racemed ; invol. globose-hemispherical ; scales
obovate, very obtuse, purplish ; fls. numerous ; pappus scabrous. — A beautiful
plant, 4 — 5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Mass. {Rickard!) to 111. ! and La.
Stem rather stout, whitish above. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3 — 9' long,
upper 1 — 3' by 1 — 3", rough-edged. Heads 5 — 20, V diam., in a long raceme,
each 20 — 40-flowered. Corolla purple. Aug. f

* * Heads 5 — Ib-fl^wered.

4. L. GRAMiNiFOLiA. Willd. Torr. & Gray. Grass-leaved Liai/ris.
Glabrous or with scattered hairs ; st. slender and simple ; lvs. linear, 1-

veined ; hds. 7 — 12-flowered, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below ;
involucre acute at base ; scaks many, obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; ach.
hairy. — N. J. to Ala.

/?. ■? dubia. (L. pilosa. /?. dubia. Ph. L. dubia. Bart.) Inflorescence
sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate. — Pine barrens, N. J. Stem
2— 3f high. Leaves 3—6' by 2 — 4". Heads rather small. Sept. Oct.

5. L. SPICATA. Willd. Slender-spiked Liatris.

Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at
base ; hds. in a long, terminal .spike, nearly sessile ; Ifts. of the invol. oblong,
obtuse ; fls. about 8 ; pappus scabrous-plumose. — Native from N. J. and Mich. !
to Flor. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated.
Stem 2 — 5f high. Heads numerous, with bright purple flowers. Aug. f

0. resinosa. T. & G. (L. resinosa. Nutt.) Plant smaller; hds. about 5-
flowered.

6. L. PYCNOSTACHYA. Michx. Tldck-spiked Liatris.

Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy; lvs. rigid, ascending, .straight.

318 LXXV. COMPOSITiE. Aster.

lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear ; spike
dense and thick, long and bracted below ; hds. numerous, cylindrical, sessile,
5-flowered ; scaks appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrose tips. —
Prairies, 111. ! to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata chiefly by
its acute, squarrose scales and few-flowered heads. Stem 3— 5f high. Spikes
cylindrical, 10—20' long.
0. T. & G. (L. brachystachya. Nutt.) St. and ijivol. nearly glabrous.
Sectiou S> Heads radiate*
8. TUSSILAGO.

Altered from the Lat. tuseis, cough ; considered a good expectorant.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers of the ray 9. those of the disk cT;
involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. — ^t- Lvs. radi-
cal. Fls. yeUow., with very narrmo rays.

T. Farfara. CoWs-foot.

A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a cer-
tain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing
with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow, head, in March and April, long
before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5 — 8'
by 3 — 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton-
like down beneath, and on downy petioles. ^ 1

9. NARDOSMIA. Cass.
Gr. vapSos, spikenard, oo-^ij, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat 9 J*; flowers of the ray 9) of the
disk $ , but abortive in the sterile plant ; involucre simple ; recep-
tacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. — '^■ Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic.
The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the fertile
heads in several., but very narroto.

N. PALMATA. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait^

Scape with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb ; lvs. roundish-cordate, 5 — 7-lobed,
tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. — In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt.,
Robbins. Sunderland, Mass., Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse,
acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout
scape covered with leaf-.scales and I — 2f high. The heads are fragrant, nume-
rous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May.

Tribe 3. ASTEROIDEJE.

Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and

linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate.

Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic.

10. ASTER.

Gr. atrrrip, a star ; from the radiated flowers.

Involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often with green tips,
the outer spreading ; disk flowers tubular, $ ; ray flowers 9 > in one
row, generally few (6 — 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex,
finally revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary,
scabrous ; achenium usually compressed. — A large genus of % Iicrbs,
very abundant in tJie TJ. S.,flmvering in late summer and autumn. Lvs.
altern/ite. Disk fls. yellowy changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple
or white, never yellow.

§ Scales imbricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6 — 15. Lower
leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. Biotia. DC.

1. A. coRYRrBosus. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.) Corymbed Aster.

St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth ; b^-anches hairy ; lvs. ovate, acutely ser-

Aster. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 319

rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invol. oblong,
imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales. — Common in diy woods, N. and
Mid. States. Stem 2f high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous.
Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serra-
tures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad,
fiat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug.

2. A. MACROPHYLLUs. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Cass.) Large-leaved
Aster.— St. branched, diffuse ; lis. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper

ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat
winged ; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales. — Distin-
guished for its very large root leaves which are 6 — 10' by 3 — 5'. Grows in
woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1 — 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth.
Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept.

§ § Scales imbricated, icith spreading, green tips. Bays 12 — 30. Pap-
pus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large,
corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. Calli-

ASTRUM. T. & G.

3. A. Radula. Ait. Rasp-leaved Aster.

St. erect, simple below, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed
towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough; invol. imbricate, scales
appressed, with small, spreading green tips. — Moist groves and hedges. Me. to
Penn. ! Not common. Height 1— 3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow,
sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem.
Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely
more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are some-
times ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept.

4. A. sPECTABiLis. Ait. Skoiinj Aster.

St. erect ; Ivs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower
ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ; hds. hemispherical, with nu-
merous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales. — A low Aster of pine barrens. Mass, !
to Ky. Stem straight, 1— 2f high, branching above into a nearly simple co-
rymb of 10—15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays.
Sept.— Nov.

5. A. GRACILIS. Nutt. Slender Aster.

St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in-
cisely and remotely serrulate, "narrowed to the sub-clasping base; cmymb
loose, spreading; scales linear-oblong, whitish, with green, spreading tips ; rays
about 12.— Pine barrens, N. J. Stems clustered, 12 — 14' high, purplish, leafy,
slender. Leaves 1 — 2i' long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatu-
late. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the
involucre. Sept.

^ ^ § Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft,
none of them thickened upwards. Achenia compressed. Aster proper.
* Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads paniculate.

6. A. coRDiFOLius. Heart-leaved Aster.

St. paniculate, smoolhish ; lower Ivs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply ser-
rate, acuminate, petiolate ; petioles winged ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales
with short, green tips. — Common in rocky woods, N. and W. States. Stem
smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high,
with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers.
Rays 10—15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a
deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long,
acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or
less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or mi-
nute bracts. Sept.

7. A. SAGiTTiFOLius. Arrow-lcaved Aster.

St. with racemose branches above, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate,

320 LXXV. COMPOSITiE. Aster.

serrate, peliolate ; invol. scales loose, lanceolate. — Low woods, N. and W. States
and Can. Stem 2—41' high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with
numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads
small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of
blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept.

8. A. UNDULATUs. Wave-lcaf A?fer.

St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong-
cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate,
lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles. — Native of dry
woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lower
leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming nar-
row-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, forming a loose panicle
of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept.

9. A. AZUREUs. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddcll.)

Scabrous ; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cor-
date, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and
linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate; Arfs. broadly obconic ;
scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. — Woods and prairies, "Western States.
Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to
the small, subulate, numerous lloral ones of the slender branches. Racemes
rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue.

10. A. Shortii. Hook. Short's Aster.

Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above ; Ivs.
lance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile
and obtuse at base ; Ms. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather
numerous ; invol. broad-campanulate ; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter
than the disk flowers. — A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of
streams, Ohio ! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2 — tf high. Lower leaves about
5' by H', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they
are minute. Rays violet blue.

* * Lower leaves never cordate. Caulinc leaves clasping and cordate or
auriculate at base.

11. A. PATENS. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.) Spreading Aster.

St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping
the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent; panicle loose, few-
flowered ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous. — Grows in
moist grounds. Northern States. Stem 2^3f high, slender, branching above
into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (3—6' long) on the stem, becom-
ing small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the
leafy branchlets, large, with 20 — 30 violet-colored rays. Aug. — Nov.

12. A. LiBVis. (A. mutabilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. Muhl.) Smooth Aster.
Very smooth ; st. angular ; branches simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi-

caul, remote, oblong, entire, .shining, radical ones subserrate; invol. closely
imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the
apex. — A very smooth and beautiful species, 2 — 3f high, growing in low grounds.
Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves rather fleshy, broadest
at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large and showy,
with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept. — Nov.

/?. levigatus. (A. Isevigatus. Willd.) Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate.

y. cyanevs. (A. cyaneus. Ph.) (S/. and ^rs. con.spicuously glaucous. — These
are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beauti-
ful of all the aster.s,

13. A. coNciNNus. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster.

St. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate and lance-
linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire;
invol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip. — Woods, Northern States!
A slender species, I— 2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and re-
mote. Leaves 3 — 5' long, acuminate, varying from i — 1' in width, smooth ex-

Aster. LXXV. COMPOSITiE, 331

cept the mid- vein beneath ; branch leaves few and much smaller. Heads mid-
dle-size, with 10 — 15 bluish purple rays. Sept. — Nov.

14. A. PUNicEus. Red-stalked Aster.

St. hispid, paniculate; lis. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at
base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above ; invol. loose, longer than the disk,
the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed. — A
large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils,
N. States and Can. Stem 4 — 6f high, generally red, (at least on the south side),
furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough
on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and
showy. Rays 50 — 80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug. — Oct.

15. A. PRENANTHoiDES. Muhl. Prcnaiithcs-Uke Aster.

St. hairy or pubescent above, coiymbose-paniculate ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate,
serrate, acuniinate, attenuate at base into a long winged petiole which is au-
riculate at the insertion ; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, green-
tipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y. to Ky. Stem 2 — 3f high,
with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays
showy, pale blue. — Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, which is
dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves smaller,
nearly entire. Sept. — Nov.

16. A. AMETHYSTiNL's. Nutt. Amethystine Aster.

Hirsute ; st. racemose-paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough,
acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base ; mvoi. of
equal scales. — Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays.
Aug.— Oct.

17. A. NovjE Anglic. New England Aster.

Fls. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate ; st. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales of invokicre equal, lax,
linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk. — A large and beautiful aster, in
fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States ! than in N. Eng. !
Stem 4 — 6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numer-
ous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, in a
kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75 —
100). Sept. t

* * * Leaves neWier cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate.
t Scales not spreading.

IS. A. Tradescantf. Tradescaiifs Aster.

Branches virgate, paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile,
smooth; hiz-o/. closely imbricate; st. round, slender, smooth. — A fine species,
with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass. to La. Stem rigid, brownish,
about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves
narrowly lanceolate, 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small,
numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug. — Oct.

0. fragilis. T. & G. (A. fragilis. Willd.) Cauline leaves serrulate or entire,
short ; heads much scattered on the branches.

19. A. MISER. Ait. T. & G. (A. miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus.

Ait.) Starved Aster. — St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent ; Ivs.
sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle ; invol. imbricated with acute
scales; raijs short. — A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, U. S.
and Can. In height it varies from 6 to 30', and in luxtiriance proportionately
to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly
simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes.
Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1 — 5' in length. Heads
usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays.

/?. diffusus. Branches spreading, difluse ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or
less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; hds. often sessile, forming short,
crowded spikes or long virgate ones.

y. hirsuticMulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaulis. Lindl.) St. hirsute ; Ivs. long

322 LXXV. COMPOSIT.-E. Aster.

and narrow, midveiii hirsute ; hds. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense
bunches; scales linear.

20. A. SIMPLEX. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.') Willoio-leaved Aster.

Glabrous; st. racemose-paniculate above; Irs. lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-
subulate. — Another variable species in low groimds, U. S. and Can. Stem
1 — 51' high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 21—4' by 5 — 10", very smooth both
sides, tapering to a slender point ; those of the bj-anches and branchlets propor-
tionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept.

/?. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent ; hds. above the middle size, with
blue rays. — Stem 4 — 6f high.

y. huiiiilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads;
rays pale blue. — Stem 1 — 2f high.

J. recurvatus. Difiuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches; hds. loosely
racemed ; rays bluish-white. — Western !

21. A. TENUiFOLius. Narroio-leaved Aslcr.

St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-fiowered branchlets; Ivs
linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish
margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle ; invol. scales lax, acute. —
Grows in moist fields. Can. to Va. Stem leaves 2 — 4' long, those of the branches
and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (20 — 30),
long, pale purple rays. Sept.

22. A. Greenei. Torr. & Gray. Greerie's Aster.

St. glabrous, racemosely branched; Ivs. glabrous, subclasping, remotely
appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, nu-
merous, ovate-lanceolate; hds. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles. — Near
Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3 — 5' long, ramial
leaves much smaller.

23. A. Novi-Belgii. New York Aster.

Glabrous ; 5^. tei-ete, stout, often glaucous ; Ivs. rather rigid, lanceolate,
acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping ; hds. racemose or corymbose ; scales
rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips ; rays
numerous. — A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not
common. Stem 2 — 4f high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches.
Leaves 4 — 6' long, tapering to each end. rough-edged, upper ones much smaller.
Heads rather large. Raj's pale blue, expanding 9 — 12". Aug. — Oct.

t + Scales spreading or squarrose at tip.

24. A. LAXUS. Loose-stalked Aster.

)S<. loosely corymbose-panicled above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches
much spreading ; i7irol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex.
— Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2 — 3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct.

25. A. LAXiFOLius. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster.

St. scabrous ; rac. compound; hrajiches racemose at the summit or slightly
compound; Zt's. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronatel}^ serrulate, attenuate
at each end, clasping at base, scabrous above ; scales squarrose.

y. latiflorus. T. »fc G. S/. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches ;
Its. rather rigid and very scabrous ; rac. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless. —
Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey tf* Gray as a very graceful plant of
considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy,
pale purple rays.

26. A. LONGiroLius. Lam. (A. Icevigatus. Ph.) Lovg-lcaved Aster.
Glabrous; st. very branching, branches many-flowered; Ivs. subamplexi-

caul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol. scales lax, lanceolate,
nearly equaling the disk. — Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3i high.
Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 4 — 6' long.
Heads numerous, showy, with 25 — 30 light blue rays. Nov.

Aster. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 323

* * * ♦ Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the ma'^gin entire or subentire.
t Scales erect.

27. A. sERiCEUs. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.) Silk-leaved Aster.

Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched
above ; lis. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silkj^-canescent pubes-
cence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile ; hds. large, mostly
solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets; scales lanceolate, silky-canes-
cent like the leaves, spreading at tip.— A singularly elegant Aster, with shin-
ing, silvery foliage, prairies ! and river banks ! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem
l_2f high. Lower leaves 2 — 3' by f— U', the upper much smaller. Rays
deep violet-blue. Aug. — Oct. ■\

28. A. coNCOLOR. One-colored Aster.

St. subsimple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, gray-
ish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acumi-
nate; r«c. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated ; scales
lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. A slender and
virgate plant, 1 — 3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous.
Leaves U' by J', reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue
rays and a rust-colored pappus.

29. A. TURBiNELLUs. Liudl.

Smooth or slightly scabrous ; branches and branchlets very slender ; Ivs.
lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of the
branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate ; invol. turbinate, acute at base,
as long as the disk flowers ; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse,
with short green tips. — Woods and river bottoms. 111. Mead, Mo., &c. to La.
Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lower
leaves 3 — 5' by | — U', the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of
the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and
browmish pappus, Sept.

30. A. DUMosus. Bushij Aster.

Nearly smooth ; 6?-««cAes racemose-panicled ; Ivs. numerous, smooth, li-
near, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short ; invol. cyl-
indrical, closely imbricate. — About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods,
U. S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear
leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute. — Heads mid-
dle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays. Q,uite varia-
ble. Sept.

,3. fuUosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.) St. racemose-compound; Ivs. acute, often ser-
rulate ; scales narrower, subacute.

y. strictio)-. (A. fragilis. Lindl.) Somewhat paniculate ; branch leaves rather
numerous and appressed.

31. A. CARNEUs. Flesh-colored Aster.

Smooth ; St. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches ; Ivs.
uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a ses-
sile base, the upper amplexicaul ; scaUs acute, much shorter than the disk. — A
handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont !) N. H., W. to la. Rare.
Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3 — 5' by j — §', branch leaves
much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with
20 — 30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct.

32. A. GRAMiNiFOLius. Ph. Grass-lcavcd Aster.

Subpubescent ; st. slender, branched above ; loiver Ivs. very numerous, nar-
row-linear ; ped. slender, 1-flowered ; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely im-
bricated.— N. H. Eddy. High clifls, Willoughby Lake, Vt. ! Branches simple,
l^afy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 15 — 25, much
longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored.

1 1 Outer scales spreading or squarrose.

33. A. ERicolDES. Heath-like Aster.

Nearly or quite smooth ; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate ; Ivs.
linear or linear-lanceolate, verv smooth, those of the branches subulate and ap-
28

324 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Aster.

proximate, short, of the stem long, of the root oblong-spatiilate ; invol. some-
what squarrose. — Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1 — 3f
high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and
terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the
cauline ones 3' in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept.

34. A. MULTiFi.oRiTs. Many-fiowered Axter.

Hairy or pubescent ; st. difl'usely branched ; lis. linear, entire, sessile, pu-
bescent, njargins subciliate ; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate,
with oblong, ciliate scales. — A very branching, diffuse species, with very nu-
merous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with about 12
white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1 — 2fhigh. Leaves 1 — 2' long, obtuse,
very narrow. Rocks and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept.

35. A. PR^ALTUs. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.) Wilb>w-leaved Aster.

St. corymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above ; Zt'5. lanceolate, close-
ly sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin,
subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base ; invol.
loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped, linear scales. — Common in moist
woods and by streams (N. H. to Wis. Lapham!), varying from 2 to 3f in
height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing
above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of lajge
and showy blue flowers. Aug. — Oct.

36. A. ELODES. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster.

Glabrous and very smooth; hranchcs corymbose-paniculate; Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, entire, .shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; invol. closely
imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales. — In
swamps, Mass. to Va. Stem 1 — 2f high, with very smooth foliage and large,
showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept.

37. A. OBLONGiFOLius. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nuit.) Oblons:-lcaved
Aster. — St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy ; branches spreading, with loose

and irregular branchlets ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasp-
ing, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on the branches and branchlets ; Ms.
solitar}', terminal on the slender branchlets ; involucre 5c«fe5 nearly equal, green,
spreading. — Prairies, &c. Western States ! Plant 1 — 2f high, often glandular-
viscid. Cauline leaves 12—20" by 3—5" ; those of the branches 6" by 2", of
the branchlets 3" by J", indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pap-
pus brownish. Sept. Oct.
§ § § § Scales imbricated, scarious on the margins, destitute of gi^een tips.

38. A. ACUMix.iTCs. Michx. Acityninalc Wood Aster.

St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ;
Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate ;
invol. scales lax, linear. — Mountains and woods. Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a
foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above,
and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few-
flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the
corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white
rays. Aug.

39. A. NEMORALis. Ait. (A. lacdifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. Mr.) Wood
Aster. — Brandies corvmbed orO; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform ;

Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, revolute-margined, roughish;
scales of the involucre verv acute, loose, shorter than the disk ; rays about 20. —
A handsome plant, in swampy w^oods, N. H. Storrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J.
Rather rare. Stem slender, 10—20' high. Leaves numerous, 10— 18" by 2— 4",
rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple
axis." Ravs large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. •

40. A. PTARMicuiDEs. T. & G. (Heliastrum album. DC. Chrysopsis alba.
]\'i,it')—S!. corvmbose-fastigiate above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute,

rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole;
rays short.— A verv distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams
and lakes, Vt. RcMins. to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing

DiPLOPAPPLs. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 325

a spreading panicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished
with snow-white rays. July — Sept.

41. A. FLExuosus. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. Ph.) Fexv-Jloioered Aster.

St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth ; lis. long and succulent, the
lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flow-
ered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter
than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. The whole plant
very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug. — Oct.

42. A. LiNiFOLius. (A. subulatus. Michx.) Sea Aster.

St. paniculate, much branched from the base ; Its. long, linear, very acute
the uppermost subulate; invol. cylindric with. subulate scales; radical hds. mi-
nute.— An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass. to Car. Stem 12 — 18'
high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very
branching, with numerous short-ra3'ed, small, purple flowers. Aug.

11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees.

Gr. ariptKos, silken, KapTro;, fruit; from the character of the genus.

Heads few-flowered; ray -flowers 4 — 6,9; disk-fls. 6 — 10, $; in-
volucre oblong, imbricated ; scales appressed, with green, spreading
tips ; receptacle alveolate ; achenium obconic, very silky ; pappus
simple. — '4 Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays white.

1. S. soLiDAGiNEL's. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michx.)

Smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3-veined
rough on the margin ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayed •
scales obtuse, white, with green tips. — In woods, Can. to La. Not common!
Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 — 2' by 3—!
5". Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales
imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. Jl. Au°-.

2. S. coNYZoiDES. Nees. (Aster. Willd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.)
S/!. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top; hs. oval-lanceolate

smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones ses-
sile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; invol. cvlindri-
cal, the .scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit; raysb, short.
— Common in woods and thickets, Mass. to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-an°-led
1 — 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk'
white. July, Aug. '

12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass.

Gr. SnrXooi, double, TraTTTrof, pappus; from the character.

Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 9; disk-fls. $; involucre
imbricate ; receptacle flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior
very short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium compressed. — %
Lvs. entire^ alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yelloic.

1. D. LiNARiiFOLirs. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.)

St. straight, roughish ; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate ; scales of invol. im-
bricate, carinate, as long as the disk ; lvs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate
carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved. — A handsome species'
in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple|
purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly up-
right or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining
above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy
violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. '

2. D. UMEELLATUs. Hook. (A., amygdaliuus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.)
St. smooth, straight, simple; co'rymb fastigiate; lvs. long, lanceolate,

smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin ; inxol. scales
obtusely lanceolate. — A tall, handsome plant, growing in low groimds, river
banks and fields, N. Eng. to La. Stem 3— 4f high (in drv fields but 'l— 2)

326 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Erigeron.

purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped,
compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 4—6' in length,
those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug. Sept.
/?. amygdalinus. St. roughish above, green ; branches of the corynib divaricate ;
Ivs. broader. — Gluite diflerent in aspect from variety a. Common.

3. D. coRNiFOLics. Less. (Aster cornifolius. MiM.)

St.. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered ;
Ivs. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs,
rough-edged ; invol. scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods,
N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1 — 2f high. Leaves
acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large ;
outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug.

13. ERIGfiRON.

Ctr. rip, the spring, yepuv, an old man ; because it is hoary early in the season.

Heads many-flowered, subhemispherical ; ray-flowers 9 very rni-
merous (40 — 200), narrow, linear ; flowers of the disk ^ ; receptacle
flat, naked ; involucre nearly in 1 row ; pappus generally simple. —
Herbs with alternate Leaves. Rays cyanic.

§ Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly 7]..

1. E. BELLiDiFOLiuM. Muhl. (E. pulchcUum. Mx.) Robbies Plantain.
Hirsute ; radical Ivs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate ; stem Ivs. remote, mostly

entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping; hds. 3 — ^7, in a close, terminal corymb;
rays nearly twice longer than the involucre, linear-spatulate. — Dry fields and
thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stolinilerous, 1 — 2f
high. Leaves 2 — 3' by 6 — 9", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60 —
100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in
May and June. Resembles the following.

2. E. Philadelphicum. (E. purpureimi. Ait.) Narrow-rayed Robin's PI.
Pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper ob-

long-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate)
base, subserrate ; hds. few, on long, slender peduncles ; raijs very numerous,
filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre. — Woods and pastures
throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1 — 3f high. Leaves 2 — 4' by 6- — 9", lower
much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays 150 — 200 ! reddish-purple or flesh-
colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. — Aug.

/?. 1 Ricardi. Caulinc Irs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Rickard !

y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves.

3. E. HETEROPHYLLUM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.) Common Fleabane.
White-weed. — St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching ; Ivs. hirsute,

coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem
leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numei-
ous and narrow. — A common weed, in fields and waste grounds. Can. to Penn.
and Ky. Stem thick, 2 — 4f high, striate, terminating in a large, difi"use, co-
rymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short.
June. — Aug.

4. E. sTRiGosDM. Fleabane. White-weed. Daisy.

Hairy and strigose ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or with a
few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3-veined and petiolate ; panick co-
rymbose ; pappus double. — A rough weed in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem
about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a
large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays
very narrow, white. June — Oct.

13. (E. integerrifolium. Biv.) St. simple, smooth; Ivs. entire, pubescent; fls.'
corymbed. Rays 100 — 150.

§ § Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants ® or (f).

5. E. DivARicATUM. Michx.

Decumbent and difi'usely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and subulate; /ids.

Dahlia. LXXV. COMPOSITiE. 327

very small, loosely corymbose ; rays minute. — Dry soil, Western States ! S. to
La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3 — 6' high, but at length spreading
1 — 2f. Leaves 4 — 12" by J — 1". Rays purplish. June — Aug.

6. E. Canadense. Canadian or Common Fleabane.

Invol. oblong ; rays numerous, (40 — 50), crowded, minute ; pappus simple ;
St. hairy, paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones sub.serrate. — A very common an-
nual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N.Am.
Stem i — 9f ! high, branching, haiiy and farrowed. Leaves very narrow, with
rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, ir-
regularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle.
The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. Aug. — Nov.

14. CALLISTfiPHUS. Cass.
Gr. KaWog, beautiful, ars^o J, a crown; characteristic of the pappus.

Ray-flowers 9 , numerous ; disk-flowers $ ; involucre hemispheri-
cal ; receptacle subconvex ; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer
series short, chafiy-setaeeous, with the setse united into a crown ; in-
ner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous setaa. — S) Exotics.
Lvs. alternate.

C. Chinensis. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.) China Aster. — St. hispid;
branches divergent, 1-flowered ; lvs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline
ones sessile, cuneate at base. — Said to be originally from China. Stem about
18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays
dark purple. Disk yellow. July — Sept. — Cultivation has produced many beau-
tiful and even splendid varieties, double and .semi-double, with white, blue, red,
flaked and mottled rays, -f

15. BELLIS.

Lat. hellits, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus.

Heads many-flowered ; rays 9 ; disk $ ; involucre hemispherical,
of equal scales ; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus 0. — Low
herbs., either ® and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Hds. solitary.

B. PERENNis. Garden Daisy. — iJoo/. creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered;
lvs. obovate, crenate. — % Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly
naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4'
high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the diifer-
ent varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months.

16. DAHLIA.

In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus.

Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner
of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chafiy ; pappus 0. — % Splendid
Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate., opposite.

1. D. vARiABiLi.s. Desf. (D. superfiua. Ait.) — St. green; rachis of the lvs.
winged; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer
mito/. reflexed ; ray fis. 9, sterile or fertile. — These superb and fashionable
plants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse andrough-
ish leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and
beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con-
ceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from
July until arrested by frost.

2. D. cocciNEA. Cav. (D. frastranea. Ait.) — St. frosty, or hoary, hollow;
lvs. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading; rays
neuter. — Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron-
color or yellow, never purple or white. — The Dahlias are generally cultivated
by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the
tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, free
from frost.

28*

328 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Solidago.

17. BOLTONIA.

In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of" Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788.

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers $ , in a single series, those of
the disk tubular. ? ; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous
margins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged ;
pappus of minute setae, 2 ( — 4) of them usually lengthened into awns.
— % Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds.
loosely corymbose. Rays purplish-white,

1. B. GLASTiFOLiA. L'Her.

Lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower
ones sometimes serrate; Juh. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted
corymb ; branches leafy ; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with
2 awns nearly its own length. — Prairies and banks of streams, 111. Jenney!
Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3 — 6f
high. Stem leaves 2 — 4' by \ — V ; branch leaves of the same form but smaller.
Raj-s about 30, expanding 9". Jl. Aug.

2. B. ASTERolDEs. L'Hcr. (B. diffusa. Ell. 7 Chrysanthemum Caroli-
nianum. Walt.) — Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, nar-
rowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute ; hds. on long pedun-
cles, in a diffu.se and loosely paniculate corymb; branches and branchlets very
slender and nearly naked; e^A. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned. —
Prairies, &c. la.! 111. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster
and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3 — 7f high. Leaves 2 — 5'
or 6' by \ — i', reduced upwards to setaceous bracts 1 — 2" in length. Heads
terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 7". Aug. Sept.

Section S> Heads radiate. Rays yello'w.

18. SOLIDAGO.

Lat. aolidari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants.

Flowers of the ray about 5, 9 > remote, of the disk $ ; involucre ob-
long, imbricate, with appressed scales ; receptacle punctate, narrow ;
pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. — % Herbs, very abu7idant in the
U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small,
tcith I — 15 [very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow [one species ^vhitish),
expanding in the autumnal months.
§ 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile.

1. S. LANCEOLATA. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod.

St. angular, hairy, much branched ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3- veined,
rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; carj/mbs terminal, fasti-
giate. — In woods and meadows. Can. and U. S. Distinguished from most other
species by its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2 — 4f high, with numerous, very long
and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3- veined and acutely pointed, smaller
ones often fascicled in the axils. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. In-
volucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept.

2. S. TENUIFOLTA. Ph.

St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; lvs. linear, spread-
ing, obscurely 3- veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy ; corymb ter-
minal, consisting of clustered heads; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk.
— Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. ! to La. Also Wis. Dr. Lapham ! A very
slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness oif
the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few
heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate
with resinous dots. Aug. — Oct.

§ 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate.

3. S. RiGiDA. Hard-leaved Goldenrod.

SI. stout, rough and hairy ; lvs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs.

SoLiDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 3S9

those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate ; jlowering
lyranches paniculate, with close, short racemes ; rays elongated ; infolticre scales
obtuse. — A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex.
Abundant in the western prairies ! Stem 3 — 5f high, round, striate, with rigid
leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Heads
larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7 — 9, about
3" by 1", deep yellow. Aug. Sept.

4. S. Ohiensis. Riddell.

Glabrous ; loiver Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or sen-ulate above, tapering
to long petioles, upper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire ; Ms.
numerous, 15 — 20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb. — Mead-
ows and prairies, western N. Y. to la. ! A perfectly smooth species, 2 — Sfhigh.
Stem simple, reddish, leaty. Leaves of a firm textiu-e, the radical 6 — 8' by
1 — IJ', on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads
about G-rayed. Sept. Oct.

5. S. RiDDELLii. Frank. (S. Mexicana. /3. Hook.) Riddell's Solidago.
Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched ; radical ivs. very long,

lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs.
clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire ; branches leafy ; hds.
20 — 24-flo\vered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb. — Wet
prairies Ohio ! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. A well marked species, 15 — 30'
high. Radical leaves 12 — 18' long, almost grass-like, cauline 3 — 6' by \' , with
a strong mid-vein, and generally much recurved. Rays small, 6 — 9. Sept.

§ 3. Heads in glomerate., axillary clusters.

6. S. saUARRosA. Muhl. Ragged Goldenrod.

St. stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, lower ones
very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, high-
est, entire ; rac. glomerate, rigid and pubescent ; scales squarrose with spread-
ing green tips; hds. many-flowered; rays 10 — 12, elongated. — A handsome spe-
cies, found on rocky hills. Can. to Penn. Stem 3 — 5f high. Heads very
large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or ra-
cemes. Sept.

7. S. c^siA. Ait. (S. axillaris. Ph.) Blue-stemmed Goldenrod.

St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; Ivs. smooth, linear-
lanceolate, lower ones serrate ; rac. axillaiy, erect. — A very elegant species, in
thickets and dry woods. Can. and U. S. Stem 1 — 3f high, of a bluish-purple
color, terete and slender, somewhat flexuousj simple or branched. Leaves
2 — 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axilla-
ry, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5 — 7, once and a
half the length of the involucre. Aug.

0. Jlexicaidis. (S. flexicaulis. Ph. not of Linn.) St. flexuous, angular; Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes. — Leaves about 2' by V-
Rays pale yellow.

8. S. LATiFOLiA. Muhl. (S. macroph)'lla. Bw. S. flexicaulis. 0. Ph.)
St. somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth ; Irs. broadl)^ ovate, acuminate

at each end, deeply serrate, smooth ; petioles marginal ; rac. axillary and ter-
minal.—A singular and very distinct species, common in dry woods and by
rocky streams, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth,
about 2f high. Leaves 3 — 5' by 2 — 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serra-
tures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one.
Heads few. Sept.

9. S. BicoLOR. (Aster bicolor. Nces.) Two-colored Goldenrod.

Hairy ; st. simple ; tvs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones .ser-
rate, short-stalked; rac. short, dense, leafy, erect; invol. scales obtuse. — In
woods and dry hills. Can., N., Mid. & W. States. A species remarkably dis-
tinguished among the solidagos by having white rays. Stem generally simple,
2f high, a little hairy. Leaves hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually re-
duced in size upwards. Flowers in numerous close, short, axillary clusters.

330 LXXV. COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

forming a long, terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellow-
ish-white, obscure. July. Aug.

/?. concolor. T. & G. (S. hirsuta. Nutt!) Flowers all yellow. — Penn.
§ 4. Heads in erect^ terminal^ simple or compound racemes^ not secund.

10. S. PUBERIJLA. Nutt.

Plant puberulent; st. simple, terete; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, attenuated at
each end, radical ones subserrate ; rac. spicate, axillary, erect and condensed ;
ped. pubescent ; invol. scales linear-lanceolate, acute ; rai/s about 10, elongated.
— Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, purplish, 2 — 3f high, ter-
minating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, apprcssed racemes. Leaves very
minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads
rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct.

11. S. STRiCTA. Ait. Upright Goldeyirod.

•Smooth; St. strict, erect, simple; caw^wieZ-rs. lanceolate, very entire, rough-
edged, radical ones serrate, very long; rac. paniculate, erect; ped. smooth. In

wet woods. Northern States. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about
2f high. Leaves 2 — 4 — 8' by i — §— 1', lower attenuated at base into a long,
winged petiole. Panicle terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed
racemes. Heads 12 — 18-flowered. Aug.

12. S. sPKCiosA. Nutt. Showy Goldcnrod.

St. smooth, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin,
thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad; rac. erect, numerous,
forming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the involucre, pu-
bescent ; rays large, 6—8. — Woods, Mass. ! to Ohio and Ga. A very tall,
showy species, .sometimes 6f high. Stem stout, often purple, furrowed. Leaves
ample, some of them 6' by 3'. Heads exceedingly numerous, with conspicu-
ous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyram"idal panicle. Aug. Oct.
p. angustata. T. & G. (S. erecta. DC.) Panicle slender, spicate. — N. J.

13. S. THYRsoiDEA. Mcycr. (S. virgaurea. Bw.) Thyrsoid Goldenrod.
St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, ovate,

sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones subses-
sile, lanceolate ; rac. mostly simple, short ; hds. large, with conspicuous rays. —
A very fine goldenrod, in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Fran-
conia Notch, N. H. ! ' Also " on the sides of Killingtun Peak and Mansfield
Mt., Vt." Robbins. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower,
ovate leaves, and for the large, deep yellow heads which exceed in size those
of most other species. Stem 1 — 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usu-
ally in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug.

14. S. Virgaurea. European Goldenrod.

St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top ; stem Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, knoer
ones oval, attenuated at both ends ; rac. erect, ray elongated, flowers large.— This
is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varie-
ties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts. !
scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only,
but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden-yellow. Stem
often purple, 2 — 3' high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug.

15. S. HUMiLis. Ph. Lovj or Humble Aster.

Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse
and crenate-serrate at apex, the cauline lanceolate, acute, the upper linear, en-
tire; rac. simple or paniculate ; scales 6h\ox\g \ rays short. — On limestone rocks,
at Winooski Falls, Colchester, also on the Win'ooski and Onion rivers, Vt!
Robbins. Stem 6^12' high, somewhat glutinous. Raceme slender, strict.
Leaves of the stem about 2' by 3 — 1", serrulate. Heads middle size, 6—8-
rayed. Aug. Sept.

"/?. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense,
slender, interrupted raceme. Near the Willey House ! White Mts.

§ 5. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves evidently tripli-veined.

16. S. NEMORALis. Field Aster.

St. subtomentose ; cauline Ivs. oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire,

SoLiDAGo. LXXV. COMPOSITiG. 331

commonly with tufts of smaller ones in their axils, radical ones suhcuneiform,
serrate; rac. paniculate, secund ; rays 5 — 7.— A common, starved-looking spe-
cies with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flow-
ers. Height 1— 2f. In dry, sterile fields and by roadsides, U. S. and Can.
Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many short
racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal, recurved one.
Often the stem divides into branches, each bearing a panicle. Sept.

17. S. Canadensis. Canadian Goldcnrod.

St. downy; lis. lanceolate, serrate, 3-veined, rough; rac. paniculate,
.secund, recurved ; rai/s short.— In old fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Com-
mon. From 18' to bi high. Stem turrowed, terminated by a copious panicle
which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire,
and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very
obscure, yellow rays. Aug. — Oct.

/3. proccra. T. & G. (S. procera. Ait.) St. villous ; Ivs. rough, villous be-
neath ; hds. larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4 — 7f high. Leaves
distinctly 3-veined.

18. S. sEROTiNA. Willd. Smooth Goldenrod.

St. round, striate, smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; rac.
secund, recurved, paniculate ; ped. pubescent ; hds. small, 15 — 20-flowered. — A
smooth species, in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 — 6f high,
very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Leaves 3 — 5 — 7' long, about ^ as
wide, smooth, margin scabrous, slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers nu-
merous, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at summit. Rays
about 8, small. Sept. — Variable. .

19. S. GiGANTEA. Ait. Gigantic Goldenrod.

St. smooth, striate ; Irs. lanceolate, serrate, margin rough, scabrous above
and on the margin and on the veins beneath; rac. paniculate; branches pubes-
cent; ped. and pedicels hairy. — A large, showy species, in low, open grounds,
U. S. and Can. Stem green, sometimes purplish, 4 — 7f high, often much
branched above. Leaves 2 — 4 — 7 long, about \ as wide, acuminate at each
end, often with divergent teeth. Heads about as''large as in the last. Panicle
often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug. — Oct.

20. S. ciLiARis. Willd.

St. angular, smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate and scabrous on
the margin, smooth both sides, sub-3-veined ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels (elon-
gated) smooth ; bracts (often) ciliate ; rays short. — In the public lands about Ft.
Niagara, N, Y. In these specimens the" whole plant is smooth except the mar-
gins of the leaves. Stem 2 — 3f high, striate. Leaves subcoriaceous, radical
ones petiolate. Racemes thin, spreading. Aug. Sept.

21. S. MissouRiENsis. Nutt.

Glabrous, low, simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to each end,
very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical
oblanceolate, petiolate ; rac. small, in a dense, pyramidal or somewhat corym-
bose panicle; hds. small, 12 — 15-flowered. — A delicate species, 1 — 2f high, in
dry prairies. 111. and Mo. ! Leaves smooth and shining, lower 3 — V by 3 — 5",
the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8. Jl. Aug.
§ 6. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined., all entire.

22. S. SEMPEKViRENS. (S. leevigata. Ait.) Evergreen Goldenrod.

St. smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire and sca-
brous on the margin, closely sessile ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels scabrou.s-pubes-
cent ; rays elongated. — Marshes along the coast, and river banks, within the
influence of the water. Stem 3 — 6f high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with
numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about 8, long and
narrow. Sept.

23. S. ODORA. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod.

St. round, pubescent, slender ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, abrupt, and
sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-edged ;
rac. paniculate. — In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and Can.

332 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Solidago.

Stem 2 — 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1 J — 3' by 3—5", with a strong, yel-
lowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Piacemes 2 — 3' long,
spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads
on the upper side. Jl. — Sept.— The only species of solidago which has proper-
ties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic
and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs.
They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China.
^ 7. Heads in semnd racemes. Leaves' feather-veined., the lower serrate.

24. S. PATULA. Muhl. Spreading Goldenrod.

St. smooth, angular-striate ; Ivs^ elliptic, acute, serrate, very scabrous
above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate ; rac. paniculate, spreading ;
pedicels pubescent. — In wet places. Can. N. and W. States, not common. Stem
2 — 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at top.
Stem leaves 1 — 2' long, J as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger, all perfectly
smooth beneath, although quite rough backwards above. Racemes short, on
the ends of the spreading branches, with large heads. Sept.

25. S. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Neglected Solidago.

St. smooth ; lis. rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to
narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and
radical ones serrate ; rac. secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated,
slender, suberect branches, which are somewhat leafy at base ; ach. smooth. —
Grows in swamps, N. H. ! to la., rather rare. Stems 2 — 4f high, straight,
round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches, forming an elongated
panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-veined, often very scabrous
on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 10 — 20-flowered. Scales
obtuse. Aug. Sept.

26. S. ARGUTA. Ait. SJiarp-notchcd Goldenrod.

S'. erect, straight, smooth; Ivs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate,
with diverging teeth, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and
small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac.
paniculate, secund, dense ; hds. middle size ; rays about 10. — In meadows and
woods, U. S. (from lat. SS*) N. to the Arc. Circle. A smooth plant 2— 3f high,
with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous heads. Racemes
recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept.
/?. juncea. (S. juncea. Ait.) Lvs. lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones
entire ; st. brownish, striate ; raijs twice as long as the involucre ; panicle less
dense.

27. S. MuHLENBERGii. Torr. & Gray. (S. arguta. Muhl.)

St. furrowed, glabrous ; lis. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply ser-
rate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at each end ; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading ; pedicels
pubescent; hds. 15 — 20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse. — In damp woods and
thickets, JST. H. ! to Penn. Stem 2 — 3f high, generally simple, bearing a long,
open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather-
veined. Heads middle size, with 6 — 8 rather large rays. Aug. — Oct,

28. S. ALTissiMA. (S. rugosa. JVilld.) Tall Goldenrod.

St. erect, hairy; lvs. lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and
wrinkled. — A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are com-
mon about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough
with hairs, ei-ect, 3 — 5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed
or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely
spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning up-
wards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely
spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous
heads ; the leaves are equally or imequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug. — Oct.

29. S. LiNoiDEs. Solander.

Smooth ; st. slender, simple ; lvs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous
on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire ; hds. small, in short, secund,
at length spreading racemes; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed ; rays 1 — 4,

Chrysopsis. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 333

short. — A small species, near Boston, Greene in N. Am. Fl., ii. 216. Stem
12—20' high. Leaves 1—5' by 3—6" wide. Panicle small, usually turned to
one side. Sept. Oct.

30. S. ULMiFOLiA. Muhl. Elni-kaved Solidago.

St. glabrous, with hairy branches; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate, serrate, acumi-
nate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath ; roc. panicu-
late, recurved-spreading ; ped. villous ; rays 3 — 5, short. — In woods and low
grounds, Northern and Western States ! A very distinct species, more resem-
bling the dm in its slender, arched branches than in its leaves. Stem striate,
about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical leaves tapering to winged
petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones
entire, middle ones about 3' by U'. Rays deep 3'ellow. Aug. Sept.

31. S. ELLIPTICA. Ait.

St. erect, glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely ser-
rate, glabrous, upper ones sessile, entire ; racemes short, recurved, paniculate ;
hds. middle size, about 7-rayed; scales narrow, acute. — Salt marshes, R. I.
Olney! Near New York, T. df- G. Stem 3 — 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat
leafy, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 2 — i' by * — U', rough-edged, the serratures
appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct.

19. ECLIPTA.
Heads many-flowered ; ray fls. 9 numerous narrow ; disk ^ tubu-
lar, mostly 4-toothed ; scales 10 — 12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate ;
receptacle flat : cliafi" bristly ; achenia somewhat angular or 2-edged ;
pappus 0. — ® Herbs strigose with rigid hairs^ erect or procumbent. Lvs.
opposite^ axillary and terminal solitary. Fls. white.

E. ERECTA. (E. procumbens. Mkhx.)

St. often decumbent ; lvs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end,
subserrate ; ped. much longer than the heads ; scales or leaves of the involucre
acuminate. — Damp soils, Md. to 111. Mead ! S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at
the lower joints, 1 — 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fibre. Leaves 8 — 14"
by 2 — 5", rough, obscurely tripli-veined. Heads small, with minute flowers
and short rays. The juice "turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn. — Sepi.
0. brachypoda. T. & G. (E. brachypoda. Mlckv.) Ped. scarcely longer than
the heads.

20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt.

Gr. Kpviro;, gold, ot^ij, appearance ; for the showy, yeUow flowers.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 9>disk-flowers ? ; involucre im-
bricate ; receptacle subalveolate, flat ; pappus double, the exterior
short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium hairy, compressed. — %
Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves.

1. C. FALGATA. Ell. (Inula falcata. Ph.)

Woolly and villous ; lvs. sessile, linear, ver}' acute, subfalcate, spreading,
veins pilose on both sides ; hds. in axillary corymbs ; invol. pilose. — A low,
leafv plant, in dry, sandy soil, near the sea, Mass. to N. J. Stem thick, leafy,
about 8' high. Heads 'small, bright yellow, in crowded, axillary corymbs.
Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept. Oct.

3. C. Mariana. Nutt. (Inula Mariana. Linn.')

Hairy; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile,_ acute, the
lower ones spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb simple; ?nroZ. viscidly pu-
bescent.—Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. ! to Flor., common. The stem and leaves
are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2f high. Lower
leaves taper at base into petioles. The cor}Tnb of flowers is terminal, nearly
or quite simple. Heads large, 16—20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular pe-
duncles. Aug. • Oct.

3. C. virxosA. Nutt. (Amellus. Ph. Diplopappus. Hook.)

Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent and strigose ; lvs. entire, sessile, ciliate be-

334 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Baccharis.

low, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper ones oblong-linear or lanceolate ; hds.
large, solitary and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbose ; scales linear-
subulate. — Prairies, 111. to Oreg. Stem I — 2f high. Leaves 1 — 2' by 3 — 5",
whitish and rough. Rays about 25, oblong-linear, entire, golden yellow. "Jl. Sept.

21. INIJLA.
Heads many-flowered ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers numerous,
9, disk flowers ?' ; receptacle naked; pappus simple, scabrous ; an-
thers with 2 bristles at base. — % Coarse Eimvpean herbs, with alter-
nate leaves and yellow fiowers.

I. Helenium. Elecampane.

Lis. amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath ; invol. scales ovate. — A
large herbaceous, coarse-looking plant, common by road-sides, N. Eng. to
111. Stem 4 — 6f high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves
very large (1 — 3f by 6 — 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large,
solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the
end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are
tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and Aug.

Section 3. Heads lUscoid.

22. BIGELO VIA. DC.

In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well-known author of" Florula Bostoniensis," &e.

Heads 3 — 4-flowered, the flowers all tubular, $ ; involucre cylin-
drical, as long as the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ;
receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp ; achenia obconic, hirsute ;
pappus bristles in one series. — % Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate^
entire. Hds. fastigiately corymbose, icith yelloio fis. and colm-ed scales.

B. viRGATA. DC. (Chry.socoma virgata. Nutt.)

Smooth in all its parts ; sL virgately branched from near the base ; branch-
es corymbose-fastigiate above ; Irs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline line-
ar-spatulate ; scales glutinous. — Swamps, N. J., &.c. A plant resemblins: Soli-
dago tenuifolia in aspect, I — 2f high. Leaves 2 — 3' by 1 — 2", rather firm and
somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Aug. — Oct.

23. PLUCHEA. DC.
Heads many-flowered, those of the margin 9, of the centre 5 but
sterile ; involucre imbricated ; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivid-
ed ; pappus capillary, simple. — Stro7ig-scented herbs, with alternate
leaves and corymbs of furple flowers.

1. P. CAMPHORATA. DC. (Couyza camph. Muhl. C. Marilandica.
Mick.r.) Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, ser-

ratures mucronate ; fls. in crowded corj^mbs. — %. A fleshy, strong-scented plant,
native of salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with al-
ternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug.

2. P. FCETiDA. DC. (Baccharis. Linn. Conyza camphorata. Ph.)
Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy ; lvs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate at each end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subserrate; hds. numer-
ous, in paniculate corymbs ; scaJes ovate-lanceolate, acute. — A strong-scented
plant, in open, hilly groimds. Western States. Stem 1 — 2f high, subsimple.
Leaves 4 — 7' by IJ^S', sprinkled with minute dots ; petioles \ — 1' long. Heads
numerous. Aug. — Oct.

24. B A C C H A R I S .

From Bacchus, wine ; from its fragrance resembling that of wine.

Heads many-flowered, 9 c? ; involucre imbricate, cylindric or ovate,
with subcoriaceous, ovate scales ; sterile flowers with the stamens ex-

SiLPHiUM. LXXV. COMPOSIT-<E. 335

serted ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. — Shrubby plants^ with

alternate leaves and white Jlowers.

B. HALiMiFOLiA. Gvoundscl Tree.

Shrubby; Ivs. obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceo-
late ; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate. — This is almost the only
arborescent plant of this order found in the Northern States. It is 6 — 12f high,
growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white
dust. The fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, ter-
minal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white.
Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation.

Tribe 4. SENECIOXIDEJE.

Heads radiate or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at
the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated ap-
pendage. Leaves opposite or alternate.

Section !• Heads radiate*
25. ARNICA.
Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, I or 2 rowed; ray-flowers 9,
disk 5 ; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs ; pappus single, rigid and
serrulate. — % St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow.

A. MOLLIS.

St. pubescent, erect ; lvs. pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny,
dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked, cauline sessile;
hds. few ; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales ; ach. hairy. — An alpine plant
found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Torrey tf- Crraij, on
the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1 — 2f high, with several pairs of sessile
leaves, and 1 — 5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 2 — 5 inches in length,
the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often
acute but not acuminate.

26. POLYMNIA.

The name of one of the ancient Miises ; why applied to this plant is not obvious.

Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10
leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacle
chafiy ; pappus none. — % Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow.

1. P. Canadensis. Leaf-cup.

Viscid- villous; lvs. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up-
per 3-lobed or entire. — A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 'd — 5f high,
Niagara Falls! Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers
light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double
calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves
feather-veined, 3 — 8' long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acu-
minate. Heads a' diam. June.

2. P. UVEDALIA. Yellovj Leaf-cup.

Lvs. opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate-
angled; rays elongated. — In highland woods. Stem 3 — 6fhigh. Lower leaves
very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre.
July. — Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they are rare in
N. Y., but not uncommon in the Western States !

27. SILPHIUM.
Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fer-
tile, outer row ligulate ; disk flowers sterile ; involucre campanulate,
scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit ; receptacle
small, flat, chafi"}^ ; achenia liroad, flat, obeomprcssed. crowned with a
29

336 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Parthenium.

2-toothed pappus. — % Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fls.
yellow.

1. S. LACiNiATUM. Rosin-weed. Polar Plant.

Very rough, with white, hispid hairs ; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted,
lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; Ms. spicate, distant ; scales
of involucre ovate, appendaged and squarrose at apex. — Western States ! to
Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin.
Stem 3— lOf high. Lower leaves 1—21' long, much divided, resembling those
of some thistles. Heads 4 — 8, very large, with large, yellow rays. Jl. — Sept.

2. S. TEREBiNTHiNACEUM. Prairie Burdock.

St. and ped. glabrous ; Ivs. mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cor-
date, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles ; hds. few, paniculate ;
scales roundish and oval, glabrous. — Prairies, Western ! and Southern States.
Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 — 8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves
erect, scabrous, rigid, 1 — 2f long, 7 — 16' wide. Involucre globose. Rays 15—
25, 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. July — Sept.

/3. pinnatifiduvi. T. & G. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell.) Lvs. more or less deeply
lobed or pinnatifid.

3. S. TRiFOLiATUM. Temate-leavcd Silphium.

St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided ; cauline lvs. lanceolate,
acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioles,
verticillate in 3s or 4s ; vpper ones opposite ; hds. loosely cymose, on rather
long peduncles ; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth ; ach. oval, with 2
short teeth. — Dry woods and prairies, Ohio, Sullivant ! and Southern States.
Stem 4— 6f high.— Leaves 4—6' by 1—2": Rays 12—16, expanding about 2i',

4. S. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx.

Scabrous; st. quadrangular, striate, simple; lvs. opposite, sessile, ovate-
lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate ; hds. in a close corymb ; scales squarrose ;
ach. roundish, broadly winged, with 2 long teeth. — Western States ! S. to Ga.
Stem very rigid, 3 — 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base, 3 — 6'
long, i as wide, rather variable in form. Heads middle-size. Rays 12 — 20, 1'
in length. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding .species. July, Aug.

i3. tcrnatiim. Wood. St. 6-sicied; lvs. ternately verticillate. — Prairies! with
the common form ; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which
it is nevertheless quite distinct in habit.

5. S. PERFOLiATUM (and S. connatum. Linn.) Cup-plant.

St. square ; lvs. large, thin, opposite, connate-perfoliate, ovate, coarsely
toothed, narrowed towards the base ; hds. in a trichotomous C)Tne, the central
on a long peduncle ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarro.se ; ach. broadly obovate, winged,
emarginate. — Along streams, &c., Mich. ! to Tenn. A coarse, unattractive
plant, quite distinct, although variable. Stem 4 — 7f high. Leaves 8 — 14' by
4 — 7', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Heads large,
with 15 — 25 ravs.

28. PARTHENIUM.

Gr. Tap^cvos, a virgin ; from its medicinal efficacy.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile ;
disk-flowers tubular, sterile : involucre hemispherical ; scales in 2
series, outer ovate, inner orbicular ; receptacle conical, chafiy ; ache-
nia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous palese. — American herbs
with alternate leaves.

P. INTEGRIFOLIUM.

Sf. pubescent, striate, erect; lvs. hispid-scabrous, lance-ovate, coarsely
dentate- crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile; hds. many, tomen-
tose, corymbed. — % Dry soils. Middle and Western States! Stem rigid, 3 — 5f
high. Radical petioles If long. Leaves 4— 12' long, J as wide. Heads white,
with 5 very short, cucullate, white rays. July — Sept.

RuDBECKiA. LXXV. COMPOSITvE. 337

29. HELIOPSIS.

Gr. fiXios, the sun, oi//ij, appearance; flowers radiant like the sun.

Involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales ; rays linear, large,
9 ; disk 9 ; receptacle chaflFy, conical, the paleae lanceolate ; achenia
4-sided ; pappus 0. — % Lvs. opposite. Hds. large. Fls. yellow.
H. L^vis. Pers. (Helianthus. Linn.) Ox-eye.

SL smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3- veined, smooth
beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at
base. — A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. Stem an-
gular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3 — 5f high. Leaves 2 — 6'
by 1— -4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each
terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base
and obtuse at summits June, Jl.

/?. gracilis. T. & G. (H. gracilis. Nutt.) Small and slender; lvs. scabrous,
ovate-lanceolate, acute at base. — 2f high.

y. scabra. T. & G. (H. scabra. Hook.) St. and lvs. scabrous and yellowish-
green ; lvs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base. — 6f high. Common
in la. !

30. RUDBECKIA.

Dedicated to the celebrated Olaus Rudbeek, prof, of Botany at Upsal, Sweden.

Involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 6 in each ;
ray-flowers neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle conic, with unarmed
palese or chaff; pappus 0, or a 4-toothed margin. — % Lvs. alternate.
Hds. large. Rays yellow.

* Disk pale green or purplish.

1. R. LACINIATA.

Glabrous; lower lvs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate; pappus
crenate. — In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy
plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguishe'd
by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6 — 8f high. Leaves alternate,
ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or
cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1 — 2' long, oblanceolate, bright
yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug.

2. R. SDBTOMENTOSA. Ph.

St. branching, tomentose-pubescent ; lvs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above,
softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, up-
per imdivided, ovate, acuminate ; hds. corymbose ; scales numerous, spreading ;
disk purplish-brown ; rays large, spreading. — A coarse, rough species, 3 — 4f
high, prairies, &c., Wes'tern and Southern States. Stem angular, marked with
brown lines. Leaves 3 — 5' long, on petioles 1 — 24" long. Rays deep or orange
yellow, 10 — 15, about 1' long. July, Aug.

* * Disk dark purple.

3. R. TRILOBA.

Hirsute ; branches panicled, spreading ; lower cauline lvs. mostly 3-lobed,
coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, ser-
rate or entire ; radical on£s ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely
lobed, petiolate ; hds. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid ; rays about 8, broad-
oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. — Fields, Middle and Western
States. A handsome species, 2 — 4f high, very branching. Leaves 2 — 4' long,
3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 — 10" long, § as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned
at the summit. Aug. Sept.

4. R. HiRTA. Rough Cone-flower.

Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked;
lvs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile,
ovate-lanceolate ; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows ; rays
spreading. — A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Rickard ! Western N. Y. ! to
La. and la. ! Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly

338 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Zinnia,

prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head
with 12 — 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broad-
ly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaff and flowers. July — Sept.f

5. R. FULGiDA. Ait. (R. chrysomela. Michx. R. spatulata. PA.)

St. hirsute, with rigia hairs ; branches slender, naked above ; Ivs. strigose-
pubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong,
tapering to the sessile, subclasping base ; scales oblong, spreading, as long as
the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. — Mountains, Penn. to Ohio !
and Ga. Stem 1 — 3f high. Rays 12 — 14, scarcely longer than the leafy invo-
lucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. f

6. R. spEciosA. Wender.

SL hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above ; Ivs. sca-
brous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5-veined, on long
petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile ; scales lance-lin-
ear, much shorter than the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, acute. — Bor-
ders of woods. 111. Jenney ! Ohio! to Penn. A large and very showy species,
2 — if high. Leaves rather thin, radical 4 — 5' by 3 — 4', the teeth mucronu-
late ; petioles 6 — 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong,linear, bright yellow. Aug.
—Oct. f

31. ECHINACEA. Moench.
Gr, E^ii/of, the hedgehog ; from the character of the palese.

Involucre scales imbricated in 2 rows ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk-
flowers. ? ; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate paleae ; pappus 0.
— %■ Lvs. alternate. Rays purple., pendulous.

1. E. PURPUREA. Moench. (Rudbeckia Linn.) Purple Cone-ff,on:er or
Comb-Jl.oiL-er. — Very rough ; loiccr lvs. broad-ovate, attenuate at base,

remotely toothed; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire; rays
very long, deflexed, bifid. — Thickets and barrens, Western ! and Southern States.
A tall, handsome plant, often cultivated. Stem 4f high, branched, sulcate.
Leaves 4 — 8' long, -i- as wide, rough, with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. Heads
large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the stiff, pointed,
brown chaff. Rays about 15, 2 — 3' long, pendulous. July— Sept. — Root black,
pungent, medicinal. ■\
/?. Rays nearly white.— 111. Dr. Mead in T. tf- G. Fl. Am.

2. E. ANGUSTiroLiA. DC. (Rudbeckia. pallida. Nutt.)

SL hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above ; lvs. entire, hispidly pubescent,
3-veined, lower ones lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile ; scales in
about 2 rows, short ; raijs 12 — 20, slender, drooping. — Prairies and marshes. 111.
Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2 — 3f high. Leaves
3 — 6' by 3 — 6". Petioles 0 — 8" long. Heads on long, naked peduncles. Rays
1 — 2' long, purple, varying to white. Disk brown. May — July.

32. LEPAcHYS.
Involucre in one series of linear scales ; ray flowers few, neutral
disk perfect ; receptacle columnar, chafiy ; chafi" obtuse and bearded
at apex ; pappus 0 ; fertile achenia compressed, I — 2 -winged. — % Lvs.
alternate^ pinnately divided. Hds. of flowers yelloic^ with long, droop-
ing rays.

L. PiNNATA. Torr. & Gray. (Rudbeckia. M.z. Obeliscaria. Cass.)
Scabrous; lvs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 — 7, some of the lower ones 2-
parted, the rest undivided ; rays elongated. — In dry soil. Western N. Y., West-
ern ! and Southern States. Stem 2 — 4f high, slender, furrowed and 'hispid.
Heads very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate,
purple.

33. ZINNIA.

Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1S57.

Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate ; rays 5, persistent, en-

Helianthus. LXXV. composite. 339

tire, 9 ; disk flowera $ ; receptacle chaflfy, conical ; pappus of the
disk of 2 erect awns. — ® Native at the South, 6fc. Lvs. opposite^ entire.

1. Z. ELEGANs. — ^(fs. on long peduncles ; Zr5. cordate, ovate, sessile-amplexi-
caul ; St. hairy ; chaff serrated. — Native of Mexico. Jl. Aug. — Several varie-
ties are known in cultivation; viz. a. violacea, with violet-colored flowers;
fi. alba, flowers white ; y. purpurascens, flowers purple ; i. coccinea, flowers of a
brilliant scarlet, -f

2. Z. MULTiFLORA. — Hds. ou long peduncles; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, on short
petioles. — Native of the Southern States. — Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow
flowers, is also found in cultivation, f

34. HELIANTHUS.

Gt. ^Xios, the sun, av^os, flower; from the resemblance of the flowers.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-fls. neutral, disk $ ; scales of the invol-
ucre imbricated in several series ; receptacle flat or convex, the chaff"
persistent, embracing the achenia ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, decidu-
ous ; achenia compressed or 4-sided, not margined. — Herbs mosily %■.,
rough. Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, viostly tripli-veined.
Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple.

§ Disk dark purple.

1. H. ANNCus. Common Sunflov:er.—Lvs. all cordate, 3- veined, only the
lowest opposite; ped. thick; fls. nodding.— This well-known annual is from S.
America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is increased by the fertility
of it in direct proportion, until it reaches the height of 10 and even 20 feet. The
common height may be stated at 7 feet. The enormous size of the flowers with
their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. An
edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. Jl.— A splendid variety occurs
with the flowers all radiate.

2. H. ANGUsTiFOLius. NavroK-leavcd Simfloioer.

Erect, slender, glabrous or hispidly hirsute ; lvs. sessile, linear, tapering
to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, margin sub-
denticulate, often revolute ; hds. pedunculate, few ; scales lance-linear, the long
point spreading ; chaff linear, 3-toothed.— Sandy or rocky places, N. J. ! Ky.
and Southern States, common. Stem 2 — 3f high, subsimple. Leaves 2—5' by
3—6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12—18, expanding about 2'. Disk
flowers bro^vn at the summit.

3. H. RiGiDUs. Desf (H. scaberrimus. Ell. H. crassifolius. Nutt.) Stiff-
leaved Siinfl,ovcr.—Sl. erect, rigid, simple or with few branches, scabrous

or smoothish, nearly naked above ; lvs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petio-
late, mostly opposite, tripli-veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both
sides; hds. few; scales ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shorter than the disk;
cA«;f obtusish ; pappvs 2 squama;.— Prairies, &c.. Wis. Lapham, to Mo., La., &c.
Plant 2 — 4f high. Leaves 3—6' by J— 1', very rough with papillose hairs, but
less so than in H. divaricatus. Rays 12- 20, expanding 2—3', light yellow.
§ § Disk yellow. * Leaves opposite.

4. H. L^TiFLORCs. Pers. Splendid Stmflmver.

Sf. rough and branched above ; lvs. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate,
tripli-veined, very rough on both sides, on short petioles, upper ones often alter-
nate; scafes ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than the disk-
chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12— 20.— Barrens, &c., la. Ohio. Torr. <^ Gray
A rough, but showy plant, 3 — if high. Leaves thick, &— 8' by IJ— 2^'. Raj's
nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug.— Oct. f

5. H. occiDENTALis. Riddcll. Western Sunflower.

St. slender, simple, nearly naked above ; lvs. opposite, oval, scabrous, ob-
scurely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small
and few, entire ; hds. pedunculate ; scales lance-oval, appressed. — Sand prairies,

340 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Helianthus.

Western States ! Stem 3— 5f high, scape-like, slender. Leaves 3—5' by 1—2',
upper ones 1—2' long. Heads lew, middle size. Rays 12—15, light yellow.
Jl. — Sept.

6. H. ciNEREUs. Torr. & Gray. SullivanVs Sunflower.

" Rough with a cinerous pubescence ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, rather acute, ap-
pressed to the stem, serrulate, sessile, the lower narrowed to a winged petiole ;
fed. naked, slender; scales lanceolate, canescent; ach. villous at summit.

/?. Sulliva.fitii. Larger and more branched; st. scabrous-hirsute; Ivs. ob-
scurely serrate, acute, the uppermost entire, often alternate.— Near Columbus,
Ohio. Sullivant. Stem 2 — 3t' high, virgate, sometimes a little branched, bear-
ing a few heads nearly as large as those of H. mollis." Fl. Am. 11. p. 324.

7. H. MOLLIS. Lam. (H. canescens. Michx.) Soft-leaved Sunflower.

St. villous; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasping, entire or
subserrate, tomentose-canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate;
scales of involucre lanceolate, villose-canescent ; chaff entire, acute and canes-
cent above. — Prairies and barrens, Ohio ! la. ! Mo., common. A hoary and
villose species, 2 — 4f high, nearly simple. Leaves 3 — 5' long, \—\ as wide,
Rays 15—25, §—1' by \' wide. JL— Sept.

8. H. DORONicoiDEs. Lam. Leopard' s-ba7ieSu7iflo^ver.

St. branched, rough or hirsute above ; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, or the upper
alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined,
serrate, scabrous above, smooth or pubescent beneath ; scales lance-linear, cili-
ate, a little longer than the disk; rays 12 — 15. — A large species, common in
the Western ! and Southern States. Stem 4 — 7f high, with irregular, alternate
branches. Leaves 3 — 10' by 1 — 3'; petioles i — 1' long. Rays verv showy.
15— 20" by 4— 6". Jl— Sept.
/?. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile.

9. H. STRUMosus. Downy Sunflower.

St. smooth below, scabrous above ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate
scabrous above, smooth or tomentose-canescent beneath ; hds. few, about 10-

rayed ; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrose-spreading at tip. if. Grows

in swamps, &c.. Can. and U. S. Stem 3 — 5f high, erect, branching above.
Leaves petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface va-
rying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in
length. Scales hairy. Jl.

10. H. DECAPETALUs. Ten-ratjcd Sunflower.

Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-veined, scabrous
above, smooth or nearly so beneath ; invol. scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate
spreading, nearly equal ; rays 10 — 12, pale yellow. — Copses, along streams'
Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 3 — 4f high, purplish. Involucre varying in all
degrees of leafiness between the present form and the variety following. Aug.f
(i. frondosus. Hook. (H. frondosus. Linn.) Oi<terscafe5 larger and leaf-like.

11. H. TRACHELIIFOLIUS. Willd.

St. strict, branching, scabrous or with scattered hairs ; lvs. opposite, those
of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, ap-
pressed, serrate, acuminate, petiolate, lower ones ovate, middle lance-ovate, up-
per lance-linear ; scafes lance-linear, attenuate-acuminate, longer than the disk
loosely spreading, ciliate ; cAa/" slightly 3-toothed; rays 12 — 15. — A tall, hand-
some species, not uncommon in thickets, &c., Ohio ! and la. ! Stem purplish,
3— 6f high. Leaves 3 — 6' by h — 3i' ; petioles h — IJ' long. Heads middle size|
at top of the slender, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 — 3'.

12. H. HiRsuTDs. Raf. (H. diversifolius. Ell.)

St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute ; lvs. opposite, petio-
late, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, very sca-
brous above, hirsute beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, as
long as the disk ; rays 11 — 15. — Dry soils. Western and Southern States. Stem
4 — 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3 — 10' by 1 — 3', petio-
les i — 1' long. Rays very showy, 15 — 18" by 4 — 6". Jl. — Sept.
/?. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile.

Tagetes. LXXV. composite. ^

13. H. DiVARiCATUS. Spreading Sunflmoer.

St. smooth, branching or simple ; Ivs. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceo-
late, 3- veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; pa?iicle trichotomous, slender,
few-flowered. — Not uncommon in rocky woods, brooksides, U. S. and Brit. Am,
Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long,
acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the ge-
nus, few, yellow and very showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forked. This
plant is much improved by cultivation. Aug. Sept.

0. scabcrrimiis. S/. subsimple ; ii'5. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid. — Bar-
rens, la. !

y. Lvs. ternately verticillate. Otherwise as in /?. Barrens, la. !

^ § Disk yellow. * * Leaves alternate.

14. H. GiGANTEUs. (H. altissimus. Linn.)

L/vs. alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sca-
brous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles;
scales of the irivolucre lanceolate-linear, ciliate ; pappus of 2 short, slightly fringed
scales. — Can. to Car. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4 — 8f high,
purplish, branching above into a corymbose panicle of large, yellow flowers.
Leaves 2 — 5' by § — 1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12 — 20.
Variable.

" /?. avMsuus. T. & G. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base.
— L. I." Torr. cj- Gray.

15. H. TOMENTosus. Michx. Dmumj-leaved Sunflower.

St. stout, pubescent, branched above ; lvs. thin, large, acuminate, obscure-
ly serrate, scabrous above, tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, lower ones
ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subsessile ; hds. long-pedunculate;
scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrose; cAo/ 3- toothed, hirsute
at summit. — Dry soil. 111. to Ga. A large species, 4 — 8f high, with ample
leaves and flowers. Leaves 6 — 12' by 2 — 6', some of them Iripli-veined. Rays
elliptical lanceolate, 18" by 5". Aug. — Oct. f

16. H. GROSSE-SERRATUS. Martcus. Notch-leaved Smifloiver.

St. smooth and glaucous; lvs. mostly alternate, lanceolate or lance-ovate,
long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous above, hoary and softly pubescent be-
neath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles ; scales lance-subulate, loosely
imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk. — Ohio, Sullivant, &c., la.
Plumvier,\\\., Mead, ioliVi.. Allied to H. giganteus. Stem 4 — 6fhigh. Leaves
6 — 9' by 1 — 2' broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays
15 — 20, expanding near 3'. Aug. Sept.

17. H. TUBERosos. Jerusalem Artichoke. — Lvs. 3-veined, rough, lower ones
opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate ; petioles ciliate at
base. — 'i\. Native of Brazil. The plant has been cultivated for the .sake of its
tuberous roots, which are used as a substitute lor potatoes. It is naturalized in
borders of fields, hedges, &c. Sept. ^ +

35. TAGETES.

Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son of Genius and grandson of Jupiter.

Heads heterogamous ; involucre simple, tubular, of 5 united
scales ; ray-flowers 5, persistent ; receptacle naked ; pappus of 5
erect awns. — ® Herhs of tropical America. Lvs. jphmately divided.

1. T. PATULA. French Marigold. — S^. erect, with spreading branches; seg-
ments of the leaves linear-lanceofate ; ped. elongated, subcylindric, one-flowered ;
invol. smooth. Plant about 2f high. Flowers orange-yellow.

2. T. ERECTA. African Marigold. — Segments of the leaves lanceolate, ciliate-
serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, verrtricose and thickened at the summit ; invol. angu-
lar.—The heads are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter peduncles.
—These are well known and popular garden flowers Math several varieties.

343 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Achillea.

36. HELENIUM.

Named for the celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic properties.

Involucre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the inner chafiy ;
rays pistillate ; pappus of several 5-awned, chaflFy leaves ; receptacle
globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only ; ray-flowers
half 3-cleft ; seed villose. — Lvs. alternate^ decurrent. Rays yellow.

H. AUTUMNALE. American Sneeze-wort.

Lws. lanceolate-serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, decurrent ; fls. loose-
ly corymbose.— Tj. In damp places. Stem 2— 3f high, branching, strongly
winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves tapering to each end or elliptic-lance-
olate, more or less deeply serrate. Flowers large, numerous, terminal, with
drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globose
disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug.

p. canaluulatum. T. & G. (H. canaliculatum. Lam.) Hays concave, ca-
naliculate or 3-furrowed.

37. ANTHEM IS.

Involucre hemispherical, with nearly equal scales ; rays numerous,
pistillate ; receptacle chaffy, convex or conic ; achenia crowned with
a slight border. — European herbs, with much divided leaves.

1. A. ARVENsis. Co7-n Chamomile.

SI. erect, hairy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, segments linear-
lanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin ; chaff of the receptacle lanceo-
late, cuspidate, longer than the flowers. — @ Grows' in dry, cultivated fields. A
pilose, inodorous plant, somewhat naturalized in the Northern States. Stems
difl!usely branching, 8—15' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy
summits of the branches. Disk yellow, rays white. July. ^

2. A. NOBiLis. Chaniomile. — Si. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly;
lvs. decompound-pinnatifid, segments linear, subulate; c/;«^scarious, lanceolate,
scarcely as long as the flowers. — % Native of Britain and other parts of Europe.
Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and
agreeable scent of the chamomile is well known, also its tonic and anodyne
qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July — Sept.

38. MARtJTA. Less.
Involucre hemispherical, imbricated ; rays neutral ; disk perfect ;
receptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit) ; pappus 0 ; anche-
nia smooth. — European herbs, with alternate, much divided leaves.

M. coTULA. DC. (Anthemis. Linn.) May-weed.

St. erect, nearly smooth ; lvs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subulate ; chaff
bristly, shorter than the flowers. — (J) Naturalized in all waste places, in hard,
dry soils, especially by roadsides, in patches of great extent, presenting almost
a uniform whitish surface when in blossom. Stem branching, diffuse, a loot
high, with alternate leaves divided and subdived into a multitude of segments.
Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Lin-
nseus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies.
June — Sept. §

39. ACHILLEA.

Named after Achilles, a disciple of Cliiron, who first uaed the plant.

Involucre ovoid, of unequal, imbricated scales; rays 5 — 10, short,
pistillate ; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia without a pappus. — % Eu-
ropean herbs, with much divided, alternate leaves.

1. A. MILLEFOLIUM. MlllfoH. Yarronv.

Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments ; invol. and st.
furrowed. — The yarrow abounds in fields, pastures, &c., N. Eng. to Oregon and
Arc. Am. It is called also miJlfoil, from its leaves being cut and parted into so

Chrysanthemum. LXXV. COMPOSIT.^. 343

numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stem a foot high, branching at top into
a dense, flat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored flowers. It has an agreea-
ble, pungent taste and smell. June — Sept.

2. A. PTARMicA. Sneezeicort.

Lis. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, smooth. — Found in
moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N. Y. Pursh. Mass. Nicholls. Plant
about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse corymb of white flowers. The
leaves are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves
used as snuff' provokes sneezing. A variety with double flowers occurs, which
is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. f

40. LEUCANTHEMUM.

Gr. \svKOi, white, avboi, flower ; the heads have krge, white, conspicuous rays.

Involucre broad, depressed, imbricated ; rays pistillate, numerous ;
receptacle flat, naked ; acheuia striate ; pappus 0. — Herbs^ with alter-
nate leaves.

L. VuLGARE. Lam. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Linn.) White-
u-eed. Ox-eye Daisy. — Lrs. amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, cut-pinnatifid
at base ; 5/. erect, branching. — Tj. The common white-weed is an annoyance to
farmers, rapidly overspreading pastures and neglected fields, U. S. to Arc. Am.
Stems 2f high, simple or with one or two long branches, furrowed. Leaves
comparatively few and small, obtuse, the lower ones petiolate, with deep and
irregular teeth ; upper ones small, subulate, those of the middle sessile, clasp-
ing, deeply cut at base, with remote teeth above. Heads large, terminal, soli-
tary. Disk yellow. Rays numerous, white. July. — Sept.

4L PYRETHRUM.

An ancient name of a certain plant, supposed to be of Anthemis.

Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with membranous mar-
gins ; receptacle naked ; pappus a membranous margin crowning the
achenia. — E^iropcan herbs., chiefly pereymial, with alternate leaves.
P. PARTHENiuM. Fcvcrfeir.—Lvs. petiolate, flat, tripinriate, the segments ovate,

cut; |?e^i. branching, corymbose ; st. erect; invol. hemispherical, pubescent.

Several varieties of the Feverfew are cultivated, and are in great favor with
many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a
corymb of pure white, double flowers, which retain their beauty for several
weeks.

42. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Gr. KpvtTOi, gold, av%s; many species bearing golden colored flowers.

Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, the scales with membranous
margins; receptacle naked ; pappus 0. — Ornamental plants from China,

and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate., lobed.

1. C. coRONARiuM.— «■/. branched; lvs. bipinnatifid, broader at the summit
acute.—® Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The varietv with double flow-
ers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. Stem about 3f high, striate,
smooth, erect, with alternate, clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, soli-
tary. Aug.

2. C. CARiNATUM. Willd. (C. tricolor. Andr.) Three-colc^red Chrysanthemum.
Lvs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth ; invol. scales carinate. — 0 Native of Barbary.

Heads large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays white with a yellow base. A va-
riety has flowers entirely yellow. Jl. — Oct.

3. C. SiNENSE. Sabine. (Pyrethrum Sinense. DC.) Chinese Chrysanthemum.
iyf5, coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous; rays very

long.— A native of China, where it has been long cultivated and highly esteemed
for its beauty. A great number of varieties have been produced, with double,
semidouble and quilled flowers of every possible .shade of color. It is of very
easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by

344 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.

suckers and by cuttings. Although they grow in any soil, yet it is better to
give them a rich loam, and water them with liquid manure.

43. LEPTOPODA. Nutt.

Gt. Xettoj, Blender, jtodj, foot ; alluding to the elongated peduncle.

Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, cuneate, 3 — 4-cleft ; disk ? ;
scales spreading, numerous, attenuate ; receptacle conical ; chaff 0 ;
pappus of 6 — 10 fringed squamae. — % North Americaii herbs, with
the habit of Helcniuvi.

L. BRACHYPODA. T. & G. (Heleuium quadridentatum. Hook.) False
Hdenium. — SL leafy, corymbose at summit; ivs. decurrent, lanceolate,
subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse ; hds. on short peduncles ; scales lance-line-
ar ; about half as long as the 8 — 12 drooping rays; di'ik brownish-purple. — A
plant separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. It grows in
damp soil, from the southern counties of 111. to Tex. and Southern States. Stem
about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather
deeply and irregularly toothed, 7 — 9" by 4 — 5".

Section H, Heads discoid and radiate in the same genus.

44. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt.

Cfr. axTiv, a ray, iiipif, apart,; partial!}' radiate.

Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 — 14, rarely 0 ; involucre scales
foliaceous, subequal, in 1 — 3 series ; receptacle conical or convex,
chaffy ; achenia compressed, flat, obovate, 2-awned. — % Plants tall.
St. winged with the decurrent leaves. Hds. corymbose, yelloio.

1. A. HELiANTHoiDES. Nutt. (Vcrbcsina. Mickx.)

St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; h-s. alternate, ovate-lanceolate,
decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; corymb contracted ; rays
6 — 14, long and narrow; scales erect. — Rather common in barrens and prairies,
Western States ! It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem
conspicuously winged with the decurrent leaves, 2 — 4f high. Leaves 2 — 4' by
6 — 14", grayish. Rays often irregular, 1' long. Jn. Jl.

2. A. sauARRosA. Nutt. (Coreopsis alternifolia. Linn.)

St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent ; Ivs. alternate,
often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acumi-
nate end, scabrous, decurrent on the petiole and stem; Ms. small; scales spread-
ing or reflexed ; rays 4 — 8 : receptacle very small. — Dry, alluvial soils western
N. Y., and "Western States ! common. It is a tall, unsightly weed, 5 — lOf high.
Leaves 6 — 14' by 1 — 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays J' long,
Aug. — Oct.

45. COREOPSIS.

Gt. Kopis, a bug, oi//i5, appearance; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia.

Involucre double, each 6 — 10-leaved; receptacle chaffy; achenia
compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed pappus. —
Zivs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely toanting.

§ Rays 0.

1. C. DiscoiDEA. Torr. & Gray. Raylcss Tlcli-secd.

Glabrous, much branched, erect; Ivs. ternate, longpetiolate; Jfts. ovate-
lanceolate, strongly dentate, petiolulate; hds. loosely paniculate, on slender pe-
duncles ; outer involucre 3 — 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts, inner of many
linear, appressed scales ; azK. linear-oblong, tapering below, twice longer than
the 2 erect awns which are hispid vipwards! — Ohio, Sullivant! to La. Stem
and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 3 — 5' by ^ — IJ', lateral much small-
er. Heads small (i' diam.), about 30-flowered. JL— Sept.

Coreopsis. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 345

^ § Rays avd disk yellow.

3. C. TRICHOSPERMA. Miclix. Tick-sccd SunJlojL^er.

St. glabrous, square, dichotomous ; irs. pinnately 5 — 7-parted, briefly pe-
tiolate, segrn. lanceolate, incised or serrate ; scales of the outer in vol. ciliate,
linear, long as the inner ; rays entire, large ; ack. narrow-cuneate, 2-awned. —
® in wet grounds, N. Y., Mass. to Car. A smooth, branching plant, 1 — 2t'high,
with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Branches and leaves mostly op-
posite. Leaves thin, the upper 3-clelt, subsessile. Leaflets narrow, tapering
to a long point, with a lew unequal, remote serratures. Achenia i' long,
crowned with stout, hispid awns. Jl. Aug.

3. C. ARisTosA. Michx.

Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5 — 9-parted, segments lance-linear,
incisely serrate or pinnatifid ; Ms. small, with conspicuous rays ; outer invol. of
10 — 12 linear, green scales, about as long as the inner, villous at base ; awns
about as long as the achenium. — Low woods. Western States ! Stem obtusely
4-angled, 2 — 3f high. Leaves thin, 4 — 6' long, petioles J — V. Rays 8, orange-
yellow, expanding li'.

p. (C. involucrata. Nuft. ?) Scales of the outer involucre about 13, a third
Ipnger than those of the inner. — la. !

4. C. TRiPTERis. (Chrysostemma. Less.')

Glabrous ; st. simple, tall, cor3Tnbose at summit; Ivs. coriaceous, opposite,
petiolate, 3 — 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute ; hds. small, on
short peduncles. — A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and
Western States, common in la. ! Stem 4 — 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions
of the leaves 3 — 5' by | — 1§'. Rays spreading, ^' long. Outer scales linear,
obtuse, spreading, as many as the inner. Jl. — Oct.

5. C. VERTiciLLATA. Wkorl-lcaved Coreopsis.

Glabrous, branched; Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately
parted, segments linear, obtuse ; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or
3-toothed ; ack. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. — % Moist places, Md. and Western
States! Stem 1 — 3fhigh. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with
bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at
base. Jtme — Aug.

6. C. PALMATA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.)

Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the sum-
mit ; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-clelt, rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft;
rays obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, inciu-ved. — Dry prairies, W. States !
Stem 1 — 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 — 2§' long, some of
them undivided, lobes 2 — 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays.
Outer scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Jn. Jl.

7. C. LANCEor.ATA. Lancc-lcaved Coreopsis.

St. ascending, often branched below; lower Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, the
7(^^cr lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on
very long, naked peduncles; rays 4— 5-toothed at apex ; ach. suborbicular, with
2 small teeth. — % Native of the Southern States ! Heads showy. Rays about
8, 1' by k'. Jn.— Aug. f

^^^ Rays or disk purple.

8. C. DRUMMONDii. T. «fc G. ("Calliopsis. Don.) Drmyimond's Coreopsis. —
Pubescent; lis. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves)
oval, entire; scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays unequally 5-toothed, twice longer
than the involucre; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. — ® From Texas.
Stems 10 — 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base, f

fi. atrosanguinea^ a garden variety, with dark orange flowers.

9. C. TiN'CTORiA. Dycr^s Coreopsis. — Lvs. attenuate, radical 07ies subbipinnate ;
Ifts. ov^al, entire, smooth ; cauline subpinnate, Ifts. linear; rays two-colored ; ach.
naked. — A handsome border annual, native of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 — 3f
high, with light, smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored
with purple at their base. Flowering all summer, f

346 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Bidens.

10. C. ROSEA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.) Rose-red Tickseed.

St. branched ; Ivs. opposite, 1-veined, linear, entire ; ped. short ; out^r
scales very short ; rays obscurely tridentate. — % A very delicate species, in wet
grounds, Mass. Dr. Bobbins ! to N.J. Stem slender, erect, 8 — 16' high. Leaves
1 — 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Heads few, small. Rays rose-
color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl. Aug.

46. BID ENS.

Lat. biclens, two-toothed ; the achenia have 2 (or more) barbed teeth.

Involucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base ; rays
few, neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle chaffy, flat ; pappus of 2 — 4
awns, rough backwards ; achenia quadrangular. — Lvs. ojjjwsite. Rays
often wanting.

* Rays i7iconsjncuous or 0.

1. B. FRONDOSA. Leafjj Burr- Marigold.

Ms. discoid ; obiter invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate
at base; lower lvs. pinnate, upper mics ternate, lanceolate, serrate. — ® A com-
mon weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called
beggar ticks, from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every one who passes
by it. Stem 2f high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in
3s or 5s. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow,
surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept.

2. B. coNNATA. Willd. (B. tripartita. Bv'.) Trifid Burr- Marigold.

Smooth; lvs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones most-
ly trifid ; outer scales longer than the head, leafy; ach. with 3 awns. — (T) In
swamps and ditches. Can., N. Eng. to Mo. Stem 1 — 3f high, smooth and 4-fur-
rowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, the lower
ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generally entire, lanceolate, sharply
serrate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, con-
sisting only of the tubular, yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug.

3. B. CERNUA. Water Burr-Marigold.

Fls. subradiate, cernuous ; outer invol. as long as the flower ; lvs. lanceo-
late, subconnate, dentate. — In swamps and ditches. Can. to Penn. Stem I — 2f
high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves
opposite, somewhat connated at base. Flowers yellowish-green, finally droop-
ing, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug. — Oct.

4. B. BiPiNNATA. Spanish Needles.

Smooth; Zyx. bipinnate ; //'/.s. lanceolate, pinnatifid; Ms. subradiate ; obiter
invol. the length of the inner. — ^^{]D Grows in Avaste places, N. Y. Sa.rtu-cll, Conn.
Bobbins. Stem 2 — 4f high, branching, smooth. Leaves bipinnately dissected,
nearly smooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 — 4 (or 0) ob-
scure, obovate, yellow ra3^s. Jl. — Sept.

* * Rays conspicuous.

5. B. CHRYSANTHEMolDEs. Radiate Burr-Marigold.

Ms. radiate ; ra7/s 3 times as long as the nearly equal involucre ; lvs. ob-
long, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. — 0 A low plant, with
large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places. Can. and tl. S. Stem 6 — 20'
high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, oppo-
site, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large,
spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept. Oct.

6. B. Becku. Torr. BecVs Burr-Marigold.

St. subsimple ; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid ; emersed ones lanceo-
late, connate, acutely serrate or laciniate ; ^5. radiate; rays, longer than the
involucre. — %. In water, N. Y. Sarticcll, &c. Vt. Chandler, N. to Can. Stem
2 — 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dis-
sected as in Ranunculus aquaiilis ; upper 1 — 2' long, A as wide, deeply serrate.
Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July. Aug.

Senecio. LXXV. COMPOSlTiE. 347

47. VERBESlNA.
Heads few or many-flowered ; rays 9 , few or 0 ; disk ^ ; scales in
2 or more series, imbricated, erect ; chaff concave or embracing the
flowers ; achenia compressed laterally, 2-awned. — % American plants,
sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decuirent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary
or corymbose.

1. V. SiEGESBECKiA. Michx. (Corcopsis alata. Ph. Actinomeris alata.
Null.) — St. 4- winged ; lvs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, acurai-

nate, tripli-veined, tapering to a winged petiole; hds. radiate, in trichotomous
cjTnes; rays 1 — 5 ; ach. wingless. — Roadsides and dry fields, Western and South-
ern States, common. Stem 4 — 6f high. Leaves 5^ — 8' by 3 — i', thin. Heads
about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter
about f long. Aug. Sept.

2. V. ViRGiNicA. Virginian Croion-bcard.

St. narrowly winged, pubescent above ; lvs. alternate, lanceolate or lance-
ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base ;
lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and diskjls. white ;
ach. winged. — Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem (3 — ^5f high) and leaves beneath
often more or less tomentose. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarce-
ly i' long. Aug. Sept.

48. D Y S O D I A. Cav.
Heads many -flowered ; rays 9 ; disk cf ; involucre of a single series
of partially united scales, usually calyculate ; achenia elongated, 4-
angled, compressed ; pappus scales chaffy, in one series, fimbriately
and palmately cleft into bristles. — (D Lvs. mostly opposite andpinnate-
ly parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbose. Fls. yelloxo.

D. cHRYSANTHEMoiDEs. Lagasca. (Tagetes papposa. Vent. Boebera chr.
Willd.) — St. glabrous, much branched ; lvs. pinnately parted, lobes linear,
toothed; hds. terminal; scales campanulate, united at base ; bracts at base 7 — 9,
linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. — Prairies, &c., 111., Mo!
to La. An ill-scented plant, above If high, resembling a Tagetes. Flowers
bright yellow.

49. SENECIO.

Lat. senex, an old man ; the word is synonymous with Erigeron.

Involucre of many equal leaflets or invested with scales at base,
the scales withered at the points ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus
simple, capillary and copious. — A vast genus, embracing 600 species of
herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the
involucre.

* Heads discoid.

1. S. VULGARIS. Common Grovndsel.

St. paniculate, erect, angular ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplexi-
caul. — A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c.
Introduced from Europe. Stem 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth.
Leaves alternate, thin, bright green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without
rays, terminal, .scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. ^

* Heads radiate.

2. S. AUREUS. Golden Senecio.

Radical lvs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones pinnati-
fid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ;?efZ.subunibellate, thick; raysS — 12.
— '2|. A handsome and very variable plant, in meadows, woods, &c. (U. S. and
Brit. Am.) with golden-yellow flowers. Stem smoothish, striate, erect, l_2f
high, simple or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, sirnple or
compound corvmb. Lower stem leaves Ivrate. upper ones few and slender
30 "

348 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Cacalia.

Peduncles more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at
apex. Rays 4 — 5" long, spreading. May — Aug.

/?. BahamitcE. (S. Balsamitffi. MiM.) St- villous at base ; Ivs. few, small
and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate ; ped. villous at base.
Rocky hills and pastures.

y. gracilis, (S. gracilis. Ph.) Radical lis. orbicular, on long petioles, cau-
line few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate ; pcd. short, pilose, with small, few-
rayed heads. — A slender state of the species, on rocky shores.

S. obovalus. (S. obovatus. Willd.) Radical Irs. obovate ; ped. elongated. —
Meadows, &c.

e. lanccolat'its. Oakes. Radical Ivs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pin-
natifid at base. — Shady swamps, Vt. Robbins.

3. S. psEUDo-ELEGANs. DC. (S. clcgans. Linn.) Purple Jacobcca. — L/vs.
equal, pinnatifid, pilose-viscid, spreading ; ped. somewhat scaly ; invol. calyc-
ulate with leafy scales ; scales mostly withered at the tips. — Native of the Cape
of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Flowers of the disk yellow,
of the rays of a most brilliant purple. A variety has double flowers, with colors
equally brilliant. Another variety has white flowers. Jn. — Aug. f

Section 3. Heads discoidi

50. H Y M E N O P A P P U S. L'Her.

Gr. Viicv, a membrane, n'oTTTTOf, pappus; from the character.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all '5, tubular; scales 6 — 12, in 2
series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored ; receptacle small, naked ;
anthers exserted ; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the
base ; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranaceous scales in one se-
ries.— (D or % North America?i, villosc herbs. Si. grooved and angled.
Lvs. alternate^ f innately divided.

H. scABios^us. L'Her.

Hoary-villose, or nearly glabrous ; lvs. pinnately or bipinnately parted,
segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed ; hds. collected in simple
corymbs; scales of thcinvol. obovaiie,! — il, white, greenish at base, undulate
on the margin, longer than the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. — 111.
Mead! and Southern States. Stem 1 — 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when
young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 — \\' by 1 — 2", rather
acute. Heads whitish, about 2l-flowered. (Apr. May. T. 4" G- Aug. Mead.)

51. CACALIA.

An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant.

Flowers all $ ; involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with
small scales at the base ; receptacle not chaiFy ; pappus capillary,
scabrous. — Mostly %. Smooth. Lvs. alternate. Hds. offis. corymbed.
mostly cyanic.

1. C. suAVEOLENs. Wild Carawaij.

Glabrous; 5/. striate-angular ; lvs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate,
smooth, green on both sides ;j^5. corymbed, erect; ?«foZ. many-flowered. — TJ.
Western N. Y. to Conn., Robbins ! to Ga. ! and 111. Stems 4 — 'bi high, striate,
leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed ; cauline ones on winged stalks.
Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles
smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath tlie involucre, and beneath the divisions
of the peduncles. Aug. — Resembles a Nabalus.

2. C. ATRiPLiciFOLiA. Orache-lcaved Caraway.

Si. herbaceous; lvs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, radical ones cor-
date, dentate, cauline ones rhomboid, sub-bidentate on each side ; Jls. corymbed,
erect ; invol. 5-flowered.— N. Y. to Ga. and 111. ! Stem 3— 5f high, round,
lealy, subramose. Leaves alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with
large, unequal teeth. Heads of flowers small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely
corymbose at the tops of the branches. Jl. — Sept.

Artemisia. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 349

3. C. RENIFORMIS. Mulll.

St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides,
petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flabellitbrm. ; cwy?«d compound, fastigiate ;
hds. 5-flowered.— Woods la. ! 111., Penn., S. to Car. Stem 3— 6f high, nearly
simple, glabrous. Leaves 3 — 12' by 5 — 18', repand-dentate, lower petioles very
long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. July.

4. C. TUBEROSA. Nutt.

St. angular-sulcate; Zt's. oval or ovate, strongly 5 — 7-veined, obtuse or
subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glaucous, lower ones tapering into
long petioles, upper ones on short petioles ; hds. in compound corymbs. — Marsh-
es, Western States ! Stem 2 — 5f high, branched above. Leaves rather thick,
3 — 7' long, § as wide, veined like those of the plantain. Heads oblong, 5-leaved
and 5-flowered, white. May — Jl.

5. C. cocciNEA. Curt. (Emilia sagittata. DC) Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel
Flower. — Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul, crenate; invol.
ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed; ach. ciliate ; pappus in several
rows. — A pretty garden flower, native of the E. Indies, &c. Stem If or more
high. Flowers bright scarlet. Jn. — Sept. A bed or patch sown thickly makes
a fine appearance.

52. ARTEMISIA.

Probably from Artemis, one of the names of the goddess Diana.

Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle
naked or subvillous ; disk flowers numerous, ? , tubular, ray flowers
few, often without stamens, and with a subulate corolla or 0 ; ache-
nia with a small disk ; pappus 0. — Bitter Jierbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor.
yellow.

^ 1. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers sterile.

1. A. Dracuncijlus. Taragon. — Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, acuminate at each
end ; hds. subglobose, pedunculate, erect. — A culinary herb, native of S. Eu-
rope. Stem herbaceous, 2 — 3fhigh. Jl. Aug. — It is of the easiest culture, and
is used for pickles, salad, and for .seasoning soup. j;.

2. A. DRACUNCULoiDEs. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.)

Erect, much branched, whitish pubescent when young; lower lvs. 3-cleft,
upper entire, narrowly linear, attenuated at both ends ; hds. globose, small, nod-
ding, pedicellate, in paniculate racemes; scales with scarious margins. — St.
Louis, Mo. to the Saskatchawan. Stem shrubby, 6— 8f high, with numerous
slender branches. Leaves 1 — 4' by 1 — 3", radical trifid or sometimes 2 or 3
times trifid.

3. A. BOREALis. Pallas. (A. spithamsea. Ph.)

Cffispitose, silky- villose or smoothish ; st. simple (6 — 10' high); lower lvs.
petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately or bi-
pinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper lvs. linear, 3 — 5-cleft or entire ;
hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemose-paniculate. — Keweena Point, Lake Su-
perior. Dr. Houghton in T. & G. Fl. ii. 417.

4. A. Canadensis. Michx. Sea Wormwood.

St. erect or decumbent ; lvs. pinnatifid with linear segments ; Jls. subglo-
bose, sessile, in crowded panicles resembling spikes. — Tj. Shores of the great
lakes. Plum Lsland, Bigelmo. Near Amherst College, Hitchcock. Willoughby
Mt., Vt., Wood. Stem 2 — 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly
erect. Leaves all much divided into linear-setaceous segments. Heads nume-
rous, small, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous
margin. Aug.

5. A. CAUDATA. Michx.

St. herbaceous, simple, densely and pyramidally paniculate ; radical arid
lower cauline lvs. subbipinnate, pubescent, upper ones subpinnate, segments sub-
setaceous, alternate ; hds. ovoid-globose, pedicellate, erect. — On the sea coast,
N. H. to R. I. Stem 3 — 5f high, strict. Leaves in many attenuated and some-

350 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Gnaphalium.

what fleshy segments. Heads small. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, ellip-
tical. Aug. Sept.

§ 2. Receptacle naked. Flowers all fertile.

6. A. Abrotanum. Southernwood.— St. erect ; lower Ivs. bipinnate ; upper ones

capillary, pinnate ; invol. dowTiy, hemispherical. — A well known shrubby plant

in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow,

linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Europe. %

7. A. LUDOVICIANA. Nutt.

Herbaceous, canescently tomentose ; Irs. lanceolate, lower incisely and
remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire ; Ms. ovoid, subsessile, arranged
in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. — Lake and river shores, Mich, to Mo. W.
to Oreg. Stem 3 — 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size,
and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded.
Aug. Sept.

8. A. VULGARIS. Common Artemisia or MugwoH.

Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segments lanceolate,
acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate ; hds. erect, ovoid, sub-
sessile ; invol. tomentose.— 'Zj- Introduced from Europe and naturalized in fields,
roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt. N. H. Stem 2~3f high, branching
into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable, but never nearly so
attenuated as in A. Canadensis. Heads iew, purplish.

9. A. BIENNIS. Willd.

Erect, herbaceous, smooth ; lvs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid,
all with linear, acute and mostly incised lobes ; hds. sessile, arranged in a close,
narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes.— Ohio to Mo. and the Saskatchawan,
T. <^' G. Aug.— Oct.

§ 3. Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers all fertile.

10. A. Absinthium. Common Wormwood.

Lvs. multifid, clothed with short, silky down, segments lanceolate ; hds.
hemispherical, drooping ; receptacle hairy.— Naturalized in the mountainous dis-
tricts of New England, growing among rubbish, rocks and by roadsides. Stems
angular, branched, with erect racemes ol nodding, yellow flowers. The whole
plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic,
stomachic, &c. ^:j:

IL A. PoNTicA. Roman Wormword.—Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones
bipinnate, leaflets linear ; hds. roundish, stalked, nodding.— Common in gar-
dens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flow-
ers. Head with 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6. From Austria, f

53. TANACETUM.

Said to be a corruption of a davaros, deathless ; for the durable flowers.

Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute ; recep-
tacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border ; achenia
with a large, epigynous disk. — Lvs. alter?icite, much dissected. Fls.
yellow.

T. vuLGARE. Tansey.—Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate,
pinnatifid and incisely serrate; hds. fastigiate-corymbose.— ^ Native of Europe,
and naturalized in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2— 3f high,
branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug.— The whole
plant has a strong and aromatic smell and a very bitter taste. The seeds are
anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped
leaves. ^

54. GNAPHALIUM.

Gr. yva(pa\ov, cotton or wool ; from the soft, cottony siuface of the herbage.

Heads discoid, heterogamous ; involucre imbricate with scarious,
colored scales ; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, in several rows ;

Antennaria. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 351

central flowers $ ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus simple, scabrous,
capillary. — Lvs. alternate, entire.

1. G. POLYCEPHALUM. Michx. Fragrant, Life-everlasting.

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish tomentose beneath,
as well as the paniculate stem ; hds. capitate, corymbose ; scales of tlie involucre
ovate-lanceolate, acute. — (J) Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. It is dis-
tinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1 — 2f
high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Leaves sessile, cottony
beneath. Flowers in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre
with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug,

2. G. DECURRENS. Ivcs. Decurrent-havcd, Life-everlasting.

St. erect, stout, much branched, viscidly pubescent ; ^rs. linear-lanceolate,
very acute, decurrent, naked above, white and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense,
roundish, terminal clusters. — %. A stout species, covered witlx, a dense, hoary
pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. H., Vt. to N. J. Stem 2f high,
with scattered leaves and spreading branches. Leaves on the upper side green,
scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug.

3. G. PURPUREUM. (G. Americanum. Wiild.) Purple Life-everlasting.
St. erect, simple or bi'anched from the base, tomentose ; lvs. linear-spatu-

late or obovate-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above ; kds. sessile,
crowded, terminal and axillary. — Grows in sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to
la. and La. Stem 8 — 12' high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with
purplish scales and yellow corollas. Jvme.

4. G. ULiGiNosuM. 3Iud Life-everlasting.

St. diffusely branched, woolly; lvs. linear-lanceolate; hds. in terminal,
crowded, leafy clusters ; involucre scales one-colored, inner acute ; ach. smooth.
— (1) A small, spreading plant clothed with whitish down, common in sandy
places where water occasionally stands, N. Mid. and W. States. Stem 4 — 6'
nigh. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre
oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug.

55. ANTENNARIA. Br.

Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennce.

Heads dioecious ; involucre of imbricate, colored scales ; pistillate
corollas filiform ; receptacle subconvex, alveolate ; pappus simple,
bristly. — % Tomentose. Lvs. alternate. e?itire. Hds. corymbose, with
tvhite scales.

1. A. MARGARiTACEA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Common Life-everlasting.
St. erect, simple, corymbosely branched above ; lvs. linear-lanceolate,

acute, 3-veined, sessile, and beneath "the stem woolly ; corymbs fastigiate ; invol.
scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white.— 7J. Named lor its dry, imperishable, pearl-
white flower-scales. In fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 1— 2f
high, and with its numerous, scattered leaves, clothed with white and cotton-
like down. Heads of flowers numerous, hemispherical, much adorned by the
fadeless, imbricated scales of which the outer are downy at the base. Flowers
yellow. July. — The plant is slightly fragrant.

2. A. PLANTAGiNiFOLiA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Mouse-ear Life-ever-
lasting.— Stolons TpTocumhent ; st. simple; radical lvs. ovate, mucronate, 3-

veined, silky-canescent ; stem lvs. small, lanceolate ; i7ivol. sca.les ovate, obtuse.
—% Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., common. "Whole plant whit-
ish with down. Stem 5 — 8' high, often branched at base into several from the
same root. Root-leaves much larger than those of the stem, rounded at apex,
tapering to a petiole. Stem-leaves few, bract-like. Heads clustered, terminal,
purplish-white. May — Aug.

_ /?. dioica. (A. dioica. Br.) Radical lvs. much smaller, spatulate; stem lvs.
linear-lanceolate ; i7mer scales linear, acute. — Abundant in old pastures. Apr. —
July. A variety (too "?) strongly marked.
30*

352 LXXV. COMPOSITiE. Xanthium.

56. FILAGO. Tourn.

Apparently from the Lat. Jila, on account of the cottony fibres or hairs.

Heads heterogamous ; involucre of a few villous scales ; marginal
flowers 9 ; receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chafiy at base ;
achenia terete ; central ones with a hairy pappus. — Downy -canescent
herbs. Lvs. alternate., entire.

F. Germanica. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) German Cud-tceed.
St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; lvs. linear-lanceolate,
acute, crowded, erect ; kds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal
and lateral ; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the palete of the receptacle,
each with a pistillate flower in the axil. — (T) A European plant, sparingly natu-
ralized in fields and roadsides, Ms. Stem 6 — 10' high. Scales straw-color, with
a green line outside. July — Oct.

57. ERECHTITES. Raf.

Gt. £pcy(^^o}, to trouble ; the species are troublesome weeds.

Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk per-
fect ; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate ; receptacle
naked ; pappus of numerous fine, capillary bristles. — ® Lvs. simple,
alternate. Fls. corymbose., whitish.

E. HiERAciFOLius. Raf. (Seuicio hieracifolius. Limi.) Fire-weed.
SI. paniculate, virgatej lvs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and
deeply toothed with acute indentures ; invol. smooth ; ach. hairy. — ® A well
known, rank weed, growing in fields, (Can. and U. S.) particularly and abun-
dantly in .such as have been newly cleared and burnt over, and hence it is called
fire-weed. Stem thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high, roughish. Leaves of a
light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers
terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Involucre large and tumid at base.
Aug. Sept.

58. XANTHIUM.
Heads heterocephalous. Sterile. — Involucre imbricate ; anthers
approximate, but distinct ; receptacle chaffy. Fertile. — Involucre 2-
leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-flowered ; sta-
mens 0. — ® Coarse weeds with alternate leaves.

1. X. Strumarium. Clotveed.

SI: vmarmed, branching ; lvs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate,
rough ;fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stifi" thorns, and ending with 2, spread-
ing, straight horns. — A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng, and Mid.
States. Stem branched, bristly, .spotted, 2 — 3f high. Leaves large, on long
stalks, rigid. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fertile, in
sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered
with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to
disperse the seeds. Aug. ^ 1

2. X. ECHiNATUM. Murray. (X. macrocarpon. DC.)

St: rough and strigose, spotted ; lvs. scabrous, obscurely lobed, obtuse,
broad and subcordate at ba.se, repand-toothed ; fr. oval, densely armed with ri-
gid, uncinate bristles ; hor7is incurved. — A very coarse plant in marshes near
the seacoast, Mass. to Car. Stem thick, 1 — 2f high. Fruit very large, hairy.
Aug. — Oct.

3. X. spiNosuM. Prickly Clottvecd.

St. branched ; spines at base of the leaves triple, slender ; lvs. ovate-lanceo-
late, cuneate at base, petiolate, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and
veins above whitish, twice longer than the spines ; invol. oblong, with slender,
uncinate spines. — Roadsides and fields, Mass. to Penn. ! and Ga. Plant about
If high, very conspicuously armed with straw-colored spines J — 1' long. Head.s
sessile, sterile in the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept — Nov.

Calendula. LXXV. COMPOSITE, SBS-

59. AMBROSIA.

Gr. auPpoaia, food of the gods ; a term strangely applied.

Heads Jbeterocephalous. Sterile. — Involucre of several united
scales, hemispherical, many-flowered ; anthers approximate, but dis-
tinct; receptacle naked. Fertile. — Involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5-
toothed, 1 -flowered, corolla 0; styles 2; stamens 0. — Herbaceous
pla7its with mostly opposite Ivs. and unsightly fiowers.

1. A. TRiFiDA. Tall Ambrosia.

Hairy, rough; Ivs. three-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolote, acumi-
nate ; fr. with 6 lines below the summit. — (J) A very tall, herbaceous plant, not
very common in N. Ecg., found in hedges and low .grounds in the valley of
Connecticut river. In the W. States it is abundant! Stem 5 — lOf high, erect,
branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes with long points
and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in long, leafle.ss spikes, axil-
lary and terminal. Aug.

/?. inlegrifoUa. T. & G. (A. integrifolia. Muhl.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate,
serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed ; roc.
terminal, single or ternate.

2. A. ARTEMisia:FOLiA. (A. elatior. Ph.) Hog-weed.

L/vs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; petioles ciliate ; rac. terminal, pani-
cled ; St. virgate. — (J) A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, fields,
&c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem
2 — 3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute
and parallel. Barren flowers, small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile
ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug. Sept.

3. coRONOPiFOLiA. Torr. & Gray.

Canescent-strigose, branched ; lvs. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bi-
pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pinnatifid ; sterile hds. spicate, fertile clus-
tered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy.
— ® Prairies, Wis. to Tex. Stem 1— 5f high, at length very branching and
leafy. Aug. Sept.

4. A. BIDENTATA. Michx.

Very hirsute ; st. branching ; branches simple ; lvs. crowded, mostly alter-
nate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth
or short lobe on each side near the base ; sterile hds. densely spicate, fertile axil-
lary ; fr. 4-angled, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. 0
Prairies, 111. to La. Stem 1 — 3f high, with numerous leaves and very dense,
terminal .spikes. Jl. — Sept.

GO. I V A .

A name of barbarous origin.

Heads discoid ; involucre 3-leaved ; marginal flowers 5, fertile, the
others sterile ; receptacle hairy ; achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus 0.
— Herbs or shrubs. Loioer lvs. opposite.

I. FRUTESCENS. High-Water Shrub. Marsh Elder.

St. shrubby ; lvs. lanceolate, punctate, deeply serrate, rough. — %. In the
borders of salt marshes, Mass. to La., common. Stem thick, 3— 8f high, with
numerous opposite branches. Leaves numerous, 3-veined, upper ones entire.
Flowers green, sma.ll, drooping, in close, leafy clusters. Aug.

Tribe 5. CYXARE^.
Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely dioecious), or hete-
rogamous with the marginal flowers in a single series. Style in the perfect
flowers often tumid near the summit.

Gl. CALENDtJLA.
Lat. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly.

Heads radiate • involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series ;

354 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Carthamus.

receptacle naked ; achenia of the disk membranaceous ; pappus 0. —
An oriental genus of annual herbs. Lvs. alternate.

C. OFFICINALIS. Pot Marigold. — Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branched ; lvs.
oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the mar-
gin ; hds. terminal, solitary ; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved. — A common
and handsome garden plant, from S. Europe. It has double, lemon-colored,, and
other varieties. Flowers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn. — Sept.f

62. CENTAUREA.

The centaur Chiron, it is said, cured with these his fool wounded by Hercules.

Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray flowers larger than the
rest, sterile, often wanting ; receptacle bristly ; pappus of filiform,
scabrous bristles in several series. — A genus of orieniat herbs., with al-
ternate leaves.

1. C. NIGRA. Black Knapiveed.

St. erect, branched, pubescent above ; lower lvs. angular-lyrate, upper lan-
ceolate, dentate ; scaks of the involucre ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe. —
Tj. A troublesome weed in meadows and pastures, Mass. Introduced from Eu-
rope. Stem about 2f high, simple or oflener divided into elongated branches.
Heads few, large, terminal, solitary. Scales dark brown. Flowers purple.
Jl. Aug. ^

2. C. Cyanus. Blue-bottle. Bachelor' s-butto7i.

St. erect, branching, downy ; lvs. linear, entire, downy, the lowest subden-
tate ; invol. scales serrate. — (i) Introduced from Europe, cultivated and sparingly
naturalized in old fields. It is a hardy annual, justly popular for its handsome
flowers, which are very variable in color. Heads ovoid, solitary on the ends
of the branches. Jl. — Sept. ^

3. C. Americana. Nutt. (C. Nuttallii. Spreng.)

St. erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; hu-er lvs. oblong-ovate, repand-den-
tate; upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous ; hds. few or solitary,
very large ; ped. thickened at summit ; iiivol. depressed-globose, scales with a
pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendage. — 0 Native in Ark. and La., naturalized
in 111. Mead. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 — 4f high, with very showy, pale-
purple heads. ^ f

63. AMBERBOA. DC.
Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers wanting or larger
than the rest, sterile ; pappus of oblong or obovate paleae, attenuated
to the base, all similar, rarely small or 0. — Eastern herbs, tvith alter-
nate haves.

1. A. moschata. Willd. (Centaurea. Linn.) Sweet Sultan. — Lvs. lyrate-
dentate ; invol. subglobose, smooth ; scales ovate ; ray-flowers scarcely enlarged,
not exceeding the disk ; pappus 0. — A handsome border annual from Persia.
Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July — Oct.

2. A. odorata. a. amboracea. DC. (Centaurea suaveolens. WiUd.) Yellaio
Siccet Sultan. — Lower his. broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper lyrate at base ;
hds. globose ; ray-fls. enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ; pappus chaffy, a
little shorter than the fruit. — From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. Flow-
ers yellow.

p. gluiica. (Centaurea glauca. Willd-) Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid ; flowers
purple.

64. CARTHAMTJS.

Arabic qorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property.

Heads discoid ; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous ;
flowers all tubular and 5 , filaments smooth ; pappus 0 ; receptacle
with setaceous paleae ; achenia 4-angled. — Oriental herbs.

Cynara. LXXV. composite. 355

C. TiNCTORiDs. Common Saffron. — St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile,
spinose-denticulate. — 0 Native of Eg)'pt, but long cultivated in other lands on
account of its orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, 1 — 2f high.
Leaves subamplexicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, with nu-
merous long and slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a
nursery medicine. July.

65. XERANTHEMUM.

Gr. ^ipoS) dry, avSofj on account of its dry, imperishable flowers.

Heads discoid ; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored,
opaque, scarious scales ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus paleo-setace-
ous. — (I) Native of S. Europe.

X. ANNUUM. Willd. Eternal Flower. — S'/!. erect, branched; Ivs. oblong-lan-
ceolate, obtusish, alternate, entire ; hds. large, terminal, solitary ; scales of the
involucre obtu.se, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. —
A singularly beautiful plant, half hardy, of ea.sy culture. Stem 2 — 3f high.
The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are varieties with
red, white, blue and yellow rays. The splendid flowers retain their beauty
thi'ough the winter.

G&. C NIC US. Vaili:

Gr. KVi^o), to prick ; well applied to these herbs.

Heads discoid ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with doubly spi-
nous scales ; ray-flowers sterile ; receptacle very hairy ; pappus in 3
series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled. — Oriental
herbs.

C. BENEDicTus. Blcsscd Tldstlc. — Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and
spiny ; invol. doUbly spinous, woolly, bracteate. — (I) Native of Persia, Tauria
and Greece. About 2f high, with yellow flowers. Sparingly naturalized.
June. — It was formerly in great estimation in medicine, but is now considered
worthless. ^

67. ONOPERDON. Vaill.

Gr. ovoi, and TTCpSio, the application to the present noble genus is notobvioiis.

Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with
spreading, spinous scales ; receptacle deeply alveolate ; pappus copi-
ous, capillary, scabrous ; achenia 4-angled. — Large, brayiching herbs,
with decurrent leaves.

0. ACANTHiuM. Cotton Thistle.

Invol. scales spreading, subulate; lvs. ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate,
spinous, woolly on both sides. — (g) This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized
in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant has a white,
cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually
large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug.

68. CYNArA.

Gr. Kvuv, a dog ; the stiff, hard spines of the invoL resemble a dog's teeth.

Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre dilated, imbricate, scales
fleshy, emarginate, pointed ; receptacle setaceous ; pappus plumose ;
achenia not beaked. — Natives of the Old World.

1. C. ScoLYMUs. Garden Artichoke.

Lvs. subspiuose, pinnate and undivided; invol. scales ovate. — %. Native
of S. Europe, naturalized in gardens and cultivated groimds. A well known
garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the in-
volucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed
in rows. 3 feet apart, Aug. Sept. ^ %

2. C. CARDDNCULUS. Cwrdoon. — Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales
ovate. — % Native of Canada. Flowers purple. This plant is blanched by

356 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CmsiUM.

having earth heaped up around it, and then the petioles become tender, crisp,
eatable, like celery. Aug. Sept. f

69. CIRSIUM. Tourn.
Gr. Kipao;, a swelling of the veins, which this plant was supposed to heaL

Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre subglobose, of many rows
of spinose-pointed, imbricated scales ; receptacle bristly ; style scarce-
ly divided ; pappus copious, plumose ; achenia compressed, smooth. — •
Herbs with alternate leaves^ generally armed loith spinose prickles. JFls.
cyanic.

1. C. ARTENSE. Scop. (Cnicus arvensis. Ph.) Canada Thistle.

Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, spinous; st. panicled; invol. round or ovate, with
minute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. — % A very common this-
tle in fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Ohio. It is one of the
severest pests of the farmer, requiring his constant vigilance to extirpate it from
his fields. In England it is called cursed thistle. Root creeping, very long and
exceedingly tenacious of life. Stem 3f high, with a branching panicle at top.
Leaves alternate, thickly beset with thorns. Heads rather small, purple, the
involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be safely
handled. July. ^

2. C. DISCOLOR. Spreng. (Cnicus discolor. Muhl.) Tall TViistle.

Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, dowTiy beneath, the segments 2-lobed,
divaricate, spinose ; invol. globose, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreading
spines at the tips. — (g) A slender thistle, 3 — 5f high, much branched, and leafy
at the summit. Found in thickets, N. Eng. to 111. Heads terminating the
branches, an inch in diameter, with reddish-purple corollas. July, Aug.

3. C. MUTicuM. Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus. Biv.) Glutinous Thistle.
Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments; invol. ovate, with unarmed,

villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales. — (g) A fine looking thistle found in damp
soils, Can. and U. S. Stem branching, 3 — 7f high. Leaves armed with spines
at each angle. Heads §' diam., with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed
and glutinous on the back. Aug. Sept.

4. C. HORRiDiJLUM. Michx. (Cnicus horridulus. Linn.) Yellow Thistle.

Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinose ; hds. invested with an exter-
nal involucre of about 20 very spinose bracts ; scales unarmed. — (^ Found in
meadows and hills, N. Eng. to Flor. The stem is 1 — 3f high, invested with
wool. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines.
Heads large, with yellowish- white corollas surrounded by a whorl of lanceolate
or linear leaflets tipped with stiff thorns, the scales webbed. Aug.

5. C. PUMiLUM. Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus. Miihl.) Pasture Thistle.
Hairy; lvs. green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid,

the segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, spino.se; invol. round-ovate, spinose,
naked. — (S) A common, low, turgid thistle in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and
Mid. States. Stem 1 — 2f high, stout, striate, with 1 — 3 very large heads of
fragrant, purple flowers. Aug.

6. C. LANCEOLATUM. Scop. (Cuicus. Ph. Carduus. Linn.) Common Thistle,
Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and .spinose;

invol. ovate, villous ; scales lanceolate, spreading. — (g) Common in borders of
fields, roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States, always distinguished by the decur-
rent leaves. Stem 3 — if high, winged by the decurrent leaves which are white
and woolly beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Fls. numerous,
large, purple. Involucre scales webbed, each ending in a .spine. July — Sept.

7. C. ALTissiMnM. Spreng. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Willd.)

Tall, branched, villose-pubescent, leafy; lvs. whitish beneath, spinose-
ciliate, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, lower ones pinnatifid, petio-
late ; lobes or teeth spinescent ; invol. ovoid-oblong ; scales close-compressed, ovate-
lanceolate, outer ones with a spreading spine at apex. — Fields and barrens,
Penn. and "Western States ! common. Stem 3 — 8f high. Leaves 6 — 8' by 1 — 6',

Kriou. LXXV. COMPOSITiE. 357

Heads about 1' diam., with linear-lanceolate bracts at base. Flowers purple or
purplish-white. Aug.

8. C. ViRGiNiANUM. Michx. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. PA.)
Slender and mostly simple ; hs. sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, entire
or repand-dentate, teeth spinescent, or sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed or pin-
natifid, upper surface glabrous, imder surface tomentose-canescent ; hds. small ;
invol. subglobose; scales tipped with a short, spreading prickle. — Woods, Ohio,
T. (^ G., and Southern States. Plant about the size of the Canada thistle,
clothed with an arachnoid pubescence, with few or many heads (sometimes but
one) which are about J' diam. Flowers purple. Apr. — Sept,

70. LAPPA. Tourn.

Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. \a(iciv, to lay hold of; a characteristic term.

Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre globose, the scales imbri-
cated and hooked at the extremity ; receptacle bristly ; pappus bristly,
scabrous, caducous. — d) Coarse., JSuropea/i herbs. Lvs. alternate, large.

L. MAJOR. Gaert. (Aretijm Lappa. Linn.) Burdock.

Lvs. cordate, unarmed, petioled. — Common in waste and cultivated
grounds, fields, N. Eng. Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, conical,
ill-scented and coarse looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching,
irregular panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly deli-
cate pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. This plant is
an instance of design in the dissemination of seeds, such as cannot be mis-
taken. The scales of the involucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes
hold of everything that passes by. Thus men and animals are made the unwil-
ling agents of scattering widely the seeds of this unsightly plant. July, Aug. ^
B. Leaves pinnatifid. — Penn. Dr. Darlington.

Suborder 2.— L, IGULIFIiORJE.

Flowers all perfect, ligulate, in a radiatiform or radiant head.
Tribe 6. CICHORACEJE.

Branches of the stjde uniformly pubescent. Plants wath a milky Juice.

Leaves alternate.

71. CICHORIUM. Tourn.

The EgiTJtian name chikonryeh, whence Gr. Ki^upr), and Eng. succory.

Involucre double, the outer of 5 leafy scales, the inner of about 8
linear ones ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus scaly ; achenia not rostrate, ob-
scurely 5-sided. — Oriental herbs icith bright blue Jls., about 20 in a head.

1. C. Intybus. Succory. — M5. in pairs, axillar}', sessile ; ^oicer Zrs. runcinate.
— %. A European plant 2— 3f high, with large, showy, sky^-blue flowers, natu-
ralized in grass fields, by roadsides, and becoming quite common in many
localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. The upper leaves
become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones runci-
nate. The flowers are 1 — 2' diam., and placed rather remote on the longnaked-
ish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a substi-
tute for cofiee. July — Sept. %

2. C. Endivia. Endive. — Fed. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and
1 -headed, the other very short, about 4-headed ; hds. capitate. — A hardy annual,
from the E. Indies, esteemed and cultivated for salad. The French physicians
have recently found it a remedy for jatmdice. <^

72. KRIGIA. Schreb.

Dedicated to Dr. Daniel Krieg, a German botanist.

Involucre many-leaved, neai'ly simple, equal; receptacle naked;
pappus double, or consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales surround-
ing 5 — 8 bristles several times as long as the 5-angled achenia. —
Small a^aulescent herbs. Heads solitary ., with 20 — 30 i/ellow Jloivers.

358 LXXV. COMPOSITiE. Catananche.

K. ViRGiNicA. Willd. (Hyoseris. Mx. Cynthia. Deck.) Dwarf Dandelion.

Scape 1-flowered; Ivs. lanceolate, lyrate, smooth ; invol. smooth. — 0 This
little plant is found on sandy hills and by roadsides, Can. to La. Scapes 1 —
several, smooth, slender, 1 — 8' high. After flowering it becomes longer than
the leaves. The primary leaves are roundish, entire ; the rest irregularly lyrate.
Scales of the involucre 10 — 15, linear-lanceolate, arranged in a somewhat sim-
ple series. Corollas yellow. Ach. turbinate, scabrous, reddish-brown. May — Jl.
73. CYNTHIA. Don.

One of the names of Diana; its application to this genus is not obvious.

Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales ; receptacle flat,
alveolate ; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly ; inner copious,
capillary ; achenia short. — % Lvs. alternate or all radical. Hds. with
15 — 20 yellow flowers. ■

C. ViEGiNiCA. Don. (Tragopogon. Linn. Krigia amplexicaulis. Nnlt.)
St. mostly simple, scape-like ; radicallvs. suhlyrate or pinnatifid, on short,
winged petioles ; cauline ones lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire. — In barrens and
dry soils, Western N. Y. to 111. ! &c. The plant is smooth and glaucous. Stem ,
1 — 2f high, often dichotomously divided, with 1—2 clasping leaves at the forks.
Radical leaves 3 — 5' long, sometimes nearly entire. Heads terminal on the
bracteate and subumbellate peduncles, with deep yellow flowers. Scales united
at base in a somewhat double series. May — July.

74. LEONTODON.

Gr. Xeo)!', a lion, o&ovi, a tooth; in reference to the deeply toothed leaves.

Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very short ; receptacle na-
ked ; pappus plumose, persistent on the somewhat rostrate achenia. —
Acaulescent herbs, with ivhitefls. many in a head.

L. AUTUMNALis. (Apargia. Willd.) Autumnnl Hau-Jcwced.

Scape branching ; pcd. scaly ; lvs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnatifid, smoothish.
— A European plant, naturalized and common in the eastern parts of N. Eng-
land, growing in grass-lands and by roadsides. The flower resembles those of
the dandelion (Taraxacum). Root large, abrupt. Scape round, striate, hol-
low, decumbent at base, 6 — 18' high, with a few branches and scattered scales.
Leaves all radical, spreading, 6' long, with deep, round sinuses, and covered
with remote hairs. Heads 1' diam. yellow, appearing from July to Nov. $

75. TRAGOPOGON.

Gr. rpayo;, a goat, TToiywv, beard ; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus.

Involucre simple, of many leaves ; receptacle naked : pappus^ plu-
mose ; achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform
))eak. — (D Suropea?i herbs, with lo7ig, linear, grass-like lvs.

T. PORRiFOLius. Salsify. Vegetable Oijslcr.—Livol. much longer than the corol-
la ; lvs. long, linear, undivide'd, straight ; ped. thickened upwards. Stem 3— 4f
high. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, bluish-purple. This exotic is cultivated
in gardens for the root, which is long, tapering and nutritious. . When properly
prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste, which has been compared to that of the
oyster. :t

7G. CATANANCHE.
Gr. Kara, avayKrj, trom necessity: it must necessarily he a.t\m\redO).

Involucre imbricated, scarious ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus pale-
aceous, 5-leaved ; paleae awned.;— (D Oriental herbs, toith alternate.,
lanceolate lvs.

C. ccERULEA.— I/iJS. linear and lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipinnatifid at
base ; loiL-er scales of the involucre ovate, mucron ate. —From S. Europe. A hand-
some annual, 2— 3f high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles with blue, spread-
ing, ligulate corollas toothed at apex. Jl. — Sept. t

HiERACiUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE, 35d

77. LACTtJCA.
Lat. lac, milk ; from the milky juice in which all the species abound.
1. L. ELONGATA. Wild Lettuce. Truvifet Makweed.
L/vs. smooth and pale beneath, lower ones amplexicaul, runcinate, upper
lanceolate, entire, sessile ; hds. racemose-paniculate. — A common, rank plant,
growing in hedges, thickets, &c., where the soil is rich and damp. Stem hol-
low, stout, 3 — 6t high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes co-
rymbose-spreading panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Leaves very varia-
ble, the lower 6 — 12' long, commonly deeply runcinate, often narrow-lanceolate,
with a few narrow-lanceolate divisions. Corollas yellow. Achenia oblong,
compressed, about the length of the beak. July, Aug.

0. integrifolia (L. integrifolia. Bw.) Lis. nearly all undivided, lanceolate,
sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base.

y. sanguinarea (L. sanguinarea. Bw.) Lvs. runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly
pubescent, glaucous beneath ; fls. purple.— Stem 2 — 3f high, often purple (but
this character is not peculiar to this variety).

2. L. SATiVA. Garden Lettuce. — St. corymbose ; lis. suborbicular, the cauline
ones cordate. The varieties of this exotic are every where well known and
cultivated for salad. It is annual, with very smooth, yellowish-green foliage,
which in one variety {capital(i) is so abundant as to form heads like the cab-
bage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juice con-
tains opium, and if this salad be eaten too freely, unpleasant narcotic eflTectsare
the consequence, j:

78. MULGEDIUM. Cass.

Lat mulgco to milk; iii allmion to the lactescent qualities of the plants.

Involucre somewhat double, the outer series of scales short and
imbricated : receptacle naked, faveolate ; pappus copious, soft, capil-
lary, crowning the short-beaked achenia. — Lvs. mostly spiiiulose. Hds.
with many yellow or cyanic flowers.

1. M. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Sonchus acuminatus. Willd.)

Radical lis. subruncinate ; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petiolate, den-
tate; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat scaly peduncles. — In hedges and
thickets, N. Y. to la. ! and S. States. A smooth plant, 3— 6f high, with the
stem often purplish. Leaves 3 — 6' long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or
tnmcate at the base, sinuate-denticulate, narrowed at base into a winged pe-
tiole. Heads small. Peduncles with a few scale-like bracteoles. Scales dark
purple, with blue corollas. Pappus white, on the short-beaked, ovate-acumi-
nate achenia. Aug. Sept.

2. M. i,EucoPH.EUM. DC. (Sonchus floridanus. Ait. Agathyrsus leuco-
phceus. Don.) — Lis. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds.

paniculate, on squamose-bracteate peduncles. — Moist thickets, N. and W.
States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. Stem 4 — lOf high. Leaves 5 — 12'
long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments re-
pand-toothed, the radical ones on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often un-
divided. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas, a tawny-white
pappus, and arranged in a long, slender panicle. Aug. Sept.

3. M. Floridanum. DC. (Agathyrsus. Bed:. Sonchus. Linn.)
Glabrous; st. erect, paniculate above, purple or glaucous; cauline lvs.

runcinately pinnate-parted, segments few, sinuate-dentate, upper ones triangu-
lar, acute or acuminate ; panicle loose, erect, compound.— Western ! and South-
ern States, hedges and waste grounds. A handsome plant with a terminal pani-
cle of blue flowers. Stem 3 — 5fhigh. Leaves 4 — 8' long, variable in form.
Heads small. Rays expanding 9". Jl.— Sept.

79. H I E R A C I U M . Tourn.

Gt. lepa^, a hawk ; supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey.

Involucre more or less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered ; recepta-
31

360 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Nabalus.

cle subalveolate-fimbrillate ; scales very unequal ; pappus of scabrous,

fragile, copious, 1 -rowed bristles. — %■ Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed.

§ Involucre imbricated.

1. H. Canadense. Michx. (H. Kalmii. Spreng.) Canadian Uawkuieed.

St. erect, subvillose, leafy, many-flowered ; lvs. sessile, lanceolate or ob-
long-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones somewhat
amplexicaul, with an obtuse base ; panicles axillary and terminal, corymbose,
downy. — In open dry or rocky woods. N. Eng., N. Y., Can. Stem stout,
1 — 2f high, more or less pubescent, the peduncles downy but not glandular.
Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads large and showy, with yellow
flowers. Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug.

§ § Involucre calyculate.

2. H. VENosuM. Veiny-lcavcd Havjkwced.

Scape or st. naked or with a single leaf, smooth, paniculate; lvs. obovate,
somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneath, ciliate on
the margin, veins colored; invol. glabrous, about 20-flowered; ach. linear. — In
woods, &c. N. Eng. to W. States. Stem 1 — 2f high, dark brown, slender.
Panicle diffuse, several times dichotomous, corymbose. Heads rather small,
on slender pedicels, with bright yellow flowers. Jl. Aug.

3. H. Gronovii. Gronovius' Haivkweed.

St. leafy, hirsute, paniculate ; invol. and pedicels glandular-pilose ; radical
lvs. obovate or oblanceolate, entire, strigose, the midvein beneath very villous;
tipper ones oblong, closely sessile. — A hairy plant, found on dry hills. Can. and
IJ. S. Stem about 2f high, furnished with a few leaves below, naked above
and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. Lower leaves tapering into a long
stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Achenia tapering up-
wards to a slender point, but scarcely rostrate. Aug. Sept.

4. H. scABRUM. Michx. (H. Marianum. Willd.) Rough Haiekiveed.
St. leafy, scabrous and hispid ; lvs. elliptic-obovate, scabrous and hirsute,

lower ones slightly dentate ; pcd. thick, and with the invol. densely glandular-
hispid ; hds. 40 — 50-flowered. — A rough plant, on dry hills, borders of woods,
Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1 — 3f high, round, striate, rather stout. Lower
leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stem.
Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a
tawny pappus. Aug.

5. H. PANicuLATUM. Slcndcr Haiokwecd.

St. slender, leafy, paniculate, whitish tomentose below; lvs. lanceolate,
glabrous, membranaceous, acute; panicle diffuse; ped. very slender; hds. 10 —
20-flowered. — A smooth, slender plant, in damp woods. Can. to Ga. Stem 1 —
3f high, several times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 2—4' long. Heads small,
numerous, with yellow flowers. Pedicels long and filiform, forming a very
diifuse panicle. Aug.

6. H. LONGiPiLUM. Torr. (FI. barbatum. Nutt.)

Plant densely pilose with long, straight, ascending, bristly bail's; st. strict,
simple, smoothish and nearly leafless above ; lvs. crowded near the base of the
stem, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to the base, entire; hds. glandular-tomen-
tose or hispid, 20 — 30-flowered, in a small, terminal panicle. — Barrens and
prairies. Western States. Plant 1 — 2f high, remarkable for the long, brownish,
straight hairs with which the lower part is thickly clothed ; otherwise it more
nearly resembles the last. July — Sept.

7. H. AnRANTiACDM. — St. leafy, hispid ; Jls. densely corymbose ; lvs. oblong,
somewhat acute, pilose, hispid. — Native of Scotland. Flowers numerous,
large, orange-colored. One of the few species worthy of cultivation, f

80. NAB ALUS. Cass.
" Nomen omnino seiisus expere, forte mutandiim." De CandoUc.

Involucre cylindric, of many linear scales in one row, calyculate
with a few short, appresserl scales at base ; receptacle naked pappus

N^BALus. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 361

copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persistent ; achenia not beaked,
smooth, striate. — Erect herbs^ with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. Hds,
5 — l8-Jioivered, not yellow, although often straw-colored.

§ Heads penduloits, glabrous. Leaves very variable in the same species.

1. N. ALBUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.) Lion's-foot.

White Lethice.^-St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbose-panicu-
late above ; radical Ivs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed ; stem
Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate, peiioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; hds. pendulous ;
invol. of 8 scales, 9 — l2-flowered. — A conspicuous and not inelegant plant, in
moist woods and shades, N. Eng. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, iJ— 4f
high, purplish, ol'ten deeply so in spots. The leaves are very variable, the low-
est 3— 5-lobed or only hastate, the uppermost lanceolate, and between these the
intermediate forms, hastate and ovate, all irregularly toothed. Scales purplish.
Corollas whitish. Pappus brown. Some of the varieties have the reputation
of curing the rattlesnake's bite. Axig.

fi. serpentarla. (Prenanthes serpentaria. P.) Radical Ivs. palmate-sinuate,
those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted ; upper Ivs.
lanceolate.

2. N. ALTissiMcs. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.) Tail
Nabalus. — St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above ; Ivs. more or

less deeply 3 — 5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the
lobes acuminate ; hds. pendulous ; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered. — A
tall species, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, found in woods, New-
foundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3 — 5f high, bearing a narrow and elon-
gated panicle. Heads in short, axillary and terminal racemecs. Aug.

fi. ovatus. Riddell. Cauline Ivs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles.

y. cordatus. (Prenanthes cordata. Willd.) Lrs. cordate, on slender petioles.

S. deltoidea. (Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell.) Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely
denticulate.

e. dissectus. T. & G. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deep-
ly cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes.

3. N. Fraseri. DC. (P. rubicaulis. Ph.) Fraserh Nabalus.

St. smooth, corymbo.sely paniculate above ; lvs. subscabrous, mostly del-
toid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, sub-
sessile ; iyivol. of about 8 scales, 8— l2-flowered ; pappus straw-colored. — Ij. In
dry, hard soils. Conn, and Mid. States (rare) to Flor. Stem 2 — If high, with
paniculate branches. The leaves are as variable as in our other species, some-
times all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes.
Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is most effec-
tually distinguished from N. albus by the more lively color of the pappus. Aug.

4. N. NANUS. DC. (P. alba. (i. nana. Uw.)

St. simple, low, smooth ; lvs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously
lobed or parted, the others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and lanceolate ;
hds. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a slender, racemose pani-
cle ; invol. greenish-pm-ple, of about 8 scales and 10 — 12 flowers; pappus dingy
white. — This form of Nabalus is common on the White Mts., N. H. I where
we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species.
Stem 5 — 10' high. Heads with whitish flowers. Aug.

5. N. BooTTii. DC. BooWs Nabalus.

St. simple, dwarf; lower lvs. subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the
middle ones oblong, tlie «pj?cr lanceolate, mostly entire; hds. slightly nodding;
invol. 10 — 18-flowered, of 10 — 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at base with
lax, linear scales half their length ; pappus straw-color. — White Mts., N. H.,
Whiteface Mt., Essex Co. N. Y. Macrae. N. Am. Fl., II., 482. Stem 5—8' high,
bearing the heads in a subsimple raceme. Flowers whitish and odorous.

6. N. viRGATUs. DC. (Prenanthes. Mx. Sonchus. Desf. Harpalyce. Beck.)
Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple ; lov.-er lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid,

petiolate, m(^(fZeo7ws toothed, sessile, upper entire, partly clasping, gradually

3G3 LXXV. COMPOSITE. Taraxacum.

reduced to the minute, subulate bracts ; hds. clustered, in a long, compound,
vir°-ate somewhat secund raceme ; i)wol. with about 8 scales and 10 flowers ;
papas' straw-colored— A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy
soils N J. to Flor. Stem 2— 4f high, racemose half its length. Leaves gradu-
ally reduced and simplified from the base upward, as in most of the species.
Sept. Oct.

§ ^ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves Undivided.
7 N. RACEMosus. Hook. (Prenanthes. Mr. Harpalyce. Don.)
Glabrous, simple, slender ; Ivs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharp-
ly denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire; hds. in
nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle; invol. of

8 9 scales, with 9—12 flowers ; pappus straw-color. — N. J., N. W. States and

Can. Stem 3— 4f high. Flowers pale red-purple.
3. T. & G. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid.

8. N. CREPIDINEUS. DC. (Prenanthes crepidinea. Michx.)

Nearly glabrous; st. tall, stout, corymbosely paniculate; Lvs. large, irreg-
ularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or
deltoid upper oblong-lanceolate ; hds. nodding, in small pedunculate and pani-
cled clusters ; invol. hairy, of 11—14 scales, with 25—35 flowers ; pappus tawny.
—Fields and thickets. Western States ! One of the largest species. Stem 5— 8f
hi°-h. Leaves 4 — 12' by 2i— 7', obtuse or acute. Heads large but not nume-
rous, with brown scales and yellowish flowers. Aug. — Oct.

9. N. ASPER. T. & G. (N. Illinoensis. DC. Prenanthes asper. Michx.

Choiidrilla 111. Pair.)— St. strict, simple, scabrous; lvs. simple, scabrous-
pubescent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance-
oblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile ; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a
slender, elongated, compound raceme ; invol. strongly hirsute, of 7—10 scales
and -with 11 — 14 flowers ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, West-
ern States, Dr. Skinner! common! Stem 2 — 4f high, nearly smooth. Leaves
3— 5' long, pubescent or glabrous. Raceme l—2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept.

81. TROXIMON. Nutt.
Gr. Tpo^ijios, eatable ; applied to this genus with little propriety.

Heads many-flowered ; involucre campanulate, scales loosely imbri-
cate, lance-ovate, membranaceous, in 2 — 3 rows ; achenia oblong-
linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate ; pappus setaceous, copious,
white. — % Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single, large, showy head
with yellow fiowers.

T. cuspiDATUM. Ph. (T. marginatum. Nutt.)

Rt. fusiform ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentose, often
undulate ; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly
equal to the inner.— Prairies, Wis., Lapham, 111., Mead, W. to the Rocky Mts,,
Nuttail. Apr. — Jn.

82. TARAXACUM. Desf.
Gr. TopaKTiKos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties.

Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the
inner, appressed row ; receptacle naked ; achenia produced into a
long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary pappus. — Acau-

lescent herbs, with runcinate leaves.

T. Dens-leonis. Less. (Leontodon Taraxacum. Linn.) Dandelion.

Outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; lvs. runcinate, smooth, dentate. —
% In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons except winter. Leaves all
radical, and examples of that peculiar form termed runcinate, that is, re-unci-
nate, the teeth or claws inclining backwards towards the base of the leaf rather
than the summit. Scape hollow, round, bearing a single yellow head. After
the flower is closed and decayed, the scape rises higher and bears a head of

Lobelia. LXXVl. LOBELIACE-iE. 363

perfected seeds and seed-down, the airy, globular form of which is very con-
spicuous among the tall grass. The leaves in spring furnish an excellent pot-
herb. April — Nov. ^

83. SONCHUS.
Or. aoiKpos, hollow or soft ; in allusion to the tender, feeble stem.

Involucre imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid
at the base ; receptacle naked ; pappus of simple, copious, white-silky
hairs in many series ; achenia not rostrate. — Lvs. mostly spinulose.
Heads with many yellow flowers.

1. S. OLERACEUS. Common Sow Thistle.— Ijvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runci-
nate, subspinulose, dentate ; jicd. downy ; invol. at length smooth. — ® A sordid
looking plant, native of Europe, naturalized in waste grounds, among rubbish,
&c. The whole plant has a glaucous hue. Stem angular, hollow, fragile,
2— 3f in height. Leaves apparently clasping, with large, retreating lobes at
base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth ending in weak spines.
Involucres dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. ^

2. S. ASPER. Vill. (S. spinulosus. Bio.) Rough Soio TTiistle.

St. glandular-hispid above; Irs. cordate-amplexical, oblong-lanceolate,
undulate, spinulose, dentate ; ped. subumbellate. — Found in similar situations
with the former, but less common, U. S. Stem 1— 2f high, smooth except at
the summits of the branches, where it is covered with stiff hairs, each support-
ing a little gland at top. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth, wavy or
slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales
with few, scattered hairs. Aug. Sept.

3. S. ARVENSis. Cam Sow T7bistle.

Rt. creeping, perennial; st. glabrous, erect; lvs. runcinate-pinnatifid,
spinulose-dentate, cordate-clasping at base, with short and obtuse auricles;
panicle umbellate-corymbose; ped. and invol. hispid; ach. somewhat 4-angled,
the ribs transversely rugulose.— I]. Waste grounds, naturalized, Eastern Mass,
and Southern N. Y., rare. Stem angular, about 2f high. Heads large, with
deep yellow flowers. §

Order LXXVI. LOBELIACE^.— Lobeluds.

Herbs or shruis with a milky juice. Lvs. alternate, without stipules.

Flu. axillary and terminal.

Cat superior, the limb 5-lobed or entire.

Cor.— Limb irregular, 5lol)ed. the tube inserted into the calyx.

Sta. 5, inserted with the corolla and alternate with its lobes.

.4n«ft. coherent into a tube. Pollen o\a\. . j j ■.,. c_-

Ova. adherent to the ralyx tube. Style simple Sttg. surrounded with a fringe.

Fr. a capsule, 2 or 3-(rarely l-)celled, many-seeded.

Most abundant in countries near the tropics, as W. Indies, Brazil and the Sandwich Islands, but they
are found also throughout the temperate zones.

Properties —All the species are poisonous, being pervaded by an acrid, narcotic juice. The common
Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) is an exceedingly active medicine, emeUc, sudorific and expectorant. It
should be used however, with great caution, since less than a teaspoontul ot the seeds or the powdered
leaves would destroy life in a tew hours." Dr. Gray. The other species produce similar effects, but in a
less degree.

Geiiera.

Corollatubecleftontheupperside to near the base, limb subbilabiate Lobelia. 1

Corolla tube short, entire, limb bilabiate varuonta. 3

1. LOBELIA.

In honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I. Died 1616.

Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper
side ; stamens with the anthers united above into a curved tube ;
stigma 2-lobed ; capsule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. — Her-
baceous pla7its, ivith thcfls. axillary and solitary, or in terminal, br acted
racemes.

1. L. CARDINALI3. Cardinal Floicer.

St erect, simple, lvs. ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, acute or acuminate,
31*

364 LXXVI. LOBELIACEiE. Lobelia.

sessile ; jfc. in a terminal, bracted, secund raceme ; sta. longer than the corolla,
— A tall species of superior beauty, frequent in meadows and along streams,
Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! Stem 2 — 4f high, often quite glabrous as well as the
whole plant. Leaves 2 — 4' by 8 — 15", usually denticulate. Flowers on short
pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts linear-subu-
late, much shorter than the flowers. Corolla deep scarlet, near 2' in length.
Jl. Aug. t

/?. Whole plant glabrous ; Ivs. entire. — Potsdam, N. Y. !

y. Cor. white, the segments rather narrower. — Mass. !

2. L. iNFLATA. Indian Tobacco.

St. haiiy, branched, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilose ;
caps, inflated. — (i) In fields and woods. Can. and U. S. Root fibrous. Stem
erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the
luxuriance of its growth, 10 — 15' high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and
veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. Corolla small, pale blue,
leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. July — Sept. — This plant is ren-
dered famous by the Thomsonian physicians, in whose practice it appears to
be too indiscriminately used. Its specific action, as above stated, is that of a
violent emetic. In small doses it is powerfully expectorant. To its salivating
property is probably owing the driveling of horses in autumn.

3. L. DoRTMANNA. DoTttnanu's or Water Lobelia.

L/vs. submerged, linear, entire, fleshy, 2-celled, obtuse ; scape sfraple,
nearly naked ; fis. in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. — %. A
curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States to Ga., the flowers only rising
above the water. Stem erect, hollow, nearly leafless, long, bearing above the
surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicellate flowers. Leaves mostly radical,
spreading, obtuse, submerged, having 2 longitudinal grooves. Flowers droop-
ing, pale blue. July.

4. L. SYLPHILITICA. BlUe Cardinal Ploxcer.

St. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally
serrate, somewhat hirsute ; rcu:. leafy ; col. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses re-
flexed. — %. A fine, showy plant, but inferior in beauty to L. cardinalis, growing
in wet meadows and along streams, U. States and Can., more common in the
"Western States. Stem erect, 2 — 4f high, simple, angular, with short hairs.
Leaves lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somewhat erosely den-
tate, pilose. Flowers large, on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an
ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish. Capsule half supe-
rior. July.

5. L. PUBERULA. Michx. Dmcny Lobelia.

Pubescent; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile,
repand-denticulate ; rac. spicate, secund ; cal. ciliate, the segments longer than
the tube of the corolla. — % Native of mountains, &c., N. Y. to Ga. Stem 12 —
30' high, scarcely furrowed. Leaves covered with a short, downy or silky pubes-
cence, 1 — 2' inches in length and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards
the end. Flowers large, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an
ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a somewhat one-sided raceme, leafy below.
Calyx hairy at base. Corolla of a bright purplish-blue. July.

6. L. spicATA. Lam. (L. Claytoniana. Mx. L. pallida. Muhl.) Clay-
ton's Lobelia. — Puberulent ; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, mostly

obtuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones .spatulate ; _;?5. (small) in a long,
slender raceme ; pedicels as long as the flowers or entire, suoulate bracts ; sep.
subulate, as long as the tube of the corolla. — Tj. Fields and prairies. Can. and
U. S. Stem li — 3f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a long,
wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each axillary to a short, incon-
spicuous bract. Corolla pale blue, the palate bidentate. Aug.

7. L. Kalmia. Kalm's Lobelia.

Smooth ; st. simple, slender, erect ; radical Ivs. spatulate, stem Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, remotely denticulate ; rac. lax, few-flowered, leafy ; Jls. pe-
dicelled. — A small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of streams,

Campanula. LXXVII. CAMPANULACE^. 365

Maine, Miss Towle ! to Niagara ! Stem 6 — 12' high, commonly simple. Leaves
mostly linear, sessile, an inch long and I — 2" wide, upper ones entire, lower
with minute teeth. Flowers remote, alternate, on axillary pedicels which are
but little shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Corolla pale-blue, the 3 lower seg-
ments obovate. Aug.

8. L: LEPTOSTACHYS. DC. Slender-spiked Lobelia.

Glabrous ; si. ei'ect, virgate, simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, minutely
denticulate, rather acute, sessile ;^s. subsessile, small, in a long, slender spike;
cal. segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla ; enacts
lance-linear, denticulate, much longer than the pedicels. — Prairies, Western
States ! common. Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves 1 — 3' by by 4 — 8". Raceme 6 —
12' in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Flowers light blue.
Much resembles L. spicata. July.

9. L. NuTTALLii. DC. (L. gracilis. Nutt.) NutfaU's Lobelia.
Glabrous ; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform, subsimple ; Ivs. few and

remote, subeniire, radical linear-spatulate, cauline linear, rather acute ; /Is.
few, remote ; pedicels twice longer than the corolla or the 2 subulate bracts at
base ; cal. segments shorter than the tube of the corolla. — An exceedingly slender
plant, around sandy swamps, N. J. ! 1 — 2f high., often branched. Leaves 6 —
12" by 1 — ] I". Pedicels 3 — 10" long, blue as well as the flowers. July, Aug.

2. CLINT ONI A. Douglass.
Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal ; corolla bilabiate, lower lip cuneate, 3-
lobed, upper erect, 2-parted ; stamens incurved, united into a tube ;
capsule silique-form, dry, chartaceous, 1 -celled, many-seeded, dehis-
cent by 3 strap-shaped valves. — (D Procumbent herbs with small leaves
and axillary., solitary flowers.

C. ELEGANs. Doug. — Glabrous, sparingly branched; st. slender, angular; Ivs.
sessile, ovate, 3-veined; o-va. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted,
much longer than the leaves; cor. blue, with a white spot in the middle of the
lower lip.— Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with flowers
of the most brilliant blue, f

Order LXXVII. CAMPANULACE^.— Bellworts.

Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves and without stipules.

Fls. mostly blue, showy. Cal. superior, generally Sclet't, persistent.

Coi-. regular, campanulate, generally 5-cIeft, withering, valvate in Eestivation.

Sta. inserted with the corolla upon the calyx, equal in number to, and alternate with, its lobes.

Anth. Distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spherical.

Ova. adherent to the calyx, 2 or more-celled. Stijle covered with collecting hairs.

Fr. — Capsule crowned with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many.

<3enera 28, species 500, chiefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Africa. Of its
300 species, according to Alphonse DeCandolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The campanulacese are
interesting chiefly tor their beauty, being destitute of any important known properties.

Geriera.

Calyx tube short. Corolla campanulate or subrotate Campanula. I

Calyx tube long, prismatic. Corolla rotate Specularia. 2

1. CAMPANULA.

Lat. campanula, a little bell ; from the form of the flowers.

Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; corolla campanulate, or subrotate, 5-lobed,
closed at base by the broad valve-like bases of the 5 stamen's ; stigma
3 — 5-cleft ; capsule 3 — 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. — Mostly %■■
Fls. generally in racemes, sometimes spicate, or few and axillary

1. C. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Rock Bell-flnver. Hair Bell.

St. weak, slender; radical Ivs. ovate- or reniform-cordate ; cauline miet,
linear, entire ; fls. few, nodding. — An exceedingly delicate plant, with blue, bell-
shaped flowers. On damp rocks and rocky streams, N. States and Brit. Am.
Stem a foot or more high, smooth. The root leaves generally decay on the
opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with these (7 — 10" by 4 — 7") is rather

366 LXXVII. CAMPANULACE^. Spkcllaria.

rare. Cauline leaves smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width.
Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn. Jl.

2. C. APARiNoiDEs. Ph. (C. erinoides. Michx.) Prickly Bell-Jiower.

SL flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely acu-
leate ; lis. linear-lanceolate ; /s. terminal. — A slender annual, found in wet
meadows. Can. and Wise. ! to Ga. Stem 12—18' high, its 3 angles rough
backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the grass.
Leaves smooth on the upper surtace, denticulate, the margin and veins rough
backwards. Flowers small, white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the
top of the stem. June — Aug.

3. C. Americana. (C. acuminata. Michx.) American Bell-flower.

St. erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, the lower
ones often cordate; petioles ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile; sty. exsert. — A tall,
erect, ornamental species in fields, hills, &c., in Western N. Y. ! and Penn. to
111. ! common. Also cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 — 3f high, nearly smooth.
Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers blue, flat, on
short stalks or sessile, numerous, solitary or several in each upper axil, forming
a terminal, leaiy raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. f

4. C. Illinoensis. Fresen. in DC.

St. angular, with spreading branches ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, sharply serrate, reflexed, upper ones hairy ; fls. sessile, 1 — 3 together in
the upper axils ; cal. segments subulate, serrate at base, spreading ; cor. rotate ;
caps, prismatic-clavate.— Prairies of Illinois. Stem 3— 5f high. Segments of
the corolla hairy outside near apex. Capsule opening by 3 pores.

5. C. GLOMERATA. Clustered Bell-flawcr.—St. angular, simple, smooth ; Ivs.
scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sessile, lower petiolate ; fls. glomerate, in a
dense head ; cal. lobes acuminate, half as long as the funnel-shaped corolla. — A
European species, cultivated in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt., Oakes.
It is a handsome plant, about 2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an
intense violet-blue, varying to pale purple. In cultivation it has many varieties. ^ f

G. C. MEDIUM.— S'^. simple, erect, hispid ; Irs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate, ses-
sile, 3-veined at base ; fls. erect. — (S) An ornamental border flower, from Ger-
many, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height,
undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb
reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers,
of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June — Sept. f

7. C. PERSiciFOLiA. Peach-leaved BeU-flaiver.— St. angular, erect; Ivs. rigid,
obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong-obovate, cauline lance-linear; fls.
large, broadly campanulate.— A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very
large, blue (varying to white) flowers, -f

8. C. PLANiFLORA. DC. (C. nitida. Ait.)— Very glabrous; st. simple; Ivs.
sessile, coriaceous, shining, radical crowded, ovate or obovate, obtuse, crenii-
late, cauline linear-lanceolate, acute, subentire ; fls. in a spicate raceme; cal.
lobes ovate, acute, ^ as long as the campanulate-rotate corolla. — Native about
Hudson's Bay, Pursh. A smooth species, with numerous blue flowers, -j-

9. C. LANUGINOSA, with ovatc, crenate, rugose and somewhat woolly leaves is
sometimes cultivated, and also a few other species.

2. SPECULARIA. Heist.
Lot. speculum, a mirror ; alluding to the flower of S. speculum.

Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5,
distinct, half as long as the corolla, filaments hairy, shorter than the
anthers ; style included, hairy ; stigmas 3 : capsule prismatic, 3-
celled, dehiscing in the upper part. — ® Fls. axillary and terminal^
sessile, erect.

1. S. PERFOLiATA. Lam. (Campanula amplexicaulis. Mr. and o/" l5< e(^z«.)

St. simple, rarely branched, erect; lis. cordate, crenate, amplexicaul ; /«.

sessile, aggregate, axillary. — Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields

LXXVIII. ERICACEAE.

367

and roadsides, Can., N. Eng. ! to Ga. and 111.! The strict, upright stem, is
furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem-clasping
leaves, containg 1 — 4 crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface.
Flowers axillarv and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or pur-
ple, with spreading segments, calyx segments acute, lanceolate. June, July.

2. S. SPECULUM. Vemis' Looking-glass— Si. diffuse, very branching ; lis. ob-
long-crenate ; fls. solitary ; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting.
— A pretty border flower named from the form of the blue corolla, which resem-
bles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug.

Order LXXVIII. ERICACEiE.— Heathworts.

Plants shrubby or suffruticose, sometimes herbaceous.

Lvs. simple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, entire or tooihed, viithout stipules.

Inflorescence various. Ca!. mferior or superior, 5- (seldom 4— fi) leaved or c-left, rarely entire.

Cor. regular or somewhat irregidar, 4— 5- (rarely 6-) cleft, the petals rarely almost distinct.

Sto. Generally distmct and uiserted with the corolla. „ , „ . ^[appendaee<L

Anth. as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, 2-celled, generally opening by pores, often

Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, or in the end of fleshy albumen.

Genera 66, species 1086, diftused throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid zone. Tha
true F.ricacea? (Heaths) are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, there being none in Asia, New
Holland, and but one or two in America. The Tribe Vaccines are chiefly natives of N. America.

Properties —The Ericaceae are, in general, astrinsent and diuretic. Some of them yield a stimulating
and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry. (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi) is a well-known remedy in
nephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, demulcent and diuretic. Similar properties
are also possessed by the Pipsissiwa (Chimaphlla umbellata). The species ot Rhododendron and Kal-
mia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them (particularly their leaves) often actively poison-
ous The honey collected from their flowers by bees appears to have been so to some of the soldiers m
the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis). The berries of the Vaccines (Whor- ■
tleberries, Blueberries and Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procumbens (spicy ^\ intergreen) are esculent
and wholesome.

FIG 43— 1 Azalea procumbens. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. A stamen much enlarged, showing the
longitudinal dehiscence of each of the cells. 4. Cross section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododendron,
showing the infle,\ed margins of the valves. 5. Pyrola secunda. 6. A flower enlarged. 7 A stamen
enlarged showing the terminal tubes and pores. 8. Cross section ot a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule.
9 Gaultheria procumbens. to. A flower enlarged. 11. A berry. 12. Vertical section of the ovary, show-
ing the free, fleshy calyx. 13. Anther of Vacciniura Vitis Ideas. 14. Stamen of Arctostaphylos Lva-ursi.
15. Awned stamenof a Vaccinium.

368 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Vaccinium.

Conspectus of the Genera.

i Cor. urceolate. Erect undershrubs, . Vacciiiium. 1

< i segments reflexed. Ox'jcoccus. 2
Ovary adherent to the calvx tube. ( Cor. deeply 4-cleft, I segments Rpreading.C/iiog-ene*. 3

f Berry the matured, fleshy calyx. Seeds 00. . Gaultheria. 7
I Drupe the matured ovary, S-seeded. . . . ArctostaphylusA

< I opening betw.cells(septicidal,§ 115, 1,2), Menz/esm. 6

(Corolla < \ Sta. 10. Andromeda. 5

ovoid. I Capsule ' op'ng into the cells (loculicidal). J Sta. 8. Erica. 16

panthers free. Prostrate undershrub. Epigtra. 9

Corolla salver-form, (holding the anthers in 10 pits. . . Kalmia. 10

CAnlh. opening by clefts. . Azalea. II
Corolla funnel or bell-form. ( Anth. opening by pores. . Khododendron.lS

Shrubs j 1 4 Lvs. deciduous, serrate. C/e(/ira. 8

verdant, 1 4 Caps.s-celled. ( Lvs. evergreen, entire. ie?op/!j/ZZuj». M

erector Ovary I ( regular. ( Capsule 5-celled Ledum. 15

prostrate. Lfree. I. Petals subdistinct, (very irresular Rhodora. 12

I Flowers racemed Pyrola. 17

< Flowers solitary Moneses. 18

f verdant, leaves mostly all radical. ( Flowers corymbed Cliimaphlla. 19

1 \ Flower solitarj-. . . Monotropa. 20

I $ Petals distinct. (Flowers racemed. . . Hypopitys. 21

Herbs.". Ldestitute of leaves or verdure. (Petals united. Flowers racemed. . . Pteroi-pora. 22

Suborder 1. VACCINEiE.

Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or drupe-
like fruit. Shrubs with scattered leaves.

1. VACCINIUM.
• Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; corolla urceolate, campanulate or cyl-
indric, limb 4 — 5-cleft, reflexed ; stamens twice as many as the lobes
of the corolla, generally included ; anthers with 2 awns on the back,
or awnless ; style erect, longer than the stamens ; berry invested with
the calyx, 4 or 5 (rarely 10)-celled, cells many-seeded. — Shrubs or
undershrubs with scattered Ivs. Fls. solitary or racemose, white or red-
dish. Fr. generally eatable.

^ Flowers racemose. Corolla urceolate, ovoid or oblong-cylindric.

1. V. RESiNosuM. Ait. Black Wlwrtleberry or Huckleberry.

Branches cinerous-brown, villo.se when young ; Us. oblong-ovate or ob-
long-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate, with resinous dots beneath ; roc.
lateral, secund ; pedicels short, subbracteolate; cor. ovoid-conic, at length sub-
campanulate, 5-angled ; berries black. — This common shrub of our woods and
pastures is about 2f high, very branching. Leaves 1 — 2' long, I as wide, rare-
ly acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles 1" in
length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Corol-
las contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the sta-
mens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe
in August. May.

/!?. Lvs. and berries covered with a glaucous bloom.

y. Lis. larger ; pedicels longer than the corolla.

2. V. coRYMBosuM. (V. fuscatum. Ait.) Blue Bilberry. High Wliorllc-
berry. — Flowering brai^lies nearly leafless ; lvs. oblong-oval, acute at each

end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young; rac. short, sessile; cerr.
ovoid-cylindrical. — A tall shrub, 4 — 8f high, growing in shady swamps and by
mud ponds. Branches few, the j'oung ones green or purplish. Leaves smooth
on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a
glandular point, formed by the prolonged midvein. Flowers numerous, nod-
ding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the
corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, pur-
plish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often
exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Jn.

p. 1 (V. dismorphum. ATichx.) Fls. and fr. much smaller; col. very obtuse ;
.Hv. exserted; berries black. — Grows with the other; irequent!

Vaccinium. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 369

3. V. viRGATU.M. Muhl. (V. Penns3ivauicum. Darl. Beck, and \st. edit.
in part.') — Blue Whortkberry. — Branches angular, green ; Ivs. oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, sessile, mucronate, often serrulate, smooth and shining on both sides;
rac. numerous, dense-flowered, subterminal, sessile, mostly naked; cor. ovoid.
— Hilly woods and thickets, N. Eng. ! to Va. W. to Wis. Laphavi ! Stem 1 —
3f high, bushy. Leaves pale green, 12 — 18" by 7 — 10", often slightly pubes-
cent when young, thin, at length very smooth. Flowers in numerous, small
racemes, on the upper, nakedish branchlets ; pedicels shorter (l — 3" j than the
corolla. Corolla yellowish and reddish-white, longer than the stamens, but
equaling or shorter than the styles. Berries bluish-black, sweet. May, Jn.

4. V. Pennsylvanicum. Lam. (V. tenellum. Ait.') Common Low Blue-
berry.— Bra7ickes green, with 2 pubescent lines ; Ivs. subsessile, crowded,

elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous and shin-
ing, with the veins beneath puberulent ; Jls. in short, bracteate, dense, subter-
minal racemes ; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. — Thickets and pastures in hard soils,
Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low under-shrub, 6 — 12' high, growing
in dense patches. Leaves 8 — 12" by 4 — 6". Flowers reddish-white, 3" long.
Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. May.

/?. La)s. dark green; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom. — With va-
riety a.

5. V. LiGUSTRlNUM. Michx. Privet Whortleberry.

Branches angular, slender, strict, erect ; Ivs. subsessile, erect, thick, lance-
olate, veiny, pubescent, mucronate, serrulate ; fascicles sessile ; pedicels very
short, glomerate; cor. ovoid-oblong. — Mountains, Penn. to Va. Pursh, who re-
marks that the leaves are very variable, the corolla reddish-purple, and the
berries black. May, June.

6. V. BuxiFOLiuM. Salisb.

St. low ; Ivs. obovate, crenate-oentate, smooth ; ra^. axillary and terminal,
dense, subsessile ; cor. orbicular-ovoid ; Jil. glandular ; siig. capitate. — Near
Winchester, Va. Stem 6 — 10' high. Corolla white, with purple lines. Calyx
bracteate.

^ § Floiccrs solitary. Corolla urceolate.

7. V. ULiGiNosuM. Mountain Bhieberry.

Procumbent; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny
beneath ; Jls. mostly solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globose, 4-cleft ; sta. 4 ; anth.
awned at the base. — A low, alpine shrub. White Mts. Stems with numerous,
rigid branches. Leaves 3" by 2", broadest near the apex, scarcely petiolate,
crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Flowers half
as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deep-
blue, crowned with the style. Jime, July. (Apr. May. Beck.)

8. V. c^.spiTosuM. Michx. Turfy Vacciiiium.

Dwarf, CEespitose ; Its. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticu-
late with.veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; cal. very short; cor. ob-
long, suburceolale ; pores of the anthers long-tubular. — White Mts., N. H. Oakes,
IS. to Hudson's Bay. Stem a few inches high. Flowers numerous, nodding,
on short pedicels. Anthers with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, gla-
brous, blue, eatable.

§ ^ ^ Corolla canifanulatc. Leaves deciduous.

9. V. STAMINEUM. (V. stamiueum and album. Ph.) Deerberry.
Young branches pubescent ; lis. oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath ;

pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanulate-spreading, segments
acute, oblong; anth. exserted, 2-awned near the base. — Diy woods. Can. to
Flor. Shrub 2 — 3f high, very branching. Leav^es 1 — 2' long, \ — J as wide,
broadest in the upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles ;
those on the slender, flowering branches very much smaller. Flowers on long,
slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading,
stamens conspicuously exserted, but .shorter than the style. Berries large,
greenish-white, bitter. May, June.
/?. (V. elevatum. Banks.) Lrs. pale, pubescent beneath ;/s. smaller. N. J.

370 LXXVUI. ERICACEAE. OxYCOccua.

10. V. frondOsum. Willd. (V. glaucum. Mx.) Blue Tangles. High
Blueberry. — Lvs. oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered

with minute, resinous dots; rac. loose, bracteate; pedicels filiform, bracteate
near the middle; cor. ovoid-campanula te, including the stamens. — Grows in
open woods, N. Eng. to Car. A shrub 3— 5f high, with round, smooth and slen-
der branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest
in the upper half, the margin slightly revolute. Racemes lateral, few-flowered.
Pedicels 5 — 10" in length. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white, suc-
ceeded by large, globose, blue and sweet berries, covered with a glaucous bloom
when mature. May, June.

11. V. Canadense. Rich. Canadian Blueberry.

Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; lvs. subsessile, elliptic-lanceo-
late or oblong, acute at each end, villose beneath, tomentose on the veins above,
entire; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal; carymb campanulate ; cal. lobes
acute. — A shrub 8 — 12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets, N. H. !
Me. ! to Hudson's Bay and to the Rocky Mts. Leaves 8—12" by 3—5". Flow-
ers about 3" long. Style and stamens included. Berries blue and sweet, simi-
lar to those of V. tenellum. May.

12. V. DUMosuM. Andrews. (V. frondosum. Mlchx. V. hirtellum. 2?w.)
Branchlets, lvs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous

dots ; lvs. obovate-oblong, subsessile, subcoriaceous, obtu.se, mucronate, entire or
ciliate-serrulate ; rac. bracted with small, floral leaves ; pedicels bracteolate in
the middle ; car. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style. —
Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. Robbins ! S. to Flor. A small shrub
If high, with leafy racemes. Leaves about 16" by 7", cuneate at base, shining
but minutely hispid above. Flowers white or purplish, each from the axil of a
small, roundish-ovate leaf. Berries black, insipid, large (shining, Don.,
hairy, Biv).

2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers.

G^r. o|t)j, acid, KOKKOi, berry.

Calyx superior, 4-cleft ; corolla 4-parted, witli sub-linear, revolute
segments ; stamens 8, convergent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted, open-
ing by oblique pores ; berry globose, many-seeded. — SlcTuler, prostrate
shrubs, tvith alternate, coriaceous lvs. and eatable fruit.

1. O. PALUSTRis. Pers. (O. vulgaris. Ph. and 1st. edit. Vaccinium Oxy-
coccus. Linn.) Common Cranberry.— St. filiform, prostrate ; lvs. ovate,

entire, revolute on the margin ; pedicels terminal, 1-flowered ; segments of the
corolla ovate. — A prostrate under shrub, found in alpine bogs. Can. and N.
States. Stems creeping extensivelv, smooth, purple, with erect branches.
Leaves somewhat remote, 2—3' long, and half as wide, smooth and shining
above, paler beneath. Flowers several together on the summits of the branches.
Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle.
Corollas light pink, the 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit
smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June.

2. O. MACROCdRPUs. Pers. (V. macrocarpon. Ait.) La.rger Cranberry.

St. creeping, filiform; lvs. oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous be-
neath; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; segments of the corolla linear-lan-
ceolate.—A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows.
Stems 8—15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Leaves numerous,

4 Qii by 2 — 3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides,

subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5—15" long, solitary in the axils of
the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright
scarlet, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June.

3. CHIOGfiNES. Salisb.

Gr. yiw^, enow, y£i'oj, oftl^pring; in nllu-sion to its evergreen habit.

Calyx 4-cleft, persistent ; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4-
cleft; stam. 8, included, anth. fixed by the base, the 2 cells awnless

Andromeda. LXXVIII. ERICACEiii. 371

on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally ; ovary ad-
herent, except at the summit, 4-celled ; fruit white, 4-celled, many-
seeded. — A prostrate, evergreen undershrub, loith alternate leaves. Fls.
solitary, axillary.

C. HispiDULA. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Linn. Gaultheria hisp.

MiM. and \st. edit. Phalerocarpus .serpyllifolia. Don. Glyciphylla hisp.
Raf. &c., &c.) Mihintain Boxbcrry.—A delicate woody creeper, in old shady
woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligne-
ous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous hi-anches, and clothed with
short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, roundish-oval,
4 — fi" by 3 — 4", abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla
white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy
flavor like those of Gaultheria procumiens. May, June.

Suborder 2.— E R I C I N E JE .

Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the
seed. Mostly shrubs. Leaves often evergreen.

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans.

Gr. apKTo;, a bear, araipvXoi, a cluster of grapes ; that is, bear-beny.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base,
limb with 5 small, recurved segments ; drupe with a 5-celled puta-
men, the cells 1-seeded. — Trailing shrubs, with alternate leaves.

1. A. UvA-URsi. Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-ursi. Linn.')

St. procumbent; Ics. entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles,
evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath; /s. in short, terminal,
drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly
insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. — A shrub
growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate
except the younger branches, which arise 3 — 8'. The leaves are about an inch
in length, 2 — 3" wide, often .spatulate in form; medicinally they are a.stringent,
and much valued in nephritic complaints.

2. A. ALPiNA. Spreng. (Arbutus alpina. Linn.) Alpine Bear-berry.
Procumbent ; Ivs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when

young; ^s. in short, terminal racemes; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about
equaling the pedicel. — On the alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. Flow-
ers white. Berries black.

5. ANDROMfiDA.

Named for Andromeda of ancient fable.

Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; the
limb 5-cleft, reflexed ; stamens 8 — 10 ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, the
dissepiments produced from the middle of the valves. — Shrubs pros-
trate or erect. Lvs. mostly alternate.

^ 1. Cal. naked. Caps, valves bifid. Minute evergreen shrubs. Cassiope.

1. A. HYPNoiDEs. (Cassiope. G. Don.) 3Ioss-like Cassiope.

St. filiform, spreading ; lvs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded ; ped.
solitary, terminal; cor. globose, campanulate. — One of the smallest and most
delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resembling some of the mosses, found
on the alpine summits of the White Mts. ! Stems woody, much branched at
base, 2 — 3' high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally arranged, and so closely
as to conceal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding ; pe-
duncles colored, smooth, round, an inch long in fruit. Calyx purple. Corolla
light red, twice as long as the calvx, lobes erect. Stamens included. June.
32

372 LXXVIiJ. ERICACE^. Andromeda.

§ 2. Cal. bracteale at base. Capsule valves double. Lvs. evergreen,
entire. Cassandra.

2. A. CALYCULATA. (Cassandra. G. Don.) Bracted Cassandra.

Erect ; lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, subrevolute, ferrugi-
nous beneath; roc. terminal, leafy, subsecund. — An evergreen shrub, 2 — 4f
high, flowering early, in wet situations, Can. and most of the U. S. The leaves
are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of
the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20 — 30 in each raceme,
white, each from the axil of a small leaf Calyx double, the outer of 2 bracts,
the inner of 5 acute sepals. April, May.

^ 3. Cal. naked. A?ith. 'Z-awned. Lvs. evergreen, revolute. Euandromeda.

3. A. PoLiFOLiA. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rosemary.

Erect; Ins. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revolute on the margins,
glaucous beneath ; fis. subglobose, in a dense, terminal corymb. — A beautiful
evergreen shrub, 1 — 2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N.
Eng. to Wise. Lapham! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very smooth, 2 — 3' long and
less than J' wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish-
white beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red.
Corolla rose-colored. June.

^ 4. Cal. naked. Anthers i-atvned. Leaves mostly deciduous. Zenobia.

4. A. RACEMusA. (Zenobia. G. Don.) Clustered Zenohia.

Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, serrulate; rac. terminal, secund
elongated, sometimes branched; c«/. acute; cor.cylindric; «7i/A. 4-awned at the
summit. — A shrub 4 — 6f high, growing in wet woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ky.
It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2 — 4' in length, consisting of about a
dozen flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity.
Leaves 1 — 2' in length, ^ as wide, minute Ij' notched. Pedicels short, with two
ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5
times as long as the calyx. Anthers 2-cleft, about half as long as the corolla. Jn. Jl.

§ 5. Cal. naked. Anthers aumless. Caps, valves simple. Leaves
[mostly) deciduous. Lel'cothoe.

5. A. Mariana. (Leucothoe. G. Don.) MaryloMd Lcucotkoe.
Glabrous ; lvs. oval, subacute at each end, fiat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler

beneath ; Jloiccring brandies leafless ; ^erffce/s fasciculate ; cali/x lobes linear, foli-
aceous ; cor. ovate-cylindric ; sia. 10; Jil. villous. — Woods and dry, sandy soils,
N.J. to Flor., common. A beautiful shrub, 2 — 3f high, with very smooth,
deciduous foliage, and large, white or pale red flowers. Capsule depressed-glo-
bose. Seeds angular. June, July.

^ 6. Corolla subglobose. Capsule with 5 supernwnerary valves. Lyonia.

6. A. LiGusTRiNA. Muhl. (Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.) Panickd L/yonia.
Pubescent ; lvs. obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate ; Jls. some-

v/hat paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes; anth. awnless. — A deciduous
shrub, 4 — 8f high, in swamps, &c.. Middle and Southern States. Leaves ab-
ruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 — 3' long and nearly half as wide, on short
petioles. Flowers small, nearlj^ globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded
by globular capsules. June.

^ 7. Sepals acuminate. Capsule pyramidal, pentangular. Leaves

acid. OXYDENDRON.

7. A. arborea. (Oxydendron. DC. Lyonia. Don.) Sorrel Tree.
Arborescent ; branches terete ; lvs. petiolate, oblong, acuminate, serrate ;

panicles terminal, consisting of numerous spicate racemes ; Jls. pedicellate,
secund, spreading, at length reflexcd ; £or. ovate-oblong, pubescent externally. —
Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts. to Flor. A fine tree, 40 — 50f high,
trunk 10—15' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 — 5' by 1 J — 2',
villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Flowers
white. Capsule pyramidal, .'i-sided. .tune, July, f

Epioa:A. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 373

6. MENZIESA. Smith.

In honor of Menziea, companion of Vancouver in his voyage round the world.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ovoid 4 — 5 cleft ; stamens 8 — 10,
inserted into the receptacle ; capsule 4 — 5-celled, the dissepiments
made by the introflexed margins of the valves ; seeds many. — Low^
heath-like, shrubby plants, loith evergreen leaves.

1. M. TAXiFOLiA. Robbins. (M. ccerulea. Swartz. Phyllodoce tax. Salisb.
Andromeda tax. Pall. Andromeda ccerulea. Linn.) 3Irnc7itain Heath. —

St. prostrate at base ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth ; ped.
terminal, aggregate, one-flowered ; fis. campanulate, decandrous ; cal. acute. —
A small shrub, a lew inches high, found on the summit of the White Mts. It
resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of the fir tribe in its leaves and
stems. Stem decumbent at base, with crowded, scattered leaves above, which
are 5 — 7" in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch,
on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments,
emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July.

2. M. GLOBULARis. Salisb.

Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate
above and -on the veins beneath, apex tipped with a gland; cal. 4-cleft; cor,
globose ; sta. 8 ; caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. — Mountains Penn. to Car. Abundant
near Winchester, Va. Pursh. Shrub 4f high. Flowers yellowish-brown, nod-
ding and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. June.

7. GAULTHERIA. Kalm.

Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at duebec.

Calyx 5-cleft with 2 bracts at the base ; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb
with 5 small, revolute lobes ; filaments 10, hirsute ; capsule 5-celled,
invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. — Suffruticose. Mostly
American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate.
G. PROCUMBENS. Box-bcmj. Checkcr-bcrry . Wintergreen.
St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending; lvs. obovate, mucro-
nate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stem ; fs. few, drooping, terminal. —
A little shrubby plant, well known for its spicy leaves and its well-flavored
scarlet berries. Common in woods and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. The
branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem, or rhizoma, which is usually con-
cealed. Leaves thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure
teeth. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Filaments white, bent towards
the corolla. Fruit well flavored, consisting of the capsule surrounded by the
enlarged calyx, which becomes of a bright scarlet color. June — Sept.

8. CLETHRA. Gaert.
Gr. name of the alder, which these plants somewhat resemble.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 10, exserted ; style
persistent ; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, S-valved, enclosed by the
calyx. — Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, racemose.

C. ALNiPOLiA. Sweet'pepper Bush.

Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides,
smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or
branched racemes; bracts subulate. — A deciduous shrub, 4 — 8f high, growing
in swamps. Leaves 2 — 3' long, i as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped
base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3— 5' long. Peduncles and calyx
hoary-pubescent, the former 3" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as
long. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. Jl. Aug.

9. EPIG^A.

Gt. em, upon, and yj, the earth; from its prostrate habit.

Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocrateri-

374 LXXVIII. ERICACE.^. Azalea.

form tube villous -within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10;
anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings ; capsule 5-celled, 5-
valved. — Suffruticose. trailing. Lvs. evergreen.

E. REPENs. Trailing Arbutus. May Flmver.

Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire ; cor. tube cylindrical. — % Woods, NcAvfound-
land to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground,

10 15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Leaves

alternate, 2 — 2i' by IJ', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very
short point. Flow-ers very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red,
in small clusters on short'stalks. Calyx green, supported by 3 large bracts at
base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5,
rounded, spreading segments. Apr. May.

10. KALMIA.

Named by Linnaeus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof, at Abo, Finland.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla with 10 prominences beneath and 10 cor-
responding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5-lobed ;
filam. elastic ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. — Beautiful shrubs., na-
tives of N. America. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose
corymbs, white and red.

1. K. LATiFOLTA. Mffimtain Laurel. Calico Bnsh.

Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and
green on both sides ; corpnbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. — One of our most
beautiful shrubs, sometinies attaining the height of a small tree. It is found in
all the Atlantic States from Maine to Georgia, and W. to Ohio and Ky. in
woods. The wood is usually very crooked, line-grained and compact. The
leaves are 2 — 3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flow-
ers in splendid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. The
corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 9 — 10" diam. and a 5-lobed mar-
gin. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. May, June.

2. K. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Narroio-leavcd Laurel. Sheep-poison.

Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ;
corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. — A beautiful little shrub, smaller than
the" foregoing, 2 — 4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to
Ky. The leaves are acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire,
smooth, 1 — 2' long and i as'wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep
purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the
leaves, in structure resembling those of the last species, but about half as large.
Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poi-
sonous to cattle. June.

3. K. GLAUCA. Glaucous Kalmia. Sivamp Laurel.

Branches ancipitous ; lvs. opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glau-
cous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts
smooth. — A delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, &c., Penn., Ky., N. Eng.
N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-edged by an
elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node
below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length.
Flowers 8 — 10 in each corymb. Corolla about J' diam., pale purple. Calyx
red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the base of each peduncle is a pair
of concave, obtuse bracts. June.

3. rosmarinifolia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath.

11. AZALEA.
Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal ; cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regu-
lar ; sta. equal, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anth. dehiscing late-
rally from the apex ; ovary roundish ; sty. straight, included ; cap-
sule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved, many-seeded. — A little bra?iching, pro-

Rhododendron. LXXVIII. ERICACE^. 375

cumbent shrub ^ with opposite^ petiolate, evergreen., entire Ivs. Pedicels
terminal, solitary, l-Jlowered. Cor. rose color.

A. PROCUMBENS. (Loiseleuria. Desv. Rhododendron. 1st edit.')
An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits oi the White
Mts., N. H. ! Stems 3 — 6' long, very branching and leafy. Leaves elliptical,
thick, shining, not more than 3" by 1", margin strongly revolute. Flowers
glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the leaves. Jn. Jl.

12. RHODORA.

Gr. ^oSov, a rose ; the shrub bears only flowers at flowering time.

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; cor. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided
into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2 — 3-lobed at the
apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower, entire segments ; sta. 10,
declinate ; fil. unequal; anth. opening by 2 pores; caps. 5-celled, 5-
valved ; cells many-seeded ; dissepiments formed by the introflexed
margins of the valves. — A shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves^ and
pale pur fie flowers.

R. Canadensis. (Rhododendron Rhodora. Don.)

A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn.,
frequent. Stems 2 — 3f high, clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing
at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of
foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3 — 5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about
equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy-
canescent beneath. Apr. May.

13. RHODODENDRON.

Crr. fo6ov, arose, ievSpov, a tree.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; cor. infundibuliform or cam-
panulate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed ; sta. 5 — 10, mostly declinate
and exserted ; anth. opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, opening at the summit ; dissepiments introflexed from the
margin of the valves. — Shrubs tcith alternate, entire, evergreen or decidu-
ous leaves. Pis. mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Cor. variously
shaded from blue through purple to white.
^ 1 . Corolla infundibuliform, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid ;

limb unequal, spreading ; stamens 5 or 6. Lvs. deciduous. Azalea.

1. R. NUDiFLORUM. Torr. (Azalea nudiflora. Linn.) Swamp Pink.
Lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate ; fls. rather naked, slightly viscid ;

tube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; sta. much exserted. — A beautiful and
fragrant flowering shrub, 4 — 6f high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets
of the Northern States as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched.
Leaves 2 — 3' by li', margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs,
lower paler and pubescent, with the midvein hispid. Flowers appearing before
the leaves are fully grown, in rather naked umbels. Pedicels 6 — 8" long.
Calyx minute, with rounded, ciliate segments. Corolla tube 8 — 10' in length,
hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink
to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly
3 times as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, &c.
Apr. May. f

2. R. viscoscM. Torr. (Azalea viscosa. Linn.) Clammy Swamp Pink.
Lvs. obovate and oblong-lanceolate ; fls. accompanied with leaves, very

viscid ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the lobes ; sta. a little exserted. — Less
frequent than the last, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Shrub 4 — 6f
high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 1 — 2' long and about
half as wide, smoothish, hispid ciliate on the petiole, midvein and margin.
32*

376 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Rhododendron.

Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing until
the leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an
inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clammy, limb unequal.
Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June, f
0. giaucuvi. Ph. (Azalea glauca. Lam.) I/t;5. glabrous, glaucous beneath.

3. R. NiTiDUM. Torr. (Azalea nitida. Linn.) Shining Sivavtp Pink.
Lis. oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins

revolute ; Jis. accompanied with leaves, viscid ; iitbe much longer than the seg-
ments; sta. exserted. — In mountain swamps, N. Y. Stmrsl to Va. Shrub 3 — 6f
high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1 — 2' in length,
I as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short
petioles, midvein hispid beneath. Flowers large, pale pink, fragrant. Tube
an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels J' long. Calyx segments ob-
solete. Style 2' long. Jn. Jl.

4. R. CALENDULACEUM. Torr. (Azalea calendulacea. Mr.) Flame Azalea.

BrancMeis subvillose ; lis. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, pu-
bescent both sides, ciliate on the margin ; corymbs nearly leafless ; cat. teeth.
oblong ; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, shorter than the lobes. — A splendid
flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio, SuHivant ! and Ga.
Stems 3 — 6f high. The leaves at flowering time are about 3' by U' or smaller.
Flowers large and numerous, the corolla 2^' in length, limb expanding nearly
2', usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame. May. —
Cultivation has produced numerous varieties, of every shade from golden-yel-
low to dark crimson, single and double, f

5. R. ARBOREscENs. Torr. (Azalea arborescens. Ph.) Tire Azalea.

Branches smooth ; Irs. obovate, obtuse, both sides glabrous, glaucous be-
neath, margin ciliate, veins nearly glabrous ; coryvibs leafy ; cal. lobes oblong,
acute ; cor. tube not viscid, longer than the lobes ; sta. and sly. exsert. — Rivulets
near the Blue Mis., Penn., Pursh. Shrubs 10 — 20f high. Flowers large, rose
color, scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed, white
border. May — Jl.

6. R. HLSpiDUM. Torr. (A. hispida. Ph.) Hispid Azalea.

Branches hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hispid above,
glabrous beneath, glaucous both sides, ciliate, midvein beneath hispid ; corymbs
leafy ; pedicels glandular-pilose ; cal. teeth oblong, obtuse ; cor. very viscid, tube
scarcely longer than the lobes ; sta. and sty. exsert. — Shrub of a bluish appear-
ance, very upright, 10 — 15f high, mountains and lake shores, N. Y. and Penn.
Pursh. Flowers white, bordered with red, tube reddish-white. Stamens often
10. Jl. Aug.

7. R. FLAvuM. Don. (Azalea pontica. Linn.) Yellmo Azaka. — Z/i;s. oblong-
obovate ; rac. corymbose, with deciduous bracts ; cor. viscid-pilose without, not
leafy ; sta. exsert, declinate. — Native of the Caucasian Mts. A splendid shrub,
with golden-yellow flowers, varying to orange, copper-color or ochroleucous. -j-

§ 2. Corolla campanulate, tube short, smooth, lobes rounded-obtuse, spread-
ing. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen.

8. R. MAXIMUM. American Rose Bay.

Lvs. obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevoluta
on the margin; corymbs terminal; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal ; pei.
roundish. — A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N, England, but most
abundant in the Middle States. The stems are crooked, 6— 15f or more in
height. The young leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when full grown
and 4 — 7' long, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2
or 3 years. Corymbs 15 — 20-flowered, in the midst of the evergreen leaves.
At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in
numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate.
Corolla pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, IJ — 2' diam. The
wood is hard and line grained. July, Aug.
/?. album. Ph. (R. Pursh ii. Don.) Cor. white, segments oblong-obtuse.

Erica. LXXVIIl. ERICACEiE. 377

9. R. Lapponicum. Wahl. (Azalea Lapponica. Linn.) Lapland Rhodo-
dendron.— Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures ; flu.
in terminal, leafy clusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed ; sta. 5, ex-
serted. — An erect shrub 8 — 10' high, native of the White Mts. ! Branches nume-
rous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5" by 2i", acute, with an obtuse angle,
revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branches.
Flowers 7 — 9" diam. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla
deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as broad as the leaves. Style very long,
ascending. June, July.

10. R. ARBOREUM. Smith. — St. arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with
shining white spots beneath; /s. densely corymbose ; caps. pube.scent, 8 — 10-
celled. — A most beautiful tree or shrub, from the Himmaleh Mts. Flowers
purple, red, white, cinnamon-color, &c. f

11. R. PoNTicuM. — Lis. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth
and scarcely paler beneath ; corymbs short, terminal ; cor. campanulate-rotate ;
col. lobes subacute, very short. — From Asia Minor. Flowers large, often 2'
diam., purple — but in cultivation very variable, f

12. R. Indicum. Sweet. (Azalea Indica. Linn.) — Branchlcis, petioles, veins
and sepals strigose, but not glandular ; Ivs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acumi-
nate at each end ; fis. terminal, 1 — 3 together, on short pedicels. — From Java.
Flowers scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c., in cultivation very brilliant, f

14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers.

Crr. \eioi, smooth, (pvWov, leaf

Calyx 5-parted, equaling the length of the capsule ; pet. 5, ovate-
oblong ; sta. 10, exserted ; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing
by a lateral cleft ; ovary globose ; sty. filiform ; caps 5-celled, 5-valved,
many-seeded. — Small., siyiooth shrubs, with erect branches. Lvs. alter-
nate., entire, aval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. xohite.

L. BUXIFOLIUM. Ell.

St. erect ; lvs. oval or obovate, subsessile ; caps, glabrous. — Pine barrens,
N. J. to Car. Shrub 8—12' high, much branched. Leaves 4—5" by 2 or 3",
very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and
small. May, June.

15. LEDUM.

Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla 5-petaied, spreading ; stamens
5 — 10, exserted.; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-
celled, 5-valved, opening at the base. — Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, ever-
green, entire, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal
corymbs, white.

L. PALUSTRE (andL. latifolium. Ait.) Labrador Tea.

Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear ; sta. 5 — 10, more or less exserted. —
Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab and Greenland, White Mts. ! Not uncommon.
A shrub 2 — 3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above,
clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or repli-
cate at the margin. The petioles and the younger twigs are also covered with
down. Leaves 1 — 2' long, nearly J as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a
dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Sta-
mens 5 — 10, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declined. July.
fi. angustifolium. Lvs. narrower, almost linear; sta. mostly 10.

16. ERICA.

Gr. epiKCJ, to break; in allusion to the biittleness of the branches and stems.

Calyx 4-cleft ; cor. tubular, globose, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate
or hypocrateriform, limb short, 4-lobed ; stam. 8 ; style filiform ; caps.
4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal ; seeds 2 — 00 in each cell,

378 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Pyrola.

affixed to the axillary placentae, usually conformed to the smoothish
or shining testa. — European^ or chiefly South African shrubs, branch-
ing, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerose, margin revolute, verticillate,
rarely alternate. F/s. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corym-
bose or capitate, mostly nodding. Cor. of the cyanic series, from pur fie
through red to ivhite, very rarely orange or yellow.

OSs.— Of this vast and beautiful genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Benthatn in the Prodromus of
DC, Part vii., pp. 613—693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe, and many in this country,
but their successful culture is attended with more care than that of most other plants, and they have
never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would
permit, where so many are rarely and none generally met with, would be of little satisfaction to the
student.

Suborder 3.— P Y R O li E ^.

Ovary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule.

Mostly herbaceous.

17. PYROLA. Salisb.
Lat. diminutive from Pynis; as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear-tree.

Calyx 5-parted ; pet. 5, equal; sta. 10; anth. large, pendulous,
fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; sty.
thick ; stig. 5-rayed, 5-tubercled at apex ; caps. 5-celled, 5-valved,
opening at the angles, many-seeded. — Low, scarcely suffruticose, ever-
green herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scape mostly racemose.
§ 1. Stamens ascending. Style declinate, longer than the petals.

1. P. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Rmind-leaved Pyrola.

Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole ;
scape 3-angled ; segments of the cat. lanceolate, acute ; stig. clavate, obscurely 5-
toothed. — Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wise. Leaves all radical,
round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' in diameter, smooth and shining, with
conspicuous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes
much longer than, the leaf. Scape 6 — 12' high, bracteate at base and in the
middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme.

2. P. ASARiFOLU. Michx. Asarum-leaved Pyrola.

Lvs. reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the
dilated petiole ; scape angular, furrowed ; rac. lax, many-flowered ; segments of
the cat. ovate, acute, appressed ; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated and 5-
lobed. — In old woods. Can. and N. States. Leaves all radical, \\ — If diam.,
smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice
as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 5—10' high, purplish, bracteate at
base and near the middle, racemose one half its length. Flowers nodding, re-
mote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Style of about the
same length and curvature as pedicel. June.

3. P. CHLORANTHA. Swartz. Grccn-fiawercd Pwola.

Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; rac. few-
flowered ; segments of the cat. very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ; poi'es of the anth.
tubular; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated, and 5-lobed. — In woods, Can.
and N. States, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species,
often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, J — 1' diam.,
smooth, shining, coriaceous. Petioles 1 — 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 — 12'
high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels J'
long, each in the axil of a very short bract. Petals greenish-white. Anther
tubes conspicuous. June, July.

4. P. ELLIPTICA. Nutt. Pear-leaved Wintergreen.

Lvs. elliptical, membranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the peti-
oles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments; pcn-es of the
anth. short, tubular. — In woods. Can. and N. States to Wise. Leaves 1 — 2'
long, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light

Chimaphila. LXXVllI. ERICACE^. 319

green. Scape 5 — 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes.
Flowers nodding, A^ery fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half
as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. (^ See Appendix.)

§ 2. Stamens erect. Style straight.

5. P. SECUNDA. One-sided Pyrola.

Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; rac. secund. — In dry
woods, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 — 3' high, bearing one or two fascicles of
leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with ap-
prcssed, pointed serratures. Petioles 1' long. Peduncles scape-like, 5 — 7' high,
bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10 — 15 greeni.sh-white flowers. Petals oblong,
shorter than the stjde. June, July.

6. P. MINOR. Smaller Pyrola.

Lis. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petiok dilated at base,
shorter than the lamina ; rac. subspicate ; bracts equaling or exceeding the pedi-
cel; cal. lobes short, subacute; sty. included; stig. bAobeA. — White Mts., N. H.,
Mich, and Brit. Am. Scape angular. Leaves mucronulate at apex. Corolla
globose, white, slightly tinged with purple.

18. MONESES. Salisb.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted, rotate ; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred
at base, at length inverted, opening by 2 pores at apex ; sty. rigid ;
stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed ; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many-
seeded. — % Low., siviple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu-
late, petiolaie, veiny. Peduncle terminal., one-fiowered., longer than the
stamens. Fls. white.

M. GRANDiFLORA. Salisb. (Pyrola uniflora. Linn, and \st edit.)
Woods, among mosses, &c., Keene, N. H., BigeUw. Dexter, Jeff. Co.,
JN^. Y., Fc«5fy' Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves
7 — 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the
middle. Flower 9" diam. June.

19. CHIMAPHlLA.

Gr. x^'h"' winter, (pi\eo), to love ; equivalent to the English name, Wintergreen.

Calyx 5-parted ; pet. 5, spreading ; sta. 10 ; fil. dilated in the
middle ; anth. as in. Pyrola ; sty. short, thick ; caps. 5-celled, open-
ing from the summit ; seeds 00. — Small., suffruticose., eroergreen plants.,
with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or
irregularly vcrticillate. Fls. terminal.

1. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Pyrola. Linn.) Prince's Pine. Pipsissiwa.
Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s — 6s ; fls. corymbose ; bracts linear- '

subulate ; sty. immersed in the ovary. — % In dry woods, flowering in July.
A common and beautiful evergreen, N. Eng. to Ohio 1 and Can. Leaves in 2
or more irregular whorls, 2 — 3' long, i as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate,
on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a unilbrm dark green color. Pedun-
cle terminal, erect, 3 — 4' long, bearing 4 — 7 light purple flowers on nodding
pedicles 8" long. Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic.
Bw. July.

2. C. MACui.ATA. Pursh. (Pyrola. Linn.) Spotted Wintergreen.

Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, discolored,
opposite or in 3s; ped. corymbose, 2 — 3-flowered ; /Z. woolly. — Can. to Car.,
Ohio, in sandy woods. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguished
by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 — 4' high. Leaves 1 — 2' long, J as wide,
marked with a whitish line along the midv'ein and veinlets. Flowers purplish-
white, on nodding pedicels. June, July.

380 LXXVIII. ERICACEiE. Pterospora.

Suborder 4.— M OXOTROPEJE.

Ovary free from the calyx. Leafless herbs, destitute of verdure.

20. MONOTROPA.

Gr. fiovoi, one, Tptirui, to turn; term inapplicable, as the genus is now modified.

. Calyx represented by 1 — 3 bracts ; pet. 5, erect, persistent, gib-
bous at base ; sta. 10 ; fil. persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed ap-
pendages of the torus ; stig. orbicular, naked ; caps. 5-celled. — Para-
sitic herbs. St. or scape l-Jiowered, scentless.

M, UNiFLORA. Indian Pipe. BircTs-ncst.

St. short ; scales approximate ; Ji. nodding ; fr. erect. — Common in woods,
Can. to Car. W. to 111. A .small, succulent plant, about C high, yellowish-
white in all its parts. Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transpa-
rent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitary flower. Common
in woods, near the base of trees, on whose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jn.

21. HYPOPITYS. Dill.
Gr. vTTio, under, ttitvs, a pine tree ; its place of growth.

Sepals 4 — 5, colored ; pet. as many as sepals, a little longer and
of the same color, erect, deciduous, gibbous at base; sta. 8 — ^.10; fil.
subulate, persistent ; anth. 2-celled, small ; stig. discoid, umbilicate ;
caps. 4 — 5-celled, 4 — 5-valved, many-seeded. — Parasitic herbs, of a
tawny white. Root scaly. St. simple. Fls. racemed, lateral on£s ietra-
mcrous, terminal one pentamerous.

1. H. MULTiFLORA. Scop. (H. Europsea. Don, Monotropa. Linii.')
Pet., sta. and sty. hirsute ; caps, oval-oblong.

p. Americana. DC. (H. Europ^a. iYwW.) P^rt?(i smaller, yellowish -brown. —
In pine woods. Can., Penn., Car., DC. Is not this rather a variety of the fol-
lowing 1 It seems to be lost to recent botanists.

2. H. LANUGINOSA. (Monotropa. Michx. and \st edit.) Pine Sap,
Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than

the flower ; caps, subglobose. — Woods, N. Y. ! Can to Car. W. to Wise. ! The
whole plant is of a tawny white, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass
of fibres. Scape G — 10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down.
Flowers 7 — 12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming
erect. Pedicels 1 — 2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the ter-
minal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4
petals. Woods. Aug.

22. PTEROSPORA.

Gr, iTTcpos, a wing, cvopa, a seed ; alluding to the winged seeds.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and re-
flexed ; stamens 10 ; anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned ; capsule 5-
celled, 5-valved ; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. —
% Plant leafless., brownish-red. Fls. racemed.

P. ANDROMEDEA. Nutt. (Monotropa procera. Ea.) Albany Beech-drops.

In various parts of N. Y. ! and Vt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. 6
H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12—30' high, dark purple, clothed
with short, vi.scid wool. Raceme 6 — 12' long, with 50 or more nodding flowers.
Pedicels irregularly scattered, 6—8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Co-
rolla shorter than the pedicels, .somewhat campanulate, open at the throat,
white, tipped with red at the summit. July.

Prinos. LXXIX. AaUIFOLIACEiE. 381

Order LXXIX. AQUIFOLIACEiE.— Hollyworts.

Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves.

FIs. small, white or greenish, axillary, sohtary orclustered, sometimes dicecious.

CaZ.— Sepals 4— 6, imbricate in aestivation.

Cor. regular, 4— 6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in (estivation.

Sta. mserted into the tube of the coroUa and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnata.

Ova. free from the calyx, 2— 6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell.

Ft. drupaceous, willi 2 — 6 stones or nucules. Albiiinen large, fleshy.

Genera 11, species 110, natives of America and S. Africa, only one, Ilex (the Holly), being found in
Europe.

Priyperties.—The bark and leaves of Prinos verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and
tonic, as well as those of the holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. The leaves of Prinos glaber,
and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea.

Conspectus of the Genera,

< Petals united, mostly hexaraerous Prinos. 3

< unarmed, i! Petals distinct, mostly pentamerous. Nemopanthus.2

Leaves ispinose, evergreen, coriaceous. Sex. 1

1. ILEX.

The ancient Lat. name of the Holm Oak, the derivation uncertain.

Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla subrotate, 4 — 5-parted ;
stamens 4 — 5 ; stigmas 4 — 5, subsessile, united or distinct ; berry
4 — 5-seeded. — Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate and spinose-dentate.
FIs. often d^ 9 ^y abortion.

I. OPACA.

Lvs. ever;2:reen, oval, acute at end, with strong, .spinous teeth, coriaceous,
smooth and shining; fascicles of fls. lax, peduncles compound; cal. teeth acute;
fr. ovate ; fl.s. small, greenish-white. — A tree of middle size, quite generally dif-
fused throughout the U. S. from Mass. ! to La. It is chiefly interesting for its
foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. The flowers
appear in June, in scattered clusters at the liase of the older branches, and the
fertile ones are succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn.
The wood is fine grained and compact, useful in turnery, tfcc.

2. NEMOPANTHUS. Raf.

Gr. vrifia, thread, n-oDf, footstalk, ac^of ; that is, a flower on a filitbrra peduncle.

Calyx minute ; petals 5, distinct, linear, oblong ; stamens 5 ; ovary
hemispherical ; stigmas 3 — 4, sessile ; fruit a 3 — 4-celled, subglobose
berry. — Shrub, with alternate, entire, deciduous leaves. Fls. mostly
dioecio- polygamous by abortion.

N. Canadensis. Raf (Ilex. Michx.) Canadian Holly.

Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed ; ped. nearly
solitary, very long; //•. somewhat 4-sided.— A shrub, 4 — 6f high, with smooth
branches, growing in damp or rocky woods. Can., N. Eng. ! to'Mich. Leaves
oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles a as long. The flowers, grow-
ing on long, slender, axillary peduncles which are seldom divided, are small,
greenish-white. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary
of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry,
red. May, June.

3. PRINOS.

Gr. Trptu), to saw; alluding to the serrated leaves.

Flowers often c? 9 or c?* $ 9 ; calyx mostly 6-cleft ; cor. 6-parted ;
sta. 4 — 6 ; berry roundish, much longer than the calyx ; seeds bony,
convex on one side, angular on the other. — Shrubs. Lvs. alternate.
Pedicels axillary, \ -flowered.

1. P. verticillatus. (P. Gronovii. Michx.) Winter Berry. Black Alder.

Lvs. deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fls. axillary,
the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subumbellate. — This shrub is found in
moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States, usually growing about

382 LXXX. EBENACE^. Diospyros.

8f hiffh. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with
prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dioecious,' small, in im-
perfect umbels or heads, sometimes moncrcious. Berries scarlet, in little
bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent. Jl.

2. P. AMBiGUUS. Michx. Dubious Winter Berry.

Lvs. deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at both ends ; parts nf the Jls. in 4s,
the sterile ones crowded, the fertile solitary. — A shrub or small tree, 8 — 15f
high, in wet grounds. Mid. States. Bark whitish, smooth. Leaves elliptic-oval,
mucronate-pointed, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, 1 — 2' long and half as wide.
Flowers polygamous, 4 — 5-clelt, the fertile ones on long peduncles. June.

3. P. i.ffiviGATus. Pursh.

Lis. deciduous, lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides,
shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath ; Jls. hexamerous, ^
axillary, subsessile,(^scattered,pedicellate. — In swamps and marshes, Northern
and Western States ! S. to N. J. Shrub 6 — 9i high, with grayish and warty
branches. Leaves 2 — 3' by 8 — 12", acute at each end ; petioles (3 — 10" long.
Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near V long, the lertile pedicels
scarcely i as long. Berries large, red. Jime.

4. P. LANCEOLATCs. Pursh.

Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, finely and remotely serrulate, glabrous
both sides; ^flowers aggregated, triandrous, 9 generally in pairs, peduncu-
late, 6 — numerous ; berries small, scarlet. — Barrens and marshes. Western {Rld-
dell) and Southern States! Shrub (j — 8f high. — 1 am wholly unacquainted with
this species as a western plant, but have specimens collected in N. J. 1 by Dr.
Robbins. The leaves are paler beneath, 2 — 3' (including the petiole 3 — 6") by
I — li', veins beneath pubescent, ferruginous. Pedicels of the barren flowers
are J' long, of the tertile \' long. June.

5. P. GLABER. Ink Berry. Evergreen Prinos.

Lvs. evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shining, serrate
at the end. — A beautiful shrub 3 — 4f high, found in swamps, Mass. ! R. I. ! to
N. Y. and Car. Leaves very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 — lj'by5 — 7", broad-
est above the middle. Pedicels gubsolitary, 1 — 3-flowered. Flowers white,
mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. June, July.

Order LXXX. EBENACE^.— Ebonads.

Tre^ or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood.

Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary.

Fls. by abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Cal. free, 3— 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, per.si8tent.

Cor. regular, 3 — 6-cleft, often pubescent, imbricate in aestivation.

Sita. twice or four times as many as the lobes of the corolla.

Ova. with 3 or more cells. Style with as many divisions.

py. a fleshy, oval or globose berry.

Genera 9, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and the tropics, one only being found 83 far north as
New York.

Properties.— Ttxospyms is remarkable for the hardness and dark color of the wood. Ebony is the wood
of D Ebenus, Ebenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species below is eatable
when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturity. The bark is eminently febri-
fugal and astringent.

DIOSPYROS.

Gr. Aioj TTvpo;, the fiuit of Jove ; the fruit, although excellent, hardly merits the name.

Fls. c? 9. Cal. 4 — Globed; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4 — 6-
cleft, convolute in i:estivation. cf sta. 8 — 50, mostly 16 ; fil. shorter
than the anthers ; ova. abortive ; sty. 0. 9 sta. mostly 8, without
anthers; sty. 2 — 4 -cleft ; berry ovoid or globose, 4 — 12, mostly 8-
celled, cells 1-seeded. — A large genus of shrubs or trees., mostly tropical.

D. ViRGiNiANA. Persimmon TlTc.

Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petiole, veins and mar-
gin puberulent; rac. axillary, 3 — 1-flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers;
<-a/. 4-parted ; sfo.. 8. — In woods, lat. 42° to La., frequent. A shrub or small

LXXXII. PRIMULACE^.

383

tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions at the South. Leaves 3—5' long,
entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale greenish-yellow, the fertile
ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the garden plum, and
containing 6 — 8 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palatable by the
frost, althoitgh very austere when green. The bark is tonic and astringent'. Jn.

Order LXXXI. STYRACACE^.

Tiec.'s or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves destitute of stipules.

Fls. or race/ues .solitary, axillaiy, bracteate.

Cat. 5, rarely 4-lobed, imbricated in festivation.

Cor. 5, riuely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation.

Sta. definite or 00, unequal in length, usually cohering. Aiith. innate, 2-celled.

Ova. adJierent, 2 — 5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre.

Fr. drupaceous, generally with but cue fertile cell. o'ds. 5—1.

Genera 6, species 115. sparingly distributed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both conti-
nents, only a tew in colder latitudes. Slorax and benzoin, two fragrant gum resins, regarded as stimu-
lant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, \iz. of S. officinale, a Syrian tree, and S.
benzoin, native of Malay and the adjacent Islands.

HALESIA. Ellis.

In honor of the learned and venerable Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., 1730.

Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobed ; cor. inserted into the calyx, eam-
panulate, with a narrow base, 4-cleft or 4-parted ; sta. 8 — 12, connate
into a tube below ; sty. filiform, pubescent ; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings
equal or alternately smaller ; seeds 1 — 3. — JY. American shrubs.

1. H. TETRAPTiiRA. FouT-ioinged Snowdrop Tree.

Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, serrulate; fascicles 3-flowered, lateral, leafless,
from the wood of the preceding year; cal. subentire; sta. 12; //■. with 4 equal
wings.— Native of S. Car. to Flor., Miss E. Carpenter! Branches leafy at the
summit. Leaves thin, 2—5' by IJ- 2', obtuse or acute at base. Flowers pen-
dulous, white, about 10" long, f

2, H. DiPTERA. Two-ibi?iged Snctodrop Ti-ee.
Lis. oblong-ovate, obtuse", acuminate at each

end, serrulate, softly pubescent beneath ; fascicles
2 — 3-flowered, lateral ; pedicels and cal. pubescent ;
sta. 8 ; fr. w_ith the alternate wings half as large
or ob.solete.'^Native in Car. and Ga. Leaves
somewhat larger than in the last, with rather
smaller flowers. Corolla white, f

a

Order LXXXII. PRIMULACE^.—

Primworts.

Plants herhaceous. annual or perennial, sometimes suffruticose.

Lvs. usually radical, otherwise mostly opposite. Stipules 0.

Pis. on scapes and in lunbels or variously arranged in the axils of ^f.

the leaves. -*■

Cal. 5 (rarely 4)clcft, inferior, regidar, persistent.
Cor. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, regular.
Sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and

opposite to them.
Ova. l-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style and Stigma

.simple.
Fc— Capsule many-seeded, the fleshy placenta attached only to

the base of the cell.

Genera 29, species 215, common in the northern temperate
regions, growing in swamps, groves, by rivulets and often among
the snow; of cloud-capped mountains. Many are beautiful, and
Jiighly prized in cultui-e. Properties unimportant.

FIG. 49.— 1. Primula Mistaseinica. 2. A flower laid open, show- /^
ing Uie 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. 4. Plan of iJ
the flower. 6. Ovary and calyx. 5. Vertical section of the ovarj-,
showing the free central placenta.

33

384 LXXXir. PRIMULACEiE, Primula.

Conspectus of the Genera.

i 7-cleft. Leaves in one whorl. . . Triantalis. 4

< 5-clet't. Flowers paniculate. . . Samolus. 10

r Corolla white, ( 4 -cleft. Plants 2 mches high. . . Csntunculws.a

\ Stamens 6. Racemes axillary. . . Nau7nburgia. 6

Corolla yellow, t Stamens 5 Lysiinachia. 7

.Corolla sciirlet. Plant prostrate. Fls. solitary, axillary. Anagallis. 8

< undivided. Corolla wanting-, calyx colored, white Glaux. 5

( cauline, { pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed in water. Hottnnia. 1

{ t Corolla sesjments spreading Primula. 2

Leaves ( all radical. Scape umbellate. \ CoroUa segments reflexed Vodecatheon. 3

1. HOTTONIA.

In honor of Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden, died 1709.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. salver-form, with a short tube and a flat, 5-
lobed limb ; sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, included ; stig.
globose ; caps, globose-acuminate. — %■ Fleshy., aquatic Jwrbs, with pec-
tinaie-pinnatifid^ submersed, radical Ivs.

H. iNPLATA. Ell. (H. palustris. Ph. not Linn.) Water Feather.

Scape articulate, the internode.s and lower part.s inflated; Jls. verticillate,
pedunculate. — A curious aquatic plant, in swamps and stagnant waters, Ms.,
R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Flor. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a
whorl of long and beautifully pectinate leaves at or near the surface of the water.
Peduncles or scapes several (6 — 10) together, arising in a sort of umbel from
the top of the stem, 8 — 10' long, inflated between the joints, forming the most
remarkable feature of the plant. Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils,
generally 4 in each. Pedicels h' long. June.

2. PRIMULA.
Lat. primus, first ; because its blossoms appear earliest in spring.

Corolla salver-form, with an open orifice ; capsule opening with a
10-eleft dehiscence ; stamens 5, not exserted ; stigma globose. — Herbs
{mostly European) with radical Its. Fls. hi an involucrate umbel on a
scape, showy.

1. P. MistassinIga. Michx. (Fig. 49.)

Lvs. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at base ; invol.
1 — 8-flowered ; bracts 3 times shorter than the pedicels, linear-subulate ; cal.
much shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate. —
Shores of Seneca Lake, N. Y., Dr. Sartwell! Cliffs, Willoughby lake, Vt.! through-
out Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, about 'S' high. Leaves about 5, 5 — 8" by
3 — 4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5" diam., white. Pedicels 7" in length.

2. P. FARiNosA. /?. Americana. Torr. Bird's-eije Primrose.

LA'S. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at apex, attenu-
ate at base, under .surface covered witli a yellowish-white, farinaceous dust ;
invol. farinaceous, 3 — 20-flowered, shorter than the pedicels; bracts long-acumi-
nate; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordale, bifid,
obtuse. — Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, Nutt., Houghton, N. to lat. Gfi°.
Scape 6 — 12' high. Flowers purple or flesh-color.

3. P. AURICULA. Avriclcd Primrose or Auricula. — Lvs. obovate, entire or ser-
rate, fleshy ; scape many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves ; invol. of short
leaves ; cal. powdery. — 1\. Native of the Alps. A well known favorite of the
florist. The cultivated varieties are innumerable, and many of them of exqui-
site beauty and fragrance. May. f

4. P. ELATioR. Jacq. OxUp Primrose. — Lvs. toothed, rugo.se, hairy on each
side ; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding ; cor. flat. — 1\ Native
of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape
a foot high. Apr. May. f

5. P. OFFICINALIS. Jacq. (P. veris. Cam.) Cowslip Primrose. — Lvs. toothed,
rugose, haiiy beneath ; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding; cal. angular ;
cor. concave. — '2|. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly

Trientalis. LXXXII. PRIMULACE^. 385

of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silk-
worms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed. June, f

6. P. PURPUREA. Royl. Purple Primrose. — Lis. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth,
covered beneath with yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute; scape thick,
glabrous, longer than the leaves ; invol. O0-flo\vered, as long as the pedicels, fari-
naceous beneath ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate. — Native of the
Mountains of Napaul, Asia. Flowers dark purple, f

7. P. CALYClNA. Duby. Double-cvppcd Primrose. — Lrs. lanceolate, thin, smooth,
entire, acute, surrounded with a M^hite margin; invol. 3 — 5-flowered, as long as

Jhe pedicels ; cal. tube ventricose ; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate. — Native of
'Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful, f

8. P. GRANDiFLoRA. Lam. (P. Vulgaris. Hiuls.) Common Primrose. — Lis.
obovate, oblong, rugose, villous beneath, toothed ; umbel radical ; Jl. stalks as
long as the leaves; cor. flat. — Tj. Native of Europe. An interesting garden
plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation.
In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they be-
come double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple,
&c., and the umbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. The roots and
leaves smell of anise seed, and when dried and powered, are used as a snuff,
and also as an emetic. The number of varieties is vast, and is readily increased
by cultivation from seed. April, f

3. DODECATHEON.

Gr. SoSexa, twelve, ^so;, god ; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12?

Calyx 5-parted, reflexed ; cor. tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted,
segments reflexed ; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; fil.
very short ; anth. large, acute, connivent at apex ; style exserted ;
caps, oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. — % icith radical.^ oblong Ivs.,
an erect, simple scape, and a terminal umbel of nodding Jiowers.

1. D. Meadia. Ainerican Cotcslip, or Mead's Cowslip.

Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base into a marginal petiole, gla-
brous, entire or repandly dentate ; scape 9 — 20-flowered ; bracts of the invol. ovate,
inner ones lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate, acute, entire ; fil. united into a tube much
shorter than the subulate anthers. — A singular, elegant herb, on prairies, dry or
rocky soils, Penn. to Ind. Dr. Skinner! 111., Wise, and throughout the Western
States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7 — 10' by IJ — 2^'. on
the margin usually undulate or repand-toothed. Scape l—2f high. Involucre
much shorter than the pedicels which are very slender, 1 — 2' in length. Corol-
la white or purplish, abruptly reflexed. Anthers 5" long, yellow, purple at
base. May, Jn. f I have .specimens gathered in Tenn. by Miss E. Carpenter,
with leaves perfectly even and entire.

2. D. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx.

Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, subentire, obtuse, petiolate ; scape
few-flowered ; fl,s. suberect ; bracts of the invol. lanceolate or linear acute ; cal.
segments lanceolate, acute, entire ; fil. connate into an elongated tube, nearly as
long as the anthers. — A much smaller plant than the preceding. Nuttall. — I
have specimens of this species 1 collected in 111. by Rev. E. Jenney. Scape
6 — 10' high, thick. Leaves 3 — 5' long, on naked petioles. Flowers 5 — 11,
somewhat crowded, on shorter pedicels. Corolla bluish-white. — It may be only
a variety of D. Meadia.

4. TRIENTALIS.

Lat. trUns, the third part of a foot (40 ; alluding to the height of the plant.

Calyx and cor. 7-(6 — 8-) parted, spreading ; sta. 7 (6 — 8) ; fr. cap-
sular, somewhat fleshy, many-seed. — St. loio, simple. Lvs. subverticil-
late. Fed. I -flowered.

T. Americana. Ph. (T. Europsea. Michx.) Chickweed Wintergreen.
St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; lvs. glomerate, few, narrow-lanceolate,

386 LXXXII. PRIMULACE^. Lysimachu

serrulate, acuminatt: ; srp. linear, acuminate. This little plant is common in
the rocky woods of N. Eng., N. Y., and Brit. Am. Stem 3 — 6' high, with an
irregular whorl of 4 — 8 lanceolate, smooth and shining lea-f es at the top. In
the midst of these are 1 — 4 white, star-like flowers, borne on simple, filiform
pedicels. The leaves are mostly acuminate at each end, 3' long and 1' wide.
Segments of the corolla longer than the acute calyx leaves. Seeds attached to
a central, spongy placenta. May, Jn.

5. GLAUX.

Gr. yXavKOS, bluish or glaucous ; from the hue of the plant

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored ; corolla 0 ; stamens 5 ; cap-
sule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved5 5-seeded. — '^ Mari-
time, branching, glabrous.

G. maritIma. Black Saltvjort.

A small, smooth, fleshy plant, found occasionally in the salt marshes on
our seacoast, Can. to N. J. Root perennial. Stem more or less procumbent at
base, 4 — 6' high, smooth, branching, and very leafy. Leaves %' in length,
roundish-ovate, obtuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly
glaucous. Flowers small, sessile, axillarj^, solitary. Calyx white, tinged with
red. July.

6. NAUMBURGIA. McEnch.
Calyx and cor. deeply 5 — 6-parted ; pet. linear-lanceolate, spread-
ing, separated by minute, intervening teeth ; sta. 5 — 6, inserted into
the base of the corolla, exserted ; anth. cordate ; caps, globose, 5-
valved ; seeds few, on a globose placenta. — % %mth opposite Ivs. Fls.
small, in dense, thyrsoid racemes.

N. THYRsipLORA. McBHch. (Lvsimachia. Linn. SluAIsI edit. L. capitata.

Ph.) — An erect, smooth herb, about 2f high, in swamps, Mass., Vt., N.
Y. ! W. to Ohio ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves many pairs, sessile, lanceolate,
acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 — 3' by J — 1'. Racemes
somewhat capitate, on filiform, axillary peduncles. Flowers yellow. Stamens
much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn.

7. LYSIMACHIA.
Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanulate, tube very short ; sta. 5, in-
serted into the corolla at base ; fil. often somewhat connate, or with
intervening sterile ones; caps, globose, 5 — 10-valved, opening at the
apex ; seeds 00. — Herbs mostly tj., ivith opposite or verticillate, entire Ivs.

1. L. sTRicTA. Ait. (L. racemosa. M.v. Viscum terrestre. Linn.)
Simple or branched, erect ; Ivs. opposite or ternate, lanceolate or lance-
linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile ; fls. verticillate, in a long, lax, termi-
nal raceme; _j!7eManceolate, spreading. — % In low, wet grounds. Can., N. Eng.
to Va. and Ohio. Common. Plant .smooth, 1 — 2f high, bearing at top a regu-
lar, cylindric or conical raceme, 6 — 8' long. Peduncles an inch in length,
quite spreading, each with a .subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3
short, united at base. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple. Capsules 5-seed-
ed. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which
will produce new plants the following spring. July.

2. L. ciLiATA. Fringe-stalk Loosestrife. Heart-lcavcd Loosestrife.
Subsimple, erect; Ivs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, subcordate or

ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side ; fls. nodding, mostly opposite; sta.
distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. — 7J. In gravely soils and near streams, IJ. S.
and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2 — 3f high, simple or with
a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on
petioles fringed with cilese, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers
large, yellow, axillary. Staniens inserted into a ring, nearly equal, with 5 al '
lernate and intermediate, rudimentary filaments or teeth. July.

Centunculus. LXXXII. PRIMULACEiE. 387

3. L. HYBRiDA. Michx. Hybrid Loosestrife.

Smooth, erect, branched above ; Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each
end, opposite, petioles ciliate, short ; fis. nodding ; ped. axillary ; sta. united in
a very short tube at base, with intermediate processes. — % Grassy meadows
and prairies, Can., N. H. ! to Car., W. to la. ! and 111. Mead. Its stem and
flowers resemble those of L. ciliata, from which species it is chiefly distinguish-
ed by its narrower, lanceolate, never cordate leaves, and its more numerous and
leafy branches, each of which bears a whorl of 4 leaves and 4 flowers at the
end. Stamens with intermediate processes. Jl.

4. L. auADRiFOLiA. Four-lcaved Loosestrife.

Simple, erect ; lis. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s or 3s, sessile, lanceolate,
acuminate, punctate ; ped. axillary, 1-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s) ; pet. oval, ob-
tuse.— % In low grounds, river banks. Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 18' high,
.somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of- 4 — 5 leaves, each bearing a flow-
er-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens unequal,
imited at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn.

5. L. HETEROPHYLLA. Michx. Variaus-leaved Loosestrife.

Erect, subsimple ; Ivs. opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin
not reflexed, ciliate at base and on the short petiole, lower ones shorter, oval,
obovate or even roundish ; distinctly petiolate; Jis. on long peduncles, opposite
or apparently quateniate at top of the stem; sta. subequal, with intervening
teeth.— Hills and woods, Ohio, Clark ! 111. Jenney ! to Ga. Stem 12—18' high,
branched from the base if at all. Leaves about 2|' by 5", lower 1' by J', all
paler beneath. Flowers very similar to those of L. ciliata. Jn. Jl.

6. L. LONGiPOLiA. Pursh. (L. revoluta. Nutt.) Prairie Moneywort.

St. slender, 4-angled, flexuous, branched above ; lis. opposite, linear-ob-
long, sessile, margin revolute ; fls. opposite or mostly quaternate and terminal
on the stem and branches ; scp. lance-linear, acuminate ; pet. longer than the
calyx, roundish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly acuminate. — Common in low
prairies, W. States ! The large yellow flowers are very conspicuous among the
grasses. Stems 12 — 20' high, purple. Leaves 2 — 3' by 2 — 3", coriaceous, deep
green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of a brilliant yellow. Anth. large. Jl.

8. ANAGALLIS.

Gt. avayeXao), to laugh ; it is said to be medicinally efficacious in expelling h5T)ochondria.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted, longer than the ca-
lyx, tube 0 ; sta. 5, hirsute ; anth. introrse ; caps, globose, membra-
naceous, circumscissile. — Herbs with, square stems and. (mostli/) opposite
Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary.

A. ARVENSis. Scarlet Pimperrwl. Poor Manh Weather-glass.

Procumbent, branched ; Ivs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternate, sessile ; fed.
longer than the leaves; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling the petals; pet.
crenate-glandular. — A beautiful trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c., U. S.
(except the colder parts of N. Eng.) and in almost all other countries. Stem
b — 20' long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6 — 8" by 4 — 6".
Flowers opposite, small but beautiful, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock,
A. M., and closing at 2 P. M., in damp weather not open at all. Jn. — Aug.

9. CENTUNCtJLUS.
Calyx 5-parted ; cor. urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the ca-
lyx ; sta. 4, beardless, united at base ; caps, globose, circumscissile ;
seeds very minute. — ® Very diminutive, with alternate Ivs. Fls.
axillary., solitary, subsessilc.

C. MINIMUS. (C. lanceolatxxs. Michx.') Bastard Pimpernel.
Erect, branched ; Ivs. subsessile, ovate or lance-ovate, obtusish, entire, al-
ternate, lower opposite; sep. linear-subulate, equaling the capsule. — Wet places,
III. Mead', and Southern States. Scarcely more than 1 — 2' high (4 — 6", Rid-
dell). Leaves about 2" by 1". Flowers reddish "? Jl.
33*

388 . LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEiE. Plantaqo.

10. samOlus.

Celtic san, salutary, 7nos, a pig ; a apeciiic for the diseases of swine, says Pliny.

Calyx partly adherent, 5-cleft ; cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft ; sta.
5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile filaments) ; caps, dehiscent at top
by 5 valves, many-seeded. — Herbs toith alternate leaves. Fls. corym-
bose or raceTtwse.

1. S. Valerandi. Water Pimpernel.

St. subsimple ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper ses-
sile ; Jls. racemed ; pedicels with a minute, obtuse bract near the middle ; pet.
twice longer than the sepals. — 'Tj. In wet, gravely places, throughout the world,
frequent but not abundant. Stem If high, romid, with alternate, entire, broadly-
lanceolate leaves an inch in length, and tapering to short petioles. Racemes
terminal, long. Flowers small, white, their pedicels having a small bract near
the middle. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, the tube broad the limb
bearing the barren filaments between its deep-cleft, obtu.se lobes, ana the true
stamens opposite the latter and alternate with the former. July — Sept.

2. S. FLORiBUNDUs. Kuuth. MoMV-Jlowered Samolus.

St. branched above ; Irs. obtuse, entire, radical obovate-spatulate, petio-
late, rotmd-obtuse, cauline oblong, obtuse, lower petiolate, upper subsessile ; Jls.
paniculate-corymbose ; pedicels filiform, with a minute, acute bract near the
middle ; pet. scarcely longer than the sepals. — R. I. Olney! to La., Ohio, Clark!
and la. ! Stem 10 — 15' high. Lower leaves 14" by 6", iipper 8" by 5". Flow-
ers numerous, white, twice smaller than in the last. Pedicels 6 — 8" in length.
July — Sept.

Order LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACE^.— Kibworts.

Plants herbaceous, usually acaulescent. Lvs. mostly rosulate. Fls. in spikes.
Cal. 4-cleft, persistent.

Cor. membranaceous, the limb 4-parted, persistent.

Sta. 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its segments. Anth. versatile.
Ova. 2-celled, sessile. Style single.
Fr. — Pyxis membranaceous, cells 1—2 or several-seeded.
Geneia 3, species 120, scattered throughout all countries of the globe. Properties unimportant.

PLANTAGO.
Calyx 4 (rarely 3)-parted ; corolla marescent, with a 4-cleft, re-
flected border ; stamens mostly exserted and very long ; capsule
ovoid, 2-celled, circumscissile. — Acaulescent herbs. Lvs. all radical.
Fls. spicate.

* Leaves dilated.

1. P. coRDATA. Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain.

L/vs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, somewhat toothed ; spikes very long,
flowers somewhat imbricate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse bracts. —
% Can. to Tenn. and N. J. Well marked by its broadly heart-shaped leaves
and its elongated spikes which are 6 — 8' long, and on scapes twice as high.
Leaves 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Corolla white, with obovate seg-
ments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, with 2 seeds in each cell. Jn. Jl.

2. P. MAJOR. Covimon Plantain or Ribwort.

Lws. ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, with rather long footstalks;
scape round ; Jls. imbricated ; sdi. numerous. — % This species is a native of
Japan, Europe and America, is very common, always at the door and by the
wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c.
The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. The root consists of
long fibres. Leaves broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong
fibre, which may be pulled out. Scape 1 — 3f high, with a very long (5 — 20'),
cylindric spike. Fls. white, inconspicuous, appearing in succession all summer.

3. P. LANCEOLATA. La7ice-lcavcd Plantain.

Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end ; spikes ovate, naked ; scape angular.

LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACE^. 389

% Can. to Ga. Common in pastiixes and grass-lands. Easily known by its
longer leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with froria 3 to 5
strong ribs; by its shorter spike (1 — 2' long), with dark colored calyxes and
whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8 — 15' long) with
prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle.

4. P. MKDiA. Hoary Plantain.

Lvs. ovate, pubescent ; spike sliort, cylindric ; scaye roimd ; sds. solitary in
each cell of the pyxis. — % Grows in pastures and roadsides, N. Y. and Penn.,
flowering all summer. It has broad, flat leaves 2' long, covered with a hoary
down, and with short footstalks. Spikes shorter than those of P. major, being
1 — 3' long and about half a foot high. Flowers white, with pink filaments and
yellow anthers.

5. P. ViRGiNicA. Virginian or Lesser Plantain.

Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary-pubescent, subdenticulate ; scape angular ;
sjnke cylindric, pubescent, with flowers somewhat remote. — A biennial species,
on sandy or stony hills in the southern parts of N. England and N. Y. to La.,
much smaller than the preceding. The whole plant is covered with a soft, gray
pubescence. Scape 4—8' high, very hairy. Leaves 2 — 3' long, narrowed at
base into the petiole, obtuse at the end. Corolla yellowish, with very acute seg-
ments including the stamens. Jl.

6. P. cucuLLATA. Lam. (P. maxima. Jacq.) Hood-leaved Plantain.
Lvs. ovate, slightly denticulate, 9-veined, cucullate at base, contracted into

a long petiole ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical, short, dense-flowered ; sta, exserted.
— In wet, rocky situations, Me., Pursh. Scape 1 — 3f high, with a spike 2 — 3'
in length. Leaves large, conspicuously rolled in or hooded at base. — A doubt-
ful native of this country.

7. P. GLABRA. Nutt. Smooth Plantain.

Lvs. glabrous, ovate, denticulate ; scape slender, somewhat compressed,
nearly as long as the leaves ; fls. scattered ; bracts ovate, acuminate. — In arid
places, Ohio, Frank., Mo., Nuttall.

8. P. GiVAPHALioiDEs. Nutt. (P. lagopus. Ph. not oi Linn.')

Whole plant clothed with a long silky wool ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire,
very acute ; spike long, cylindric and dense-flowered ; sta. included ; caps. 2-
celled, 2-seeded. — Ark.

/?. Nutt. (P. aristata. Michx.) i?racte very long and spinulose. — Prairies and
roadsides, 111., Mead.

* * Leaves linear.

9. P. MARiTiMA. (P. pauciflora. Ph.)

Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base ; spike cylindrical,
close ; scape round. — Grows in salt marshes along the coast, Me. to N. J. It has
a large, perennial root sending' up a scape varying in height from 3' to a foot,
and numerous, very fleshy, dark green, linear leaves deeply grooved on the
inside, and G — 10' long. Spike slender, of numeroas, sub-imbricate, whitish
flowers. Aug.

10. P. PUSILLA. Nutt.

Minutely pubescent ; lvs. linear-subulate, flat, entire, somewhat fleshy ;
scape terete, .slender, longer than the leaves ; spike interrupted, subcylindrical,
loose-flowered below ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. — ® A diminu-
tive species, low grounds, Penn. Leaves crowded, about 1' long the scape 2 — 3',
spicate § its length.

Order LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACE^.— Leadworts.

Plants herbaceoiLS or suffrnticose, variable in appearance.
Lvs. undiWded, alternate, or sometimes ail radical and the flowers on a scape.
Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent.

Cor. regular, hyiiocraterifbrm, of 5 petals united at base or sometimes almost distinct.
Sta. 5, hj'po^yiious and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws.
Ova. l-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4).
Pr. an utricle, or dehiscent by valves. Seed inverted.
Genera 8, species 160, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes.

390 LXXXVI. LENTIBULACE^. Pinguicula.

Properties.— The root of Statice Limonium is one of the best and most powerful of all astringents.
The species of Plumbago are acrid and escharotie, so much so, that the roots of P. Europeeus are said by
Lindiey to be employed in Europe by beggars, to raise blisters on the face, in order to excite compassion.

Genera.

Inflorescence an involucrate head. Armeria. I

Inflorescence a panicle of racemes Statice. 8

1. ARMERIA. Willd.
Flowers collected in a dense head ; invol. 3 — many-leaved ; cal.
tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, carious and
plaited ; petals 5, almost distinct ; sta. 5, inserted on the base of the
petals ; styles 5, distinct ; fr. indehiscent, invested with the calyx. —
% JjVS. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appemlaged above.
A. VULGARIS. Willd. (Statice Armeria. Limi.) Thrift.
Scape terete, smooth, ivs. linear, flat, obtuse; mder bracts of the invol. ovate,
acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base. — A neat and elegant
plant, native near the .sea-coast, Brit. Am. Hook, N. Eng. 1 Middle and South-
ern States. Often cultivated. Leaves 3 — 4' by 2 — 3", numerous, crowded.
Scape about If high, bearing a singular .sheath at top; formed, according to
Lindiey, by the adherent bases of the involucral leaves. Involucre about 3-
leaved. Flowers showy, rose-colored. Jn. — Aug. -f-

2. STAT Ice.

Gr. orari^Q), to stop ; for, used medicinally, it stops the diarrhcea, says Pliny.

Flowers scattered in a paniculate or spicate inflorescence, otherwise
essentially the same as in Armeria. — % Lvs. radical or cauline, dilated,
mostly entire. Invol. 0.

1. S. Limonium. (S. Carolinianum. WaU.) Marsh Roseviary.

Scape terete, paniculate ; Irs. all radical, ovate-lanceolate, undulate,
smooth, obtuse, mucronate below the tip. — Salt marshes, R. i. Ol9iey ! to Md. !
and Car. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceolate, clasping bracts,
and supporting at top a broad, branching panicle composed of close, secund
spikes of sessile, blue flowers. Petals obovate, unguiculate, bearing the sta-
mens on their claws. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, broader in the upper half,
smooth, veinless, on long petioles. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astrin-
gent, much valued in medicine. Aug. — Oct.

Order LXXXVI. LENTIBULACEiE.— Butterworts.

Plants herbaceous, aquatic. Lvs. radical, undivided, or compoimd, root-like and bearing vesicles of air.

Scapes generally simple, naked or with bracts, with few or many showy flowers.

Cal. inferior, of 2 or 5 sepals united or distinct at base.

Cm: irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred.

Sta. 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. 1-celIed.

Ova. 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigma cleft.

Jpy. — Capsule many-seeded. Sils. minute ; embryo none.

Genera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries.
Properties unimportant.

Genera.

Calyx 4— -S-cleft, capsule 5-celled Pinguicula I.

Caly.x 2-parted, subequal. Capsule 1-celled Utricularia 2.

1. PINGUICULA.

Lat. pinguis, fat ; from the greasy appearance of the leaves.

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip trifid, lower bifid ; cor. bilabiate or rare-
ly subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-parted, lower trifid or 3-parted, spur-
red at base beneath ; sta. 2, very short ; stig. sessile, 2-lobed ; caps,
erect ; seeds 00. — % In wet places. Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire.
Scapes 1 -flouiered, nodding.

P. YULGARis. Butterwort.

Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctious-puberulent above ; scape and cal.
subpubescent ; cw. lips very unequal, lobes obtuse; sjnir cylindrical, shorter

Utricularia. LXXXVI. LENTIBULACEJE. 391

than the corolla. — Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Rochester,
Dewey, Beck.) N. to Arctic Am. Hooker. Scape 6 — 8' high, with solitary, nod-
ding flowers. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate,
with a tapering base, fleshy and unctions to the touch. Corolla with a purple
tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in April and May,
2. UTRICULARIA.
Lat. titricula, a little bottle ; alluding to the air-vessels appended to the roots.

Calyx 2-parted, subequal ; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate,
spurred ; sta. 2 ; stig. bilabiate ; caps, globular, 1 -celled. — Herbs
aquatic^ loosely fioaiing or fixed in the mud. Lvs. radical, multifid or
liiiear and entire., mostly furnished with little inflated vesicles. Scape erect.

§ Floating. Leaves capillaceous, nmltifid. Boots few or 0. Branches
producing turions at apex.

1. U. iNFLATA. Walt. (U. ceratophylla. Mr.) Whorled Bladdcrwort.

Upfer lvs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface ot the water ; petiole and mid-
vein inflated, lower lvs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged ; scape 4 — 5-flowered.
— Tj- In ponds, Mass. to Car., W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhizomal) is
very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single, irregular whorl of 5
or 6 floating, inflated leaves which are oblong, cleft, and pinnatifid at the end.
Flowers 4 — 5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheathing
bracts. Spur nearly as long as the corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate,
emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3 lobed. Aug.

2. U. VULGARIS. (U. macrorhiza. Le Confe.) Common Bladderwort.
Lis. all submersed, capillaceous, multifid, fibrillose or setaceous; vcsicUs

numerous, small ; st. or rhizoma very long, floating ; scape simple, 5 — 11-flower-
ed ! spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the corolla. — % In stagnant pools, U. S.
and Can. Floating stems .several feet long, very branching. Leaves very nu-
merous, 1' in length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture,
usually inflated. Scape 5 — 10' high, stout, arising out of the water. Flowers
alternate, showy, yellow, 5 — 6" long, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate,
striped with brown. Jn. Jl.

3. U. INTERMEDIA. Haync.

IA'S. all submersed, in 2 rows, dichotomously many-parted, without vesi-
cles, roundish in outline, segments ciliolate-denticulate ; leafless branches with
lateral vesicles and terminal turions ; fls. few ; lips entire ; spur conical, acute,
appressed to the lower lip. — % Pools, Mass. Bobbins ! R. I. Prov. Frank. Soc.
Floating stems branched, a foot long. Leaves about 3" long, numerous. Turions
much larger than the vesicles, green, scaly, producing new plants like bulbs.
Flowers 4—5" long, sulphur-yellow.

4. U. STRIATA. Le Conte.

Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, with vesicles ; scape 2 — 6-flower-
ed, with a few scales ; flowers large, yellow, upper lip broad, divided into 3
lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having
dark spots upon the palate ; spur slender, obtuse, with a notch at the end,

pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly as long ® Native of

swamps, Mass. to Flor. Root submerged, slightly attached to the mud. Leaves
(radicles 1) few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high,
generally with 2 flowers. June.

5. U. GiBBA. Linn, (and Le Conte.')

Minute, floating, leafless 1 with few utricles and turions ; scape about 2
(4 — 7, Le C.)-flowered, naked, segments of the yellow corolla roundish, upper
lip emarginate, lower subtrilobatc, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute ; spur gib-
bous in the middle. — %. In pools, R. I., Olney, Mass., N. Y. to Car. Submersed
stems dichotomous. Scapes 2 — 3' high, generally with but 2 small, yellow
flowers. Spur swelling outward in the middle. Jl.

6. U. FORNiCATA. Le Conte. (U. minor. Ph.)

Sis. numerous, fibrillose-branched, floating, utriculate ; scape naked, 1 — 2-
flowered ; upper lip of the cmvlla 3-lobed, central lobe incurved over the palate.

392 LXXXVII. OROBANCHACEiE. Ohobanche.

lateral lobes appressed, ^wc?- Zij9 entire ; spu?- incurved, conical, obtuse, appressed
to the lower lip. — Stagnant waters, N. Y. to Ohio, Clark 1 S. to Ga. The plant
appears to be leafless, unless the hair-like lateral branches be considered leaves.
Utricles very small. Scapes 3 — 5' high, filiform, dividing near the top, with a
very minute bracteole at the fork. Flowers yellow.

7. U. PURPUREA. "Walt. Purplc-Jlowered Bladdcrv;ort.

St. long, floating, branched; Irs. submersed, fibrillose, verticillate, pin-
nalejy dissected, segments capillary, vitriculate ; scape assurgent, 2 — 3-flowered ;
upper lip roundish-truncate, loiver lip larger, its lateral lobes cucullate, smaller
than the central; 5;;w conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper
lip. — 0 Pools, Mass. ! to Flor. W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, bright
purple flowers. Stem J — 3f long. Leaves about IJ' long. Utricles small.
Scape 3 — 5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug.

§ § Roots fixed in the mud or earth. Leaves simple, linear^ with few utricles.

8. U. RESUPINATA. Green. ("U. Greenii. OaJces.)

Sis. creeping, fibrillose, rooting; Ivs. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and
entire ; scapes numerous, simple, 1-flowercd, with a minute clasping bract near
the top ; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the
corolla. — Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury, ( Green,') Plymouth and Uxbridge,
Mass., Bobbins ! Leaves generally numerous, 6 — 15'' high, the bract 1' below
the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from
the spur. Jl.

9. U. suBULATA. (U. .setacea. Michx.)

St. fibrillose, creeping, rooting, utriculate ; Ivs. few and minute, among
the fibrillose roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 0 1
scapes tew, filiform, 1 — 5-flowered; brads ovate, clasping; pedicels 4 — 5 times
longer than the ovate, obtu.se, veined sepals ; cor. upper lip ovate, entire, lower
3-lobed ; spur acute, appressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip. — A minute
species, in swamps and ditches. Can., Mass. ! to Flor. and La. Scapes 2 — 4'
high. Leaves 2—3" by \". Flowers yellow, 3 — 4" broad. Jn.

10. U. coRNtJTA. Michx. Horned Bladdcrwort.

Scape rooting, rigidly erect, scaly, with about 2 sessile flowers; spur subu-
late, acute, longer than the corolla. — % Native of damp, boggy soils, but never
floating, growing abundant in its localities, Can. to Mass. and Mich. Scape
8 — 12' high, leafless, but furnished with a Hcvi small, distant, pale, ovate scales,
and bearing at the top 2 — 3 large, yellow flowers i.ssuing from between bracts.
The calyx consists of 2, ovate, colored leaves. Lower lip of the corolla much
larger than the upper, broad, deflexed, emarginate ; spur rigid, acute twice the
length of the calyx. Jl. Aug.

11. U. PERSONATA. Le Conte. Snap-dragoji Bladderwort.

St. strict, simple ; roots few ; Ivs. 0 ; fls. 2 — 10 ; pedicels shorter than the
acute lobes of the calyx ; cor. uppci lip oblong, obovate, emarginate ; palate very
large; spur linear-subulate, subacute, dependent, as long as the rest of the
corolla. — Bogs, N. Eng. to Flor. Resembles the last, but distinguishable by its
more numerous and smaller flowers, acute sepals, emarginate upper lip, and the
more slender and acute spur of the yellow corolla. Stem or scape 10 — 18' high.

Order LXXXVII. OROBANCHACEiE.— Broomrapes.

Plants herbaceous, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants.
S/. furnished with scales and bearing solitary or spicate flowers.

Cal. 4— Stoothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. irregular, persistent, imbricate in [estivation.
Sta. 4, didynamous. Anth. 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded at base.
Ova. 1-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 parietal placenta? Style 1. Sr/g'wa 2-lobed.
Fr.— Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, l-celled, 2-valved, each valve bearing one simple or2-
Sds. very numerous and minute. [lobed placenta in the middle.

Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astringent and bitter.

OROBANCHE.

(rr. opoffoi, a vetch, ay^etv, to choke ; being supposed hurtfid to the vetch and other plants.

Calyx 2 — 5-cleft, the segments often unequal ; corolla ringent, limb

Tecoma. LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEiE. 393

4 — 5-lobed ; ovary seated in a fleshy disk ; capsule ovoid, acute, 1-
celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — % Stems mostly simple.

1. O. UNiFLORA. (O. biflora. Nutt.) One-Jinvered Broomrape.

Scapes in pairs, naked, each 1-flowered. — A small, leafless plant, with the
general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets. Can. and U. S.
Root short, thick, smooth, scaly, surmounted by a stem not exceeding J' in length.
This divides at its top, generally into 2, scape-like, erect, round, simple, naked
peduncles 4 — 5' high, downy, purplish-white, with a nodding flower at the top,
of the same hue. A dozen or more such flower stalks are often found clustered
together. June, July.

2. O. Americana. Amcritan Broomrape.

St. simple, covered with oval-lanceolate, imbricated scales ; spilcc smooth,
terminal ; corolla recurved ; sta. exsert. — Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem
very thick, 4 — 6' high, very smooth, brownish-yellqw, leafless, closely imbri-
cated witli pale, polished, oval scales. The spikes are dense. Bracts pale and
smooth like the scales of the stem. Corolla tubular, bent downwards, the upper
lip vaulted, yellow. Calyx irregularly divided into jagged segments, with 2
bracts at ba.se. July.

2. EPIPHEGUS. Nutt.

Gr. cTTi, upon, (priyvs, the beech ; being supposed parasitical on the roots of that tree.

Monoeciously polygamous ; calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed. c? Co-
rolla ringent, compressed, 4-cleft. lower lip flat. 9 Corolla minute,
4-tootlied, deciduous; capsule truncate, oblique, 1 -celled, 2-valved,
opening only on one side. — % with virgate, sivifle branches which are
Jloriferous their lohole length.

E. ViRGiNiANUs. Eaton. (E. Americanus. Nutt and \st edit.) Beech-drops.

St. branched, leafless ; fis. remote, alternate ; cor. 4-toothed, deciduous.-
This is said to be a parasitic plant growing from the roots of beech trees.
Woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Root a scaly ball covered with stiff", short and
brittle radicles. Stem a foot high, with slender and irregular branches given
off the whole length of it. Instead of leaves it has only a few small, ovate scales,
one at the base of each branch. Flowers alternately scattered on each branch,
the upper ones barren, with recurved corollas, brownish-white, with darker
stripes above. Fertile ones smaller, deciduous. The whole plant is of a dull
red color. Aug. Sept.

Order LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACE^.— Bignoniads.

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herls, often cUmbing or twiniiifr.
Lvs. opposite, either simple or compoiiiul, without stipules.
FIs. terminal. Cal. divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous.
Cor.— Tube broad, witli an irregular, 5-lobed or bilabiate limb.
Sta. 5, 1 or 3 sterile, ulten didynamous. Anthe.is 2-celled.
Ova. 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style I. Stigma o^2 plates.
F;-.— Capsule coriaceous, 1— 2-celled. 2-valved, many -seeded.
ads. generally winged, destitute of albiunen.

Genera 44, species 450, mostly North American. Others are diffused in all countries, particularly within
the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afibrd a valuable timber. But this order is best
known for the beauty of its flowers.

Genera.

Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 4, fertile. Climbingshrubs Tecoma. I

Caly.x 2-parted. Stamens 2 fertile, witli 2 or three abortive. Trees Catalpa. 2

1. TECOMA. Juss.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb
5-lobed, subbilabiated or equal ; sta. 4, didynamous, with the rudi-
ment of a fifth ; anth. cells 2, diverging ; caps. 2-celled, 2-valved ;
seeds winged. — Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. opposite, digitate
or V7ieqvally jnnnate.

394 LXXXIX. PEDALIAUEiE. Marfynia.

1. T. RADicANs. Jliss. (Bignoiiia radicaiis. Linn.) Trumpet Flmver.

Climbing by radicating tendrils ; lis. unequally pinnate ; Ifts. 4 — 5 pairs,
ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins ; corymbs
terminal; cor. lube thrice longer than the calyx; sla. included. — A splendid
climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. Penn. to Flor. W. to 111. ! Stem
20 — 80f! in length, ascending trees. Leaves 10 — 15' long, leaflets 2 — 3' by
1 — 2'. Flowers 2j' long, of a bright scarlet red. Fruit about 3' long, curved. —
One variety has yellow-scarlet flowers, another bright scarlet. Jn. — Aug. f

2. T. GRANDiFLORA. Dclaun. (Bignonia Chinensis.) Chinese Truvipet-Jlow-
er. — Climbing, glabrous ; Ziv;. unequally pinnate, .//'te. 3 — 5 pairs, ovate-acumi-
nate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodcUng, biglandular; cor. tube
scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx. — Native of China and Japan. Flowers
of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. f
2. CAT ALP A. Scop.
Calyx 2-parted ; corolla campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft, the tube inflated ;
stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile ; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled,
long, cylindric. — Trees. Lvs. opposite or ternate-verticillate, simple, pe-
tiolate. Panilces terminal.

C. BiGNONioiDES. Walt. 1788. (C. cordifolia. Jaum.) Catalpa.

Lvs. membranaceous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, sub-
entire ; branches of the panicle di-trichotomous ; cal. lips mucronate. — A fine,
wide-spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated in many
places at the North, for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances, it
attains the height of 50f, with a diameter of nearly 2f It exhibits a wide-
spreading top, with comparatively few branches. Its leaves are beautifully
heart-shaped, and smooth, resembling those of the lilac, but much larger. In
color the bark is a light, shining gray. In May it puts forth blossoms in great
profusion. Their form is campanulate, color white, with yellow and violet
spots. Capsule cylindiic, pendent, a foot in length; seed winged.

Order LXXXIX. PEDALIACE^.— Pedaliads.

Herbs mostly strong-scented and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0.

Lvs. opposite or alternate, undivided, angular or lobed. Fls. a.xillary, solitarj', large.

Cal. 5-cleft, nearly equal.

Cor. hypogj-nous, irregular, tube ventricose, limb 3— 5-lobed, mostly bilabiate.

Sta. i (with me rudiment ofa 5th), didynamous.

Ova. !— 2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Stigina divided.

Pr. drupaceous or capsular, often 2— 4-hornea, sometimes with 4—8 spurious cells formed by the divergent

lobes of'the placenta cohering with the walls of the penciirp.
Sds. few, large, wingless.

Genera 12, species 27, natives of tropical America, &c. Some of them have been introduced into the
United States.

Genera.

Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves suborbicular Martynia. 1

Corolla 3-lobed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate , . . . Sesamum. 2

1. MARTYNIA.

In honor of John Blartyn, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng. 17G0.

Calyx 5-cleft, 2 — 3-bracteolate at base ; cor. campanulate, tube
gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal ; sta. 5, one rudimentary and
sterile, 4 didynamous ; caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each
valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. — ® chiefly southern, branch-
ing, viscid-pilose. Lvs. opjmsite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish.

M. PROBOsciDEA. Glox. (M. altcrnifolia. Lam.) Unicorn Plant.

Branches mostly decumbent ; lvs. cordate, entire, suborbicular, villous, up-
per ones alternate; jls. on long, axillary peduncles ; bcalsmwch longer than the
cap.sule. — Native along rivers, Penn. to La. Stem 1 — 2fIong. Leaves paler
beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the
leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. Aug. Sept.
Other ornamental species are M. diandra, flowers pink, spotted with purple ;
and M. lutea, flowers deep yellow.

RuELi.iA. XC. ACANTFIACEiE. 395

2. SESAMUM.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, 3-cleft, the lower lobe the
longest ; stigma lanceolate ; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the
inflexed edges of the valves. — ® of India,.

S. Indicum. DC. Oili/seed.—Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-Iobed, up-
per ones undivided, serrate.— Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high.
Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple.
The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury.
It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds
-ield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient.

Order XC. ACANTHACE^l Acanthads.

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple, undivided, exstipul;ite leaves.

F/s. opposite or alternate, spicate, 3-br,icte:itc, showy. , ■, , ■

Cal. of 5 sepals united more or less, persistent. Vur. Slohed, suhequal or bilabiate.

Sta 4, diilynamous, or more usually onlyi fertile with 2 rudimentary.

Ova. 2-celled, with the placenta? parietal, adhering in the axis. Styles united.

F/-.— Capsule 2-celled, cells 2 or many-seeded. .,.,,.

Sds. roundish, supported by hooked, ascending processes of the placenta^, without albumen.

Genera 103, species V50, chiefly tropical, only a few species ever extending into the United States. They
are mostly mere weeds, but many are highly ornamental. Properties mucilaginous and slightly bitter, but
of little importance to man.

Gene7-a.

stamens 2. Flowers in pedunculate, a.xillary clusters Dicliptera. 1

Stamens 4, didynamous. Flowers sessile, axillary Rueliia. 2

1. DICLIPTfiRA. Juss.

Gr. Sii, double, Ka\vTrTrip, a cover; alluding to the 2 remarkable valves.

Calyx 5-parted, often 2 — 3-bracteolate ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip
emarg'inate, lower 3-cleft ; fil. 2, each with a double anther ; stig. 1 ;
caps, attenuated below, half 2-celled, with 2 elastic valves ; dissepi-
ment growing from the centre of each valve ; seeds 4, lenticular. —
Herbaceous or shrubby.

D. American.^. Wood, fjusticia pedtmculosa. Michx. Dianthera Ame-
ricana. Linn.) — St. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end;
spikes capitate, dense, on long, opposite or alternate, axillary peduncles. — %.On
sluggish streams. Can. to Ga., W. to Ohio! la. Plumvier! 111. Mead. Stem
l_3f high, grooved. Leaves opposite, 2—5' by J— 1', wavy, glabrous, contract-
ed to a short petiole. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Flowers pale
purple, small. Valves of the capsule recurved elastically when mature, lower
half attenuate and abortive ; processes of the placentae ascending, supporting
the lens-shaped seeds in their grooves. Jl. Aug.

2. RUELLIA.

In honor of John Ruelle, physician to Francis I., and botanic author.

Calyx 5-parted, generally bibracteate at base ; cor. subcampanu-
late with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb ; sta. 4, didynamous, ap-
proximating by pairs ; caps, attenuated to each end, bursting by elas-
tic, tooth-like valves ; seeds few. — % ovh. Fls. axillary and terminal.
\. R. STEEPENS. (R. hirsuta. Ell. R. ciliosa. Willd.7 R. hybrida. Ph.7
R. oblongifolia. Mr. ?)— Hirsute, erect, branched ; Ivs. ovate, oval or ob-
long, acutish, margin entire, undulate, lower ones briefly petiolate, upper ses-
sile ; fis. subse-ssile, axillary, 2 — 3 together ; col. segvienls linear-subulate, his-
pid, half as long as the slender tube of the corolla.— In dry barrens and prairies,
Ohio ! Ind. ! 111. ! to Penn. and Southern States. Stem 8—24' high, often sim-
ple, clothed with white, bristly hairs. Leaves 1 J— 2§' long, J— i as wide. Calyx
segments 8 — 10" long. Corolla caducous, limb light bluish-purple, 1— H' broad,
fimnel-shaped, with a long and slender tube. July.- Varies to subglabrous.
34

396

XCI. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

0. Corolla smaller (limb 1' broad); plant smoothish.

ops. There is much confusion in this genus. All my specimens, collected by inyselfand others in Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee and Alabama, are pUiinly referable to R. strepens alone.

Order XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^.— Figworts.

Herbs, undershniis, or rarely shrubs, scentless or fVftid, raiely aromatic.

Lvs. opposite, verticillate or alternate. FIs. axillary nr racemose, rarely spicate.

C'd/.— Seiials 4 or 5, unequal, more or less uniteil at base, inferior, persistent.

Cor. bilabiate, personate or otherwise irregular, tlie lobes imbricate in aestivation.

Sla. 4, (lidynamous, rarely with the rudiment of the 5th ; .sometimes 2 only, the 3 others either rudimen-

Ova. free, •2-celled, many-seeded. Style simple. Slig-ina 2lobed. Itary or wholly wanting.

Fr. — Capsule 2-celled, 2valved, with central placenta;.

S(h. indefinite, albuminous. E?)ii)ri/o straight.

Genera 176, species 1814, found in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of perpetual
frost. They constitute about 1-36 ofthe Phajnogamia of N. America. Lindley.

Pro;)m/&s.—Oenerally acrid, bitter and deleterious planls. The most remarkable officinal species of
the tribe is the fo.tglove (Digitalis), which exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in
regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Taken in excess it
epeeilily causes death. The Veronica Virginica, (Culvers Physic) and Linaria vulgaris (toad-flax) are
purgative and emetic. Numerous species are cidtivated for ornament. Nearly all ot them turn black in
drying.

FIG. 50.— 1. Dasystoma pubescens. 2. Mature fruit. 3. Cross section of the 2-ceIled capsule. 4. A
stamen, enlarged. 5. MimuluB ringens. 6. Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showmg the didyna-
mous stamens in pairs, with the stigma above the highest pair. 7. Sections ot the 2-celled, many-seeded
capsule. 8. Plan ofthe flower, showing the position ofthe 5th rudimentary hlaraent. 9. Linaria vulga-
ris, leaf and personate-bilabiate, spurred flower. 10. A winged seed.

Conspectus of the Genera.

("Flowers < Corolla deeply and variously lobed and colored. . . Schizanthus. 1

Uiandrous. i Corolla 4-cleft. Flowers spicate. Peduncle scape-like. S?/«r/ie)W. 17

k spurred at base. . . Linaria. 3
I f Corolla personate-bilabiate, < saccate at base. . . Antirrhinum. ^^

J S Corolla yellow Peii!W</ar!«. 28

\ I C Bracts green. ^ Corolla purple. ScA»ifl/iea. 2S

1 Corolla ringent-bilabiate. \ Bracts Tobed and colored. . Castilleja. 2i
I Corolla large, tubular-campanulate, subei|ual. . ■ Digitalis.

FIs. didy

r i?*. UlUy- I V.^UI01lil lillfiC. LULILll.ll -l^ailll'tnini.ii,-, otii/v-i.."..

Herbs With alter- 1 namous. l. Corolla equally 3-cleft. Minute mud plants. .
nate leaves I Flowers pentandrous. Corolla roUiie, iieaily legular.

Limoselln.
Verbascum.

Verbascum. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. 3g7

(Calyx 4 Sterile fils. minute or 0. Oratiola. 13

(Corolla < 5-parted. ^Sterile tils, forked. . Ilysanthus. 14
,. , ^ bilabiate. ( Caly.x 4-parteil. Fl. minute. . Hemianthm. 15

Flowers diandrous. ( Corolla subequally •1-lobed Veronica. 19

( Leaves serrate. . AUmulus. 10
f Stamens < Leaves multifid. . Conobea. 11

fl included. ( Leaves entire. . Herpestis. 12
i Sta. ascending i FIs. spicate. Rhinanthris. 27
Corolla beneath the galea. (p'Is. solitary. Me/ampi/rwn.-29
bilabiate. I Sta. declinate in lower lip. . Co/Zinsin. 7

J Lvs. ovate-lanceolate. . Bucimera. 20
Cor.5- ("purple. (Lvs. linear, entire. . . Geiardia. 22
lobed,] SCal.5-parted..Se2/?«6ria. 21

sub- 1 iAnth. equal. ?Cal.5tooth'd.Z)as2/s?o?«a!. 24

or minute, (.equal, (.yellow. ; Anthers unequal. . , Otophylla 23
, ... , Sterile filament scale-like, adherent to the ovoid corolla. Scropkularia. 6
Herbs with oppo- FIs. duly- Sterile filament shorter, glabrous. Seeds winged. Chelone. 8

site leaves Inamous. LSterile filament long, exserted. bearded. Sds. apterous. Pentsteinon 9

Trees with large cordate leaves, and panicles of tubidar, scarlet flowers. . . . Paiilownia. a

Tribe 1. SALPIGLOSSE^.

1. SCHIZANTHUS. Ruiz & Pavon.

G): cx^^'^i to cut, avios, a flower; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the showy coroll3.

Corolla irregular, the upper lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, low-
er much smaller, 3-parted ; filaments 4, 2 of them sterile ; capsule
2-celled. — ®from Chili. Lvs. pinyiatlfid, alternate. Cymes supra-_
axillary.

S. piNNATUS. Ruiz & Pavon. — Lvs. 1 — 2-pinnately cleft; cor. tube shorter
Ihan the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, cucullate, lateral
segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, late-
ral 4-lobed; sta. ex.serted.— Plant 1— 2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers
in clusters opposite the leaves. Calyx and peduncles viscid-pubescent. Corolla
purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst, f

Tribe 2. VERBASCEiE.

2. VERBASCUM.

Lat. barba, beard ; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered.

Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect ;
capsule ovoid-globose, 2-valved. — ® rarely % or suffruticose. Lvs. al-
ternate. FIs. in spikes or paniculate racemes.

1. V. TH.\Fsus. Common Mullein.

Lvs. decurrent, densely tomentose on both sides ; rac. spiked, dense ; three
of the stamens downy, two of them smooth. — The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes
of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all
roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3 — 5f high, woolly, its angles winged
by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or
two branches above. Leaves very rough with dense wool on both sides. Flow-
ers rotate, of a golden yellow, nearly .sessile. Notwithstanding its frequency,
the mullein is generally supposed to have been introduced. Jn. — Aug.

2. V. Blattaria. Motk Mullein.

Lvs. cla.sping, oblong, smooth, serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, solita^3^ — (D Grows
in waste grounds, roadsides, N. Eng. to la. ! not comrnon. Stem 3f high,
branching above, bearing a terminal, leafy raceme 2 — 4'' long. Lower leaves
oblong, obovate; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate.
Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked
with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, the filaments all hairy.
Jn. Jl.

3. V. Lychnitis.

• Whitish subtomentose ; st. and paniculate branches angular ; lvs. green
above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the base, upper ones sessile ; panicle
pyramidal, /cscicfes loosely many-flowered; cal. small, with lance-subulate seg-
ments ; fil. with white wool. — Banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, Pursh.
Ky. McMurt. Leaves very cane-scent beneath. Flowers pale yellow.

398 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. Antirrhinum.

^4. V. Phceniceum. (V. ferrugineum. Andr.) — St. pubescent or glabrous;
Ivs. smooth above, radical petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or entire, cauline
few ; roc. glandular-pilose, simple or subramose ; pedicels solitary, remote, ma-
ny times longer than the calyx ; Jil. with purple wool. — Native of Europe and
Asia. Q,uite variable both in the form of the leaves and the color of the flow-
ers, the latter being violet, red or copper color, f

Tribe 3. ANTIRRHINE^.

Corolla tubular, often saccate or calcarate (spurred). Capsule dehiscing by
pores. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves (at least the lower) opposite or ver-
ticillate (upper often alternate). Benth.

3. LINARIA. Juss.
Lat. limim, flax ; from the resemblance of the leaves of some of the species.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed ; lower
lip 3-cleft ; throat closed By the prominent palate ; tube inflated,
with a spur behind ; capsule 2-celled, bursting at the summit. — Herbs.
Lower Ivs. generally opposite., upper alternate. Fls. solitary^ axillary.,
often forming tcrmi?ial, leafy racemes.

1. L. VULGARIS. Mill. (Antirrhinum Linaria. Linn.) Toad Max. Snap-
dragon.— Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes terminal ; fis. dense, im-
bricate ; cat. smooth, shorter than the spur. — % A very showy plant common by
roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. Stems erect, smoothish, 1 — 2f high, very leafy and
with numerous, short, leafy branches. Flowers large and numerous, crowded
in a long, terminal spike. Corolla of a curious and grotesque form, furnished
with a long tail or spur, the mouth closed by a prominent palate from the tm-
der lip. By lateral pressure it opens, closing with a spring when the pressure
is removed. Color a brilliant yellow except the palate which is of a rich
orange. July, Aug.

2. L. Canadensis. Dumont. (Antirrhinum Canadense. Linn.) Cana-
dian Snap-dragon. — Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; fls. racemed ; st.

simple; scions procumbent. — A smaller, annual .species in roadsides, fields. Can.
to Car. and Ky. Stem very slender, nearly simple, curving upwards from the
decumbent base, about a foot high, smooth, furnished with small, remote leaves.
A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off from the base of the
stem. Flowers small, blue, in a loose raceme at the end of the stems. Throat
closed by the light blue palate. Spur filiform, as long as the corolla. Jn. — Sept.

3. A. Elatine.

Procumbent, hairy; lvs. alternate, hastate, entire; pcd. solitary, very long.
— Fields, Can. to Car. A small, slender species. Stem creeping, 1 — 2f in
length. Leaves 6 — 8" by 3 — 4", with a conspicuous auricle each side at base.
Corolla yellow, the upper lip bright purple beneath, on long stalks. Calyx
hairy, as well as the whole plant. Jn. — Sept.

4. L. TRioRNiTHOPHORUM. WiUd. (Autir. triorn. Linn.) Three-bird Snap-dragon.
— Erect, spreading, smooth and glaucous; lvs. all verticillate in 3s or 4s, broad-
lanceolate, acute; ^s. interruptedly racemose, generally verticillate, on long
pedicels. — % Native from Portugal to Austria. A showy plant 2— 4f high,
remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla which resembles three little birds
seated in the spur, f

5. L. BiPARTiTA. Willd. (Antirrhinum bipartita. Vent.) — Glabrous, erect;
lvs. linear ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; scp. lance-linear, acute, mem-
branaceous at the margin ; cor. upper lip deeply 2-parted ; spur slender, arcuate.
— A beautiful plant from Barbary. Corollas 8 — 10" long, violet-blue, palate
orange, f

4. ANTIRRHINUM.
Gr. avTi, like, (iiv, a nose ; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of some animal.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor. gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip

CoLLiNsiA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. 399

bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate ; caps,
valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. — European herbs with the lower Ivs.
opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria.

1. A. MAJUs. Gi-eal Sna'p-Draoon.—L.vs. lanceolate, opposite ; /s. racemed;
sep. glandular-hairy, lanceolate, acute- An elegant and popular garden flower,
native of England. Grows 1 or 2f high. Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower
lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath.
There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers, f

2. A. Orontium. 0. grandiflorum. Chav. — Glabrous or hairy above, spread-
ing; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; ^5. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemose;
cat. segmciUs equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule.— Native
of Europe, Asia, and North America'? Bcntham. A showy garden plant, 1 —
2f high. Corolla 6" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins, f

Tribe 4. CHELONE^.

Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule 2 — 4-valved. Calyx seg-
ments or lobes imbricate in a3st. Inflorescence compound (general centripe-
tal, partial centrifugal). Benth.

5. PAQLOWNIA. Siebold.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy ; cor. tube long, declinate, enlarged
above, limb oblique, with rounded segments ; sta. 4. arched downwards,
with no rudiment of a 5th ; caps, ligneous, acuminate, valves septi-
ferous in the middle ; seeds 00, winged. — Tree, native of Japan.

R. iMPERiALis. Sieb. (Bignonia tomentosa. Thunb.)—k splendid tree with
the habit of Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country !
Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Leaves 7—12' by 4—9', opposite, petio-
late, broad cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both
sides, smoothish above when' full grown. Panicles large, terminal, many-
flowered. Corolla H— 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spot-
ted within, f

6. SCROPHULARIA.
So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors.

Calyx in 5 acute segments ; corolla subglobose, limb contracted,
sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament) ;
capsule 2-celled ; valves with 2 inflated margins. — Herbs or suffruti-
cose, often foetid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound terminal j
thyrsoid payiicles.

S. NODOSA (and S. Marilandica. Linn. S. lanceolata. Pursh.) Pigwort.
Glabrous; st. angled; lvs. ovate, ovale-oblong, or the upper lanceolate,
acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish ; thyrse
oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base ; cymes pedunculate, loosely many-
flowered ; cal. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined ; sterile anth.
broadly orbicular. Bentham.—%. In woods and hedges. Can. U. S. and Cal. ;
also iii Europe. Rare in N. Eng. Stem square, 4— 6f high, with paniculate,
opposite branches above. Leaves 3—7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acumi-
nate. Flowers ovoid, 3 — 4" long. Limb very -small, sublabiate, having a
green scale (sterile filament) adnate to the upper side. July— Oct.— The plant
is quite variable in the Ibrm of the upper leaves and in the development of the
panicle; but having observed it in numerous localities in the Middle and
Western States, I cheerfully concur in the present view of Mr. Bentham.

7. COLLINSIA. Nutt.

Named by Mr. Nuttall in honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia.

Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower
trifid, with the middle segment carinately saccate and closed over the
34*

400 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon,

declinate style and stamens ; capsule ovoid or globose, with 2 mem-
branaceous, bifid valves ; seeds large, concavo-convex. — ® with oppo-
site or verticillate lis., axillary and terminal inflorescence.

C. VERNA. Nutt. Vernal CoUinsla. Tall Pink.

Minutely puberulent ; lowest Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, middle and
upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaul, dentate, floral ones lance-
linear, entire ; verticillasters 2 — 6-flowered; pedicels many times longer than
the flowers. — Banks of streams, shaded or open, N. Y. near Utica, Gray, to
Ohio, Locke! la.., Plummer ! A tender herb, 8-— 18' high, branched from the
base. Leaves 1 — 2' by J — 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 — IJ' long. Corolla
5" long, variegated with blue and white.

8. CHELONE.

Gr. y(^e\o}vri, a tortoise ; from a fancied resemblance of the flower to the head of that animal.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, with three bracts at base ; corolla inflated,
bilabiate, the fifth filament abortive, smooth above, shorter than the
rest ; anthers woolly ; caps, valves entire ; seeds broadly membrana-
ceous, winged. — % with opposite Ivs., distinguished from Fcntstcmon
chiejly by the seeds.

C. GLABRA. Snake-head. Salt-rhcvm Weed.

Smooth ; Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; fls. densely
spiked. — A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers
shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended.
Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Leaves opposite, of a dark and shining
green above, with irregular serratures, and sessile or nearly so. Flowers large,
in a short, terminal, dense spike. Corolla white, often tinged with red, inflated,
contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Filaments hairy. Style
long, exsert, bending downwards. Aug. Sept.

ff. jnorpurea. (C. purpurea. Mill?) Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate;
cor. rose-purple. — This variety prevails in the Western States ! It is larger in
its leaves and flowers. Petioles J — 1' long. Flowers very beautiful.

9. PENTSTEMON,

Gr. TTcvTt, (jTr}nov, five stamens (4 perfect and 1 abortive) ; from the character of the flower.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ventricose, bilabiate ; the fifth filament
sterile, bearded, longer than the rest ; anthers smooth ; seeds 00,
angular, not margined. — % rarely h, of JV. America, branchiyig, pa-
niculate. Lvs. opposite. Fls. shoivy, red, violet, blue or white.

1. P. PUBEscENs. Soland. (Chelone Pentstemon. Linn.) Beard-tongue.

Hirsute or glabrous ; radical lvs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceo-
late-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile ; panicle loose ; cor. tube dilated up-
wards, upper lip shortest; sterile sla. longitudinally bearded. — River banks,
blulTs, hilJs and barrens. Western N. Y, ! to Ohio ! la. and 111. A handsome
plant, 1 — 2f high. Stem round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely
branched panicle of bluish-purple flowers. Corolla 1' in length, the barren fila-
ment broadest at end. June.

a. Lvs. narrow and thinly pubescent.

/?. (P. Isevigatus. Soland.) Lvs. dilated and subamplexicaul, glabrous.

2. P. DIGITALIS. Nutt. (Chelone digitalis. Sweet.) Fox-glove Pentstemon.
Very glabrous or rarely puberulent ; radical lvs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or

oblong, cauline lanceolate, dilated and amplexicaul at base, serrate or rarely
entire ; panicle loose ; fed. erect, spreading ; cor. txibe campanulate-dilated up-
wards, upper lip scarcely shorter than the lower ; sterile sla. longitudinally
bearded. — Rich soils, Ohio, la. ! to Tenn., 3Jiss Carpenter! Large and splen-
did, 3f high. Leaves 6§' by 2', broadest at base and tapering to a long point.
Flowers numerous. Corolla 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn. Jl. —
I am strongly inclined to regard this also as a luxuriant variety of P. pubescens.

MiMULUs. XCl. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 401

3. P. GRACILIS. Nutt. (Chelone gracilis. Spreng.) Slender Beard-tongiie.
Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, cauline

linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire or remotely serrulate; ^a?izcfe pubescent,
slender; ped. erect; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long
and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, upper lip shorter than the lower ; sterile
sta. longitudinally bearded. — River bottoms, near Chicago, 111., Mead, also Mo.
and C. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Pedimcles 3 — 7-flowered. Flow-
ers nodding, 9 — 10" long, pale blue. June.

4. P. GRANDiFLORUs. Fraser. (Chelone grandiflora. Spr.') Great-jlmoered
Beard-tongue. — Erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical Ivs. petiolate, obo-

vate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate, the highest orbicular, amplexicaul, not con-
nate ; panicle long, slender and racemose, interrupted ; ped. short, solitary or
fasciculate, rigid ; cw. broadly campanulate; sterile fil. A\\a.ied. and puberulent
at apex. — 111. near Prairie du Chien, Riddcll, Mo., Nuttall. Stem 3f high.
Flowers 1 — 3 together in the upper axils. Corolla 15" long, much dilated at
the mouth, variously shaded with blue and purple.

5. P. sPECiosus. Doug. Showy Pentslcvwn. — Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radi^
cal Ivs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate ; panicle elongated,^
slender, virgate, secund ; cal. segments ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin mem-
branaceous; cm-, tube enlarged upwards; sterile Jil. filiform, glabrous. — Oregon.
Height 3 — if. Flowers U' long, blue, f

6. P. CAMPANULATUs. Willd. (Chclonc campanulata, augustifolia, rosea,
atropurpurea, of aulhws.) — Glabrous; Ivs. acutely senate, lance-linear or lance-
ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base ; panicle long, loose and secund ;
c(rr. ticbe ventricose above, lobes subequal ; sterile fil. bearded. — Mexico. A very
variable species, 2 — 3f high, with large flowers varying from light purple to
dark red or purple, t

7. P. EAREATUs. Nutt. Scarlet Pcntstcmon. — Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. en-
tire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear ; panicle long and loose ; cor. tube long,
scarcely dilated upwards ; loiver lip and sterile fil. densely bearded. — Mexico.
Height 2— 3f Corolla scarlet, 13" long, f

Ohs. — P. gentianoiiles, with the panicle long, leafj' at base, flowers violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other
species are rarely Ibund in gardens.

Tribe 5. GRATIOLEiE.

Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule bivalved, rarely indehiscent.

Calyx lobes or .segm. imbricate in gest. Inflor. centripetal, uniform. Benth.

10. MIMtJLUS.

Gr. fitftd), an ape ; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla.

Calyx prismatic, 5-tootlied ; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected
at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent ; capsule 2-celled,
many-seeded ; stigma thick, bifid. — Herbs prostrate or erect, with square
stems and opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, \-jlowered.

1. M. RiNGEX.s. Monkeij F/oirer.

Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer than the
flowers. — 7]. A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils, Can. and U. S.,
with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 21 high.
Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as
the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5-
angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. Jl. Aug.

2. M. ALATCS. Wing-stem Monkey Flower.

Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter than the
flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners. — % In N. Y. to la., Plwmmer ! and S.
States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and
grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and winged
at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovale. Flow-
ers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronate. Aug.
3. M. LUTEUs. (M. rivularis, lyratus, variegatus and guttatus of authors.)

402 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. Herpestis.

Yellow Monkey F^wer.— Ascending or erect; Ivs. orbicular-ovate or oblong,
lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many- veined ; -ped.
longer than the leaves ; cal. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cw. tube broad,
twice longer than the calyx.— California and Chili, Flowers yellow, often
spotted with rose or purple. •)•

4. M. CARDiNALis. Doug. Cardinal Monkey Flower.— Erect, branched, vil-
lous; Ivs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, many-
veined ; pcd. longer than the leaves ; cal. tube large, inflated ; cor. lobes reflexed.
—California. Stem loosely branched, 2— 3f high. Corolla scarlet, the tube
hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant. ■)-

11. CONOBEA. Aublet.
Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip
3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel ;
caps, globose, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dis-
sepiment ; seeds 00, ovoid. — American.^ branching herbs, with opposite
Ivs. Fed. axillary, solitary or in pairs, I -flowered, 2 bracteoles 7iear apex.
C. MULTiFiDA. Benth. (Capraria. Michx. Leucospora. Nutt.)
Low, dilFusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. petiolate, pinnately dissected,
segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. lobes entire ; caps, ovoid,
valves at length 2-parted.— ®1 Along the banks of the Ohio, (^Clarkl) and other
western rivers, common. A plant 4—6' high, with finely divided leaves, and
of a grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as
'the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule li" long. Jl.

12. HERPESTIS. Gaert.

Gr. lpTrri(TTris, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plants-

Calyx 5-parted, unequal ; cor. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate
or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel ; caps. 2-fiir-
rowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, the margins in-
flexed ; seeds 00, small. — Obscure weeds with opposite Ivs. Fed. 1-
flowered, axillary or subracemose, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx.

1. H. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Ph. (Monncria rotundifolia. Michx.)

St. mostly glabrous, creeping ; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, entire, glabrous,
many-veined ; pedicels ebracteate, 1— 3-together, 2 or 3 times longer than the
calyx ; lower cal. seg. ovate ; cor. i longer than the calyx.— A prostrate mud
plant, in ponds. 111. Mead! to La. Stem If in length. Leaves 6—12" diam.,
about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as the leaves. Calyx
2 — 3" in length. Flowers blue.

2. H. MicRANTHA. Pursh.

Glabrous, prostrate ; Ivs. oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-
veined ; pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves ; cal. lo7crr seg. cor-
date ; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx. — Borders of pools and rivers, N. J.
Penn. to Va. A minute weed, 2 — 4' in length, with minute flowers. Leaves
about 3" by 2", 5— 7-veined. Flowers less than 2" long, blue ? Aug.

3. H. AMPLEXiOAULis. Ph. (Monueria amplexicaulis. Michx.)

St. floating, woolly ; Ivs. amplexicaul, ovate, obtuse, entire, many-veinec,
glabrous above ; ped. solitary, shorter than the calyx ; cal. lower seg. cordate j
cor. i longer than the calyx; hypogpwus disk long, lO-toothed at apex.— Swamps
and ditches, N. J. to La. A" few inches in length, with leaves 6—8" long.
Flowers nearly 5" long. Style dilated at the end. Aug.

4. H. MoNNERiA. Humboldt. (H. cuneifolia. Ph. Monneria cuneifolia.
7l//c^_^.)_Glabrous, fleshy, proistrate ; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, obscurely cre-

nate or entire ; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx ;
l-oiver cal. seg. ovate.— An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Penn. to Car.
Beck, and La. Eaton. Leaves 6—8" long, obscurely veined, subclasping.
Flowers very small, pale purple. Aug.

Hemianthus. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. 403

13. GRATIOLA.

Lat. gratia, favor ; alluding to its medicinal virtues.

Calyx 5-parted, suhequal ; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid,
lower trifid, the palate uot prominent ; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3
sterile filaments ; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves infiexed at margin.
— Herbs with opposite Ivs. Peel, axillary^ l-Jloivcrcd, usually bibracteo-
late near the calyx.

1. G. AUREA. MiiU. Gotdcn Hedge Hijssof.

Smooth; lis. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, half-clasping; sterile fit. 2, mi-
mite. — A small, perennial herb, 6 — 8' high, frequenting the borders of muddy
ponds and other moist places, Mass. ! N. Y. ! to Flor. Stem declining and
rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Leaves opposite, ses-
sile, a little clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few
teeth near the end. Flowers yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks, as
long as the leaves. Filaments 4, adhering to the corolla, 2 of them minute,
without anthers. Aug.

2. G. ViRGiNicA. (G. aurea. Ph. G. Missouriana. Beck. G. officinalis.
M.c.) — St. ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, subacute ; ped. as long or

longer than the leaves ; sterile Jit. none. ~'2|- U. S. and Can. Stem 4 — 8' high,
more or less pubescent, round, declining and branching at base. Leaves 1 — 2'
long, and i as wide, smooth, lanceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near
the ends, subconnate or ample.xicaul. Corolla white or pale-yellow, pubescent
within, twice as long as the calj^x, and on long, pubescent stalks. Calyx with
5 equal segments, and 2 bracts which are linear-lanceolate and rather longer
than the sepals. July.

3. G. sph;erocarpa. Ell. (G. Caroliniensis. Le Co7ite.) Pmmd-fruited
Hedge Hyssop. — Glabrous, ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate,

attenuate "to the base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the calyx. —
Low grounds, Western States ! to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from
the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c.
Flowers whitish, 5 — 6" long. June.

14. ILYSANTHUS. Rafinesque.

Gl'. iXvf, mud, av^oi, flower; from the habitat of the plants.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger,
spreading, trifid ; sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the di-
visions glandular, obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an an-
ther ; caps, ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. — ® icith oppo-
site Ivs., and axillary, l-Jlowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit.

I. GRATioLoiDEs. Bcnth. (Lindernia dilatata. Ell. L. attenuata. Muld.

L. pyxidaria. Ph. Gratiola anagalloidea. Michx.) — Glabrous, ascending,
much branched ; /r5. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to
a petiole ; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless pedimcles ; sterile
fit. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. — In wet places, Can., N.
Y. ! Ohio. ! la.. 111. ! to Tex., frequent. A low, inconspicuous plant, 3 — 6 or
8' high. Leaves 5 — 8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower
distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. July, Aug.
— Varies with the leaves somewhat dilated at base and sessile, and the pedun-
cles longer or shorter, being sometimes a little longer than the leaves.
15. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt.

Gr. fim, half, av^os, flower; alluding to the absence of the upper lip.

Calyx 4-toothed ; cor. upper lip very short or obsolete, lower 3-
cleft, the middle segment long, spreading; cells of the 2 anthers
divaricate ; sterile fil. 0 ; caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved. — ® Minute gla-
brous, creeping. JLvs. opposite.

^04 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEiE. Digitalis.

H. MicRANTHEMoiDES. Nutt. (Hcrpcstis micrantha. Ell.)

Inundated banks, Del., Nuttall. Stems a few inches in length, dichoto-

mously branched. Leaves roundish-ovate, opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely

3-veiiied. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. Aug. Sept.

Tribe 6. SIBTHORPEjE.

16. LIMOSELLA.

Lat. limits, mud ; the plant grows by the edge of puddles and muddy places.

Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens
approximating in pairs ; capsule partly 2 celled, 2-valve(i, many-
seeded. — Minute, aquatic herbs. Scape l-flowered.

L. TENUiFOLTA. Nutt. (L. subulata. Ives and 1st edit.) Mudwort.

Acaulescent ; Ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole ; scape as long
as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx. — (1) R. I. !
Mass. ! N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the
muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small,
blue and white. Aug.

Tribe 7. DIGITALE^.

Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves all alternate, the lower crowded,
petiolate. Benth.
17. SYNTHYRIS. Benth.
Calyx 4-parted ; cor. subcampanulate, segments 4, erect-spreading
or 0 ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted ; anth.
cells parallel, distinct; caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate, locu-
licidal, seeds plano-convex. — % N. American, with a thick root. Radi-
cal Ivs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, on the scape-lilie stem, alternate. Fls.
racemed or spicate.

S. HouGHTONiANA. Benth. (Gymnandra Houghtoniana. Torr. d^ Gray,
in edit.) — Hirsute ; radical Irs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse ;
scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ; car. as long
as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. — Dry hills,
Wis., Lapham! Leaves 2 — 3' by IJ — 2', on petioles about I' long, some of the
leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate,
clasping. Scape 9 — 12' high. Spike elongating in fruit.

18. DIGITALIS.

Lat. digitabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, ventricose, in 5 subequal
lobes ; capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. —
Herbs or shrubs of Europe and Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate,
upper alternate. Fls. in shoivy racemes.

1. D. PURPUREA. Purple Foxglove. — Ijvs. oblong, rugose, crenate ; cal. seg-
ments ovate-oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire ; ped. as long as the calyx. —
Native of Europe. A well known, showy border flower of easy culture. It is
a biennial plant 2 — 3f high, with large, rough, downy leaves. "Flowers nume-
rous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with beautiful eye-
like spots within. The whole plant is a violent and dangerous poison when
taken in considerable quantities, producing delirium, convulsions and death.
But in the hand of the judicious physician it becomes a valuable medicine, act-
ing as a sedative and diuretic. July. ■\. f

2. D. FERRUGTNEA. Iron-colored Foxglove. — Ijvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth ;
roc. many-flowered ; cal. segments oval-elliptical, obtuse ; cor. limb subglobose,
woolly, lower segment ovate.— 7]. in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla
rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded, f

Veronica. XCI. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 405

3. D. GRANDIFL6RA. Allioiii. Great Yellow Foxglove. — Lvs. ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul ; roc. tomentose, lax ; cal. segments
lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricose-campanulate, segments broader than long,
lowest twice broader than the lateral.— "Il- in Europe. Plant 2— 3f high. Flow-
ers IJ' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange, f

4. D. LUTEA. Small Yellow F'oxglove. — Very smooth ; lvs. oblong or lanceo-
late, denticulate; rac. secund, many-flowered; cal. segments lanceolate, acute;
cor. glabrous, tube subventricose, lower segment half as long again as the rest. —
%. Europe. Stem 31" high. Flowers 8 — 10" long, yellow, varying to white. ■\

5. D. ORiENTALis. Lam. Oriental Spotted Foxglove. — St. and lance-linear lvs.

glabrous; <;^(7,:c interrupted, glandular- villose; pedicels very short ; cal. segments

ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor. pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse. — ^l.

Bythinia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted.

OJs.— Several other species are sometimes seen in gardens, among which are D. Thapsi, with mullein-
like leaves all radical and flat on the ground ; D. leucophcea, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of
dusky white fla. Numerous hybrids also occur in gardens, produced between the above species which are
often difficult to distinguish.

Tribe 8. VERONICEJ3.

19. VERONICA.

Etymology doubtful ; perhaps named for St. Veronica.

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments
mostly narrow ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube, exserted ; sterile fil.
0 ; caps, compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded.
— Herbs or shrubs {the following species herbs). Lvs. opposite. Fls.
solitary., axillary or in racemes, blue, Jksh-colored or white.
§ 1. Erect., tall. Lvs. verticillate ; racemes demise, terminal, often pani-
cled; corolla tube longer than the limb. Leptandra. Benth.

1. V. ViRGiNicA. (Leptandra Virginica. Nuit.) Culver's Physic.
Erect, tall, glabrous; lvs. briefly petiolate, in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-ovate to

lance-linear ; .':piLrs mostly several, paniculate. — Woods, thickets and barrens,
Can. to Ga., W. to the Miss. ! A con,spicuous plant arising 2 — 5f. Stem sim-
ple, straight, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves
which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath, and 4 — 6 in a whorl. Flowers
numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate, subtenninal spikes.
Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as
the corolla. Jl.

§ 2. Leaves opposite. Corolla tube venj short.
* Raccjnes axillary.

2. V. Anagallis. (V. tenerrima. Schmidt.)

Glabrous, erect ; lvs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish,
entire or serrulate ; rac in opposite or alternate axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly
notched. — % A smooth, succulent plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and
pools, Can. and U. S. ! not common. Stem fleshy, 12 — 20' high. Leaves about
2 — 3' by 5 — 7". Racemes longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2 — 3") scarce-
ly longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-i:)urple, small. Jn. Jl.

3. V. Americana. Schvvenitz. (V. Beccabunga A7n. authors.) Brooklime.
Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above ; lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong,

acute or obtusish, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base ; rac. opposite, loose ;
caps, roundish, turgid, emarginate. — 1\. in brooks and clear waters. Can. and
U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 — 18' long, more or less decumbent
and rooting at base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, i — h as wide, petioles 1 — 3" long, mar-
gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (3-— 5") twice longer than
the bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn. Jl. — This plant is variable,
some of its species approaching V. Anagallis, others V. Beccabunga, of Europe.

a. Lvs. ovate, acute, acutely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base. — Fre-
quent !

/?. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, rounded at base, petiolate. — Common !

40G XCI. SCROPHULARIACEiE. Veronica.

4. V. scuTELLATA. StuU-cap Of MarsA Speedwell.

Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ics. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, re-
motely denticulate ; rac. in alternate axils, very loose ; 2)edicds divaricate; caps.
compressed, broadly obcordate. — 7\- slender and weak, in swamps and marshes,
N. Eng. and Western States, and Brit. Am., common. Stem 10 — 16' high.
Leaves (3 — 3' by 2 — 3") much longer than the internodes. Peduncles and ped-
icels filiform, the latter (0 — 9") six times longer than the bracts. Flowers
rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn. — Aug.

5. V. OFFICINALIS. Officinal Speedioell.

Roughish-pubescent ; st. prostrate, branched ; Ivs. briefly petiolate, and
subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the
base ; rac. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; caps, puberu-
lent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. — 1^. in dry woods and open fields,
Can. to Ga. Plant trailing, 6 — 12' long, with ascending branches. The leaves
vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, 1 — 1 J' in length. The
flowers are pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes.
Found in dry woods and open fields. May — .Tl. ^
* * Raceme terminal.

6. V. SERPYLLiFOLiA. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell.
Subglabrous, much branched below ; sis. ascending; lis. oval, subcrenate,

obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into ob-
long, entire, alternate bracts ; ped. as long as the ovate sepals ; caps, obcordate,
broader than long. — % Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, &c., U. S. and
Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined,
orbicular and oval and ovate, 4 — 12" long, petioles 0 — 2". Racemes bracted,
rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 2 — 5'. Corolla scarce!}^ exceed-
ing the calyx, blue and white, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May —
August.

* ** Annual. JRlowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed.

7. V. PEREGRlNA. (V. Marilandica. Willd.) Purslane Speedwell.
Ascending, subglabrous; loicest Irs. petiolate, oval-oblong, dentate-serrate,

obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, Jloral ones oblong-linear,
entire, longer than the subsessile flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched,
the lobes rounded. — (T) Throughout N. America, in fields or clayey soils. Plant
often branched from the base, 4 — 10' high. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper
cauline 6 — 11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale
blue or white corolla. Capsule hardly broader than long. May, June.

8. V. ARVENsis. Fieitl Veronica. Corn Speedwell.

Puberulent-pilose, simple or branched, erector assurgent; Ivs. cordate-
ovate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceo-
late, crenate, sessile. — Frequent in dry fields, N. H. to Car. W. to the Miss.
A small, pubescent, pale green plant, 2 — 6' high. Stem nearly erect, branching
from the base, the leaves assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles, corolla shorter
than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May, June. §

/S. 1 (V. renitormis. Baf.) irs. sessile, reniform, entire.

9. V. AGRESTis. Ncckweed. Field Sptvdwell.

St. procumbent, diti'asely branching ; lis. cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply
serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; ped. as long as the leaves. — 0 In cultivated
fields, Can, to Ga. and La. A small, pilose plant, 2 — 8' long, with a round,
leafy, hairy stem, branching mostly at the base. The leaves are roundish-
ovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light
blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed,
ovate, equal. Seeds concave beneath. May — Sept.

10. V. hederjEfolia. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.

Prostrate, pilose ; lis. petiolate, cordate, roundish, mostly 3 — 5-toothed or
lobed ; ped. scarcely longer than the leaves ; sep. triangular, subcordate, acute,
at length erect. — Dry or rocky soils, L. L to Del. Stem diflfusely branched.
Leaves rather fleshy, the lower smaller, opposite, upper cauline broadly cor-
date or truncate at base, alternate as well as the floral. Calyx somewhat 4-

Qebardu. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. 407

angled in fruit, segments ciliate at edge. Corolla smaller than the oalyx, blue,
caducous. Capsule turgid, broader than long, 4-seeded. Mar. — May.

11. V. spiCATA. Spiked Speedwell. — Erect, tall; Ivs. petiolate, ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper, acute, crenate-serrate, entire at
apex ; roc. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals ; cal. mostly
hoary-pubescent. — % Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with nu-
merous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, &c. -f

Tribe 9. BUCHNERE^.

20. BUCHNfiRA.

Named by Linnaeus, in honor of J. G. Buchner, a German botanist, 1743.

Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 cordate, sub-
equal lobes ; capsule 2-valved. — Herbs with the lower Ivs. opposite, the
upper alternate. Flowers in a terminal spike {sta. 4, included).

B. Americana. Blue-hearts.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3- veined, sessile ; fls. remotely
spiked. — % In low grounds, N. Y. to Mo. and Ga. Stem 1 — 2f high, simple or
slightly branched, slender and terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat
virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves 1 — 2' long, very rough, appressed to
the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile. Stamens inserted, 2 in the throat of
the corolla, and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half as long as tube oi
corolla. Aug.

Tribe 10. GERARDIE^.

Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite.
Corolla tube dilated, limbs spreading, lobes flat, subregular. Stamens ap-
proximating in pairs.

21. SEYMERIA. Pursh.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate
or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ; sta. 4, subequal ;
valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire ; seeds 00. — Herbs erect,
branching. Cauliiie lvs. mostly opposite and incised. Fls. yellow.
S. MACROPHYLi.A. Nutt. Large-kaved Seymeria.

Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; lvs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid,
segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, ser-
rate or entire ; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ; sty. short, di-
lated and slightly bifid at apex ; caps, ovate-acuminate. — % In woods, White
River Valley, la.! Ohio, Clark! to Ark. The plant has much the aspect of
Dasystoma. Height, 4 — 6f. Lower leaves (5 — 7' by 2 — 3') lance-ovate in
outline, floral (2 — 3') mostly opposite. Corolla i' long, very woolly within.
Capsule a little shorter and broader. July.

22. GERARDIA.

Named by Linnsua, in honor of John Gerard, an English botanist of the ISth century.

Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed ; cor. tubular, ven-
tricose or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire lobes ;
sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, anth. all equal ;
caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ; seeds 00. — American herbs, rarely
suffruticose. Lvs. opposite. Fis. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color.

1. G. piTRPUREA. Large-fltrwered Purple Gerardia.

/S<. angular, much branched; lvs. linear, narrow, acute; ^5. subsessile,
^scattered ; cal. segments subulate. — 0 Found in wet pastures and swamps, N.
Eng. to 111. and Ga. Stem slender, branching, erect, smooth, obtuse-angled, 1
— 2f high. Lea'v'es entire, roughish, 8 — 15" long, and about 2" wide, coiled up
in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, on very short stalks.
Aug.

35

408 XCI. SCROPHtrLARIACEJE. DasY^toma.

2. G. MARiTiMA. Raf. Marsh Gerardia.

St angular; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; fls. stalked; cal.
truncate ; upper segments of the corolla fringed.—® Native of salt marshes,
Mass. to N. J., also shores of L. Mich. Houghton. This species resembles the
foreeoins:, of which Pursh describes it as a variety. It is a smaller plant b—
12' in height, and with smaller flowers. The leaves are shorter and thicker.
The calyx segments are cut square off", not acute as m the preceding. Corolla
purple. Flower-stalks axillary and terminal. July— Sept.

3 G TENUiFOLiA. Vahl. Small-flowered Purple Gerardia.

Branching; Ivs. linear; ;7e^. axillary, longer than the flowers; cal. teeth
short acute.—® A .slender and delicate species, usually very branching, but
oilen'simple, in fields and woods, U. S. Stem 6—12' high. Leaves about an
inch long, very narrow (scarcely a line in width), entire, rough, obtuse, often
coiled. Flowers opposite, axillary, on slender stalks an inch or more in length.
Corolla purple, spotted within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly
equal. Calyx teeth short and acute. Aug. Sept.

4. G. ASPERA. Doug. Rough Gerardia.

St. a little branched ; Ivs. long and narrowly linear, floral ones exceeding
the calyces ; ped. twice longer than the calyx ; caly.-c teeth lanceolate, acute, about
as long as the tube; cor. glabrous.—® Illinois, Buckley in DC, Prod. x. 518.
Peduncles sometimes but little exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long.
Flowers as large as those of G. purpurea, to which species this is perhaps too
nearly allied.

5. G. SETACEA. "Walt.

Branches slender, roughish; Ivs. setaceous, roughish; fls. few; ped. alter-
nate and opposite, very lone ; cal. teeth short and setaceous ; caps, ovate, larger
than the calyx.—® Penn. ^ to Car. Nitttall? Scarcely darkens in drying.

6. G. Skinneriana. Wood. (G. aphylla. Benth. in part, not Nutt.)
Scabrous, pale green ; st. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4 angles mar-
gined ; Ivs. remote, linear, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter
than the very long peduncles ; cal. teeth very short, glandular-acute ; cor. infun-
dibuliform-campanulate, lobes short, spreading; caps, roundish-ovoid, scarcely
exceeding the calyx.—® Barrens, la. ! Plant 12—18' high, the stem and few
branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Leaves (&— 12"
by j_|") much shorter than the internodes, margin slightly revolute. Pedun-
cles 1— U' long, erect. Corolla (5 — 6"^ glabrous, light purple or rose-color.
Capsule loculicidal, about 30-seeded. Jl. Aug.

Obs.—l detected this delicate species in July, 1846, in Greene Co., la., on land belonging to Dr- A. G.
Skinner, whose zeal in botanical pursuits deserves more than this slight notice. It does not turn black in
drying.

23. OTOPHYLLA. Benth.

Crr. ovs (oTos), ear, ipvWov, leaf; alluding to the auriculate leaves.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, sepals leafy, unequal ; cor. tube enlarged
upwards, lobes broad, entire ; sta. didynamous, the upper pair with
smaller abortive anthers ! caps, subglobose, many-seeded. — Erect, hairy
herbs with opposite leaves. Pis. axillary, solitary, subsessile.

O. MicHAUxii. Benth. (Gerardia auriculata. Michx.) Michaux's Gerardia.

Scabrous-hirsute, subsimple; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, lower entire, upper
mostly auriculate-lobed ; fls. sessile. — ® Penn. to III, Rev. E. Jenny! in prai-
ries and low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 9 — 18' high. Leaves (1- U' by
\ — I') entire on the margin, .sessile; floral ones with an oblong-lanceolate lobe
each side at base. Flowers alternate or mostly opposite, calyx deeply cleft,
corolla purple or rarely white, pubescent, dilated at the mouth, 9 — 12" long.
Aug. Sept.

24. DASYSTOMA. Raf.

Gr. iaavg, hairj', (Trofta, mouth; alluding to the character of the corolla.

Calyx campanulate. halt .'i-cleft, imbricate in aestivation ; cor. tube

Castilleja. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE. 40

dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes ; sta. included, didynamous ;
anth. all equal, awned at base ; caps, ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing
the septum in the middle, seeds 00. — % ered^ N. American. Lower
Ivs. opposite, upper generally/ alternate and entire. Cor. large, yellow,
villous tcithin as well as the stamens.

1. D. auERCiFOLiA. Benth. (Gerardia quercifolia. Ph. G. flava. Linn.
G. glauca. Eddy.) Oak-leaved Dasijstoma. — Glabrous ; st. paniculate-
branched; Zf.-;. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblong-
lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire . fls. pedunculate ; cat. lobes lanceolate, acute,
longer than the tube. — "Woods and barrens, Northern and Western States ! fre-
quent. It has a tall, smooth, glaucous, branching stem 3 — 5f high. Leaves
sinuate-pinnatifid ; the upper ones only cut-dentate, all acute at each end,
stalked, paler beneath. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and
axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Corolla trumpet-
shaped. The flowers resemble in form those of the foxglove, while the leaves
may be likened to those of the oak. The whole plant turns black in drying,
making but a shabby appearance in the herbarium. Aug.
0. integrifolia. Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, entire ; cor. smaller. — Ohio.

1. D. puBEscENs. Benth. (Gerardia flava. Ph.) Downy Dasystoma. (Fig. 50.)
Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; lis. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinu-
ate-lobed ; cal. segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube. — In woods through-
out the U. S. A tall and very showy plant. Stem 2 — 3f high, erect, pubescent.
Lower leaves variously pinnatifid, or cut and toothed; upper ones very entire
or toothed, obtuse ; all opposite and sessile. Flowers large, yellow, opposite,
axillary, trumpet-shaped. This also with the next species, turns black in dry-
ing. Aug. Sept.

3. D. PEDicuLARiA. Bcnth. (Gerardia pedicularia. Linn.) Lousewort Da-
systoma.— St. panicled, pubescent; lvs. oblong, pinnatifid, the segments
serrate ; cal. seg. leafy, cut-dentate. — One of the most elegant species, found in
woods and mountains, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Stem tall and bushy, 2— 3f high,
covered with a scattered, woolly pubescence. Leaves numerous, pinnatifid
with serrate lobes, opposite, on short, hairy stalks. Flowers large. Corolla
trumpet-shaped, yellow, with roundish, spreading, leaf-like segments. The
leaves have the general appearance of those of the lousewort, or some of the
ferns. Aug.

Tribe 11. EUPHRASIES.

Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Corolla upper lip galeate or concave, erect

or incm-ved. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip.

25. CASTILLEJA.

Named for one Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.

Calyx tubular, 2— 4-cleft ; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long,
crenate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed ; sta. beneath the galea, didyna-
mous ; anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form
of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendu-
lous.— Herbaceous or sufruticose. Lvs. alternate, the floral often colored
at the apex. Fls. subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts.

1. C. cocciNEA. Spreng. (Euchroma Nutt. Bartsia. Linn.) Painted-cup.
Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate segments ; l?racts about
3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla ; cal. 2-cleft, nearly
equal with the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate.— 7|. Wet meadows,
Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A very beautiful plant, remarkable for its
large, bright scarlet bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8—12' high. Leaves alter-
nate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded
near the summit of the stem, in 3 segments, the middle one larger than the
linear lateral ones. Flowers one in the axil of each bract. Calyx and corolla
tubular, dull yellow, the former tinged with scarlet towards the tip. May, Jn.

410 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^. Pedicolaris.

2. C. sessiliflOra. Ph. (Euchroma grandiflora. Nutt.) Oreat-flowered
Painted-cup. — Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly

cuneate-trifid, lobes divaricate; cal. sessile, elongated; spikes dense; co-r. long,
exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. — A plant of curious ap-
pearance, prairies, Wis., Laphavi! to the plains of the upper Missouri. Stem

8 14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves grayish, 2 — 2i'

long. Flowers crowded, pubescent. Corolla tube slender, 2 — 3' in length,
greenish-white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by
the upper lip, and a little exserted. May.

3. C. sEPTENTRioNALis. Liudl. (Bartsia pallida. Ph. not 1 of Linn.)
Lvs. alternate, linear, imdivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones

subovate, subdentate at the end, all 3-veined ; cal. with acute teeth. — % This
hardy plant inhabits the alpine regions of the White Mts. in N. H. ! particular-
ly the heights of Mt. Clinton, where it may be found in blossom in Aug. It is
also a native of Siberia and Hudson's Bay. Stem about a foot high, furrowed,
simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, smoothish, the lower ones linear, becoming
broader towards the upper part of the stem, where they are lanceolate and all
usually with but 3 veins. Tuft of flowers at top of the stem. Bracts broader
and shorter than the leaves, 5 — 7-veined, with about 3 teeth at the end, of a pale
straw-color, tipped with purple. Flowers straw-colored, nearly concealed by
the bracts.

26. SCHWALBEA.

Named by Linnseus in honor of Schwalbe, a Gennan botanist.

Calyx tubular, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small,
lower division large, emarginate or 2-toothed ; corolla ringent, upper
lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed ; seeds many, chafiy. — % with al-
ternate leaves andfiowers in a terminal spike.

S. Americana. Chaff-seed.

In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 1— 2f high, pubes-
cent, square, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veined,
with a ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, diminishing upwards. Flow-
ers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long spike. Corolla dull
purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 — li') as the calyx. Jn.

27. RHINANTHUS.

Gx. &tv, nose, avSoj ; alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea.

Calyx 4-toothed, ventricose ; cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the
calyx, limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader,
deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments ; caps. 2-valved, compressed,
obtuse. — ® erect, with opposite lvs.

R. MINOR. Ehrh. (R. Crista-galli. Linn.) Yellow Rattle.

Mostly glabrous ; lvs. oblong or lanceolate ; cor. scarcely a third longer
than the calyx ; appendages of the galea transversely ovate, broader than long.
— 0 Meadows and pastures, Mass., N. Y. to Arc. Am. Stem a foot high,
smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acute-
ly serrate, rough. Flowers axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Calyx in-
flated, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter
than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large after flowering. July.

28. PEDICULARIS.

Lat. pediculua, a louse ; probably from its efficacy in destroying that msect.

Calyx ventricose, 2 — 5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes ob-
liquely truncate ; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emarginate ;
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate ;
seeds angular. — Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely sub-opposite, often pinna-
tifid. Fls. spicate.

ITp^ENA. XCII. VERBENACE^. ^^1

1. P. Canadensis. (P. gladiata. Michz.) Lousewort.

Hirsute ; 5^ simple ; Ivs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinnatifid,
lobes oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate ; 5;^;^^ short, dense, leafy; cat. truncate
downwards ; co?: galea abruptly incurved, with 2 setaceous teeth ; caps, acu-
minate.— % Pastures and low grounds, U. S. ! & Can. Stem erect, a foot high.
Leaves 3 — 6' by 1 — 2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small
leaves at the base. Calyx truncated in an oblique direction downwards. Co-
rolla yellowish and purple ; the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or helmet
cut square off at the end, with a bristle-like tooth at each comer. Capsule pro-
longed into a lanceolate point §' long. May — July.

/?. gladiata (P. gladiata Mx.). Caps, prolongated into an ensiform point
which is i— 1' in length. Plant rather taller.

2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. (P. pallida. Pk.) Branching Lcntsewort.

Nearly glabrous ; si. branched ; Ivs. subopposite, briefly petiolate or ses-
sile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised-crenate ; spike rather dense ; cal. 2-lobed ;
cor. galea as long as the lip, incurved at apex, ending in a short, conical beak. —
% In alluvial woods, &c. N. Y. ! to Wis. Lapham ! S. to Va. Stem 1— 2f in
height, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite leaves and a few axilla-
ry branches. Leaves 3—5' by 1—1 J'. Spilces 1 — 2' in length, with ovate-lan-
ceolate bracts. Calyx and corolla smooth, the latter greenish-yellow, an inch
in length, with the galea somewhat emarginate at the end. Capsule shiort,
broadly ov^oid. Sept.

29. MELAMPfRUM.

Gr. ueXflf, black, izvpos, wheat ; the seeds blacken the flour of wheatif ffrouiid withit.

Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed, the margin
folded back ; lower lip grooved, trifid ; capsule 2-celled, oblique,
opening laterally, cells 2-seeded ; seeds cyliudric-oblong, smooth. —
Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils.

M. PRATENSE. /?. Americamim. Benth. (M. Americanum. Mz.) Caw
Wheat. — Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper ones
toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct.— (J) Inhabits woods. Can. to Ga., W. to
Ky. Stem with opposite branches, 8 — 10' high, round, erect. Leaves opposite,
1 li' by 3 — 5", the floral ones broader, with setaceous teeth at base and taper-
ing'to an obtuse point. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves,. yellowish,
slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. Capsules acute, declined, 4-
seeded. Jl.

Order XCII. VEKBENACE^.— Vervains.

Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs. Lvs. generally opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate.

Fls. in axillary corymbs or dense heads, or alternate-spicate.

Cal. tubular, 4— Stoothed, inferior, persistent.

Cor. tubular, the limb bilabiate or irregularly 4— 5-cleft, deciduous.

Sla. 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occasionally only 2.

Ova. 2— 4-celIed : ovules erector pendulous, solitary or twin. StJjIe 1.

Pr. drupaceous, baccate or dry, dividing into 2 or 4 1-seeded portions.

Seeds with little or no albumen.

Genera 56 species 610, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions and the shrubs and trees of the
tropics where they are in some instances very large. The teak-wood (Tectona erandis), native of India,
justly styled the " Oak of the East," is a timber tree of immense size and great durability, often attaining
the height of 100 feet. The wood contains silex. The medicinal properties of the tribe are little known or
unimportant.

Conspectus oj the Genera.

\ Corolla subequal, funnel-form. .... Verbena. 1

Un spikes or spiked corj-mbs. {Corolla bilabiate, nodding in fruit Phryma. 3

Flowers (in small pedunculate, a.\illary heads Lippia. 2

I. VERBENA.

Celtic /rt)/««ra, to remove stone, hence Eng. vervain and Lat. verbena.

Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often truncate ; corolla
funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, nearly equal ; stamens 4 (rarely but 2) ;
seeds 2 — 4, enclosed in a thin, evanescent pericarp. — Herbs ivith op-
posite lvs. Fls. mostly altcrnaidv spicatc, rarely capitate or corymbed.
35*'

413 XCII. VERBENACEiE. Verbbna.

1. V. HASTATA. Vervain. Slmpler's Joy.

Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower
oneslobed or hastate ; spikes erect, slender, panicled ijls. tetrandrous. — Tj. An erect,
tall and elegant plant, frequent by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly through-
out the U. S. and Can. Stem 3 — 4f high, with paniculate, opposite branches
above. Leaves rough in appearance and to the touch, opposite, lower ones
often somewhat hastate. Flowers small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbri-
cated spikes, which are somewhat fascicled at the summit of the stem, erect
and parallel to each other. Seeds 4. July — Sept.

0. pinnatifida. Lvs. incisely pinnatifid and coarsely dentate. — Western States !
common.

y. oblongifolia. Nutt. (V. paniculata. Lavi.) Ias. lance-ovate or lance-ob-
long, sharply serrate ; spikes filiform, loosely paniculate ; _^5. smaller. — Penn.
to la. ! and Mo. I have frequently observed this tall (4 — 6f) variety, and many
others, on the sandy prairies of Indiana. They appear to be hylnids between
V. hastata and V. urticaefolia.

2. V. URTic^FOLiA. Nettle-leaved Vervain.

Erect, subpubescent ; Lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petio-
late ; spikes axillary and terminal, loose, filiform ; Jls. tetrandrous. — % About
roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2 — 3f high, with
leaves resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green, diver-
gent spikes, remotely filled with small, white, distinct flowers. Seeds4. Jl. Aug.

3. V. SPURIA. Spinous or Jagged-leaved Vervain.

St. decumbent at base, divaricately branching, hairy ; lvs, ovate-lanceo-
late, petiolate, laciniately lobed and toothed ; spikes slender, loose ; bracts a
little longer than the calyx. — Conn. Eaton, Md. ! to Ga. and Western States.
An tmsightly plant, with a square stem 1 — 2f high, half erect, di- and tricho-
tomoixs above. Spikes 3 — 6' long, the bracts and flowers minute. Calyx I' in
length. Corolla blue. Aug. Sept. — This plant appears to be constantly though
slightly diflerent from V. officinalis of Europe.

4. V. BRACTEosA. Michx. (Zapania. Lam.) Prostrate Verbena.

St. decumbent, branched, divaricate, pilose ; lvs. laciniate, hirsute, ru-
gose ; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered ; bracts linear, squarrose, much
longer than the calyx. — Dry fields and roadsides. Middle and Western States !
Whole plant hairy, 8 — 16' long, remarkable lor its squarrose-bracteate spikes.
Leaves 1 — 2' long. Flowers small, blue. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds
bony. June — Sept.

5. V. sTRicTA. Vent. Mullein-leaved Verbena.

Hirsute and hairy ; st. thick, rigidly erect, branched above ; lvs. ovate,
oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugose; spikes erect, strict,
imbricate, subfalcate. — An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species, in dry
fields. Western States! common. Very hirsute, 1 — 3f high. Leaves 2 — 3' by
1 — 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Corolla blue, thrice larger than
in V. hastata. July.

6. V. ANGUSTiFOLTA. Michx. (V. rugosa. Willd.) Narrmo-leaved Vervain.
Erect, mostly simple ; lvs. lanceolate-linear, tapering to the base, remotely

serrate, with furrowed veins; spikes fililbrm, solitary, axillary and terminal. —
A small, hairy species, found on rocky hills and in other dry soils, N. Y. to Va. !
W. to the Miss. Stem not more than a foot high, with narrow (3' by 5"), rough
leaves and slender spikes of deep blue flowers. July.

7. V. AuBLETiA. Garden Verbena. — St. weak, assurgent; spikes solitary,
imbricate, long-pedunculate ; divisions of the cor. emarginate ; lvs. oval, deeply
serrate and divided, petiolate. — Native at the South. A slender and delicate
plant of the green-house, producing numerous, successive clusters of rose-
colored or scarlet flowers. Stem square, viscidly pubescent, 1 — 2f high, with
opposite branches and leaves. Leaves deeply cut and toothed, rhombic-
oval, on short stalks. Flowers larger than others of the genus, in corymbose
spikes. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx, narrow, permanent, downy as well
as the calyx. Mav.

XUlll. LABlATiE. 413

2. LIPPIA.

In honor of Augustus Lippi, a French physician.

Flowers in dense, pedunculate heads ; calyx 2-parted, compressed*
erect, membranaceous, shorter than the tube of the corolla ; cor-
funnel-shaped, limb subbilabiate, upper lip entire or emarginate?
lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, included ; drupe dry, thin, en-
closed in the calyx, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite
leaves. Heads on axillary peduncles.

L. NODiFLORA, Michx. (ZapaDia nodiflora. Ph. and authors.) Fog-frv,it.

Glabrous, procumbent ; si. 4-angled, geniculate, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the pe-
duncles.— %. On river banks, Penn. to la. ! 111. and La. Stems If or more long.
Leaves with conspicuous veins, 1 — 2' long, \ — \ as wide, petioles 3 — 6". Pe-
duncles 2 — 3'. Heads ovoid or roundish. Flowers small, purplish-white.
July, Aug.
/J. laticeolata. (Lippia lanceolata. Mx.) Ijvs. linear-lanceolate.

3. PHRYMA.
Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2-
toothed ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much smaller than
the 3-lobed lower one ; seed solitary. — Herbs -with opposite Ivs. Fls.
opposite, spicate, dejlexed in fruit.

P. LEPTOSTACHYA. (Priva. Lhidl.) Slender-spiked Phryma or Lopseed.

Lvs. stalked, ovate, serrate ; spikes long and slender ; cat. in fruit reflexed.
—% Found in rocky woods. Can. and U. S. Stem 2 — 3f high. Leaves large,
(3—6' long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Flowers small, oppo-
•jite, light-purple, in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal,
the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After
flowering the calyx closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close
to the stem. Hence the common name lopseed. The specific name refers to
the slender spikes. Seeds solitary, rather large, invested with a thin, membra-
nous capsule, and enclosed in the matured calyx. July.

Order XCIII. LABIATE.— Labiate Plants.

Herbs or UTidershrubs with 4-cornered stems and opposite branches.
Lvs. opposite, without stipules, replete with receptacles of aromatic oil.
Fts. in axillary, subsessile verticillasters, sometimes as if in whorls, spiiies or heads.
Color almost always of the cyanic series, blue, purple, red, white, &c.

Cal. tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate, persistent. [3-cleft one

Cor. bdabiate (rarely regular, S-toothed), the upper lip bifid or entire, overlapping in estivation the lowe-
Sto. 4, didynamous, or sometimes only 2, the upper pair being abortive or wanting, situated on the corolla
tube. Anth. moslly i-ctWed. ^•^^^ua

Ova. free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base of the lobes.
Pr. 1 — 4 hard nuts or achenia.
Sds. erect, with little or no albumen. Embryo erect. Cotyledotis flat.

Genera 125, species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes
40" and 50° ot the northern hemisphere.

Properties.— JhU well-known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile oil, and a bitter
principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial and stomachic; the latter, where it pre-
vails, febrifueal. The pennyroyal, lavender, sage, fioarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horse-
mint .rosemary , $-c., ^c, plants whose qualities are toowell known to require particular mention here
are all members ot this useful family. Not one species is poLsonous or even suspicious.

414

XCIII. LABIATE.

A

FIG. 51.— 1. Monardadidyma. 2. An anther enl.^rged. 3. Flower of Galiopsis Tetrahit 4.0neofits
stamens, much enlarged. 5. The cahx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 6. Flower of Salvia Sclarea.
8. Flower ol'Ocimum basilicum. 9. Flower of Nepela Glechoma. 10. A pair of the anthers forming a
cross. 11. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. 12 One of its stamens. 13. The ovaries
with the rudimentary filament. 14. Flower of Teucrium Canadense. 15. Flower Nepeta Catana.
15. One of its anthers. 17. Cunila Mariana. 18. A calyx and style.
Conspectus of the Genera. * Flowers diandrous.

4 Bracts whitish. . Blephilia. 8

\ Corolla not yellow. { Bracts green. . . Hedemna. 18

J Connectile erect, short. { Corolla yellow ColUnsonia. 16

(bilabiate. { Connectile transverse, long ; anthers dimidiate Salvia. 9

<, Herbs. . . . Cunila. 17

^Upper lip emarginate. ^Shrubs. . . . Rosmarinus. 10

t Corolla bilabiate. Hipper lip linear, embracing the filament. . Monarda. 7

subequal. { Corolla subregular, 4-lobed Lycopus. 6

* * Flowers didynamous.

Calyx I
bilabiate, l

("Tube of corolla J Stamens ascending.
J exserted

( Lips of calyx i Filaments simple.
< toothed . ■ -i Filaments forked.
' Lips of the calyx entire.

Me.lissa.

Prunella.

Scutellaria.

Tric/wstemma.

Thymus.

Origanum.

Hysso-pus.

I Stamens very long, arching the 5 cleft limb of corolla

< Stamens scarcely exsert.
Tube of the corolla scarcely longer than calyx. I Stamens exserted. ,

5 equal.
^ ( Cal. 15-nerVed, ^ oblique. Loplmnthvs.

■§ ( Flowers ■] D^amce.phalwm. 25

g (Bracts< spicate. ( Calyx 10-nerved. . . Satureja. 14

g < green. ( Flowers capitate, involucrate. . Pycnanthemum.M

3 ( Corolla bilabiate. ( Bracts colored Oris-anum. 12

S rstamenserect< Corolla limb of 4 subequal lobes, one of them emarginate. . Mentha. 4

o or divergent. ( Corolla limb of S equal lobes hanthus.

> Calyx 5-ribbed.
(■Leaves crenate. (Calyx 15ribbed.
J S Plants glabrous.

( included beneath 1 Leaves sharply serrate. \ Plants hairy.
2 1 Stamens as- ■; the upper lip. . . I Leaves entire, lance-linear and elliptic.

^ cending and I e.xserted through the fissure of the upper lip of corolla
» ■! ij I Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed,

"2 u 4 Corolla not spurred. < Upper lip of the corolla 4-cleft.

" 5 LStamens declinate. K'orolla tube spurred

g, i Leaves t Lower lip of the corolla with 2 lateral teeth.

"rt < undivided. \ Lower lip of the cor. with lateral lobes reflexed. Slachys.

O ^ the teeth spinescent. t Leaves mostly 3-lobed Leonurvs.

Ca yx 4-tpothed. Upper pair of anthers cohering, half empty Synandra.

Calyx subentire, very largo, campanulate Mnlncella.

Calyx 10-toothed, the alternate teeth shorter Marrvhivm

Lamivm.

Nepeta.

Phy^osteg-ia.

Ballota.

Micromeria.

Teucrium.

LaiKindida.

Ocimum.

Plcclranthus.

Gateopsis.

Mentha. XCIII. LABIATE. 415

Tribe 1. OCIMOIDEiE.— Corolla subbilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly-
equal, the lower one declinate, flat or concave, carinate or saccate. Stamens
4, declined.

1. OClMUM.

Gr. o^a, to smell ; on account of the powerful scent of the plants.

Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid ; corolla resupmate, one
lip 4-cleft, the other undivided ; exterior filaments with a process at
their base.

O. BASiLicuM. Royal Ocimum. Sweet Basil. — Lvs. smooth, ovate-oblong,
subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliate. — (I) An exotic from Persia, cultivated. Plant
about a foot high, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves variously colored, ex-
haling a delightful odor. Stem retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Flow-
ers white, in simple, terminal racemes. Jl., Aug. \

2. LAVANDtJLA.

Lat. lavare, to wash. The use of the distilled water of this plant is well known.

Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often
largest ; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly
equal ; tube exserted ; stamens included.

L. spiCA. Lavender. — Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile,
revolute at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than
the calyx; spike intenmpted; bracts subulate. — % Plant 12 — 18' high, suiSruti-
cose, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches,
clothed with a whitish down. Calyx villose. Corolla much exserted and of a
lilac color. The plant is well known as an aromatic of a delightful fragrance.
It is stimulant and tonic, and the oil extracted by distillation enters into many
compositions in medicine. Jl. ^

3. PLECTRANTHUS. L'Her.

Gr. T\riKTpov, a cockspur, av^oi ; from the spur-like appendage of the corolla.

Calyx upper lip largest ; cor. resupinate, ringent, with the tube
gibbous or spurred on the upper side at base. — Half shrubby plants,
with purple flowers. Natives of hot climates.

P. PARViFLORUs. " Sagc Gcranimn." — St. suffruticose, smoothish, branched ;
roc. compound, terminal, leafless ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate ; corolla
gibbous. — S. America. Sometimes seen in house cultivation and called Sage
Geranium! It is a large, coarse plant, 2 — 3f high, with large, soft, ovate, cre-
nate leaves, and terminal racemes of very delicate bluish-purple flowers.

Tribe 2. MENTHOIDE.E. — Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-
form ; tube scarcely exserted, limb subequally 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 4, some-
times 2, distant, straight, diverging.

4. MENTHA.

Mintha, the daughter of Cocj-tus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants.

Calyx equally 5-toothed ; cor. nearly regular, 4-cleft, the broadest
segment emarginate ; sta. 4, straight, distant ; anth. cells parallel ;
filaments naked.

1. M. Canadensis. (M. borealis. Michx.) Horsemint.

Ascending, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each
end; fs. in axillary cymes ; sta. generally exserted. — % Can. to Ky. and Penn.
An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1 — 2f high, growing in muddy situations. The
stem is square and usually branched, the angles beset with reversed hairs.
Leaves serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks, and punctate with resinous dots
at each end. Flowers apparently in whorls, pale purple, usually distinguished
by the projecting stamens which are sometimes twice as long as the corollas.
Calyx hairy. Aromatic like the other species. June, July.
.5. stamens equaling the corolla.

416 XCIII. LABIATiE. Lycopos,

2. M. viRiDis. (M. tenuis. Michx. M. gracilis. Muhl.) Spearmint.
Lis. subsessile, obloug-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; l^j-acts setaceous,

and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy; spikes slender, interrupted,
attenuate above. — % Can. and U. S. A well known plant, highly esteemed for
its agreeable, aromatic properties. It grows in wet soils, rapidly spreading by
its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1 — 2f high. The
spikes are somewhat panicled, long, composed of distinct, axillary cymes, ap-
parently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round,
shining. Corollas pale purple. Styles much exserted.

3. M. PIPERITA. Smith. Peppermint.

Lvs. smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate ; bracts lanceolate ; cai.
quite smooth at base, punctate. — % This species, introduced from Europe, has
become naturalized in wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more
penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the
tongue followed by a sensation of coldness. The essence of peppermint is a
well known medicine, acting as a cordial, used in flatulency, nausea, &c. It
has a purplish stem, 2 — 31 high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Leaves sharply
serrate, dark green. Corolla purplish. July.

4. M. ARVENsis. Corn Mint. Field Mint.

St. ascending, much branched ; lvs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, hirsute ;
verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cat. hirsute. — Naturalized in Penn. Ohio,
&c., native in Europe. Stem stout, often erect, about If in height. Leaves
varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice
longer (1 — 2') than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Flowers
small, numerous, pale purple. Stamens exserted. The plant smells like de-
cayed cheese. July.

5. IS ANT H US. DC.
Gr. icos, equal, av^oi, the flowers being regular, a character very rare among the labiates.

Calyx subcampanulate ; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow,
segments of the border ovate and equal ; stamens subequal ; stigma
linear, recurved.

I. coERULEUs. Blue Gentian.

Viscid, hairy ; Its. oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-veined ; ped. 1 —
2-flowered. — % A branching, leafy herb, in dry fields. Northern and Western
States ! with the aspect of the pennyroyal. Stem rounded, slender, 12 — 18'
high with branches and leaves opposite. Leaves an inch or less in length, and
a fourth as wide, distinctly triple-veined. Flowers numerous, blue, with in-
cluded stamens. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. July.

6. LYCOPUS.

Gr. XvKOS, a wolf. TTOVi, a foot ; a fanciful name.

Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-cleft ; cor. subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as
long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate ; sta. 2, dis-
tant, diverging, simple ; sty. straight, as long as the stamens ; ach.
4, obliquely truncate at apex. — %

1. L. siNUATUs. (L. Europaeus. Michx. L. Americanus. Muhl.) Water
■ Hjarhmmd. — Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised ;

teeth of the calyx acuminate-spinescent ; st. square, 1 — 2f high ; Jls. small, white,
many in a whorl. — A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. States,
grov.'ing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the
Mentha?, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of
the flattened triquetrous achenia. and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4-
angled, the sides concave, 1 — 2f high. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly
toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a
permanent black. Aug.

2. L. ViRGiNicDs. Virginian Walter Hoarhound. Bugle-ioeed.

Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base ; caJyx teftk

MONARDA. XCIll. LABIATiE. 417

spineless, usually 4, shorter than the achenia. — A plant as widely diffused as
the preceding, growing in wet soils. Stem smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the
sides concave, 12 — 18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute,
purplish flowers. Leaves with coarse, tooth-like serratures, sessile. The
whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood-spit-
ting. July, Aug.

Tribe 3. MOXARDE^E. — Corolla bilabiate ; tube exserted. Stamens 2, fer-
tile, ascending, the upper pair abortive ; anthers linear with the 2 cells con-
tiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a
long, transverse connectile.

7. MONARDA.

Name in honor of Monardua, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century.

Calyx elongated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. rin-
gent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe narrowest ; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and
mostly exserted ; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. — '^1-

1. M. DiDYMA. (M; purpurea. I/aw.. M. coccinea. Micte.) Mnmtain Mint.
St. acutely 4-anglea ; lis. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and

villous, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath ; Jls. in terminal,
often proliferous heads ; bracts colored. — A handsome, fragrant plant, 2 — 3f
high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branching. Leaves 2 — 5'
long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, witli scattered hairs above, and
prominent, hairy veins beneath. Flowers in heads v/hich are often proliferous,
with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas.
Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4, 2 of which are minute
and abortive ; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation
Swamps, Can. to Ga.

2. M. FisTULosA. ("M. oblongata, rugosa, clinopodia, allophylla, mollis, pur-
purea, of aut/iors?) Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. — Lvs. ovate-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent ; fids, of Jls. terminal, few,
but many-flowered ; bracts sessile ; cal. slightly curved with the throat hirsute. —
A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks, Mass.
to Ga. W. to the Saskatchawan. The stem is 2^ — 4f high, quadrangular with
the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degrees, nearly smooth or pubes-
cent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth,
2 — 4' long and on petioles ^ their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal
heads, 20 — 50 in a head. Outer bracts lealy, often partially colored. Calyx
slender, J' in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish-white and
pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens,
which, with the style are somewhat exserted at its end. Jl. Aug.

a. St. simple, hollow; lids, simple or proliferous; cor. pale yellow.

/?. (M. allophylla. Mx.) S(^. branched, hollow, or solid with pith ; Zrs. oblong-
lanceolate; lids, simple; bracts partially colored; cor. pale blue.

y. (M. clinopodia. L.) Sf. solid; lvs. tapering at base, remotely serrate;
hds. simple; cal. short; cor. pale purple.

t. furjnirea. St. tall (3 — 5f ), glabrous, dark purple.- la. ! common.

f . mollis. Lvs. softly pubescent ; upper lip of cor. densely bearded.

3. M. PUNCTATA. (M. lutea. Michx.) Horsemint.

Nearly glabrous ; st. obtusely angled, hoary-pubescent ; lvs. oblong-lan-
ceolate to oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate; verticils axillary, dense;
bracts lanceolate, colored, longer than the verticils ; cal. teeth unequal. Pine
barrens, N. J., common, to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 — 3f high, branched.
Leaves punctate. Corolla yellow, with brown spots, upper lij) villous at the
apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept. — It contains an essential oil which
is valuable in medicine.

418 XCIII. LABIATE. Saltu.

4. M. Bradburiana.

St. simple, glabrous ; lis. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, rounded
at base, hirsute-pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute; caZ. pilose,
densely bearded at throat, segments subuiate-spinose ; hds. large, terminal, outer
bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored. — Ohio to 111. Mead ! Stem slender,
aboutSf high. Leavessometimes .slightly petiolate, 2 — 3' long. Bracts purple.
Corolla purple. Jl.

8. BLEPHILIA. Raf.

Gr. P\e(papts, the eyelash ; probably referring to the ciliate bracts.

Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toethed, lower lip shorter,
2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect,
oblong, obtuse, entire ; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the
lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted.

1. B. HiRsuTA. (Monardahirsuta. Ph. M. ciliata. Michx.) Hairy Blephilia.
Whole plant hirsute; Irs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ;

fis. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads ; bracts colored, shorter than
the flowers, oblong, acuminate. — % In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in
the W. States. Stem 1 — 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Peti-
ole \ — I' long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers
small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of eacri branch. Corolla
scarcety J' long, pale parple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than sta-
mens or corolla. Jn. Jl.

2. B. CILIATA. (Monarda ciliata. Linn, not Michx.')

St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering
to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent ; fis. in dense, ap-
proximate, involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils ; bracts ovate, veiny,
glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx. — Fields, barrens, Penn. to the Miss.,
very abundant in the Western States ! Plant 2 — 4f high, generally simple,
rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1 — 2^' long, i — 1' wide. Flowers small,
numerous. Verticils subglobose. Outer bracts 5" by 3—4", whitish. Calyx
subbilabiate. Jn. — Aug.

9. SALVIA.

Lat. salvco, to be in health ; probably from its salutary qualities.

Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2 — 3-toothed or entire, lower lip
divided ; corolla ringent ; stamens 2 ; connectile transversely articu-
lated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate
anther ; achenia 4. — A large genus of which but few species are native.
The transverse connectile constitutes the essential character.

1. S. LYRATA. Wild m- Mcadmu Sage. Cancer-weed.

Radical Ivs. lyrate, erosely dentate ; tipper lip of tlie cor. very short, straight.
—% in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless,
1 — 2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radi-
cal leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but
1 — 2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, con-
stituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the ttxbe much exserted.
Native of shady woods. May, June.

2. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Sage. — Lws. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ;
whorls few-flowered ; cat. raucronate ; -upper Up of the cor. as long as the lower
and somewhat vaulted. — A well known garden plant, with a shrubby stem,
rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in
whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and
viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Ettrope. Very useful
in domestic economy and medicine. July. X

3. S. ScLAREA. Clarry. — Lvs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate-
bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. — (g) A strong-scented exotic, I — 3i
high, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are

Pycnanthemum. XCIII. LABIATE. 419

variegated with pale purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Caljrx
with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. J

4. S. Mexicana. Willd. '? Mexican Salvia. — St. branching at base, weak,
ascending, pubescent ; lis. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate-
dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; Jls. opposite, in terminal racemes ;
^/■«c/s deciduous ; c«^. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire ; cor. fim-
briate-ciliate, 3— 4 times longer than the cal3'x; .'!/y. exserted. — 7|. Mexico. A
beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2'
long. There are several varieties, f

5. S. sPLENDENs. Ker. 1 — SL erect, glabrous ; lis. broad-ovate and ovate, peti-
olate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ;
Jls. opposite, racemose ; brac/s deciduous ; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla,
pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. — % Mexico. Gar-
dens. Plant 2 — 4t' high, branched. Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering
the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas, f

10. ROSMARINUS.

An ancient Latin name, compounded of ros, dew, and WMrJnws.of the sea.

Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divis-
ions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, as-
cending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side.

R. OFFICINALIS. Rnscmary. — Lis. sessile, linear, margins revolute. — An erect,
evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-ob-
long, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes
whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having,
like the leaves, a strong aromatic' fragrance like camphor. It yields by distil-
lation a large proportion of fragrant oil. ■\.

Tribe 4. SATUREINEJ3.— Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with
the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbi labiate, upper lip
erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal ; tube about
as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 — i, distant, straight, diverging.

11. PYCNANTHEMUM. Benth.

Gr. TTVKvof, dense, av%s, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence.

Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla nearly en-
tire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest ; sta. distant ; anth. with
parallel cells.

1. P. iNCANUM. Michx. (Clinopodium. Willd.) Mmmtain Mint. Wild
Basil. — Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base, with

short petioles and hoary tomentiim ; hds.offis. compound, terminal and lateral,
pedimculate ; bracts subulate. — %. Grows "in rocky woods and hills, Can., N.,
Mid. and W. States. Stem 2— 4f high, obtusely 4-angled, erect, and, like the
rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath.
Flowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense
heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous, beard-
ed at the end; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. Jl. Aug.
/?. St. taller, branched ; upper lis. with white blotches. — Ind. !

2. P. ARisTATUM. Michx. (Ncpeta Virgiuica, ZyMw. ?) Wild Basil.

S^. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose; lis. ovate-lanceolate, briefly
petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate ; verticils terminal,
capitate and subterminal, hirsute; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calyx
terminated by awns.— Woods and barrens, N. Y., Mass. to Miss. ! Stem 1 — 3f
higli, subsimple or much branched. Leaves 1— 2i' by i — y, generally with
small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates
in a small (i' diam.) head with one or tvv-o dense whorls just below it. It is a
more .spreading and hairy plant than P. muticum. Jl. Aug.
36

420 XCIII. LABIATE. Thymus.

3. P. pilOsum. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthcmuvi.

St. and ^^-5. beneath pilose ; st. subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, nearly entire,
sessile- ^5. in large, terminal, sessile heads; brads lanceolate, and, with the
calyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted.— "IJ. Low
grounds. 111. Mead, to Tenn. NuUall. I am unacquainted with this species,
but it is'probably distinct, closely allied to the last. " Stem a little branched at
the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute but not awned. Calyx teeth
minute. Corolla white, without spots."

4. P. MUTicuM. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.) Aiunless Pycnanthe-
mum. St. pubescent, paniculate-branching above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,

subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth ; hds. terminal ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, awnless; sta. included. — %. Found in woods and dry hills, Penn. toGa.
and W'. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white
flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate.-
Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubes-
cent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug.

5. P. LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. (P. verticiUatum. Pers. Brachystemum
Virginicum. M.c. 7) — St. straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on

the angles ; lis. subsessile, ovate-lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, leather- vein-
ed, entire ; verticils sessile, fasciculate-corymbed ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate ; sta. exserted. — % This species much resembles the next, but is distinct
in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills, abundant
W. and Mid. States. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles,
somewhat scabrous. Branches corymbed, downy above. Leaves varying in
width from one-sixth to one-half of their length. Flowers collected in dense,
canescent heads. Corolla purplish-white with darker spots. Aug.

6. P. LiNiFOLiuM. Pursh. Flax-leaved Pycna-nlhcmum.

S!. straight, smooth ; branches trichotomous, fastigiate ; Ivs. linear, very
entire, 3-veined, smooth; hds. terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. — % An
erect plant with fastigiate branches, Hf high, growing in exsiccated swamps,
Penn., N. Y. to the Miss, and S. States. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-an-
gled, corymbose at the summit. Leaves very narrow, entire, smooth and punc-
tate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in nu-
merous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts.
Aug. — I have generally found this species nearly destitute of the mint-like fla-
vor of the foregoing. The statement in a former edition was made on the
authority of others.

12. ORIGANUM.

Gr. opo;, a mountain, and yaKO J, joy.

Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts ; up-
per lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly
equal segments.

1. O. VULGARE. Wild Marjaravi.

Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate ; spikes roundish, panicled, fascicu-
late, smooth, erect; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, colored. — 1|- grows in
fields and thickets. Stem 12 — 18' high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves
a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, .sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath.
Petioles hairy one-fourth as long "as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple.
Flowers purplish-white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. Jl. Aug. :j:

2. O. Majorana. Ph. (Majorana hortensis. Mmnch.) Stveet Marjoram.—
Lvs. oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pube.scent; spikes roundish,
compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish. —
% Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens. It has a pleasant aromatic fla-
vor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot
high. Flowers pink-colored. Jl. Aug. ij^

13. THYMUS.

Gr. ^Vfioi, courage ; on account of its invigorating smell.

Flowers capitate or verticillate : calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate.

CcNii,A. XCIII. LABIATiE. 4ai

10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs ; upper lip of the corolla flat,
emarginate, shorter than the lower.

1. T. VULGARIS. Garden TImjme. — St. procumbent at base, erect; Ivs. revo-
lute at the sides, oblong-ovate and lanceolate ; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes.
— T2 Native of S. Europe and cultivated for culinary purposes. Stems suffru-
ticose, numerous, branched, 6 — 10' high. It is highly aromatic, as well as the
other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in summer, i^

2. T. Serpyllus. Wild Thyine. Mother of Thyme.

St. decumbent ; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base ; Jls. capitate. —
% Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but
milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Stems suffruticose, wiry, slender
and wavy, with leafy, downy and ascending branches, each terminating in a
small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much Irequented by bees. Leaves
entire, petiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June.
Cultivated and naturalized.

14. SAT UREJii.

Aiabic satur the general name for labiate plants.

Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed ; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly
equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted.

S. HORTENsis. Summer Savory. — St. branching; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire,
acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymose. — % Native of Italy. Cultivated as a
culinary aromatic. Stem branching and bushy, IJf high, woody at base, fre-
quently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, .small and narrow, with axil-
lary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Jl. Aug. ^

15. HYSSOPUS.

Hebrew ezoS; Arabic ajjzo/; Eng. hyssop.

Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted,
the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens
exserted, diverging.

H. OFFICINALIS. Hyssop. — L/vs. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; cal.
teeth erect; Jls. in racemose, secund verticils, middle division of the corolla 2-
lobed, entire. — 1}. The common hyssop is a native of S. Europe, often met with
in our gardens, being cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It is a
handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue
flowers. July. |

16. COLLINSONIA.

Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist.

Corolla exserted, carapanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal
lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate ; stamens 2, (rarely 3)
much exserted, divergent.

C. Canadensis. Horse Balm.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate. glabrous; teeth of thecal.
subulate, shorter than the tube ; rac. paniculate, terminal. — % A tall herb with
large leaves and yellow flowers, woods and fields. Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 4-
sided, 3 — 4f high, smooth or a little pubescent. Leaves thin, 6 — 8' long and 3 — i'
wide. Flowers in a large, compound raceme, with opposite branches and
pedicels. Corolla greenish-yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style
and stamens very long. Flowering in summer.

17. CUNlLA.

The ancient Roman name for pennyroyal.

Calyx lO-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat densely villose ; upper
lip of corolla flat, emarginate ; stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant.
C. Mariana. (Ziziphora, R. <^ S.) Dittany.
Jjvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile ; cymes pedunculate, corymbose, axillary and

429. XCin. LABIATE. Melissa.

terminal. ^4 Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem

4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothish, 1 — 2f high. Leaves small,
nearly smooth, roundish orsubcordate at base, tapering to a point and punctate
with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-lorked
pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pubes-
cent, pale red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla.
The' herb is delightl'ully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. Jl. Aug.
Tribe 5. MELISSINE.E.— Calyx bilabiate ; corolla bilabiate ; upper lip

straight, lower lip spreading, cleft into 3 flat lobes, of which the middle one is

often broadest. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, ascending.

18. HE DEO MA. Pers.
G?'. iiScia, sweet or agreeable, oo-^ij, smell; on account of the ftajrance.

Calyx gibbous beneath at base, 1 3-ribbed, throat hairy ; upper lip
of corolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, fertile,
ascending.

H. PULEGiuiDES. Pers. (Cunila. Limi. Ziziphora. li. <^ S.) Pennyroyal.

Lvs. oblong, few-toothed ;/5. axillary, whorled.—® A small, strong-scented
herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia medica. Stem erect, branch-
ing, half a foot high. Leaves opposite, with 1—2 teeth each side, on very short
petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower
divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, N. Eng., Can. to Ga. and Ark.
Flowering all summer.

19. MICROMERIA. Benth.

Gr. fiiKpn;, small, jjicpoi, division; on account of the slightly 2-lipped calyx and corolla.

Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal ; corolla sub-
bilate, tube exserted, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower subequally
3-lobed ; stamens ascending, the upper pair shorter.

M. GLABELLA. Beuth. (Cunila. Michx. Hedeoma glabra. Nutt.)
Glabrous ; st. branching above, and mostly surculose at base ; te.s. entire,
those of the suckers elliptic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse ; verticillas-
ters about 6-flowered.— Tj. A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing
on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls ! W. to the Falls of St. An-
thony. Rare. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem
erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6—10' high. Suckers at the base
often numerous and several inches in length, with leaves about 3" by 2", brown-
ish-purple beneath. Stem leaves 9 — 12" long, very narrow, the lowest some-
times with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels ^' long, with
linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair
much the shortest, all antheriferous. July, Aug.

20. MELISSA. Benth.
Gr. name of the bee. from ftc\, honey, which is sought in these flowers by bees with a\idity.

Calyx 1 3-ribbed, flatfish above, the upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid ;
upper lip of the corolla erect, flattish, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed,
the middle lobe mostly broadest ; stamens ascending.

1. M. OFFICINALIS. Balm.

Pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; Jls. in dimidiate verticils, subsessile ; Ivs.^
ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose ; b?-acts few, ovate-lanceolate, pe-'
tiolate. — % N. Eng. ! to la. ! found in the deepest forests ! A well known gar-
den plant. Stem 1 — 2f high. Flowers white or yellowish. The plant is a
stomachic and diuretic, generally administered in the form of tea. For medi-
cinal use it should be cut before flowering, which occurs in June ajid after. ^^1

2. M. Clinopodiu.m. Benth. (Clinopodium vulgarc. Linn.) Wild Basil.

Villose; lvs. ovate, subserrate; verticils many-flowered, hairy; brads nu-
merous, subulate. — 1\. Low woods. Northern and Western States. A common
plant, 1 — 2f high. Stem square, simple or sparingly branched, and, as well

Scutellaria. XCIII. LABIATiE. ^Si

as the whole plant, clothed with a whitish wool. Leaves petiolate, taper-
ing to an obtuse point, pale, with whitish down beneath. Flowers purplish, in
very hairy, mostly terminal whorls or heads. Peduncles cymosely branched,
short. Involucre of narrow and bristle-like bracts, about equaling the hairy,
subulate calyx teeth. July.

Tribe 6. SCUTEL<IiARINE.S;.— Calyx bilabiate, upper lip truncate. Co-
rolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube ascending, exserted. Stamens 4,
ascending beneath the upper lip of the corolla.
- 21. SCUTELLARIA.

Lat. scutella, a small vessel ; from the resemblance of the calyx with its appendages.

Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, upper one appendaged on
the back and closed after flowering ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted,
lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending ; sta. ascending
beneath the upper lip; anth. approximate in pairs.

* Floioers axillary, solitary.

1. S. GAi.ERicuLATA. Covimon Scull-cap.

St. erect, simple, or branched ; Ivs. lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenate-
serrate ; Jis. axillary, solitary. — %. Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abun-
dant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 — 18' high. Leaves trun-
cate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, IJ' by i'. Flowers
much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a
vizor- like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug.

2. S. NERVOSA. Pursh. (S. gracilis. Nutt.)

St. slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous ; Ivs. broad-ovate, subcordate,
crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3 — 5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate
and lance-ovate, slightly petioled ; Jls. axillary, solitary. — Rocky shades, along
streams, Penn. ! to 111. ! and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, fili-
form stolons. Stem 8 — 15' high, weak, often with a few filiibrm branches.
Leaves 2 — 15" by 5 — 12", the middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral
leaves entire, small. Flowers few, sometimes on the slender branches only.
Corolla pale blue, 4 — 6" long. May — Jl.

3. S. PARvuLA. Miclix. (S. ambigua. Nutt.')

SI. simple or branching at base, square, ptxberulent ; louder Ivs. suborbicu-
lar, petiolate, upper oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, axillary, opposite. —
Pastures, Mid. ! and Western States ! Plant 3 — 6' high. Root generally (not
always "?) with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Leaves 3 — 6"
long, J as wide, lower 3" diam. Flowers 4 — 6" long, rather numerous, longer
than the leaves, blue. June.

* * Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes.

4. S. LATERIFLORA. Mad-dog Scull-cap.

St. branching, nearly glabrous ; Irs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate,
petiolate ; rac. lateral, axillary, leafy. — Meadows and ditches, lat. 38° to Arc.
Am. Stem square, 1 — 2f high, very branching. Leaves opposite, rounded at
base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Ra-
cemes opposite, axillary, somewhat one-sided, on long stalks, and consisting of
numerous small, blue flowers intermixed with small leaves. The English
name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes
upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. July, Aug.

5. S. PILOSA. Michx. Darl. (S. ovalifolia. Bart.)

St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent; Ivs. pubescent, rhomboid-
ovate or oval, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs; rac. terminal, rather
short ; braxts elliptic-ovate. — Open woodlands, Penn. to Car. Stem 1 — ijf high,
purplish. Leaves few, 1 — 2i by i — U', cuneately narrowed to the petiole,
rather obtuse. Raceme generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, el-
liptical bracts. Pedicels and calyx hai^)^ Corolla tube nearly white below,
blue at .summit, 6 — 9" long. June — Aug.
36*

424 XCIII. LABIATE. Nepeta.

6. S. rugOsa. Wood. (Nov. sp.)

St. decumbent at base, diflusely branched, pubescent ; Ivs. oval and ovate,
rugose, pubescent, petiolate, obtuse at each end, subcordate, crenate-serrate ;
roc. simple, elongated, terminal on the stem and branches; In-acts broad-ovate,
petiolate, subcordate, as long as the calyx.— At Harper's Ferry, on the rocky
shores of the Shenandoah ! A rough, diffuse plant, about If high. Stem with
the angles obtuse and the sides grooved. Leaves rather numerous, l'^— 18" by
9 — 13"^ scarcely longer than the petioles, the bracts 2 — 3" diara. Racemes 5 —
8' long, rather dense-flowered. Corolla 8" long. July — Sept.

7. S. iNTEGRiFOLiA. (S. hyssopifolia. Pcrs. S. Caroliniana. PA.)

St. erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent; Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute, entire,
subsessile ; roc. loose, leafy ; brads lanceolate ; fs. large. — 7|. Mid. States to
Ark., on dry hills. Stem 1 — 2f high, with large, blue flowers in terminal ra-
cemes. The leaves ( 1 — 2' long) vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being
sometimes ovate and crenate. Corolla bright blue at the summit, nearly white
at base, 8 — 9" long. June, July. — The plant is intensely bitter.

8. S. CANEscKNS. Nutt. (S. scrrata and S. incana. Spr. Me Hook.)

St. erect, tall, pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or
attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate,
apex acute, the lower cordate ; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, panicu-
late ; bracts lanceolate and lance-linear ; Jls. canescent. — Dry grounds, Middle
and Western States, abundant. Stem usually puiple, 1 — 3f high. Leaves 2 —
3' long, J as wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Flowers
rather numerous, large and showy. Corolla 10" long, tube white, lips blue.

9. S. coRDiFOLiA. Muhl. (S. versicolor! Nutt.)

Stout, branching, clothed with a soft, glandular pubescence in all its parts ;
ivs. broadly cordate, large, obtusely dentate, nearly smooth ; petioles very long;
rac. ternate, terminal ; bracts ovate ; Jls. smaller. NuttaU. — Open woods and
prairies. Western States. I have specimens essentially agreeing with the
above, in which the leaves are 3 — 4' long, 2 — 3' wide. Flowers in a large, dif-
fuse panicle, less showy than in the last species. Bracts broad-ovate and near-
ly sessile, viscidly pubescent. Corolla 8" long, upper lip blue, lower white.

22. PRUNELLA.

Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short
teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth ; j&laments forked, one point
of the fork bearing the anther.

P. VULGARIS. Self-heal. Blue-curls.

St. ascending, simple ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; vpper lip of
cor. truncate, with 3 awns. — % A very common plant, in meadows and low
grounds, N. Am., lat. 33° to the Arc. Sea. The stem is nearly a foot high,
(2f in la. ! and 111. !) obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched.
Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter
from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large
ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each
verticil. Flowering all summer.

Tribe 7. NEPETE.^. — Calyx oblique, upper teeth longer. Corolla bilabi-
ate, upper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat mostly inflated. Stamens as-
cending or diverging, the upper pair longer.

23. NEPfiTA.

Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany.

Calyx arid, striate ; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower 3-
lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re-
flected ; stamens approximate.

Dracocephalum. XCIII. LABIATE. 435

1. N. CATARiA. Catnep. Catmint. (Fig. 51.)

Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose ; lis. petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate-ser-
rate ; Jis. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. — % This common plant is
naturalized everywhere about old buildings and fences. Cats are very fond of
it and will often devour it with the greatest avidity. Stem square, pubescent,
branching, 2 — 3f high. Leaves very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate
serratures, and as well as the whole plant, covered with a soft, hoary down,
paler beneath. Flowers many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with
crimson. July.

2. N. Glechoma. Benth. (Glechoma hederacea. Linn.) Gill-over-the-
ground. Ground Ivy. (Fig. 51.) — Lts. reniform, crenate; cor. about 3

times as long as the calyx. — 1\ A creeping plant, naturalized about hedges,
walls, &c. Stems prostrate, radicating at base, square, varying in length from
a few inches to 1 — 2f. Leaves petiolate, opposite, roundish, cordate-reniform,
hairy and glaucous. Flowers axillary, about 3 together. Corolla bluish-pur-
ple, with a variegated throat. The 2 anthers of each pair of stamens meet
with their 2 divaricate cells, forming the appearance of a cross. The plant is
aromatic, and was lormerly used in ale, also in medicine. May.

24. LOPHANTHUS. Benth.
Gr. Xo(4oj, a crest, ai/^of ; flowers in dense, terminal spikes.

Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer ; corolla
bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle
lobe broader and crenate ; stamens diverging.

1. L. NEPETolDEs. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.)

St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged; Ivs.
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petioles smoothish. — % Middle !
and Western States! A tall, branching, pale green herb, common about fences
and dry hedges. Stem 3 — 6f high, the sides somewhat concave, and the angles
prominent. Leaves acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded, axillary
verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above.
Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens exserted. July, Aug.

2. L. schrophularifolius. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.)

St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the angles obtuse ; Ivs. cordate-ovate,
crenate-serrate; petioles ciliate-pubescent. — % Tall, stout and branching, with
the general aspect of the former .species, and found in similar situations. The
herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 2 — 4f high, purple. Leaves
about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary ver-
ticils, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla pale purple, more con-
spicuous than in the first. Stamens and style exserted. July, Aug.

25. DRACOCEPHALUM.

Gr. ipaKW, dragon, vE^aXof, head; from the resemblance of the flowers.

Calyx subequal, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments larger ; cor. bila-
biate, upper lip vaulted, emarginate, throat inflated, lower lip spread-
ing, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided ; sta.
distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower. — Flowers
axillary and terminal., usually loith large., conspicuous bracts.

1. D. cordatcm. Nutt. Cordate-leaved Dragonhead.

Stoloniferous ; st. and elongated petioles pubescent ; Ivs. cordate, obtusely
crenate, sparingly hirsute above ; fpike unilateral ; bracts broad-ovate, entire,
nearly as long as the calyx ; ped. bibracteolate, mostly 1-flowered ; cat. segments
acute, almost pungent.— "IJ. Islands of the Ohio, 40 miles below Pittsburg, Nutt-
all. Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, obtusely cor-
date, almost as broad as long, petiole about as long as the lamina (1'), upper
pairs subsessile. Flowers .secund. Corolla pale blue, about 1' long, orifice
much dilated. June.

426 XCIIl. LABIATiE. Lamicm.

2. D. parviflOrum. Nutt. Small-floweTcd Dragonhead.

Subpubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, petiolate ; bracts leafy,
ovate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate ; cat. upper segment much the largest ; fls.
small, verticillate, subcapitate, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — ^ Woods,
Watertown, N., Y. Vasey. Mo., Nuttall. Saskatcliawan River, Richardson.
Very rare. Flowers whitish, very small, the verticils involucrate and almost
spicate. Calyx dry and membranaceous. Upper lip of the corolla arched,
emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. July.

Tribe 8. STACHYDEiE.— Calyx oblique or rarely subbilabiate, 3—10-
toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip galeate or flat, lower lip unequally 3-
lobed. Stamens ascending, upper pair shorter.

26. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth.

Gt. (pvaa, a bladder, and oTnyt], a covering; from the inflated corollas.

Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-toothed ; corolla tube mucb ex-
serted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower
lip largest, roundish, emarginate ; sta. 4, unconnected, ascending be-
neath the upper lip, the two lower rather longer. — Flowers opposite, in
a terminal, bracteate, 4-rowed spike.

P. ViRGiNiANA. Benth. (Dracocephalum Virg., denticulatum, variega-
tum and obovatum oi aulh. fide Benth.) Lion's Heart. — Calyx teeth acute,
subequal. — % A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States ! often adorn-
ing our gardens, where it spreads rapidly. It is 2 — 3f high, very smooth, dark
green. Stem square, thick, rigid. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 — 5' by §',
with remote and shallow teeth, of a shining dark green. Flowers in 4-rowed
spikes, numerous, dense, or often subremote. Bracts subulate. Corolla pale
purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug. Sept.

27. SYNANDRA. Nutt.
Gr. aw, together, atSps; ; in allusion to the coherence of the anthers.

Calyx 4-cleft, segments unequal, subulate, converging to one side ;
upper lip of cor. entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally
3-lobed ; throat inflated ; upper pair of anthers cohering, having the
contiguous cells empty.

S. GRANDiFLORA. Nutt. Large -flmvering Synandra.

St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, ob-
tusely dentate, often dilated at base, upper ones smaller, cauline sessile, lower
subpetiolate; j^5. solitary and sessile; cat. seg. ovate, setaceously acuminate,
two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth
much inflated, upper lip entire, vaulted, lower 3-lobed, lobes entire. — Banks of
the Ohio, Cincinnati, Nutt. Woods, near Vermillion River, 111. ! Stem about
If high. Corolla about 1' long, yellowish-white, lower lip elegantly striated
with purple lines. June.

0. 1 pefiolaia. Wood. St. quadrangular, hirsute ; Ivs. hirsute, deltoid, trun-
cate-cordate, all long-petiolate, lower petioles 4 — 6' long, upper 1— 4'. Calyx
hirsute, almost hispid. — Cincinnati, Clark! This is, perhaps, a distinct species.

28. LAMIUM.

Lat. lamia, the name of a sea monster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened.

Upper lip of the corolla vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip
broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side
near the margin of the dilated throat.

L. AMPLF.xiCADLE. Hcnbit.

Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral ones broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile,
amplexicaul, lower ones petiolate. — (j) A small, slender herb, found in culti-
vated grounds. Stems ascending, several from the same root, 6 — 10' high, with

Stachys. XCIII. labiate. 427

opposite, short, broad, hairy leaves deeply crenate or cut ; lower ones on stalks
an inch or more in length. Flowers in dense verticils, closely sessile in the
axils of the upper leaves. Calyx hairy. Corolla purple, downy, the tube much
exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May — Nov. §

29. LEONtTRUS.

Gr. \t(iiv, a lion, ovpa, tail ; from the appearance of the spikes of flowers.

Calyx teeth subspinescent; upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy,
concave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate ; anthers
sprinkled with shining dots.

1. L. Cardiaca. Molhenvort.

Lmcer stem lis. palmate-lobed, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of
them toothed, cuneiform at base ; cor. longer than the calyx, the tube with a
hairy ring within. — % Tartary, whence it was first introduced into Europe and
thence to America, ever following the footsteps of civilized man. It is common
about rubbish, stone walls and waste places. Stem 3 — 5f high, downy, square,
large, purplish, bearing its opposite, stalked, rough leaves arranged in 4 vertical
rows. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx rigid and bristly. Corolla purplish, hairy
without, variegated within. July. — It has a strong and pungent smell, and has
considerable reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &C.

2. L. Marrubiastrum. Hoarhmmd L^onurus.

Cauline Ivs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral lanceo-
late, tapering at each end, incisely dentate; c^r. shorter than the calyx teeth,
tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent. — Naturalized in
Penn. Darlington! and la. ! A plant of vigorous growth, 2 — 4f high, with op-
posite, ascending branches. Leaves 2 — 3' in length, the lowest on long petioles.
Verticils many-tlowered, remote but numerous, forming an interrupted, leaiy
spike. Corolla reddish-white. July, Aug.

30. GAL EOF SIS.

Gr. ya\r\, a weasel, olpn, appearance ; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal.

Calyx 5-cleft, spinescent ; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, subcre-
nate, lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side,
middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate ; sta. ascending beneath the
upper lip.

1. G. TETRAHiT. Hemp Nettle. (Fig. 51.)

iS'. hispid, the internodes thickened upwards; Ivs. ovate, hispid, serrate-,
cor. twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave. — ® A
common weed, naturalized in waste and cultivated grounds, 1 — 2f high. Stem
obtusely 4-angled, remarkably swelled below the joint, and covered with prickly,
deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers
in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with
white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the 3-lobed lower one.
June, July. — This plant is so prevalent in many parts of N. Eng. as to nearly
ruin some farms.

2. G. Ladanum. Red Hemp Nettle.

St. hairy, internodes equal; Irs. lanceolate, subserrate, hairy; upper lip
of the cor. slightly crenate. — (t) A smaller species, naturalized, growing among
rubbish in gravely soils, &c. Stem about a foot high, not swollen below the
joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense, remote whorls. Corollas
u.sually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted with crimson. Aug.,
Sept.

31. STACHYS.

Gr?'. ara-^vi, a spike ; this being the inflorescence of all the species.

Calyx tube angular, 5 or 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, upper teeth often
larger ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, spreading or somewhat vaulted,
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe largest; sta. ascending,
lower ones longer ; anth. approximated in pairs.

428 XCIII. LABlATiE. BaIlOTa.

1. S. ASPERA. Michx. (S. hispida PA ?) Hedge Nettle. Wound-wort.

St. erect, the angles retrorsely hispid or rough ; Ivs. subpetiolate, oblong-
lanceolate, acutely serrate, smooth or nearly so ; veiiicils of the spike about 6-
flowered ; cal. smoothish, with spreading teeth, at length spinescent. — % Fields
and roadsides. About a foot high and rather slender. Stem erect, square,
generally hispid backward on the angles, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves
smooth, membranaceous, generally rounded at base and acute at apex. Spike
terminal, leafy, composed of verticils, each with 4 — 8 pale purple flowers.
Variable in pubescence. July.

2. S. sYLVATicA. (S. aspera. Miihl. <^ Dw. S. hispida. Nutt.) Wood Star
chys. — St. very hispid on the angles ; Ivs. on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate,

sometimes cordate at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute ; verticils 2 — 6
flowered ; /ora^ Ivs. very small, lanceolate-linear, hispid-ciliate ; cal. hirsute,
with ciliate, spinescent teeth. — % A very rough and hairy herb, in low woods
and on shady banks. Stem erect, 12 — 18' high. Leaves 3 — 4' long and i as
wide, with rounded or uncinate serratures, the upper surface with short, bristly
hairs. Petioles 0 — J' long, and with the veins beneath, hispid. Spike long,
slender, terminal, very rough and hairy. Corolla exserted, purple, spotted.
July., Aug.

3. S. HYssoPiFOLiA. Michx. (S. palustris. Walt.)

St. scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate,
slightly dentate ; verticils about 4-flowered ; cal. subspinescent. — '2J. A slender
species 6 — 12' high, in meadows, N. Y. and Ms., rare, West to la. where it is
frequent ! Leaves very narrow, often linear, 2 — 3' by 4 — 10", with minute teeth
or finely serrulate. Flowers sessile. Corolla a little hairy, purple. July. A
smoother and elegant plant compared with the last.

4. S. INTERMEDIA. Ait.

.Sif. somewhat villose; Ivs. oblong, subcordate, crenate; verticils many-
flowered; caZ. somewhat spinescent. — 111. Jn., Jl.

32. MARRUBIUM.
Calyx tubular, 5 — 10-ribbed, with 5 or 10 subequal teeth ; cor.
bilabiate, upper lip erect, flatfish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, emarginate, tube included ;
sta. included beneath the upper lip.
M. VULGARE. Hoarhound.

St. ascending, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate,
downv-canescent beneath ; cat. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. — % Introduced
into fields and roadsides. Stem 1 — 2f high, branching at base, or several
from the same root, covered with a white, downy pubescence. Leaves petio-
late, 1 — 2' in diameter, whitish and rough-veined above, very woolly beneath,
rounded and toothed. Flowers white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verti-
cils. Calyx woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. The hoar-
hound is an aromatic and bitter herb, well known as an ingredient in cough
candy. It is tonic and diuretic, and much used in pulmonary affections. :^

33. BALLOTA.

Gr. BaWoi, to reject; on account of its offensive odor.

Calyx hypocrateriform, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed ; cor. bilabiate, tube
cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, crenate, lower
lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate ; ach. ovoid-triangular.

B. NIGRA. Black or Fcetid Hoarhound.

Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; cal. somewhat truncate, throat
dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate.— Tj. Said to have been introduced, but is
frequently met with about hedges, &c., in Ms. and Conn. Stem 2— 3f high,
pubescent as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in
axillary verticils. This plant has the general appearance of hoarhound CMar-
rubiuin) but not its fragrance. July.

XCIV. BORRAGIJSACEA:. 4S»

34. MOLUCCELLA.

Brought from the Molucca Islands, &c.

Calyx campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often
repand-spinose ; cor. much smaller, included within it.

M. L5;vis. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. — St. ascending, subsimple, gla-
brous; lis. petiolate, roundish-ovate, dentate; Jl.s. in a terminal, leafy raceme ;
cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth
awnless. — 0 Syria. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of
a glaucous green, 1 — 2f high. It is chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell-
shaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower.

Tribe 9. AJUGOIDE^. — Corolla upper lip very short, or split to the base,
or rarely erect and vaulted, lower lip longer. Stamens ascending, much
exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose.

35. TRICHOSTEMA.

Gr. dpi^, rpiKos, hair, <Jr;)fio, a stamen ; for its long, hair-like stamens.

Calyx resupinate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft ; upper lip (lower by
the twisting of the peduncle) of 2 short, acute teeth, lower (at length
the upper) twice as long, 3-toothed ; cor. tube slender, very short,
unequally 5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined ; sta. much exserted, lower
ones longer.

T. DicHOTOMA. Blue-curls.

Lis. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire, pubescent ; Jls.
resupinate ; .^ta. very long, exserted. — Q Found on dry or rocky hills and in
sandy soils, Mass. ! to Md.! Ga., La., HI. An interesting plant, a loot high.
Stem obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite, divided, the upper
pair generally forming a dichotomous division of the stem. Leaves petiolate,
of a rhombic, ovate-lanceolate form. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming
inverted by the twisting of the petiole. Corolla purple. Stamens slender, of a
delicate purplish hue, gracefully bending from the lower lip of the corolla to
the upper, forming a beautiful arch. Aug.

36. TEUCRIUM.

Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally.

Calyx subcampanulate, and subregular, in 5 acute segments ; co-
rolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish;
stamens exserted from the cleft in the upper side of the tube.

T. Canadense. Wild Germander.

Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Zrs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate; bracts
linear-lanceolate, longer than the calyx ; spike long, of many crowded verticils
of flowers; -upper teeth of cal. broader. — % Can. and U. S., fields and roadsides.
Stem about 2f high, simple or branched, square, with concave sides. Leaves 3
times as long as wide, somew^hat rounded at base, green above, hoary with down
beneath. Bracts longer than the calyx. Flowers disposed in axillary verticils,
each of 4 — 6. Calyx with 5 broad, nearly equal segments, the 2 lower ones
narrower. Corolla purplish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which
is a fissure through which the stamens are exserted. July.

fi. Virginicmn. Upper Irs. ovate-oblong, nearly sessile ; l»-acts about as long
as the calyx. — Habits similar to the last.

Order XCIY. BORRAGINACE^.— Borrageworts.

Herbs, slirtibs or trees, with round stems and branches.

Li-s. alternate, often rough with stiff hairs w hich are scale-like and indurated at base. [flowers expand.

Slip. none. Spikes, racemes or corjmbs generally secund, and circinate before flowering, evolving as the

F.'s. of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, (Sic, rarely yellow.

Ca7.— Sepals 5, regular, more or less luiited at base,persistent.

Cw— Petals 5, regular (%'er5' rarely irregulai). united at base, h)T)otn'nou9 . imbricate in teativation

430

XCIV. BORRAGINACE^.

ECHIUM.

Sta. 5. inserted into the corolla and alternate with its lobes.
Ora. deeply 4-lobed. the style arising from the base of the lobes.
».— Nut.4 or achenia 4, distinrt, l-seeded. Seeds without aJbumen.
Embryo with a superior radicle. Cotyledons plano-conve.\.

Genera ,53, species 600? very abundant in the south of Europe and middle of Asia, becoming rare aa we
approach the arctic circle. All our native species are herbaceous.

Prc>pern««.— Mucilaginous and emoUient planta, never poisonous.

FTG. B2.— 1. Borrago officinalis. 2. A petal with its appendage at base, and anthers produced at apex.
8. Calyx with the 4 achenia and style. 4. Vertical section of one of the achenia, showing the seed, em-
bryo and albumen. 5. Plan of the Hower. 6. Lithospermum (Batschia) canescens. 7. Corolla laid open,
showing the stamens inserted on the tube.

Conspectus of the Genera.

irreffukr.

Eckhim.
Borrago.
Sijmphytum.
' '!c?nisn.

("Corolla rotate, blue.
I Corolla campanulate.
'excavated 1 Cor. funnel or J tube straight.
at base, l salver-form, < tube twice bent. Li/copOTs.

S Lvs. rough. Onosmodium.
, C dilated, (hvu. smooth. Mertensia.

C Cor. throat <; nar- Uobes erect. . Pulnwnaria.

: ■

C Ovar
j deeply

not ex- 1 open and ' row. Hobes spreading./.?' rtoyperwj/m. 7
fAch. free, cavale i Cor. closed 4 yellow, large. . . Pejitalcrphus. 8

J unarmed, L at base, (.at throat, {white, small. . . Myosotis. U

. . 1 ^ Corolla salver form. . Echinospermum. 12

^ 4-parted. I. Achenia echinate, cohering. i| Corolla funnel-form. . Cynoglosswn. 13
Corolla [regular. L Ovary entire (partible in fiuit) bearing the style at the top. . Heliotropivm. 14

Tribe 1. BORRAGEjE. — O vary consisting of two bipartible (rarely 2-celled)

carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary.

Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen.

1. ECHIUM. Buek.

Crr. c^ii, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species.

Calyx 5-partcd, segments subulate, erect ; corolla campanulate, ob-
liquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice ;
stigma cleft ; achenia tuberculate, imperforate. — Herbs or shrubs.
Fls. irregular., in spicate, paiiicled racemes. Cor. cyanic.

E. VULGARE. Vifefs Bn^loss.

St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline Irs. lanceolate,
and rough with bristles; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected. — (T) A rough plant, with
large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N.
States. Stem 18 — 20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are
2 — 6' long, and i as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flow-
ers in numerous, crowded, ajiillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and
July. ^

Lycopsis. XCIV. BORRAGINACEiE. 431

2. BORRAGO. Tourn.
Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; orifice
crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia rounded, imperforate at base,
inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. — European herbs.

1. B. OFFICINALIS. Common Barrage. — Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones
petiolate ; cal. spreading ; ped. terminal, many-flowered. — (i) Native of En<^land
and with us a common inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rou°-h
with short, bri.stly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky-
blue flowei-s during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial.
The young leaves tbrm a good salad and pot-herb. ^

2. B. ORiENTALis. (Psilostemon. Z?C.) Oriental Barrage. — Z>s. cordate, peti-
olate ; ped. many-flowered ; sta. exserted, villous. — ® An ornamental garden
plant, native of Turkey. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in
the spring months. \

3. SYMPHYTUM.

Gr. (TV^Kpvtxi;, a joining or healing ; from its reputation for healing wounds.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5,
subulate scales, converging into a cone ; achenia gibbous, imperfo-
rate.— % Oriental herbs. Floioers cyanic,

S. OFFICINALE. Comfrey.

Pilose; St. branching above; Its. extensively decurrent, fne lOwer ana
radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate
acuminate ; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth. — A large, coarse-looking but showy
exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds. Middle
States. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3 — 4f high, winged by the
decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white*^ pink and
red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has
long been regarded as an efhcient vulnerary. :j: ^

4. ANCHCSA.

Gr. nyxov(xa, paint; the root of one species was once tised for staining tlie features.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted ; tube straight
orifice closed with 5 prominent scales ; achenia perforate at the base
and their surfaces generally rugose ; stamens included ; stigma emar-
ginate. — Handsome herbs., mostly European. Fls. cyanic.

A. OFFICINALIS. , Bugloss, ar O.v-tongue.—Lvs. lanceolate, strigose • spikes one-
sided, imbricated; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla.— "ZJ. A rou<?h warden
plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek
signifying ox-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2f hi<^h rough
with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, v/ith a melliferous corolla
very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous used
in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossoms all summer, f

5. LYCOPSIS.

Gr. \vKo;, a wolf, and oijj, the eye ; name suggested by the small blue flowers.

Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with
ovate, converging scales ; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular.
— ® Distinguished froin Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube.
L. ARVENsis. Wild Bugloss.

Plant hispid ; Zrs. lancedate, repand-denticulate ; rac. leafy fls sessile-
ml. shorter than the tube of the corolla.— A very hi.spid, almost bristly plant'
found m fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced Stem
erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as lono- as
wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small Calyx erect
Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. .Tune .Tulv ^
37 ' . -»

432 XCIV. BORRAGINACEiE. Lithospermum.

6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx.
From Onosma, another genus of this order, and etSos, appearance or resemblance.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments ; corolla subcampanu-
late, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments con-
verging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, included ;
style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, shining. — %- North Ameri-
can. Rac. terminal^ subspicatc, one-sided. Fls. ivliite.

1. O. ViRGiNiANUM. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Mlchx. Lithospermum
Virg. Linn.) False Gromwell. — St. with appressed hairs; Ivs. oblong-lan-
ceolate, minutely strigose ; cat. lubes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as
the corolla ; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs.
— N. Y. to Flor., in diy, hilly grounds. A very rough, erect plant about IJf
high. Leaves IJ — 2i' by | — %', 3 — 5-veined, often oval and even ovate-lanceo-
late. Flowers greenish-white, in leafy racemes which are recurved at first but
finally erect. Styles (6 — 7") twice longer than the corolla.

2. O. Carolinianum. DC. (O. moUe. Mlchx. Lithospermum Carol. Lam.
L. molle. Muhl.) — Villose-canescent ; Ivs. oblong-oval, rather obtuse, each

side whitish with scattered hairs; irac^s ovate-lanceolate ; cat. segments \a.i\ceo-
late, half as long as the glabrous corolla; cor. segments ovate, acute. — Rocky
hills, N. Y. to Car. and Tenn. Plant a foot or more high, clothed with a soft,
white pubescence. Anthers silky-pubescent, as long as the glabrous filaments,
its lobes scarcel)'- diverging. Jl. Aug.

3. O. sTRiGosuM. G. Don.

St. erect, simple, pilose-hispid, very leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, very
long, 3- veined, with appressed hairs ; bracts lance-linear, silky; cat. lobes linear,
acute, silky with appres.sed hairs both sides, very long ; cor. cylindrical, a third
longer than the calyx, silky-puberulent outside ; sta. included ; sty. exserted. —
111., (Mead,) in wet prairies and woods. Leaves 3' long, |' Avide, nearly gla-
brous beneath the veins. Corolla yellowish-white. Fruit smooth and shining.

7. LITHOSPERMUM.

Gr. Xt^oi, a stone, and airepixa, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles.

Cal3'X 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salver-form;
limb 5-lobed, orifice open ; stamens included ; stigma obtuse, bifid ;
achenia bony, rugose or smooth, imperforate at base. — Herbaceous or
suffruticose^ gemrally with a thick., reddish root. Fls. spiked or racemed,
bracted, white or yellow.

* Flowers white.

1. L. OFFICINALE. Officinal GrovniJcU.

St. herbaceous, erect, very branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, vemy;
cat. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla ; ach. smooth. — %. A rough, weed-like
plant, introduced from Europe. Grows in dry, gravely soils. Stems much branch-
ed, clustered, arising 1 — 2f from a white, fusiform root. Leaves grayish-green,
rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 — 3' by J — f '. Flow-
ers small, white, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Ache-
nia ovate, white or grayish, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. Jl. ^

2. L. LATiFOLiuM. Michx. Broad-leaved Gromwell.

Herbaceous, erect, subsimple, scabrous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at
each end, veined, scabrous ; rac. leafy, few-flowered ; sep. lance-linear, longer
than the corolla and spreading in fruit ; ach. punctate, shining-white, ovoid-tur-
gid.— Woods and thickets, N. Y., Torrey, to Ohio and 111., Mead! and Va.,
Pursh. Difiers from the first in the less branching stem, much broader leaves,
longer calyx and larger fruit " punctate with minute impressions." Leaves
2 — 4' by 1 — 2', strongly veined. Nuts generally but 2, half as long as the calyx.
Flowers small, white.

3. L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. MicllX.

St. herbaceous, procumbent; Ivs. linear, strigose with an appressed pubes-

AlERTJiNaiA. XCIV. BORRAGlNACEiE. 4^

cence ; fls. scattered, lateral, axillary ; ach. turgid, ovoid, shining, impressed-
punctale.— Banks of streams, sandy prairies, Ohio river, Michaux, 111. Mead. 7
An obscure species, wholly unknown to me.

4. L. ARVENSE. Corn Gromwell. WlieaUhief.

L/vs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy; cal. nearly equal to the corolla,
with spreading segments ; ack. rugose.—® A rough, pilose weed, introduced
into our fields and waste grounds, much to the annoyance of the farmers. The
stem is branching, erect, 12 — 15'. high, from a fusilbrm root with reddish bark.
Leaves bright green, rough, sessile, 1—2' in length, with only the central vein •
the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base ; upper ones subacute. Flowers
small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn.
* * Flowers yellow.

5. L. CANESCENS. Lchmann. (Batschia canescens. Michx.) Pnccoon.
St. erect, subsimple, softly villose; lis. oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent

above, villous beneath ; fls. axillary ; lube of the corolla thrice as long as the
very short calyx.— Ij. A handsome plant, with bright yellow flowers, found in
prairies, fields and dry hills, Can., N. Y. ! to 111. ! and Southern States. Stem
8 — 12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above, hoary-villose. Leaves
sessile, 2 — 3" wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined. Flowers crowded near the
summit of the stem. Calyx segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla bright
orange-yellow, including the subsessile stamens and short style. Jn., Jl. The
root is use"d to dye red by the Indians.

6. L. HiRTUM. Lehm. (Anchusa. Mulil. Batschia Carolinensis. Chtiel.)
Herbaceous, erect, simple, hairy above; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate,

obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate ; cal. lobes linear, hir-
sute, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla ; cor. segments spreading,
obovate, entire, tube hispid inside at base ; ach. ovoid, shining. — %. Can., Penn,,'
to La. Stems 8 — 12' high, clustered. Flowers crowded, racemed. Corolla
orange-yellow, large.

7. L. Apulum. Vahl. (Myosotis. Linn. M. lutea. Lam.)

St. herbaceous, erect, rough with hairs; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute,
erect, rough and hairy; s^?7,es hispid ; bracts foliaceous.; cor. longer than the
calyx ; ach. muricate. — (T) Dry woods, Ohio. Pursh. Stem 2 — 6' high, gene-
rally simple at base, branched above. Corollas small, yellow, in the axils of
lanceolate bracts.

8. PENTALOPEfUS. Alph. DC.
Gr. TTCvre, fine, \o(pos, crest; from the character.

Calyx 5-parted, with linear segments ; cor. hypocrateriform, tube
cylindric, much longer than the calyx, throat closed with 5 glabrous
valves alternating with the stamens, segments ovate, spreading, much
shorter than the tube ; achenia solitary by abortion, ovoid, white,
smooth. — American herbs.

P. LONGiFLORUs. Alph. DC. (Lithospcrmum. Spreng. Batschia. Nutt.)
Erect, strigose with a cinerous pubescence ; looser Ivs. lance-linear, attenu-
ated to the base, obtuse, upper ones linear, acutish ; rac. leafy, terminal ; cal.
seg. linear, much longer than the pedicel ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx,
a little dilated upwards. — % Prairie du chien to Mo. ! Stem 10—15' high,
slender, branched near the top. Leaves 1 — 1 J' by 2 — 3", the floral ones about as
long as the flowers. Corolla yellow, the tube 8 — 10" long, lobes crenulate.
Style scarcely exserted. Fruit much shorter than the calyx, smooth, white. Jl.

9. MERTENSIA. Roth.

Calyx short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the

calyx, limb subcampanulatc, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5

folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens ; sta. inserted

at top of the tube : anth. subsagittate ; ach. smooth or reticulated. —

434 XCIV. BOilRAGlNACEiE. Myosotis.

% Si. arid leaves usually glabrous and pellucid-punctate^ the radical ones
many-veined^ cauline sessile. Rac. terminal.

1. M. ViRGiNicA. DC. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum pulchrum.
Lehm.) Virginian Lim^ivort.— Plant erect, smooth; cal. much shorter

than the tube of the corolla/limb longer than the tube; radical lis. (large)
obovate-elliptical, obtuse ; caidine ones long-lanceolate.— A smooth, erect, and
elegant plant, about 20' high, native in N. Y. to Ga. and W. States, sometimes
cultivated. The leaves of the stem are sessile, much narrower than those ot
the root, whose width is § of their length. Flowers in terminal clusters.
Corolla blue, funnel-form, sitting upon a short, 5-toothed calyx. Stamens and
style included. May.

2. M. MARiTiMA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum. Lchvi.)
Glabrous ; sis. and branches procumbent or ascending ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse,

lieshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile ; rac. leafy ; cal. deeply
cleft* scarcely half as long as the glabrous corolla. — Sea shore, Northern States,
Pursh, N. to Greenland. Stem diffusely branched. Flowers purplish-blue,
limb longer than the tube. Jl.

3. M. DENTicuLATA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Roem. Lithospermum.
Lehm.y St. erect ; Ivs. glaucous, rather fleshy, acute-mucronate, ciliate-

denticulate, radical ovate, petiolate, cauline oblong, sessile, 3-veined at base ;
cal. segments acute; pedifcls as long as the flower; sty. finally exserted.— N. Y.
Mukl. Torrey. Stems 6—12' high, clustered. Peduncles many-flowered.
Corolla pale purple.

10. PULMONARIA.
Probably named from its having been used in lung complaints.

Calyx prismatic, S-angled, 5-toothed ; cor. infundibuliform, with a
cylindric tube, orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens ;
ach. imperforate. — % European herbs.

P. OFFICINALIS. Common Lungwort.— Plant rough ; cal. the length of the
tube of the corolla ; radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, scabrous, caidine ones ovate, ses-
sile.—Native of England, but naturalized and cultivated in our gardens.
Flowers'blue, in terminal clusters. Stem a foot high. This as well as other
foreign species of this genus, is a rough-leaved plant, while the several Ameri-
can species are uniformly smooth. May. X

11. MYclfeoTIS. Dill.

Gr. /ivoi, a rat, and (^ovs^ oros, an ear; from the form of the leaves.

Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the 5 lobes slightly emar-
cinate, orifice closed with short, concave scales ; achenia ovate,
smooth, with a small cavity at base. — Herbs, slightly villous. Rac.
at length elongated.

1. M. c^spiTosA. Schultz. a. laxa. DC. (M. palustris. Roth. M. scor-
poides. WUld.) Marsh Scorpion Grass. — Nearly smooth, somewhat branched,

erect; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs; rac. without bracts ;
pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spreading, smooth seg-
ments of the calyx. % Grows about ditches and marshes. Can-, and U. S., often
called water-mouse-car from the leaves, which are roughish with appressed hairs.'
Stem about a foot high, with scattered hairs, ascending from long, creeping
roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1—3' long, \ as wide. Racemes terminal, or
often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided. Flowers small, blue, on pedicels
i' long. May — Aug.

2. M. sTRicTA. Link. (M. arvensis. Rich, and 1st edit. M. inflexa. Engelm.)
Forget-me-not.— St. branching; Zrs. oval-lanceolate, hairy ; rac. long ; pediy

eels in fruit suberect, about as long as the calyx; cal. segments oval, acuminate,
hairy, closed, about the length of the corolla. — (J) Found in sandy woods, N.
Eng". ! to 111. ! Whole plant of a grayish hue from its dense pubescence. Stem
4 — 10' high, at length much branched. Leaves \ — V in length, sessile, acutish,

Heliotropium. XCIV. BORRAGlNACEiE. 4St

the lower ones oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short petiole. Racemes revo-
lute at the end, not secund, short at iirst, but arising at length 6', 8', or even 12'.
Flowers very small, white. June.

12. ECHINOSPERMUM. Swartz.

Gr. e^tvos, the sea-urchin, cnrcpiia, seed ; from the character.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice closed with con-
cave scales ; seeds echinate, compressed or angular, fixed to a central
column. — Herbs erect. Lvs. oblong or linear. Rac. bracted. Pedicels
short., erect.

E. Lappula. Lehm. (Rochelia. Roem. Cynoglossum. Scop.) Burr-seed.
St. branched above ; lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy ; cor. longer
than the calyx, the border erect-spreading ; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked
prickles on the margin. — ® An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, N. States to
Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect from its dense hairs, about a foot*
high, undivided except at the top where it branches into a kind of panicle.
Leaves V by 1 — 2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue, Jl.

13. CYNOGLOSSUM.

Gr. KV(ov, a dog, yXoaca, tongue ; from the form of the long, soft leaves.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted ; orifice
closed by 5 converging, convex scales ; achenia depressed, fixed late-
rally to the style. — Cor. blue., 'purple or white.

1. C. OFFICINALE. Hoioud's-tongue.

Silky-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, radical ones alternate at the base,
petiolate, cauline ones sessile ; sta. shorter than corolla.— T]. An erect, downy
plant, of a dull green color, 18 — 20' high, and emitting a disagreeable smell,
which several distinguished botanists have compared to the smell of young
mice ! Grows in waste grounds and roadsides. Stem erect, hairy, 1 — 2f high.
Leaves hoary with soft down on both sides, entire, upper ones clasping, with
broad bases, lower ones 6 — 10' by 1 — 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base
(winged petiole 1), pointed at apex. Clusters terminal, panicled, recurved at
the end. Flowers with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Calyx leaf-like
in fruit. Seeds rough, with hooked prickles. Jl. ^

2. C. ViRGiNicuM. (C. amplexicaule. M.v. and 1st edit.)
Hirsute-pilose ; lvs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasping, cordate at

oase ; corvmb terminal, leafless, on a long peduncle. — %. Inhabiting woods and
thickets, Vt. ! to Md. ! W. to 111. ! rare in N. Eng. A very hairy plant, 2f high,
simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit, a small, panicled corymb of
pale purple flowers. Radical leaves 5 — 6' long and half as wide. Calyx and
pedicels very hairy. Jn.

3. C. MoRRisoNi. DC. (Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. ssiilst edit.)
Virginian Mouse-ear. — St. much branched ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scabrous above ; rac. divaricate, dichotomous ; fridt densely covered with
hooked prickles. — ® An erect, hairy weed, in rocky grounds and rubbish, Can.
to Flor. Stem furrowed, 2 — 3f high, with many slender, remote, wide-spread
-branches, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemose inflorescence. Leaves
entire, remote, large (3 — 4' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled.
Flowers very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. Jl.

Tribe 2. HEL,IOTROPE^.— Ovary bearing a simple, terminal style.
Fruit diyish, drupaceous, partible. Seeds without albumen.

14. HELIOTROPIUM. Touru.

Gr. fi\ioi, the sun, TpsTro), to turn ; the flowers were said to be always turned towards the sun.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice naked, limb 5-cleft,
with the sinuses plaited ; stamens included ; stigma peltate ; achenia
37*

436 XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. Hydrophyllum.

cohering without a common receptacle, at length separable. — Herbs
or shrubs. Spikes unilateral. Fioivers never yellow.

1. H. Europium. Heliotrope. — Herbaceous ; Zfs. ovate, entire, rugose and
tomentose; spikes in pairs.— A delicate annual, native of Europe and
still growing on the banks of the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry ! where Nuttall
saw it in 1818. Cultivated among stove-plants. Stem 8—12' high. Leaves 1—
2' by 8—15". Flowers white, mostly in 2, terminal, long, scorpoid racemes. ^
2 H. Perdvianum. Peruvian Heliotrope. — Shrubby; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate;
fis in numerous, aggregated spikes.— Native of Peru. A small, elegant green-
house shrub, 1— 2f high. Leaves rough, serrulate, twice as long as wide, on
short petioles. Flowers small but numerous, very fragrant, white or tinged
with purple.

Order XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^.— Hydrophylls.

^ Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often hispid. Lvs. alternate, or the lower opposite, often lobed.
F/» in circinate racemes or unilateral spikes, rarely axillary and solitary.
Cai. 6-cleft, the sinuses usually with refle.xed appendages, persistent-
Cor 5-lobed, regular, with 10 melliferous scales near the base.
S/a. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes.

Anth 2-celled versatile ["<"" the base of the caviar-

Ova. free, simple, i-celled. Style single, terminal, bifid. Stis>nas 2. Placenta 2, parietal or on stalki
JV.— Capsule invested with the permanent calyx.

Sds. few, crustaceous. Embryo conical, in abundant, cartilaginous albiunen.
Genera 16, species 75, chiefly American. Of no known use.

Conspectus of the Genera.

iPlacentalarge, fleshy, free. . . Hydrophyllum. I

( appendag'd inside with (, Sta, exserted. I Placentaj on the middle of the valves. Plmcena. 4

1 5 melliferous grooves, i Stamens included. Sepals very large. . . . hilima. a

Corolla ( destitute of grooves or scales inside. Stamens as long as the corolla. . . Costnantmia. i

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Tourn.
Gr. vSoiP, water, and (pvXXov, a leaf; the leaves in Spring hold each a quantity of water.

Sepals slightly united at base ; corolla campanulate, with 5 longi-
tudinal, margined, nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted;
capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly
abortive ; placenta fleshy, free. — North American herbs. Radical lvs. .
on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes
scorpoid, bractless.

* Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla.

1. H. APPENDicuLATUM. Michx. (Ncmophila paniculata. Spreng.)

Lvs. hairy, lower ones pinnatifid, cauline palmately 5-lobed, dentate, lobes
diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. an.d cat. hispid ; sep. lance-subulate,
the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter ; cor. glabrous except
the minute appendages inside; sta. included.— @) Mich, to la., Plummerl and
111. to Va., moist woods and bottoms. Stems 1— lif high, branched. Petioles
1__4' long. The leaves are of a .singular form, roundish in outline, the broad,
acute lobes diverging in a stellate manner ; teeth mucronate. Calyx 4—5" long,
appendages deflexed, 1' long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. May.
* * Cali/x not appendaged. Filaments much exserted.

2. H. ViRGiNicuM. Virginian Water-leaf.

Plant nearly smooth; lvs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the segments oval-
lanceolate, inciseiy serrale; fascicles conglomerate; ped. as long as the peti-
oles.—IJ- An inhabitant of wet or moist woods. Can. to Car. and Western
States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufls of flowers peculiarly
distinguished by their exserted stamens and style, which are twice the length
of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about
5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly
toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. June.

3. H. Canadense. Canadian Water-leaf. Btirr-floioer.

Lws. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5—7 shallow lobes, unequally

CosMANTHus. XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 437

dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; Jls. in crowded fascicles ; peds. shorter than the
petioles. — % Gluite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods,
Can. to Car. W. to Ohio ! Stem 12 — 18' high, with large, roughish leaves,
divided into 5 — 7 lobes. Fascicles of flowers dense, axillary and terminal.
Corollas white or variously tinged with purple. Stamens and style much
exserted, as in the last. Jn., Jl.

4. H. MACROPHYLLUM. Nutt. (H. hispidum. Riddell.')
Mlwle plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; Ivs. oblong-oval in outline,
pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised intc lounded,
mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or tew, much smaller; cymes terminal, long-
pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. — % Ohio,
Locke ! to the Alleghany Mts. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a termi-
nal, globose cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 8 — 12' (including the
petiole 3 — 4') by 3 — 5', the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla twice longer than
the ovate, acute sepals, half as long as the capillary filaments which are 9" in
length. Jn.

2. ELLISIA.
In honor of Joseph Ellis, F. R. S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnaeus.

Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corol-
la ; tube with 10 minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed ; sta.
included ; nectary annular, 5-toothed ; sty. bifid, with linear lobes ;
caps, ovoid-globose, 2-valved ; seeds 4. — ® North American herbs,
with pinnatifid Ivs. Cor. white.

E. Nyctel5;a.

Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; Ivs. pinnatifid, petiolate,
upper ones alternate, segments linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate ;
ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals ; cal. seg. trian-
gular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. — 0 111.
Mead', to Va., woods and river banks. Stem 4 — 10' long. Leaves 1 — 2' long
I as wide. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly
an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base
inside.

3. COSMANTHUS. Nolle.
G-r. Koafios, elegance, av%s, a flower.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube
without appendages ; sta. 5, about equaling the corolla ; nectary
minute ; ova. hairy except at base, 1 -celled ; sty. bifid ; caps. 2-valved,
valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds 4 — 10, rugulose. — ® JV. Ame-
rican herbs., ivith alternate Ivs. Rac. long., bractless. Fls. small, white
or pale blue.

1. C. PARVtFLORUs. Alph. DC. (Phacelia. Ph. Eutoca. Dr.)
Diffuse, pubescent ; Ivs. .subsessile, pinnatifid or trifid, segments oblong

or ovate, sparingly lobed or entire; rac. solitary; pedicels in flower longer than
the calyx; sta. subequal to the corolla.; placental — 8-ovuled. — Penn. to Va.
Stem 6 — 8' high. Flowers pale blue, 4" diam., the lobes rounded and entire.
Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. May.

2. C. PuRsHii. Wood. (C. fimbriatus. Nolle. Phacelia fimbriata. Ph.
not M.t. P. Purshii. Buckley.) Miami Mist. — Nearly glabrous; lower

Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper
Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with oblong, acute lobes; rac. terminal, sim-
ple, 5 — 10-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals ; lobes of the cor.
fimbriate. — Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to la. ! and Ky. Plant
8 — 12' high, slender and with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse
lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Flowers light blue, 4 — 5" broad, spread-
ing. May, Jn.

438 XCVI. POLEMONIACE^. Phlox.

4. PHACELIA.
Gr. <paKe\oi, a. bundle or fascicle ; alluding to the fasciculate racemes.

Calyx 5 parted ; cor. tubular-campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, tube
within furnished with 5 melliferous grooves ; sta. 5, mostly exserted ;
ova. 1 -celled, hispid ; sty. bifid ; caps, ovoid, 2-valved, valves placen-
tiferous in the middle ; seeds 4. — American herbs, hispid, with alter-
nate Ivs., and loose or dense, one-sided racemes.

P. BIPINNATIFIDA. Michx.

Hairy, suberect; Its. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segments
3 4^ incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid ; roc. elongated, bifid or sub-
paniculate; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than the
stamens. — % or (g) Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ohio ! and la. ! Plant
sometimes nearly smooth, 1— 2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top.
Leaves 3—6' long, including the petiole. Corolla 6" broad, blue, the grooves
bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn.

/?. Plummeri. SL ferruginous-hirsute ; Jls. much smaller ; cor. scarcely longer
than the calyx.— Richmond, la, Plwrnwr !

Order XCVI . POLEMONIACE^.— Phloxworts.

Herbs, with opposite, occasionally alternate, compound or simple leaves.

Cal. 5 united sepals, inferior, persistent, sometimes irregular.

Cor 5 united petals, regular, tlie lobes imbricate or twisted m a;stivation.

Sla 5 inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes.

Owa. 3-ceUed, free. Sri//es united into 1. Stigma Infid. „ ^^ „ , .

Caps 3-celled, Svalved, loculicidal, valves also separating from the 3-cornered axis.

Sds. few or many. Albumen horny. Embryo foliaceous.

Genera 17, species 104, chiefly North American. They are valued only in cultivation as omamentaJ
plants.

Conspectus of the Genera.

( hypocrateriform. Phlox. 1

< inlundibuliform. Gilia. 2

Corolla ( campanulate. Polemonium. 3

1. PHLOX.

Gr. (^Xo^, aflame ; from the color and profusion of the flowers.

Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube
more or less curved ; stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of
the corolla above the middle ; capsule 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded.— J.

highly ornamental. North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile,
simple, entire. Fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles.

1. P. PANicULATA. Pauicled Phlox or lyychnidea.

St. glabrous, erect ; lvs. glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
at each end, rough-edged, flat ; coryvibs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flow-
ered ; cal. teeth setaceous-acuminate, shorter than the tube ; pet. roundish, obovate,
entire.— 71 This well-known favorite of gardens is found native in woods and on
river banks. Western States ! to Penn. and Car. It flourishes in rich, moist
soil, or in leaf-mould or peat. Stem 2— 3f high, ending in a large, oblong-
pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentle.ss flowers. Leaves 3 —

5' by 9 16", lower ones distinctly petioled, the highest sometimes subcordate

at base. July— Sept. f

2. P. ACUMINATA. Ph. Acuminate L/ychnidea.

St. erect, paniculate, branching above; lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, the upper ones subcordate at base, all pubescent beneath, as well as
the stem ; panicle pyramidal-corymbose, many-flowered ; cal. teeth briefly seta-
ceous-acuminate.— % This species, whose numerous varieties are common in
gardens, is a native of Mo., Ky. and 111. Although distinguishable at sight
from P. paniculata, being stouter and rougher, its chief technical distinction is
its pubescence and shorter calyx teeth. Petals roimdedat the end, light purple,
varying to deep purple and red. June — Aug. f

Phlox. XCVI. POLEMO^IACE^E. 439

3. P. MACULATA. (P. pyramidalis. Sm. P. latilblia. Mickx.)

St. erect, subsimple, scabrous or nearly smoolh ; lozver lis. lanceolate, the
highest ovale, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth; panicle
oblong or subpyramidal ; cal. teeth lanceolate, acute ; pet. orbicular. — %. Moist
fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2— 3f high, mostly punctate,
with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or
often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or
retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson, f
/?. suaveolens. (P. suaveolens. Ail.') Fis. white, iragrant. f

4. P. Carolina. (P. revoluta. .A/toi. P. nitida. PA.) Carolina Lychnidea.
Glabrous, erect or ascending; lis. linear-lanceolate, attenuated to the apex,

subcoriaceous, margins revolute, lower attenuated to the base, upper rounded
at base ; ^«7M'c/e corymbo.se, puberulent or smooth; cal. teeth short-acuminate;
cor. tube awned, segments obovate, entire. — % A very smooth species, fields and
barrens, Ohio, la. ! common ; also Md. to Car. Stem slender, 1 — 2f high.
Leaves 2 — 4' long, mostly quite narrow (3—4"), thick and shining. Panicle
few (15 — 25)-flowered. Corolla purple. May — Aug.

/?. ovata. Benth. (P. ovata. Linn.) JDrs. ovate and lance-ovate. — Car. f

5. P. GLABERRiMA. Ohio Lychnidca.

Glabrous ; st. branching at base, the branches subsimple ; lis. lance-linear
or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, thin, sessile, flat, upper ones lance-ovate, often
rounded at base ; panicle corymbose, few-flowered, glabrous ; cal. teeth lanceo-
late, subacuminate, half as long as the corolla tube ; pet. obovate, entire. — 1\.
Pine barrens, Ohio ! Very distinct from the former by its shorter, obtuse, never
acuminate or revolute leaves and its much larger calyx' Stem 2f high. Leaves
Is — 2|' by 3 — 5". Flowers purple. June, Jul}'.

6. P. REPT.iNs. Miclix. Creeping Lychnidea.

Stolons creeping ; sts. low, assurgent ; lis. ovate, obovate or oblong ; cor. few-
flowered ; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; pet. obovate, entire. — %
Hill-sides and mountains, la. Plummer ! to S. Car. Flowering-stems 6' high,
with small (4 — 9" by 2 — 4") and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 — 3 times
larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flowers 3 — 8. Corolla bluish-purple,
tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June.

7. P. DiVARiCATA. Early-flowering Lychnidca.

Low, diffuse, pubescent; lis. lanceolate, ovate or oblong; panicle corym-
bose, loose ; cal. roughish-puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; cor. segments
emarginate-bifid. — % Can., N. Y. ! to Va. Stems loosely branched, a iooi or
more long, flaccid. Leaves 1 — 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base,
the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear-setaceous. Pedicels di-
verging, longer than the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube. Corol-
la of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish-blue. May.

fil Laphami. Lrs. ovate ; ^c<. obtuse, entire. — Wis. Laphaml Western Re-
serve. Co^vles! — Intermediate between P. divaricata and P. glaberrima, and
may prove distinct from both.

8. P. PILOSA. (P. aristata. Michx. Benth.)

Pilose-puberulent, erect or decumbent at base ; Ivs. lance-linear, margin
subrevolute, subamplexicaul ; panicle corymbose ; cal. hirsute, segments seta-
ceous-acuminate; pet. obovate, entire. — ll- Penn. to Ohio, Clurk '.Wis. Lap-
ham! and Southern States. Stem 12— 18' high, rigid. Leaves 1^ -3' by 2 — 4",
attenuated to the apex. Corolla pale red or bluish-white, the tube a third
longer than the long, slender, awn-like teeth of the calyx. May, June.
/? Lvs. shorter, broadest at base, sessile; fls. smaller. — Indiana !

9. P. BIFIDA. Beck. Beck's Lychnidea.

Low, assurgent, diffu.sely branched, puberulent ; lis. amplexicaul, subre-
volute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lance-linear; corymbs
very loose, 2 — 5-flowered ; cal. segments linear, acute ; cor. tube curved, seg-
ments deeply bifid. — A very distinct .species, and very rare, in Mo. Beck, Cass
Co., 111., Mead! Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12 — 15" by
1 — 2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Tube of corolla much curved,
segments cleft nearly half way down, purple. Apr.

440 XCVI. POLEMONlACEiE. Polemonium.

10. P. Drummondii. Drummond's Lychnidea.

Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose ; Ivs. oblong or lance-
olate, scabrous; corymb dense-flowered; cal. hairy, segments lanceolate, seta-
ceous, elongated, revolute; cm-, tube pilose, segments obovate, entire. — One of
the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant
glandular-scabrous, 8—12' high. Flowers very showy, all shades from white
to dark purple, -f

11. P. suBULATA (and P. setacea. Linn.) Moss Pink.

Procumbent, csespitose, much branched, pubescent; Ivs. rigid, subulate
or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils ; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very
acute; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate. — Rocky hills and mountains, Penn. to
Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, sprangled over
in May with rose-colored flowers. Flowering branches, 2 — 4' long, numerous
and fascicled. Corymb 3 — G-flowered. Corolla white or pink, deeper purple
in the centre. May. f

2. GIL I A. Ruiz&Pavon.
Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute ; cor. tube long or short, limb regu-
larly 5-lobed ; sta. 5, equally inserted at top of the tube : disk cup-
form ; caps, oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded. — Herbs with
alternate., pirmatifid Ivs. Fls. paniculate, capitate or scattered, generally
bractless.

§ 1. Corolla siihrevoliite, tube included in the calyx.

1. G. TRICOLOR. Benth. Tri-colored Gilia. — St. erect, nearly smooth; Ivs.
twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments; cymes paniculate,
3_6-flowered ; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, tube very
short.—® An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Flowers
numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow, -j-

§ 2. Ipomopsis. Corolla infundibuliform, tube much exserted.

2. G. (ipomopsis) coronopifolia. Pers.

Erect, tall ; st. strict, hairy ; lis. crowded, pinnatifid with subulate divi-
sions ; thyrse elongated, with very short branches; cor. elongated, segments
oval-oblong, erect-spreading ; sta. exserted. — (g) Southern States ! A splendid
herb, 2 — 4f high, bearing at top a long (If) thyrse of scarlet-red flowers. Co-
rollas 1}' long, -f

3. POLEMONIUM.

Gr. noXcitoi, war ; Pliny relates that two lungs fought for the merit of its discover}'.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; corolla rotate-campanulate, limb
5-lobed, erect, tube short, closed at the base by 5 stameniferous
valves ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded. — Herbs with
alternate, pinnately -divided Ivs. Fls. terminal.

1. P. REPTANs. American Greek- Valerian.

St. smooth, branching, erect; Ivs. pinnately 7 — 11-foliate, leaflets oval-
lanceolate, acute ; ^5. terminal, nodding ; cells of caps. 3 — 3-seeded. — % A
handsome plant of woods and damp grounds in N. Y. to 111. ! and sometimes
cultivated. Stem 12 — 18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite,
smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Flowers numerous,
rather large, on short petioles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, per-
sistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short,
rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping.

2. P. CGERULEUM. Greek Valerian. — SL smooth, simple, erect ; Ivs. pinnately
11 — 17- foliate, segments acuminate; fls. erect; cal. equaling the tube of the
corolla; cells of caps. 6 — lO-seeded. — ^ A handsome, cultivated plant, native
in England. Stems clustered, several from the same root, about 2f high, hol-
low, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle. Leaves mostly radi-
cal, on long, grooved petioles ; leaflets all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite,
oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal , siiberect. Cor. blue, about i' diam.

Convolvulus. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^. 441-

Order XCVII. DIAPENSIACEJE.

Undershrubs, prostrate, with crowded, heath-like leaves and solitary, terminal flowera.

Cal.SepaU 5, much imbricated, surrounded at base with imbricated scales.

Cm: — Petals 5, united, regular, imbricated in a'stivation.

Sta. 5, equal, the tilaments petaloid and inserted on the corolla tube.

Anth. 2-celled, transversely vjdved.

Ova. 3-celled, fiee. Sitjles united into 1. Stigma 3-lobed.

Pr.— Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds many, small, albuminous.

Genus 1, or 2 according to many authors, species 2, natives of the north of Europe and the northern
parts of North America.

DIAPENSIA.

Calyx 5-parted, calyculate with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocra-
teriform, limb 5-cleft, flat ; stamens 5, from the summit of the tube ;
stigmas 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Low, evergreen
undershrubs.

§ J . Anthers awnless.

1. D. L.4PP0NicA. No7'thern Dlapensia.

C^spitose; Ivs. dense, .spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire; fls.
pedunculated. — 7|. A little, leafy plant, 2 — 3' high, growing on the summits of
the White Mts. in N. Hamp.shire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leave's
crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 — 8" by 1" with a revolute margin, clasping
base, and broadly obtuse point. Flowers on short, terminal, solitary peduncles,
which are an inch long in fruit. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the
leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July.

§ 2. Pyxidanthera. Anthers with the Icnoer valves beaked.

2. D. BARBULATA. Ell. (Pyxidanthcra barbulata. Michx. D. cuneifolia.
PA.) — Branches short, ascending; lis. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent

at base ; fls. terminal, sessile ; lower valve oftlie anther beaked or awned at base.
— A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens, N. J. to Car., forming
dense beds. It has also been found by Dr. Peck on the White Mts. (^f,de Torr.)
Stems 3 — 6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1 — 2" by I — 1". Flowers white, 3" diam.
Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn. — The beak of the
anther appears to be quite variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point.

Order XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^.— Bindweeds.

JJerls or shrubs, with a milky juice, mostly twining, sometimes erect.

l.vs. alternate, without stipules, sometimes wholly wanting. Fls. showy.

Cai.— Sepals 5, much imbricated, usually united at base, persistent.

Cor. regular, limb 5-lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in iestivation.

Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes.

Ova. 2— 4-celled, free. Styles united into \.

Fr.— Capsule 2— 4-cclled, valves with septifragal dehiscence.

Sds. few, large, with thin mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons foliaceous, or wanting.

Genera 43, species 660, very abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold.

Properties —The roots abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongly purgative. Jc?apof the shops

is the product of the root of Exogonium purga of Mexico, and other species. Sc.ammony of Convolvulus

Scammonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar

resin. The sioeet potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South.

Conspectus of the Genera.

S Style simple Convolvulm. I

(, Stamens included. ( Styles 3 or 2. .
J Calyx naked. { Stamens exserted. Corolla scarlet.
i leafy, green. ( Calyx enclosed in two large, leaf like bracts. .
Plants (leafless, parasitic, orange-colored

Suborder 1.— C OlVVOLiVULE^.

Embryo with cotyledons. Carpels united. Fruit capsular, dehiscent.

I. CONVOLVtJLUS.

Lat. ccmvolvere, to entwine ; from tlie habit of most of the plants.

Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 small bracts near the base ; cor.
campanulate, or funnel-form, limb 5-plaitcd ; sta. shorter than the
limb, rarely n littlo longer: ova 2 — 4-oelled, cells 1 — 2-ovuled ; sty

Stylisma. 3

Quainoclit. 2

Calystegia. 4

Cwscuta. 5

442 XCVIIl. CONVOLVULACE^. Convolvulus.

simple : stig. simple or 2-lobed ; caps, valvate, 2 — 4-celled, 4 — 6-
seeded.^ — A large genus of twilling or prostrate herbs, rarely shrubby or

arborescent.

Ql,3 —The generic distinctions adopted by Choisy in the Prodromus of De CandoUe, Vol. ix., appear to
me to be too indefinite to be generally useful in a work like the present. 1 have adopted them merely as
sections of the present genus.

§ 1. Stigmas 2, Unear-cylindric, often revohite. Capsule 2-celled.

1. C. ARVENsis. Small ISindweed.

St. striate, angular, generally prostrate ; Ivs. sagittate, somewhat auricu-
late; ped. mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate near the apex; sep. roundish-ovate;
caps, smooth.— T.I- A twining plant, growing in fields and pastures, Maine to
Car., not coinmon. Stems several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little hairy.
Leaves 1 — 2' long, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often with a
tinge of red. The small, acute bracts are near the middle of the peduncle. Jn.
2. C. TRICOLOR. Trlcolored Bindweed. — St. ascending, villose; Ivs. lanee-
obovate, subspatulate, sessile, ciliate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, bracteate, longer
than the leaves ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acttte ; cor. tricolored ; capsule villose. —
® About the Mediterranean. Stem weak, 1— 3f long. Corollas yellowish in
the centre, white in the middle, and of a fine sky-blue on the upper part of the
border. July.
§ 2. IpoMffiA. Stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, A-seeded.

3. C. PANDURATUS. (Ipomoea. Meyer.) Wild Potato. MaJi-of-the-ea.rlK.
St. twining; Ivs. broad-cordate or "panduriform ; ped. long, 1 — 4-flowered;

cat. smooth; cor. tubular-campanulate. — % In sandy fields, N. Y. toGa. Stems
several from the same root, 4 — 8f long, slender, smooth. Leaves 2 — 3' long and
of about the same width, acute or obtuse, with rounded lobes at the base, some-
times lobed and hollowed on the sides and becoming fiddle-shaped. Petioles
2—3' long. Peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles, generally branching
at the top, and bearing several large flowers. Corolla 2' long, purple and white.
July, Aug.

4. C. LAcaNosus. (C. micranthus. Riddcll.) Small-floioered Bindvxed.
Minutely pubescent ; st. twining; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, angular-lobed

or entire, on long petioles ; ped. 1 — 3-flowered, half as long as the petioles ; sep.
oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla, ciliate, lobes acute; caps.
pilose.—® Penn., Md. ! to Flor., W. to Ohio and 111. A small, prostrate spe-
cies, 2 — 6f long, in dry fields and hills. Leaves 2' by IJ', deeply cordate, often
deeply 3-lobed ! petioles 1—3' long. Flowers 8" diam., 9" long, white with a
purplish rim. Aug. Sept.

§ 3. Pharbitis. Stigma capitate, gramdate. Ovary 3- rarely A-celled,

cells 2-seeded.

5. C. PURPUREOS. (Ipomoea. PA. Pharbitis hispida. Choisy.) Common
Morning Glory. — St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilose; Ivs. cordate,

entire ; fl. nodding ;' ped. 2 — 5-flowered ; pedicels thick ; cat. hispid. — (p In fields,
Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heart-
shaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue,
flesh-colored, striped, &.c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower,
of ihe easiest culture. Jn. ^ f

6. C. Nil. (Pharbitis. Choisy.) Morning Glory.

Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fis. half 5-cleft; ped. shorter than the petioles, 1 — 3-
flowered. — A very beautiful twining plant, found wild, Penn. to Flor., but best
known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. Calyx very
hairy, the segments long-acuminate. Flowers large, the tube white and the
border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name. Anil or Nil, indigo).
It is of the easiest culture, and raised from the seed. Blossoms from July to
September, f
§ 4. Batatas. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Ova. 4-, or by abortion, 3 — 2-celled.

7. C. Jalapa. (C. macroihizus. Ell. Batatas Jalapa. Choisy.)

St. creeping or twining; lvs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tomentose-

Calysteoia. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^. 443

pubescent beneath ; ped. scarcely equaling the long petioles, 1 — 3-flowered ; sep.
roundish-ovate, pubescent ; seeds villose, with long hairs. — 11. Western States !
frequent, to Flor. and La. Stems 2 — 6f in length, on the ground, or trailing
over fences, &c. Leaves 2—3' long, the petioles 2 — 5'. Corolla large (2J— 3'
diam.) and showy, white or rose-colored, purple at base. July, Aug. — The root
is tuberous and mildly purgative.

8. C. Batatas. (Batatas edulis. Choisy.') Sweet Potato. — St. creeping,
rarely twining; lis. cordate, hastate, angular, 5-veined, smoothish; pcd. long;
fls. fascicled ; scp. lanceolate, acuminate. — (p The sweet potato is native of
both Indies and cultivated in all tropical climates. Not only the tubers, but
the leaves and tender shoots are boiled and eaten. The tubers are sweet and
considered nutritive. This is the potatn of the old English botanists, of Shake-
speare, and their cotemporaries, the Sdanuvi tuberoswm then being unknown.
The stem is rQund, hispid, prostrate, creeping, sending out scattered, oblong
tubers which are purplish without. Flowers large, purple or white. |

2. aUAMOCLIT. Tourn.

Crr. Kvafio;, a bean, xXiroj, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller.

Sepals 5, mostly mucronate ; cor. tubular-cjlindric ; sta. exserted ;
sty. 1 ; stig. capitate, 2-lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1 -seeded. — Twin-
ing herbs, mostly American.

1. Gl. VULGARIS. Choisy. (Ipomoea. Linn. Convohnilus. 1st. edit.) Jasmine.
Bindweed. Cypress Vine. — Z,cs. pinnatifld to the midvein, segments linear,

parallel, acute ; ped. 1-flowered ; scp. ovate-lanceolate. — Q An exceedingly
delicate vine, Penn. Eaton, Southern States ! generally' cultivated. Stems gla-
brous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 — lOf Flowers
much smaller than those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to
crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms a most delicate and
beautiful awning. July, Aug.

2. Q,. cocciN-EA. Moench. (Ipomjea. Linn. Convolvulus. Spreng.)
Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; pcd. elongated, about

5-flowered ; cat. awned. — 0 Southern States, naturalized in the Western, occa-
sionally cultivated. Flowers varying from yellow to scarlet, f

3. STYLISMA. Raf.

The name has reference to the plurality of the styles.

Sepals 5, equal ; cor. campauulate ; ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, rarely
3. stigmas thick ; sta. included. — % Slender., creeping.

S. TENELLi's. Wood. fS. cvoUiiloides. Choisy, Convolvulus tenellus.

Lam. C. Sherardi. PA.) — Dry, sandy or rociiy soils, Ohio, to Flor. Stem

long, prostrate, branching, pubescent. Leaves lance-linear or linear, obtuse, 1'

in length, with short petioles. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 1 — 5-flowered.

Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3" long. Corolla twice longer, hairy outside.

4. CALYSTEGIA. Br.

Gr. KaAi)?, calyx, CTcyr], a covering ; alluding to the conspicuous calycine bracts.

Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, foliaceous bracts ; cor. cam-
pauulate, 5-plicate ; sta. subequal, shorter than the limb ; ova. half
bilocular, 4-ovuled ; sty. simple ; stig. 2, obtuse : caps. 1 -celled, 4-seed-
ed. — Herbs twming or prostrate. Ped. l-flowered, solitary.

1. C. .spiTHAMiEus. Br. (Convolvulus. Li7in. C stans. Michx.) Erect
Bindweed. — St. erect or assurgent; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate,
hoary-pubescent; ped. 1-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. — 1\. An
erect, downy species, (a span) 8 — 10' high, found in fields and hilly pastures.
Can. to Penn., W. to 111. Stem branching, leaty, bearing one, often two or
more large, wliite flowers, on peduncles 2 — 4' long, issuing from near the root.
Leaves 2 — 3' long, i as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on peti-
oles i as long. Bracts concealing the calyx. June.
38

444 XCIX. SOLANACEiE.

2. C. Sepium. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn.) Hedge Calystegia. Rutland
Beauty. — St. twining ; Irs. sagittate, the lobes being truncate and the apex
generally acute; ped. quadrangular, 1 -flowered ; bracts cordate, much longer
than the calyx.— 71. A vigorous climber, in hedges and low grounds, Can. to
Car., W. to 111. Stems 5— 8f in length. Leaves cordate-sagittate, 2 — i long,
J as wide. Flowers numerous, large, white, with a reddish tinge, appearing
in long succession. The bracts are so close to the corolla as to appear like the
calyx which they entirely conceal. It is cultivated as a shade lor windows,
arbors, &c. Jtme, July.

Suborder 2. CUSCUTE^.

Embryo without cotyledons. Leafless, parasitic herbs.

5. CUSCUTA. Tourn.

Calyx 5 (rarely 4)-cleft ; corolla globose-campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft,

marescent ; stamens 4 — 5, inserted upon the corolla at the clefts ;

stigmas, 2 ; capsule 2-celled, circumscissile at the base ; cells 2-seeded.

— Herbs without verdure., gerviinatiiig in the soil, at length withering at

the root, and deriving their nourishment from other plants about which

they twine from right to left. Stem yellowish or reddish. Leaves Jione,

or minute scales instead. Fls. variously aggregated.

1. C. Gronovii. Willd. (C. Americana. Linn. C. vulgivaga and sau-
ruri. Eng.)—St. filiform, thick; Jls. densely glomerate, in paniculate

spikes, sessile ; sep. broad-ovate, obtusish ; cor. 5-cieft, segments short, spread-
ing or reflexed, withering at the base of the capsule ; scales oblong, fimbriate ;
sty. diverging ; stlg. capitate.— (J) An extremely delicate vine, found in damp
places, by rivulets^ Can. and U'. S. The .stem is smooth, slender, 3— 5f long,
springing from the soil at first, but after having twined itself about the low
plants in its way, and becoming fixed upon them by its lateral radicles, it with-
ers away at base, and is henceforth disconnected with the soil. It is of a light
orange color, wholly destitute of green, furnished with a few minute scales,
branching, always turning from right to left, or hanging in festoons. Flowers
nearly globose, about a line long, and on peduncles of about the same length.
Calyx segments round-obtuse. Corolla twice as long, yellowish-white. Aug.

2. C. Lepidanche. Wood. (C. glomerata. Choisy. Lepidanche composi-
tarum. E7igeLvi.)—St. fi\\foi-m;fls. in compact masses surrounding the

stem, sessile, wUh scarious bracts intermixed; cat. 5-sepaled, scarious ; cor.
tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, lobes lanceolate, acute,
spreading or reflexed ; anth. elongated ; scaler fimbriate.—® Abundant in Mo.,
111. ! and la. ! on the Labiates, composites, &c. Flowers about 2" long, form-
ing compact, cylindrical masses while the stems decay, appearing as if spring-
ing from the stems of other plants. Corolla white and scarious. Anthers
partly exserted. July.

p. adpressa. Chois. (Lepidanche adpressa. Eng.) Bracteate ; sep. obtuse
or orbicular-ovate. — 111.

3. C. EPiLiNUM. Weih. (C. Europsea. Darl. <^ others.) Max Dodder.—
Els. sessile, in small, dense, remote heads ; cat. 5-parted, segments rather

obtuse ; cor. globose-cylindric, scarcely longer than the calyx, withering around
the capsule ; scales minute, crenate-dentate. — 0 Europe, introduced into the
Mid. States, growing on flax. Torr. Darl. Stems reddish-orange. Flowers
yellowish-white. Calyx thickish ; stamens included. Stigmas acute. Cap-
sule depressed-globo.se, surrounded with the withering corolla. June.

Order XCIX. SOLANACE^.— Nightshades.

Plants herbaceous or shrubliy, with a colorless juice. Lvs. alternate, the floral ones sometimes collateral.

Inflorescence often 8upra-a.\illnry ; pedicels bractless.

Ca/.— Sepals 4— 5, more or less united, mostly persistent.

Cor. regular, limb 4— S-cleft, plaited in sestivation, deciduous.

Sta. 4—5 (sometimes l abortive), inserted on the corolla, alternate with its segments.

NicoTiANA. XCIX. SOLANACEiE. 445

Anth. bursting longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores.

Ova. free (superior), 2-celled, (4-celled in Datura) with the placenta in the axis.

Styles and stigmas united into 1.

Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds numerous. Eoribryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen.

Genera 60, species 900, diffused throughout the world, except the frigid zones, but most abundant in
the torrid. •

Properties. These are highly important. A large portion of the genera are pervaded by a narcotic
principle, rendering the herbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most active
medicines; as the henbane (Hyoscyamus), belladonna (Atropa), stramonium (Datura), tobacco (Nicoti-
ana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum atlord wholesome and nutritious iood, not
because they are free from the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled in the process of cookmg or
ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable potato, the truit of the tomato and egg- plant.
The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine, and produces the well-known stimulant truit,
Cayenne pepper. r ,, ^

Conspect'its of the Genera.

( Fruit ^ sitting on the calyx. ; . . . Solanum. 8

(rotate, with a < baccate, i! enclosed in the Ccdyx Physalis. 6

very short tube. ( Fruit capsular, dry. Capsicv/m. 7

\ Sepals lanceolate Atropa. 9

campanulate. < Sepals le.ofy, sagittate Nicandra. 5

i Capsule spinose Datura. 3

< Herbs. < Capsule smooth hicotiana. 2

fiinnel-form. . < Trailing shrubs Lycium. 10

^ i salver form, lower segments larger Petunia. 1

Corolla ( irregular, i funnel-form, upper segments larger Hyoscyamus. 4

1. PETUNIA. Juss.

The Brazilian name is petun. Latinized, petunia.

Calyx tube short, the limb 5-cleft, foliaceous ; corolla hypocrateri-
form, the tube cylindric, limb in 5, unequal, flat, plicate lobes ; sta-
mens 5, unequal, included, arising from the middle of the corolla
tube; capsule 2-valved. — Herbs with simple Ivs. and axillary.^ solitary.^
showy jis.

1. P. vioLACEA. — St. weak, viscid-pilose; ivs. acute, on short petioles; cor.
ventricose, cleft into rounded, acute lobes. — 0 @) A pretty, trailing or climbing
plant, becoming quite popular in cultivation, native of Brazil. Whole plant
clothed with clammy hairs. Stems simple, several from the same root, 2 — 8f
long. Leaves 1 — 2' long, nearly as broad, tapering at base into a winged peti-
ole, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Sepals obtuse. Peduncles as long as the
leaves, and scarcely longer than the corolla tube. Limb of the corolla bright
purple, an inch or more broad, upper segment smallest. Capsule furnished
with a tube each side of the sutures.

2. P. ALBA.— S;!." weak, viscid-pilose; Irs. ovate, acute, upper ones sessile;
cor. tube cylindric, scarcely dilated above, 2 or 3 times longer than the obtuse,
spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading, greenish-white. — (J) (g) Brazil. Usually
regarded as a variety of the first, and perhaps it may have originated from that
species by cultivation. It is usually a stouter plant, with larger leaves and
flowers, the latter constantly yellowish or greenish-white, with a long, slender
tube.

2. JNTICOTIANA. Tourn.

In honor? of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who seems to have introduced it into Europe.

Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, regular, limb
5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stigma emarginate ; capsule 2-celled, 2 — 4
valved. — ® Coarse, narcotic herbs., ivith simple Ivs. and terminal fls.
Cor. white, tinged with green or purple.

1. N. RUSTiCA. Common Tobacco.

Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. petioled, ovate, entire ; tube of the cor. cylindric,
longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse. — For the purposes of tobacco
this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian. Stem 12 — 18' high. Flowers
greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. In western N. Y., &c., said
to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. ^

2. N. Tabacum. Virginian Tobacco.

Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, decurrent ; cor. tube inflated at
the throat, lobes acute. — Native of Central America, particularly the Island of
Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mexico, whence it was first exported

446 XCIX. SOLAN ACEiE. INicandra.

to Europe, 1586. Il is extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western
States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 — 6f high, paniculate above.
Leaves I— 2f by i— If entire. Flowers rose-cplor, not inelegant. July.

OSs —Sir Walter Raleigh has the honor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more
than 200 years ago, and in hi!^house at Islnigton is still to be seen a shield bearing his arms with a. tobacco
plant at the top. Loudon. The use of this nauseous weed has become almost universal, and turmshcs
a striking illustration of the force of habit. Its first use, whether smoked or chewed produces a deadly
sickness: and it is only bv repeated and painful trials that it can be tolerated. At length, however, it
becomes so necessary to the comfort of its victim, that, at all times and places, us precious smoke or
extract must be flowing contmuLilly liom his mouth. Taken into the stomach, it is a poweriul narcoUc
poison. July.

3. DATURA.

An alteration of the Arabic name Tatorah.

Calyx large, tubular, ventricose. 5-angled, deciduous, with a persis-
tent, orbicular, peltate base ; corolla infundibuliform, tube cylindric,
long, limb 5-atigled and plaited ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, bilamel-
late ; capsule 2-celled, 4-valved ; cells 2 — 3-parted. — ® herbs^ with
bluish-white or purple^ solitary., axillary jioiccrs.

1. D. Stramonium. Thorn Apple.

St. dichotomous; tvs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; caps, spiny, erect. —
A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rubbish in waste places. Stem
about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at the base of the dichoto-
mous branches, their sides unequal, with large, irregular .teeth and sinuses.
Flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a plaited,
5-toothed border, the color white with a slight tinge of purple. Fruit egg-shaped,
the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug. — Every part is poisonous,
but, when used with certain restrictions, is a useful medicine lor asthma, &c. ^
/?. Taiida. St. and Jis. purple. — Thisvariety has advanced along the national
road to la., Plummerl and 111., Mead.

2. D. Metel.

L/vs. cordate, nearly entire, pubescent ; fr. prickly, globose, nodding. —
Banks of the Ohio, Locke. Doubtless introduced, having escaped from gardens.
Plant 2f high. Flowers while. ^ t

4. HYOSCY-^MUS. Tourn.

Gr. is, vos, a pig, and Kvajxos, bean ; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to swine.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, irregular ; one of
the 5, obtuse lobes larger ; stamens 5, declinate ; stigma capitate ;
capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. — Coarse,
weed-like herbs., native in eastern countries.

H. NIGER. Covimon Henbarie.

St. branching, ei'ect, very leafy ; Ivs. sinuate, clasping ; fls. sessile. — (g) A
tall, well known, Ibetid weed, growing about the rubbish of old houses, road-
sides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting
a fetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Leaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinu-
ate lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes; the corolla straw-color, finely
reticulated with dark purple veins. The whole plant is reputed poisonous, but
has long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs,
convulsions, &c. Jl. ^

5. NICANDRA. Adans.

In honor of Nicander, a Greek physician, who lived about 50 years B. C.

Calyx 5-cleft, 5 angled, the angles compressed, sepals sagittate ;
corolla campauulate ; stamens 5, incurved ; berry 3 — 5-celled, en-
veloped in the persistent calyx. — ® Peruvian herbs.

N. PHYSALoiDEs. Adaus. (Atropa physaloides. Linn.) Apple of Peru. — St.
herbaceous; lis. glabrous, sinuate, angular; Jls. solitary, axillary, on short pe-
duncles ; cat. closed with the angles very acute. — Native of Peru, cultivated in
gardens, from whence it has in a few instances strayed into the neighboring

Capsicum. XCIX. SOLANACEiE. 447

fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2— 5i" high, very branching. Leaves large,
oblong, decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed, pale blue, white and vi^ith 5 blue spots
in the centre. July — Sept. ^

6. physAlis.

Gr. (pvcii, a bladder ; the inflated calyx enclosing the fruit.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length ventricose ; corolla campanu-
late-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, con-
nivent ; berry globose, enclosed within the inflated, 5-angled, colored
calyx. — Herbs, rarely shrubs, with axillary or swpra-axillary flowers.
1. P. viscosA. Aikin. (P. viscosa, obscura, pubescens, Pennsylvanica and
Philadelphica, of authors.) Yellow Henbane. Ground Cherry. — Pubescent;
St. decumbent, herbaceous ; branches somewhat dichotomous and angular ; Ivs.
solitary or in pairs, ovate, more or less cordate, repand-toothed or entire ; Jls.
solitary, axillary, pendulous. — Dry fields, roadsides, &c. Stem more or less
decumbent, aboat a foot high, often viscid as well as the whole plant. Leaves
very variable in the same plant, 1 — 4' long, of J, §, or even of equal breadth,
acute, acuminate, or often obtuse at the apex, often abrupt at base, sometimes
nearly or quite entire on the margin, twice as long as the petioles ; when in
pairs one of them is much smaller. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, green-
ish-yellow, with 5 brownish spots at base inside. Fruit yellow or orange-colored,
not unpleasant to the taste, enclosed in the enlarged, inflated, angular calyx. Jl.

a. Lvs. somewhat viscid, oval, subcordate, geminate.

jS. (P. Pennsylvanica. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate, subentire, nearly
smooth, geminate.

y. (P. obscura. Mlchx.) Lvs. pubescent, broad-ovate, subcordate, subsolitary.

05s.— Many other varieties have been noticed as species, but having examined specimens in numeroua
localities, I am but confirmed in concurring with Dr. Aikin in the above view.

2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. Lancc-leaved Physalis.

St. herbaceous, dichotomously branched, densely pubescent ; lvs. mostly
in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, unequal at base ; Jls. solitary, nod-
ding ; cat. villose. — % Penn., Western States, S. to Ga. Stem 1 — 2f high.
Leaves 3 — 6' by U — 3', often very unequal at base. Flowers nodding. Calyx
half-cleft, with lanceolate, acuminate segments. Corolla pale greenish-yellow,
with dark spots at base. Jl.- Darl. Fl. Cest., p. 139. — I strongly suspect this to
be only another variety of the preceding.

P. Alkekengi. Winter Cherry. — St. somewhat branching below ; lvs. in pairs,
entire, acute ; cal. of the fruit red or reddish. — Native of S. Europe, cultivated
for ornament. Plant about a foot high. Flowers white. Berries acid and
somewhat bitter, f

7. CAPSICUM. Tourn.

Gr. KaiTTO}, to bite ; from the acridity of the fruit.

Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent ; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb
plaited, 5-lobed ; anth. connivent ; fr. capsular, dry, inflated, 2 — 3-
celled ; seeds flat, very acrid. — A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby
plants, pervaded by a heating, acrid pri7iciple. Lvs. often in pairs.
Fed. axillary, solitary.

1. C. ANNUUM. Red Pcp-per. Cayenne Pepper. — St. herbaceous, angular
branching above; lvs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous ; ^^erf. smooth,'
axillary ; cal. angular, with short, acute lobes ; cor. lobes spreading, longer than
the stamens; berry oblong or sui3globose, red. — (i) India. Cultivated for its
fruit, whose stimulant properties are well known. — There are in gardens seve-
ral varieties in respect to the fruit, a. The long, or Cayenne, /?. the depressed-
globose or .squash pepper, best for pickling, y. the cherry pepper, used for pep-
per-sauce and in seasoning meat, i. the sweet.Spanish pepper, used as a salad. —
Sown in March in hot-beds, transplanted in May. Kenrick, Am. Orch., p. 374. ±
38*

148 XCIX. SOLANACE^. Solanum.

8. SOLAN UM.
Calyx 5 — lO-parted, persistent ; cor. rotate, subcampanulate, tube
very short, limb plicate, 5 — lO-lobed ; an th. erect, slightly cohering
or connivent, opening at the top by 2 pores ; berry 2 — 6-celled, sub-
globose or depressed, often torose ; seeds 00. — Herbs or shrubs, un
armed or prick/,]/. Lis. sometimes geminate., pinnatifid or undivided.
Fed. solitary or sever al., 1 — 00-Jlowered.

§ 1. Berry 2-celled. Stem and leaves unarmed.

1. S. Dulcamara. Bittersweet. Woody Nightshade.

S<. shrubby, tiexuous, thornless ; /ra. "ovate-cordate, upper ones hastate;
clusters cymose. — A well-known, shrubby climber, with blue flowers and red
berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbing
about hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire ; the upper
ones becoming auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching pedun-
cles from the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 reflexed segments, purple, with 2
green spots at the base of each segment. Berries bright red. The root being
chewed, gives at first a sensation of bitterness, then of sweetness. The ber-
ries are poisonous. The leaves and twigs have been used medicinally with
good effect. July.

2. S. NIGRUM. 0. Virginiciim. Black Nightshade.

St. herbaceous, thornless ; Ivs. ovate, toothed and waved ; umbels lateral,
drooping. — ^ A weed-like plant without beauty and of suspicious aspect,
about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W. States. Stem erect, branching, angu-
lar, a foot high. Leaves almost always with the lamina perforated and the
margin erose as if gnawed fey insects. Peduncles branching into a sort of um-
bel, from the side of the stem, generally remote from the leaves. Flowers
white, anthers yellow. Berries globose, black. It is reputed poisonous, but is
used medicinally. Flowers in summer.

3. S. TUBEROSUM. Commoii Potato. — 7?<. tuberous ; st. herbaceous; segments
of the Ivs. unequal, the alternate ones minute ;/5. subcorymbed; cor. 5-angled. —
@ This most valuable plant is supposed to be a native of S. America, where
it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes so large a portion of the food
of civilized man, it was scarcely known until the 17th century, and was not
extensively cultivated before the middle of the I8th. The varieties of the po-
tato are very numerous, differing in their time of ripening, quality, color, form,
size, &c. New varieties are readily procured by sowing the seeds, which, with
care, will produce good tubers the third year. Potatoes thus reared, are now
thought to be less liable to the " potato rot." \

4. S. Pseudo-Capsicum. Jerusalem Cherry. — St. shrubby ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, subrepand ; jied. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves. — \i A small, ornamental
shrub, native of Madeira, cultivated. Stem 2 — 4f high, branching into a sym-
metrical summit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long.
Flowers white, with orange anthers, drooping, succeeded by a few scarlet, glo-
bose berries of the size of small cherries, f

^ 2. Berry 2-celled. Stems and leaves prickly.

5. S. Carolinense. Horse Nettle.

St. and petioles aculeate ; Irs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, strigose, anguiar-
lobate, acute, midveiu beneath with a few spines ; rac. loose, supra-axillary,
few-flowered; 6err/es globose. — 7J. Roadsides, &c., Penn. to Car. ! W. to la.!
and 111. ! A rough weed, 'l — 2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered
prickles. Leaves 4 — G' by 2 — 3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large,
repand lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white,
12 — 15" diam. Berries yellowish. June.

6. S. Melongena. (S. insanum. L.) Egg Plant. — S<. prickly; Ivs. ovate,
•subsinuate, downy, prickly ; Jls. many-parted. — (i) An herbaceous, branching
plant, about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of
2gg-.shaped berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon,

LvciUM. XCIX. SOLANACEuE. 4^

smooth, and of a glossy purple. It is prepared for food in various ways, and
considered wholesome and delicious eating. Like the tomato, it is cultivated
from the seed sown early in warm, dry and mellow soil. :j:

/3. Fr. smaller, white. — Cultivated "lor the curiosity of the fruit, which when
ripe can scarcely be distinguished by its appearance from a lien's t^g.

§ 3. Berries 3 — 6-celled, often torose.

7. S. Lycopersicum. Tomato. — Hairy; 5<. herbaceous, weak ; Zi;s. unequal-
ly pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath ; fr. torulose, furrowed, smooth. —
(J) This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3 — 4f high,
with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor. The
fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming when
ripe of a beautiful red. This plant has come into high repute, and its cultiva-
tion is rapidly extending. The fruit is prepared in various ways, for sauces,
stews, &c., having an agreeable acid taste. |

OJs.— Cultivation has produced numerous varieties. One has large, torulose, brieht-yellow fruit;
anoth«r has small, globose, golden-yellow fruit, not torulose; the fruit of a third is small, pear-shaped,
less juicy, &c.

9. ATRdPA.

Name of one of the three Fates in Grecian mythology, vvhose office was to cut the thread of human life.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft ; corolla cauipanulate ; stamens 5, distant ;
berry globose, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx. — Herbs, shrubs or trees,
natives of the Old World.

A. Belladonna. Deadly Nightshade. — Sf. herbaceous; Ivs. ovate, entire;
berries black. — This foreigner is far less repulsive in its appearance than rnost
others of its order. The lurid, pale purple of the flower, indeed, looks suspi-
cious, but not its smell ; nor is there any warning of its deadly nature given
by the aspect, taste or smell of the berries, which are larger than cherries, round,
green, at length of a fine glossy black, full of a purple juice. Stem 5f high,
branching below, and with the large leaves, inclines more or less to a purplish
hue. Every part of the plant, especially the berries, is poisonous, f

10. LYCIUM.

Named from Lycia, the native country of the original species.

Calyx 2 — 5-cleft, short ; corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed,
spreading, orifice closed by the beard of the filaments ; stamens 4 —
5, exserted ; berry 2-celled ; seeds several, reniform. — Shrubs, the
branches ending in a spinose point, and often having axillary spines.
Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs.

L. Barbarum. Matriviomj Vine. — St. angular; branches long, pendulous,
somewhat spiny ; Ivs. often fasciculate, lanceolate ; cal. mostly 3-cleft. — Native
of Barbary, cultivated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, with long, slen-
der, trailing or hanging branches which overspread walls, &c., with a thick,
tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide, often broadest above,
acute or obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purple. Berries
orange-red. f

450

C. GENTIANACE^.

SABB4TU,

Order C. GENTIANACEiE.

Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubbr, generally smooth, sometimes twining. Juice colorless.

Lvs. opposite, entire and smooth. Slip. 0. ...

Flu- conspicuous, terminal or axillary, regular or sometmies irregular.

Cfli.— Sepals 4—5—10, united at base, persistent. ., . ■ , i •„ „.,:„„.;„„

Cor. usually regular, limb divided into as many lobes as there |-f„»fP^J^ -jP^K'tub'e of^e'coX,as

many as its lobes and alternate with
them.
Ova. l-celled, sometimes rendered appar-
ently 2-celled by the introflexed pla-

Sty. united into 1, or wanting. Stig. 1—2.

Pr. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds small.
Embryo straight, with fleshy albu-
men,

Genera 60, species 450, found in every
part of the world.

Properties.— Kn intensely bitter princi-
ple, called gentianine, pervades the whole
order without e.\ception, residing in every
part, rendering them tonic and febrifugal.
The gentian of the shops is most com-
monly the product of Gentiana hitea, but
almost any of our species may be substitut-
ed for it. (Dr. Gray.) In the other genera
of the order, the buck-bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata), Limnanthemum nymphoides,
Sabbatia angularis, Frasera Carolinensis,
&c., are valued in medicine for the same
properties. Many are cultivated for orna-
ment.

FIG. 53.— 1. Gentiana Saponaria. 2. The
calyx and capsule. 3. The corolla laid
open, showing the folds (2-lobed) between
the proper petals, and the stamens attached
at base. 4. Capsule cut across. 5. Seed
magnified, with its large, loose testa.

Conspectus of the Genera.

i Petals 5, or 4 and fringed.
( Anthers I Pet. 4, \ Sep. 4, subulate.
< straight. ( entire, i Sep. 2, leaf-like.
( tubular. ( Anthers spirally twisted. .
(Corolla with--! j Petals with no gland.

< out horns, . . ( rotate. \ Petals with a glandular pit.

("opposite. ( Corolla without 4 horns at base

I verticillate in whorls of 4s, 5s and 6s Frasera. 9

i none, or reduced to small opposite scales ventaurelta. 8

I 5 simple, floating in water Limnanthemum. 10

Leaves laltemate and radical, {trifoliate Menyanthes. U

Tribe 1. Corolla imbricate from right to left in aestivation. Testa of the seed

membranaceous. Terrestrial herbs with opposite leaves.

1. SABBATIA. Adans.

In honor of Sabbati, a distinguished Italian botanical author.

Calyx 5 — 12-parte(i; corolla rotate, limb 5 — 12-parted ; stamens
5( — 12) ; anthers erect, at length recurved, 2-celled, cells distinct ;
stigma 2-parted, with spiral divisions; capsule l-celled, the valves
a little introflexed. — ® Slender herbs, with pedicellate, mostly ^oseatejls.
Native of the temperate regions of North America.

1. S. GRACILIS. Salisb. (S. campanulata. Ttrrr. Chironia. Linn.)

St. slightly angular, intemodes twice longer than the leaves ; branches
alternate, spreading; lvs. linear and lance-linear, the lowest lance-ovate; pani-
cle few- flowered ; cat. segments linear-setaceous, about equaling the corolla;
cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse.— Wet meadows, Penn. to Flor., W.
to Ky. Stem a foot high, with long, diverging branches. Flowers terminal,
subsolitary, purple, on long peduncles. July, Aug.

2. S. coRYMBosA. Baldwin. (S. paniculata. a. Ph. Chironia, Walter.
Swertia. Linn.) — St. slightly 4-angled, intemodes twice longer than the

leaves ; branches opposite ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, acutish, upper ones

Gentiana.

S

Cicendia.

3

Obolaria.

4

Erythrcea.

2

Sahbatia.

1

Swertia.

8

Halenia.

7

Erythrjea. C. GENTIANACEiE. 451

lanceolate ; cyme fastigiate, terminal ; sep. linear, 3 times shorter than the
corolla ; cor. 5 — 6-parted, white, lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse. — Pine barrens,
N. J. to Ga. Stem a foot high, branching near the summit. Leaves an inch
in length, closely sessile. Flowers few, generally pentamerous.

3. S. coNciNNA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) Elegant Star Floiuer.

St. slender, subquadj-angular, internodes 2 — 4 times longer than the leaves ;
branches opposite, suberect; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, lower ones ovate, all
acutish, sessile; panicle oblong; cat. segments linear, twice longer than the
tube, twice shorter than the corolla ; cor. 5-parted, segments oblong-obovate,
obtuse, light purple. — Dry, grassy prairies, la. ! abundant. Stem a foot high,
few or many-flowei-ed. Leaves 9 — 12" by I — 3", Flowers 15" diam., of a deli-
cate blush-purple, the star in the centre yellow, bordered with green. Jl. Aug.

4. S. sTELLARis. Ph. (S. graclHs. Ell. Chironia amcena. Raf.)

St. erect, terete ; branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered ; Ivs. lanceo-
late, acute, seg. of the cal. subulate, half as long as the corolla ; seg. of the cor.
obovate. — Frequent in salt marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stems somewhat angular,
12 — 18' high, with many forked divisions, forming a sort of loose corymb.
Leaves somewhat fleshy, 1 — 2' long, sessile. Flowers rose-color,. with a yellow
star in the centre bordered with a purple ring. Aug.

5. S. cALYCosA. Ph. (Chironia dichotoma. Walter.')

St. erect, leafy, few-flowered ; Ivs. oblong, 3-veined, obtuse ; fls. solitary,
7 — 9-parted ; cal. leafy, longer than the corolla ; pet. oblanceolate. — Fields and
meadows, JN". Y. to Ga. Stem a foot high, subangular, with a few axillary,
spreading branches. Leaves 1 — 2' long, sessile, mostly obtuse, oval, thin. Flow-
ers large, terminal, often solitary, variable in the number of its parts, but mostly
in 7s. Corolla pink-colored. Sepals acute. This species is quiie variable.

6. S. ANGULARis. Ph. (Chirouia. Linn.') Angular-stevimed Star Ft.

St. quadrangular, with winged angles ; Ivs. ovate, amplexicaul, 5-veined ;
panicle corymbose; ped. elongated; 5Cj3. lance-linear, half as long as the corolla,
distinct almost to the base; cor. segments obovate, obtuse. — Wet meadows and
prairies. Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem 10 — 18' high, much branched, branches
opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 — 2' by J — IJ', as long as the
internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, IJ — IJ' diam., deep rose-color,
the star in the centre greenish. July, Aug.

7. S. CHLORoiDEs. Ph. (Chironia dodecandra. Linn.)

St. slender, weak, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, erect ; branches few, 1-flower-
ed ; fls. 7 — l2-parted ; sep. linear, shorter than the corolla. — An elegant plant,
with large, showy flowers, in wet grounds, Mass., R. I. ! to Car. The stem is
2 — 3f high, somewhat angular, with few, opposite, spreading branches. Leaves
1 — IJ' long, opposite, entire, smooth, closely sessile, acute, veinless. Flowers
solitary, terminal. Corolla nearly 2' diam., much larger than the calyx, bright
purple, with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end, varying in
number with the other parts of the flower. June.

Obs. The species of this gemis are very ornamental, some of them perhaps among the most beautiful
of our native plants.

2. ERYTHEMA. Renealm.

Gr. epv^pos red ; from the color of the flowers.

Calyx 5, rarely 4-parted ; cor. infundibuliform, twisted and wither-
ing above the capsule, tube cylindric, limb 5 — 4-parted ; sta. 5 — 4,
inserted near the top of the tube ; anth. exserted, spirally twisted ;
sty. 1 ; stig. bilamellate or capitate ; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2-
celled. — ® St. subangular. Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymose^ roseate.,
white or yellow.

1. E. MuHLENBERGTi. Griseb. (E. Centaurium. i?ccZ:? E. pulchella. Hook.

Chironia dubia. Willd.) — St. simple below, dichotomously branched above;
lvs. ovate-oblong, obtusish ; cjpnes loose, dichotomous ; fls. pedicellate ; cor. tuba
a little longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish. — N. Y.,
Penn. Very rare. Stem 3-— 8' high, I — 3 times forked, sometimes with oppo

452 C. GENTIANACE.(E. Gentiana.

sitp or brachiate branches. Leaves 4—7" by 1—3", closely sessile. Flowers
lateral and terminal and central, the pedicels in the forks near J' long, the
others shorter. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowish-green, slender, persistent
and withering on the capsule. July— Sept.

2 E PicKERiNGii. Oakes. Pickering's Erythraa.

SI dichotomously branched, erect ; Ivs. clasping and slightly decurrent,
lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute ; fls. sessile, mostly lateral on
the long branches; sep. linear, acute, erect; cor. tube slender, contracted at the
neck lobes spreading, obtuse ; a}ith. linear-oblong, finally twisting outwards.—
Q) Coast of Maryland. Dr. Pickering. Sandy margins of the sea-shore Nan-
tucket, Mr. Oakes. Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6—12' high.
Leaves 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Corolla 8" long, rose or nearly white.

3. CICENDIA. Adans.
Calyx 4 — 5-parted ; cor. infundibuliform, marescent, tube cylin-
dric, limb 4 — 5-parted ; sta. 4 — 5, inserted into the throat of the
corolla ; anth. erect, roundish, scarcely exserted ; sty. deciduous ;
stig. capitate ; caps, 1 or partly 2-celled, 2-valved. — ® Low herbs, with
yellow or rose-colored flowers.

C.I PULCHELLA. Griscb. (Exacum. Ph.)

Lower Ivs. suhorbicular, upper subulate ; panicle corymbose ; ped. filiform ;
cal. 4-parted, segments subulate.— Sea coast, N. J. This plant appears not to
have been detected by any botanist since Pursh, and from his brief description
it is impossible to ascertain its true position in the order.
4. OB OL ARIA.

Gr. oPo\os, a small coin, with which the leaves of these plants are compared.

Calyx of 2 cuneate-oblong sepals or bracts ; corolla tubular-cam-
panulate, marescent, 4-cleft, lobes entire or crenulate ; stam. inserted
on the corolla at the clefts ; stigma subcapitate, bifid ; capsule 1-
celled, 2-valved ; seeds 00, very minute. — % Leaves opposite. Fls.
axillary and terminal, sessile, with leaf-like sepals.

0. ViRGiNiCA. Pennij-vjort.

Penn. to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 — 8' high, often in clusters,
subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obovate or
roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or truncate
at apex, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals
or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens.
Capsule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May. — There
is some doubt in respect to the order of this genus. It has more recently been
referred to Orobancliaceae.

5. GENTIAN A. Tourn.

From Gentiiis, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus.

Calyx 5 — 4-parted or cleft ; cor. marescent, tubular at base, limb
4 — 5-parted, segments either spreading, erect or convergent, often
furnished with intermediate, plicate folds ; sta. 5 — 4, inserted in the
corolla tube ; stig. 2, revolute or erect ; sty. short or 0 ; caps. 2-
valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. — Herbs of various habit. Lvs. oppo-
site. Fls. terminal or cymose.

§ 1. Flowers 5 — 10-merffiis.

1. G. Pneumonanthe. (G. saponaria. Griseb.)

St. ascending ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, or the lower oblanceolate, the mar-
gin smooth ! cyme terminal ; fls. aggregated, or in a racemose cyme, sessile ;
cal. 5-cleft, the lobes linear, equaling the tube ; cor. clavate, connivent at apex,
twice longer than the calyx, lobes ovate-obtuse, much longer than the interme-

Gentiana. C. GENTIANACE^. 453

diate folds. — Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A fine plant, with large, showy-
flowers. Stem simple, 8 — 15' high, often purple. Leaves 1 — 2' by 2 — 3",
thick, entire, sessile, acute. Flowers 2' in length, 2—4 together at top of the
stem and a few solitary ones in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla blue.
Calyx segments 6 — 9" long, acute, distant. Aug., Sept.

fi. rubricmdis. (G. rubricaulis. Schw.) Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; folds of the
cor. more or less cleft.

2. G. SAPONARiA. Linn, in part. (G. Andrewsii. Griseb.) Soapwort Gen-
tian.— Lvs. oval-lanceolate, 3- veined, acute ; fs. in whorled heads, sessile ;

cor. ventricose, clavate-campanulate, closed at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments
plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior. — %. Brit. Am. to Car. A handsome
plant, conspicuous in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem 12 — 18' high, sim-
ple, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on the margin, resem-
bling those of the common soapwort. Flowers large, bright-blue, erect, 1^
long, subsessile, in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the
upper a.xils. The inflated corollas are so nearly closed at the top as to be
easily mistaken for buds ; and the young botanist waits in vain to see them
expand. Calyx of 5 ovate segments, shorter than the tube. Sept., Oct.

3. G. ocHROLEucA. Froel. Ochroleiicous or SIrmo-colored Gentian.

St. ascending ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins slightly sca-
brous ; cymes terminal, aggregated ; cal. 5-cleft, lobes unequal, as long as the
tube ; cor. clavate, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse,
the folds entire, acute, short; anth. free. — Can., Western States! to Flor.
Stems 1 — U' high, stout. Leaves amplexicaul or sessile, 2 — 4' by J — IJ',
acute, or slightly acuminate. Flowers 2' in length, f ' thick. Corolla open at
top, ochroleucous or straw-color. Seeds smooth, wingless. Aug., Sept.

4. G. ANGusTiFOLiA. Michx. (G. purpurea. Walt.) Narrow-leaved Gen-
tian.— St. erect, slender, 1-flowered; _/^. pedunculate; lvs. linear-obtuse,

smooth, the lower ones subcuneate ; car. funnel-form, narrow, open, 5-cleft,
twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the
lacerate folds. — % N. J. to Car., in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Flower
large, sky-blue. Calyx deeply cleft, with linear .segments.

5. G. auiNQUEFLORA. Five-flowered Gentian.

St. 4-angled, branching; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined ; fls. termi-
nal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate ; cor. tubular-campanulate, in 5,
lanceolate, setaceously acuminate segments ; cal. very short. — (^ Woods and
pastures. Stem a foot high, smooth, generally branched. Leaves 3 — 5-veined,
half-clasping, acute, .smooth. Flowers small, on pedicels half an inch in
length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Sept., Oct.
/?. parviflora. Raf. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceous, lance-linear, half as long
as the smallish corolla. — This variety prevails in Ohio ! la. ! and Ky.

6. G. LUTEA. (Swertia. Vent.) Yelloiv Gentian.

St. tall, strict ; lvs. oval and ovate, margin smooth ; cym^s umbellate,
dense-flowered, pedunculate, axillary and terminal; cor. yellow, rotate, seg-
ments oblong-linear, acuminate, spreading, without folds. — 7|. In alpine and
hilly lands, N. Y. and N. J. Eaton. Doubtless not native. It is a handsome
plant, often cultivated, both for ornament and for the sake of its powerfully
tonic virtues, f ^

§ 2. Corolla i-cleft, segments fimbriate. Crossopetalum.

7. G. CRiNlTA. Froelich. Bine Fringed Gentian.

St. terete, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, acute ; fls. tetraraerous ; seg. of the cor.
cut-ciliate. — 71 The Fringed Gentian is among our most beautiful and interest-
ing native plants ; not uncommon in cool, low grounds. Can. to Car. The
stem is about If high, round and smooth. The branches are long, and, with a
slight curve at base, become perfectly erect and straight, each bearing 2 leaves
at the middle, and a single, large, erect flower at the top. Leaves broadest at
base, tapering to the apex, 1 — 2' long and 1 as wide. Calyx square, segments
acuminate, equaling the tube of the corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the
segments obovate, finely fringed at the margin, and expanded in th; sunshine, Aug.

454 C. GENTIANACE^. Swertu.

8. G. DETONSA. Shorn or Slightly-fringed Gentian.

St. nearly strict, simple or branciied ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or linear, the
lowest rosulate, spatulate ; ped. l-flowered, ver)"- long, subsolitary; cal. 4( — 5)-
cleft, lobes ovale and lanceolate, nearly equaling; the corolla ; cor. lobes round-
ish-obtuse, ciliate and crenate-ciliate, erect-spreading; stig. distinct. — N. Y.,
Wis. Z>«;Vi«??i .' N. to Hud.son's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers.
Stem a loot high. Leaves 1 — 2j' by 1 — 3'', tapering to an acute point. Pedun-
cles 4 — 7' long, each with a single large, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15 — 20"
long, obconic or bell-shaped, blue.

6. CENTAURELLA.

Name a Latin diminutive of Centaurea.

Flowers tetramerous ; sepals appressed ; corolla subcampanulate ;
petals slightly united, nearly erect, stigma thick, glaudulous, some-
what bifid ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, invested by the permanent
calyx and corolla ; seeds many. — (DiV. American., slouler, erect herbs
with scale-like leaves and small while flowers.

1. C. AUTUMNALis. Pursh. (Bartonia tcncUa. Miihl. C. paniculata. Mr.)
Screw-slcm. — SL smooth, branching above, branches subdividided; Ivs.

subulate, minute ; p«?i./cte erect, many-flowered; cal. equaling the corolla; sly.
much shorter than the ovary. — A slender and nearly naked plant, 5--B' high, of
a yellowish-green color. Native in wet grounds, Mass. to Ga. Stem square,
often tv/isted, with very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite.
Peduncles opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base,
i' in length. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the oval
segments of the corolla. Cor. white, small, bearing the stamens at its clefts. Aug.
15. (tstivalis. (C. aestivalis. P/;.) C^r. segments oblong, obtusish, twice longer
than the calyx ; ova. attenuated at apex. — In Penn. Pursh.

2. C. MosERi. Stendel. Moser's Centaurella or Screro-stcm.

Cyme racemiform; branches alternate, spreading, racemiform ; cm-, seg-
ments ovate, acute, twice longer than the calyx segments ; ovary oblong, obtuse ;
sty. 0; Irs. mostly alternate. — In Penn., Moser, in DC. Prod. 9; 121.

7. HA LENT A. Borkh.

Flowers tetramerous ; corolla short campanulate, petals spurred at
base, with glands at the base of the spur within ; stigmas 2, termi-
nating the acuminate ovary ; capsule 1 -celled ; seeds indefinite, fixed
to the sutures of the valves. — Erect., branching.

H. DEFLEXA. Griseb. (Swertia corniculata. Mx. S. deflexa. Sm.') FeU
wort. — St. erect, leafy; Ivs. 3 — 5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatulate,
tapering into a petiole, cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; spurs
cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla. — (g) Swamps, Can., Ban-
gor, Maine, Miss Toicle! N. Y., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely 4-angled,
smooth, with few branches above. Leaves opposite, lA — 2' long, ^ as wide,
smooth. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Sepals linear-lanceo-
late, half as long as the petals. Corolla persistent, with 4, spreading horns or
spurs descending betwen the sepals. Seeds numerous, obtuse, yellow. Aug.

8. SWERTIA.
Calyx 5 — 4-parted ; cor. marescent, rotate, 5 — 4-parted, without
crown or folds, each segment with a glandular pit fringed at the mar-
gin; sta. 5 — 4, inserted in the throat; anth. nodding; ova. 1-cellod;
sty. 0 ; caps. 1-celled, many-seeded. — %

S. PUSILT.A. Ph.

St. simple, l-flowered; Ivs. oblong; cal. segments obtuse, half as long as
the large corolla; cor. rotate, .segments oblong-acuminate. — White Hills, N."H.,
Pursh. Stem an inch or two high, Avith one or two paiis of small leaves and a

Mentanthes. C. GENTIANACE^. 45$

single large, terminal, blue flower. Jn. — I understand that this interesting plant
has been rediscovered on the White Mts. by Mr. Abel Starrs.

9. FRASERA. Walter.

In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics.

Flowers mostly tetramerous; petals united at base, oval, spread-
ing, deciduous, each with 1 or 2 bearded, orbicular glands in the mid-
dle ; stj'le 1 ; stigmas 2, distinct ; capsule compressed, 1 -celled ; seeds
few, imbricate, large, elliptic, margined. — % Showy and tall, with oppo-
site or verticillate leaves.

F. CAROLINE^fSIs. Walt. (F. Walteri. Mr. and Isi ccZi.'.) Columio.

S'. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above ; lis. verticillate, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuti.'-h, sessile, feather-veined, entire or wav}- ; panicle compound, pyra-
midal, leafy, verlicillate ; cal. segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtusish
petals; gland solitarv, oval-orbicular. — A tall and showy plant, in moist woods,
Western N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio ! la. ! Ky., 111. Stem dark purple, 4—7—91!
high, perfectly straight, I -2' thick at base. Leaves smooth, subcarnose, 3 — 12'
by 1 — 3', in whorls of 4 — 6, rarely opposite. Branches of the panicle also
whorled, spreading-erect. Flowers tetramerous, li' diam. Petals greenish
with blue dots and a large purple gland near the base. June, July. — Highly
valued as a tonic.

Thibe 2. MEXYAXTHE.E.—jEstivation of the corolla induplicate. Aquatic

or marsh herbs. Sheaths of the leaves alternate.

10. LIMN AN THE MUM. Gmel.

Gr. Xijiun, a lalie, ai/^of, a flower; from its aquatic habitat.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla subcampanulatc, with a short tube and
spreading, 5-lobed limb, deciduous, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, alter-
nating with 5 glands ; capsule 1-celled, without valves ; placentas
fleshy, many-seeded. — % submersed, gemrally in stagnant water. Lvs.
Jloating, on long petioles.

L. LAcuxosA. Gmel. (Villarsia. Ph. V. trachysperma. Mr.) Lalce-fiower.

Flosli.ag; lis. reniform, subpeltate, scabrous above, spongy and laconose
beneath; fis. umbellate, from the summit of the stem (petiole"?); cur. smooth;
glands from the base of the petals, stipitate ; cal. shorter than the capsule; seeds
muricate. — A curious aquatic, in ponds and lakes, N. Y. ! to Car. The stems
are 1, 2 or 3f long, according to the depth of the water, bearing at the top three
kinds of organs ; the summit is prolonged into a petiole bearing a leaf about an
inch in diameter, resembling that of Nymphsea; on the upper side is an umbel
of small white flowers, blossoming successively at the surface of the water, and
beneath, a cluster of short, simple, tuberous radicles, each of which is capable
of producing a new plant. July.

11. MENYANTHES. Tourn.

Gr. jinvVt a month ; av^oi ; in allusion to its supposed properties as an emenagogue.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnel-form, limb spreading. 5-lobed, vil-
lous within ; stamens 5 ; style 1; stigma bifid ; capsule 1-celled.

M. TRIFOLIATA. Buck BeUH.

Lis. trifoliate. — Grows in swamps, margins of ponds, &c., N. Am. N. of
latitude 38°. This fine plant arises from, large, black roots descending deep
into the boggy earth. Stem 8 — 12' high, round. Leaves on long, round foot-
stalks stipuled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal,
bearing a pyramidal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate
at base. Sepals obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute,
about as long as the stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the
.9oit, fringe-like hairs at the base and in the throat of the tube. Bitter herbs,
actively medicinal, sometimes substituted for hops. May.
39

456

CI. APOCYNACE^.

Apqctncw.

Order CI. APOCYNACE^.— Dogbanes.

Trees, shrubs and herbs with a milky juice. Lvs. opposite, entire, without stipules.

CaZ.— Sepals 5, united at base, persistent.

Car. 6 lobed, regular, twisted in testivation, deciduous.

Sta. 6, arising from the corolla and alternate with its segments.

Fit. distinct. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise,

sometimes slightly connected.
Pollen granular, globose or Slobed, immediately ap-
plied to the stiema.
Ova. 2, distinct or rarely united. Styles distinct or
united. Stigmas united into 1 which is com-
mon to both styles.
Fr.— Follicles 2, rarely 1 of them abortive.
Sds. numerous, pendulous, with or without a coma,
albuminous. Embryo tbliaceous.

Genera 100, species 566, chiefly natives of the torrid
zone.

Properties. — These plants possess active and often
suspicious qualities residing in the while juice with
w hich the order is pcri'aded, and in the seeds which
are often deadly poisons. The alkaloid strychnine or
strichma, one of the most violent of poisons, i.s the
active principle of the feeds of the Strychnos Nux-
vomica of India. It is sometimes administered as a
medicine, but with doubtful success. S. Ticute of
Java is one kind of Upas. Cerbera Tanghin, a tree of
Madagascar, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed
being sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The Apo-
cynea; are emetic, and becoming highly valued in
hydrocephalus, &c. The juice contains caoutcliouc in
small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained
largely from the juice of Urceola elastica.

FIG. 54.— 1. Apocynum androsa'mifolium. 2. A
flower, somewhat enlarged. 3. 7 he flower cut open,
showing the stamens with distinct filaments and united
anthers. 4. The ovaries and stigma. 5. Plan of the
flower. 6 Matured follicles. 7. A seed with the long,
silky coma.
Conspectiis of the Genera.

k with white or flesh-colored flowers Apoajnum. 1

Herbs > with blue flowers Amsonia. 2

S with opposite leaves and bluish-purple flowers Vinca. 3

Shrubs { with ternately ver cillate leaves and rose-colored flowers Nerium. i

1. APOCYNUM.

Gt. avo, away, kviov, dog; Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs.

Calyx very small ; corolla campanulate, lobes short ; stamens
included ; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and
alternate with 5 glandular teeth ; anthers sagittate, connivent, coher-
ing to the stigma by the middle ; ova. 2 ; stigmas connate ; follicles
long, sublinear, distinct. — Herbs, suffrutescent, erect^ tcilh opposite,
entire, mucronate Ivs. Cymes terminal and axillary. Pedicels not
longer than the pale fiotoers.

1. A. androsjEmipolium. Dog's-bajie.

Smooth ; Irs. ovate ; cymes lateral and terminal ; limb of cor. spreading,
the tube longer than the calyx. — A snaooth, elegant plant, 31 high, in hedges
and borders of fields. Stem reddened by the sun, erect, branching above.
Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at
apex, 2^3' long and f as wide, on petioles \' long. Cymes paniculate, at the
top of the branches and in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels \' long.
Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla as long as the pedicels, bell-
shaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Medicinal.
U. S. and Brit. Am. June, Jul}^
/?. incanuvi. Lvs. hoary pubescent beneath.

2. A. CANNABiNUM. Indian Hemp.

Lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate ; ci/7ncs paniculate, many-
flowered, terminal and lateral ; col. seg. lanceolate, equaling the tube of the
corolla; cor, seg. erect. — A species with smaller leaves and erect flowers, found

Nerium. CI. APOCYNACE^. , 457

in low shades and hedges, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 2 — 4f high, generally
dividing above into long, slender branches. Leaves IJ — 2§' by 8 — 11", oppo-
site, on petioles 2" long, and, when young, downy beneath. Cymes terminal,
with linear bracts. Flowers about half as long as those of the last species.
Sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla white, with straight, obtuse segments. The
fibres of the bark are strong and pliable, said to be used by the Indians in
various ways as hemp. July, Aug.
p. 'piibcsccas. Lis. beneath and cymes pubescent.

3. A. HYPERiciFOLiUM. St. John' s-icort . Dogh-hane.

Smooth ; Ivs. oblong, on very short petioles, obtuse or subcordate at base,
mucronate; cymes terminal, shorter than the leaves; col. nearly as long as the
tube of the corolla. — Gravely banks of streams. Stem erect, 2f high, with
opposite branches. Leaves 2 — 4' long, \ as wide, lower ones often sessile and
cordate, smooth both sides but paler beneath. Flowers very small, in dense
cymes at the ends of the stems and branches. Sepals lance-linear, about as
long as the tube of the greenish-white, erect corolla. Aug.

2. AMSONIA. Walt.
Calyx 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly
funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat ; segments linear, con*
volute in aestivation ; sta. 5 ; sty. 1 ; ova. 2, connate at base ; folli-
cles 2. erect, slender, fusiform : seeds in one row, cylindric, truncate
at each end. — Lvs. aUtrnate^ entire.^ subsessile. Cymes terminal^ corym-
bose. Fls. blue.

A. TABERNr5;M0NTANA. Walt. (A. latifolia. Mickx.)
Erect ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, briefly petiolate,
margin slightly revolute ; sep. glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. pilose out-
side near the top of the tube. — A plant ot singular appearance, in prairies and
damp grounds. Western ! and Southern States ! Stem terete, smoothis h, 2f
high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3 — 4' by 1 — IJ', conspicuously
veined beneath. Flowers pale blue, in several terminal, cymose clusters.
Corolla 8" diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2 — 3' long,
about 6-seeded. May, June.

3. VINCA.

Lat. vinculum, a band ; from the long twining branches.

Corolla hypocrateriform, contorted, border 5-cleft, with the lobes
oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary ; capsule
follicular, erect, fusiform ; seed oblong. — Trailing shrubs. Lvs.
evergreen.

1. V. MINOR. Lesser Periioinkle. — Sts. procumbent; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate,
smooth at the margins ; fls. pedunculate ; seps. lanceolate. — Native in Europe.
A handsome evergreen, flowering in May. Stems several feet in length, round,
smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long.
Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, inodorous.

2. V. MAJOR. Greater Periwinkle. — Sts. nearly erect ; lvs. ovate, ciliate ; Jls.
pedunculate; sep. setaceous, elongated. — Native in Europe. Shrub with nume-
rous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of ever-
green foliage flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 1—2'
in length, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in
May and Jime.

4. NERIUM.

Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the corolla ; corolla hy-
pocrateriform, segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of
5, laciniate leaflets ; filaments inserted into the middle of the tube ;
anthers sagittate, adhering to ihe stigma by the middle. — Oriental
shrubs. Lvs. evergreen.

45S

OIL ASCLEPIADACE^.

ASCLEFIAB.

N. Oleander. Rose Day-tree. Olr.ojider. — Lrs. linear-lanceolate; xe/?. squar-
rose • corona flat, its segments 3-toothed. Native in S. Europe and the Levant.
Stem branched. Leaves 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, coria-
ceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Flowers terminal, corym-
bose, large and beauliiul, rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another
variegated, and a third, double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine,
(i?ei;. S. HeOard !) giowins; by rivulets, &c. It is commonly supposed by travel-
ers to be the plant to whicn the Psalmitts alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35.

Or.DER CII. ASCLEPIADACE^.— AscLEPiAEs.

Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice

Fis. Bojuewliat luubeled, t^scicled or racemose.

Lvs. almost constantly opposite, entire, exstipulate.
Sep. 5, hhglitly united, persistent.

Cor. petals 5, united at base, regular, deciduous,
twisted imbiic^ite in iBstivation.

Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alter-
nate witli its segments.

jf'iZ. connate, .l;;?/!. 'i-celied, cells sometimes nearly
divided by jiurlial septa.

Pol. when the anther bursts cohering in masses
whicli are as many as the cells, or conlljenlinto
pairs and adhering to the 5 processes ol' the
stigma either by 2s, by -Is or singly.

Ova. 2, sti/les 2, approximate, often very sliort. Sti^-
mas united into 1, which is common to both
styles, and with 5 glandular angles.

Fr. — Follicles 2, one of them sometimes abortive.

Stls. numerous, pendidous, almost always comose at
the hilum. Albumen thin.

Embnjo straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. Rodiclt
superior.

Genera HI, species 910, chicflj; natives of tropical
regions, and especially abundant in .S. Africa, S. India
and New Holland, but are not uncommon in tempe-
rate regions.

Prnpert/Vw.— Simil.ir to those of the Apocynacese,
but far le=s active. The juice is acrid and stimulat-
ing, and generally to be, at least, suspected A few
of the species are medicinal, but none of much con-
sequence.

FIG. 55—9. Asclepias oomufi. 9. A flower, tho
petals and sepals retlexed, and the corona erect. 10.
One of the segments of the co'ona with the horn bent
ii.w.inlly. 11. A pair of (lollen masses snsiiended
iVom the glands at an angle of the aniheriiliura. 12.
The two ovaries. 13. A mature tblhcle. 14. A seed
with it-- 'ong silky coma.

Conspectus of the Genera.

\ each with a horn. .... Aidepias.- '

("erect Segments of the coronas, distinct, ? witliont horns. Fls. greenish. . . Acerates. 2

I I Corona leaflets 5, distinct, each 2 lobed. Fls. white. . Enn enia. 3

1 < Corona annular, undnliife. oawned. Fls, puri)le. . Cionolobits. 4

Herbs (.twining and climbing. ( Corona urceolate, 5 cleft, Sawned. Fls. purple. . . Pe.riploca. 3

1. ASCLEPIAS.

The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians.

Calyx deeply 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5parted, valvate in aestivation,

finally reflexed ; staminal corona 3 leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an

averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma ;

autheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening

by 5 longitudinal fissures ; poUinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct

pairs, fixed by the attenuated apes, pendulous ; follicles 2, ventri-

eose ; seeds comose. — % Mostb/ North American., with opposite^ verti-

cillate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles.

* Leaves opposite.

1. A. coRNtJTi. Dpcai.sne. (A. Syriaca. Lhm. and 1st edit.) Common S'lk-

v:eed. — S". simple ; lvs. otlong-lanceolate, pstiolate, graduallv acute,

tomentose beneath; iimbels nodding; seg. (f the corona bidenlate; fotlicles muri-

cate. — A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy

12 \ mm \

AscLEPiAS. ClI. ASCLEPIADACEiE. 459

fields. Stem 3 — 4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5 — 8' by 2 — 3', tapering at
both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20
or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale pur-
ple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the same hue, quite con-
spicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, pointed,
rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds
attached. July.

2. A. PHYTOLACcoiDES. Ph. Poke-leaved Silkweed.

)S<. simple, erect, puberulent; Ivs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and
apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath ; fed. terminal, subequal-
ing the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, loose ;
antheridium stipitate ; seg. of the corona, truncate, bidentate ; horns exserled. —
A tall and elegant species, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark.
Stem 4 — 5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6 — 9'
long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4 — 6'
long and consisting each of 10 — 20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2' in length.
Petals green. Corona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its iimer mar-
gin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June.

3. A. OBTUsiFOLiA. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.) Blunt-leaved Silkioeed.
St. simple, erect; Ics. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile,

cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides; umbels termi-
nal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate ; corona horns arcuate, falcate,
inflexed. — In shady grounds, prairies. Mid. ! W. ! and S. States. Stem 2 — 3f
high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 — 40 large, reddish-green
flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4 — 5' long, J as wide, with a
broadj rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white,
its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July.

4. A. FURPURAscENs. Purple Silkweed.

St. simple, erect, puberulent; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mu-
cronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubes-
cent and paler beneath ; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse ; hm-ns
falcate, acute, resupinate. — In hedges and thickets, N. H. ! Mass. ! to la. ! Stem
3f or more high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy
beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. Flowers in terminal, erect um-
bels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments.
Corona purple, twice as long as the antheridium, its horns abruptly bent in-
wards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July.

5. A. iNCARNATA. (A. amoena. Michx.) Rose-colcrred Silkweed.

St. erect, branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, on short petioles, slightly to-
mentose ; uniiels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg.
of the corona entire, horns exsert. — A handsome species, found in wet places,
Can. and U. S. Stem 3 — 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4 — 7' by * — IJ',
rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute point, on petioles J' long. Um-
Dels close, 2 — 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or
more in diameter, on a peduncle 2' long, and consisting of 10 — 20 small flow-
ers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over
the summit of the antheridium. July.

/3. pulchra. St. and Ivs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 3 —
4 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks.— .Stem 4— 5f
high. A remarkable variety.

6. A. auADRiFOLiA. Pursh.

St. erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate,
mostly in 4s ; umbels few, lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles ; corona
long, segments 2-toothed, horns short. — An elegant species, in dry woods. Can.
and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1 — 2 hairy lines. Leaves
opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2—3'
long, J as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 — 4' long. Flowers small,
white, on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Corona twice as long as an-
theridium. July.

39*

460 CII. ASCLEPIADACEiE. Acerates.

B lanceolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and nar-
rowed into the petiole .—Ohio, la., Dr. Pluvtmer !

7. A. PARViFLORA. Ph. (A. debilis. Mx.) Small-flou^ered Asclepias.
Suffrutescent and branched at base , sis. ascending, terete, smooth ; lvs.

lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin ; ped.
shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; iimhels small, pubescent;
corolla 3 or 4 times shorter than the pedicels ; kor7is filiform, acute. — A very-
delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga.,
W. to la. ! Stems olten clustered, IJ— 3f high, very lealy. Leaves 4—6' (in-
cluding the 1' petiole) by 1— U'. Umbels several, 1' diam., 15— 20-flowerea.
July, Aug.

8. A. VARiEGATA. (A. hybrida. Michx.)

St. simple, erect, pubescent ; lvs. ovate or obovate, mucronate, glabrous,
glaucous beneath ; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, um-
bellate many-flowered; cor. segments ovale ; corwia segments rounded at apex;
horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect ; follicles oblong, with
a long and slender point, minutely puberulent. — Woods, N. Y. to Carolina. Stem

3 4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate.

Umbels about 2, 20— 30-flowered. Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple.

9. A. PAUPERcuLA. Michx. (A. laurilblia. Ph. not Mx. A. lanceolata.

Walt.) — St. virgate, erect, glabrous ; lvs. linear and linear-oblong, mar-
gin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole ; ped. 1
or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, lew-flowered; corona segments ovate,
dilated above ; horns short, included.— N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3 — If
high, ver}- smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly
very'narfow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblohg, half as long as the
pedicel.

10. A. RUBRA. (A. laurifolia. Mx. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocasfolia. Nult.)
St. simple, erect ; lvs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded

at base, subsessile, glabrous ; ■umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; corona
segmerits acute, rather longer than the suberect horns. — A small and elegant
species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem 1 — 2f high, with a pubes-
cent line on one side. Leaves 3 — 5' bv 1 — 2', in remote pairs, the upper some-
times alternate. Peduncles 1 — 5, 2 — 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Flowers greeu-
ish-purple. Follicles ventricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug.
* Leaves alternate.

11. A. TXTBERosA. Tuber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed.

S'. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top; lvs. alternate, ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile; vmbels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs. —
Found in sandy fields. Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy,
sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, leafy, erect or ascend-
ing, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite ses-
sile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 — 4' by i — 1'. The co-
rymb consists of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals 5, oblong,
reflexed, concealing the small calyx. Pods or follicles lanceolate, pointed, and
like the other species, containing long, silky down, uniting the flat, ovate seeds
to the placentae. Aug. — Medicinal.

* * Leaves verticillate.
12. A. VERTiciT.LATA. Wkcrl-leavcd Asclepias.

S'. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; lvs. generally verticillate,
very narrowly linear, revolute ; segs. of the corona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate,
exsert. — A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows,
Can. and U. S. Leaves in whorls of 4 — (>, 3 — 5' long and a line in width.
Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half as
long as the leaves. July.

2. ACERATES. Ell.

Gr. a, privative, Kcpart;, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes.

Calyx 5-parted : cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed ;

Periploca. CII. ASCLEPIADACEiE. 461

staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to
the angles of the antheridium ; poUinia 5 pairs, pendulous ; follicles
smooth or muricate. — % Herbs differing fi'oni Asclepias only in the ab-
sence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite.

1. A. viRiDiFLORA. Ell. (and A. ianceolata. Ives, and Is;', edit. Asclepias.
Purs/i.) — Suffruticosp. at bas;e, pubescent above; lvs. elliptical, varying to

oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and on the margin, to-
mentose-pubescent beneath ; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered ; pedicels pu-
bescent ; pet. ovate, reflexed ; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the
antheridium. — Can., Conn, to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2 — 3f high, as-
cending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs. Leaves
3 — 6 or 8' long, ^ — } as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarce-
ly petiolate. Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose um-
bels. July. — The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves.

2. A. LONGiFOLiA. Ell. Ljns-leaved Acerates.
Scabrou.-puberulent ; st. ascending, simple ; lvs. alternate, numerous,

linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long as the leaves,
numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate ; corona scales
shorter than the antheridium. — Mich, to la. ! and Miss., in meadows and prai-
ries. Stem stout, 2 — 3f high. Leaves 3 — 5' (including the 1 — 3" petiole) by
3 — 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels
about 1' long. July, Aug.

3. ENSLENIA. Nutt.
In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States.

Calyx small, 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted. segments erect ; corona 5-
leaved. leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2
filiform, flexuous lobes ; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex,
pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylindraceous, smooth. —
% A twining herb., xoith opposite., cordate-ovate., acuminate lvs. Fed. ra-
cemose-umbellate., many-flowered. Fls. tvhite.

E. ALBIDA. Nutt.

Ohio, Clarke ! to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubes-
cent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 — 3'
diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers
ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug.

4. GO NOLO BUS. Michx.
Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted ;
corona small, shield form, undulate, 5-lobed ; antheridium depressed,
discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane ; pollinia transverse,
5-pairs: follicles 2 ; seeds coraose. — % St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cor-
date. Fed. inter petiolar, racemed or corymbose.

G. MACROPHYLLUs. (and G. hirsutus. M'chx. Cynanchium obliquum.

Jicq. C. macrophyllus. Ma.hl.) — S'. tomentose-pubescent and with soft,
scattered hairs ; lvs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pu-
bescent; ?;e«?. shorter than the petioles, 2 — 5-flowered, with linear bracts at sum-
mit ; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent
beneaih. — Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio ! Ky. Vine
trailing or climbing, 3 — 5f. Leaves 3 — 5' by 2 — 4', the lobes at base rounded,
and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers
dark purple. Petals 5 — 7" by 1". June, July.

5. PERIPLOCA.

Gr. ntpt, around, TXci)/f>i, a binding or twining; from the habit of the plant.

Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by

452 CIV. OLEACE^. Syringa.

a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments
distinct, 'anthers cohering, bearded on the back ; pollinia solitary, 4-
lobed ; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate ; seeds comose. — Twining shrubs.
Fls. in umbels or cymes.

P. GKlECk. » !• V

Lvs. ovate, acuminate; corymbs axillary; coi: villous withm— A climb-
in'' '^hrub 10—151' long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti-
vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3—4' long, \ as wide, and on petioles J'
lono- Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lan-
ceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Folli-
cles about 2' long. Aug.

Order CIII. JASMINACE^.— Jasminworts.

Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound.

Fls. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow, mostly fragrant.

Cai. divided or toothed, persistent. . , . j u • . • *• .„„

Cor. regular, hypocrateriform, limb m 5-8 di^asions, twisted-imbricate m aestiTOtion.

Sta. 2, arising from the corolla and included withm its tube.

Ova free, 2-celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sfr/. 1. Stig.i-lobed.

Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sfto. 2.

Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which Pervade*
the order, Residing chietiy in the flowers, is exquisitely flagrant. On this account, as weU as for their
beauty, many of these plants are cultivated.

J A S M I N U M.

Gr. iac-[in, perfume ; from the fragrance of the flowers.

Calyx tubular, 5— 10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long,
limb flat, 5— 10-cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled.—
Shrubs husky or climbing. Lvs. opposite^ compound. Petioles articu-
lated, tis. paniculate.

1. J. FRUTiCiNS. Yellow Jasviine. —G\a.hrons, erect; ira^cte angular; lvs.
alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple; Ifls. curved; Jls. few, subterminal ; cal. seg-
ments subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes.—
S. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long.
Propagated by layers, f

2. J. OFFICINALE. WkUe Jasminc—Smooth, scarcely climbing ; branches suh-
angulate; Ifts. 3—7, lanceolate, acuminate; panicle.'^ terminal, few-flowered,
corymbose ; car. tube twice longer than the calyx.— Asia. Stem several feet in
length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and much cultivated. The
deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmine of the shops is extracted from this plant, f

Order CIV. OLEACEiE.— Olives.

Trz-es and s/jrwfts, with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate leave.s. .

F/s. perfect (sometimes riicBcious). Sepals united at base, persistent. [vatipn ; rarely p.

Cor.— Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct but connected in pairs by the filaments, valvate in ffisti-

Sta. 2, alternate with the petals. Anth. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally.

Oua. free, 2celled. Ot'Mto in pairs, pendulous. &7i//e 1 or o. S^g-ma entire or bifid.

Fr. drupaceous, baccate or samarae, usually 1-seeded by abortion.

S'd.s.— Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight eTOiryo.

Genera 24, species 130, natives of temperate climates. The ash is verj' abundant in N. America. The
Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental.

Properties— Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of the olive (Olea Europsea). The bark of this
tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle purgative, is the
concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Ornus. The spe-
cies of the ash are well known tor their useful timber.

Conspectus of the Genera.

( Corolla tube long, including the short stamens. .... Syringa. 1

{ S limb of spreading, ovate segments. . . . Lygvstrum. 2

^colored.? Corolla tube short, Mimb of long, linear -segments Chionanthus. 3

Flowers { green. Fruit a simple samara. Trees with pinnate leaves, .... Fraxinus. 4

1. SYRINGA.

Gr. avpiv^, a shepherd's pipe ; from the use once made of its branches.

Calyx small, teeth erect ; Gorolla hypocrateriform, tube several

Fraxinus. civ. OLEACE^. 463

times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading
segments ; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled,
2 valved. — Oriental^ fiowerijig shrubs, ivitk simple, ejitire leaves.

1. S. VULGARIS. Common Lilac. — Lis. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green
both sides; iiijlr.rescence thyrsoid; limb of cor. subconcave. — Hungaiy. I'liere
are many varieties of this beautiful shrub, a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense
thyrse. "/?. ccerulea. Fls. purplish-blue. y. a'ba. Cor. white, thyise subcom-
pound. — One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and flowers.

•2. S. Persica. Persian Lilac. — Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides
green, sometimes pinnatifid; limb of the cor. flattisli. — Persia. A smaller shrub
than the first, with smaller thyrses of white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves
vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr. May.

2. LIGUSTRUM.

Lat. ligo, to bind, from the use made of its s!iont,i.

Calyx minutely toothed ; cor. tube short, limb with spreading,
ovate lobes ; sta. 2 ; sty. very short ; berry 2-celled, 2 — 4-seeded ;
seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. — Shrubs loith simple
lvs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous,

L. VULGARE. Privet. Prim.

Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle
dense, terminal. — A smooth shrub, 5 — 6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y. ! to
Va. W. to the Mits. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark
green leaves which are 1 — 2' long, J as wide, varying from obovate to ellipti-
cal, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white.
Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to
have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June.

3. CHIONANTHUS.

Gr. %ic<Ji', snow, ai/^os ; alluding to the whiteness of the flowers.

Calyx 4-parted, short ; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes
linear, elongated ; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included ; sty.
very short ; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, I-celled, Iseeded. — Trees
with opposite leaves. Branchlds compressed. Racemes terminal and
axillary.

C. ViRGiNiCA. Virgivian Frivge-Tree.

Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceolate; pedicels long, 1-flowered; cal. glabrous;
err. segments linear, acute, flaccid. — An ornamental shrub or small tree, 8 — 25f
high, Penn. to Tcnn. ! on mountains. Leaves coriaceous, smooth. Flowers in
rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 — 10" in length. Drupes
oval, purple. May, Jn. f

13. marHima. Pursh. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent ;
panicles very loose. — In low, maritime woods, N. J. f

4. FRAXiNUS.

Gr. (ppa^ii, a seraration ; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into bmim.

Flowers diceciously polygamous. Staminate fls. (often perfect). —
Calyx 0 or 3 — 4-parted ; corolla 0 or 4-petaled ; stamens 2. Pistil-
late fls. — Calyx and corolla as the perfect ; samara 2-celled, by abor-
tion 1 seeded. — Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the
staminate ones densely so.

1. F.Americana. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash.

Lfts. petiolate, ollong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glau-
cous beneath ; fls. calyculate. — The white ash is one of the most desirable ten-
ants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States
and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its proper-

464

CIV. OLEACE^. Fraxinus.

tions The trunk arises often more than 40f without a branch and then expands
into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a loot or
more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in
loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The
wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber tor
carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May.

2. F. JCGLANDIFOIJA. Lam. (F. viridis. Michx.)

Lfts. 3 — i pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with
the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of
the veins ; Jls. calyculate ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse.— A small tree,
15_o5j- high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not common.
Leaves 10—15' long, consisting of 7—15 leaflets which are green both sid^s,
with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit
much smaller than in the other species. May.

3. F. puBEscENs. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michx.) Red Ash.

Lfis. petiolate, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense
tomentum beneath, as well as the petioles and brancldets ; Jls. calyculate.— The
red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling
the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises 60f, with a straight
trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets,
which become reddish underneath. The wood is similar to that of the white
ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May.

4. F. s.\MBUciF0LiA. Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash.

LfiS. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique
at the base ; axils of the veins villous beneath ; p. naked.— This species is com-
mon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost uni-
versally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which
it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of (30 — 70f,
with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash
and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former.
Leaves 9—16' in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and
red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic,
but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisi-
tion lor hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May.

5. F. auADRANGULATA. Michx. Blvc Ash.

l,f;s. 3 — 4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ;
branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete ; buds velvety;
samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate. — A tall tree, in
rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60— 80f high, 16
—20' diam. at base. Leaves 12 — 18' long, consisting of 7—11 leaflets. Leaflets
vary from oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3 — 4' long. The branchlets are
furnished with 4 membranous margins 2 or 3" wide, which disappear when
the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile pani-
cles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May. — The wood possesses the
same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species.

Ahistolochia. cV. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 46S

SUBCLASS III. APETALiE.

Corolla none ; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of
organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting.

Order CY. ARISTOLOCHIACE^.— Birthworts.

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers.

Lvs. alternate, simple, petiolate, often with a stipule opposite the leal", or exstipuliite.

F.s. perfect, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color.

Car— Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in zestivatioii.

Sla. 6—12. epiirynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles.

Ova. 3 — ecelled. Sti?. radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary.

Fr. capsule or berry, 3 — 6-celled many-seeded.

Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen.

Genera 8, species no, most abundant in the tropica] countries of S. America, and thinly diffused through-
out the northern hemisphere.

Properties.— Ionics and stimulants. Both the following genera are successfully employed in medicine.

Conspectus of the Genera.

^ equal. Asariim. 1
Calyx limb \ unequal. ArUtolochia. 2

1. AS ARUM.

Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and acipco, to bind ; because not used in garlands.

Calyx campanulate ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary; anthers
adnate to the middle of the filaments ; style very short ; stigma 6-
rayed ; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. — Herbs with creepiiig
rhizomas and 1 — 2 lvs. on each branch. Fls. solitary.

1. A. Canadense. Wild Ginger. Asarabacca.

Lvs. 2, broad-reniform ; cal. woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segments reflected.
— % A small, acaulescent plant, growing in rich, shady soil. Can. to Ga. and
W. States. The leaves are radical, large, 2 — 4' by 3 — 5', with a deep sinus at
base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft, velvet-like surface. The flower
grows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding pedun-
cle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface.
Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. The
12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root
or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered useful in whooping-cough.
May— July.

2. A. ViRoiNicuM. Michx. Sweet-scented Asarabacca.

Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabroiis, coriaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse;
f,. subsessile ; cal. short, subcampanulate, glabrous externally. — Grows in light
soils among rocks, N. J. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit to
the preceding. Each branch of the rhizoma bears a terminal leaf and a flower.
Leaf 3 — 4' diam., very smooth, clouded with spost, the petiole 2 or 3 times
longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter
than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, gi-eenish outside. Apr.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA.

Gr. aptSTOi, excellent, Xo;^;£OS, pertaining to parturition ; alluding to the medicinal properties.

Calyx ligulate, with an inflated base and an unequal border ; an-
thers 6, subsessile upon the style ; stigma 6-cleft ; capsule 6-celled,
many-seeded. — St. erect or tinning.

1. A. Serpentaria. Virginia Snake-root.

St. erect, flexuous ; lvs. oblong, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical ; lip^ of the
cal. lanceolate. — A curious vegetable of low growth, in hedges and thickets,
Penn. to 111. and La. Stem 8 — 13' high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Leaves
2 — 4' by f — 2', rarely larger, petioles 3 — 9" in length. Flowers few, near the

466

CVl. CHENOPODIACE.E.

Salicornia.

base of the stem. Calyx dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, bent almost
double, gibbous at the base and at the angle, limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed.
Capsule obovate, 6-angled, 6 — 9" long, with numerous small seeds. June. —
The dried root is a valuable stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic, containing cam-
phor. It has a warm, bitter, pungent taste.

2. A. SiPHO. L'Her. Dutchmcm^s ylpc.

SI. twining, shrubby ; Ivs. ample, suborbicular, cordate, entire, acute,
petiolate; pcd. 1-flowered, lurni.shed with a single, ovate bract; cal. tube bent,
ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal. — A vigorous climber in mountainous woods,
Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees
30 or 40f. Leaves G — 12' diam., alternate, sprinkled with soil hairs. Flowers
solitary, the tube long and bent at nearly a right angle, in the form of a (siphon
or) tobdcco pipe, and of a dull brown color. It is highly ornamental in culti-
vation, lor arbors. June, f

Okder CVI. CHENOPODIACE.E.— Ciienopods.

He>bs or nndershrnhs, with alternate (rarely opposite) lea\'es without stipules.

F.s. inconspicuous, generally perfect, often dioecious or polygamous.

Cal. deeply divided often tubular at base, imbricate in iBstivation.

^ttt. from the base of the cylyx, as many as its lobes or tewer, and opposite to them.

Ota. 1, with 1 ovule attached to its ba;se within. Htyies 2—4, rarely 1.

Fr. a utiicle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen.

Genera 63, species 3S0, often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern
temperate zone.

Properties.— Some are useful for food, as the beet, man£-cl-ifiirtze!, orache, spivach. ^c. Others con-
tain an essential oil, which renders them tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic; us Chenoi odi;ira
botrys, C. ambrosioijes, C. antlielminticum ; the latter yields the officinal worm-seed oil. SabsoU, Huh-
coriiia and other seaside species yield soda from their ashes in great abiuidance.

FIG. 52.— 1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two
(hvpogvnous) stamens. 3. Cross sec'ion of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Brancli of Salicor-
nia herbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. 7. Flower of Blitum capilatum, wilh
the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris.

Conspectus of the Genera.

( Fruit partly invested ^ Seed lenticular. . . Clienopodium. 7

< in calyx I Seed renitbrm. . . Beta. 8

(Stamens 5. . ( Fr wholly inve.sted in cal. Lvs. subulate. . Salsota. 2

< \ Styles 1. Leafless plants Salicnrnia. 1

Call perfect. ( Stamens 1—2 ? Styles 2. Leafy plants Blitum. 6

J dicpcious. j Stigmas sessile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. .... Acnidn. 4

I Stamu-ns 5 J Siig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate. . . . Spinacfa. 3

Flowers L polygamous. Stamens 5 Atriplei. 5

1. SALICORNIA.

Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn ; in allusion both to its locality and appearance.

Calyx turbinate, fleshy, closed, entire; sta. 1 — 2; style 1, bifid ;
utricle invested in the calyx, I -seeded. — Salt marsh herbs, rarely
shrubby., destitute of leaves.

1. S. HERBACEA. (S. mucronata 1 J5w.) Hcrbaccpus Samphire or Salticort .

St. erect, herbaceous, spreading; joints compre.'^sed ; internodes dilated
upwards, truncated; branches numerous, opposite, light green, jointed, succu-
lent, smooth, terminating in a spike; spikes lateral and terminal, tapering
upwards ; fls. small, sessile, about three on each side of the base of every
joint. — A leafless plant with .succulent and jointed branches, about a foot high,
growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes, N. Eng. ! to Ga. ; also at
Salina, N. York. This and other .species are said to make a good pickle for
' the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Aug.

Atbiplex. CVI. CHENOPODIACEiE. 467

2. S. AMBiGUA. Michx. Dubious or Prostrate Samphire.

Perennial, procumbent, branching ; jaints small, crescent-shaped ; spikes
opposite and alternate; cal. truncate; anth. pui-plish-yellow ; stig. 2. — A small
species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey.

2. salsGla.

Latin salsus, salt.

Calyx 5-parted. persistent, embracing the fruit with its base, and
crowning it with its enlarged limb ; styles 2 ; seed horizontal ;
embryo spiral. — Salt-marsh herbs, icith li?iear or subulate leaves.

1. S. Kali.

Herbaceous, decumbent; Zrx. subulate, channeled, spinose, smooth; cal.
margined, axillary— A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea-
coast, N. Eng. ! to Ga. Stem 1— 2f high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch long,
sessile, ending with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracteate.
Seed cochleate, enclosed in the calyx. Aug. Used in the preparation of soda.
0. CaroUniana. {Nuit. S. Caroliniana. Walt.); Ivs. dilated; cal. with a
broader margin ; st. smooth.

2. S. SODA.

Herbaceous, glabrous; branches ascending; Ivs. semiterete, rather acute;
cal. in fruit transversely connate, somewhat membranaceous. — In N. Y. Muh-
lenberg, who also attributes S. Tragus, another European species, to the shores
of N. J. But this is very uncertain. July. ^

3. SPINA CIA.

Lat. spina, a prickle ; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit.

Flowers c? 9. — c? Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 2 — 4-cleft ;
styles 4, capillary ; utricle contained within the indurated and some-
times muricated calyx.

S. OLERACEA. Spinage. — Lvs. hastate-lanceolate, petiolate ; fr. sessile, prickly
or unarmed. — (J) Native country unknown, but it has long been a common
plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1 — 2f high, with
leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2 — 3' long, and nearly half as wide, taper-
ing at base into a long petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a ter-
minal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June, July.

4. ACNiDA. Mitchell,
Gr. a. not, Kviii), the nettle ; a nettle-like plant which doea not sting.

Flowers c? 9- — c? Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 3-parted;
stig. 3 — 5, sessile ; utricle 1 -seeded. — Herbaceous weeds, mostly aquatic.

1. A. CannabIna. Water Hemp.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; caps, smooth, acute-angled. — ® In salt marshes
and inland swamps. Can. and U. S. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2 — 4f high.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2 — 5' long, tapering to a long point. Panicles
axillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug.

2. A. RCSCOCARPA. Michx.

Lts. oval-lanceolate ; caps, obtusely angled, rugose. — (T) Can. and U. S.
A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem
6 — 8f high, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Jl.

5. ATRIPLEX

Fls. monoeciously polygamous. ? Calyx 5-parted ; sta. 5 ; style
bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. 9 Calyx 2-leaYed ;
sta. 0 ; style and fruit as above. — Mostly ®, rarely shrubby plants.
Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, 'paniculate, c? and 9 on the same plant.

1. A. iiORTENsis. Garden Orache. Golden Oroxhe.

St. erect, herbaceous; lvs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both
sides; cal. of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire. — il) Sparinglv naturalized in
40

468 CVI. CHENOPODIACEiE. Chenopodium.

cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable
shape, and 2—3' long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or
spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. ^

2. A. PATULA. Sp-eading Orache.

Sf. spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, acuminate ; cal. of the
fruit submuricate on the disk.—® A very branching plant, 1— 2f long, lound
in salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous.
Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly
entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals
of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug.

3. A. ARENARiA. Nutt. Sand Orache.

S'. spreading, herbaceous; Ivs. entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery-
white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate; /s. aggregated, axillary; cal.
of the fertile fis. muricate, dentate, retuse. — 0 Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to
Car. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves
often wedge-shaped. Flowers moncecious, the sterile ones in short, dense
spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July.

4. A. LACiNiATA. Frosted Sea Orache.

S c??i spreading, herbaceous ; Zr.s. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary
pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite ; ^ tetrandrous ; cal. of the fruit, rhom-
boid, 3- veined, denticulate.— (I) In salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Stem a foot long,
mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves stalked, entire at
base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, ses-
sile clusters, their ovaries aboiii 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2—3 together. Jl.

5. A. Halimus. Common Orache.

S'. shrubby; Ivs. often subopposile, oblong-rhomboidal, entire, attenuated
into the'margined petiole.— A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. Muh-
lenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. It is ornamental on account
of itslsilvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated. §
6. BLITUM.

Gr. PXrjTov, insipid; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries.

Fls. ?. Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal ; sta. l,exserted;
sty. 2 ; ova. ovoid, acuminate; seed 1, contained in tlie calyx which
becomes a berry. — ® Herbaceous weeds. Fls. andfr. in capitate clus-
ters terminal and axillary.

1. B. CAPiTATUM. Slrawberry Elite.

iw. triangular-hastate, toothed; hds. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr.
consisting of the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple
juice, taste insipid. — Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a foot in
height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in
the'flower garden. Heads of flowers .sessile, near together, on the branches and
summit of the stem. June, f

2. B. viRGATDM. Slender Elite.

S':. with spreading branches; Irs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate; glo-
7nerules scattered, lateral.— Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spread-
ing or procumbent. Leaves 2—3' by 1—2' coarsely toothed, on petioles half as
long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally
fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. ^

3. B. MARITIMUM.

Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate ; hds. axil-
lary, sessile, spiked ; cal membranaceous.— 0 A coarse, unsightly plant, in
salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1— 2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 3
or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not be-
coming red in fruit. Aug.

7. CHENOPODIUM

Gr. ynv; a goose ; ttohs, a foot ; from the resemblance of the leaves.

Calyx 5-parted. obtusely 5-angled. free, partially enveloping the

Chenopodium. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^. 469

fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utricle membranaceous ; seed lenticular,
vertically depressed. — Mostly ® weeds with alternate leaves. Fls.
glomerate., paniculate.

1. C. ALBUM (and C. viride. Linn.') White Goose-foot. Hogweed.

Lvs. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very
entire ; rac. branched, leafy, smooth. — ® A weed, common in cultivated
grounds. Can. and N. States. Stem 2 — 3f high, furrowed, smooth, branching,
leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, .small
green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July — Sept.

2. C. RUBRUM. Bed Goose-foot.

lyvs. rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate ; rac. erect, com-
pound, leafy. — (l) A weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit.
Am. Stem reddish, IJ — 2f high, with short branches, very compound, and with
compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper
ones small, and intermixed with the flowers. July.

3. C. HYBRiDUM. Tall Goose-foot.

Lvs. cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; rac. branched, subcjTnose, divari-
cate, leafless. — A weed in waste places, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ky. ! rather taller than
the foregoing. Stem slender, 2— 3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of
unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green,
with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. July. ^

4. C. RHOMBIFOLIUM. Muhl.

Lvs. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, upper ones lanceolate,
cuneate at base; rac. axillary, erect, mostly leafless; bracts minute, inflexed. —
Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2— 3f high. Stem branching, angular
■with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2 — 3' by 1 — IJ', widest near the base,
with a few acute dentures, petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches
shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense
clusters of green flowers.

5. C. AMBROsioiDES. Ambrosia Goose-foot.

Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate; rac. simple, axillary, leafy. — Fields and
roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. Plant rather tragrant. Stem 1— 2f high, much
branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end (the upper
ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles 0— i' long.
Flowers green, in sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Sta-
mens exsert. Aug. Sept.

6. C. BoTRYs. Oak-of-Jerusalevi.

Lvs. oblong, sinuate ; rac. much divided. — Sandy fields, &c., N. Eng. to
111. This plant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and
the remarkable appearance of its compound clusters of innumerable flowers.
Plant 1 — 3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate, the sinuses deep, giving
them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves
and short, axillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric, green,
compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June, t

7. C. ANTHELMrNTicuM. Worm-sced.

L/vs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leafless.
— Maine ! to 111. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as
both its specific and common name would imply. Stem IJ — 2f high, its branches
ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug.

8. C. GLAUCUM. Sea-green Goose-foot.

Lvs. oblong and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous be-
neath ; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, axillary and terminal. — N. Y. Muhl.

9. C. MARITIMDM.

Lvs. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical ; Jls. in sessile, axillary clus-
ters ; sta. shorter than the sepals. — A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows
Can. to Flor. Stem IJ — 2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute*
J— I' long. Flowers in axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi-
transparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept.

470 CVIII. AMARANTHACEiE. Amaranthus.

8. BETA.
Celtic belt, red ; the usual color of the beet.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; sta. 5 ; styles 2, very short, erect, witli acute stig-
mas ; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. — (1) Stems furrowed.
Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate^ green, in spikes or paniculate racemes.

1. B. VULGARIS. Covmion Bed.— Fls. inden.se, sessile, axillary clusters ; lower
lvs. ovate ; rt. fleshy.— This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe.
Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that
of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is the
most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug.

2. B. CicLA. Scarciti/.—Jjvs. with very thick veins; Jls. 3 together; rts.
scarcely any. — Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses-
sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with
very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug.

p. Mati'^d-Wiirtzel. Rt. very large. — Cultivated as food for cattle, for which
purpose it'^is highly prized by many farmers.

Order CVII. SCLERANTHACE^.— Scleranths.

Herls small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowor«i
CdZ.— Tube urceolate, limb 4— 5-tootlied. . . ,,

Sta inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as Us lobea.
Ova 1, fiee, 1 seeded. Styles 2 ox \. Fr. a utricle, in :he hardened calyx.
Seed pendulous t'om the apex of a funiculus which arises from base ot cell.
Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen.
Genera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere.

SCLERANTHUS.

Cir. <TK\ripos, hard, ai/^oj, when in fruit, the floral envelope appears hard and dry.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice ; sta.
1 0, rarely 5 or 2 ; styles 2 ; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx.

S. ANNUUs. Common Knawel.

St. spreading, slightly pubescent; sta. 10; col. of the fr. with acute, spread-
ing segments. — (I) weed in dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States.
Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of
sessile,green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite,
partially imited at their basis. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. Jl.

Order CVIII. AMARANTHACE^.— Amaranths.

Kerba or shrvbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, without stipules.

F.s. in heads or spikes usually colored, generally perfect.

CaZ.— Sepals 3—5. dry and scarious, persistent, cenerally with dry, colored bracts.

Sta. 5 or some multiple of 5, distinct or monadelphous, hypogynous.

Ova. 1, free, 1 or few-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigma, simple or compound.

Fr. a utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved aroimd farinaceous albumen.

Genera 38, species 282, most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for theirrichly
colored, imperishable flowers. Others are mere weeds.

Conspectus of the Genera.

(Kachis terete or furrowed Amnranthtu. I

f alternate. ( Rachis broad, flat and crest-form. . Ce.losia. 5

J ^ Flowers paniculate Ircsine. 2

1 < Bracts whitish or greenish. ? Flowers spicate Oplolheca. 3

Leaves L opposite. { Bracts crimson. Flowers capitate Gomphrena. 4

1. AMARANTHUS.

Gr. a, not, jiapai^o), to wither; the flowers of some of the species are imperishable.

Fls. c? 9 ; calyx deeply 3 — 5-parted, mostly colored, persistent ;
segments lanceolate, acute, d^ Stamens 3 — 5. 9 Styles 2 — 3 ; cap-
sule 1 -celled, circumscissile ; seed 1. — ®Herbs with alternate leaves.
Fls. in axillary and terminal dusters, rarely scattered.
* Flowers triandrous.
1. A. ALBUs. IVhite Cock's-comb.
St. obtusely angular ; Irs. obovate, refuse ; fs. triandrous, in small, axillary

Irksine. CVIII. AMARANTHACEiE. 471

clusters. — A common garden weed, 1 — 2f high, simple or branched. Leaves
entire, var}'ing from oval to obovate, emarginate, with a mucronate point,
tapering to a petiole which is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the
branches very small. Flowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with
numerous, setaceous-pointed bracts. July. ^

2. A. Blitum. Loiv Amaranth.

St. diffusely branched and spreading; Ivs. ovate, long-petiolate, obtuse or
abruptly decurrent at base, entire, lower ones retuse, upper obtuse or acute ; fls.
in short, axillary, spicate clusters, shorter than the petioles. — A weed naturalized
in waste places. Stem mostly prostrate and spreading. Leaves as long as the
petioles, f — J as wide. §

3. A. OLERACEUs. Pot Amaranth.

Lis. rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate; cZiisfers axillary, branching;
fls. sometimes pentandrous. — Fields and waste places, Mass. to Penn. Stem
18—24' high. July.

* * Flowers fentandrons.

4. A. HYBRiDUS. Hyhrld Amaranth.

St. furrowed, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; rac. pentandrous, decompound
crowded, erect. — A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, N. Eng. to
Miss. Stem 3f high, or more, leaves alternate, long-stalked, mostly entire, ob-
tuse, emarginate, mucronate, the lowest ones retuse. Flowers minute, in large,
green, oblong spikes becoming at length a dull red, axillary and terminal.

5. A. PUMiLUS. Nutt. Dwarf Amaranth.

Lvs. ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; clusters axillary ; fls.
pentandrous ; cal. 5-leaved, concave. — Sandy sea shores, N. Y. Stem 8-— 12'
nigh, often decumbent. Flowers green, obscure.

G. A. RETROFLEXUS.

Lvs. ovate, undulate; branches Aovmy; rac. pentandrous, triply compound,
compact, erect. — Waste groimds, among rixbbish, N. Y.to Va. Stem2f high. Aug.

7. A. spiNosus. Spiny Amaranth.

St. glabrous, much branched; Ixs. ovate-lanceolate, with two stipular
spines at base of the petioles ; fl.s. in compound, terminal and axillary spikes. —
In cultivated grounds and roadsides. Middle States. A vile weed, 2f or more
high, readily known by its stipular spines. Aug. ^

8. A. HYPOCHONDRiACCs. Prince's Feather.

Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, mucronate ; rac. pentandrous, compound, com-
pact, erect. — This species is native in the Middle States, and cultivated often as
a garden annual. The whole plant is dark red, 3 — 4f high, with long, plume-
like clusters, f

9. A. MELANCHOLicus. Love-Ues-bUeding . — Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, colored ;
rac. axillary, peduncled, roundish. — (j) From India. The whole plant purple,
18' high, t Several other species are rarely cultivated.

2. IRESINE.

Gr. etp£(rto}vr). an olive branch hound with tufts of wool, borne by suppliants ; from the resemblance.

Flowers c? 9 — c? Calyx deeply 5 — 7-parted, subtended by 2 bracts ;
scales or nectaries (petals?) 5 or 7. 9 Stigmas 2, sessile; capsule at
length tomeutose, many-seeded. — Mostly %■ Lvs. opposite, entire,
Fls. paniculate, axillary and termiiial.

I. CELOSIOlDES.

St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above ; lvs. scabrous, punctate, lower ob-
long, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate ; panicle compound, large, rather dense.
— A tall, handsome annual, 3 — 4f high, on river banks, Ohio, near Cincinnati,
&c. Leaves tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3 — 6' by 2 — 4'. Pani-
cle of whitish flowers large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels,
nearly or quite leafless. Sept. Oct.
40*

472 CIX. NYCTAGINACE-E. MiRABiLia.

3. OPLOTHECA. Nutt.

Gr. oTrXof , armor, ^nKri, sheath ; alluding to the armed cover of the fruit.

Fls. $ — Calyx scarious, tubular, 5-tootlied, densely tomentose,
subtended at base by 2 truncated bracts ; sta. 5, filaments united
into a sheath below ; stig. simple ; utricle 1 -seeded, enclosed in the in-
durated, muricate calyx. — 'X> Lvs. opposite^ entire. Spikes opposite, sessile.

O. Floridana. JNutt.

5^. simple, erect, arachnoid-pubescent ; lis. linear, tapering to the base,
obtusish at apex ; Jls. imbricated, in short, dense, cottony spikes. — On sandy
river banks. 111. Mead ! Plant 1— 2f high, with a terminal, virgate inflorescence
6 — 10' long. Leaves I — 2' by 3—5". Spikes remote, * — If long. Calyx
white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, enclosing the utricle.

4. GOMPHRENA.
Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate ; sepals 5, vil-
lous, disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed ; utricle circumscissile, 1-
seeded. — Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves. None of the species native.

1. G. GLOEosA. Globe Amaranth.— St. erect, hairy; Zr.t. oblong, pubescent;
hds. globose, solitary, 2-leaved ; keels of the bracts winged. — A tender annual from
India, valued for its heads of flowers, which, if gathered before too far ad-
vanced, will retain their beauty several years. Height 18'. Branches oppo-
site, axillary. Flowers purple.

2. G. PERENNis. Perennial Globe Amaranth. — i>i's. lanceolate ; Arfs. 2-leaved ;
fls. distinguished by a peculiar calyx.— TJ. Plant about 2f high, native of S.
America. The heads 2-leaved and terminal, resemble heads of clover. The
crowded, purple perianths are chiefly conspicuous. Gathered like the former
species, its flowers are equally fadeless and durable. July — Oct.

5. CELOSIA.

Gr. Kri^eoi, burnt; some of the species appear as if singed.

Sepals 3 — 5, colored; stamens united at base by a plicate disk
(nectary); style 2 — 3 -cleft ; utricle circumscissile. — A genus of orna-
mental foreign herbs. Lvs. mostly alternate.

C. cRisTATA. Cock's-comb. — Z-rs. ovate, acuminate ; siip. falcate; common ped.
striated ; spi/ce oblong, compressed. — This curious annual is said to have come
from Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diameter, and of an in-
tense, pm-plish-red. Height 2f June — Sept.

Order CIX. NYCTAGINACEiE.— Nyctagos.

Heris or shrubs. Lks. opposite, one of each pair smaller than the other.

Cal. colored, tubular, the upper part resembling a corolla with a plaited limb, falling off from the lower

part which becomes indurated in fruit.
Sta. hypogynous, definite. Anth. 2-celled.
Ova. free, with a single, erect ovule. StijJe 1. Stigma 1.
Fr a thin utricle, enclosed within the enlarged and persistent calyx.
Seed with its testa coherent with the utricle. Cotyledam leafy.

Genera U, species 100, natives of warm latitudes. Nearly all, except the following beautiful genua, are
obscure weeds. Roots purgative.

MIRABILIS.

Calyx funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the ovary, limb plait-
ed, entire, deciduous ; sta. 5 ; stig. globose.

1. M. Jai.apa. Four-o'clock. Marvel-of-Peru. — Dvs. smooth; fls. in clu.sters,
stalked. — % This well-known and much admired plant is from the W. Indies.
Root large, tuberous, and is one of the substances which furnish the Jalap of
the shops. Stem 2f high. Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate. Flowers
large, very fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters ; border wide-spreading,
opening at about 4 o'clock, P. M. Calyx bright purple. By cultivation it

Polygonum. CX. POLYGONACEJE. iH

sports into many pleasing varieties with 3-6110^7 and white, red and white, red
and yellow flowers. June — Sept.

2. M. DicHOTOMA. Mexican Fmir-o'dock. — Fh. sessile, erect, axillary, soli-
tary.— %. From Mexico. Stem 2f high, dichotomous, with yellow flowers,
opening at 4 o'clock like the former. July, Aug.

' 3. M. LONGiFLORA. Long-fimvered Four-o'clock. — Lis. pubescent ; fis^. crowd-
ed ; tid>e of the cal. very long.— 7|. Native of Mexico. Stem 2f high. Tube of
the calyx" slender, hairy, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers white. Jn.— Sept.

Order CX. POLYGONACEJE.— Buckwheats.

HerSs.rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves. [base of the leaf-stallu ; occasionally 0.

Stip. of that remarkable kind called ochrese, cohering round the stem in the form of a sheath above the

Ks. mostly jjertect, and in racemes.

Ca/.— Sepals united at base, imbricate in aestivation.

Sta. definite, inserted on the calyx near the base.

Ova. fee, with a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas several.

Fr. — Achenium usually triangular.

Sis.— Embryo generally on one side of farinaceous albiunen.

Genera 29, species 490, widely diffused throughout the world.

Properties.— The roots of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhutarb of the shops is the root
of some unknown species of this order, native of Tartary. But the leaves and stalks of sorrel, the gar-
den rhubarb, &c., are agreeably tart, and contain o.xalic acid ; the petioles of the latter, togetlier with the
tarinaceous seeds of the buck-wheat, are well-known articles of food.
Conspectus of the Genera.

< S. Stiffmas 3, multifid. 3 outer sepals smaller Kumtx. 4

(6. Stamens ^9. Stigmas multifid Rlicum. I

< mostly 5, united at ba.se persistent and enclosing the fruit Polygonum. Z

Sepals ' 4. Radical leaves reniform, on long petioles Oxyria. 3

1. RHEUM.

Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native.

Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent; stamens 9 ; styles 3 ; stigmas
multifid, reflexed ; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined. — % Fls.
fasciculate., in racemose panicles.

R. Rhapontigcm. Garden Rhubarb or Pic-plant. — Jjvs. smooth, cordate-
ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges. — Native of Asia,
cultivated in gardens for the sake of the juicy, acid petioles. These are taken
in a green state, in the spring of the year, and made into tarts and pies, whose
excellence is well known to every one. Stem stout and fleshy, 3 — 4f high,
hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1 — 2f
long, I as wide, on petioles of nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at
first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing
innumerable greenish- white flowers. May.

2. OXYRIA. R. Br.

Gr. o^vi, acid; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.

Cal. 4-sepa]ed,2 inner sepals largest ; achenium 3-sided, with abroad,
membranaceous margin ; sta. 2 — 6 ; styles 2, stigmas large, plumose. —
%■ Lvs. mostly radical^ pctiolate. Stem nearly leafless^ paniculate-racemose.

O. RENiFORMis. Hook. (Rumcx digynus. Linn.) Mountain Sorrel.

Radical lvs. reniform, on long petioles; outer sepals oblong, half as long as
the inner, valvular sepals ; stamens 2 ■ stifles 2. — Found on the summits of the
White Mts., in moist ravines, and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the
taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 'S — 4' in height. June.

3. POLYGONUM.

Gr. ttoXdj, many, yovv, knee ; that is, plants with many joints.

Sepals 4 — 6, mostly 5, connected at base, colored or corolla-like,
persistent ; sta. 5 — 9, mostly 8 ; sty. 2 — 3, mostly 3, short, filiform ;
ach. mostly triangular, usually covered by the persistent calyx. —
Herbaceous. Sts. jointed. Fls. in axillary and terminal fascicles and
spikes or paniculate racemes.

474 ex. POLYGONACEiE. Polygonum.

§ 1, AvicuLARiA. Flowers axillary. Stamens 5 — 8. Stigmas 3.

1. P. AVICULARE. Bird Pohjgonum or Knot-grass.

St. procumbent; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acute, sessile;
jtowers subsessile. — (X) A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U.
S. and Brit. Am. Stems slender, i — l^f long, striate, smooth, branching,
with short, white, torn, remotel}' veined stipules at the joints. Leaves smooth
except the edges, J — 1' long and \ as wide. Flowers reddish, small, 2 or 3
together in the axils of the leaves, appearing all summer.

/?. glaucum. (P. glaucum. Nutt.) Lvs. fleshy, glaucous, revolute on the mar-
gin.— Grows on the sea-coast. Long Island.

2. P. ERECTQM. (P. aviculare. /?. latifolium. Michx.) Erect Knot-grass.

St. mostly erect, branched; tvs. smooth, broadly oval, petiolate; Jls. pedi-
cellate ; sta. mostly 5. — % Western and Mid. States and Bnt. Am. A species
remarkably distinct in appearance from the last, in similar situations, but sel-
dom growing with it. Stem 1 — 2|f high, branched, smooth. Leaves 1 — 2'
long and about J as wide, rather obtuse, the petioles 0 — -J-' long. Flowers 2 — 3
together, pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, yellowish. Jn. — Sept.

3. P. TENUE. Michx. (P. linifolium. Makl.) Slender Knot-grass.

St. slender, erect, branched, acute-angled ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, erect,
acuminate; slip, tubular, villose at top; Jls. alternate, subsolitary, axillary. — (j)
A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng., Mid. States. Stem | — If high.
Leaves 1 — ly long, 1 — 2" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Flowers white. JL, Aug.

§ 2. Persicaria. Spikes terminal or aooillary.

4. P. PUNCTATUM. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michx. not of Linn.) Water
Pepper. — St. branched, often decumbent at base ; lvs. lanceolate, punctate

with pellucid dots, waved and scabrous on the margin ; spike loose, interrupted,
drooping; sta. 6 — 8; sty. 2, united half way up. — (I) Can. to Flor. A plant
well known for its acrid taste, growing in ditches, low grounds, among rub-
bish, &c. Stem smooth, swelling above the joints, 2f high, and, like the
leaves, sprinkled with glandular dots, in which the acrimony is said to reside.
Leaves 2 — 3' long and not more than ^ as wide. Flowers green, tinged with'
purple and white. Aug., Sept.

5. P. MITE. Pers. (P. hydropiperoides. Michx. P. barbatmn. Walt.)
Mild or Tasteless Knot-grass. — St. mostly decumbent at base, erect and

hairy above ; lvs. narrow, lanceolate, subhirsute; slip, hirsute, long-ciliate ;
spikes linear ; bracts ciliate, subimbricate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. — 0 Ditches and ponds,
Can. to Car. and Tenn. Stem a foot or more high. Leaves 2 — 4' long, ^ as wide,
sessile. Spikes several, crowded near the summit of the stem, composed of small
fascicles of reddish flowers. JL, Aug. See also Addenda, p. 638.

G. P. Pennsylvanigum. Pcnnsylvanian Knot-grass.

St. smooth, tumid at the joints; lvs. lanceolate, petiolate; slip, glabrous,
not ciliate; spikes oblong, crowded; ped. hispid; sta. 8; sly. 2 or L — ® Mar-
gins of ponds and ditches, N. H. to Car. Stem geniculate, branched above,
2 — 4f high. Leaves 3 — 5' long, a as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes short and
dense, large, and somewhat nodding. Flowers large, rose-colored, pedicellate. Jl.

7. P. LAPATHiFOLiuM. (P. iucamatum. Ell.)

St. geniculate, smooth ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, often hoary
beneath ; spikes numerous, rather crowded, erect, on scabrous peduncles ; sta.
6; sty. 2. — 0 A rare species in .swamps and ditches, N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2 — 4f
high. Leaves 3 — 5' long, ^ — J as wide. Petioles J — J' long. Flowers small,
white, or tinged with red, in numerous, panicled spikes. Aug.

8. P. PERSICARIA. Ladies' Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed.

St. erect; lvs. lanceolate, the upper surface spotted; s^z;;. fringed; spikes
dense, oblong, erect ; ped. smooth ; sta. 6 ; sty. 2, half united. — 0 A common
species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. Stem smooth, branched,
leafy, 1 — 2f high, often colored. Leaves 2 — 4' long, i as wide, entire, short-
stalked, acuminate, generally marked Avith a brownish, heart-shaped spot near
the middle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal .spikes. Jn., Aug. ^

Polygonum. CX. POLYGONACE^. 475

9. P. ORiENTALE. Oriental Knot-grass. Princess Feather.

St. erect, paniculately branched ; Ivs. large, with hairy, salver-form sti-
pules ; sta. 7 ; sty. 2. — ® Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides,
throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament.
Stem 5 — 8f high. Leaves 8 — 12' long, J as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes
numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. ^ f

10. P. AMPHiBiuM. (P. coccinium. Muhl.) Amphibious Knotr-weed.

SI. assurgent, prostrate or decumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints ;
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate,
smooth, acute or acuminate at apex; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense;
sta. 5 ; sty. 2-cleft. — Marshes, ponds, N. Eng. to 111. A very variable species,
with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stems
smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, otten very long and creeping or floating and
rooting. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly lacerated. Leaves 5 — 7' by 1 — 2',
often shining. Spikes 1 — 2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. Aug. — The prin-
cipal varieties are as follows :

a. cuccineum. St. thick, suberect, 1 — 3f long; Ivs. oblong, acute, shining
both sides; stipuks truncate; spikes ovoid. (N. Eng. !)

fi. nutans. St. very long, thick, rooting, prostrate, with erect branches ; Ivs.
lance-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, stip. lacerate, long ; spike long, slender.
(Indiana! &c.)

y. {P.fiuitans. Ea. ?) Ijvs. lance-linear, tapering to each end ; ochrece long,
hirsute, with a leafy, spreading summit ; spike oblong. — Lancaster, N. H.
Rickard ! Wisconsin, Lapham ! — I am by no means certain that these three
varieties are not distinct.

11. P. VlRGINIANUM.

St. simple, pilose above ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acumi-
nate, smooth, on short petioles ; rac. long, slender, few-flowered ; fis. tetrame-
rous, unequal, remote ; sta. 5 ; sty. 2, unequal. — % Shades, Can. to Flor., W.
to Miss. Stem 2 — 4f high. Leaves 3 — 6' long, ^ as wide, petioles 1 — 5" long.
Stipules hairy. Spike or raceme terminal, simple or with one or two branch-
lets, leafless, 1 — 2f long. Flowers small, white. Jl., Aug.

§ 3. BisTORTA. Fls. in terminal., solitary spikes. Sta. 7 — 9. Stig. 3.

12. P. viviPARUM. Viviperous Bistort.

/S<. simple ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin; spike linear,
solitary. — Stem erect, leafy, Jf high, bearing a single spike of white flowers
which are often transformed into bulblets while on the stem. — % White Mts. N.
to Arc. Am. Leaves 1 — H' by 2 — 3", with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. JI.

13. P. HiRstJTUM. Walt. Hairy Knot-grass.

St. and stip. xery hirsute ; Ivs. lanceolate, hirsute, punctate with pellucid
dots ; spikes filiform ; sta. 7 ; sly. 3-parted. — (I) On river banks, Ohio and South-
ern States. The whole plant is clothed with soft hairs. Stem 2f high. Flowers
white. July.

§ 4. PoLYGONELLA. Flowers in paniculate spikes. Stamens 8.

14. P. ARTicuLATCM. Jointed Polygonum.

S'. erect ; lis. linear ; spikes panicled, filiform; fls. solitary, pedunculated,
with imbricate, truncated bracts ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. — ® N. Y., Mich., found in dry,
hilly pastures. Stem slender, branching, straight, with numerous, racemed
spikes, and imbricate, sheathing bracts. Leaves i — 1' by 1 — 2", obtuse.
Flowers flesh-colored, on nodding, hair-like peduncles issuing from above the
bracts. Achenia acutely triangular. Aug.

§5. Fagopyrum. Fls. i7i racemose panicles. Lvs. subcordate or sagittate.

15. P. SAGiTTATUM. Scratchgrass.

St. prostrate, rough-angled ;"Zz-5. sagittate; fls. capitate; sta. 8; sty. 3. — (j)
Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Flor. and W. States. A rough, climbing species,
often several feet in length. Stem square, the angles very rough with prickles
pointing downwards. Leaves acute, 1 — 3' long, i as wide, on petioles { — f
long, with smooth stipules. Flowers in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn.

478 ex. POLYGONACEiE. Rumex.

16. P. ARiFOLiuM. Hastate Knotgrass .

St. aculeate with reversed prickles; Ivs. hastate; s'plkes few-flowered; _/?s.
distinct; sta. 6 ; sly. 2. — ® Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distin-

fuished irom the last chiefly by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves, which are
— 4' long and § as wide. Petioles i — 1' long. Clusters racemose, slender,
loose, few-flowered, at the ends of the branches. June, July.

17. P. CONVOLVULUS. Kihot Bindweed.

S'. twining, angular; Ivs. cordate-ha.state ; seg. of the cal. obtusely keeled;
sta. 8; sly. 3. — (j) A common climbing species, in fields and waste grounds. Can.
to Ky. and Car. Stem 2 — 6l' long, roughish, angled, with axillary branches.
Leaves 1 — 2' long, J as wide, on petioles i — f long, with somewhat spreading
and acute lobes at base. Flowers whitish, in terminal, interrupted spikes.
June — Sept.

p. cllinode. (P. cilinode. Mx.) Plant minutely pubescent ; stip. fringed with
reflexed hairs at base.

18. P. scANDENS. Climbing Knotgrass.

SI. twining, smooth; Ivs. cordate, acuminate; seg. of the cal. winged; sta.
8; sty. 3. — Ij. N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 3 — 7f long, climbing, often colored and
with axillary branches. Leaves heart-shaped, with distinct, rounded lobes.
Flowers in long, interrupted racemes. Calyx and fruit conspicuously 3- winged,
the wings decurrent on the slender, jointed pedicels. Aug.

19. P. FAGOPYRUM. Buckwheat. — St. erect, smooth; Ivs. cordate-sagittate;
rac. panicled; sta. 8; sty. 3; ajigles of the ach. equal. — ® The name from the
'L.zi. fagus, beech, and 'pyrum, a pear; the fruit resembles in shape a beech-nut.
Native of Asia, but here naturalized. A valuable grain cultivated for the flour
which is made into pan-ca.kcs and eaten warm. Stems 2 — 4f high. Leaves
2 — i' long, J as wide. Flowers numerous, white, very grateful to bees. ^ ^

4. RUMEX.

Calyx persistent, of 6 colored sepals, the 3 inner (valves) larger ;
sta. 6 ; sty. 3, spreading ; stigmas many-cleft ; acheuium 3-cornered,
covered by the 3 valve-like inner senals. — Herbs with the flowers in
dense., fasciculate pa?iicles.

^ 1. Lafathum. Flowers all '^ . Inner sepals (valves) granuliferoiis.

* Inner sepals entire.

1. R. CRispus. YcUoul Dock.

Lvs. lanceolate, waved, acute; valves ( inner se'p^\s) of the cal. entire, ovate,
each bearing a tubercle. — %. Can. and U. &. A weed so "common as hardly to
need description, growing in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, &c., much to
the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2 — 3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yel-
low, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many
racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Calyx-valves 3, enclosing
the seed, each with a grain on the back. The root is used in medicine for cuta-
neous diseases. June. ^

2. R. SANGUINEUS. Blooclij-veined Dock.

Lvs. petiolate, cordate, lanceolate; valves of the cal. entire, one of them
principally bearing the granule. — % Can. and N. States. Stem of a reddish
color, branching, leafy, 2 — 3f high. Leaves .smooth, radical ones large, mostly
with red veins, somewhat cordate, .slightly curled at the edges. Flowers in
small, distant whorls. Grows in waste and shady places. July. ^

3. R. BRiTTANicus. British Water Dock.

Lvs. broad-lanceolate; joints with nearly obsolete, torn sheaths; fls. poly-
gamous ; valves entire, all bearing granules.— IJ. Can., IJ. S. Aquatic, growing
in muddy places. Root yellow internally, large. Stem 3f high, furrowed,
angular and branched. Leaves large, petiolate, acute. Flowers in verticiilate
fascicles, collected into a large, terminal panicle. Pedicels nodding in fruit.
Calyx valves large, cordate. July.

CXI. PHYTOLACCACE^. 477

4. R. vERTiciLLATDS. Nakcd-spiked Dock.

Lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; valves entire, all bearing granules ; spikes leafless,
with flowers in half- whorls. — % Northern States. An aquatic species of muddy
situations. Stem 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and few branches. Leaves
long, narrow, acute, flat. Whorls few-flowered. Pedicels J — 1' long. June.

5. R. AanATicus. Great Water Dock.

Lvs. lanceolate, acute, lower ones cordate, on long petioles ; valves ovate,
entire, all of them bearing granules. — % Northern U. S. Ponds and ditches.
Root large, very astringent. Stem 3 — 4f high. Leaves somewhat glaucous,
the lower ones distinctly cordate at base, flowers verticillate, in a terminal,
leafy panicle. Pedicels nodding.

6. R. ALTissiMUs. Wood. (R. verticillata, Mead 1) Peach-leaved Dock.
Glabrous, tall, erect; Ixs. linear-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each

end; rac. slender, paniculate, somewhat secund, leafless or the lowest verticil
axillary ; ^i-. all 5; inner sep. broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively
so, and the third naked. — % Marshy prairies and borders of streams, Indiana !
A very showy Rumex, 3 — 6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3 — 5' by
J — r, somewhat acuminate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate,
pedicels 2 — 3" long. Achenium exactly resembling a beach-nut in form and
color. June. {Nov. sp.)

* * Inner sepals tooiked.

7. R. AcuTus. Dock.

Lvs. oblong-cordate, acuminate ; whorls leafy ; valves oblong, subdentate,
all of them bearing granules. — Tj. N. States. Ditches and waste places. Stem
2 — 3fhigh. Leaves large, the lower ones distinctly cordate, on long petioles.
Racemes paniculate, compo.sed of dense, leafy, dimidiate verticils. Granules
large, red, one upon the back of each valve. May. ^

8. P. PALLiDUs. Bw. White Dock.

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute; spikes slender;, valves ovate, entire, hardly
larger than the granule. — Ij. Found in salt marshes, Ms. Stems numerous,
ascending. Leaves smooth, acute, petioled, wavy on the margin. Flowers
crowded, on short pedicels. Granule large, white, nearly covering the back of
each valve. June.

9. R. MARiTiMUs. Gslden Dock.

Lvs. linear, very long, entire, acute at each end; fls. in leafy racemes;
inner sepals dentate, all graniferous. — %. " Borders of brackish ponds in Mar-
tha's Vineyard and Nantucket." Oakcs. Plant a foot or more high. Flowers
yellowish-green, in crowded half-whorls on the branches and main stem above. §

10. R. OETCSiFOLius. Broad-leavcd Dock.

SI. roughish ; radical lvs. ovate, obtuse ; valves toothed, one of them prin-
cipally bearing a granule on the back. — 1]. N. States. A weed as troublesome
as the first, growing about houses and fields wherever it is least welcome. Stem
2 — 3f high, furrowed, branching, leafy. Leaves oblong, cordate, obtuse, cre-
nate-wavy; upper ones narrower and more acute; root leaves very large,
oblong, heart-shaped, often with stalk and veins red. Flowers in long, nearly
naked racemes. July. ^

§ 2. AcETOSA. Flowers (^^. Inner sepals without granules.

IL R. ACETOSELLA. Pield Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel.

Lvs. lanceolate-hastate ; fls. 9 c?- — % A common weed, growing in pas-
tures and waste grounds throughout the U. S., preferring dry, hard soils. Stem
i — If high, leafy. Leaves halbert-shaped, very acid, but pleasant to the taste.
Flowering all summer. Flowers small, red or reddish, collected in panicled
racemes, the valves destitute of granules. The stamens and styles are on sepa-
rate plants.

Order CXI. PHYTOLxlCCACE^.— Phytolaccads.

Herbs or underslirubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves.

Fls. racemose, perfect. Sepals 4—5, petaloid.

Sla. 4—5 and alternate with the sepals, or indefinite.

0-ja 1— several-Belled. Sli/les and stig-inas equal in number to th« cells

478 CXIi. LAURACE^. Sassafras.

Pr baccate or dry. Seeds solitary ascending.
Embryo cyliiidric, curved around fleshy albumen.

Genem 9 species 60, chiefly natives of the tropics. Phytolacca decandria possesses active properties,
but they appear to be yet little understood and of doubtful application.

PHYTOLACCA. Tourn.

Gr. (pvTOv, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac; from the purple juice of the berries.

Calyx 5-sepaled, resembling a corolla; stamens 7 — 20; styles
5 — lu; berry superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded. — Herbaceous. Racemes
often opposite the leaves.

P. DECANDRIA. Poke. Garget. Jalap.

Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends ; Jls. with 10 stamens and 10 styles.— Tj. A
common, well-known plant, growing about roadsides, hedges, U. S. and Can.
Root very large and branching. The stem, with the diameter of an inch, is 5
— 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature, of a fine, deep purple.
Leaves 5' by 2 — 3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and peiioled. Racemes
cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite to the leaves. Flow-
ers greenish-white, consisting of 5 ovate, concave sepals, 10 stamens with white,
2-lobed anthers, and 10 short, recurved styles. The fruit is a dark purple berry,
of a round, depressed form. The juice of the berries stains paper and linen a
beautiful purple color, which, however, is not durable. In Spain, it is said
they are used to color wine. July — Sept.

Order CXII. LAURACE^.— Laurels.

Trees and shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate lvs. and umbelled or panicled fls.

Cat —Sepals 4—6, somewhat united, free from the ovary, imbricated in 2 series.

Sta definite, perigynous, usually twice as many as the sepals, the 3 inner sterile or wanting.

Afith. adnaie, 2— 4-celled, opening by recurved valves, from the base to the apex.

fy'^^^/ry or'drupeon'a thickened pedicel. Seed large, without albumen. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved.

Genera 46, species 450, chiefly natives of the tropics, but few being sufliciently hardy to endure our
climate.

Properties —The species of this highly important order are throughout pen-aded by a warm and stinau-
lant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cmnamomum Zeylanicum,of Ceylon, dec. Camphor
is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly hom Camphora Officinarum, of Japan, China, &c.
Caisia Bark, from Cmnamomum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissima, a tree ot the W . Indies,
yields a delicious fiuit called the Avocado pear. Both ol the following species are also moderately medi-
cinal.

Genera.

i 2 valves/ Benzoin. 1
Anthers opening by < 4 valves. Sassafras. 2

1. BENZOIN. Nee.s.
Flowers ?, rarely by abortion c? 9- Calyx deeply 6-parted ; sta.
9, the inner row each with a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at
base ; anth. opening by 2 valves, detached below and reflected up-
ward; sty. short, thick; drupe 1 -seeded. — Lvs. deciduous, entire. lis.
precedi7ig the leaves, lateral.

B. ODORiFERUM. Nccs. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.) Fever-bush. Spice Wood.

Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous ;/.■;. in clustered umbels,
often dioecious; hids and pedicels smooth.— A shrub 6— r2f in height, in moist
woods, U. S. and Can. It has an aromatic flavor resembling gum Benzoin,
and the bark an agreeable, spicy taste. Leaves oval or obovate, cuneiform and
acute at base, a— 4' long and i as wide, paler beneath. Flowers pedicellate, in
small, sessile umbels, greenish, appearing in advance of the leaves. Calyx 6-
cleft, with oblong segments. Berries red. May.

2. SASSAFRAS. Nees.
Dioeciously-polygamous ; calyx colored. 6-parted. cT Sta. 9, fertile,
the inner row with each a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base;
anth. opening by 4 valves. 9 Sta. 6, short, abortive : sty. filiform ;

Pyrularia, CXIII. SANTALACEiE, 479

drupe superior, 1 -seeded. — Lvs. decidimts, lobed. Fls. a?id Ivs. co-
temporary ajulfrom the same bud.

S. OFFICINALE. (Lauras Sassafras. Linn.) Sassafras.

Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base ; Jls.
in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts. — Not uncom-
mon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states.
It varies in height from 10 — 40f. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young
shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow,
appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's
twigs, and after the leaves have expanded. Every part of the tree has a pleas-
ant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of
the rout. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained
by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young
shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor.

Order CXIII. SANTALACE^.— Sandalworts.

Trees, shrvbs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves.

F.s. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary.

CcU, tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4— 5-cIefc, valvate in aestivation.

Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them.

Oi'a. l-celled, I— 4 ovuled. Style \. Sr^g■»;(^ often lobed.

Fr. hard, dry and drupaceous, l-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx.

Genera 18, sper-ies 1 10, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal-wood is the
product 01 santaium album, d:c , ol" India.

Conspectus of the Genera.

Herbs. Comandra. 1
Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2
Trees. Hyssa. 3

1. COMANDRA. Nutt.

. Gr. Kuifir], hair, av6pzi, stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs.

Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 — 5-parted ; sta-
nieus 4 — 5, opposite tlie sepals, inserted into the top of the tube ;
disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens.
Fruit drupaceous, l-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx. —
Very smooth., suffruticose plants of N. America. Fed. axillary and ter-
minal. Fls. small., umbellate.

C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Thcsium umbellatum. Linn.) Bastard Toad-flax.

Erect ; lvs. oval-lanceolate ; fl.s. subcorymbed, terminal.— Tj. Plant about a
foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, general-
ly branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1— U' long, and i as
wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels
of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4
small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is at-
tached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June.

2. PYRULARIA. L.C.Rich.
Flowers 9 5 c?. Calyx 5-cleft, subcampanulate ; disk 5-toothed,
glandular, half adherent to the ovary ; sty. 1 ; stig. 2 or 3, sub-
lenticular ; drupe pyriform, l-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of
the calyx. — Shrubs with the habit of Cclastrus. Lvs. alternate, entire.
Rac. terminal.

P. OLEiFERA. L. C. Rich. (P. pubera. Michx. Hamiltonia. Muhl.) Oilnut.

Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4— 6f high, hirsute-
pubescent. Root fcEtid. Leaves 2 — 3' by 1 — li', oblong-ovate, entire, acumi-
nate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. ' Flowers small, in a terminal raceme,
gre3nish-yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the
^ flowers, the segments reflexed in the $ . Stamens alternate with the lobes
of the disk, opposite to those of tho calvx. Drupe g]obo=e-deprpssed. May
41 ■ "

480 CXIV. THYMELACE^. Dmci.

June.— The whole plant is more or less oily, and is greedily devoured by cattle.
Sometimes called Buffalo Oil.

a NYSSA.
The name of a nymph, according to Linnsus.

Flowers dioocious-polygamous. J Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 — 10,
inserted around a glandular disk ; pistil 0. $ 9 Calyx 5-parted ;
stamens 5 or 0 ; pistil I ; drupe inferior ; nut 1 -seeded. — Trees.

1. N. MULTIFL6RA. Walt. (N. villosa. Michx.) Pepperidge. Tulepo. Gum
Tree. — Lvs. oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole,

midvein and margin villous ; fertile ped. 3 — 6-flowered ; nut short, obovate,
obtuse, striate. — This tree is di.sseminated throughout the U. S. : it is found
30 — 70f! high, the trunk 1 — 31'! in diameter, with horizontal branches forming
a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak,
and, like the next species, broken into hexagons. Leaves tough and firm, 2—
5' long, and h as wide, often with 1 or more blunt teeth. Flowers small, green-
ish, in small clusters on a long, branching peduncle, the fertile ones succeeded
by a few deep blue, oblong drupes. The M'ood is white, fine-grained, rather
soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles of fibres, rendering it very
difficult to split. It is thereibre useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters'
blocks, &c. Jn.

2. N. Aau.iTiCA. (N. biflora. Walt.) Water Tulepo or Gum Tree.

" Lvs. oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth; fertile ped. 2-flow-
ered ; driipe short, obovate ; nvt striate. — This tree grows in swamps, in certain
sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is
30 — 50f high and 15 — 20' in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into
hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2 — 4' in length. Flowers small and
obscure, the fertile ones producing a ifruit of a deep blue color, growing in
pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark
brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. Jn." Michx. abr.

Order CXIV. THYMELACE..^.— Daphnads.

Shrubs with a very tenacious bark, alternate or opposite, entire leaves and perfect flowers.

Cal. free, tubular, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cleft, iinbricatL-d m aestivation. [as many.

Sla. definite, inserted into the calyx and opposite to its lobes when equal to them in number ; often twice

Ova. sohtary, with 1 ovule. Style 1. Stigma undivided.

Ft. hard, dry, drupaceous. Albnmen 0 or thin.

Genera 38, species 3oo, very abundant in Australasia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe
and Asia. The only North American genus is that which follows.

Properties. — The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced
fibres which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree CLagetta) of Jfmiaica is par-
ticularly remarkable for this property.

Genera.,.

J obsolete. Stamens exserted. Dirca. 1
Corolla limb ( spreading. Stamens included. Daphne. 2

1. DIRCA.

Gr. StpKa, a ibuntain ; the shrub grows in wet places.

Calyx colored, tubular, with an obsolete limb ; stamens 8, unequal,
longer than, and inserted into the tube ; style 1 ; berry 1 -seeded. —
Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. exparuling before the leaves.

D. PALUSTRis. Leather-wood.

Lvs. oblong-ovate or obovate ; fls. axillary, 2 — 3 in a hairy, bud-like in-
volucre.— A shrub, 5f in height, when full grown, U. S. and Can. The flowers
appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small,
yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, issuing from the same bud. Leaves
entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the
sepals, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part
of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish " rods for the fool's back," the
bark is used for ropes, baskets. &c.

I

El^eagnuss. CXV. EL^AGNACEiE. 461

2. DAPHNE.
For the nymph Daphne, who, it is said, wa3 changed into a laurel which this resembles.

Calyx 4-cleft, marescent, limb spreading ; stameBS 8, included in
calyx tube ; sty. 1; drupe 1 -seeded. — Mostly evergreen shrubs^ of much
beauty mid fragrance. JLvs. generally frovi the terminal buds,fts. from
the lateral. None are American.

1. D. Mezereum. — Lvs. deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, ses-
sile ; fls. sessile, about three from each lateral bud ; cal. hypocraterilorm, seg-
ments ovate, spreading ; sta. inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube ; Jil.
very short ; stig. sessile. — A beautiful, early-flowering, European shrub. The
whole plant, especially the bark, is very acrid. Flowers pink-colored in one
variety, white in another, clothing nearly the whole plant in March. Height
2— 3f. t

2. D. Laureola. Spurge Lmirel. — Lis. evergreen, lanceolate, glabrous,
acute, entire, subsessile; Jls. 5 together in each axillary raceme. — A taller
shrub than the preceding, from Europe. Stem 4 — 6f high, with ample and
beautiful foliage. Flowers fragrant, greenish-yellow. Mar., Apr. -f

3. D. coLLiNA. — Lxs. evergreen, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short pe-
tiole, very smooth above, villous beneath; fls. fasciculate, terminal. Apr. — Jn. f

Order CXV. EL^AGNACE.®.— Oleasters.

Trees and shrubs usually covered with a leprous scurf. Lvs. alternate or opposite, entire. Stip. 0.
Fls. axillary, dioecious, rarely perfect.

Sterilejl. Cai.— 4-parted. Sto. 3, 4 or 8, sessile. Anth. 2-celled.
Fertile fl. Cal.— Free, tubular, persistent, limb entire or 2— 4-toothed.
Ova. simple, l-celled. Ovule solitary, stipitate. Stig. simple, subulate, glandular.
Fr-Achenium crustaceous, enclosed within the calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate.
Sds. ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen.
Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the whole northern hemisphere.

Genera.

S 8. Shepherdia. 1
Stamens ( 4. Elceagnvs. 2

1. SHEPHERDIA. Nutt.

In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool.

Flowers 9 cf . — d" Calyx 4-cleft ; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands.
9 Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it,
limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1 ; stig. oblique ; berry globose, composed of the
fleshy calyx. — North American shrubs.^ with spinescent branches, and
opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated.

1. S. Canadensis. Nutt. (Hippophse. Willd.)

Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate
hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales. — A shrub 6 — 8f high, found in Vt,
N. Y. and W. to "Wis., Laphavit by streams and on river banks. Leaves ob-
tuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs,
lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentose, margin entire ;
petioles 2 — 4" long, lamina 1—2' by J— 1'. Flowers minute, in small, lateral,
nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx en-
closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl.— A curious and orna-
mental shrub.

2. S. argentea. Nutt. (HippophES. Ph.)— Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both
surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales.— A small tree, 12— 18f
high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1—2' by 4—9". Petioles k' long, margin
entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots.
Fruit the size of a currant, scarlet, well-flavored, f
2. E L ^ A G N U S.
Gr. cXaia, the olive ; the trees having a resemblance to the olive.

Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate. colored on the inner side ; gta. 4, alter-

,i82 CXVI. ULMACK&:. ' Ulmub.

nate with the calyx lobes ; anth. subsessile ; sty. short ; fi-uit baccate,
consisting of the achenium enclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube,
marked with 8 furrows. — Trees or shrubs, cultivated for trie silvery foli-
age. Leahies alternate.

1. E. ARGENTEA. SUvcr-leavcd Oleaster.

Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, par-
ticularly the lower, silvery and shining with ferruginous scales. — Missouri,
&c. A beautiiul shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, carti-
laginous drupes, f

2. E. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Narroio-leaved Oleaster. — L2's. narrow-lanceolate, acute
at each end, entire, alternate, smooth, canescent ; Jls. axillary, aggregate. — A
tree of middle size from Europe, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and fine
fruit, which, " when dried, resembles an oblong plum with a reddish skin and
a flavor similar to that of a date." :f

3. E. LATiPOLiA. Broad-leaved Oleaster. — L/os. ovate, evergreen. — E. India, f

Order CXVI. ULMACE^.— Elmworts.

Trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves.

Slip. 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous.

Fls. sometimes by abortion dicecious, in loose clusters, never in catkins.

Cal. free from the ovary, campanulate, 4— 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation.

Sta. inserted on the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them.

Ova. 1— 2-celled. Ovules solitary. Stigmas 2, distinct.

Fr. indehiscent, either a samara or drupe, l-celled ; l-seeded.

Seed pendidous, without albumen. Cotyledons fuliaceous.

Genera 9, species 60, natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery
elm (Uimus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the euns aflbrd excellent timber.

Genera.

Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4— 5-cleft. Fruit samaree Ulmus. 1

Flowers polygamous. Caiyxof sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruit a drupe Celtic. 2

1. ULMUS.

From elm, its original name in Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, and other Celtic dialects.

Flowers 5 • Calyx campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft ; stamens 5 — 8 ; styles
Q ; samara compressed, with a broad, membranaceous border. — Trees,
rarely shrubs. Lvs. retrorsely scabrous, often abrupt at base. Fls. fas-
ciculate, appearing before the leaves.

1. U.Americana. American Elm. White Elm.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal at the base ; Jls. pedicelled ; fr. fim-
briate.— This majestic tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western
States. It is a native of the forest, but olten grows spontaneously in open fields,
where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous branches. The trunk,
with a diameter o'f 3— 5f, towers to the height of 30, 50, and even 70f, perfectly
straight and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These
ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible
limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a great favorite as a shade tree,
and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over
the " sweet homes" of New England. Leaves short-stalked, oval-acuminate,
doubly denticulate, and 4 — 5' long. The veins are quite regular and promi-
nent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and
appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a den.se down.
The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought; used for the naves of
wheels, &c.

2. U. FULVA. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Branches rough; lvs. bblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, une-
qually serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous
down ; /5. sessile.— Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The slippery'
elm is much sought on account of the mucilage of the inner bark. Its diam-
eter IS 1— 2f, and lieight 20—40. The leaves are larger, thicker and rougher
than those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at

Celtis. CXVi. ULMACEiE. 488

the end3 of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddish, 7
in number. April.

3. U. RACEMosA. Thomas. Cork Elm.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, auviculate on one side ; fls. in racemes ; pedicels in
distinct fascicles, united at their base. — A tree found in Meriden, N. H. ! to
N. Y. ! The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their nutffe-
rous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3 — i' long, | as wide, produced
into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins and
under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 2 — 4 in each of the
fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7 — 8-cleit. Stamens 7 — 10.
Stigmas recurved. Samara ovate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed.

4. U. CAMPESTRis. Eiiglish Elm. — Lvs. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unequal
at base ; Jls. subsessile, densely clustered ; sta. 5—8 ; cat. segments rounded, ob-
tuse; saviara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs. — From
Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small extent.
It is a majestic tree, 50 — 70f high. The main trunk is 2 — 4f diam. at base,
usually prolonged to the summit. The bark is more rough and broken than
that of the American elm, the branches more rigid and thrown off at a larger
angle, the foliage more dense, consisting of smaller and darker-colored leaves.
In form it favors the oak more than our own native elms. Many trees of this
kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly mentioned in Emerson's Report,
pp. 301, 302.

5. TJ. MONTANA. Scotch Elm. Wych Elm. — Lvs. doubly serrate, unequal at
base; Jls. pedicellate; sta. 6 — 8; samara "ViiiYi the margin fringed. — Another
European elm, often attaining an enormous size. The timber is highly valua-
ble. In form it more nearly resembles the slippery elm than the white elm.

6. U. NEMORALis. River Elm.

Lrs. oblong, nearly smooth, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base ; fls.
sessile. — Banks of rivers, N. Eng. to Virginia, according to Pwrsh, Fl. p. 200,
but unknown to any subsequent botanist.

2. CELTIS.

Ccltis was the ancient name for the lotus, which this genua is said to resemble.

Flowers monoecious-polygamous. <^ Calyx 6-parted ; stamens 6.
5 Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; stigmas subulate, elongated,
spreading ; drupe I -seeded. — Trees or large shrubs. Lvs. mostly
oblique at base. Fls. subsolitari/, axillary.

1. C. occiDENTALis. American Nettle TVee. Hoop Ask. Beaver Wood.
Lvs. ovate, acuminate, entire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above,

and rough-hairy beneath; fr. solitary. — This species is some 30f high in New-
England, where it is rarely found, but is much more abundant at the South
and West. The trunk has a rough, but unbroken bark, with numerous slen-
der, horizontal branches. Leaves with a very long acumination, and remarka-
bly unequal at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded
by a small, round, dull red drupe. The wood is tough, and is used for making
hoops, &c.

2. C. CRASsiroLiA. Lam. Hackberry.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally cordate at base, subcoriaceous,
rough both sides ; ped. about 2-flowered. — This tree is thinly disseminated in
the northern parts of the U. S. In woods it is distinguished by its straight,
slender trunk, undivided to a great height, covered with an unbroken bark.
The leaves are of a thick and firm texture, very large, heart-shaped at base.
Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the size of the
whortleberry. The wood is white and close-grained, but neither strong nor
durable. May.

3. C. PUMiLA. Pursh. (C. occidentalis. /?. Miikl.)

Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth
on both surfaces, the younger only pubescent; ped. mostly 3-tlowered ; /rwaj:
solitary. A small shrub, on the banks of rivers. Md.. Ya. Pursh. Leaves
41*

484 CXIX. CALrLlTRlCHACE^E. Callitrichk.

sometimes cordate, nearly as broad as long, with a very short acumination.
Berries brown and glaucous.

Order CXVII. SAURACE^.— Saururads.

Herbs aquatic, with jointed stems. Leaves alternate, with stipules.

F/s in spikes, perfect, achlamydeous, each HI the axil Ota bract or scale. , , -,

Sta. definite, persistent; anth. 2-celled, connectile thick, continuous withtbe slender filament

0»a.— Carpels 3 — 5, each few-ovuled.

Fr.— Capsule or berry 3— 5-celled, few-seeded. , ., ,^ j <■ - iu

Sds. usually solitary in the cells. Embryo minute, cordate, outside of hard, farinaceous albumen.

Genera 4, species T, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes and pools. Properties
unimportant.

1. SAURURUS.

Ch". (ravpa, a lizzard, ovpa, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence.

Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1 -flowered scales ; stamens 6. 7,
8 or more ; anthers adnate to the filaments ; ovaries 4 ; berries 4,
1 -seeded.

S. cERNUtJs. "Willd. (Anonymus aquatica. Walt.) Lizzard Tail.

St. angular ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate. — % An aquatic plant, with
neat foliage, and yellowish, drooping spikes of flowers. Can. to Car. and
W. States! Stem 1|— 2f high, weak, furrowed. Leaves 4 — 6' long, and J as
wide, smooth and glaucous, with prominent veins beneath and on petioles 1 — 2'
long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubu-
lar, cleft above, white. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile, consisting
only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Aug.

Order CXVIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^.— Hornworts.

Herbs submersed, with dichotomous, cellular, verticillate leaves.

Fls. monoecious. Calyx many-parted. ., „ ,, j

Sterile.Sta. indefinite (16-20). Anth. tncuspidate, sessile, 2-celIed.

Fertile.— Ova. free, l-celled, with a suspended, solitary ovule. Style filiform, oblique, sessile.

Fr—Achenium beaked with the indurated stigma. . .

Seed orthrotopous, suspended, e.xalbuminous, and containing 4 cotyledons.

Herbs, floating. Leaves cellular, many-cleft, verticillate.

This order consists of the following genus only, with 6? species. They grow in ditches and pools,
Europe, Northern Asia, Barbary, and North America.

CERATOPHYLLUM.
dr. KCpa;, a horn, (pvWov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves.

Character the same as that of the order.

C. DEMERSUM. Hortiwort.

Xj-cs. 6 — 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back;
fls. axillary ; fr. 3-spined. — n\. An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c., N. Y. to Va.
W. to 111. Stem floating or prostrate, 8 — 16' long, filiform, with numerous
whorls of leaves. They are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform seg-
ments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fruit an
oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. — Sept.

Order CXIX. CALLITRICHACE^.— Starworts.

Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves.

Fls. axillary, solitary, very minute, monoecious, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts.
Sta. 1, rarely 2; filaments slender; anthers l-celled, 2-valved, reniform.
Ova. 4-celled, 4lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; sti?mas simple points.
Fr. l-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous.
Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters both of Europe and America.

CALLITRICHE.

Gr. KoXof, beautiful, -Spil, rpiy^oi;, hair; alluding to the slender stems.

Character the same as that of the order. — %■■

C. VERN.'V. (C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Bw.)

Floating; upper Ivs. oblong-spatulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar-

OXXI. EUPHORBIACE.E.

485

ginate ; caps, with the lobes obtusely margined. — (i) This little polymorphous
plant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U. S. Stem floating,
I — 2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node,
becoming crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the
lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers
white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often monoecious. Anther a little exsaiicd,
yellow. May — Sept.

/?. autwmnalis. Darl. (C. autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.) Floating ; Ivs.
nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little di-
lated towards the end. — In similar situations with, and generally accompanying
the former.

y. tcrrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. Ph.) Proctimbent ar.d
diffuse ; lis. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. — Grows on soft mud, over-
spreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality.

Order CXX. PODOSTEMACE^.— Threadfoots.

Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses.
Las. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem.

Fis. monoecious, achlamyiieous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe.
Sta. often reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous.
Ova. free, 2— 3-celled. Sty. 2 or o. Stig: 2—3.
F/-.— Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves.
Sds. nunaerous, without albumen, attached to a central column.
Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia.

P O D O S T E M U M. L. C. Rich.

Gr. TTODf, Tiodoi, afoot, CTrjijov ; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk.

Stamens 2, with the filaments united below ; ovary oblong-ovoid ;
stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute. — Small,
submersed herbs, adhering to stones arid pebbles.

P. CER.iTOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard.) Threadfoot.

Lis. dichotomously dissected ; fis. solitary, axillary. — Middle ! Western
and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and
attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Leaves numerous, alternate,
coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on
short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the
lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams. July.

Order CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^.— Spurgeworts.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk.

Lvs, opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules.

Fis. moncecious or dioecious, a.\illary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting.

Cor.— Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting.

SterVefl.—Sla. definite or indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled.

Fertile Jl.— Ova. free, of 2— 9 more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolongation of the axis.

Styles distinct, often 2-cleft.
Fr. — Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastioally.
Sd. with a large embryo in fleshy albumen.

Genera 191, species 2500? chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N.
America, north ol Me.xico.

Properties.— An acrid, stimulant and- poisonous principle, residin? chiefly in the milkyjuice, pen-ades
the whole order This principle vanes in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons ; but
It IS volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots or
the Jatropha Manihot. AVhen fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties Ly
washing and e.vposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Crotcm-
oil kom the seeds of CrotonTiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species.

FIG. 53.— 1. Head or capitulum of Eu-
phorbia corollata, v\ifh tnc co.oiu-lilve in-
volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower.
2. The involucre tube cut open, showing
the monandrous, staminate flowers sur-
rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the
flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4.
jy Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3
'' one-seeded cells or carpels.

486 CXXI. EUPHORBlACEiE. Euphorbia.

Conspectus of the Genera.

, Fruit in a toothed, leafy involucre.

f 8— 16-anclrous. ( Fruit not iuvolucrate.

polyanclrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate.
J tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ov rte.
] peulandrous. Leaves cloihed with shining scales,
triandrous. Leaves very snaall. ....
Sterile fla. Imonandrou3, several in a corolla-like involucre.

Acalypha. 2

Croton. 5

Ricinus. 3

Buxua. 7

Crotonapsis. 4

Phyllanthus. 6

Euphorbia. \

1. EUPHORBIA.

Euphm-hus, physician to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine.

Flowers S , mostly achlaraydeous ; involucre monophyllous, sub-
campauulate, with 4 — 5 petaloid segments alternating with as many
external, gland-like teeth, c? 12 or more ; stamen 1 ; filament articu-
lated in the middle. 9 solitary, central ; ovary pedicellate ; styles
3, bifid ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. — Herbs or shrubs,
with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often
stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbellate.

* Heads of flowers in i?ivohicrate uvibels. f Cauline leaves alternate.

1. E. COROLLATA. Flotvering Spurge.

Erect; cauline a.nd floral lvs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of the
invol. obovate, petaloid ; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous. —

01 In dry fields, &c.. Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1— 2f high, generally
simple and smooth. Leaves 1—2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scat-
tered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in
other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the
stem, each of which is subdivided into about 3, and finally into 2 peduncles.
Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. . July Aug. — The central head is

2 or 3 weeks earliest.

2. E. HELioscoPiA. Sun Spurge.

Erect ; floral lvs. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth ; umbel 5-
rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. — (I) A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N.
H" ! to Niagara ! S. to Gar., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation.
Stem smooth, erect, 8 — 16' high. Leaves scattered, § — IJ' long, § as broad at
the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to
the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each
of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of

3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate
fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July.

3. E. NEMORALis. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.) Hairy Spurge.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base,
subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate ; umbel 5 — 8-rayed, rays
ones or twice divided; seg. of the flora.l invol. colored, entire, subreniform ; ova.
verruco.se. — % Moist woods. Can. to Va. Stem 2— 3f high, smooth, raiely
branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 — 4' by 1', entire or slightly serrulate
above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad
as long. Floral involucre pm'plish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly
smooth. May, June.

4. E. obtusata; Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge.

Erect ; Im. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth ; umbel 3-rayed,
rays twice dichotomous ; floral Irs. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse ; caps,
muricate. — % Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12 — 18' high.

5. E. Peplus.

St. erect or ascending, branched below ; umbels 3-rayed, rays mostly di-
chotomous; iuvolucrate lvs. ovate, acute. — (T) A small species, in cultivated
grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Twr.
t Cauline leaves opposite.

6. E. Mercurialina. Muhl.

S^. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft; lis. opposite and ternately verti-

EuPHOuBiA. CXXl. EUPilOKBlACE^. 48'>

cillate, subsessile, oval and entire; fed. terraiual, solitary, 1-flowered. — 1|. In
rocky shades, Penn. Pursh. Jl. Aug.

7. E. Lathyris. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge.

St. erect, stout, smooth ; lis. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous,
sessile ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the invol. lunate, 3-
horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. — (g) Cultivated grounds and gardens.
Stem 2 — 3l'high. Leaves 2 — 4' by 3 — 9", numerous and arranged in 4 rov/s on the
stem. Umbel ot'4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl. — Sept. {y

8. E. Herronii. Riddel). He rr on' s Euphorbia.

Erect, pilose, with opposite branches ; lower Irs. rhombic-ovate, middle
ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse at apex, acute at base;
umbels small, lew flowered. — Q Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, L — 2f high.
Petiole ciliate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept.

9. E. ANGUsTiroLiA. Haworth 1 — St. much branclied at base, ascending and
■with barren branches above; Ivs. crowded, linear, obtuse; umbel many-rayed,
proliferous; Jloral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate. — %. A heath-Hke plant
of the gardens, native of , If high. Leaves 1' by 1", very numerous, spi-
rally arranged, apparently verticillate. f

10. E. MARGiNATA. Pursh. — Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute,
mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous ; umbel 3-rayed, once or twice dicho-
tomous; involucrale lvs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the
margin; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish; c«/'.'!. hoary-pubes-
cent.— (j) Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves
of the involucre, f

* * Heads a.r.illanj or fasciculate. Leaves opposite.

11. E. HYPER1CIF0LIA. SpuTge. Eye-bright.

SI. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; lvs.
opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. — 0 A slender and
branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10 — 20' high, usually pur-
ple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U. S. and Can. Leaves tripli-
veined, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate, 6 — 12" long, and i as
wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal
and axillary. July, Aug.

12. E. MACULATA. (E. depressa. £/Z. E. thymifolia. Z/w?;.) Spotted Spurge.
Procumbent; branches spreading; lvs. serrate, oblong, hairy ; ^5. axillary.

— ® -A- prostrate plant, spreading flat u > n the ground, in sandy fields, Mass. !
to Ind. ! and S. States. Stem 6 — 12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves
opposite, 3 — 6" long and i as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above,
often spotted wi'h dark purple, the margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on
short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre
minute, white. Jl. — Sept.

13. E. poLYGONiFOLiA. Kiiot-grass Spurge.

Procumbent; lvs. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base; fls. in the
axils of the branches, solitary. — ® Sea shores, R. I. ! to Flor. A very smooth,
succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6 — 10' long, dichotomous,
procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 — 5"
by 1", petioles about 1". Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the
forks of the purple stem. June, July.

14. E. Ipecacuan"h.s;. Ipecac Spurge.

Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; lvs. opposite, obovate and oblan-
ceolate ; pcd. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. — % Sandy soil, Middle ! and S.
States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3 — 8'
long. Leaves U — 2' by 3 — 6", sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads
solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June.

15. E. dentata. Michx. Tooihed-leaf Splurge.

Hairy; lvs. opposite, oval, dentate ; _/?s. crowded at the summit of the
stem. — (J) Shady rocks, Penn., Tarrey, to Tenn., Michaux. Upper leaves
spotted. — Probably a variety of E. hypericifolia. Jl. Aug.

488 CXXl. EUPHORBIACEiE. Croton.

16. E. puNicEA. Scarlet or Splendid Euphorbia. — St. sufiruticose, fleshy, armed
■with rigid, sharp thorns ; Ivs. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute,
mucronate ; ped. axillary. 2 or 3 times dichotomous ; involucrate bracts scarlet.
— A singular and showy garden plant.

2. ACALITPHA.

The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles.

jTls. (?. — d" Calyx 3 — 4-parted ; sta. 8 — 16, united at base. — 9
Calyx 3-parted, segments conniveut, persistent; styles 3, elongated,
2 — 3-parted; caps. 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. — Herbaceous or shrubby.
Lvs. alternate.

A. ViRGiNiCA. Three-seeded Mercury.

Pubescent, branched; lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; invol. of
the fertile flowers cordate, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and toothed. — (l) In
dry and gravely soils, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem erect or ascend-
ing at base, 10 — 18' high. Leaves 3-veined, 1 — 2i' long, i as wide, hairy, ob-
tusish. Pistillate flower at the base of the peduncle of the staminate spike.
Involucrum of the fruit axillary, on a short stalk, shorter than the leaves, its
margin cut half way down into long, acute segments. Aug.

/?. (A. Caroliniana. Wall.) Lis. rhombic-ovate, on long petioles.— Penn.
to Ind. !

3. RICINUS.

Lat. ricinns, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble.

Flowers c?. — c? Calyx 5-parted ; sta. many. 9 Calyx 3-parted;
sty. 3, 2-cleft ; caps, echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs and shrubs
with peltate., palmate lvs.

R. COMMUNIS. Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi. — St. frosted or glaucous,
white, herbaceous ; lvs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; caps, prick-
ly.— Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes a tree, although an herbaceous
annual with us. In our gardens it is a tall, smooth plant of a light bluish-
green color. Leaves 4 — 12" diam., on long petioles. From its seeds is ex-
pressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose it is exten-
sively cultivated in the U. S. July, Aug. ^

4. CROTONOPSIS. Michx.
Named from its resemblance (otpis) to the next genus below.

Flowers c?. — J' Calyx 5-parted; cor. of 5 petals; stamens 5. 9
Calyx 5-parted ; cor. 0 ; stig. 3, twice bifid ; caps. 1 -seeded, indehis-
cent. — ® Lvs. alternate, stellately pubescent and sh'umig. F(s. aggre-
gate, the upper ones sterile.

C. LINEARIS. Michx.

St. erect, dichotomously branched ; lvs. clothed with a stellate pubescence
above, with hairs and shining scales beneath. — In the sandy swamps of N. J.
to Car. and 111. Nuttall. Stem 12 — 18' high, and like the leaves sprinkled with
silvery, shining scales. Leaves on short petioles, linear-lanceolate or lance-
ovate. Flowers very minute, in terminal and axillary spikes. June.

5. CROTON.

A Greek name, synonymous with the Lat. ricinus. See jenus No. 3.

Flowers (?. — c? Calyx cylindrical, 5-tootlied ; cor. of 5 petals or 0 ;
sta. 10 — 15. 9 Calyx 5 — many-sepaled ; cor. 0 ; styles 3 or 6, bi-
fid : capsule of 3, coherent, 1-seeded carpels. — A large genus., mostly
tropical., and inconspicuous weeds.

1. C. c.ipiTATUM. Michx.

St. woolly, tomentose; lvs oval-oblong, obtuse, rounded and entire at the
basp, clothed with .soft toraentum on both surfaces; fertile p. at the base of the

Empetrum. CXXII. EMPETRACE^. 489

spikelets ; sty. 6, twice bifid ; stamina^ fls. capitate, crowded. — 0 Grows in
sandy prairies, 111. to the sources of the Missouri.

2. C. ELLiPTicuM. Nutt. (Crotonopsis elliptica. Willd.)

Plant clothed with a stellate pubescence ; Its. elliptical-ovate, the older
ones obtuse at apex, smoothish and green on the upper surface ; Jls. glomerate ;
sty. 3, bifid ; caps, angular, 2-seeded. — (J) 111. Mead, and Mo.

3. C. GLANDULdSUM.

St. trichotomous ; Ivs. oblong, serrate, hairy beneath, nearly entire, and
bearing 2 glands at the base ; spikes of flowers situated in the division of the
stem. — ©111. {Mead), river bottoms.

G. PHYLLANTHUS.

Gr. (pvWov, oi/Sof ; the leaves of the original species bear flowers at the edges.

Flowers S . — c? Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading, colored seg-
ments ; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didy-
mous. 9 Calyx as in the c? ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled ;
cells 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs with alternate., stipulate
leaves and minute., axillary flowers.

P. Carolinensis. Walt. (P. obovatus. Willd.)

St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; Ivs. simple, entire, gla-
brous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ■,Jis. few, subsolitary, axillary.
— (1) A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. ! to 111. ! Stem 6 — 10' high, slender,
the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6 — 8" by 4 — 5", of the branches
twice, and of the bianchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 — 3 in each axil,
the (j^with the 9, 2 — 1" diam., whitish. July, Aug.

7. BUXUS.

The Greek name of this plant was 0v|oj.

Flowers i . — J* Ca-lyx 3-leaved ; petals 2 ; sta. 4, with the rudiment
of an ovary. 9 Cal. 4-sepaled ; pet. 3 ; sty. 3 ; caps, with 3 beaks
and 3 cells ; seeds 2. — Shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite.

B, sEMPERViRENS. Br^x. — Lvs. ovate ; petioIcs hairy at edge; anth. ovate,
saggittate. — Var. angustif./lia has narrow, lanceolate leaves. Var. suffrnlicosa,
the dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed
for edgings in gardens. — The box with its varieties is native of Europe.

Order CXXII. EMPETRACE^.— Croavberries.

Shruis small, evergreen, heath-like, with exstipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers.

Fls. dioecious. Cal. consisting of hypogynous. imbricated scales.

fSta. equal in number to the inner sepalsand alternate with them.

Ova. 3— 9-celle(l, with a single erect ovule in each cell.

Styles short or 0. Stig-mas lobed and olten lacerated.

Fr.— Drupe seated in the persistent calyx, containing 3—9 bony nueides.

Sds. solitary, ascending, albuminous. Radicle inferior.

Genera 4, species 4, natives of Europe, North America and the Straits of Magellan. They are acrid.
The berries are used for food in Greenland.

Genera.

( 6— 9-seeded. Empetrum. 1
Drupe \ 3-seeded. OaJcesia. 2

I. EMPETRUM.

Gi". tv, upon, Tcrpoi, a stone; from the places of its natural growth.

Flowers 9 c?. Perianth consisting of 2 series of sepaloid scales.
J* Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. 9 Styles 6 — 9,
very sliort, erect, or 0 ; stigmas oblong, radiate-spreading ; drupe
globose, 1 -colled ; seeds 6 — 9. — Low, alpine shrubs.

E. NIGRUM. Croxoberry.

Procumbent: branches smooth: Ivs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at

490 CXXIII. JUGLANDACEiE. Juglans.

each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin. — A small, prostrate, alpine
shrub, Ibund on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcare-
ous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and
closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are i — f ' long and a
line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper
leaves. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn.

2. OAK ESI A. Tuckerman.

Dedicated to William Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass., to whom N. Eng. botany is greatly indebted.

Flowers J 5 9- — c? Stamens 3, enclosed in 3 — 6 membranaceous,
sepaloid scales ; fil. filiform, exserted, distinct ; anth. 2-lobed, open-
ing by lateral clefts. 9 or 5 Calyx of 3 equal, membranaceous
scales in the axis of a larger, ovate, ciliate scale ; stam. 3 or 0 ; sty.
trifid ; ova. 3-celled ; drupe 3-seeded.

0. CoNRADi. (Empetrum. Torr. Tuckermania. KlofzcL) Plymouth
Crcwberry. — A low, bushy, tufted shrub, about If high, in Plymouth, Mass.,

jE7OTe?w«, pine barrens, N. J., Torreij, N. Y., Vascy. Stems slender, with a
reddish-ash-colored bark, with short, verticillate branches. Leaves evergreen,
numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, J' long, linear, revolute. Flowers
in terminal clusters of 10 — 15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and
styles. — Plants with ^ are less common than those with (^ or 9 . March, Apr.

Order CXXIII. JUGLANDACE^.— Walnuts.

Tre&^, with alternate and uneqiially pinnate leaves and no stipules.

Fls. green, inconspicuous, monccious. Strrile in amenta. Corolla 0.

Cal. membranaceous, oblique, irregular. Sta. indefinite (3—36).

Fe.rtHc in small clusters. Corolla 0 or sometimes present and 3— 5-petaled.

Cat.— Tahf. adherent, limb 3— 5 parted. [dilated.

Ova. 1-eelled (partially ii—4-celled). OvuJe solitaiy, erect. S?yte? 0—2, verj' short. .Srig". 1—2, much

Ft. drupaceous, 1-celled, with 2—4 imperfect partitions ; endocarp bony.

Sd. 2— 4-lobed. without albumen, oily.

Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American.

PropertiPS—The well known fruit of the ivttermit, reaJnut, pcecan-nvt, §-c., is sweet and whole-
some, abounding in a rich, drying oil. The epicarp, and even the integument of the kernel, are very
astringent. The timber is higlily valuable.

Genera.

U-cleft. Leaves 15— 21 -foliate Julians. 1

Corolla of the fertile flowers I none. Leaves 5— 9-foliate. Carya. 2

1. JUGLANS.

Lat. Jovis glans ; i. e. the nut of Jove ; a name given it by way of eminence.

(^ in an imbricated, simple ament ; calyx scale 5 — 6-parted. some-
what bracteate at base ; stamens about 20. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior;
corolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2 ; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, inde-
hiscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly furrowed. — Trees of large
size., with alternate.1 unequally finnate leaves. Leaflets 7iv.merous.
Sterile ame7its axillary. Fertile flowers terminal.

1. J. ciNEREA. (J. cathartica. Michx.') BvtlcrnuL Mliitc Walnut.

Lfs. numerous (1.5 — 17), lanceolate, serrat?, rounded at the base, soft-
pubescent beneath ; petioles villous ; /'•. oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse
point, viscid, hairy; miclcvs ohlong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrow-
ed.— The butternut is found throughoiU the N. England, Middle and Western
States, and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven,
rocky soils. It is 40 — 50f high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches
are horizontal, and unu.sually wide-spreading, forming a very lai'ge head.
Leaves 12 — 20' long, con.sisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one.
Barren flowers in long aments ; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily,
pleasant-flavored, and well-knov/n in N. England. The wood is of a reddis'h
hue, light, and is considerably used in panneling and ornamental work. From
the bark is extracted an excellent cnthartic. April, May.

Carya. CXXIII. JUGLANDACEiE. 491

2. J. NIGRA. Black WalmU.

Lfts. numerous (15 — 21), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering
above ; petioles, and under side of the leaves subpubescent ; fr. globose, with
scabrous punctures. — The black walnut is a common and "stately forest tree
in the Middle and "Western States, but sparingly found in the Northern. It
arises 60 — 901 ! high with a diameter of 3 — 6. In open lands it spreads widely
into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a
deep violet color, surrounded with a white alburnum. It is used extensively,
west of the Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet work.
April, May.

2. CARYA.

Gr. Kopva, the walnut, from Kapa, roundish ; in allusion to the shape of the nut.

c? Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichoto-
mous ; scales 3-parted ; stamens 4 — 6 ; anthers hairy. 9 Calyx
4-cleft, superior ; corolla 0 ; styles 0 ; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the
lobes bifid ; epicarp 4-valved ; nucleus subquadrangular, even. —
Large trees. Pubescence stellate. Lfts. few. c? a?nents branched.

1. C. ALBA. Nutt. i^Juglans squamosa. Mx. /) Shag-bark Walnut or
Hickory. — Lfts. 5 — /, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,

sharply serrate, villous beneath, the odd one sessile ; aments filiform, smooth ;
//•. somewhat quadrangular, smooth. — Native throughout the Atlantic States,
and abundant farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with rough
and shaggy bark consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering
by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact
and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making
hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, &c. It is considered
superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epi-
carp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored
kernel. April, May.

2. C. TOMENTosA. Michx. (Jugians alba. Linn.') White Walnut. Mocker-
nut Hickory. — Lfts. 7 or 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate,

pubescent beneath, odd one subpetiolate; aments fililbrm, tomentose'; /;-. sub-
globose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp ; nut with a hard, thick shell and a
small, but agreeably-flavored kernel. — This tree is found in all the Atlantic
States, growing 50f high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never
scaly. In winter it may be known by its large, greyish-white and very hard
buds. The drupes, which are very various in size, have a small kernel diffi-
cult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag-barks.
April, May.

3. C. poRCiNA. Nutt. (Jugians glabra. Willd.) Hog Walnut.

Lfs. mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both sides, odd
one subsessile ; fr. and nucleus obcordate or oblong. — Found in woods through-
out the U. S., growing to the height of 50— 70f. The drupes afford small, bit-
ter kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in
a superior degree, and is used wherever great strength is required. It make.s
excellent fuel. May.

4. C. AMAKA. Nutt. (Jugians amara. Michx.) Bitternut Hickory.

Lfs. about 9, ovafe-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides
except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one short, petiolate, the rest ses-
sile ; //•. subglobose, with the sutures prominent above; drupe smooth, subglo-
bosB ; kernel bitter. — Grows in mo.st of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in
Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe has a thin shell which may be
broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely
touch it.

5. C. SULCATA. Nutt. (Jugians. WiUd. J. laciniosa. M.v. Thick Shell-bark.

Lfs. 7 — 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, ter-
minal one subsessile and attenuate to tlie base ; //•. roundish, 4-angled, smooth,
uut oblong, slisrhtlv compressed. con«picuouslv inurronate. — N. Y to Car and

492 CXXIV. CUPULIFERtE. auERCus

Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the
Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other species. It is a
large tree, 50 — 70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length
are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba.
Leaves 10 — 20' in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile
aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and
nearly twice larger than in C. alba.

6. C. MicROCARPA. Nutr. Small-fruited Hickory.

Lfh. 5 — 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con-
spicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous; /r. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin; nut
small, slightly quadrangular. — A large tree, 60 — 80f high, in moist woodlands,
Pcnn. Darlington. Trunk IJ — 2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly
5, often 7, 4 — 8' by 2 — 3', the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets
and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pi.stillate
flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on a common peduncle, with conspicuous se-
pals. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate.

Order. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^.— Mastworts.

Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight-veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding

straight from the midvein to the margin.
Fls. generally mona-cious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles.
Ca/.— Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like.

Sta. 1—3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their bases. [each.

Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in
Stig. several, subsessile, distinct.

Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule.
Sets. 1, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive), peiidulous. Aibutnen 0.
Emhri/o large. Cotyledons Heshy, plano-conve.\. Radi.clemiavAe, superior.

Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and
of mountainous tracts within the tropics.

Properties.— 'The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The
edible fruit of the /lazel-niit, diestnut. beechnut, ^-c, are too well known to require description. Cork
is the bark of Quercus Suber. Siit-gails are producd from the petioles of Q. inlectoria of Asia Minor,
being caused by wounds made by insects.

Conspectus of the Genera.

fin an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed Castanea. 2

in a muricate, valvate cupule. and sharply 3-angIed. .... Fagus. 3

i in a hairy, i coriaceous, involucrate cuiude Coryl^is. 4

( enveloped I inflated . . ^ membranous, closed cupule Ostrya. 5

< (acorn) partly immersed m a scaly cupule Quercus. 1

Nut ( naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract Cai'pinus. 6

I. aUERCUS.

Celtic quer, fine, and cucz, a tree ; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it.
The more common Celtic name was clerw ; hence druid.

(^ in a loose araent; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5 — 10. 9 Cupule
cup-sliapecl, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary
3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive ; style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; nut (acorn)
coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged,
cup-shaped, scaly cupule. — A noble genus of trees., rarely shrubs. Aments
axillary., pendulous, Jillform, ivit/i thcfloioers distinct.
^ 1 . Fructification annual. Fruit 'pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate.

* Leaves lobed.
1. a. ALBA. Wiile Oak.

Lvs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtttse, entire,
dilated upwards ; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate. — The white
oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can.', and for grandeur, strength
and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di-
ameter of 5 — Gf, it attains the height of 70 — 80, but its magnitude varies
with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and
entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young.
Fruit rather large. Bark while, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim-
ber of great value flir strength r.nd durability. It is extensively employed in

I!

auERCUs. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^. 493

ship-building, in coopering, in carriage-making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The
bark is useful in tanning, and in medicine. May.

2. Q.. MACROCARPA. Ovoxiip While Oak.

Lvs. tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply
in the middle), lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cupule deep, with the
upper scales setose ; acorn ovate, turgid. — Most common in the Western States !
frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in N. Eng. and N. Y.
It is 60 — 70f in height, clothing itself with dark green, luxuriant foliage. Leaves
10 — 15' long, being larger than those of any other species here described. The
acorns are also of extraordinary size, enclosed § of their length in the cup which
is usually bordered with hair-like filaments. May.

3. Q.. .STEi.LATA. (CI. obtusiloba. Michx.) Iron Onk.

Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very
obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, 2-lobed ; cal. hemispherical ; acorn oval. — The
iron oak, called also poaL oak, box while oak, turkey oak, tf-c, is common in the
Western ! Middle and Southern States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moder-
ate size, wiih widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is grey-
ish-white. Leaves thick, strongly tomentose beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes which are
sometimes .so arranged as to appear crucilbrm or stellate. Acorns very sweet.
The timber is finer grained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hence
it is useful for posts, staves, carriages, &c. The crooked branches afford knees
for ship-building.

4. CI. oi,iv;eformis. Mossy-cup Oak. ,
Lvs. oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pin-

natifid ; cvp. deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on the edge ; acorn oval-ovate. — This
species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It is a large
and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable tor its smaller branches always inclining
downwards. The leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely two can
be found alike. May.

* * Leaves dentate, not lobed.

5. CI. prinus. Willd. (Q.. Prinus palustris. Michx.) Siearnp Chestnut Oak.

Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse, un-
equal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; cup deep, attenuate at base; acvni ovate.
— This oak is seldom met with in N. England, but abounds in the rest of the
U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the height of 50f
with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive
top to the height of 80— 90f. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and
sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent fuel.

6. Q.. Bicor.oR. Willd. (Q.. Prinus discolor. Michx.) Sicamp While Oak.
Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, coarsely toothed, entire at

the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip; petioles
short; fr. on long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, acorn oblong-ovate. —
The swamp oak isdifl^nsed throughout most of the U. S., growing in low, swampy
woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of TOf.
Foliage rich and luxuriant, leaves smooth and green above and white downy
beneath, 5—7' by 2i — 4'. The trunk is covered with a grayish-white bark
which divides into large, flat scales. It aftbrds excellent fuel and timber.

7. C. MONTANA. Willd. (GL. Prinus monticola. Mx.) M(nmtain Oak=
Lvs. broad-ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely

toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base; icelh obtuse (or rarely acule !) sub-
equal ; fr. in pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugose and
tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak, sometimes called rock chestnut oak,
is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain
sides. Its height seldom exceeds 60f, and is generally much less. In open
situations its top spreads widely and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow,
rather short. Timber valuable in ship-building, &c,

8. Q,. CAST.4NEA. Willd. (Gl. Prinus acuminata. Michx.) Yellow Oak.
C/ieslnut Oak. — Lvs. on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base,

acuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated, obtuse teeth ; cup

494 CXXIV. CUPULIFERiE. auERCus.

hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate. — The yellow oak abounds in the Middle
and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 601"
in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light
green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by'acorns usually
sweet-tlavored. Timber little used.

9. Gt. CniNauAPiN. Michx. (Gl. prinoides. Willd.) Dwarf Chestnut Oak.
Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the ba.se, glaucous beneath, with

coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup hemispherical ; acorn
ovate. — This is one ot the most diminutive of all the oaks, never e.xceeding 3 — 4f
in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but
not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size,
very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground.

^ 2. Fructification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate.
* Leaves sinuale-lobed.

10. Q,. RUBRA. Red Oak.

Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den-
tate ; cup .shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate. — The red oak is the most
common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide-
spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 — 10' long,
smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu-
cronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns
contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are
greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively
used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim-
ber, but excellent for fuel.

11. R. TiNCTORiA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yelloio-bark Oak.

Lvs. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes
oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup flat; acorn depressed-globose. — This oak is
found throughout the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 — 90f
in height and 4 — 5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown.
Leaves 6 — 8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown,
nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of
this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron
oali. The bark is used in tanning.

12. CI. coccTNEA. Wang. StarJet Oak.

Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply .sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate,
dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; arorn short, ovate. — The scarlet oak is
most ainindant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the
more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a
diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu-
ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they
are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or
brown. Acorns large, similarly round:;d at both ends, half immer.sed in the cup.
Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel.

13. CL. PAt,usTRis. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak.

Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth; axils of the reins
tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cvp flat,
smooth; acorn subglobo.se. — The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States!
and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in
swamps and wet woods. Height GO — 80f, with a diameter of 2 — 4. It is remark-
able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad-
vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into
it; also for its light and open Ibliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained,
little esteemed as timber. Acorns sm.nll, round, in shallow cups. May.

14. Q.. ELONGATA. (CI. rubra. Walt. d. falcata. Micli.z.) Spanish Oak.

Lvy.. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some-
what falcate, .setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated ; cup shallow,
somewhat turbinate ; acoi-n globose. — Sandy soils, N. J. to Ga. Trunk 70 — 80f
high, 4 — 5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J.

Castanea. CXXIV. CUPULIFERiE. «5

Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous.
Lobes of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always
clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on pedimcles
1 — 2" in length. May. — The bark is highly esteemed in tanning.
♦ * Leaves dentate or slightly lubed.

15. Q,. iLiciFOLiA. Willd. (Q.. Bannisteri. Michx.) Shrub or Scrub Oak.
Bear Oak. — Lis. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3 — 5-lobed, entire on

the margin, whitish-downy beneath ; cup subturbinate ; acorn subglobose. — A
shrub, common throughout the U. S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens
which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3 — 4f high, divided into
numerous, straggling branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be
greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May.

16. Q,. NIGRA. Willd. (Q,. ferruginea. Michx.) Barren-Oak. Black-Jack.
Iron Oak. — Lvs. coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3-

lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, at
length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent be-
neath, villose in the axils of the veins ; fr. with a turbinate cup and roundish
ovoid acorn ; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious. — A small, gnarled tree, with dark,
massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. ! and S. States. Trunk 20 — 30f high,
with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3 — 5'
by 2i — 4', broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but little
longer than the other two. Petioles 3 — 6" long. May. — The wood is very
valuable for fuel.

17. Q,. TRILOBA. Daiony Black Oak.

Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the end,
tomentose beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one
longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn. — A tree of rapid
growth, 25 — 40f high, in the pine "barrens of N. J. to Flor.

18. d. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. (Q.. Leana. Clark.)

Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or rounded
or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only
wavy or entire ; lobes setaceous-acuminate ; acorn subglobo.se, in a hemispheri-
cal cup ; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Ohio ! I have specimens of the
leaves and truit of this remarkable and long lost species from 3Ir. J. Clark,
re-discovered in Ohio, by the late Mr. T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly
variable, usually 4 — G' by \\ — 2', smooth and shining above, tomentose along
the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit f diam.
* * * Leaves entire.

19. GL. Phellos. Willov) Oak.

Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, gla-
brous, mucronate at apex ; acor7i subglobose, in shallow cups. — A tree 30 — GOf
high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight,
10 — 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear con-
siderable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate
when young, 3 — 5' in length. Acorn J' diam. May. — The timber is of little value.

20. Q,. iMBRiCARiA. Laurel Oak. Shi7igle Oak.

Lrs. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very
entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex; acorn
subglobose, in a shallow cup ; scales of the cup broad-ovate. — A beautiful tree,
very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga.
Trunk 40 — 50f high, 1 — 2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large
head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and
firm in texture, 3 — 5' by 1 — U', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June. — The
timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak.

2. CASTANEA. Tourn.

From Castanea, a town inThessaly, where this tree still grows to magnificent dimensions.

c?in a long, cyliudric ament : cal. 6-cleft ; sta. 10 — 12. 9 3, within
a 4-lobed, densely muricated involucre ; cal. 5 — 6-lobed ; sta. 10 — 12
42*

4% CXXIV. CUPULIFERiE. Cohylls.

abortive rudiments ; sty. 6 ; nut mostly ] -seeded, invested with the
enlarged, ecbinate involucre or cupule. — Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly
deciduous, alternate, acuminate. Sterile aments axillary, pendulous.
Fruit enclosed in very -prickly A-lobed burrs.

1. C. Vesca. Gffiit. /?. Americana. Michx. (Pagus Castanea. Linn.)
Chestnut. — Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth

both sides. — Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty-
tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6 — 9' long and i as
wide), with large, uniform teeth, mucronate with the prolonged, straight veins.
Aments as long as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue
to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a pecu-
liar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr Avhich is beset
on all sides with strong, compound, aciUe spines. Timber coarse-grained,
strong, elastic, light and very durable, hence much used for posts, &c. July. —
The nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Span-
ish, chestnut.)

2. C. PUMiLA. Michx. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin.

Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-serrate, hoary-tomentose be-
neath; nut solitary. — Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga. and Tenn.! Shrub
6 — I2f high, much branched. Leaves 3 — 5' by 1^ — 2', smooth above, generally
obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate with the projecting, straight
veinlets; petioles 6" long; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the
lower staminate, 6 — 10' long, upper fertile with remote, pistillate flowers. In-
volucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small,
ovoid, sweet. Ft. Jn. JF^r. Oct.

3. PAGUS.

Gt. ipiyoi, the beech ; it also signifies something eatable.

cJ* in a globose anient; cal. 6-cleft, campanulate ; sta. 5 — 12. 9
2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre ; cal. single, with 4 — 5 minute
lobes ; sty. 3 ; nut 1 -seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny
involucre or capsule. — Lofty trees, with smooth, ash-colored bark. Lvs.
alternate, plicate iii vernation. (T aments on long, pendulous peduncles.

P. sYLVATiCA. Linn. 0. Americana. Nutt. (P. sylvestris. Michx. F.

ferruginia. Ait.) Beech. — Lvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate,
obtuse at base, ciliate with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly gla-
brous, margin with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate ; Inuls lanceolate-
cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers ;
nvts ovoid-triangular, obtuse-mucronate. — A common forest tree, abundant in
N. Eng., frequent in the Western States and British provinces. The trunk is
tall and straight in forests, 50 — 80f high, but lower and with an expansive
head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark.
Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4 — 6' long, J as wide, often
persistent through the winter, i^ aments pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Nut
small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber fine-
grained, with reddish duramen and white alburnum. May.

Obs. — The Red Beech is now regarded only as a variety; with the wood softer, and of more easy
cleavage, and peih ips a sliirht difference in foliage. There are several beautiful varieties in cultivation,
with i>urple foliage, silver foliage, &c. (See garden catiilogues.)

4. CORtLUS.

Gr. Kopvi, a bonnet ; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared.

(^ in a cylindric ament ; cal. scale 3-cleft ; sta. 8; anth. 1-celled.
9 Calyx obsolete ; ova. several ; stig. 2 ; nut ovoid, surrounded with
the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (capsule). — Shrubs.
Aments and capitate fertile clusters subtermmal.

1. C. Americana. Hazel.

Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate ; invoi. roundish-campanulate, much

CXXV. BETULACE^. 497

larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely serrate. — Shrub
5 — 6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Leaves 3 — 6' long
and § as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous
aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by
the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each cne is enveloped. They are a
well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel ov filbert.

2. C. ROSTRATA. Ait. Beaked Hazel.

Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate ; slip, linear-lanceolate ; invol. campanu-
late-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments. — This
species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub,
and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff
hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 — IJ') narrow neck, like a bottle.
Nuts as in C. Americana. May.

5. OSTRYA.

Gr. odTpeov, a scale ; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments.

c? in a cylindric ament ; cal. scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flower-
ed ; anth. conspicuously bearded at the summit. 9 geminate, in a
loose, linear ament ; cal. 0 ; fls. enclosed each in an inflated mem-
branous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut. —
Small, trees.

O. ViRGiNiCA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate; fertile ament oblong, pendulous; buds
rather acute. — A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25 — 30f in height.
Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about
twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended
from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs,
(cups 1) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong,'
much used for levers, &c. Apr. May.

6. CARPlNUS.

Celtic car, wood, and pino, the head ; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle.

d^ in a long, cylindric ament ; cal. scale roundish, ciliate ; sta.
8 — 14, slightly bearded at summit. 9 in a loose ament ; scale large,
oblong, 3-lobed, 1 — 3-flowered ; cal. 6-toothed ; stig. 2 ; nut long,
ovoid, furrowed, 1-seeded. — Small trees. Scales of the 9 aments per-
sistent and becoming foliaceous

C. Americana. Hornbeam.

Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scmUf of the fertile ament
3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth.—
A small tree (1-2 — 20f high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The
wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash-
colored bark. Leaves 2 — 4' long, J as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the
branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate
pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr. May.

Order CXXV. BETULACE^.— Birchworts.

Trees or shrubs, ytHh deciduous stipules.

Lvs. alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight from the midvein to the margin.

F ■im inojcious, amentaceous, mosly achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed bract.

Perianth wantine or of several small scales, sometimes resembling a real calyx

S^en'e.—ftYft. dehnite, distinct. .■!»?/(. 2-celled.

Fertile.— Ova. 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stisrmas 2, distinct.

Fr. 1-celled and I seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent.

Seed pendulous, without albumen.

Genera 2, ? species 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties gene-
rally astringent. The birches are ot ten hne timber trees.

Genera.
<, 10—12. Scales of the fertile aments 3-flowered. . . . Betula l

.'=itamen3 li. Scales of the fertile aments 2-flowered .'.'.' Alnus.' %

498 " CXXV. BETULACE^. Betula,

1. BETtJLA. Tourn.

Bctu ia the Celtic name for the birch.

c? in a cylindric ament ; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate ; calyx 0 ;
stamens 10 — 12. 9 Ament oblong-ovoid: scales subtrilobate ; calyx
0 ; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin. — Trees and shrubs
mostly with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous. Lvs.
ovate., serrate, alternate.

* Trees.

1. B. LENTA. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch.

Dvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, veins beneath and petioles
hairy; fertile aments erect. — This noble species is common in the Eastern and
Middle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a diameter of 2 to 3f. The
trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in
old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor.
Leaves 3 — 4' long, about J as wide. Sterile aments 2 — 3' long, fertile much
shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a delicious morsel.
The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It
is much used in cabinet work. April, May.

2. B. ExcELSA. Ait. Lofty or Yellow Birch.

Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the pedun-
cles ; barren aments ovate, erect ; scales with rounded, lateral lobes. — A common
forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the height of 60 — 80f, with a
trunk 2 — 3f diam., invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 2 —
4' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The
wood is chiefly valuable as fuel. April, May.

3. B. NIGRA. Ait. (B. rubra. Michx.) Bed Birch.

Lvs. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath ;
fertile anient sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal. — A
tree 30 — 50f high, growing on the banks of streams, Methuen, Mass., Emersmi,
to Car. W. to la. ! and III, Mead. Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolate-
colored bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds,
and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender ;
branchlets almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the base. Leaves dark
green above, about 3' by 2', often smaller, petioles 6 — 8" long, pubescent. May.

4. B. POPULIPOLIA. Ait. Poplar-leaved Birch. White Birch.

Lvs. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth
petioles; fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. — This
species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with which the
trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N.
England, where it seldom exceeds 30 — 40f in height. The branches are covered
with a reddish-brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, pendu-
lous aments.

5. B. PAPYRACEA. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch.

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath ; fertile
aments nodding, pedunculate ; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish. — This
birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes at-
tains the height of 60 — 70t, but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is I —
2f in diameter, is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous lamina,
the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light
canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 2 — 3' long, J as
wide. Sterile aments 1 — 2' long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but
not durable, and is used in turnery and furniture work. May, June.

/3. minor. Tuckerman. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them
roundish-obtuse. — White Mts. Shrubs 6 — 9f high.

* Shrubs.

6. B. puMii.A. Dwarf Birch.

Low, shrubby ; yomig branches pubescent, without glandular dots ; lvs. or-
bicular-obovate, petioles dense!}' pubescent beneath ; fertile ament cylindrical.

CXXVI. MYRICACE^. 499

Slirub 3— 3f high, mountains, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. " In several low places
towards the hills " Penn. Bartram. Cedar swamps, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant
(fide Tuckerman.) A very obscure species, unless it be the following.

7. B. GLANDULOSA. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch.

Low ; braiuhes glandular-punctate, glabrous ; lis. obovate, entire at base,
obtusely serrate, glabrous ; fertile aments oblong ; scales half 3-clelt, lobes ovate-
oblong, middle one rather longest ; nut orbicular, with a narrow margin. — A
beauiifal shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the IN, and N. W.
States ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Height 2 — tf Leaves about 9" by 6 or 7", very
regularly toothed. — If this shrub be distinct from the preceding, it may be known
by its glandular-dotted branches and its want of pubescence — scarcely by its
variable leaves.

8. B. LiTTELLLiNA. Tuckcrman.

Low, glabrous ; branches resinous-punctate ; Ivs. suborbicular, coarsely
serrate ; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, scales trifid, lobes oblong-obovate, mid-
dle one longest.— White Mts., Tuckerman. Shrub somewhat erect. Leaves 2
— 4 times larger than those of B. nana.

9. B. NANA. Tiny Birch.

Low, smooth ; Ivs. orbicular, crenate, reticulated beneath ; scales of the
ament deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless. — This miniature tree
is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &e., of the White Mts. !
It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches
few and straggling, the leaves \ — §' in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and
distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 — 2" long.

2. ALNUS. Tourn.
c7 Ament long, cylindric, composed of cuneate, truncate, 3-lobed,
3-flowered bracts ; cal. 4-parted ; sta. 4. 9 Ament ovoid ; bracts 2-
flowered ; 3-fid ; cal. 0; nut wingless, compressed. — Shrubs^ arising
from large and strong roots. Buds ■pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in ver-
nation.^ alternate., simple., deciduous.

1. A. iNCANA. Willd. (A. glauca. Michx. Betula incana. Linn.)

Lrs. submembranaceous, oblong, acuiish, obtuse at base or cordate, mar-
gin somewhat lobed, sharply serrate, glaucous-pubescent beneath ; Tems hirsute,
their axils naked ; slip, oblong-lanceolate ; fertile aments ov3.\. — Not uncommon
in N. Eng. and Mid States. A tall shrub or small tree, readily distinguishable
by the form and pubescence of the leaves.

2. A. RUBRA. Marsh. (A serrulata. Willd and \st edit.) Common Alder.
Lvs. obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, the veins and their axils hairy

beneath; slip, elliptical, obtuse. — A well known shrub growing in clumps, and
forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems
numerous, rather straight, 10 — I5f in height. Leaves 2 — 4' long and § as wide,
strongly veined ; petioles j — J' long. Aments 2 — 3' long, slender, pendulous,
lascicled at the ends of the branches ; fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, per-
sistent, several together a little below the sterile ones. March, April.

3. A. CRispA. Michx. (Betula crispa. Ait.)

Lvs. oval, acute, obtusish at base, doubly serrate, clothed with a soft vis-
cid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins and axils beneath ; slip.
broadly ovate ; fertile aments on long peduncles, oval. — White Mts., Tuckerman,
Green Mts., R.bbins, Can., Michaux. An elegant shrub, 3 — 4f high. Leaves
varying to broad-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, other-
wise softly pirbescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr.

OiiDEii CXXVI. MYRICACE^.— Galeworts.

Shrubs or small trees, aromatic, covered with resinous glands or dots. Lvs. alternate, simple.

FIs. moncecious or dioecious, amentaceous, each axillary to a bract.

Sterile.— Sta. 2 — 6. Anth. 2— 4-celled, opening longitudinally.

Fertile.— Ova. 1-celled, l-ovuled, surrounded by several hypogynous scales.

500 CXXVII. SALICACEiE.

Stig 2, subulate, or dilated and petaloid.

F/- drupaceous or dry. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen.

Genera 3, species about 20, found in the temperate parts of North America, in India and South Africa,
one species in E.uope. Sweet Fern is highly aromatic and astringent. The fruit of the bayberry bush
yields wax in abundance.

Genera.

Scuneate-lanceolate. serrate. Flowers dicEcious r^^?j^iji I

Leaves { sinuale-pinnaUtid. Flowers moncecious i^ompumia. a

1. MYRiCA.

Gr. ftvptD, to flow; because some of the species are native of river banks and inundated places.

Flowers c? 9 • Aments ovate-oblong ; scales loosely imbricate, lunate.
(? Stamens 4 — 6, short, erect; anth. large, 4-valved. 9 Ovary 1,
superior ; sty. 2, spreading ; stig. 2, acute ; drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.
— Stipules very fugacious or 0.

1. M. Gale. Sweet Gale. Dutch MyrtU.

Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse and serrate above, margin very
entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole ; slerik aments
of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate scales ; fr. in an oblong, dense, amenta-
ceous head.— A branching shrub, 3— 4t' high, on the inundated borders of ponds
and mountain lakes, Northern States and Can. Leaves dark green, paler be-
neath with a strong midvein, 9—18" by 4 — 6", entire i the length. ^ and 9
aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1' in length, the latter
axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves, when crushed, with a pungent,
spicy odor. May.

2. M. CERiFERA. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.

Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-oblong, rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolate,
margin entire or remotely dentate above, paler and with distinct veinlets be-
neath ; aments cotemporary with the leaves, lateral, naked, the J^ larger, with
lax, roundish scales; fr. spherical, distinct, clustered, naked, covered with wax.
—This interesting and useful shrub is found in dry woods or in open fields.
Nova Scotia to Flor. W. to Lake Erie. It varies in height from 2— 8f, covered
with a grayish bark. It has a very branching top, numerous dry-looking leaves
li — 2k' hy'h — I'. The J" and 9 aments on separate plants, below the leaves,
j_|' long, the former much thicker. The fruit consists of a globular stone en-
closing a kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax, which, being sepa-
rated by boiling water, constitutes the bayberry talluv) of commerce. May.

2. COMPTONIA,

In honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London, who made an extensive collection of plants.

Flowers §. c? Ament cylindric ; bract reuiform-cordate, acumi-
nate ; cal. scale 2-parted ; sta. 3, forked ; anth. 6. 9 Ament ovate ;
cal. scales 6, longer than the bract ; sty. 2 ; nut ovoid, 1 -celled. —
Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow., pin?iati/id-lobed, with small stipules.

C. ASPLENiFOLiA. Ait. (Liqnidambar. Linn.) Sweet Fern.

Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid. — A well known,
handsome, aromatic shrub, 2f high, common in dry woods and hills. The main
stem is covered with a rusty, brown bark, which becomes reddish in the branches,
and white downy in the young shoots. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles,
3 — i' by J', divided nearly to the midvein into numerous, rounded lobes so as
to resemble those of the .spleenwort. Stipules in pairs, acuminate. Barren
flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile flowers in a
dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren ones. Fruit a small,
ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May.

Order CXXVII. SALICACE^^.— Willoworts.

Fref.^ or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules.
Fis. di(Ecious, amentaceous, achlamydeous, axillary to 1-flowered bracts.
Sterile.—Sta. 2 — several, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled.
Fertile.— Ova. i— 2-ceUed. Ovules niunerous, erect. St'jles or stigmas 2.

Sahx. CXXVII. SALICACEiE. 501

Fr. coriaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved.

Sds. numerous, ascending, furnished with a silky coma. Albumen 0.

Genera 2, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate and frigid zones, one species, Salix
arctica, extending farther north than any other known woody plant.

Properties.— The hark is astringent and tonic, possessing tne febrifugal properties of the sulphate of
quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes.

Ge7iera.

i 2—5. Capsule 1-celled. Sclix. 1
Stamens 1 8—20. Capsule 2-celled. Fopulus. 2

1. SALIX.*

Celtic sa!, near, and lis, water ; alluding to their usual locality.

Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated, 1 -flowered, each with a nec-
tariferous gland at base, cf Calyx 0 ; sta. 2 — 7. 9 Calyx 0 ; ova.
ovoid-lauceolate, acuminate; stig. 2, mostly bifid; caps. 1-celled,
2-valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute at summit ; seeds numer-
ous, minute, comose. — Trees, shrubs and undershrubs. Lvs. usually
narroiv and elongated, each with 2 conspicuous stipules. Aments termi-
nal and lateral.

§ 1. CiNEEEiE. Borr^x Upland, grayish shn.ibs. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, mostly
entire, rugose, canescent-pilose, margins often revolute. Aments oval or oval-cylin-
dric, expanding before the leaves, with centrifugal inflorescence. Stamens 2. Scales
red, finaUy black. Q aments recurved when young. Ovary pedicellate ; stigma
red or pale yellow, finally green. — Barratt.

1. S. TRisTis. Ait. (S. longirostris. Michx.) Sage Willow.

Lis. linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate at base, entire or remotely
undulate-toothed, margin subrevolute, apex acute or obtusish; slip, minute,
narrow-lanceolate, caducous ; aments very small ; scales orbicular-oblong,
hairy at the margin; ore. with grayish, .silky pubescence ; s^'y. short. — Sandy
or dry fields, borders of woods, pastures, N. Eng. ! to Ind. ! and 111. A small,
dowriy shrub, with a profusion of aments in spring, appearing before the
leaves. Leaves at length numerous, often crowded and rosulate at the ends of
the branches, 1 — 2' long, tapering lironi above the middle to a very short peiiole,
the margin often revolute, under surface glaucous, otten pubescent, upper gene-
rally smoothish. In starved specimens the whole plant is grayish-white, with
very small leaves.

i3. (S. Muhlenbergiana. PL and 1st edit.) Shrub larger in all its parts.
Bark green on the stem, yellowish and downy on the new branches. Leaves
2 — 3' long, often abrupt at base.

y. Monadelphia. Barratt. Sta. united half their length. — Conn.

2. S. Muhlenbergiana. Barratt. (S. conifera. Miihl. and 1st edit.) Muh-
lenberg's Willow. — Lvs. oblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous above,

pubescent and not rugose beneath ; young branches smooth ; slip, lunate, sub-
dentate; aments precocious, diandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous; ova.
pedicellate, lanceolate, silky ; sty. long, bifid ; stig. 2-lol3ed. — A shrub in dry
soils, Northern States, 4 — 8f high, witli brown twigs. On the ends of these,
cone-like excrescences are often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments
covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April.

3. S. CANDIDA. Willd. White Willow.

Lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, very long, obscirrely serrulate at the
summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, revolute on the margin ; slip.
lanceolate, as long as the petioles ; aments cylindric ; scales obovate, obtuse,
very long, hairy ; siig. 2-lobed. — A beautiful species in shady woods. Stems
4 — 6f high. Leaves 8 — 12' by 1 — 2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool.
Styles and stigmas dark red, ^' in length. April, May.
§ 2. DiscoLORES. Borrer. Trees or shrubs blossoming in early spring. Leaves

serrate or denticulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous and pubescent beneath.

Aments oval or cylindrical, preceding the leaves, smooth, silky or woolly, withovt floral

' Arranged according to Dr. Joseph Barratt. See preface.

502 CXXVII. SALICACE^. Salix

leaves, centrifugal. Scales turning black. Stamens 2, free or united. Ova. stipi-
tate, subpubescent. Barratt.

4. S. DISCOLOR. Mnhl. T\oo-colored or Bog WiUmo.

Lvs. oblong, rather acute, glabrous above, entire at the end, glaucous
beneath ; stip. lanceolate, serrate, deciduous ; aments cotemporary with the
leaves, oblong, downy, diandrous ; scales oblong, acute, black, hairy ; ova. ses-
sile, downy ; stig. 2-parted. — A shrub, 8 — lOf high, in swampy grounds, Can. to
Car., with tough brown twigs, and white, glossy catkins. Leaves 1—3' long,
finely serrate except at the end. Sterile aments about J' long, fertile V. Fila-
ments white, anthers at length yellow. April.
(i. Monadelphia. Barratt. Tree 10 — 151 high. Filaments 3 — 4, half-united.

5. ERiocEPHALA. Michx. WooUy-hcaded Swamp Willow.

Branchlets very pubescent, brown or purplish; lvs. lanceolate-elliptic or
oblong, cuneate at base, entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glau-
cous or ferruginous, both surfaces pubescent when j'oung, at length the upper
surface green and nearly smooth; slip, semicordate, with sharp serratures;
avicnts oval-oblong, densely villous. — A small tree, putting forth its large and
exceedingly woolly catkins in April. Grows in swamps, N. Eng.

6. S. PRiNoiDES. Ph. Prijios-lcaved Willotv.

Branchlets puberulent when young, at length glabro* and dark brown ;
lvs. oval-oblong or lance-oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, cuneate at base,
remotely serrulate, acute or abruptlj' acuminate; stip. semicordate, incisely
serrate; a/wrafe preceding the leaves, hairy; oia. ovoid, acuminate, silky; stij.
long ; siig. bifid.— Shrub 6— 8f high, N. Eng. to Penn., W. to Mich. Catkins
appearing in April, 1 — 2' long. Ovaries distinctly stipitate, tapering at apex
into the long, exserted style.

7. S. CRASSA. Barratt. Dense-Jloicered Early Willotv.

Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, rather remotely serrate, entire towards the base,
glabrous and dull green above, veiny and clothed with short, ferruginous hairs
beneath, adult subcoriaceous ; stip. small, lanceolate, serrate or often wanting;
(^ aments ovate, sessile, densely clothed with j'ellowish-white, silky hairs; scales
obovate. — A hairy and beautifiil willow, rare in N. Eng. Tree about 15f high,
with rough, ash-colored bark. Branches irregular and knotiy, with thick,
densely flowered twigs in April. Leaves 3i' by 1'. (^ catkins 1 — 2' long.

8. S. SENsiTiVA. Barratt. Frost or Tender Wilhm.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate
at the apex, and more distantly and strongly serrate towards the base, glabrous
and rather thin ; slip, subfalcate, serrate ; ^f aments rather lax ; scales rather lax,
lightly clothed with grayish-black hairs. — A small tree, about 15f high, found
in various parts of N. Eng., &c. The aments and twigs are frequently destroy-
ed by Irost at flowering-time, being thinly protected with hairs. Leaves smooth,
3 — 5' by \\ — 2'. Aments IJ' long. Apr. — This and the three next preceding
species are very closely allied, as suggested by Mr. Emerson, Rep., p. 262, and
it is possible that they may hereafter be united under one species.

§ 3. Griseje. Borrer. Shrubs uitk branches brittle at base, and an intensely bitter
bark. Leaves lariceolate, serrate, grayish-silky beneath, tui~ning black in drying.
Aments cylindrical, rather short, preceding the leaves, with 2 or 2 minute leaves at
base. Stamens 2, beginning to appear from the middle of the ament. Ovaries
grayish-silky. Barratt.

9. S. CRisEA. Gray WillmL'.

Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath ; ■?tip.
ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, deciduous; scales oblong, hairy, black at
the tip ; ova. oblong, pedicellate, silky ; stig. sessile, obtuse. A shrub 6 — 8f
high, in inundated meadows. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough,
except at the base, where they are very brittle. Leaves 2 — 4' by § — V 9 aments
very abundant, i' long. Apr.

10. S. PETiOLARis. Smith. Long-stalked. Green. Osier.

Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly
unequal, stipules lunate, dentate ; aments appearing before the leaves ; scales lax,
obovate, obtuse, hairy, black; ova. on long pedicels, ovate, silky; stig. sessile,

Salix. CXXVII. SALICACEiE. 503

two-lobed.— Low gromids, banks of streams, Conn., N. Y.,Car. — A small tree,
■with long, slender, smooth, purplish or yellowish-green, tough and elastic
branches, which may be useful in basket-making.

11. S. MYRicolDEs. Muhl. Galc-leaved Willinv.

Lis. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate,
smooth, glaucous beneath ; slip, ovate, acute, glandular-serrate ; ojnejits villous,
black; oia. on long pedicels, glabrous; sty. bifid; stig. bifid. — Swamps, N. Eng.
to Va. A small shrub, with green branches, the branchlets purple, smooth. Leaves
at length thick and coriaceous, the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr.

12. S. FusCATA. Pursh. Leaden-fl noered WUlow.

Lvs. lanceolate-obovate, acute, glabrous, subserrate, glaucous beneath, in
the young state pubescent; slip, very narrow; amcnts nodding; scales obtuse,
scarcely hairy within; ova. short, pedicellate, ovoid, silky; if/o-. sessile, 2-lobed.
— Grows in pools, swamps and on wet banks, seldom exceeding 3 or 4f in height,
distinguished by the leaden hue of its aments. It furnishes excellent twigs for
basket-work, and is well adapted for embankments and mill-dams.
§ 4. ViMiNALEs. Borrer.

13. S. viMiNALis. Basket Osier.

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, subentirc, silky-canescenl
beneath; slip, minute; branches virgate; avients precocious (appearing before
the leaves); scales roundish, very hairy; ova. sessile, ovoid; sly. filiform; slig.
undivided, acute.— This beautiful willow was probably introduced from Europe.
Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Stems 10— I2f high, with long, straight,
slender and flexible branches. Leaves often a foot in length, narrow, covered
with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Aments very hairy. May.

§ 5._ Fragiles. Trees. Leaj;es lanceolate or lance-falcate, serrate, denticulate or en-
tire. Aments pedunculate, cijlindric, loose, acuminate, cntemporai-y with the leaves;
scales greenish-yellow, pubescent or smooth. Stamens 2—5, expanding first frcmi
the base of the ainent. Ovary smooth. Barratt.

14. S. PRAGiLis. Crack Willotv.

Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles
glandular ; slip, semicordate, pointed, dentate ; ova. on .short pedicels, oblong-
ovoid, glabrous ; sty short ; slig. bifid, longer than the styles ; scales oblong,
about equaling the ovaries, pubescent, ciliate ; (;J' with an abortive ovary. — A
tall tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It has a bushy head, with
numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break off" at base by a slight
touch. The wood is of a salmon-color.

15. S. DECIPIEN'S. Hofflll.

Brandies smooth, highly polished; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, acu-
minate, floral ones often obovate and recurved, petioles somewhat glandular ;
slip, small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often 0; ova. pedicellate, glabrous, acu-
minate ; sty. longer than the 2-cleft stigma.— A small, elegant tree, remarkable
for the polished, light reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if varnished. The
young twigs stained wtth crimson. It is often set in rows for ornament and
shade.

IG. S. RussELLiANA. Srn. Bedford Willoio.

Lvs. glabrous, lanceolate, tapering to each end, whole margin serrate, very
pale beneath, petioles glandular or margined; stip. semi-cordate, strongly ser-
rate, acuminate ; ova. glabrous, pedicellate, longer than the scales ; sty. as long
as the bifid stigmas; scales narrow-lanceolate, .slightly ciliate. — A large tree,
native of Britain, often propagated in this country. It has long, green shoots,
long, bright green, serrated leaves. Apr. May. ^

17. S. Pameachiana. Barratt. Pameachy Willov.

Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuminate, with fine cartilaginous serratures, glau-
cous beneath ; stip. small, lanceolate, often 0; (^aments cylindrical, lax and
somewhat recurved; scales obtuse, yellowish; sta. 2; bark of the twigs smooth,
yellowish .-fnd variegated, in flowering time red at the ends.— Grows on the
banks of Pameachy river, Middletown, Conn. A tree of small size, inter-
mediate between S. decipiensandS.vitellina, but "certainly distinct from either."
43

504 CXXVII. SALICACE^. Salix.

18. S. LUciDA. Muhl.

Z/^■5. ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, rounded at base, smooth and shining ;
slip, oblong, serrate ; avienis triandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and
smooth at the tip, hairy at the base ; avaries lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style
bifid ; stigmas obtuse. — A small and beautiful tree^ommon in N. Eng., Middle
States, Mich, and British Am. Trunk 12 — 15f high, 3 — 4' diam. Branches
smooth, dark, .shining green. Leaves broad and glossy, dark green above,
tapering to a long point. May.

19. S. NIGRA. Marshall. Black Will-ow.

Lts. lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on both
sides, petiole and midvein above tomentose ; slip, dentate ; ameiits erect, cylin-
dric, villous ; scales oblong, very villous ; fil. 3 — 6 (generally 5), bearded at base ;
ova. pedicellate, ovoid, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. — A small tree, on the
banks of rivers, chiefly in N. Y. and Penn. Branches very brittle at base, pale
yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Sterile aments 3' long. May.

20. S. PuRSHiANA. Spreng. (S. falcata. Hook.) Pursh's Willmv.

Lvs. very long, lance-linear, often falcate, gradually attenuate to the apex,
acute at base, finely dentate-serrate, smooth on both sides, silky pubescent when
yomig; stip. somewhat lunate or obliquely reni form-cordate, dentate, reflexed ;
ova. glabrous, pedicellate ; sly. short. — Readily recognized by its very long, fal-
cate leaves and the broad persistent stipules. Grows in swamps and margins
of ponds, Middle States, N. Eng., Western States, Can. It is a .shrub orsmall
tree, with a slender trunk sometimes 30 or 40f high. Leaves green both sides,
6 — 8' long. Aments 2' long.

§ 6. Albeje. Borrer. Trees of the largest size, with lanceolate, serrate leaves, the
serratnres glandulnr, loxcer surface dollied with long, appressed, silky hairs, often
the upper also, giving to tlie foliage a whitish or bluish hue. Aments la.v. Stamens
2. Ovaries glabrous.

21. S. ALBA. Wliite Willaw.

Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, regularly glandular-serrate, silky beneath, often
above, acute at apex ; ova. ovoid, acuminate, glabrous, subsessile ; stig. short,
recurved, deeply cleft ; sta. 2, with hairy filaments ; scales short, pubescent at the
margin. — A large tree of rapid growth, native of Europe, introduced in Mass.
(E)?icrson) and probably in other states.

/S. cwrulea. {Blue WiU(m\) Z/!'.'!. of a bluish hue, less silky beneath. — A tree
of rapid growth, completely naturalized in Mass. Emerson

22. S. viTELLlNA. Yelloro Wilhnn. Golden Osier.

Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler
and somewhat silky beneath ; slip. 0 ; aments cylindric ; scales ovate-lanceolate,
pubescent outside ; ova. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed.
— This willow was probably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides,
&c. It is a tree of moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May.

23. S. Babylonica. Babylonian or Weeping Willov.\

Brandies pendulous ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath ,
slip, roundish, oblique, acuminate ; oxa,. sessile, ovate, smooth. — This elegant
species has been introduced from the East, and cultivated until nearly natural-
ized. The long, slender, drooping branchlets very naturally indicate" the Eng-
lish name of the tree, and give it a place in the church-yard to " weep" over the
remains of the departed. The Latin name was happilv suggested to Linnasus
by the 137th Psalm:

" By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down :
Yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion.
We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof."

§ 7. FuLv.E. Borrer.

24. S. ROSTRATA. Richardson. Beaked- Willmu.

Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at length smooth ; lvs. broadly or obo-
vate-lanceolate. acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucous-
pubescent beneath ; s//p. semicordate, dentate ; aments shoxi, cylindric, dense, the
lertile ones becoming very long and loose ; scales oblong, membranous, hairy at

Salix. CXXVII. SALICACE^. , 505

the apex ; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, long-acuminate, on very long pedicels ;
shj. very short ; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire.— Shrub or small tree 8— lOf
high. Bark of the trunk dark-colored, of the branches yellow.

§ 8. CoHDATjj. Tall shrubs with dicholomoiis, Jlexuous, smooth branches. Leaves
cordate or attenuate at base, glabrous. Stipules semi-cordate, serrate. Aments slightly
pedunculate, ovoid-cylindrical, cotemporary ; scales subciliate, red or yellowish. Sta-
mens 2 or 3. Ovaries pedicellate, glabrous. Barvatt.

25. S. coRDATA. Heart-leaved Willow.

Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth; slip, large,
roundish-ovate, serrate; aTuents triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black;
ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. — An elegant
shrub, 6 — 8f high, in swamps throughout the Middle States. Branches green
and smooth, with light green leaves an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch
long, accompanying the leaves in April and May.

2(j. S. RiGiDA. Stiff-kaved Willaw.

Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely ser-
rate, the lowest serratiu-es elongated, petioles villous ; slip, large, cordate, obtuse,
glandular-serrate ; aments triandrous ; scales lanceolate, woolly, black ; ova. on
long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. 2-parted. — A small tree,
10 — 15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end, the
yoimger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. April, May.

27. S. ToRREYANA. Barratt. Torrey's Willow.

Lvs. cordate-ovate, sharply pointed, margin wavj'', finely serrate, paler
beneath ; slip, large, seniicordate ; (^ aments slender, scales lanceolate, black-
ish, ciliate ; sta. 2 ; fit. rather short ; ova. on short pedicels, smooth, deltoid-
lanceolate ; stig. 4-parted, flesh-colored ; caps, green. — A fine, shrubby willow,
6 — lOf high, river banks, N. Eng., recognized by its broad, heart-shaped, glossy
leaves with a wa\y margin, sharp point, and very large stipules. Branches
of a light gray color, branchlets yellowish-green. Apr.

28. S. LONGiFOLiA. Muhl. Long-leaved Willmo.

Lvs. linear, acuminate at each end, elongated, remotely toothed, smooth,
nearly of the same color on both sides ; slip, lanceolate, dentate ; aments
tomentose, pedunculate ; sta. 2 ; scales flat, retuse ; Jil. bearded at base, twice
longer than the scales. — River banks from the Conn, and Ohio to Oregon and
Brit. Am. It possesses a remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and
binding the loose sands together. Stem.s about 2f high, with brown branches
and white branchlets.

29. S. ANGUSTATA. Ph. Narrov)-leaved Heart Willovj.

Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated at base, very gla-
brous, serrulate, nearly the same color both sides ; stip. semi-cordate ; aments
erect, somewhat glabrous ; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, glabrous ; sty. bifid ; stig.
2-lobed. — Banks of streams from the Conn, to the Miss. An excellent osier,
with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves.

§ 9. Ahbuscul^. Small shrubs, inhabiting arctic or alpine regions. Aments cotem-
porary with the leaves.

30. S. HERBACEA. Herb Willow. Arctic Willow.

Dwarf; lvs. orbicular, serrate, glabrous, veiny; aments few-flowered, ses-
sile; scaZes small, glabrous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; style short;
stig. lobes bifid. — On the alpine regions of the White Mountains ! N. to Lab.
and the Arc. Islands. An interesting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe.
Stem ascending, 1 — 2' high. Leaves about 3" diameter, smooth and shining
on both sides. Stipules wanting. Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn. Jl.

31. S. MYRTiLLolDEs. (S. pcdiccllaris. Ph. and auct. Am.')

Lvs. oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse at base, entire, both
sides glabrous, beneath glaucous and reticulate-veined; aments pedunculate;
caps, ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellate ; scales short, obtuse, a little hairy ;
sty. very short; lobes of the stigma cleft. — Swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low
and elegant shrub, with rather a virgate habit, remarkable for its entire smooth-

506 CXXVII. SALIC ACE^E. Popolus.

ness. Leaves elliptical, revolute at edge, obtuse at base, somewhat glaucous
beneath.

33. S. AMBiouA. Ehrh. Dubious Willoiv.

Lvs. elliptical, obov^ate or lanceolate, recurved at the point, entire or
remotely denticulate, rugose-veiny beneath, silky-villous, at length glabrous ;
stip. semi-ovate, straight ; amenls sessile, briefly pedunculate in fruit ; caps.
tomentose, long-pedicellate ; sty. short ; stig. emarginate. — White Mts. 'Pucker-
man. A prostrate shrub, with leaves about IJ' by A'.

33. S. PHYLICirOLIA.

Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous
beneath ; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex ; anients bracteate, ^ sessile ; caps.
pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silky ; sty. long. — White Mts. Tuck-
erman. A handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-elliptical, very smooth
leaves, the margins repand-serrate.

34. S. CuTLERi. Tuckerman. (S. Uva-ursi of \st. edit., etc. ?) Cutler's
Willoiv. — Lvs. elliptical, acute or obovate, obtuse at base, glandular-den-
ticulate, smooth above, glaucous-smoothish beneath, silky-villous when young;
aments pedunculate, cylindric, dense ; caps, ovate-cpnic, briefly pedicellate, gla-
brous ; scales obovate, black, silky ; stig. bifid, lobes at length cleft. — White
Mts. Tuckerman. A low or prostrate shrub.

2. POPtJLUS.
Lat. populus, the people ; being often planted by the public ways.

Aments cylindric ; bracts lacerately fringed ; calycine scales tur-
binate, oblique, entire. <^ Stamens 8 — 30. 9 Ova. superior ; style
very short, bifid ; stigma large, 2-lobed ; caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. —
Trees of large dimensions. Wood soft and light. Lvs. broad., petioles
long, often compressed vertically and glandular. Aments lateral, preced-
ing the leaves.

\. P. TREMiTLoiDES. American Aspen. White Poplar.

Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at
the margin. — Abundant in N. England and in the Middle States, growing in
woods and open lands. Stem 25 — 40f in height, with a diameter of 8 — 13'.
Bark greenish, smooth except on the trunk of the oldest trees. Leaves small
(2 — 2 J' long, and 1} as wide , dark green, on petioles which are 2 — 3' long and
laterally compressed, so that they can scarcely remain at rest in any position,
and are thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest breeze. The trembling
of the " aspen leaf" is proverbial. Aments plumed with silken hairs, about 2'
long, pendulous, appearing in April, long before the leaves. The wood is
white, soft and light, of little value.

2. P. GRANDiDENTATA. Michx. Large Poplar.

Lvs. roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth,
villous when young. — Woods and groves in the northern parts of the U. S.,
less common than the preceding species. Stem 40f high, with a diameter of
If, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Branches distant, coarse
and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their extremities. Leaves 3—5' long
and nearly as wide, clothed with thick, white down in spring, but becoming
perfectly smooth. The wood is white, soft, and quite durable. May.

3. P. BETULiFOLiA. Ph. (P. Hudsouica. Michx.) Birch-leaved or Black
Poplar. — Lvs. rhomboidal, long-acuminate, dentate, smooth ; young

branches pilose. — This poplar is found chiefly in the valleys of the Hudson and
Connecticut. It is a tree of middle size, with grayish-white twigs, and dark
brown buds. Leaves 3^' long and 2 broad. Aments 4 — 5' long, without hairs.
April.

4. P. BALSAMiFERA. Bolsom Poplar.

• Lvs. ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate-
veined beneath; buds resinous.— The balsam poplar, though nowhere abun-

CXXVlll. BALSAMIFLUvE. 50?

dant, is found in woods and fields, disseminated throughout N. England and
Canada. With a trunk 18' diam., it arises 60— 70f. The buds of this
species, as well as of most of the poplars, are covered with an aromatic resin,
which may be separated in boiling water. April.

5. P. MONiLiFER.i. Ait. Necklace Poplar.

Lvs. subcordate-deltoid, smooth, glandular at base, with cartilaginous
hairy, hooked serratures; veins spreading; petioles compressed above; older
branches terete ; fertile aments long and pendulous. — Banks of the Hudson near
Troy, N. Y., apparently native. Beck. A tree 60 — 70f high, with a cylindric
trunk. Leaves 2i — 4' diam., on long petioles. April.

6. P. HETEROPHYiXA. Various-leavcd Poplar.

Lvs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately toothed, cordate and somewhat
auricled at base, the sinus small, tomentose when young. — A tree 60 — 70f high,
found in swamps. Branches cylindric. Leaves with auriculate lobes at base|
which often conceal the insertion of the petiole. May.

7. P. CANDiCANs. Ait. Balm-of-Gilead.

Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish
beneath, reticulate-veined, somewhat 3-veined ; petioles hirsute ; buds resinous ;
branches terete. — This tree is sometimes met with in New England, growing
about houses as a shade tree. It is 40 — 50f high, and 18 — 30' in diameter.
Bark smooth, greenish. Foliage copious, dark green. Apr.

8. P. L^viGATA. Ait. (P. Canadensis. Michx. and \st. edit.) River Poplar.
Cotton Tree. — Lvs. roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, subcordate, ime-

qually serrate, shining, smooth, glandular ; ^e^iofes compressed ; younger brandies
angled. — The cotton-tree grows 70— 80f high in N. Y. and Vt. The fertile
aments are 6 — 8' long, and pendulous. The seeds are clothed with a white,
cotton-like down which gives name to the tree. Buds sealed against the frosts
and rains with resin. April.

9. P. ANGULATA. Water Poplar. Western Cotton Tree.

Lvs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, acuminate, glabrous,
younger ones broadly cordate ; branches winged, angular.— A tree of noble di-
mensions, growing along tlie rivers of the Southern and Western States. Trunk
40— 80f high, 1— 2f diam., bearing a broad smnmit, with coarse branches and
branchlets. Leaves on adult trees 2—3' long, about the same width, truncate
at base ; on younger trees they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base.
Petioles longer than the leaves, compressed near the base of the lamina. Branch-
lets remarkably thick, greenish, .spotted with white, striate. Buds short-ovoid
green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. March, April.

10. P. DiLATATA. Lombardy Poplar. — Ijvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid, ser-
rate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length ; trunk lobed and sulcate. —
This tree is native in Italy as its name imports. It was early brought to this
country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets.
Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, while the huge
worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance.

11. P. ALBA. Abcle or Silver-leaf Poplar. — Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate, lobed
and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy be-
neath ; fert'de aments ovate ; stigmas 4. — A highly ornamental tree, native of
Europe. Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the upper
and lower surface of the leaves.

Order CXXVIII. BALSAMIPLU.^.— Liquidambars.

Tre.es with alternate, simple or lobed leaves, with glandular serratures and deciduous stipules
.Aments raonacious, roundish, with achlamydeous tiowers.
Sterile.— Anth. numerous, oblong, subsessile, with scales intermi,xed.
fertile.— Ova. 2-celled, collected into a globe, each surrounded bv a ftw scales.
StJjles 2. long. Fr. a kind of strsbile, composed of the indurated scales and capsules.
Caps. 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening between the beaks. Sds. several, winged.

Genus I, species 3, natives of India. Levant and North America. The fragrant resin, liquid storax,
the product of some of the species.

13*

508 CXXX. URTICACE^.

LiaUIDAMBAR.

l^t. llquidam, fluid, ambar ; a resin resembling ambar flows from the bees.

Character of the genus the same as that of the order.

L. sTYRACiFLUA. Sioeet Gum.

I/vs. palmate, with acuminate, serrate lobes ; veins villous at their bases.

^The sweet gum or gum-tree is thinly disseminated throughout the U. S.

With a diameter of 5f it arises to the height of 60. The trunk is covered
with a deeply furrowed bark. The young twigs are yellowish, putting forth
leaves of a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more regularly
formed than those of the rock maple. The fruit is in a globular, compact
ball, suspended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each con-
taining 1 or 2 seeds. When wounded in summer, a gum of an agreeable odor
is distilled from the trunk. May.

Order CXXIX. PLATANACE^.— Sycamores.

Trees and shrubs, with alternate, palmately lobed leaves and sheathing, scarious stipules.
.4OT«nrsmonceciou9, globose, with achlamydeous flowers. „ , ,•

Sterile —Sta. single, with only small scales intermixed. Antn. 2-ceUed, linear.
Fertile.— Ova. terminated by a thick style with one side stigmatic
Fr.— Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved style. Seed, sohtary albuminous.
Genera 1, species 6 ? Trees of the largest dimensions, natives of Barbaiy. Levant and N. America.

platAnus.

Gr. nXarvs, broad ; in reference to the ample foliage.

Character of the genus the same as that of the order.

P. occiDENTALis. Pla/ie Tree. Button-wood. Sycamore.

Lws. lobed, angular ; branches whitish. — The plane-tree is a native of all
the U. S., and is by far the largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the American
forest. On the margins of the great rivers of the West, trees are found whose
trunks measure from 40 — 50f in circumference, or more than 13f in diameter!
In N. England it also grows to magnificent dimensions. It flourishes in any
soil but is most frequently met with on the stony borders and beds of streams.
Leaves very large, tomentose beneath when young. Flowers in globular aments
or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The
bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface
beneath. May.

Order CXXX. URTICACE^.— Nettleworts.

Trees and shrubs, with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. ,. , .
Lvs alternate or opposite, rough or covered with stinging hairs, otten stipulate.
Fls. monoecious, dicscious, or polygamous, in panicles, amenta or dense heads.
Cal. membranous, lobed, persistent. ■. •. i u

Sta. definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes.
Ova. free, simple, 1-ovuled. Style I. a u i

Pr. aoheniura or utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx.

Genera 56, species 540, widely diffused throughout the world.

Pro7)6rr;&s— The juice is almost always deleterious, sometimes in a high degree. _ It contains caOMr-
chotic The celebrated Bohmi Upas, the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice o( Antians toxi-
o^ria of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is said to be due to the presence ot strychma.
Meanwhile the famous cow tree of S. America yields a copious supply of mi k which is rich and whole-
some G!(OT /ac is obtained abundantly from Ficus Indicii- The renowned Banj/aw free is Ficus reli-
eiosa' In this order are also found many excellent fruits. Figs are the fruit of Ficus Carica, &c Bread
fruit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus: mulberries ofMorus nigra. Fi<5nc, a yellow dye, is the wood
ofM tinctoriaofS America. The use of /!«np in the manufacture of cordage is well known, as are
likewise the uses of the hop. The nettles are remarkable for their stinging, venomous hairs.

This order is composed of four principal suborders, viz. Artocarpeoe, Morecc, Urtuxx, and Cannabtnets,
of which the three last are represented in the following genera.

Conspectus of the Genera.

fFruit a compound, fleshy, purple berrj' Morus. 1

J Fruit simple, fleshy, dark red, smiill Broussonetia. 2

1 Fruit a large, compound, yellow globe Madura. i

Trees and shrubs. I Fruit a fig! ,„•.-,• r„ ■ i j fw'*;, 1

J Fertile cal. 2-sepaled. Urtica. 5

i Fls. spicate or paniculate. ( Fertile calyx 0. . Bcehmeria. 6

f, Lvs. simnle. Sta. 4. ( Flov/ers caiiitate, involucrate Parietaria. 7

^ erect. ^Leaves palmately 5 -7-foliate. Stamens 5 Cannabis. 3

Herbs X climbing, ditrcious. Stamens 5. Fertile flowers in aments. . . . Humulua. 9

Maolura. CXXX. URTICACEiE. 509

Section I. MOREJE.

Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy, composed of the

fleshy calyx or receptacle.

1. MORUS.

Celtic mor, black ; the color of the ftuit of some of the species.

Flowers t? , rarely d' V — d^ in loose spikes ; calyx 4-parted. 9 in
dense spikes ; calyx 4-parted ; styles 2 ; achenium compressed, en-
closed within the baccate calyx ; spike constituting a compound
berry. — Trees with alternate, generally lobed leaves. Fls. inconspicuous.

1. M. RUBRA. Red Mulberry.

Lis. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, equally
serrate, acuminate, either ovate or 3-lobed; /e/-^T7e5^2'tecylindric; fr. dark red. —
This tree varies greatly in height according to its situation. In "New England,
where it is not very common, it is but a shrub 15 — 201 high. In the Middle
and Western States, it attains the elevation of 50 — 60f, with a diameter of 2f.
Trunk covered with a grayish bark, much broken and furrowed. Wood fine-
grained, strong and durable. Leaves 4 — 6' long, § as wide, entire or divided
into lobes, thick, dark green. Flowers small. Berries of a deep red color,
compounded of a great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid flavor.
May.

2. M. ALB.4. IVhite Mulberry. — Lvs. nearly glabrous, cordate and oblique at
base, unequally serrate, either undivided or lobed ; fr. whitish. — Native ot Chi-
na. Cultivated for the sake of its leaves as the food of silk worms. A tree of
humble growth. Leaves 2 — 4' long, | as wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green,
in small, roundish spikes or heads. Fruit of a yellowish-white, insipid.

p. miilticaulis. ( Chinese Mulberry.) Lvs. large (4 — 7' long, f as broad). — Shrub.

3. M. NIGRA. Black Mulberry. — Lvs. scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse,
unequally serrate ; fertile spikes oval. — Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament
and shade, in this as well as in many other countries. Fruit dark red or black-
ish, of an aromatic, acid flavor.

2. BROUSSONETIA. L'Her.

In honor of P. N. V. Broussonet, a distinguished French naturalist.

Flowers cf9. — cf Ament cylindric ; cal. 4-parted. 9 Ament glo
bose ; receptacle cylindric-clavate, compound ; cal. 3-4-toothed, tubu-
lar; ovaries becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent; sty. lateral; seed 1,
covered by the calyx. — Trees, from Japan.

B. PAPYRiPERA. Paper Mulberry. — Lvs. of the younger tree, roundish-
ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, "of the adult tree 3-lobed ; /r. hispid. — A
fine, hardy tree, occasionally cultivated. It is a low, bushy headed tree, with
large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit a little larger than peas,
with long, purple hairs.

3. MACLCRA. Nutt.
Dedicated to WiUiam Maclure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist.

Flowers (^9. — d^ in aments. Calyx 0 ; ova. numerous, coalescing
into a compound, globose fruit, of 1 -seeded, compressed, angular, cu-
neiform carpels ; sty. 1, filiform, villous. — A lactescent tree, with decid-
uous,, alternate, entire, ex-stipulate leaves, and axillary sjnties.

M. AURANTiACA. Nutt. Osage Orange.

A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas, &c. Leaves 4 — 5'
by li — 2i', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and paler beneath, on
short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticulate, apex suba-
cuminate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an orange, golden-
yellow when ripe, suspended by an axillary peduncle amid the dark glossy

510 CXXX. URTICACEiE. Urtioa.

leaves. No tree cultivated in our climate can surpass this in richness and
beauty.

4. FICUS.
Gr. ovKTt- hat, Jicus. Celtic, figv^ren. Teuionic'yfiege. Anglo-Sa.\on, ^c. English, .^ff.

Flowers <S' •, fixed upon the inside of a turbinate, fleshy, closed re-
ceptacle, c? Calyx 3-parted; stara. 3. 9 Calyx 5-parted ; ovary 1 ;
seed I. — A large genus of trees and shrubs, none North American.

F. Carica. Willd. Common Fig.—Lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentate ;
lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. — Supposed to be a native of
Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. With us it
is reared only in sheltered locations as a curiosity. The delicious fruit is well-
known. Leaves very variable.

Section 2. URTICE^.

Herbs (in cool climates), with a watery juice. Flowers spicate or
paniculate, with a membranaceous calyx.

5. URTICA.

Lat., uro, to buvn ; in reference to the stinging species.

Flowers c?, sometimes cf9. — c? Calyx 4-sepaled, with a cup-shaped,
central rudiment of an ovary ; sta. 4. 9 Calyx 2-leayed, persistent,
at length surrounding the shining, compressed achenium ; sty. 1. —
Herbs often loith stinging hairs. Lvs.^ accompanied with stipules.
Flowers green, in axillary or subterminal clusters.

1. U. Canadensis (and divaricata. Linn.) Common Nettle.

Hispid and stinging ; lis. on long petioles, broad-ovate, rounded or sub-
cordate at base, serrate, acuminate ; panicles axillary, solitary or in pairs, di-
varicate, mostly shorter than the petioles, lower sterile, upper fertile and sub-
terminal, elongated in fruit.— Damp places, U. S. and Can. Stem 2— 6f high,
mostly simple, flexuous at top. Leaves alternate, large (3—5' by 3—30 "^or^
or less hispid both sides, sometimes nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long.
Flowers minute, in panicles which vary from 1—4' in length, the fertile pani-
cles about 2, nearly terminal and erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug.

2. U. DioicA. Dicecious or Stinging Nettle.

Hispid and stinging ; /r5. cordate, '^lance-ovate, conspicuously acuminate,
coarsely and acutely serrate, the point entire, petioles thrice shorter ; )?5. cf or J* 9 >
in branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted spikes longer than the petioles. —
% Waste places, common. Stem 2 — 4f high, branching, obtusely 4-angled,
with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3 — 4' long, and about J as wide.
Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean aspect, corresponding with
the insidious character of the plant. " Its power of stinging resides in minute,
tubular hairs or prickles, which transmit a venomous fluid when pressed."
Bigeloiv. July, Aug.

3. U. PROCERA. Willd. Tall Ncttte.

St. tall, simple, 4-sided, slightly hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, rough, hispid,
prominently 5-veined, acutely serrate ; panicles axillary, very branching, nu-
merous, interruptedlv spicate, lower ones sterile, upper fertile. — Borders of
fields, waste places, N. H., &c. Stem 3— 5f high, with a tough bark. Leaves
densely strigose-hispid, serratures incurved, acute at each end, or somewhat
acuminate at apex, 3 times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, green, in
glomerate panicles, on the upper part of the stem. July. — Does not sting.

4. U. PUMiLA. Richioeed. Stinglcss Nettle.

St. ascending, often branched, weak and succulent; lis. on long petioles,
rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, membranaceous and glabrous -Jls. ^ , triandrous,
in corymbed heads shorter than the petioles. — % In waste places, about build-
ings, and in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem fleshy, semi-transparent when grow-

Cannabis. CXXX. URTICACEiE. 511

ing in shades, smooth and shining. Leaves on long petioles, especially the
lower ones, smoothish, about 2' long and J as wide. Flowers in short heads
or corymbs, axillary. A species without stings. Aug., Sept.

5. U. URENS. Burning or Dwoj-f Ndtle.

Lvs. broadly elliptic, about 5-veined, acutely serrate ; cliis/ers glomerate,
by pairs. — (T) Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 1-2 — 20' high, hispid with
venomous stings, branching. Leaves 1 — 2' long, f as broad, on short petioles
and with large serratures. Stipules small, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in
drooping, pedunculate clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and
fertile in the same axil. Rare. June, July. ^

6. S. GRACILIS. Ait. Slender Nettle.

St. erect, strict, sparingly hispid; Ivc. ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate,
coarsely and somewhat doubly serrate, 3-veined, smoothish above, hispid be-
neath on the veins; spikes elongated, pinnately branched, a little shorter than
the leaves ; Jls. glomerate. — Tj. Northern and Western States, and Brit. Am.
Stem 2 — 3f high. Flowers minute, green. July, Aug.

6. BCEHMERIA. Willd.

Named for G. F. Bcehmer, a. German botanist.

Flowers c? or c? 9. — c? Calyx 4-parted, with lanceolate, acute seg-
ments ; stamens 4. 9 achlamydeous ; ovary and style 1, in the axil
of a bract ; achenium compressed, margined. — Herbs or shrubs, nearly
allied to Urtlca. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clustered.

B. CYLiNDRiCA. (Urtica cylindrica and capitata. Linii.) False Nettle.
Herbaceous; lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate, smooth;
Jls. J* 9 ; sterile spikes glomerate, interrupted, /CTVzYe cylindric. — A coarse, nettle-
like plant, in swamps and bottoms. Mid. and Western States ! Stem slender,
obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 — 3f high. Leaves 3-veined, 3 — 5'
long, J as wide, on long petioles. Flowers minute, the I'ertile ones in axillary,
cylindric spikes, 1 — 2' in length, the barren spikes rather longer and more
slender. July, Aug.
/?. Spikes shorter, subcapitate ; petioles somewhat shorter,
y. (B. lateriflora. MiM.) Lvs. roughish ; 5^/te longer and much interrupted.

7. PARIETARIA.

Lat. paries, a wall ; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls, &c.

Flowers monoecious-polygamous, in clusters surrounded by a many-
cleft involucre ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, at first incurved, then
expanding with an elastic force ; ovary and style 1 ; achenium pol-
ished, enclosed within the persistent calyx. — Herbs ivith usually al-
ternate leaves. Clusters of green Jioicers axillary.
P. Pennsylvanica. Pellitorij.

Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse point, punctate with
opaque dots ; iiivol. longer than the flowers. — (T) A rough, pubescent herb, found
in damp, rocky places, Vt., N. Y., W. to Wise. ! &c. Stem erect, simple or
sparingly branched, 6 — 12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough,
about J' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an obtuse
acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense,
greenish and reddish-white. Rare. June.

Section 3. CANNABINEJE.
Herbs, erect or twining, with a watery juice, c? racemose or panicu-
late, 9 in a cone-like ament. Albumen 0.

8. CANNABIS.

Arabic ganei, hemp.

Flowers c? 9- — c? Calyx 5-parted. 9 Calyx entire, oblong-acumi-
nate, opening longitudinally at the side ; sty. 2 ; ach. ? 2-valved, en-

513 CXXX. URTlCACEiE. Humlxus,

closed within the persistent calyx. — ® Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls.
axillary, 8" in cymose panicles, $ in sessile spikes.

C. sATiVA. Hemp.

Lvs. palmately 5— 7-foliate.— The hemp was introduced originally from
India, but it springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is
a tall, erect plant, with handsome petiolate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate,
3 — 5' long, \ as wide, the middle one the largest. Flowers small, green, soli-
tary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in the fertile ones. It is cultivated
in many countries for the sake of its fibre, which is stronger than that of flax,
and is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth. The seeds are
nutritious, but the leaves are stimulant and narcotic, producing intoxica-
tion. June. §

9. HUMULUS.

Lat. humus, moist earth ; the hop grows only in rich soils.

Flowers c?9. — S" Calyx 5-sepaled ; stamens 5; anthers with 2
pores at the summit. 9 Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave,
persistent, 1 -flowered; calyx membranous, entire, persistent; styles
2 ; achenium invested by the thin calyx. — %- tioining icith the sun.
Lvs. opposite. Fls. in axillary panicles and strobile-like ainents.

H. LUPULUS. Common Hop.

The hop vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and
is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its fertile aments,
which are chiefly used as a preservative in beer. It has a long, annual stem
of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed
prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on
ong stalks. Flowers of the barren plants extremely numerous, panicled,
greenish ; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. In the cultivation
of the hop it has been found 'profitable to plant a few layers of the barren vines
among the lertile ones, as the produce is thus increased in Aveight through the
fertilization of the seeds. Aug.

CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS.

Ov^ULES not enclosed in an ovarj, fertilized by the pollen without
the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly naked seeds, the
carpel being represented by a flat open scale or entirely wanting.
EsiBE-YO with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons.

Order CXXXI. CONIFEK^.— Conifers.

Trees or evergreen shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in a resinous juice.

Lvs. scattered or fascicled, hnear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), parallel-veined, rigid, generally evergreen.

FIs. monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx or corolla.

Sterile, monandrous or monadelphous, collected in a kind of loose ament.

Anth. 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound.

Fertile, in aments composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel.

Ovartj, sti/le and stisma wanting. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted.

Fr. — A stroliile (cone), or a solitary seed. Integutnents hard and crustaceous.

Emhryo in the axis of oily albumen.

Genera 29, species 150, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the
southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern.

Properties— Few orders can be named, which are of more importance to mankind, whether in refer-
ence to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin are the
product of ihe pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Pinus sylvestris of Europe ; Venetian turpentine,
by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, &c.

FIG. St.— 1. Branch of Thuja occidentalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a cone of
staminate flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical transverse section
of one of the seeds, siiowing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules,
enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9.
Scale with immature ovules, lo. Scale with ripe seeds. U. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12.
Anther oi Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of ths cone, with the ovules turned downwards. 14. Staminate
scale of Cupreyrsu.^. with pollen. 13. Fertile scale, with manv erect ovules.

514 CXXXI. CONIFERS. Pinus.

Conspectus of the Genera.

S Scales thick and bliint at ed^. . Pinw. 1

( Leaves linear or acerose. . . ( Scales thin and even at edge. . Abies. a

s \ Fertile scales 4— 8-ovuled. . . Cupressua. 3

( a woody cone. ( Leaves scale-like, imbricate. ( Fertile scales 2-ovuled. . . . Thuja. 4

< a fleshy berry with 3 bony seeds. Leaves mostly acerose. .... - Jumperui.S

Fnut ( a fleshy drupe with a single seed. Leaves linear, 2-ranked Taxus. 8

Tribe 1. ABIETINE.J3.

Flowers J* ^ 9- — c? aments numerous, deciduous. Scales peltate, each bear-
ing 2 sessile, 1-celled anthers. 9 Strobile ovoid; carpellary scales closely
imbricated, each bearing a pair of ovules adhering to the base inside, and
subtended by a bract outside ; fruit a woody strobile or cone ; seeds winged,
cotyledons 2 — 15.

1. PINUS.

Celtic pin or pen, a. rock or mountain ; many species of this noble genus prefer such situations.

Strobile large, conical ; carpellary scales thickened at the summit,
becoming strong and woody in fruit ; cotyledons 4 — 8. — Trees, often
of the loftiest dimensions. Branches oftenverticillate. Leaves evergreen,
acerose, in fascicles of 2 — 5, each fascicle invested with a membranous
sheath at base.

1. P. REsiNosA. Ait. (P. rubra. Michx.') Norway Pine. Red Pine.

Lvs. in pairs, channeled, elongated, witn elongated sheaths; cones ovoid-
conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the leaves ; scales
unarmed, dilated in the middle. — It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S.
and in Canada, attaining the height of 80f, with a trunk 2f in diameter, very
straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines.
Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs,
5 — 8' in length, the sheaths h — \\'. This pine affords a fine-grained, resinous
timber of much strength and durability, and highly valued in architecture. Ma}'.

2. P. Banksiana. Lambert. (P. rupestris. Mich.v.) Scriib Pine.

Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, acute, terete upon the back and channeled
above, margins somewhat scabrous ; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous;
scales unarmed, obtu.se, smooth. — A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible
branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. and British America. Leaves about
an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs.
April, May.

3. P. iNOPs. Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine.

Livs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath,
margins obscurely serrulate ; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the
leaves; scales of the cone compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate
point. — A tree 15 — 25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches strag-
gling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Leaves 1 — 2'
long. The wood abounds in resin. May.

4. P. VARiABiLLs. Lamb. (P. mitis. Michx. /.) Yellov) Pine. Spruce
Pine. — L/cs. 2 — 3 together, channeled on the inner surface; cones ovoii,

subsolitary ; scales armed with short, incurved spines. — Widely diffused through-
out the country, attaining the height of 50 — 60f. Leaves dark green, 5 — G' long,
covering the "branchlets. Cones 2 — 3' long, rugged with the projecting point
of the scales. It furnishes close-grained and moderately resinous timber,
which is used in immense quantities for all kinds of architecture. May.

5. P. RiGiDA. Pitch Pine.

Lvs. in 3s, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales
with reflexed spines. — Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclu-
sively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25 — 30f ), but attains
a great height in the Southern States. The trunk, which is seldom straight, is
covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Leaves
4 — C long. Cones usually several together, 2 — 3' long. Trie wood is heavy

Abiks. CXXXI. conifers. 515

with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent
fuel. May.

6. P. PALUSTRis. Lamb. (P. australis. 1) Long-leaved or Broom Pine.

Lvs. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches; coiw sub-
cylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines; slip, pinnatifid, ragged, per-
sistent.—Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is
15 — 20' diam., arising with a slignt diminution 40 or 50f to the branches,
thence 20— 40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a loot in
length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2' long. Cone
8_'i0' long. Seeds with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and
durable, used at the South in vast quantities.

7. P. sTROBUs. White Pine. Weymouth Pine.

Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths; co?!€S solitary, cylindric, loose,
pendant longer than the leaves. — This pine is one of the most majestic and the
most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly
straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances,
5 — 7f in diameter, and lOOf in height without a limb; then, sending out a few
branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. The branch-
es are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The
leaves are about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an ex-
tremely soft and delicate foliage. The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought,
very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architec-
ture. The large trimks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May.

2. ABIES. Juss.

Name probably derived from the Celtic abetoa.

Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong ; carpellary scales attenuated to
a thin, even edge; cotyledons 3 — 9. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen
or deciduouSj linear and solitary .^ or acerose and fasciculate.^ never sheathed
at base.

§ L Leaves evergreen^ solitary, linear.

1. A. CANADENSIS. (Pinus. Linn.) Hemlock.

Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows; copies
ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves; scales rounded, entire. — A well
known evergreen inhabitant of the rockv, mountainous woods of the Northern
States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70 — 80f. The trunk is
large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and
nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 — 8" in length, less than 1"
wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hem-
lock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but
is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May.

2. A. NIGRA. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.) Black or Double Spruce.

Lvs. 4-cornered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales
elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect. — This fine tree abounds in
the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly
composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 — 80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty
pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark greeji
color, little more than J' in length. Cones 1 — 2' long. The timber is light,
strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in ar-
chitecture. That salutar}' beverage, spnuce beer, is made from the young branch-
es. May.

3. A. ALBA. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.) Wlilt^ or Single Spruce.

Lvs. 4-sided, incurved ; cones lax, pendulous, subcylindric, with entire,
liroadiy obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. — Veiy abundant in the northern sec-
tions of the U. States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk
1^2f in diameter at the base, regularly diminishing upward. Lower branches
longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves i — f in length,
placed on all sides of the branches'. Cones small. The timber is useful in
the frames of buildings, &.c. Mav.
44

516 GXXXi. (JOxNIFER^. Cupressus,

§ 2. Leaves solitary, evergreen. Bark smooth, with reservoirs of balsam.
Cones long, erect.

4. A. BALSAMEA. Willd. (Pinus. Litin. Picea. Michx.) Fir Balsam.
Balsam Spruce. — Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous, with a grooved line

above and an elevated one beneath ; ames cylindric, erect, reflexed on the mar-
gin ; scales broad, compact ; liracfs obovate, shorter than the scale. — A beautiful
evergreen, common in humid forests of the northern part of the U. States. Its
branches are nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a
regularly pyramidal head. The leaves are little larger than those of the hem-
lock (8 — id" long) growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright
green above, and silvery-white beneath. Cones 2 — 3' in length. Bark smooth,
abounding in reservoir.s filled with a resin or balsam which is considered a val-
uable medicine. Ma3^

5. A. FRAsi3R[. Pursh. Eraser's or Double Balsam Fir.

Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear, often emarginate, subsecund, erect above ;
strobile ovoid-oblong, erect, very small ; brads elongated, reflexed, oblong-cune-
ate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed. — A smaller tree than the
last, much resembling it in habit, found on mountains, from N. Eng. ! to Car.
Leaves 3' long, and much crowded. Cones about 1 — 2' long when mature;
singularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts.
Sterile aments terminal. May. — Ahighlj^ ornamental shade tree.

^ 3. Leaves deciduous, collected in fascicles of 20 — 40.

6. A. (Larix) Americana. Michx. (Pinus pendula and microcarpa of
authors.) American Larch. — Lvs. short, in dense fascicles, without sheaths,

very slender; cones oblong, inclining upwards; even when the branches are
pendulous ; scales thin and intlexed on the margin ; bracts elliptical, often hol-
lowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point. — A beautiful free,
often seen in our shrubberies, and thinly interspersed, in forests, throughout N.
England. It is remarkably distinguished from the pines by its deciduous leaves,
the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80 — lOOf, with a
straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 — 2' long,collcct-
cd in bunches of 12 — 20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, § — 1'
long. The wood is considered most valuable of all the pines or spruces, being
very heavy, strong, and durable. Apr., May.
/?. penchila. Branches slender and drooping. — A most beautiful variety.

Tribe 2. CUPRESSINE^E.
Carpellary scales not bracteate, each with 1 — 8 erect ovules at base inside, be-
coming concreted and fleshy in a drupe-like fruit. Anthers of several cells.

3. CUPRESSUS.

From the Isle of Cyprus, where the cypresg is very abundant.

Flowers S . — c? in an ovoid ament ; scales peltate ; anthers 4, ses-
sile, c?* in a strobile ; scales peltate, bearing 4 — 8, erect (orthotro-
pous) ovules at base inside ; seed angular, compressed; integuments
membranous ; cotyledons 2 or more.— Trees, with evergreen, flat, squa-
mosc, imbricated leaves. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones.

1. C. THYiiiDEs. Michx. \\%ite Cedar.

Branchlets compressed; lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculateatbase;
cones spherical. — This tree is thinly disseminated in N. England, but quite com-
mon in the Middle States. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and
exclusively occupies. Height 40 — 60f. The leaves consist of short, minute,
evergreen scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows,
and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood
is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft and durable. Used in the man-
ufacture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will
last 50 years. Mav.

JuNiPERus. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 517

2. C. DTSTYCHA. (Taxodium distychum. L. C. Rich.) Cypress.

Lvs. in 2 rows (distychous), deciduous, flat ; sterile avients paniculate, leaf-
less, pendulous; cone oblong-globose. — One of the largest trees of the forest,
native of N. J. to Mexico. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the
cypress or cedar swamps of the Southern States. The trunlE arises to the height
of r25f with a circumference of 25 — 40f above the conical base. The roots
produce large, conical excrescences, which, being hollow, are sometimes used
for beehives. The head is wide-spread, and often depressed. Foliage light
green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales.
Timber light, fine-grained and durable.

4. THUJA.

Gr. -Sua), to sacrifice ; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices.

Flowers S . — d^ in an imbricated ament ; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in
a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside ; seed
winged; integument membranous; cotyledons 2 or more. — Trees or
shrubs. Lvs. evergreen., squamose^ iinbricate.

T. OCCIDENTALIS. ArboT VitCE.

Branchlets ancipital ; lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed,
tuberculate; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the
tip. — This tree is often called xvhite cedar, and from its resemblance might easily
be mistaken for the Cupressiis ihyoides. It abounds in the British Provinces and
in the northern parts of the U. S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes,
and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards,
throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists
of branchlets much more flat and broad than those of the white cedar. Cones
terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones
of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use
is for fences. May.

5. JUNIPfiRUS.

Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude.

Flowers c? 9, rarely S. — c? ament ovate; scales verticillate, pel-
tate ; anthers 4 — 8, I -celled. 9 ament globose ; scales few, united
at base, concave ; ovules 1 at the base of each scale ; berry formed of
the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2 — 3 bony seeds ; cotyledons 2.
— Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen., mostly acerose, opposite or vi tchorls
of 3.

1. J. coMMfJNis. Common Juniper.

Lvs. ternate, spreading, subulate, mucronate, longer than the berry. — A
shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often
arising in a slender pyramid, 6 — 8f high (rarely arboreous. Dr. Bobbins!)
Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5 — 8" long, acerose-lanceolate, ending in a
sharp, bristly point, channeled and glaucous on the midvein above, keeled and
green below. Barren flowers in small, axillary aments or cones ; fertile ones
on a distinct shrub, small, axillary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark
blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with
a taste of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May.

2. J. ViRGiNiANA. (J. Sabina. Hook.) Red Cedar.

Upper lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, appressed,
older ones acerose, cuspidate, spreading ; trunk arboreous. — Found thi-oughout
the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growing in dry, rocky situations.
It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. Leaves
dark green, the younger ones small, ovate, acute, scale-like, overlaying each
other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets ; the older ones A' long. Flow-
ers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, J' long ; the fer-
tile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white
powder. The wood is fine-grained and compact, of a reddish hue, very light

518 CXXXI. CONIFERiE. Taxos.

and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and in the manu-
facture of drawing pencils. April, May. , , . ^ .:,:,, ,
l3 proitrata. Lm$. ovate, submucronate, glandular m the middle, appressed;
berries tubercular ; st. prostrate, creeping.— A shrub, on gravely shores, with
creeping branches 4 — 81' long.

Tribe 3. TAXITVE^.
Fertile flowers solitary, terminal, consisting of a naked ovule maturing into a

kind of drupe.

6. TAXUS.

Gr. ra^ov, an arrow ; arrows were formerly poisoned with the juice of the yew tree.

Flowers cT9 or c? , surrounded with numerous scales, c? Stamens
8 — 10, monadelphous ; anthers peltate. 6 — 8-celled, cells dehiscent
beneath. 9 solitary, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in fruit a
fleshy, 1 -seeded drupe. — Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alter-
nate leaves.

T. Canadensis. Dwarf Yeio. Ground Hemlock.

Lvs. linear, mucronate, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin ; sterile receptct-
cles globose. — A small, evergreen shrub, with the general aspect of a dwarf
hemlock spruce {Pimis Canadensis). It grows on thin, rocky soils in shady
places, 2— 3f long, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Leaves nearly an inch long, ar-
ranged in 2 opposite rows, on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in
small, roundish, axillary heads. Drupes oval, concave or open at the summit,
red and juicy when mature. May.

SUBDIVISION SECOXD.

ENDOGENS, OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem not distinguishable into bark, pith and concentric zones or
layers of wood. Growth by irregular, internal accretions, consist-
ing of bundles of woody fibre and vessels, successively descending
from the leaves above, through the cellular tissue already formed.
Leaves mostly with simple, parallel veins, alternate, entire, frequently
sheathing at base, and seldom falling off by an articulation. Sepals
and PETALS, when present, commonly in 3s. Ovules produced within
an ovary. Embryo with one cotyledon, rarely with two, the second
being much smaller than, and alternate with, the first.

CLASS III. AGIiUMACEOUS ENDOGE]VS.

Flowers without glumes. Organs developed on the usual and
normal plan, consisting of stamens and pistils, either or both, sur-
rounded by verticillate, floral envelops ; or the latter are wanting,
and the stamens and pistils are achlamydeous.

Order CXXXIV. ARACE^.— Arads.

Herbs or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma or cormus.

Lv3. sheathing at base, often with branching veins, and sonnetimes compound.

Fls. mostly monoecious and achlamydeous, arranged upon a naked or spathaceous spadix.

Perianth, when present, consisting of 4 — 6 parts.

Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous, very short. Anth. ovate, extrorse.

Ova. tree, l — several-celled. Stigma sessi\e.

Ft.— Berry succulent or dry. Seeds solitarj' or several, with fleshy albumen.

Genera 2S, species 170, abimdant in tropical regions, more rare in temperate, one only, Calla palusUis
extending to the northern frigid zone. '

Properties.— An acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is, in some instances, so concen-
trated as to become poisonous. Tlie corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases,
when the volatile acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutritious.

Conspectus of the Genera.

\ Berry 1-seeded. . Peltandra. 2

I and covered $ cylindric. ( Berry many-seeded. Calla. 3

. { with flowers, ; oval, preceding the leaves. . Symploearptis. 6

> Spadix m a spathe ( and naked above. Stem a corm. . . . Arum. 1

5 broad. ( Spadix naked, yellow, on a clavate scape. Orontium. 4

Leaves { linear-ensiform. Scape leaf like. Spadix lateral. Acorua. ' 5

1. ARUM.

Coptic aron, the name of the Egyptian species, A. colocaiia.

Flowers sometimes $ c?. Spathe cucullate, convolute at base ;
perianth 0 ; spadix cylindric, naked above, staminate below the mid-
dle and pistillate at the base; berry 1-celled, many-seeded. — 'A-.
1. A. TRiPHYLLCM. Dragpn-Root. Jack-in-tlie-Pul'pit.
Acaule.scent ; Irs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate; spa-
di.v clavate ; spathe ovate, acuminate, fiat and deflected above. — A curious and
well known inhabitant of wet woodlands. Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. The
stem is a rugose, flesh};-, subterraneous corm giving off radicles in a circle from
44*

520 CXXXIV. ARACEiE. Calla.

the edge. Scape 8 — 12' high, erect, round, embraced at the base by the long
sheaths of the petioles. Leaves 2, on long stalks, each consisting ol" 3 smooth
leaflets, 2 — 7' long, J as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within
with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter
than the spathe var\ing from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright
scarlet berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is
then valued as a carminative, &c. May, June.

13. atrarubens. Dewey. (A. atrorubens. L.) Spathe sessile, spreading hori-
zontally above, dark brown. — Plant rather smaller, and with a disagreeable odor.

2. A. Dracontium. Green Dragon.

Acaulescent ; //. mostly solitary, pedate ; Ifis. oblong-lanceolate ; spadix
subulate, longer than the convolute, oblong spathe. — Less common in N. Eng.
than the former species, found in wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a
fleshy, subterraneous corm. Scape slender, 6 — 12' high. Leaf on an erect,
sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2 — 4 leaflets
with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets rather smaller than in A. triphyllum.
Spathe green, 1 — 2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its
long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of red berries. June, July.

2. PELTANDRA. Raf.
Gr. ttcXttj, a shield or target, avSpes, stamens ; from the character.

Spathe convolute ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above,
pistillate below ; perianth 0 ; stamens peltate ; berry 1-celled, 1-seed-
ed.— '^.

P. ViRGiNiCA. Raf (Arum. Linn. Calla. Bw. Lecontia. Cooper. Rensse-
laeria. Beck. Caladium. Lindl.') — Acaulescent; Ivs. oblong, hastate-cordate,
acute at apex, the lobes obtuse ; spathe elongated, incurved ; spadix covered with
staminate flowers the greater part of its length. — A smooth, dark green plant,
in wet grounds, N. Y. and Ms. to Cai;. Leaves radical, numerous, 8 — 12' long,
i as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many from the same root,
8 — 15' long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 2 — 3' long, lanceolate,
wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe,
bearing the ovaries and finally the berries in a dense cluster at its base. June.
It is to be hoped that this persecuted plant will soon find, if it has not here found,
a permanent abode. Jl.

3. CALLA.

Gr. (caXXof , beautiful ; a term well applied.

Spathe ovate, spreading ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate
intermixed with, or above the pistillate ; perianth 0 ; berry many-
seeded. — % Aquatic herbs.

1. C. PALTJSTRis. Northern Calla,.

Lvs. cordate ; spathe ovate, flat ; spadix covered with ovaries intermixed
with stamens. — A fine plant, growing in shallow water. Mid. States, N. Eng.
N. to Arc. Am. Rhizoma creeping, rooting at the joints. Leaves 2 — 3' long,
§ as wide, on long stalks, involute at the acuminate point, smooth and entire.
Scape smooth, green, roundish, thick, 4 — 6' high. Spathe clasping at the base,
spreading, rectxrved, with an involute point, greenish-yellow without, white and
soft within. Spadix 1' in length. The root-stock is acrid, but Linnaeus tells
us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome bread stuff" from it.. July.

2. C. tEthiopica. Ethiopian Calla. — Lvs. sagittate-cordate; spathe cucul-
late ; spadix with the sterile flowers above the fertile. — A magnificent plant
from Cape Good Hope, often met with in green-houses and parlors. The
leaves are very large, smooth and entire, on long, sheathing, radical footstalks.
Scape smooth, round, arising a little above the leaves, 3 — 5f high. Spathe very
large, white, involute at base, reflexed and terminating abruptly in a long
acumination. Spadix yellowish-white, about half the length of the spathe.
Flowers from Jan. to May.

Lemna. CXXXV. LEMNACE^. 52t

3. ORONTIUM.

The ancient Gr. name of a plant, so called from its growing by the Orontea, a river in Asia Minor.

Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers ; perianth 4 — 6-sepaled ;
stamens 4 — 6 ; ovary free ; stigma sessile ; fruit a dry berry or utri-
cle.— % acaulescent, aquatic. Fls. yellow, at the summit of the scape.
Spathe radical.

O. AaUATicuM. Golden Club.

Lis. ovate-lanceolate ; spike or 5;)a(^zx cylindric, on a clavate scape. — This
interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, U. S., but not very
common. The leaves are large (often becoming 10 — 12' long and J — f as
wide), smooth, of a deep green, velvet-like surface above, paler beneath, on
long, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely
invested by the short spathe at base, and ending in a spadix of a rich yellow
color, covered with small, perfect, yellow flowers of an offensive odor, — the up-
per ones often tetramerous. May.

4. AC Or US.

Gr. a, privative, and Kopr), the pupil of the eye ; supposed to cure maladies of the eye.

Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers ; perianth 6-sepaled ; ovary
free ; stigma sessile, minute ; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded. —
% herbs., with a jkshy rhizoma. Lvs. radical, ensiform. Scape foliaceous.

A. CALAMUS. Sweet Flag.

Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like. — Grows in
wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizoma is
highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long,
sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their
whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered
with small, green flowers, and bursting from the side of the leaf-like 'scape in
June and July.

5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb.

Gr. cvjxirXoKq, connection, Kaprrog, fruit.

Spathe ventricose ; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers ;
perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate, cuneate, truncate, per-
sistent, becoming thick and spongy ; berries globose, 2-seeded, im-
bedded in the spadix. — % Aquatic, acaulescent herbs.

S. FCETiDUs. Nutt. (Pothos foetida. Mlchx. Ictodes. Bxv.) Skunk Cabbage.
Lvs. cordate-oval, acute ; spadix subglobose, preceding the leaves. — A com-
mon plant. Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows
and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of
the animal whose name it bears. Early in spring, the swelling spathe is seen
emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish
spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incun-ed. It encloses the spadix,
which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise
after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming verv large Coften
20' by 12'.) ^ J ^ K

Order CXXXV. LEMNACE^.— Duckmeats.

Plants mostly tloaliiig, cellular, annual, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf in one)
Fls. bursting from the margin of the fronds. 2 or 3, achlamydeous, enclosed in a spathe.
Sterile fls.— Sla. definite, often monadelphous.

Fertile fls.— Ova. l-celled, with 1 or more erect ovules, Sii/. short. Siig: simple.
Fr.— Utricle 1— several-seeded. Sds. with a fungous testa.

Genera 6. species 26, widely dift'used. They are almost entirely destitute of spiral vessels. Some of
them may ue regarded as the simplest of Phitnogamous plants.

LEMNA.

Gr. Xcfii-ta, a scale or husk : from the resemblance of the frond.

Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 col-

522 CXXXVI. TYPHACE^. Tvpha.

lateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style
and stigma. — ® Herbs, consisting of a froiid [stem and leaf confounded)
sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the
water, and fi'oducing from the margins the spathaceous flowers.

1. L. TRiscLCA. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat.

Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at
the other ; roots solitary. — Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds
nearly i' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at
apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the
margin of the old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very
minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. Jime — Sept.

2. L. MINOR. Lesser Duck-meat.

Fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary. — This little floating plant
occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, pro-
perly fronds, adhere 2 — 3 together, 1' in length, rather thick, and convex below.
Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the mar-
gin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. — Sept.

3. L. GiBBA. Gibbous Duck-meat.

Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root solitary.
— Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line
in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June — Sept.

4. L. POLYRHiZA. (Spirodela. Schleiden.)

Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. — Floating
in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2 — 4" long),
scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming
purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8 — 10 black fibres Irom the under surface
of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds.
Jtme — Sept.

Order CXXXVI. TYPHACE^.— Typhads.

Herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints.
Lvs. rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins.
Fls. moncBcious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe.
Coi.— Sepals 3 or 0. Corolla o.

Sta. 3 — 6. Filaments long and slender. Anthers cuneiform, erect.
Ova. 1, free, 1-celled, with a solitary, pendulous ovule. Sti/les short. Stlg. 1—2.
Fr. — Utricle with an albuminous seed.
Genera 2, species 13, in ditches and marshes throughout the world.

GeTiera.

\ long and cylindrical Typha. 1

Spadixof flowers {globose Sparganiumi. 2

1. TYPHA.

Or. TVipoi, a marsh ; where all the species grow.

Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense, c? Stamens about 3 toge-
ther, united into a common filament. 9 flowers below the sterile ; '
ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus. — Root

"A-. Spadix termiTial. Fls. very numerous.

1. T. LATiFOLiA (and angustifolia. Linn.) Cat-tail. Reed Mace.

Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile and fertile spi/ces close
together,' or a little remote. — A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the Avater
in muddy pools and ditches, U. S., Can. The stem arises from 3 to 5f, round
and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes. Spikes of a
brown color, 6 — 10' in length, composed of slender, downy flowers so compact,
particularly the lertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper
portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat sword-
shaped, erect, 2— 4f long and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and made
useful for weaving the seats of chairs, &c. July.
/?. angustifolia. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (i— 2').— Found in

Najas. CXXXVII. NAIADACEiE. 523

the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing
only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts.

2, SPARGANIUM.

Gr. (Tirapyai/ov, a band or fillet ; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves.

Spadix of flowers globose. cT Calyx 3 — 6-sepaled. 9 Calyx 3 — 6-
sepaled ; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1 — 2-seeded. — Root %. Fls.
collected in several deme^ roundish heads^ the sterile heads above the fertile.

1. S. ERECTUM. (S. ramosum. Smith.) Burr Reed.

Lrs. triangular at base, their sides concave ; commo7i flower-stalks branch-
ed; stig. 2, linear. — Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among
other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowers. Stem 1 — 2f high, flexuous,

round, with a few branches above. Leaves J — 2f long, 4 8" wide, linear'

arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards,'
tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green ; fertile ones 2—5, the low-
est generally raised on a short, axillary stalk ; sterile ones above, more numer-
ous, smaller, sessile. Aug.

2. S. SIMPLEX. Smith. (S. Americanum. Nutt.)

Lower lis. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple,
floral ones concave at base and erect ; stig. always simple, ovate oblong, oblique,

scarcely more than half the length of the style.— Ponds and lakes. Stem 1 2f

high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 — 2jf by 3", carinate
at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones, with
the simple styles conspicuous. Aug.

3. S. NATANs. Michx. Floating Burr Reed.

Lvs. floating, flat ; common flower-stalk simple ; stig. ovate, very short •
head of sterile fls. subsolitary. — Lakes and pools, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem
long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water.
Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2
mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. '

Order CXXXVII. NAIADACEJE.— Naiads.

Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers.
Fls. perfect or mono'cious. Calyx 2— 4-sepaled or o.

Sta. definite. Ovaries l, or 2—4, free, 1-ovuIed. Stigma simple, often sessUe.
Fr. dry, indehiscent, Icelled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. Albutnen 0.
Genera 9, species 16, in waters and marshes, salt and fresh, in nearly all countdes.
Conspectus of the Genera.
S solitary, diclinous, monandrous. .... Najas 3

("0. Flowers a.villary, { 2 together, a sterile and fertile one Zannichcllio. 3

1 short, 2flowered, borne on a long, tortuous peduncle, Ruppia- 4

1 linear, bearing the monoecious flowers in a double row. Zostera. 1

Spike Lcylindric, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers Potamogeton. S

1. zostEra.

Gr. ^(xXTTtip, a girdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves.

Spadix linear, bearing the separated flowers in 2 rows on one side ;
perianth 0. c? Anther ovoid, sessile, parallel to the ovary. 9 Ova-
ries 2, ovoid ; style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded.
Z. MARiNA. Sea Wrack-grass.

St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints ; branches
floating, simple ; lvs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 — several feet
in length ; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a
cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked
flowers. — If. Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows
(Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like
other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug.

2. NAJAS.
Gr. vao3, to flow; hence Nais, or NaiJtf, Nymph of the waters ; from Uie habitat.

Flowers often c? 9 cT Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft ; stamen 1 (rarely

524 CXXXVII. NAIADACEiE. Potamogeton.

more) ; filament slender, often elongated ; anther 4-valved, valves
spreading. 9 Perianth 0 ; style filiform ; stigma 2 — 3-fid ; capsule
1 -seeded. — Fls. axillary.

N. Canadensis. Michx. (Canlinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis.
Pers.) Water Nymph. — St. filiform, csespitose, dichotomously branching;
Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticu-
late, spreading, 1-veined. — A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic
plant. Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted
stems 6 — 12' long. Leaves \ — 1' long, ^" wide, se.ssile and sheathing at base.
Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an
oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 — 3 stigmas at summit. Aug.
0. (Caulinia fragilis. Willd.) St.' and Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly
opposite and recurved.

3. ZANNICHELLIA.

In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice.

Flowers <?. — c? Stamen 1; filament elongated. 9 Calyx mono-
phyllous ; corolla 0 ; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and
stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium.

Z. PALUsTRis. Horn Pond-weed.

S/. filiform, floating; Zis. opposite, linear ; anth. ^celled; stig. entire; ach.
toothed on the back. — In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem round, smooth,
1 — 2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2 — 3' long, sessile. Flowers
issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former
consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4 — 6
ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2 — 3-toothed calyx. Jl. Aug.

4. RUPPIA.

In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist.

Flowers 5 , 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheath-
ing base of the leaves ; perianth 0 ; stamens 4, sessile ; ovaries 4,
pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. — Root 'H..

R. MARITIMA.

A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, fili-
form, branched, floating. Leaves 1 — 2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated
sheaths at ba.se, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral,
and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface
of the water as it rises or falls. July.

5. POTAMOGETON.

dr. jTOTafios, a river, yEtruv, near.

Flowers 5 , on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe ; calyx 4-
sepaled ; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia
4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. — Mostly %■, aquatic a-nd sub-
mersed., only the flowers arisitig above the surface of the tvater. Spadix
{or spike) pedunculate., 3 — lOfloicered. Lvs. stipulate., parallel-veined,
lower alternate., the upper {mostly) opposite. Fls. small., greenish.

^ 1. Leaves of two forms, the upper floating.

1. P. NATANsl (P. pulcher. ^Puckerman.) Broad-leaved Pond-weed.

Floating; lis. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cor-
date at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membrana-
ceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles,
all stipulate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fr. somewhat
semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back. — A very common
species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. ! to Wise, Lapliam! Stem slender,

PoTAMOGETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACEE. 525

1 — 3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 2 — 4'
by 8—16", petioles 2 — 8', submersed about ^ as wide. Spike 1—2' long,
20 — 40-flowered. Jl. Aug. — Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to peti-
oles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely cari-
nate but not lunate.

2. P. Claytonii. Tuckerman. (P. fluitansl Ph., Bw., Torr., <f-t:.)
Floating ; lis. lanceolate or oblong, tapering to long petioles (sometimes

on short petioles, E. T.), scarcely coriaceous, submersed leaves long, narrowly
linear, membranaceous, acute, 1-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base ;
spikes rather loose, on long peduncles; fr. compressed, suborbicular. — Ponds and
slow waters, frequent. Stems round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower
leaves 3 — 6' by 1^", remote, upper about 2 — 3' by J'. Spikes 1' long, pedun-
cles 2 — 4'

0 1 (P. heterophyllus. Torr.) Lower Ivs. approximate, lowest slightly petio-
late; ped. shorter. — Uxbridge, Mass., Rickard ! Probably common. A beauti-
ful variety. Fruit not seen.

3. P. DivERSiFOLius. Bart. (P. setaceum. Ph.) Setaceous-leaved Pond-weed.

Upper Irs. lanceolate, opposite, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones sub-
merged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary. — Common in pools and
ditches. A very slender and delicate .species, only the upper leaves arising to
the surface. These are 6 — 10" by 2 — 4", acute at each end, on hair-like peti-
oles 5 — 6" long. Spadices dense, short, 5 — 6 flowered. July.

p. Submersed leaves few, not fascicled in the axils.

§ 2. Leaves all subniersed, uniform.

4. P. LucENS. Skining Pond-weed.

LiVS. lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick mid-
vein; 5pi//cs long, cylindric, many-flowered. — % Can.,N. Eng., &c. Rivers and
lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when
dry, shining above, beautil'uUy veined, 3 — 5' long, acuminate, \ — 1' wide, each
with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2' long, of numerous, green
floH-ers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June.

5. P. oBRUTus. Wood. L/yndon Pond-icccd.

Lis. glossy, linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein con-
spicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stipules wanting; spite long-pedun-
culate; achcma inflated, subhemispherical, margined on the back, beak incurved
both sides, conspicuously umbilicate. — Passumpsic river, Lyndon, Vt. ! A
remarkable .species, differing widely from any other with which I am acquainted.
Stem round, slender, simple. Leaves uniform, 3 — 4' by J', tapering to the
slightl}-- clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, 1 J' long, peduncle
3' in length. Fruit with 2 little pits.

G. P. pr.s;longus. Wolff". Long-sUdked Pond-weed.

L/vs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many-veined, with 3 stronger veins, all reticu-
lately connected, base amplexicaul; 7;e^. very long; spike cylindrical, many-
flowered; fr. ventricose, lunate, acutely carinate on the back. — Ponds and
rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up
its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. I have gathered it in Niagara
river, growing in depths of 6 or 8f. July, Aug.

7. P. PERFOLiATUs. Perfoliate ur Clasping Pond-weed.

Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed; spikes terminal; fls.
alternate. — A common species growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below
the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very lealy, 6 — 10'
long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, IJ' long, \ as wide,
obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (1 — 2'), few flowered. Jl.

8. P. PtOBBiNsii. Oakes. Rnbbins' Pond-v-eed.

Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adnate stipules,
lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate ; spikes oblong,
small and few-floM'ered ; psd. shorter than the leaves. — First discovered by Dr.
Rohbinsl in Pondicherrv Pond. Jefferson, N. H. Since found in manv other

52G CXXXVIII. ALISMACE^. Saoittaria.

ponds in N. H. and Mass. Stem long, branched, almost wholly enclosed in the
sheaths. Leaves 2—4' by 2—3", very acute, somewhat crowded.

9. P. PAUCiFLORUs. Pursh. (P. gramineum. Mlchx.) Grassy Pond-weed.
St. round, dichotomous, filiform ; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile ; Jls. few in

a spadix.— A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering
to the stipulate base, 2—3' long, a line wide, 1-veined, of a bright green color.
Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 3—5 greenish fls. above the water, but
ripening the seeds below.

10. P. coMPREssus. (P. zosterifolium. Schum.)

SL compressed, ancipital, flexuous; Ivs. broad-linear, obtuse; spike short,
peduncle elongated. — A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 — 2f
long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes.
Leaves 3 — 4' in length, 2" wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly
parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, i — I'long, on a peduncle
1 — 2' long, and bearing 5 — 25 flowers. Jl.

11. P. PECTiNATUs (and P. marinus. Linn.) Fennel-leaved Pond-icced.
St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous; Ivs. numerous and fascicled in the

axils, long, narrowlv linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical,
the lower fls. remote; ;?e</. filiform, long. — Plant submersed in deep water, bushy
and very leafy, N. Eng. "? Middle States ! W. to Wis. Lapham ! Leaves 4—7' by
(less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish,
rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn.

12. P. PLsiLLUs. Linn. "? (P. pectinatum. Clark, MS.) Puny Pond-weed.
St. filiform, flexuous, branched ; Ivs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, very

acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules; spikes capitate, few-flowered; fr.
ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each side. — Shallow waters, about Cincinnati.
Clark! A very delicate species, whollv submersed. Leaves 1 — 2' by J", a lit-
tle longer than the internodes. Spikes 3— 5-flowered, the peduncles i' long.
Fruit with distinct pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated.

Order CXXXVIII. ALISMACE^.— Alismads.

Herbs, aquatic. Lvs. parallel-veined. F!s. racemose or paniculate.

Fls. perfect or moncEcious, regular, not on a spadix. . ^ > , ^

Perianth —Cal . Ssepaled, green. CV/r. 3petaled, colored (green in the suborder). ^

Sra. definite or indefinite, hypogynous.

Ova —Carpels several, l-celled and 1-seeded. Styles and sti^as several.

Fr. dry, indehiscent. Seeils straight or curved, de.stitute of albumen. Genera 5, species 167

Conspectus of the Genera.

^ Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6 Allsma. \

( colored, sepals green. \ Flowers nionrEciou-s. Stimens indefinite. . . Saoittaria. 9

} S Anthers thick, short. Leaves cauline. . . . Tnglnchin. 3

Petals ( green, like the calyx. I Anthers linear. Leaves all radical. . . . Scheuchzeria. 4

1. ALISMA.

Celtic alls, water ; the place it inhabits.

Flowers $ ; stamens 6 ; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated,
becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia. — % caules-
cent. Lvs. radical. Fls. paniculate.

A. Plantago. (A. parviflora. Ph.) Water Plantain.
Lvs. oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate ; ach. obtusely 3-
cornered. — A common,' smooth, hand.somc inhabitant of ponds and ditches.
Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4 — 6' long, § as wide, ending
in a short, abrupt point, 7 — 9-veined, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape
1 — 2f high. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers
numerous. Petals 3, tinged with purple, roundish, deciduous, larger than the
green, ovate, persistent sepals. July.

fi. parviflora. Torr. Lvs. oval, acuminate, 5 — 7-veincd; fls. small.

2. SAGITTARIA.

Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf.

Flowers c? : d^ with about 24 stamens : 9 with numerous ovaries

Sagittaru. CXXXVIII. ALISMACEiE. 527

aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined
achenia collected into a globose head. — % acaukscent. Lvs. radical^
generally sagittate. Fls. in verticils of 3, the sterile ones near the sum-
mit of the scape., fertile below them.

1. S. SAGiTTiFOLiA. Arrowhead.

Lvs. lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute. — A curious aquatic
plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of
sluggish waters. Can. and U. S. Root fleshy and farinaceous. Leaves 3 — 10'
long including the lobes which are nearly half this length, J — 4 or 5' wide,
smooth and entire. Scape 1 — 2f high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers
generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, white and
very delicate. July, Aug.— The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr.
Torrey has appended the following, as varieties :

/?. laiifiUa. Lvs. broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly
acuminate lobes.

y. hastata. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long,
acuminate lobes ; fis. mostly dicecious.

6. gracilis. Lvs. linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes.

e. pviescens. Plant distinctly pubescent, in all its parts ; lvs. and their lobes
ovate.

2. S, RiGiDA. Pursh. Brittle-leaved Arrowhead,

Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends ; scape
branching.— N. York. Growing in water even to the depth of 7 feet, accord-
ing to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing spe-
cies, f) — 6' in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles,
prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large)
with 3, white, rounded petals ; fertile ones on short peduncles. July.

3. S. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. Various-lcaved Arrowhead.

Lvs. smooth, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them
elliptical and sagittate, with lobes linear and divaricate; scape aira-gle, few-flow-
ered, fertile flowers subsessile.— Muddy shores. Middle States. Leaves 2 — 4'
long, i as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot
high. Flowers iew, the three lower ones fertile and very nearly sessile, all with
roundish bracts at base. July.

4. S. SIMPLEX, (acutifolia and graminifolia. Pursh.) Linear Sagittaria.
Lvs. erect, simple, linear and lance-linear, sheathing, hyaline ancl cellular

at base, attenuated to a long, acute point ; scape simple, longer than the leaves ;
fs. § or (J> 9 , in whorls of 3, 4 or 5, subterminal and terminal ; sta. in the bar-
ren flowers 12 — 15; bracts minute. — Muddy shores of ponds and rivers. Me. ! to
N. J., N. Y. ! W. to 111. A species almost as variable as S. sagittifolia, to which
it is indeed appended by Hooker as another class of varieties. Leaves 4 — 7'
high, usually very narrow. Scape 5—8' high. Flowers 9—18, 8—9" diam.
Petals rormdish, white.

5. S. oBTusA. Willd. Blunt Arrowhead.

L^-s. broad-ovate, sagittate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, lobes ob-
long, obliquely acuminate, approximate and not spreading; /5. (^9; scape
simple, the sterile branched at the base; tracts ovate, acute. — Ditches, ponds
and marshes, Penn. to Va. W. to Ohio. Juice milky, exuding from the wounded
stem or leaves, and hardening into a pellucid gum. Scape 1- 2f high. Leaves
on long, radical, channeled petioles, lamina 3 — 5' by 2 — 3'. Flowers white, sho-vnT-.

6. S. PUsiLLA. Nutt. Puny Arroivhead.

Petioles (leaves'?) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous ; scape
simple, shorter than the leaves ; fis. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed ; sta. mostly
7. — A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely subu-
late, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2 — 4' high. Flowers
4 — 7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug.

7. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Sagittaria.

Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, tapering to the base, lower
45

528 CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACE^.

ones subcordate ; scape simple, few-flowered ; loxvcr fed. elongated.— lu water,
Penn. {MuMenberg') to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3 — 6' long. Leaves 1—2' long.
Flowers few, small, the upper sterile. Elliot.

8. S. LANCiFOLiA. WiUd. (S. falcata. Ph.) Lance-leaved Sagittaria.

lyvs. broad-lanceolate or ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, coriaceous,
and somewhat perennial ; scape simple; acA. compressed, subfalcate.— This re-
markable species (but unknown to me) has been found along the shores of the
Connecticut river, Mass. and Ct. Stem 2— 3f high.

Suborder. JUNCAGINEJ3.

Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries
3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1 — 2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with
the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.

3. TRIGLOCHIN.
Gr. rots, three, yXoJvij, a comer; on account of the 3-angled fruit.

Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little
below the latter ; stamens 6, very short ; anthers large, extrorse ;
ovaries 1-ovuled ; stigmas adnate ; fruit clavate, composed of 3 — 6
united, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. — % Lvs. grass-like, all radical.

1. T. maritImum. (T. elatum. Aw«.) Sea Arrow-grass.

Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scape longer than the
leaves. — A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at
Salina, N. Y., also lake shores, AVisc. ! Leaves linear, semicylindric, smooth,
thick, 6—12' long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9—18'
jong, bearing a long raceme of 30—40 green flowers on pedicels 1—2" long.
Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The
plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. July.

2. T. PALUSTRE. Marsh Arrow-grains.

Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longer than the leaves.
—In marshes, Salina, N. Y. ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, Jleshy,
smooth, very narrow. Scape 6—12' high, ending in a raceme with rather remote,
very small, green flowers on pedicels 2—3" long. The slender fruit is attenu-
ated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slen-
der carpels. July.

4. SCHEUCHZERIA.
In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists.

Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent ; sta. 6, with linear an-
thers ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; ovaries 1 — 2-ovuled ; capsules inflated,
compressed, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. — % Lvs. cauline, linear, sheathing
at base.

S. PALUSTRIS.

A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. ! to Penn. Rare. Root-stock horizontal,
fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semicylindric, 4 — 6'
long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal,
5 — 8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a
bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July.

Order. CXXXIX. HYDROCHAKIDACE^.— Hydrocharads.

plants aquatic, floating, with parallel-veined leaves.
Fls. dioecious or perfect, issuing from a spathe.
Perianth.— Sevah 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, colored.
Sta. definite or indefinite, epigynous.

Ou(t. adherent to the perianth, single. Stis'ma^3—G. Ovules indefmite.
Fr. dry or succulent, indehiscent, 1 or more celled. Seeds without albumen.
Genera 12, species 20, native of Europe, N. America, and the East Indies. Of no important use.

CXL. ORUHIDACE^. 529

Cmispectus of the Genera.

( cordate, petiolate. • . . . HydrocharU. I

< short and verticmate, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary Udora. 2

Leaves ( long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on loii^ scapes Vallisneria. 3

1. HYDROCHARIS.

Gr. vS(i)p, water, ^oipto, to rejoice ; as water is its own element.

Flowers cJ* 9 . — Spathe 2-leaved ; calyx 3-parted ; corolla of 3 pe-
tals ; styles 3, abortive in the cf ; sta. 10 — 12, infertile in?; stig.
6 — 8, bifid, with several barren filaments and 3 nectariferous glands •
caps, inferior, 6-celled, 00-seeded. — Floatiiig aquatics.

H. spoNGiosA. Bo.sc. (H. cordifolia. Nutt.) Frogbit.

Lis. roundish-cordate ; J> Jls. on long peduncles, 9 on short ones ; anth.
linear; stig. 6—7, 2-parted nearly to the base; segmejits lanceolate-subulate.— 71
Braddock's bay, L. Ontario, SartvxU. Stems jointed, producing offsets from
which new plants arise. Root somewhat fibrous. Leaves petiolate, 5-veined,
purplish beneath. J* peduncles about 3' long. Sepals oval, green. Q pedun-
cles 1— 1§' long, thick. Ovary oblong. Seeds hirsute. Petals white. Aug.

2. UDORA. Nutt.

Gr. iSu>p, water ; fronn its aquatic habits.

Flowers _c? 9; spathe bifid ; spadix 1 -flowered, c? Stamens 9, 3 of
them interior. 9 Tube of the perianth very long ; abortive filaments
3 ; capsule ventricose, 3-seeded. — Creeping. Lvs. verticillate.

U. Canadensis. Nutt. (Elodea. Michx. Sepicula verticillata. MtM.)
Ditch Moss.—Ijvs. verticillate, in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear,
serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. — Resembling a coarse moss, in still
waters. Stem filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leafy, submersed. Leaves
3— G" by (less than) 1", thin and diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Flowers axillary,
solitary, minute, of a dingy white, the slender, hair-like tube 3—3' long (4—6'
according to Nuttall), the lower part (pedicel 1) 2-margined. Stigmas recurved
between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug.

3. VALLISNERIA.

In honor of Anthony Vallisner, a French botanist.

Flowers d" 9; spathe ovate, 2— 4-parted. (^ Spadix covered with
minute flowers; corolla 0. 9 Spathe bifid, 1 -flowered; perianth
elongated ; sepals linear ; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid ; capsule 1-celled,
many-seeded. — % Submersed. Lvs. all radical. Scape spiral, very long.

V. Americana. Michx. Tape Grass.

Lws. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base, floating ;
peduncle of _ the fertile flower long, of the sterile short, erect. — A curious plant, in
slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1— 2f long, about \'
wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants
short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2 — 4f long when extended, thread-like,
thickened at top, bearing each a single, white flower at or near the surface!
Sepals and petals crowning the (1') long, narrow, incurved ovary, which is
half concealed in the spathe. July, Aug.

Order CXL. ORCHIDACE^.— Orchids.

Utrhs perennial, often acaulescent, with fleshy corms, or tuberous, fiisciculated roots

Lvs. simple, parallel-veined , entire. ¥ls. in terminal or radical racemes, spikes or panicles, rarely solitary

Pte.— Very irregular, with an adherent, ringent penanth of 6 parts.

Cai.— Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one uppermost by the twistins of the ovary.

Cor.— Petals 3, usually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary.

hvp. (labellum, or lowest petal,) diverse in form, often lobed, frequently spurred at base.

Sta. 3, united into a central column, the 2 lateral ones generally abortive, and the central one perfect ■

more rarely the central abortive and lateral perfect.
Anth. «, 4 or 8-celled, persistent or deciduous, often operculatc.
Pol. either powdery, or cohering in wa.xy masses ipoUinia). which arc cither ronstantlv adherin" Ic a

gland, or becoming looEC ill their cells.

530 CXL. ORCHIDACE^. Liparis.

Oya. l-celled, with 3 pajiL-tal placentffi. Oi-i/to indefinite., . ^ .,, ,
Stu consolidated with the stamens. Slig. a viscid cavity in front ot the column.
Fa— Capsule s-ribbed, 3-vaJved. Sds. many, without albumen.

Genera 394 species 3000? They are among the most interesting and curious of ptanU, almost always
remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the Iragrance, brilliancy and odd
structure of the flowers. „ ,,.,..• >... j ^ .i. ■ v.

The Orchidaceie are natives of every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of them are epiph-
ytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. . , , ,. ^•. ■ 1.-

This order is remarkable for those qualities only which please the eye. Many of its species are culU-
vated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The salep ot commerce
is a nutritive mucilaginous substance afibrded by the roots ot some Asiatic, Orchis. The aromatic va-
nilla, used to flavor chocolate, &c., is the fruit of the West Indian Vanilla claviculata.

Conspectus of the Genera.

^cauline. . . Microstrjlis. l

S ovate, j radical. . . Aplectrum. 4

r Leaf solitary, (ensitbrm (rarely 2). . . Caloposon. 10

I V near base of stem. . . Liparia. 'i

1 Leaves 2 only, t near middle of stem. . . Listera. 13

I I radical, <, ringent. . . Goodyera. 12

( Flowers I < Sepals Ij erect. . . Spiranl/ies. 11

■< several. (.Leaves several, ( cauline. Fls. 3 or 4. . . Caloposon. 10

C .Spur 0. ( Flower solitary, lip bearded within Pogonia. 9

J 4 PoUinia 2. Fls. bracteate . Orchis. 7

( Fertile 1 i flatfish. ( Pollinia 4. Fls. bractless. . . Tipularia. 6

Leaves 1 < anth. 1. iLip spurred at base, ^ventricose. Flower and leaf solitary. . Calypso. .S

or more. ( Anthers 2 fertile, middle one sterile, petaloid. Lip saccate. . . . Cypripedium. I*

\ Plants green. Flowers solitary. Lip bearded within Arethusa. 8

Leaves 0. \ Plants destitute of green herbage. Flowers racemose Coral lorhiza. 3

Section 1. Pollen cohering in grains which finally became waxy,
and are definite in number.

1. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt.

Gt. fxtKpos, little, (rrtiXoj, style; alluding to the slender column.

Segments of the perianth distinct, petals filiform ; lip sessile,
concave, erect, truncate and bidentate at summit ; column minute ;
pollinia 4, loose.

1. M. oPHioGLOssolDEs. Nutt. (Malaxis orph. Willd. M. unifolia.
Michx.) — Lf. solitary, ovate, amplexicaul; s<. 5-angled ; roc. short, obtuse,

capitate ; pedicels much longer than the flowers. — A small plant, in woods, &c.,
Can. and N. States. Stem 5 — 9' high, with a single leaf a little below the
middle. This leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 2i' in length, 1
in width. At the base of the stem is an abrupt sheath. Flowers whitish,
minute, numerous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at
top. Bracts minute. Pedicels about 4" long. June.

2. M. MONOPHYLLOs. Liudl. (M. brachypoda. Gray. Malaxis mon.
Willd.) — Leaf solitary, ovate, sheathing at base; rac. elongated, with

numerous flowers on short pedicels; bracts minute ; sep. acute, spreading; late-
ral pet. reflexed, linear ; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acuminate with a
recurved point. — In shady swamps, N. Y., rare. Prof. Hadley, Dr. Gray. Stem
2 — 6' high, 3-anglcd, with a subspicate raceme of 20 — 40 small, greenish
flowers. July.

2. LIPArIS. Rich.
Gr. Xirapos, elegant, shining ; a term characteristic of these plants.

Segments of the perianth distinct, sublinear, spreading or deflex-
ed ; lip spreading, flat, ascending, often exterior ; column winged ;
pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without pedicels or glands.

]. L. LiLiFOLiA. Rich. (Malaxis lilifolia. Sio.) Thvay-blade.

Lvs. 2, ovate-lanceolate; scape triangular; inner pet. filiform, reflexed;
lip concave, obovate, acute at the tip. — In wet woods, Can. to Car., Ohio.
Leaves radical, 3 — 6' long, J — h as wide, rather acute, tapering into a sheath-
ing base. Scape about (>' high. Flowers 10 — 20, in a terminal, rather showy
raceme. Pedicels near an inch in length. The 3 sepals greenish-white, linear.
2 upper petals capillary, yellowish-white. Lip much larger than the other
petals, white. June.

Calypso. CXL. ORCHIDACEiE. 531

2. L. LcESELii. Rich. (L. Correana. Spr. Malaxis Loeselii. Siv.)
Lvs. 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse, plicate, shorter than the few-flowered
racemes ; scape angular ; lip ovate, entire ; sep. and pet. linear, subequal. —
About half as large as the preceding, in moist meadows and fields, Can.,
Ohio, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Leaves 2 — 3' long, about 1' wide, obtuse or
acute, sheathing at base. Scape 3 — 5' high. Flowers about 6, appressed to
the rachis, in a thin raceme. Pedicels about 2" in length. Sepals and petals
greenish-white. Ovaries clavate, as long as the pedicels. Jn,

3. CORALLORHlZA. Brown.
Gr. KopaWiov, coral, P'fa, root; its branched roots much resemble coral.

Segments of the perianth nearly equal, converging ; lip produced
behind ; spur short and adnate to the ovary ; column free ; poUinia
4, oblique (not parallel). — Plants leafless.

1. C. oDONTORHizA. Nutt. (C. vcma. Nutt. C. innata. Br.) Dra-
goii's-daw. Coral-root. — Lip undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted ;

spur obsolete, adnate to the ovary ; capsule oblong or subglobose.— A singular
plant, with no leaves or green herbage, inhabiting old woods, Can. to Car. and
Ky. The root is a collection of small, fleshy tubers, articulated and branched
much like coral. Scape 9—14' high, rather fleshy, striate, smooth, invested
with a few long, purplish-brown sheaths. Flowers 10—20, in a long spike, of
a brownish-green. Lip white, generally with purple spots. Capsules large,
reflexed, strongly ribbed. July, Aug.

/?. verna. — L/ip white, without spots, minutely toothed each side. — More deli-
cate and slender than the variety a. Flowers fewer (7 10).

2. C. MULTiFLORA. Nutt. Flmoering Coral-root.

Scape many-flowered; Up cuneate'-oval, spotted, 3-parted; the middle
lobe recurved, lateral ones short and tooth-like ; spur conspicuous, adnate ; cap.
elliptic-obovoid. — In woods, growing on the roots of trees, N. Eng. and Mid.
States. Root coralline. Scape 10—15' high, leafless, brownish-purple, sheath-
ed with a few bracts. Flowers larger than in the other species, 15 — 20, erect-
spreading, in a long raceme. Lip showy, 3—4" long, white, sprinkled with
purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnate to the ovary. Jl.

4. APLECTRUM. Nutt.

Gr. a, privative, wXijKTpov, a spur; the lip being without a spur.

Segments of the perianth distinct, nearly equal, converging ; lip
unguiculate, not produced at base ; column free ; anther a little
below the apex ; pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular.

A. HYEMALE. (Cymbidium hyemale. Willd.) Adam-and-Eve. Putty -
root. — Lf. solitary, radical, petiolate, ovate, striate ; lip. trifid, obtuse, with
the palate ridged. — A fine plant, in woods. Can., Ohio ! to N. Eng. (rare) and
Flor. Root bearing large, roundish, mucilaginous tubers. Leaf rather elliptic
than ovate, 4 — 5' long, \ — i as wide, twice as long as the petiole, which arises
Irom the summit of the tuber a short distance from the scape. Scape arising
from beneath the tuber, about If high, invested with 2 — 3 sheaths. Flowers
resembling those of Corallorhiza, brownish-purple, erect, in a terminal raceme.
Lip dilated near the end. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. May, Jn.

5. CALYPSO. Salisb.

Named for the goddess Calypso ( Gr. KoKwrw, to conceal).

Segments of the perianth ascending, secund ; lip ventricose,
spurred beneath near the end ; column petaloid ; pollinia 4.

C. BULEosA. Salisb. (C. Americana. Br. C. borealis. Ph. Cjrpripe-

dium. Linn.) — Lf. solitary, radical, broad-ovate, veined ; lip narrowed and

subunguiculate at base ; spur bifid, longer than the lip, with acute teeth ; ped.

longer than the ovary. — This rare and beautiful plant is found in Vt., (Carey)

Nova Scotia, Mich., W. to Oreg. Scape 6—8' high, sheathed, bearing a sih-

45*

53a CXL. ORCHIDACE^. Orchis.

gle, purplish flower at top, as large as that of a Cypripedium. Leaf petiolate,
2 — 3' in diameter, subcordate at base.

6. TIPULARIA. Nutt.
Tipula, the crane-fly ; from the fencied resemblance of the flowers.

Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading ; lip entire, sessile,
conspicuously spurred at base ; column wingless, free ; anther oper-
culate, persistent ; pollinia 4, parallel.

T. DISCOLOR. Nutt. (Orchis. Ph. Limodorum uniflorum. Muhl.)
A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhiza, growing in
pine woods, Vt., Mid. States to Car. Root bulbous. Leaf solitary, petiolate,
ovate, plaited, smooth, and longitudinally veined. Flowers minute, greenish-
white, nodding, in a terminal raceme destitute of bracts. Jl.

Section 2. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, which are pedicellate,
with glands at the base of the pedicels. Anthers of 2 distinct,
vertical cells.

7. ORCHIS.

The Greek name of these plants.

Perianth ringent, the upper sepal vaulted ; lip entire or lobed,
produced at base into a spur which is distinct from the ovary ; anther
terminal ; pollinia 2, adnate, pedicellate. — Fls. racemose or spicate.

^ 1. Orchis vera. Lip broad, entire. Glands of the pedicels of the
pollinia enclosed.

1. O. spECTABiLis. Showy Orchis.

Lvs. about 2, nearly as long as the scape ; lip obovate, undivided, crenate,
retuse ; segvients of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer ; spur clavate,
shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower. — This pretty little plant is
found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, &c., U. S. and Can. Root
fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3 — 6' long, i — J as wide. Scape 4 — 6'
nigh, acutely-angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3 — 5 large, showy
flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur
white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn.

^ 2. Platanthera. Lip narrow., entire. Cells of the anther widely sepa-
rated at base by the broad, interposed stigma. Glands of the pedicels
of the pollinia naked.

2. O. ORBicuLATA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.)
Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy ; scape bracteate ; upper sep.

orbicular, lateral ones ovate ; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as long as the
sepals; s^wr arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as long as the ovary. — A re-
markable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in thickets, Penn. to Can. and
W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3 — 6' diam., rather inclining to
oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1 — 2f high, sheathed with a few
bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish-white flowers. Lip \ — 1' by
i_l". Spur IJ— 2' long. Jl.

3. O. HooKERiANA. Wood. (Platauthcra. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.)
Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape naked; bratts lance-
olate, nearly as long as the flowers ; vpper sepal ovate, erect, lateral ones deflexed
and meeting behind ; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting, acuminate, a little
longer than the sepals; spur .subulate, arcuate, about twice longer than the
ova'ry. — Woods, Can., N. Eng. ! to Wis., Lnphaml rare. Resembles O. orbicu-
lata, but is very distinct. Scape 8 — 12' high, without a bract below the flow-
ers. Leaves 4 — 5' long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 12 — 18, in a straight
raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9 — 12" in length. Jn. Jl.

4. O. HYPERBOREA. WiUd. (Habenaria hyp. & Huronensis. Spr. Pla-
tanth. Lindl.) — St. leafy; lvs. very erect, acute ; spike somewhat secund-

Ohchis. CXL. ORCHIDACE^. 533

bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower ; sep. deflexed ; pet. and lip
linear, obtuse, subequal, (the latter dilated at base !) and about as long as the
pendulous, obtuse spur. — A tall, leafy, variable species, found in mountainous
woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Mich, and Can. Stems thick, 2 or 3, or
even 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 4 — 7' by 1 — IJ'. Flowers greenish in
shades, nearly white in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense
spike. July.

0. Hiirmiensis. More slender ; Ivs. lance-oblong and lance-linear, obtuse or
acute; spike rather loose, often long. — Vt., Dr. Phelps! W. to Mich.

5. O. DiLATATA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Hook. Platanth. Lindl.)

St. stender ; Ivs. lanceolate and linear, acute ; spike loose ; bracts lance-
linear, about as long as the flowers ; npper sepal ovate, obtuse, the lateral nar-
rower and spreading ; lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated at the base, about equal-
ing the petals and a little shorter than the obtuse, incurved spur, which is longer
than the ovary. — Swamps, Northern States ! (rare) and Can. It is a slender
and delicate species, with pure white flowers. Stem 10 — 15' high. Leaves
often narrow and grass-like, the lower lanceolate. Flowers 10 — 20, spur about
4" long. July.

6. O. OBTusATA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Rick.')

Lf. solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse ; st. bearing the leaf near its base ;
spike loose ; upper sep. broadest ; pet. subtriangular ; lip linear, entire, with 2
tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur. — Found in muddy ponds
and ditches, N. H., Storrs! N. to Lab. Stem slender, angular, 6 — 8' high, ter-
minating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish-white flowers. Leaf
tapering at base, and usually obtuse at the summit, 2 — 3' in length, and 1 in
breadth, issuing with the stem from 2 — 3 radical, sheathing bracts. July.

7. O. INTEGRA. Nutt. (Habenaria. Spreng.)

St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear ; drafts shorter than the flowers ;
lip oblong, entire, longer than the petals ; spur subulate, longer than the ovary.
— Swamps, N. J., Nuttall. A species very nearly allied to O. ciliaris, appa-
rently differing only in the flowers being smaller; and with the lip entire, not
fringed. Flowers orange-yellow. Jl.

^ 3. Habenaria. Lip dilated., variously divided. Glands of the pedi-
cels of the pollinia naked., distinct.
* Lip toothed or ^-parted, not fimbriate.

8. O. FLAVA. (Habenaria herbiola. Br. Platanthera. Lindl.')

St. leafy; lower Ivs. oblong, acute, upper lanceolate, acuminate; spike
rather dense, cylindric; bracts longer than the flowers; Up oblong, obtuse, den-
tate at base ; palate with 1 tuberculate tooth ; spur filiform, rather shorter than
the sessile ovary. — A small-flowered orchis found in alluvial soil. Stem flexu-
ous, 12 — 18' high. Leaves about 3, with long sheaths, 3 — 6 or 7' by f — 2', taper-
ing to an acute summit. Flowers in a long, thin spike. Sepals short, ovate,
green. Petals yellowish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower ones
2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of the lip is a remarkable character. June.

9. O. viRXDis. Swtz. (O. bracteata. MmA/. Peristylusbracteatus. Z,i?trfZ.)
.SV. leafy ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones acute ; spike lax ; bracts 2 — 3

times as long as the flowers ; sep. connivent, ovate ; pet. linear, erect ; Up linear-
cuneate, truncate, 3-toothed at the end, the middle tooth small or obsolete ; spur
short, inflated, obtuse. — A small, green-flowered orchis, in shades. Stem 6 — 9'
high. Leaves about 3, 18 — 30" by 6 — 12", upper bracts as short as the flower.
Spikes 2 — 3' long. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary, 3 times
as long as the spur. Can. to Va. W. to 111. July, Aug.

10. O. TRiDENTATA. Willd. (Habenaria. Hook. Gymnadenia. Lindl.)
Radical If. solitary, oblong, obtuse, cauline 2 — 3, much smaller; sep. cam-

panulate, obtuse, converging ; Up lanceolate, 3-toothed, at the extremity ; spur
filiform, curved, clavate, longer than the ovary. — Grows in woods and swamps,
Can., Mich., Penn., Va. Stem slender, 1 — 2f high, with small, greenish-white
flowers in a short and rather loose spike, appearing in July.

534 CXL. ORCHIDACE^. Orchis,

11. O. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Pursli. (Habcnaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.)
Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate; scape naked; spike lew-flowered; bracts ob-
tuse, shorter than the ovary ; sep. and pet. obtuse ; lip 3-lobed, lateral, lobes sub-
falcate, middle one obeordate ; spur as long as the lip. — Ct., Penn., Eat^an, Can.
Scape about a foot high, slender, without a bract. L.eaf 2 — 4' long, | as wide,
spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a greenish-white, remark-
able for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendant lip.

* * Lip fimbriate. Stem leafy.

12. O. ciLiAHis. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. I/MI^^.) YeUmo Fringed
Orchis. — Lower Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; spike oblong, dense ; bracts shorter

than the ovary; lip oblong-lanceolate, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the petals ;
.';piir longer than the ovary. — A delicately beautiful orchis, with bright orange-
colored flowers, in swamps, Can. to Ga. and Ky., rare. Stem about 2f high.
Leaves sheathing at base ; lower ones 3 — 5' long, rapidly diminishing upwards.
Sepals roundish, obtuse, concave. 2 petals linear, very small, incised at the
summit ; the lip narrov/, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4" long. Spur 1'
in length. July, Aug.

13. O. CRisTATA. Michx. (Habenaria. Brown. Platanthera. Lindl.)
Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; spike somewhat crowded, many-flow-
ered; segvients of tJic perianth roimded, the two lateral petals toothed, lip oblong,
pinnatcly ciliate, spur shorter than the ovary. — Swamps, N. J., Penn. to Car.
A small species, distinguished from the foregoing by smaller and more crowded
flowers which are of a bright orange-yellow, and by its shorter spur, &c. Jn. Jl.

14. O. Blepuariglottis. Willd. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.)
White Fringed Orchis. — Lower lis. lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong',

dense ; bracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the flowers ; lip lanceolate,
ciliate, as long as the upper sepal ; spur much longer than the long-beaked
ovary. — A delicate orchis, in swamps, TN. Y. ! to Car.,) resembling the
last species, but distinguished at least, by the color of its flowers which are of
a pure white. Stem 1 — 2f high. Flowers fewer than in the last. Sepals round-
ish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Petals spatulate, dentate. Lip fringed in the mid-
dle, 2" long. June, July.

15. O. FissA. Willd. (Habenaria. Br.)

St. tall, leafy ; lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear ; bracts nearly equaling the
ovary ; sep. roundish-ovate ; lateral petals denticulate ; lip 3-parted, divisions
cuneiform, dentate, middle one 2-lobed ; spir filiform, clavate at end, curved,
ionger than the ovary. — Wet grounds and marshes, Penn. to Va., W. to Ind. !
A truly beautiful species 2--4f high. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4 — 6'
long. Flowers violet-purple, large, 20 — 50, in a terminal spike. Ovary 1', and
spur 1}' long. June, July.

16. O. LACERA. Michx. (O. Psycodes. Spr. Habenaria. Br. Platan-
thera. Lindl.) Ragged Orchis. — Lawer lvs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones

narrow, acuminate ; bracts longer than the flowers ; sep. retuse ; pet. emargi-
nate ; lip 3-parted, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid ; spur filiform, cla-
vate, as long as the ovary. — Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1 — 2f
high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3 — 6' by h — V, mostly acute. Flowers
numerous, in a long, loose spike, of a greenish- white, not sho^vy. Sepals ovate.
Petals oblong-linear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily dis-
tinguished from the following by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and
the entire (not fringed) petals. July.

17. O. Pyscodes. (O. fimbriata. Br. Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera.

Lindl.) Purple Fringed Orchis. — Lmmr lvs. lanceolate, diminishing up-
wards ; lip. 3-parted, scarcely longer than the petals, the segments cuneiibrm,
ciliate-fimbriate ; lateral pet. ovate, fimbriate-dentate ; spur filiform, clavate,
longer than the ovary. — A beautiful plant, common in nueadows. Can., N. Eng.,
Mid. and W. States. Stem U— 2if high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3—6' long.
Flowers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip of
the nectary somewhat longer than the petals, its 3, fan-like, spreading segments,
as well as the petals, beautifully fringed. Spur an inch in length. July.

PoooNiA, CXL. ORCHIDACE^. 535

/3. (O. incisa. Wiild.) Lateral petals subdentate, terminal one incisely den-
tate ; spur subulate.

18. O. LEUCOPH^A. Nutt. White -Jlmve red. or Prairie Orchis.

St. leafy; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled;
bracts shorter than the ovaries ; roc. oblong ; scp. roundish-oblong, acutish ;
lateral petals obovate, denticulate; lip 3-parted, ilabellilbrm, segments deeply
fimbriate ; spur subulate-clavate, curved, twice as long as the ovary. — Wet
prairies, Ohio, Ind. ! 111. Stem 1 — 3f high. Leaves 2 — 6' long. Raceme about
12-flowered. Sepals and spur yellowish, petals white. Ovary curved, 1' long.

19. O. GRANDiFLORA. Bw. (Habcnaria. Tmr. Platanthera fimbriata.
Lindl.) Largc-flowcring Orcliis. — Lower Ivs. oblong, oval, obtuse, vpper

OTiex very narrow ; bracts shorter than the ovary; roc. oblong; lip dependent,
twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments cuneiform and fimbriate, the
middle one largest, with connivent fimbriae ; lateral pet. fimbriate ; spur ascend-
ing, clavate, longer than the ovary. — A superb plant, considered the most beau-
tiful of the genus, in wet meadows, N. H. ! Can. Stem 2 — 3f high, thick, hol-
low, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones, 4 — 7'
by 1 — 2', upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers very large, purple,
in a terminal raceme, 3 — 6' long. Middle seg. of the lip nearly semicircular,
twice as long as the lateral ones. June.

Section 3. Pollen powdery, or consisting of loosely cohering

granules.

8. ARETHtJSA. Swtz.
Arethusa was a fabulous nymph of Diana, who was transformed into a foimtain.

Perianth with its segments cohering at base ; lip spurless, adnate
to the column at base, deflected at the end and bearded inside ; pollen
angular. — Small plants, inhabiting wet places.

A. BULBOSA. Bulbous Arethusa.

Leafless ; rt. producing a globular tuber ; scape sheathed, 1-flowered. —
This beautiful and interesting plant is found only in wet meadows and swamps,
Can. to Va. Stem 6 — 12' high, invested with about 3, long, loose sheathes with
lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short, linear-
spatulate leaf At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple
color. A little below the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal
bracts. June.

9. POGONIA. Brown.
Gr. TTtovMi/, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip.

Perianth with its leaflets distinct ; lip sessile or unguiculate,
cucullate, bearded inside ; pollen farinaceous.

1. P. oPHiOGLOssoiDEs. Br. (Arethusa. Linn.)

Rt. fibrous ; St. furnished with an oval-lanceolate leaf and a foliaceous
bract near the flower ; lip fimbriate. — An interesting plant, much taller than
the bulbous Arethusa, found in swamps and muddy shores. Can., N. Eng. to
Car. and Ky. The stem is verv slender, 9—16' high, with 2 remote leaves, the
one placed about midway, 2 — 3' long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base;
the other (a bract 1) much smaller, situated near the flower. Flower large,
nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (f). June.

2. P. VERTiciLLATA. Nutt. (Arcthusa. Willd.)

Lvs. 5, oblong-lanceolate, verticillate ; Jis. solitary, the 3 outer petals very
long, linear, inner ones shorter, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobes
undulate. — Swamps. Stem 8 — 12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top
and a flower 1 — 2' above it. Leaves IJ' long, J as wide, abruptly acuminate.
The flower is remarkable for its sepals being about 2' long, very narrow, and
of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in the middle. July.

3. P. PENDULA. Lindl. (Triphora. Nutt. Arethusa. Willd.)

Rt. tuberous ; st. leai}', about S-flmvered at the top ; lvs. clasping, ovate,
alternate ; fis. axillary, nodding ; lip entire, scabrous, not bearded ; fr. pendu-

53G CXL. ORCHIDACEiE. Goodyera.

lous. A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mid. W. ! and S. States. Stem

scarcely 6' high, slightly angled, with about 3 flowers, which from their singu-
lar form suggest the common name. Leaves 3 — 6, i — |' long, j as wide,
purplish. Flowers white or greenish, the segments of the perianth equal, con-
verging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug.

10. CALOPOGON. Brown.

Gr. /caXof , beautiful, irwyuv, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip.

Segments of the perianth distinct ; lip on the upper side of the
flowers, unguiculate, bearded ; column free, winged at the summit ;
pollen angular.

C. puLCHELLUs. Br. (Cymbidium. Willd.) Grass Pink.

Rt. tubeious ; If. radical, ensiform, veined ; scape few-flowered ; lip erect, nar-
rowed at base, with an expanded border, and a concave, hairy disk. — A truly beau-
tiful plant, in swamps and moist meadows, U. S. and Can. Scape slender, 10 — 20'
high, furnished with a single, long leaf (8 — 12' by *'), sheathing its base. Flow-
ers 3 — 8, large, purple, remarkable for their inverted position ; lip expanded
at the end and fimbriate on the upper side of the flower, while the column is
below. Petajs and sepals expanded. July.

11. SPIRANTHES. Rich.

G)'. aireipa, a cord; in reference to the twisted spike.

Flowers in a spiral spike ; petals connivent ; lip unguiculate,
parallel with the column, entire, with 2 callous processes at base ;
column free, clavate, bidentate at summit ; ovary oblique ; stigma
rostrate.

1. S. GRACiLLS. Beck. (Neottia. Biu.) Ladies' Tresses.

Lvs. radical, ovate, caducous; scape sheathed, Jls. in a spiral row; lip
obovate, curled. — A very delicate plant, not uncoinmon in old woods, N. Eng.,
Can. Scape leafless, with several remote, sheathing scales, very slender, and
8 — 12' high. Leaves 3 — i, close to the ground, 1 — 2' long, J as wide, on short
petioles, mostly withering and falling away before the flowers expand. Flow-
ers small, white, arranged in a row which winds once or twice around the
stem. July.

2. S. TORTiLis. Sw. (Ophrys. Mx. S. aestivalis. Mx.)

Radical lvs. linear; scape sheathed; Jls. spirally secund; lip somewhat 3-
lobed, the middle lobe larger, crenulate. — A plant mostly similar to the last, in
woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Car. Leaves 3 — 6' by 2 — i" commonly dis-
appearing before flowering. Scape slender, a foot or more high, with a .spiral
row of oblique, small, white flowers, forming a twisted spike 2—4' long. July.

3. S. CERNUA. Rich. (Neottia. Willd.)

Lvs. radical, linear-lanceolate, veined ; stcvi sheathed; spike dense ; Jls. re-
curved, drooping ; scp. and pet. cohering ; lip oblong, entire or crenulate, dilated
at the apex.— In moist grounds, N. Eng. to Ga. Scape *— Iff high, rather
stout, pubescent above, with a dense, twisted spike at summit'l— 2' long. Leaves
3 or more, nearly or quite radical, 3—8 or 10' long, i— 1' wide. Bracts ovate,
acuminate, as long as the greenish flowers. Aug. Oct.

12. GOODYfiRA. Brown.

Named for John Goodyer, an obscure English botanist.

Perianth ringent ; calyx herbaceous, upper sepal vaulted, the 2
lower ones beneath the saccate and entire lip ; column free, pollen
angular ; stigma prominent, roundish.

G. PUEESCENS. Br. Rattlesnake Plan'ain.

Lvs. radical, ovate, petiolate, reticulate; scape sheathed, and with the
flowers, pubescent ; lip ovate, acuminate ; pet. ovate.— A plant found in woods,
van. nndU. R. remarkably distinguished for its leaves which are all radical

CypRiPEDiuM. CXL. ORCHIDACEiE. 537

and of a dark green, reticulated above with white veins. They are ovate, 1 — 2'
in length, contracted at base into winged petioles scarcely half as long. Scape
erect, (j — 1'2'high. Flowers white, in a terminal, oblong, cylindric spike. Lip
roundish, saccate, inflated. July, Aug.

/?. rcpcns. (G. repens. Br.) Lot. less conspicuously reticulated ; spi^-e some-
what unilateral. — A reduced form of G. pubescens, certainly unworthy of being
exalted into a species. Stem 6 — 8' high. Flowers in one row, which is more
or less spiral.

13. LISTER A. Brown.

Named for Dr. Martin Lister, an English naturalist, died 1711.

Lip 2-lobed, pendant, with no callous processes ; column wingless,
minute ; anther fixed by its base, persistent.

1. L. coRDATA. Br. (Ophris. Mr.) Tway-blade.

St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, deltoid-subcordate, acute ; rac. few-flow-
ered ; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, with divaricate and acute seg-
ments ; column very short. — Root fibrous. Stem 4 — 8' high, furrowed. Leaves
J — f diam., sessile, about half way up the stem. Flowers minute, greenish-
purple, 10 — 15, in a short raceme. A delicate little plant, in woods and sphag-
nous swamps, among mountains, &c., N. States and Brit. Am. July, Aug.

2. L. coNVALLARioiDEs. Nutt. (Epipactis. Sw.)

St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, roundish-ovate ; rac. few-flowered, loose,
pubescent ; sep. ovate-lanceolate ; lip oblong, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish
lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex ; column elongated. — Car. to
Arc. Am. Root fibrous. Stem very slender, 5 — 10' high, sheathed with a few
bracts bearing the 2 leaves near the middle. Leaves near an inch long, f as
wide. Flowers small, the broad, obcordate lip twice as long as the sepals. May.

Section 4. Lateral anthers fertile ; the middle one sterile and pe-

taloid.

14. CYPRIPEDIUM.

Gr. K^UTrpif, Venus, iroSioVy a slipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip.

The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely, distinct ; lip
ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse ; column terminated by a peta-
loid lobe (barren stamen). — Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for
the large, inflated lower petal or lip.

1. C. CANDiDUM. Willd. White-flovjered Ladies' -slipper.

St. leafy ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; fi. terminal, solitary ; sep. elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex ; pet. lance-linear, longer
than the compressed lip ; Icbe of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse. — Borders
of woods, prairies, Penn. to Ind. Plummer! Resembles the next in foliage, but
remarkalDly distinguished by the white flower. Stem about If high, simple.
Leaves 3 — 6' by 1 — li', sheathing the stem, acute. Ovary pedicellate. Lip 1'
in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May.

2. C. ACAULE. Ait. (C. humile. Sw. *?) Acaukscent Ladies' -slipper.
Scape leafless, 1-flowered ; Ivs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ;

lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed; ^rf. lanceolate;
Up longer than the petals, cleft before. — A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car.
to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10 — 14' high, with a
single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals h' long,
the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip.
Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of the
flower. May, June.

3. C. PARVIFLORUM. Salisb. Yelloiv Ladies' -slipper.

St. Leafy; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lobe of the column triangular-
oblong, acute ; sep. ovate, oblong, acuminate ; pet. long, linear, contorted ; lip
shorter than tlie petals, compres.sed. — Woods and meadows, Newf to Car.
Stems usually several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 3 — 6

538 CXLVil. AMARYLLIDACEiE. Amaryllis.

by 2—3', veined, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Seg-
ments 4 greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed
of 2 united sepals, the two lateral ones 2 — 3' by i', waved and twisted. Lip a
large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture
above. May, June.

/?. pubesccns. Leaves lanceolate ; lobe of the column obtuse. The flowers
somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. H.

4. C. SPECTABILE. Sw. Showij Ladies' -sUpper .

St. leafy ; Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column elliptic-
cordate, obtuse ; Sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before.

A. tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick,

2 ieet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6 — 10' by 2 — 4', veined, plaited, hairy.
Flowers 2 — 3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2'
long, 1§ broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals
completely united. July.

5. C. ARiETiNUM. Ait. (Arietinum Americanum. Deck.) RavVs-head.
St. leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, striate-veined ; sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not

united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet.
linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic. — In damp woods. Can.,
Maine, Vt. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8 — 12' high, lower part sheath-
ed. Leaves 3—5, 2—3' by J— 1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary,
with a leafy bract at base. " Segments about equal in length, the upper one as
broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests
the name of this curious plant. May.

Order CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE^.— Amaryllids.

Herbs, perennial. Leaves parallel-veined.

f'ls. showy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and with spathaceous bracts.

Perianth mostly regular, adherent to the ovary, colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals.

S!a. 6, arising Irom the perianth segments. Anthers introrse.

Ova. 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled (sometimes l— 2-ovuled). Sti/le 1. Sti^. 3-lobea.

Fr. a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genera 63. species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few are
found in our climate.

Properties.— A few of the Amarjllidacea; possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the
Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the
bulbs of Haemanthus to.xicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and other species, are emetic. The
fermented juice of the Agave forms the into.\icating palqueofihe Mexicans. Many are highly orna-
mental, and are therefore cultivated.

Conspectus of the Genera.

S Scape tall, with numerous flowers. Agave. i

( Corona 0. \ Scape bearing 3—5 small, yellow flowers Hypoxis. 5

i Corona of 3 emarcinate segments Galanthits. 3

Flowers regular. ( Corona monophyllous. Narcissus 2

Flowers irregular. Stamens declined Amaryllis, l

1. AMARYLLIS.

Lat Amanjllis, the name of a nymph, fi'om a^opuo-a-o), to shine with splendor.

Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding ; filaments declined,
arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction ; seeds
flat, numerous. — A sple?idid goius, with a feio native and many
foreign species.

1. A. Atamasco. Atamasco Lily.

Spathe 2-cleft, acute ; /. pedicelled ; cor. campanulate, with nearly equal
petals, suberect. — A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometimes
cultivated. Leaves linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6' high. Spathe a little
colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals
acuminate. June.

2. A. FORMOsissiMA. Jacobea Lily. — Lis. radical; fls. nodding, very ringent,
tube fringed; sta. inchtded in the involute lower segments. — A splendid flower,
from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loamy soil. Root
bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, dis-
closing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn. — A ug.

Agavk. CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE^. 539

2. NARCISSUS.

Gr. vapKrj, stupor; from the eflects produced by the smell of some of the species which are poisonoua.

Perianth regular ; corona monophyllous, funnel-form, consisting of
a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are
inserted.

06s.— A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them very fragrant
and beautiful. They have bulbous root.s, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, com-
pressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous.

1. N. JoNauiLLA. — Scape 1 — 3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup
(corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate. —
Native of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a
few flowers of a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn.

2. N. poETicus. Poet's Narcissus. — Scape 1-flowered ; scgvients imbricate at
base, reflexed ; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 anth. shorter than the
tube. — Nativ^e of S. Europe. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same
length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown
singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn.

3. N. Pseudo-Narcissus. Daffodil. — Scape 2-edged, straight, striated ; seg-
ments sulphur color ; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice. — Native of England.
Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high,
bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona.
April, May.

4. N. Tazetta. — SpaiAc many-flowered ; coro?ia campanulate, truncate, shorter
than the petals ; Zt'5. flat. — Native of Spain. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth,
sv/ord-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10 — 12 flowers. Corolla
white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May.

3. GAL ANTH US.

Gr. yixKo.., milk, avSoj ; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower.

Flowers spathaceous ; sepals 3, concave ; corona formed of 3 small,
emarginate segments; stigma simple. — Ornamental., bulbous exotics.

G. NIVALIS. Snow-drop. — Lis. linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1-flowered.
— Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is
a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single,
large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, nar-
row leaves towards the top.

4. AGAVE.

Gr. ayavos, admirable ; a term emmently applicable.

Perianth tubular, funnel-form, adherent to the ovary, 6-parted ; sta-
mens 6, exserted ; anthers versatile ; capsule ovate, attenuate at each
end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, many-seeded. — A splendid Ameri-
can genus. Root someti7nes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly
radical., rigid., channeled^ often spiny. Panicle large, pyramidal.

1. A. ViRGiNiCA. False Aloe.

Acaulescent, herbaceous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous, with car-
tilaginous serratures on the margin ; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales
and sessile flowers. — Rocky banks, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous.
Scape 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long,
acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the acute seg-
ments. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed, 3-valved, 3-celled. Sept.
2. A. Americana. American Aloe. Century Plant. — Acaulescent; lvs. spi-
nose-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy ; scape branched, lofty and arbo-
rescent ; cor. tube contracted in the middle ; pedicel as long as the corolla. — The
largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated.
It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known
to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical,
thick, 3 — 6 or 8f long, 4 — 12' wide. The scape arises from the centre of the
46

540 CXLVIII. HiEMODOHACE^. Lophiola.

mass" ol leaves, to the height of 15 — 251', bearing a pyramidal panicle. Flowers
yellow. There is a variety with striped leaves.

5. HYPOXIS.

Gt. vJtoj, under, o|vs, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit.

Spathe 2-leave(l ; perianth persistent ; capsule elongated, narrowed
at the base ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous in-
tegument.— Small, bulbous, grass-like ■plants, with yellow jiowers. Lvs.
radical, linear.

H. ERECTA. Star-grass.

Pilose ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves.
— In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves all radical, 6 — 12' by 3 — 5",
very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6 — 8',
divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 — 5 peduncles having each a minute,
subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow
within ; segments oval, rather obtuse. June.

Order CXLVIII. H^EMODORACE^.— Bloodroots.

Herts with fibrous, perennial roots and perfect flowers. , ,• , • ,

iTS. permanent, ensiform, eciuitant, usually in 2 ranks. . . ,, [cyUndricai tube.

Perianth more or less woolly, adherent, the sepals anil petals often indistmguishable, and united mto a

Sta. arising from the perianth, either 3 and opposite the sepals, or 6.

Ova. 1 or 3-celled, cells l, 2, or many-ovuled. Stij. and stig. simple. .

Ft —Capsule covered with the withered perianth, valvular, seldom mdehiscent.

Sds. definite or indefinite. Fitnbri/o short, straight, in cartilaginous albumen.

Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of
Lacnanthes tinctoria abounds in a red coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Aletris
farinosa. ^ , „ , , ^

Conspectus of the Genera.

(3 hacnanOies. 1

< K Perianth woolly, 6-parted. Lophiola. 2
Stamens C 6. i Perianth mealy, 6-toothed. Aletris. 3

1. LACNANTHES. Elliot.

Gr. \a)(^iii], soft hair, av^oi ; in allusion to the woolly corollas.

Perianth woolly, tube adherent ; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear
sepals, as long as the 3 lanee-oblong petals ; stam. 3, equaling the
sepals, and opposite to them ; stig. minutely 2-lobed ; caps. 3-celled,
truncated, many-seeded. — Lvs. lanceolate-linear. Fls. corymbose.
L. TINCTORIA. Ell. (Dilatris. Pursh.) Red-root.

Swamps and borders of ponds, R. I., Ohiey! N. .T. to Plor. An interest-
ing plant, v/ith rush-like leaves. Stem erect, strict, 18—24' high, clothed with
white wool above. Leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 3 — 4" wide and nearly as
high as the stem. Cauline leaves remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal,
close, 15— 30-flowered. Flowers densely clothed with white wool outside, gla-
brous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow. Jl.— The root is said to be
employed in dyeing.

2. L O P H I C L A. Ker.
Gr. Xotpos, a crest ;■ alluding to the crested petals.

Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, woolly ; petals narrower
than the sepals, somewhat interior ; sta. 6 ; filament naked ; anthers
erect : style conical, 3-partible ; stigma simple ; capsule opening at
the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Lvs. cjisiform. Fls.
corymbose.

L. Americana. "Wood. (L. aurea. Ker. Conostyles. Br.) Golden Crest-

y^wycr.— Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. Stem 1— 2f high, erect,

hoary-tomentose when young. Leaves glaucous, narrowly linear, two-edged,

glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally

much expanded, many-flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments

Iris. CXLIX. IRIDACE.E. 541

reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising
from the centre of each valve. Seeds white. July, Aug.

3. ALETRIS.

Gr. (^a\tiup) aXstarpos, meal; from the powdery dust with which the plant is covered.

Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugose, persistent ; stamens issuing at the
top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible ; capsule opening at top,
many-seeded. — JLvs. radical, rosulate. Scape many-flowered.

1. A. FARiNosA. (A. alba. Mx.) Star-grass. Colic Root.

Lvs. broad-lanceolate ; Jls. oblong-tubular, pedicelled ; perianth in fruit
rugose or mealy in appearance. — Grows in low grounds, in most of the States.
Root premorse, intensely bitter. Scape 20 — 30' high, with remote scales or
bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These
are 3 — 4' long, \ as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long,
thin raceme. Perianth white, -y long, on very short pedicels, rugose without
when old. Medicinal. July.

2. A. AUREA. Walt. Yellota Aletris.

L/vs. lanceolate ; Jls. subsessile ; perianth short, tubular-campanulate, yel-
low, finally rugose and very scabrous. — In the pine barrens of N. J. to Car.,
abundant. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Torrey. Scape 2 — 3f high,
with few, yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Leaves all radical. JL, Aug.

Order CXLIX. IRIDACE^.— Irids.

Herbs perennial, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots.

Lvs. equitant, mostly distichous. Fls. with spathaceous bracts.

Per. — Tube adherent to the ovarj', bmb Bparted, colored, in 2 often unequal series.

Sta. 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Antliers s-celled, e.\trorse.

Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style 1. Stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. (albiunen.

i^.^Capsule 3-relled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous, with hardened, fleshy

Genera 53, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Anier.

Properties.— ^oK remarkable for their beauty than their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris
tuberoaa. The aromatic orrvs root is the dried rhizoma of Iris florentina of S. Europe. Saffron consists
of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus.

Conspectus of the Genera.

t Stamens distinct. ' . . . Iris. I

'Petals smaller than the sepals. \ Stamens united.
\ Tube short.
^ suberect. ( Tube very long.
< regidar. I. Petals and sepals subequal, \ spreadiiig.flat. Tube short.
Flowers \ irregular. Seeds mnged

Tigridia. 4

Ixia. 2

C'roais. 6

Sisijrinchiwin. 5
Gladioltis. 3

1. IRIS.

Named from the Greek, signifying rainbow ; on account of the varied color of the flowers.

Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals ; stamens dis-
tinct ; style short or 0 ; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens. —
Lvs. mostly ensiform.

1. I. VERSICOLOR. Blue Flag.

St. terete, flexuous ; lvs. ensiform ; fls. beardless ; ova. triangular, with
concave sides and roundish angles. — Grows in wet grounds, (U. S. and Can.,)
where its large, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rhizoma large,
horizontal, acrid. Stem 2 — 3f high, acute on one side, often branched and bear-
ing several flowers. Leaves a foot long, i — 1' wide, erect, sheathing at base.
Sepals spatulate, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white,
with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style
short, bearing 3 petaloid stigmas which are reflexed and bifid at the end, purple
or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong ; seeds flat. June.

/?. sulcata {Torr.) (S^. nearly straight ; ^rf. longer than the stigmas; angles
of tli£ ovary sulcate.

2. I. PRisMATiCA. Pursh. (I. Virginica. Tori-.) Boston Iris.

St. round, slender, few-flowered ; lvs. linear, long ; fls. beardless ; ova. tri-
angular, the side doubly grooved. — In similar situations wiih the last, readily

542 CXLIX. IRIDACE^. Tigridia.

r1i<5tino-uished bvits very slender habit. Mass. ! to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem
smooth 1-2" in diam, l-2f high, branching at top and bearing 2-6 flowers.
Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grass-
li[re, 6—10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple.
Petals linear-lanceolate. June.

3. I. LACUSTRIS. Nutt.

Ijvs ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape ; see-,
of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, eraarginate, the sepals scarcely crested ;
raps turbinate 3-sided, margined.— Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw,
NnttaU Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2—5' by 3—4", those of the scape
bract-like. Scape 1 —2' high. Flowers pale blue, the sepals rather broader. J n.
4. I. sAMBUCiNA. Flower-de-Lnoce. i^r.,M€W7--<fe-Z/5.—S'<. many-flowered, longer
than the leaves ; segme7ifs of the perianth eraarginate, outer ones flat ; Ivs. bent
inwards at the point ; spathe membranaceous at the apex ; fls. beardless, lower
ones pedunculate ; stig. with acute, serrate divisions.— Native of the South of
Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light
blue, often fading to white. May. f

5 I. FUMiLA. Dwarf Iris.— Scape very short (3—6'), 1-flowered; spathe
shorter than the tube ; scp. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals.— A small
species from H-ungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Leaves numerous,
broad-ensiform, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, appearing in early spnng.f

6 1 ocHROLEUc A. —Beardless ; Ivs. ensiform, depressed, striate ; scape sub te-
rete ; Ota. 6-angled.— A tall species from Levant. Stem 3— 4f high. Flowers
ochr'oleucous or sulphur-yellow. July, f

7 I Chinensis. China Iris.— Scape compressed, many-flowered; stigmas
lacerated. A small species from China. Flowers elegantly striped. A few-
other species are rarely cultivated in gardens, f

2. IX I A.
Gr. i^os, sticky ; alluding to the glutinous juice of some species.

Spathe of 2 or 3, ovate, short bracts ; petals and sepals distinct or
slightly united, similar, regular ; sta. 3 ; filaments filiform ; stigma
straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform.

I. Chinensis. — SL terete, flexuous, leafy; ^I's. ensiform, vertical, sheathing ;
panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymbose ; perianth campanulate, segments
6, lance-linear.— Native of S. Africa, frequent in gardens, Western and South-
ern States. Whole plant smooth, 3— 5f high. Leaves erect, tapering to an
acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red inside, about 1' long. Jl., Aug.f
3. GLADIOLUS.

Lat. ffladius, a sword ; in reference to the form of the leaves.

Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth irregular ; stamens distinct, ascending ;
stigmas 3 ; seeds winged. — A large genus of bulbous plants, with large
and showy fiowcrs. None native.

G. COMMUNIS. — Spike unilateral; upper segmerit of the perianth covered by the
lateral ones. 3 lower marked by a white,''linear-lanceolate spot, lowest very
large.— A fine border flower, from S. Europe. Stem 2— 3f high, with the flow-
ers arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. Perianth large, deep red,
variegated with white. Its colors are liable to considerable variation. Jl. f

4. TIGRIDIA.

Name in reference to the large spotted flowers.

Spatlie 2-leaved ; the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals ; stamens
monadelphous ; filaments united into a long tube.

T. Pavonia. Tiger Flonxr. — 5". simple, flexuous; ivs. ensiform, veined;
segments flat; ppj. pandunform. — A superb, bulbous plant, with large, beautiful
flowers, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2f high or more, erect, round, leafy,
somewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower inodorous,

DioscoREA. CL. DIOSCOREACE^. 543

5 — 6' broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very
evanescent, lasting but a few hoiu-s, but a new one appears daily for several
weeks. It ripens seeds, from which, or from offsets, it may be increased. Jl. — Sept.f

5. SISYRINCIIIUM.

Gr. av(, a hog, and pvy;^oj, a snout; alluding to the singular spathe.

Spathe 2-leaved ; segments of the perianth flat, equal ; stamens
monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft. — % Grass-like plants, icith comjrressed,
ancipital scapes.

1. S. ANCEPS. (S. gramineum. Lam.) Bluc-eycd Grass.

Scape simple, winged; valves of the spathe unequal, the longer scarcely
equaling the flowers ; pet. mucronate. — A delicate little plant, with blue flowers,
common in low grass-lands, Can. and U. S. Stem or scape 10 — 12' high, so
winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear,
about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 — 5-flowered, the longer
valve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little
broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. Jl.
2. S. MDCRONATUM. Michx. Blue-eijed Grass.

Scape simple, subsetaceous ; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the
flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point. — Middle States, W. to Ky. Found
in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. Leaves radical, a line wide.
Scape 6 — 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very
unequal valves, 3 — 4-fiowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in
the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn.

6. CROCUS.

Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower.

Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and
slender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. — Spathe radical, 1 — 2-
leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite ses-
sile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground
by the groivth of the scape, to ripen its seeds i?i the sun.

1. C. SATivus. Saffron. — Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-Tpa.ited,
as long as the corolla, reflexed. — From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical,
with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower nearly or quite sessile on the
bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long,
emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and
coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. — A variety, perhaps the
most common, has yellow perianths. -^

2. C. VERNU.s. Spring Crocus. — Stig. included within the flower, with 3,
short, wedge-shaped segments. — Native of the Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an
inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yel-
low or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the
mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube.
Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propa-
gated in gardens chiefly by bulbs, j-

Order CL. DIOSCOREACE^.— Yam Roots.

Shrnbs, twining. Lvs. usually alternate and reticulate-veined.

Fls. dicEcious. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; segments of limb 6, in 2 series.

i^te.rile.—Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals.

Fertile.—Ova. 3-celled, cells 1— 2-ovulcd. Styles and stigmas nearly distinct.

J.V.— Capsule 3-winged, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive.

S'(i5. flat, compressed. Embri/o small, in cartilaginous albumen.

Genera 6, species 110. The only remarkable or useful productof this order is yafns, an important article
of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea sativa, &c.

DIOSCOREA.

In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero.

Flowers c? 9 ; styles of the fertile flowers 3 ; cells of the capsule

46*

544 CU. SMILACEiE. Smtlax.

2-seeded ; seeds membranaceously margined. — Slender, shrubby
climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or
palmately divided. Fls. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or
panicles.

D. viLLosA. (D. quaternata. Ph.) Yam Root.

Z/r5. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 — 11-veined, the margin entire or
wavy, lower surface villose with short, soft hairs, upper surface glabrous ;
petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next sulDopposite,
the middle and upper alternate; (^ plant with the spikes paniculate, 9 with the
spikes simple. — A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, U. S. and Can.,
rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, smooth, reddish-brown, 1 — 2" diam., 5 — 10 —
15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 — 4' long, | as wide, dis-
tinctly cordate and acuminate. The two outside veins in some of the leaves
meet a little above the base, in others at the base — a character of no value.
Petioles 2 — 4' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost
as broad as long. June, July.

/?. IcBviiiscula. Wood. (D. quaternata. Pursk.) Ijvs. smooth both sides, mar-
gin slightly wavy ; otherwise indistinguishable from variety a.

Order CLI. SMILACE^. — Sarsaparillas.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. reticulate-veined.

Fls. dicEcious or perfect. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regiilar.

Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the segments.

Ova. 3-celled ; cells 1 or many-seeded.

Fr.— Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. SefSs with cartilaginous albumen.

Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and demulcent sarsa-
parillas are the roots of several chietly S. American species of Smilax.

SMILAX.

Gr. (TfiiXr), a grater ; the stems of some species are rough with prickles.

Flowers c? 9 ; perianth broad-campanulate. c? Anthers adnate.
9 Style minute ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, 1 — 3-seeded. — % or
shrubby, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often prickly. Lvs. entire.,
petiolate, palmately veined. Fls. umbellate.

* Stem shrubby and prickly.

1. S. ROTUNDiFOLiA (and caduca. Linn. S. quadrangularis. Ph.)

St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; lvs. short-
petiolate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, subcordate, a little paler and glaucous
beneath, 5 — 7-veined, glabrous ; ped. axillary, solitary, many-flowered, longer
than the petioles ; berries black, glaucous. — A strong, thorny vine, extending
10 — 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem woody, smooth, except
the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Leaves
2 — 3' by \\ — 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the top of
the wings of the petioles. Flowers small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels.
Berries round, black. June.

/?. caduca. Smaller, with ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles.

y. quadrangularis. St. unarmed above, obtusely 4-angled ; lvs. ovate.

2. S. SARSAPARiLLA. Mcdiciual Sarsaparilla..

''■ St. slightly 4-angled, aculeate above; lvs. unarmed, elliptical-ovate,
cuspidate, abrupt, 3-veined, glaucous beneath ; ped. longer than the short peti-
oles."— In swampy thickets, Penn. to Car. Pursh. Root long, slender, with a
thick bark brown externally, white within. Stem stout, .somewhat flexuous,
armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Leaves finally nearly orbicular,
2 — 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral
smaller secondary ones. Petioles short, margined, with 2 tendrils. Flowers
in small, thin umbels, yellowi.sh-white. Berries (red, Woodville, black, Pursh.)
3-seeded.

3. S. LAURiFOLiA. Laurcl-leaved Grccji Brier.

St. aculeate, terete, branches unarmed; lvs. coriaceous, oval-lanceolate,

Trillium. CLII. TRILLIACE^E. 545

slightly acuminate, 3-veined ; umbels on very short peduncles, which are
arranged alternately on a common rachis. — N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen
climber, ascending trees to a great height. Stem with few scattered prickles.
Leaves numerous, very thick and smooth. Raceme of umbels longer than the
leaves, peduncles shorter than the ultimate pedicels. Jn. — Aug.

4. S. PANDURATUs. Pursh. (S. tamnoides. Ell.)

St. branched, terete, aculeate ; Ivs. ovate, somewhat panduriform, acumi-
nate, cordate, 3-veined; ped. twice as long as the petioles; uTobel many-flow-
ered ; berries black. — In sandy woods, N. J. to Car. Stem twining, 6 12f.

Leaves smooth and shining both sides, with shallow depressions or sinuses on
each edge. July.

* Stems shrubby, unarmed.

5. S. Pseddo-China.

St. terete, unarmed; cauline Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong,
all 5- veined, on short petioles; ped. very long.— Sandy woods, N. J. to
Car., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. Stem purplish-brown, very smooth,
branching and climbing by tendrils which arise Irom the base of the petioles.
Leaves 2 — 4' by 1—2', slightly hispid on the veinlets beneath. Peduncles lon-
ger than the leaves. May, Jn.

* * * Stem herbaceous.

6. S. HERBACEA. (S. pcdunculata. Muhl.)

St. herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, or inclining ; Ivs. ovate, 7—9-
veined, cuspidate; umbels on long peduncles. A coarse, smooth, ill-scented
plant, in thickets and k)w grounds, N. Eng. to Ky. and Wise. ! Stem slightly
angled, 3—6 or 8f high, usually nodding with its slender summit and few small
branches, and leaning on other plants or on each other. Leaves 2 — 4' by 1| — 3,
often roundish, paler beneath, the petioles winged at base and producing a long,'
slender tendril from the top of each wing. Fertile umbels simple, about 40-
flowered, on peduncles 6 — 8' long, those of the sterile umbels shorter. Flowers
yellowish-green, diffusing about the plant an intolerably offensive and sicken-
ing odor. Berries dark blue. Jn.
/?. St. more generally climbing by its tendrils ; Ivs. broadly ovate, subcordate.

7. S. LASIONEURON. Hook.

St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; Ivs. oblong, broadly ovate, cor-
date, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent
on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little longer than the
petioles, many-flowered ; tendrils from the base of the petioles.— Green Co.,
Ind. ! also Can. Stem 3— 6f high. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves'
which are often about 4 J' by 3'.

Order CLII. TEILLIACEiE.— Trilliads.

Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves.

Fls. large, terminal, solitary, perfect, trimerous, rarely tetramerous.

CaZ.— Sepals 3, green or herbaceous. Cor.— Petals 3, larger than the sepals, colored or herbaceous

Sta. 6—10. Fil. subulate. Anth. linear, with cells on their edges and the connectile e.xtended

Ova. tree, 3— 5-celled. Sty. distinct. Stig. small. Ovu'es 00, in 2 rows, ascending.

Fr. succulent, 3— 5-celled. Sds. oo. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.

Genera 4, species 30, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America The roots of
some species are emetic.

Gc7iera.

5 in one whorl. Trillhan. 1
Leaves ( in two whorls. Medeola. 2

TRILLIUM. Miller.

Lat. trilix, triple ; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in Ss.

Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals,
inner of 3 colored petals ; stamens nearly equal ; stigmas sessile,
distinct or approximate ; berry 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. — %
Stem siviple. Los. 3, whorlcd at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate-
veined. Fls. solitary., terminal.

546

CLII. TRILLIACE^. Trillium.

1. T. SESSILE. Sessile-flowered T)-illium.

Lvs. broad-ovate or suborbicular, rather acute, sessile ; /. closely sessile,
erect • sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute ; pet. linear-lanceolate,

zoma horizontal,

by 1—2', smooth and entire. Sepals green, about 8" by 3", the petals narrower

and much longer, dark purple. Apr. May.

2. T. RECURVATUM. Beck.

Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute ; /. closely sessile ;
pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved
sepals. — A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady
woods. Wis., Laphavi ! 111., Jenney! Mo., Beck. Stem 8 — 10' high, rather thick.
Leaves 2 — 2 J' by 1§ — 2', with distinct, short petioles. Petals .purple, and with
the green, reflexed sepals about V long. May.

3. T. ERYTHROCARPUM. Michx. (T. pictum. Ph.) Smiling Wake-robin.
Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled ; ped. erect ; fet.

lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals. — Can. to Ga. A beauti-
ful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8 — 12' high, with a
whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3- veined, rounded at base, long
acimiinate, 3 — 4' long, § as wide, petiole 2 — 3" long. Flower nearly erect.
Petals wa\^ at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The
root is considered medicinal.

/?. Cleavelandicum. Wood. (T. Cleavelandicum. Sicallow .') Sep. developed
into leaves, which are but little smaller than the true leaves ; pet. 6, the 3 outer
but partly colored. Otherwise as in a. — Brunswick, Me. ! This is probably a
metamorphosis ; but Mr. S. has gathered it three years in succession, and also
finds it thus far unaltered when cultivated from the root. Its claims to the
rank of a species must be tested by plants reared from the seeds. (Dr. T.
Rickard comm.)

4. T. PDsiLLUM. Michx. (T. pumilum. Ph.)

Lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile ; ped. erect ; pet. scarcely longer than the
calyx. — Penn., Muhlenberg. A very small species. Petals flesh-colored. This
plant appears to be lost to the later botanists.

5. T. NivALE. Riddell. Sncnoij Trillium.

Rt. tuberous, premorse ; st. low ; lvs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly
and abruptly petiolate; fl. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-obovate,
obtuse, white, one-third longer than the calyx. — The smallest species here
described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio, Clark! Wis., Lapham! Stem 2—4' high,
from a thick, tuberous root. Leaves 8 — 18" by 5 — 12", petioles 2 — 4", about
equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals
which are about 8" by 4". Mar. Apr.

6. T. PENDULUM. Muhl. (T. cernuum. Bart., Ph., <!^c.) Drooping Tril-
lium.— Lvs. suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petio-

liate ; /. cemuous, on a recurved peduncle. — A large species, with a small
flower, Mid. and W. States ! Stem slender, 10—15' high. Leaves 3 — 5' diam.,
nearly round, on petioles I" long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves.
Peduncle 1 — 2i' long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1' long.
Petals oblong-ovate, acute, li' by §', white. Stigmas erect, recurved at top,
lower part styloid (or styles 3, erect, with recurved stigmas !). May, Jn.

7. T. ERECTUM. (T. atropurpureum. Curt.) Bath Flower.

Lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; pet.
scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals. — A conspicuous plant in
woods, of fine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of
the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 3—5'
long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle.
Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusjcy
purple, greenish outside. May.

TuLiPA. CLIII. LILIACE^. 547

/?. Fls. white and much smaller.— N. Y., &c.

y. Fls. white and somewhat larger. — Western States !

8. T. GRANDiPLORUM. Salisb. Large-Jlmvering TVillium.
Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate; ped. inclined;
Jl. suberect ; pel. much longer than the calyx, spatulate-oblanceolate, connivent
at base. — Damp, rocky woods. Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. Stem 8 — 12'
high. Leaves 3 — 5' diam. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species.
Petals li — 2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumina-
tion, white, varying to rose-colored. May.

2. MEDEOLA.

Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues.

Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments ; stig-
mas 3, divaricate, united at base ; berry 3-celled ; cells 3 — 6-seeded.

— Stem simple.

M. ViRGiNicA. (^Gyromia. Nutt.) Cucumber Boot.

Lvs. verticillate in the middle of the stem, 3 at the top. — None can but
admire the symmetry- of its form. Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, thought to
resemble the cucumber in flavor. Stem erect, 1 — 2f high, invested with loose,
cottony wool. Leaves in two whorls, one just above the middle of the stem,
consisting of 6 — 8 wedge-lanceolate leaves (3 — i' by 9 — 12") ; the other at the
top, of about 3 ovate, shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen-
dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed,
dark red. Jiily.

Order CLIII. LILIACEiE.— Lilyworts.

Herbs ■with parallel-veined leaves. Stems often bulbous or tuberous at base.

Fls. perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored.

Perianth free from ovary, of 6 segments (rarely 4), colored.

Sla. 6 (rarely 4), inserted into the sepals and petals. Anthers introrse.

Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Styles united into 1. Stigma often 3-lobed.

Pr. capsular or fleshy, with several or many seeds in each cell.

Sds. — Albumen fleshy.

Genera 133, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautifid, of
many brilliant, and of some truly splendid.

Propertie-s.— The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the
bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active medi-
cine, squills, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the
product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, dragon's blood, is the concentrated juice of
Dracaena Draco of the Canary Isles.

Conspectus of the Genera.

* Segments of the perianth scarcely cohering in a tube.

^ erect Tulipa. I

S solitary. ( drooping. . . . Erythronium. 4

(on a scape, . .{umbellate, &c Convallaria. 12

< < Petals with a grooved line. . . Lilium. 2

( Fls. campanulate, ( on a leafy stem. ( Petals with a honey cavity at base. Fritillaria. 3

i Leaves broad, cauline. Convallaria. 12

I i Valves 0. ^ Leaves linear, radical. Phalangium. 11

I (racemose. . .( Valves 6, bearing the stamens. . Asphodelus. 10

Branches 0 1 < corymbose, pedicels bracted at base. . . . Oinithogalum. 8

or leafless. IFls. subrotate, . .( umbellate, from a leafy spathe. .... Allium. 7

i Sepals and petals recurved. Seeds few. . . Streptopva. is

Branches 4 Leaves ovate, &c. ( Sepals and petals erect. Seeds many. . . . Uvularia. 14

leafy. . . ^Leaves filiform, fasciculate. Asparagus. 16

* * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base.

( stamens inserted at the top of the incurved tube Polyanthes. 6

Flowers •; Stamens inserted in i he middle of the tube Hyacinthvs. 9

on a scape. ' Stamens inserted at base of tube, declined Hermrocallis. 5

Flowers axillary on a leafy stem ; Polygonatwm. 13

Tribe 1. TUL.IPACE.'E. — Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering

in a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale.

1. TULIPA.

Persian thoiiliian, a turban ; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers.

Perianth campanulate ; stamens short, subulate ; anthers 4-angled ;
stigma thick ; capsule oblong, triangular. — % Lvs. radical., Flower

548 CLIII. LILIACEiE. Lilium.

solitary on a scape. The species are chicjly oriental. Only 2 are
generally cultivated.

1. T. Gesneriana. Common Tulip. — Scape 1-flowered, smooth ; Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate ; /. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. — Named for Gesner, a Zurich
botanist. It appears to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in 1559.
Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a
rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a.
few years, the flowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exqui-
site manner so much admired. In catalogues there are enumerated and describ-
ed more than 700 varieties. May.

2. T. sUAVEOLENs, vulgo, VaH Tkol., diflfers from T. Gesneriana, in having a
pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blos-
soms earlier.

2. LILIUM.
Gr. \eipov, Celtic, li, white ; one species is the emblem of purity.

Perianth campanulate, segments mostly recurved, each with a lon-
gitudinal groove within, from the middle to the base ; stam. shorter
than the style ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with lat-
ticed hairs. — % Herbs, with bulbous aiid leafy stems. Lvs. sessile,
alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal.

1. L. Canadense. Yellmo Lily.

Lvs. most verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath ; ped. terminal,
elongated, usually by 3s ; fl. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute. —
Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in
summer. The root affords a fine example of the scaly bulb. Stem round,
2— 4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 — 6
leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 — 3' by J — 1'.
Flowers 1 — 3, sometimes 7 — 20, pendulous, yellow or orange-colored, spotted
with dark purple inside. July.

2. L. supERBUM. Superb Lily. Turk^s Cap.

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticil-
late, upper ones scattered ; fis. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments
revolute. — Can., Mid. and W. States ! Few cultivated plants are more orna-
mental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white,
squamose bulb. Stem erect, round, straight, 4 — 6f high. Leaves 2 — 3' by
4 — 9". Flowers 3 — 20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots.
Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very dis-
tinct, at least in appearance, from the foregoing. July.

3. L. Philadelphicum. (L. Catesbasi. Walt. 7)

Lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, ] -veined, upper verticillate, lower
generally scattered ; ^^5. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect ; pet. and sep.
lance-ovate, unguiculate. — Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An
elegant and showy plant, 15 — ^20' high. Stem terete, smooth, simple. Leaves
2 — 3' by 3 — 5", sessile, smooth, only the midvein often conspicuous, collected
into 1,2 or 3 or more whorls of about 5, with the lower scattered. Flowers
usually solitary, rarely 2 — 4 and umbellate. Sepals and petals lance-ovate
(the latter broadest) deep orange-color, spotted at base, 2j' long, standing apart
on long claws. June.

4. L. CANDiDUM. White Lily Lvs. scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the

base ; Jl. campanulate, smooth inside. — Native of Levant. It has a thick stem
4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snow-white flowers, which have
long been regarded as the emblems of whiteness and purity. Jl. f

5. L. BULBiFERUM. Orange Lily. — Lvs. scattered, 3-veined ; fls. campanulate,
erect, rough within. — Native of 'Italy. Stem thick, round, 4f high, bearing
small, r'oundish, dark-colored bulbs in tlie axils of the leaves. Flowers large,
orange-colored, resembling in form tho.se of L. candidnm, but are scabrou?
within. July, -f

Hemerocallis. CLIII. LILIACEiE. 549

6. L. Japonicum. — Lvs. scattered, lanceolate ; Jls. cernuous, campanulate. —
Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower
is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high. •{•

7. L. TiGRiNUM. Tiger-spotted Lily. — L/vs. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the
upper cordate-ovate ; perianth revolute, papillose inside. — Native of China,
very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange-
colored, spotted flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous. Aug. f

3. FRITILLARIA.

La.Lfrililltis, a chess-board ; alluding to the checkered petals.

Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity
above the claw of each segment ; stamens as long as the petals. — %

1. F. iMPERiALis. Crown Imperial. — Rac. comose, naked below ; lvs. entire. —
Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate,
3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves ; the upper
part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow,
nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves
at the base of each pedicel. May. f

2. F. MALEAGRis. Checkered Fritillary. — Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled;
St. 1-flowered. — Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very
narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and
beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. -f

4. ERYTHRONIUM.

Gr. epv^po;, red ; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species.

Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones
(petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a
groove in the middle ; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate. — '^-
Leaves 2, subradical. Scape \-Jloivered. Fls. nodding^ liliaceous.

1. E. Americanum. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.) Yelloto Erythroni-
iim. — Scape naked; lvs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point; seg-
ments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; sly. clavate ;
stig. undivided. — A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal
flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The
bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 3 — 4' high. The 2 leaves are of
equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded
with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in the sunshine. May.

2. E. ALEiDUM. Nutt. White Erythrimium.

Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate ; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather
obtuse, inner ones wilhotit dentures at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes
reflexed. — About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y.,
Starrs! to Wise, Laphavi! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the
base, of equal length including the petiole (4 — 5'), one of them twice as wide
as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white,
nodding flower. Segments li' long. April, May.

3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bractcd Erythronium.

Scape bracted ; Zrs. lanceolate, very unequal. — An alpine species, found
in Vt. Boott. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the
leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than
the leaves with a narrow, lanceolate bract H' long, a little below the flower.
Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn.

TRrBf. 2. HEMEROCAL-IjIDEjE. — Bulbous. Sepals and petals united

into a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pate.

5. HEMEROCALLIS.

Gr. I'liicpa, Uie day, and xaWo;, beaulilul, flowers beautiful but lasting only a day.

Perianth campanulate. with a cylindric tube; stamens declined ;

550 CLIII. LILIACE^. Allium.

stio-ma simple, villous, small. — % Aii ornamental gewis, natives of the
old world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose.

1. H. FULVA. Co7n,mon Day Lily.— Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. ob-
tuse, wavy ; veins of scp. branched.— Native of the Levant, naturalized in some
parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very nu-
merous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round,
thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a
tawny red. Style striate. July, t

2. H. FLAVA. Yellmi) Day Lily.— Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat,
acute; wwis o/ </te 5e;)«^5 undivided.— Native of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers
a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl. f

3. H. Japonica. White Day Lily. — Lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; Jls. in-
fundibuliform. — A fine species' from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very
smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high.
June, f

6. POLYANTHES.
Gr. TToXiKT, many, aj/Soj ; the flowers of the plant being numerous.

• Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; filaments inserted into the throat ;
ovary at the bottom of the tube. — %

P. TUBEROSA. Tuberose.— Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. oblong. — A fine parlor
plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape
scaly, 2— 3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious
fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. -f

Tribe 3. SCIIiLE^.— Bulbous. Flowers usually smaller than in the
preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle.
7. ALLIUM.

Celtic all, hot or burning.

Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe ;
perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3
inner somewhat smaller ; ovary angular ; stigma acute ; capsule 3-
lobed. — Strong-scented., bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel
on a scape.

1. A. TRicoccuM. Ait. Lance-kaved Garlic.

Scape terete ; lvs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seed soli-
tary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. — % A strong-scented plant, common
in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and to 111. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Leaves 5 — 8'
long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and
disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high,
bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 — 12 white
flowers. June, July.

2. A. Canadense. Canadian Garlic,

Scape terete ; lvs. linear ; umbel capitate, bulbiferous. — %. In woods. Leaves
radical, | as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 12 — 18' high,
round, smooth, bearing a spathe ot 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head
of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract be-
neath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June.

3. A. viNEALE. Craiv Garlic.

St. slender, with a few leaves; cauline lvs. terete, fistulous,- umbel bulbi-
ferous ; sta. exsert ; fU. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the
anther. — % Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves 6 — 12' long. Scape 1 — 2f
high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with
which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. ^

4. A. CERNUUM. Roth. Nodding Garlic.

Scape angular ; lvs. linear, flat," very long; umbel cernuous ; sta. simple.

HYACINTHU3. CLIII. LILIACEiE. 551

—Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock! and Wis., Laphaml Bulb
6—8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15—24' high, recurved
at top. Umbel 12— 20-flowered. Pedicels 7—8" long. Flowers rose-colored.
Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July.

5. A. TRiFLORUM. Pursh. Few-fiowered Leek. Mountain Leek.

Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined ; um-
bel few-flowered.— In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania,
Pursh. May, June.

6. A. scHiENOPRAsuM. Cives. — Scape equaling the round, subulate leaves. —
Gr. rxo'^o^) ^ rush, and irpaaov, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn.

7. A. AscALONicuM. Shallot. — Scape terete ; Ivs. subulate ; tmibel globose ;
sta. tricuspidate. — Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has a soboliferous bulb,
small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July.

8. A. PORRUM. Leek. — St. compressed, leafy ; Ivs. sheathing at base ; sta. tri-
cuspidate.— Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb.
Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top,
a large umbel of small, white flowers. July.

9. A. SATIVUM. Comvion Garlic. — Bulb compound; st. leafy, bulbiferous;
sta. tricuspidate. — Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller
ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem
2f high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medi-
cine. July.

10. A. PROLiFERUM. — Scapc fistulous, twisted ; Ivs. fistulous ; umbels bulbifer-
ous and proliferous ; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous. — A curi-
ous species, native of the W. Indies. Scape 2 — 3f high, producing several
bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July.

11. A. Cepa. Common Onion. — Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base,
longer than the terete, fistulous leav^es. — ^ Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head.
Native of Hungary. The root bears a timicated bulb, compressed, or round,
or oblong in figiu-e. The scape, which appears the second 3^ear, is 3 — 4f high,
straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish-white
flowers. Universally cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a
pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced nu-
merous varieties.

8. ornithogAlum.

Gr, opvi^os, a bird, yaXa, milk; why so called is not obv-ious.

Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle ; filaments
dilated at the base ; capsule roundish, angular. — Lvs. radical. Scape
naked, racemose or coryinhose.

O. u\ffiELi,ATUM. Star-of- Bethlehem. — Fls. corymbose ; ped. longer than
bracts ; fil. subulate. — %. From England, but naturalized in many parts of this
country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as the scape. Scape
near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals
white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May.

9. HYACINTHUS.

Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyriis, and transformed into this flower.

Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-cleft ; 3 nectarifer-
ous pores at the top of the ovary ; stamens issuing from the middle
of the segments ; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. — Natives of
tJie Levant.

H. 0RIENTALI3. — Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventriccse at the
base. — 1\. The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cul-
tivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 3 — 5' long. Scape twice as long as
the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, ihyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers.
A plant peculiarlv adapted to parlor cultivation in bulb glasses.
47

552 CLIII. LILIACE^. Convallaria.

Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. botryoides, grape
hyacinth, with globose flowers ; H. comosus, purple grape hyacinth, with pris-
matic flowers ; and H. racemosus, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers.

Tribe 4. ANTHERICE^i;.— Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Root

fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent.

10. ASPHODELUS.

Gr. a, privative, o-^aXXco, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary ;
sta. issuing from the valves. — Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe.

1. A. LUTEUS. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel.— St. leafy; Ivs. 3-cornered.
— 7|. Native of Sicily." A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 3f
high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a
long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June.

2. A. RAMosDS. Branching Asphodel.— St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate,
longer than bract ; Us. ensiform, carinate, smooth.— 7]- Native of S. Europe,
Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June.

11. PHALANGIUM. Tourn.

Gr. (paXav^, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure.

Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading ; filaments
6, smooth ; caps, free from the perianth, ovoid ; seeds angular. — %
Lvs. fiat., linear. Fls. small., white or bluish.

P. EscuLENTUM. Nutt. Esculcnt Phalangium. Quamash.

St. bulbous; lvs. all radical, linear, carinate at base; sta. subexserted;
stig. minutely 3-cleft.— "Wet prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham! 111.
Jenney! Ind. Skinner! &c. An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass.
Bulb 1— li' diara., resembling a small onion. Scape 1— 2f high. Leaves
nearly as long as the scape, grass-like, 3" wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedi-
cels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals
pale blue, about 3" long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. Seeds black. May.

Tribe 5. CONVALrLiARIXEiE.— Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma

or tuber.
12. CONVALLARIA.

Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species.

Perianth 4 — 6-parted, segments spreading ; stamens 4 — 6, diver-
gent, arising from the base of the segments ; berry globose, 2 — 3-
celled. — Plants somewhat various in habit., with simple stems and
alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal racemes or umbels.^ reddish or green-
ish-white.
^ 1. Majanthemum. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 4. Berry 2-celled.

1. C. EiFOLiA. rSmilacina. Desf. Styrandra. Raf.) Tivo-leaved Solo-
mon's Seal— Lvs. 2 — 3, cordate, ovate; /s. in a terminal raceme; Ifts. of the
perianth spreading. — % A small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands.
Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. ! Stem angular, about 6' high. Leaves 2, rarely
3, about 2' long, i as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a
petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 — 20 white
flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep
red. May.

^ 2. S.MiLACiXA. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Berry d-celled.

2. C. TRiroLiATA. (Smilacina. Dcsf.) Three-leaved Solomon's Seal.

Lvs. 3 — 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, araplexicaul; rac. termi-
nal, simple. — '1\. A delicate little species in mountain swamps. Can. N. Eng.
(rare), W. to "Wis. ! Stem 3 — 5' high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2 — 3J'

UvuLARiA. CLIII. LILIACE^. 553

'ong, J as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4 — 8, white, 6-parted, the
segments spreading. May.

3. C. STELLATA. (Smilacina. Dcsf.) Star-fimvered Solomon's Seal.

St. erect; Ivs. numerous, 3-veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute ;_^s.
few, in a simple, terminal raceme. — % Along rivers, Can. and Northern States,
W. to the Miss. Stem 10 — 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves 8^10, smooth,
glaucous beneath, 4 — 6' by 9 — 12", tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about
8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn.

4. C. RACEMosA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Clustered Solomon's Seal.

S/. recurved ; te. oval, acuminate, .subsessile; rac. compound. — T]. A lar-
ger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem
1^ — 2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4 — 6' long, about i as
wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Peti-
oles 0 — 2" long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and
with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a' large, compound, ter-
minal raceme.

1^ 3 Clintonia. Perianth subcampanulate, 6-parted. Berry 2-celled.

5. C. BOREALis. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Dracaena. Ait. Clintonia.

Raf.) Wild Lily of the Valley. — Scape um.bellate ; Ivs. broad-oval-lance-
olate ; fls. cernuous ; berries blue. — %. Mountainous or hilly woods. Can., N.
Eng. to Car., W. to the Mi.ss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves
4 — 7' long, \ as wide, petiolate, radical or nearlj' so, smooth and glossy, fringed
with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 — 13' high, bearing at top a beauti-
ful umbel of 3 — 6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of 6
oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. Jn.

6. C. MAJALis. Lily of the Valley. — Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric ;
Ivs. nearly radical, ovate ; rac. simple, 1-sided. — '2|. An elegant, sweet-scented
plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabi-
tant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6' high, with
white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May.

13. POLYGONATUM.

Gr. woXuj, many, yovv, knee ; from the many-jointed rhizoma.

Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft ; stamens inserted near the
summit of the tube ; berry globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — St.
simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary.

P. MULTiFLORCM. Dcsf (P. latifolium, angustifolium, biflorum, pubes-
cens and canaliculatum, of Ph., &c.) — St. recurved, smooth; lis. distich-
ous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 — 4-flowered.

q\_ in woods, free States and Can. Stem 1— 3f high, most recurved in the

tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the
smallest plants, 2^ — 6' by 1 — 2§', veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and
generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as
long as the leaves. Flowers 5 — 8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cyliadric.
Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn.

a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined; lower peduti-
cles 4-flowered. — Plant 2 — 3f high. In rich, damp soils.

l3. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, slightly clasping ; st. 1 — 2f high. —
This variety is most common in New England.

y. bifiora. Lvs. smooth both sides, \ as wide as long, sessile ; fls. greenish-
white, 4 — 5" long ; st. round, 1 — IJf high.

S. canaliculata. St. channeled on the upper side.

t. latifolia. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous. — Stem angled, 4 — 5f
high— Middle States.

14. UVULARIA.

Perianth deeply 6-parted ; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect,
with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each ; filaments very short ;

554 CLIII. LILIACEiE. Streptopus.

anthers linear, half as long as the petals ; style trifid ; capsule 3-
celled, many-seeded, seeds with an aril. — Lvs. alter?iate. Pis. soli-
tary, terminal and axillary.

1. U. SES3ILIF0LIA. BcUwort. Wild Oats.

Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; caps, stiped, ovate. — 1\. Can.
and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem
smooth, slender, 6 — 10' high, dividing at the top into 2 branches, one bearing
leaves only, the other, leaves and a tlower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark
green above, paler beneath, 1 — IJ' long. The flower is cylindric, near an inch
long, yellowish- white, of 6, long, linear petals. May.

2. U. PERFOLiATA. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwnrt.

Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth subcampahulate, tubercu-
late-scabrous within ; anths. cuspidate ; caps, truncate. — 1\. Can. and U. S. A
handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10 — 14' high, passing through the
perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves
2 — 3' by § — 1', rovmded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pen-
dulous from the end of one of the branches. Segments linear-lanceolate, !{'
long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers f ' long. May.

3. U. GRANDiPLORA. Largc-floioercd Bellwort.

Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; fl. terminal, solitary, pendulous ;
segments acuminate, smooth within and without ; anth. obtuse. — '^. Can. and
U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12 — 15 inches
high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2
branches at top, one of which bears the large, yellow, pendulous flower. Leaves
almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers |' long. May. — Readily distin-
guished by the smooth petals.

4. U. LANUGINOSA. Pers. fStreptotus. Michx.)

Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, without dots, ciliate, the lower amplexicaul,
pubescent beneath when young ; ped. terminal, pubescent ; ^5. in pairs; po-i-
anth acute at base, Ifts. linear-lanceolate; sty. glabrous. — Q]. Mountains, Penn.
to Car. and L. Winipeg to Oreg. Leaves with an abrupt and long acumina-
tion. Flowers greenish. Berry with the cells by abortion 1 — 2-seeded. May.

15. STREPTOPUS. Miclix.
Gr. tTTp£(po), to turn, TTovi, afoot; a twisted footstalk or peduncle.

Perianth 6-parted, campanulate ; segments with a nectariferous
pore at the base of each ; anthers longer than the filaments ; stigma
very short ; berry roundish, 3-celled ; seeds few, hilum without an
aril. — St. branched. Fls. axillary, solitary, generally icith the peduncle
distorted.

1. S. RosEUs. Michx. (Uvularia. Linn.') Rose Thvist-foot.

Smooth ; lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate, under sur-
face green like the upper; jyerZz'ccfa short, generally distorted in the middle;
segments spreading at apex ; ajith. short, 2-horned ; stig. trifid.— T], Can. to Car.
and Tenn. A common .species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high,
round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 — 4' long, J as wide, ending in a
slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flow-
ers reddish, .spotted, suspended beneath the'branches, one under each leaf Jn.

2. S. AMPLExiFOLius. DC. fS. distoptus. Michx. Uvularia. Linn.)
Smooth; Zr.s. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin,

glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle ; sep.
long-acuminate, reflexed ; anth. very acute, entire ; stig. truncate.— -I]. Can. and
Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves
2 — 3' long, 1 as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and
bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a
pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a long, subulate
pomt. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. June.

Leptanthus. CLIV. PONTEDERIACE^. 555

Tribe 6. ASPAR AGEiE. — Stem usually fully developed, or if not, the leaves

are coriaceous and permanent.

16. ASPARAGUS.

(jrr. airapacao}, to tear; some of the species are armed with strong prickles.

Perianth 6-parted, erect ; ovary turbinate ; stamens erect ; style
very short ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.,

A. OFFICINALIS. Asparagus.

SI. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect ; Ivs. setaceous, flexible,
fasciculate. — ^ Native of England, and other parts of Europe, naturalized on
rocky shores. Stem 2 — 4f high. Leaves filiform, h — IJ' long, pale pea-green.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globose, red. It is one of the
oldest and most delicate of culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient
Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. Jl.

Order CLIV. PONTEDERACE^.— Pontederads.

Plants aquatic or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly cordate or dilated at base.

InJlorRscence various, often spathaceous.

Perianlh tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circinate in aestivation.

Sta. 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous.

Ova, free or sometimes adherent to the perianth at base, 3-celled. StijJe. 1. Stig: simple.

Pr. — Capsule 3 (sometimes l)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence.

Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous.

Genera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies and Tropical Africa. They are of no
known use.

Conspectus of the Genera.

^ solitary Leptanthus. 2

S equal, 1 2—4 together in a spathe Heteranthera. 3

Flowers < unequal, in a terminal spike. Pontederia. 1

1. PONTEDERIA.

In honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720.

Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perfo-
rated with 3 longitudinal clefts, the lower part persistent ; stamens
unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube ;
vitricle 1 -seeded. — Fls. blue, mostly spicatc.

P. CORDATA. Pickerel-'icccd.

Lvs. subradical, cordate-oblong; /s. spiked. — 7|. Can. and U. S. A fine
conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, (fcc, growing in patches
extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising
1 — 2f above the water, bearing a single leaf Leaves 4 — 7' by 1| — 3', very
smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform
to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular.
Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July.
0. ang.ustifulia. Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base.

2. LEPTANTHUS, Mich±.

Gr. XtJrrof, slender, avS-of; in reference to the long tube of the perianth.

Spathe 1-flowered; tube of tLe perianth very long and slender,
limb 6-parted, equal ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 1 -celled, many-
seeded. — Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base.

L. GRAMiNEA. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schreb.)

St. floating, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. linear. — A grass-like aquatic,
in flowing water. Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1 — 2f long.
Leaves 3 — 6' long, 1 — 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base.
Flower solitary, issuing from a short (1') spathe. Tube IJ' long, limb in 6,
linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors); filaments broad,
one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick
stvle. Jl. Aug.

47*

556 CLV. MELANTHACE^. Melanthium.

3. HETERANTHJBRA. R. & P.

Gr. Ircpa, otherwise, avrip; the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower.

Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender,
limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 3-
celled, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary.

H. RENiFORMis. R. & P. (Leptanthus. Michx.)

St. prostrate or floating; ?vs. suborbicular, renilbrmor auriculate at base;
spathe acuminate, few-flowered. — On mnddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W.
States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves i' by f ', on petioles 1 — 2'
long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe
closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the peri-
anth I' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of
the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl. Aug.

Order CLV. MELANTHACE^.— Melanths.

Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots.

St simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. F!s. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous.

Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, generally involute

Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. [in aestivation.

Ova. 3-celled, 9— manyovuled. Styles distinct or 0. Stigmas undivided.

Fr.— Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence.

Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen.

Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries.

Properties.— The order is generally peri'aded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most power-
ful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal
products of the order. Their %irtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this
genus, as well as in most of the others.

Conspectus of the Genera.

< Sepals and petals sessile. Zigadenvs. 1

r with 2 glands at base. < Sepals and petals unguiculate Melanthium. 2

i Perianth calyculate. . Tqfieldia. 7

J ( Leaves linear. < Perianth naked. . Amianthium. i

1 ( Flowers perfect' Leaves setaceous, dry. . . . Xerophyllum.5

Sepals and I < or diopcious. . . ( Leaves dilated Helonias. 6

petals each I without glands. ( Flowers polygamous. Racemes compound. . . . Veratrum. 3

1. ZIGADENUS. Michx.

Gr. ^cvyos, a pair, aSr]v, a gland ; alluding to the glands of the segment.

Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2
glands above its contracted base ; stamens inserted in contact with
the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded.

1. Z. GLABERRiMus. Michx. Zigadenc..

/?«. bulbous; St. leafy; lvs. linear, channeled, recurved; bracts OY&ie, acn-
minate ; segments of the perianth acuminate. — Wet meadows, N. York. Found
near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2 — 3f high. Lower leaves
about 10' long ; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading.
Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of .several greenish-white flowers. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each
distinct and conspicuous. June.

2. Z. GLAucus. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium, Nutt.)
St. bulbous, nearly naked; lvs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather ob-
tuse; rac. subsimple; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet.
oval or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland. — Sandy shores. Can. to
Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nuttall. Stem 10—15' high. Leaves glaucous, up-
per gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little com-
pound at base. Flowers few (10—20), greenish-white, on pedicels 1' long, the
segments with the 2 glands united. Cap.sule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at
apex, 6 — 8-seeded. July, Aug.

2. MELANTHIUM.

Gr. ncSas, black, av^os ; alluding to the dark color. of the flower.

Flowers monoecious-polygamous ; perianth rotate, 6-parted, seg

Veratrum. CLV. MELANTHACEiE; 557

ments unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the sta-
mens ; ovary often abortive ; capsule exserted, subovoid, summit tri-
fid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles ; seeds margined. — St.
erect, puberulcnt above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal.

1. M. ViRGiNicuM. (Leimanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.)
Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal ; segments of the perianth sub-
orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base. — Native of wet meadows and margins
of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3 — 4f high, leafy. Leaves about afoot long,
and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers green-
ish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate
racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 — 15' in length.
Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug.

2. M. HYBRiDUM. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem.. tf- Sch.)

Lvs. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones few and short; panicle long, of
simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers; segments^ the
perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundish-rhomboidal ; glands connivent ; claws
channeled, stameniferous below the middle. — Woods, Penn. to Ga. ! Stem 2 —
4f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate,
the lowest contracted to the base or .subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Perianth
very open, yellowish-green, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to
and involving the filaments. June, July.

/?. robustior. Gray. Lower lvs. lanceolate-oval; Imoer branches paniculate,
compound.

3. VERATRUM.
Lat. vere, atrum, truly black ; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root.

Flowers by abortion c? $ 9 ; segments of the perianth united at
base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; sta. 6, shorter
than the perianth and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base,
often abortive ; styles short ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded.
— Lvs. alternate, broad ami plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fls.
paniculate.

1. V. viRiDE. (V. album. Michx.) Poke. White Hellebore.

Lvs. broad-oval, acuminate ; panicle compound, racemose ; brads oblong-
lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels. — Can. to Ga. — A large-
leaved, coarse-looking plant, of oui" meadows and .swamps. Root large, fleshy,
with numerous long fibres. Stem 2 — 4f high, striate and pubescent. Leaves
strongly veined and plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide,
sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted)
racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July.
The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with cau-
tion. When powdered it causes violent sneezing.

2. V. WooDii. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum.

Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and
plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole ; st. or scape terete,
tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts ; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal,
many-flowered ; Jls, (^ ^ , subsessile ; segtnents of perianth oblanceolate, dark
brownish-purple within. — Woods, Linton, Green Co., la. ! Root fasciculate.
Leaves 10 — 16' long (including the 4 — 8' petiole), 2 — 4' wide. Bracts 1 — 3'
long. Scape 3 — 6f high, paniculate j its length. Flowers J' diam., nearly
black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with
3 .spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad,
loose, membranous testa. July.

3. V. ANGUsTiFOLiuM. Pursh. Grass-lcavcd Veratrum.

Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminish-
ing to subulate bracts ; Jls. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the termi-
nal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral
racemes mostly sterile ; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. — A

558 CLV. MELANTHACE^. Helonias.

very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid,
erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish-white flowers. Leaves 1 — 2f by
2 — 3", half-clasping. Panicle l§f long, the lateral racemes 1 — 3', the terminal
one much longer ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute
bract. Jime, July.

4. A M I A N T H I U M. A. Gr.

Ch'. a^iavTOS, pure, immaculate ; av^o; ; alluding to the white flowers.

Flowers $ ; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid,
spreading, sessile and without glands; stam. 6, inserted with the
segments ; anthers reniform ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; caps.
3-lobed, 3-partible ; carpels follicular, 1 — 4-seeded ; testa of the seeds
loose, at length fleshy. — Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves
a7id numerous white Jlowers.

A. MusciTOxicuM. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma.

Michx.) Fly-poison. — St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse,
upper reduced to bracts; roc. simple ; segments oblong, obtu.se ; pedicels filiform;
carpels distinct above ; sty. divergent ; seeds ovoid, red. — Shady swamps, N. J.,
Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about
If long. Raceme 3 — 9' long, dense-flowered, pedicels 6 — 9" long. Peri-
anth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at
base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red
when ripe. June, July.

2. A. LEiMANTHoiDEs. Gray.

Rt. fibrous ; Ivs. linear, flat ; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated ;
segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles ; sds. winged
at the apex, lanceolate, compressed. — N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2 — 4f high,
the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on fili-
form pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter
than the capillary filaments. July.

5. XEROPHYLLUM.

Or. ^ipos, dry, ^uXXoj/, leaf

Flowers ? ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile
and without glands ; stam. 6 ; filaments dilated and contiguous at
base ; ovary subglobose ; styles 3, linear, revolute ; caps, subglobose,
3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Herbs icith numerous dry, setaceous
leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers.

X. ASPHODELoiDEs. Nutt. (X. sctifolium. Michz. Helonias asph. Linn.')
Lvs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above ; pedicels with 2 alter-
nate bracteoles, bractless at base ; filaments at length equaling the segments of
the perianth. — Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3 — 5f high, very leafy. Radi-
cal leaves If long, very narrow, crowded and csespitose. Flowers in a long,
terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little
longer. June.

6. HELONIAS.

Gr. tXof, a marsh; where some species grow.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessile, and
without glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells
many-seeded. — Lvs. mostly radical, narroiv, often gramineous, sheathing
at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme.
1. H. BCLLATA. (H. latifolia. Ph.)

Lvs. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate ; scape simple,
hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked ; rac. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense ;
anth. blue.— N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 10—18' high, rather thick and fleshy.
Leaves about as long as the scape, 1 — U' wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as
long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May.

JuNCUs, CLVI. JUNCACE^. 559

2. H. DioicA. Ph. (Veratrum luteum. Linn.) Unicorn Hoot.

St. leafy ; lis. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rac. spiked, nodding,
dicEcious ; ped. short, without bracts ; sta. exserted ; segments linear. — In low
grounds. Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12 — 30' high,
furrowed. Radical leaves 4 — 8' by § — 1', in a sort of whorl at the base of the
scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish-white, in long, terminal, spi-
cate racemes which are more slender and weak on the barren plants. Ovaries
as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, taper-
ing to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect,
but with fewer flowers. June.

7. TOFIELDIA. Hudson.

In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster.

Flowers 5 , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; Ifts. of the
perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts ; sta. 6 ; anth.
roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united ; styles distinct, short ;
caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule 00-seeded. — Lvs. equitant, subradi-
cai. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemose.

T. GLUTINOSA. Nutt.

St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple : lvs. shorter than the stem,
linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse ; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed
of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps, longer than the perianth. — Woods, Ohio,
Sullivant ! to Wis. Laphavi .' N. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its
glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 — IJf high, dotted with
its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 — 6' by 3 — 6", conduplicate. Spicate raceme
1 — \y long, 9 — 18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long as the flowers. Involucre
truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, ob-
lanceolate, less than 2" long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice
longer than the perianth.

Order CLVI. JUNCACE^.— Kushes.

Ptara^s herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers.
Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Infiiyrescence cymose, capitate or fascicled.
Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals)
Sta. 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celled.

Ova. 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre 1) -celled.
Styles united into 1. Stigmas 3. , „ , ,

F/-.— Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves.
Seeds tew or many, with a fleshy albumen.
Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant.
Conspectus of the Genera.

< Capsule mostly 3-ceUed. Seeds numerous Juncus. l

<t green. \ Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell. . . . Luzula. 2

Perianth j colored, yellow • Nanheciieni. 3

1. JUNCUS.

1.8.1. jungo, to join ; because ropes were anciently made of these plants.

Perianth persistent ; stamens 6 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds
numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments.

* Leaves none. Cymes apparently lateral.

1. J. Balticus. Willd. Baltic Rush.

Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base,
opaque, terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute ; panicle small, short, lateral ;
perianth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical,
mucronate" capsule. — Sandy shores, Milwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the
Saskatchawan and Labrador. Scape leafless, 12—18' high, hard, tough, closely
arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" — 3' long. Panicle 2 — 3' be-
low the apex of the scape, 1' long. FloAvers 20 — 40, reddish-brown.

2. J. ACilTUS.

Ceespitose ; ."scopes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base ; panicle

560 CLVl. JUNCACE^. Juncub.

with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts ; perianth segments lanceolate,
acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy sea-
coasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 2 —
3f high. Panicle 2 — 3' long. Involucre with one of the bracts longer, the
other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acumi-
nate, reflexed at apex. July.

3. J. EFPUsus. Soft Rush. Bull-ru^h.

Scape straight, not rigid ; panicle lateral, loose, decompound ; caps, obovate,
obtuse. — Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U.
S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, .soft, striate, 2— '3f high, bearing a loose,
spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the
stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white an-
thers and yellowish seeds. June, July.

4. J. SETACEUS. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michx.) Bristly Rush.

Scape filiform, striate ; iimbel lateral, compound, few-flowered ; ped. com-
pressed, several-flowered; perianth segments very acute. — Swamps, Can. and
U. S. Avery slender species, growing in tufts about 2f high. Scapes sheathed
at base. Panicle small, 20 — 30-flowered, bursting Irom the side of the scape
some distance below the summit. July.

5. J. FILIFORMIS. Linn, (not Michx.) Thread Rush

Creeping, leafless; scape slender, filiform, minutely .striate, flaccid; pani-
cle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape ; sep. pale, nearly equal,
lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule.
White Hills, N. H., Green. Scape a few inches in length.
* * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete.

6. J. MiLiTARis. Bw. Bayonet Rush.

Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem ; panicle terminal, proliferous ;
hds. about 5-flowered : st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high. — Ponds, N. Eng. !
Leaf jointed, C3iindrical, loosely cellular within, 2 — 3f long, inserted below the
middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, com-
posed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4 — 6 sessile flowers.

7. J. NODosus. (J. polycephalus. Michx. J. echinatus. Muhl.)

St. leaves subcompressed ; panicle terminal, decompound; hds. globose,
dense, 10 — 15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid, very acute, about
equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule ; segments
3 — 6. — In boggy meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 1^ — 2f high. Leaves thick,
jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some
sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp
or awn. Aug. Sept.

a. major. SI. and Ivs. thick, the latter longer, compressed ; hds. few, 6" diam.

p. altior. St. (2f high) and Irs. terete, very slender ; hds. 5 — 9, 4" diam.

y. minor. Lvs. almost filiform ; hds. 1 — 3, as large as in /?.

8. J. AcuMiNATus. Michx. (J. acutiflorus. Hook 7)

St. erect; lis. terete; panicle terminal, compound; hds. 3 — 6-flowered,
both pedunculate andsesssile; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucro-
nate, shorter than the acute capsule. — Very common in boggy meadows, U. S.
Stem 12—18' high, tough and wiry. Leaves i&\r! and short, with knot-like
joints. Panicle erect. Aug.

9. J. scBVERTiciLLATUs. Wllld. (J. fluitaus. Michx.)

St. few-leaved, compressed ; lvs. compressed, fistulous, articulate ; panicle
subcorymbose, elongated ; fls. in dense, capitate fascicles; hds. many-flowered,
pedunculate or sessile ; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate cap-
sules ; Sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of
ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis,, Lapham! Stem 18'— 2f high, slender.
Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4—8' in length, the branches subverticillate,
diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins.

10. J. coNRADi. Tuckennan, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. 11. p. 328, inedit.
St. leafy; lvs. few, terete, subfilitbrm, obscurely articulate, .shorter than

the stem; /s. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches

LuzuLA. CLVI. JUNCACEiE. 561

of the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth segments lanceolate, margins
scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsufe. R. I. OlTiey! to N. Y.,
Torrey. Root jfibrous. Stems erect, 6 — 9' high, wiry. Bracts much shorter
than the rather diiiuse, thin panicle.

* * * Leaves not articulate, radical.

11. J. Greenii. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Muhl. ?)

Scape tall, subterete, striate ; Ivs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely-
channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; particle subumbellate,
5-rayed ; bracts setaceous, one of them very long ; fls. single, approximate ; sep.
and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular-acute, shining capsule. —
"Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Richard ! The handsomest of
the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical. If or more high.
Panicle 2 — 3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter.
Capsule 2" long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong,

12. J. TENUIS. Willd. Slender Rush.

St. scape-like, slender, erect ; Ivs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than
the stem ; bracts 2 — 3, much longer than the panicle; Jis. single, approximate,
subsessile ; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular
capsule. — A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields
and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6 — 24' high. Leaves very narrow,
3 — 8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5 — 10-flowered, varying to subumbellate
and 20 — 30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July.

* * * * Leaves Jlattlsh, channeled, caiiUne and radical.

13. J. EUFONius. Toad Rush.

St. dichotomous above ; Ivs. grooved, subsetaceous ; fs. oblong, subsoli-
tary, sessile, unilateral. — A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds,
ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3 — 8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle
at top. Leaves few, 2 — 3' long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary.
July, Aug.

14. J. BULBosus. (J. uliginosus. Sibthorp.)

St. leafy, very slender, compressed ; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous,
shorter than the stem; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than
the bracts; ^..s-. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter
than the siibglobose, obtuse capsule.- — A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to
the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Stems
tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about If in length, tough and
wiry. Leaves 3 — 8' long. Bracts 6 — 12". Flowers 12 or more, at length
brown or blackish. July, Aug. — It makes good hay.

15. J. TRiFiDUS. T%ree-leaved Rush.

S'/!. sheathed at base; //.solitary, linear-setaceous near the top; sheaths
ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved. — Heads about 3-flowered, terminal.
White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stems crowded, thread-like, §f high. Radical leaves
1 — 2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently forming
with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July.

16. J. MARIGINATUS. RoStkoW.

St. compressed; Ivs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple,
proliferous; //s. in capitate clusters, triandrous ; perianth about as long as the
obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat aAvned. — In low grounds, Mass. !
N. Y. to Car. Stems 1 — 3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing ; cau-
line 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3 — 6-flowered heads both
pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged
with dark purple, unequal. Aug.

2. LUZIJLA. DC.

Italian lucciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers.

Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base ; stamens 6 ; capsule 1-
celled, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to. the bottom. — Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs.
flat, grass-like, generally pilose. Fls. terminal.

50^ CLVII. COMMELYNACEtE. Commelyna.

1. L. CAMPESTRis. Willd. (Junous. Linn.) Meld Bush.

Lvs. hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; Ifts. of the perianth
.anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule. — In meadows,
U. S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3 — 12' high, according to the moisture.
Leaves grass-like, 2 — 6' long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of
umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown.
An early species, Howering in May.

2. L. piLosA. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.') Hairy Wood Hush.

Lvs. pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; Jls. solitary ; caps, obtuse. — Com-
mon in woods and groves. Free States. Stem 4 — 10' high. Radical leaves
numerous, 2 — 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with, long, white hairs.
Panicle 8— 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5 — 10" long, finally de-
flexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May.

3. L. MELANOCARPA. Dcsv. (Juucus. Michx.)

St. elongated ; lvs. sublanceolate, glabrous ; corymb decompound ; ped.
elongated, the branches with 3 — 5 pedicellate flowers ; sep. ovate, acuminate,
longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule. — Native of the
White Hills, N. H., i?^. Stem 12— 18' high. Radical leaves 8— 10' by 3— 5",
those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many-
flowered. Capsule black. June.

4. L. spicATA. DC. (Juncus. Willd.)

Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, compound ; sep. acuminate-
awned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule. — White Hills, N. H.,
Boott. Stem 8—10' high, slender, simple. Leaves 2 — 3' long, a line wide,
smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug.

3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr.
CrT. vap^ni, a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence.

Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent ; stam. 6 ; fila-
ments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appen-
daged at each extremity. — % Root fibrous. Lvs. e?isiform. Scape
nearly naked. Fls. yelloio.

N. Americanum. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Muhl.)
Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-en sitbrm ; scape simple, bracted ; rac. lax, in-
terrupted; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the
flower. — An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle
States. Scapes 10 — 15' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nume-
rous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 — 7" long. Perianth greenish
externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule.
Aug.

Ordkr CLVII. COMMELYNACE^.— Spiderworts.

Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usuallj' sheathing at base.

Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals.

Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous.

Ova. 2 — 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one.

Fr. — Capsule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence.

Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum.

Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America.
They are of little importance to man.

Genera.
<3or 4 of them sterile. Commelyna. l
Stamens 6, ( all perfect. . . Tradescantia. 2

1. COMMELYNA. Dill.

In honor of the brothers Commelyn.two German botanists.

Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3 — 4 of them sterile
and furnished with cruciform glands ; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of
the valves abortive. — Lvs. lance-lmcar, with sheaths at base. Fls. en-
folded in a conduplicate, persistent, spathaceous brad.

Xyris. CLVIII. XYRIDACE^. 563

1. C. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Michx."? (C. crccta. Wllld.) Day Flower.

St. assiirgent, branching, snbgeniculate ; lis. lanceolate, subpetiolate,
sheaths split to the base; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, en-
folding 2 peduncles and several flowers; pedicels contorted; pet. unequal, the
lower one much smaller, unguiculate ; sta. 2, perfect.— Dry soils, Middle!
Southern and Western States ! Plant nearly smooth, 12—18' high, glabrous.
Leaves 3 — 5' by 8 — 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe
veiny, 3— 5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug.

2. C. ViRGiNiCA. Linn. 1 (C. longifolia. Michx.)

St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate,
sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose ; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire
at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal ; sta. 3, perfect. — Rocky
woods, thickets, Penn. {Mulil.) Harper's Ferry ! to Ga. A more slender, but
erect species, 1 — 2f high. Leaves 3— 'S' by 6 — 12", usually narrow-lanceolate,
pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1' long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Pe-
tals blue. July, Aug. — Neither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in
the books.

2. TRADESCANTIA.

Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I.

Sepals persistent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments
clothed with jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. — % Fls. m terminal^
close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long^ ^^nfy bracts.

1. T. ViRGiNiCA. Spider-wort.

St. erect, simple or branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile,
glabrous ;/5. in a terminal, .subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and
reflexed; cal. pubescent. — Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle ! and Western
States! common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2 — 3f high. Leaves numerous,
subpilose, 12 — 18' by 6 — 12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular,
of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May — Aug. — The juice of the plant is viscid
and spins into thread; hence the common name.

/?. ■? (T. subaspera. Sims.?") Lvs. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose
both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs ; uvibels both axillary
and terminal ; fls. small, rose-colored. — Shady river banks, la. !

2. T. ROSEA. Michx.

St. erect, simple ; lvs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul ; ped.
elongated ; cal. glabrous. — Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 — 12' high.
Leaves 6 — 8' by 2 — 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts.
Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species.
Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May.

Order CLVIII. XYRIDACE^.— Xyrids.

Herts, sedffe-like, with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape.

Perianth 6-partea, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, uneniculate. [ments.

Uta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petals, the other 3 abortive fila-

Oi'O. sinele. SYi/?e trifid. S^ig'OT^.s obtuse, lobed.

fV— Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placentae, or 3-celled.

Seeds numerous, albuminous.

Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xjns extending
into the United States. Of no important use.

XYRIS.

Gr. .|t)f)o;, acute-pointed ; in allusion to the form of the leaves.

Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ; sepals cartilaginous ; petals
equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals ; cap-
sule 1-celled, with parietal placentae. — Lvs. narrowly linear., rigid.,
radical., sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal., dense head.,
petals yelloio.

1. X. Caroliniana. Lam. (X. Jupacai. Mx. X. flexuosa. EU.) Yel-
low-eyed Grass. — Scape slender, compressed and ancipitous above ; lvs.
48

>3b4 CLIX. ERICAULONACEiE. Eriocaulon.

linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the scape ;
head oblong-globose, obtuse ; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, concave,
scarious and yellowish at edge ; lower ones empty ; scp. not exserted ; claws of
petals as long as the scales. — %. Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. S. not un-
common. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1 — 2f high, l"diam.
Leaves few, flat, 6 — 12' by 2 — 3," clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow,
limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug.

(i. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. Mr.) Lis. linear-subulate, short, much
twisted. — Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species.

y. ? Olncyi. Wood. Lvs. larger, nearly as long as the scape ; strongly equi-
tant-clasping at base ; scales rather loosely imbricated ; sep. a little exserted ;
filaments hairy. — Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! Scape 18 — 24' high. Leaves 3 —
4" wide. — Perhaps distinct, but its claims cannot now be satisfactorily deter-
mined.

2. X. FiMBRiATUs. Ell. Fringed Xyris.

Scape tall, erect; lvs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape; head ob-
long, with the scales loosely imbricated ; sepals much exserted, fimbriate. — A
large species, found in N. J. (^Darlington) S. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2 — 3f high.
— I have never seen this species.

Order CLIX. ERICAULONACE^.— Pipeworts.

Herts perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves sheathing at base.
F!s. moncecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 — 6-parted, or wanting.
Sta. 6, some of them generally abortive. AnOiers mostly 1-celled.
Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous.
Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. They are of no known use.

ERIOCAULON.

Gr. epiov, wool, icavXoi, stem; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose.

Flowers c? , collected into an imbricated head ; involucre many-
leaved. (? in the disk ; perianth single, 3-cleft, the 2 inner seg-
ments united nearly to their summit ; stamens 4 — 6. 9 in the
margin ; perianth single, deeply 4-parted ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3 ;
capsule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-lobed ; cells i -seeded.

1. E. SEPTANGULARE. With. (E. pellucidum. Michx.) Pipewort.
Smooth ; scape slender, about 7-farrowed ; lvs. linear-subtdate, pellucid,

channeled, 5-veined ; hd. small, globose ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — A
small plant of simple structure, in water, only the scape arising above the sur-
face. Leaves radical, submersed, in a small tuft at the bottom, 1 — 3' by 1 — 2",
tapering to a point, transparent at base. Stem simple, erect, 4—12' high, with
a small, terminal, hemispherical head of close, white flowers. Jn.

2. E. DECANGULARE. Michx. Tall Pipeicort.

Scape 10-furrowed ; lvs. ensiform, glabrous ; hds. large, depressed-globose ;
invol. scales oval, acute, those of the receptacle mucronate. — Ponds, N. J. to
Car. Scape 2 — 3f high. Flowers very white. Aug.

3. E. GNAPHALoiDEs. Michx. (E. decangulare. Walt.)

Scape somewhat compressed, with 10 furrows; lvs. short, subulate, ensi-
form, glabrous ; hds. hemispheric-convex ; invol. of shining, scarious, ova],
round-obtuse scales. — In still waters. Scape 10 — 14' high. July.

CliASS IV. GliUMACEOUS ENDOGEXS.

Flowers with glumes ; or floral organs enclosed in imbricated
bracts, and arranged in spikelets, having no proper perianth (calyx
or corolla). Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule and
becoming a one-seeded fruit (achenium or caryopsis).

Order CLX. CYPERACEJE— Sedges.

Herbs mostly perennial, coarse, grass-like, caespitose. Root fibrous or rarely tuberous.

Stems (culms) usually solid with pith, generally without joints or nodes, and triangular.

Lvs. with their sheaths entire. Inflorescence mostly capitate orspicate.

Fls. perfect or monoecious, solitarj' in the axil of each bract (glume, scale).

Per. wanting, or represented by a few hypogjnous bristles, or a cup-shaped or saccate perigynium.

Sta. definite (1—12), mostly 3. Anthers fixed by their base, entire, 2-celled.

Ova. generally either surrounded by bristles, or invested in the saccate perigyniuTn. Ovule erect.

Sti/. 2 or 3, more or less united. Stigmas undivided, rarely bifid.

Fr. an achenium. Embryo in the end of the albumen ne.xt the hilum.

Genera 1 12, species 2000. The sedges abound in almost all countries and climes of the globe, and in all
localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About
25 genera and 340 species are known in North America.

Properties. — They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten
by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves
ot some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms of chairs.
Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subser^'e
many highly important ends in the economy of nature.

Conspectus of the Genera.

("Flowers in axillary, racemose spikelets DuUchium. 1

. . J ( Spikelets linear, many-flowered, distinct, loose. Cyperus. 2

distichously 1 < J Ach. triangular. Mariscus. 3

imbricated. I Fls. all terminal. ( Spikelets 1—2-flowered, in hds. ? Ach lenticular. KylUngia. 4

f Perigynium of 3 ovate, unguiculate petals, with 3 bristles. Fuireria. S

I Leaves 0. Spike solitary, terminal. . Eleocharis. 6

[■ Bristles 3 — 6 Scirpus. 7

J Bristles numerous, long. . Eriophoruin. 8

Leaves 1 ^ Style 2-clett. . Fimbristylis. 9

present. . (. Bristles 0. ( Style 3-cleft. . Trichetostylis. 10

4 Bristles 3—6. Sty. deciduous. Scirpus. 7

Flowers all lateral. ( Bristles o. Leaves radical. . Heniicarpha. 11

\ Style short, bulbous at base. Rhynchospora. 13

Flowers TBrist. 3 — 6. ( Style very long, hom-like. . CeratoschcBnus.U

both I ( Spikelets 20— 30-flowered. . Psilocarya. 12

axil.and 1 -4 Spikelets S Ach. corky, brown. Cladium. 15

. .- Jermin. I, Bristles 0. ( few flwrd. < Ach. bony, white. Scleria. 16

imbricated. ( Achenium enclosed in a saccate perigynium. Fls. declinous. . Carex. 17

Tribe 1. CYPERE^. — Flowers ^ . Spikelets distichously imbricated.
1. DULICHIUM.

Gr. 6voi, two, \ei)(^r!v, scale; alluding Ui the glumes in two rows?

Spikelets linear-lanceolate, subcompressed ; glumes sheathing,
closely imbricated in 2 rows ; style long, bifid, the persistent base
crowning the compressed achenium ; ovary invested with setas. —
Stem leafy. Spikes axillary, racemose.

D. spATHACEUM. Pers. (Cyperus. Linn. Scirpus. Michx.)
St. round, leafy and somewhat 3-sided abore, thick, sheathed below; lvs.
alternate, pointing 3 ways, 2 — 4' by 3" ; sheaths tubular, shorter than the inter-
nodes; spikes axillary from within the sheaths and terminal, each consisting
of 8 — 10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikelets in 2 rows ; spikelets 5 — 7-flowered,
nearly an inch in length ; glumes linear-lanceolate. — % Marshes, borders of
streams, U. S. and Can. Aug.

2. CYPERUS.
Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbricated
in two, opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed ; ovary generally
without setae. — Mostly %. Stem simple, leafy at base, mostly triangii-
lar, hearing an involucrate, simple or compo mid umbel at top.

spirally or ( Ach. not
irregularly < enclosed

566 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Cyperds.

§. 1. Style 2-deft. Achenium compressed-lenticular.

1. C. FLAVESCENS. Yellow Sedge.

St. leafy, triqi^etrous ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 15 — 20-flowered, in fasci-
cles of 3 or 4 ; invol. of 3, unequal leaves, longer than the spikes ; glumes ovate,
obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; ach. mucronate, somewhat rugose, dark brown.— IJ. Marshy
grounds, U. S., not common. Stems and leaves about 8' high, the former with
yellowis'h-green spikes in a terminal umbel with unequal rays. Aug., Sept.

2. C. DiANDRUs. Torr. Diandrmis Sedge,

St. slender, reclining ; umbels sessile, 1 — 2-rayed ; rays unequal ; invol.
3-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, fiat, 14 — 16-
flowered, collected into capitate fascicles ; glumes acute ; sta. 2 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach.
compressed.— Marshes, N. Eng. ! Mid. and W. States. Stem 6—12' long.
Umbel somewhat paniculate. Glumes chestnut-colored. A delicately beauti-
ful sedge.

p. 1 castaneus. Torr. (C. castaneus. Bw.) Rays very short ; glumes close,
subcoriaceous, green on the back. — N. Eng. ! Stems 4 — 8' high.

3. C. NuTTALLii. Torr. NuttalVs Sedge.

St. acutely triquetrous, leafy at base ; Ivs. narrow-linear, nearly as high
as the stem ; umbel loose, subsessile, about 3-rayed ; rays short ; invol. 4-leaved,
the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikelets very acute, linear-lanceolate, fasciculate,
brownish ; ach. oblong-obtuse. — % Salt marshes, N. Eng. to La. Stems 6 — 12'
high, in dense tufts. Scales minutely 3-toothed. Stamens 2.

4. C. TENELLUs. Liuu. ? Torr. Slender Sedge.

St. setaceous, very slender, 3 — 5' high ; Ivs. setaceous ; spikelets solitary,
lance-linear ; invol. mostly of orte erect, setaceous leaf 1' in length ; scales
rather loose, 3-veined on the keel ; sta. I; 5^!/. 2-cleft ; acA. oblong-obovate, much
compressed, brown. — Monmouth Co., N. J., Dr. Cleaver, (Torr. Cyp., p. 258.)

§ 2. Style 3-cleft. Achenia triangular.
* Spikelets alternate, in pinnatiform, subdistichous spikes.

5. C. STRiGosus. Bristle-spiked Galingale.

St. triquetrous, leafy only at base ; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-margined,
about as long as the stem ; umbel with elongated rays and oblong, loose spikes ;
invohi£els 0 or setaceous ; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading hori-
zontally, 8— lO-flowered, 7—9" long ; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones
very long.— Wet grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1— 2f high, bulbous at base.
Umbel yellowish. Sept.

U. Rays with setaceous involucels 1' long ; spikelets very numerous, subulate,
3—4" long.— la. !

6. C. MiCHAUxi.\NA. Schultes. (C. eruthrorhizos. Torr.)

St. acutely triangular ; umbel compound, with short rays ; spikelets 6 — 9-
flowered, the lower ones compound ; rachis very broad, easily separating at the
joints; ova. ovoid-triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. — (i) Brack-
ish swamps, generally near the sea. Middle and Southern States. Stem 12 — 15"
high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 9" long, 7 — 9-
flowered.

7. C. REPENs. Ell. (C. phymatodes. Muhl.)

Rt. creeping, bearing small, round tubers at the extremities ; st. 1 — 2f high,
3-angled, striate; Ivs. subradical, as long as the stem; uvibel 4— 6-rayed; rays
often branched, bearing 12 — 20 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows ;
sheaths obliquely truncate, involucels 0 ; spikelets 12 — 20-flowered, 6 — 8" long,
the lowest generally fasciculate ; glumes yellowish. — 1\. Moist fields, N. Y. to
la. ! and S. States. Aug.

8. C. sPEciosus. Vahl. Showy Sedge.

St. acutely angled, about 3f high ; Ivs. deeply channeled, half as long
as the stem ; umbels compound, about 8-rayed, rays alternate, 1 — 3' long ;
ochrea fsheaths) deeply 2-paried; partial umbels with numerous, compound
spikes, mvolucellate with setaceous bracts ; spikelets \imbellate. 5 — 8-flowered ;
sta. 3. — Wet places, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant.

MARiscuy. CLX. CYPERACEiE. 567

* * Spikelets irregularly inserted all around the rachis.

9. C. ScHWEiNiTzii. Torr. Scheinitz's Sedge.

St. 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, rough on the angles ; Ivs. shorter than the
stem, about a line wide ; umbel simple, erect, 4 — 6-rayed, rays elongated, une-
qual ; sheaths truncate, entire ; invol. 3 — 5-leaved, longer than the leaves, sca-
brous on the margin ; spikelets 6 — 7, alternate, approximate, 6 — 8-flowered, with
a small, setaceous bract at the base of each ; scaks membranaceous on the
margin ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the smooth achenia. — Shore
of L. Ontario, Sartwell, of Lake Erie, Sullivant ! to Ark.

10. C. ERUTHRORHizos. Muhl. Red-Toot Sedge.

St. 2 — 3f high, obtusel)'' triquetrous, longer than the leaves ; uTniel com-
pound ; rays 5 — 9, 3 — 4' long, each with 3—4 sessile spikes ; sheaths entire ;
spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in the spikes, a little
flattened, about l3-flowered; outer glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, chest-
nut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis ;
sta. 3 ; ach. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume. — Wet grounds.
Penn. and Southern States.

* * * Spikelets more or less aggregated in terminal masses.

11. C. FiLicuLMis. Vahl. (C. mariscoides. Ell.)

St. slender, almost filiform, tuberous at base, 8 — 12' long, leafy only at base ;
Ivs. mostly radical, carinate ; umiel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays ; spike-
lets linear-lanceolate, 3 — 8-flowered, flattened when old, collected into globose
heads ; s:lumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish. — Dry, rocky hills, N. Eng. ! to
Flor., W. to 111. ! Aug.

12. C. Grayii. Torr.

St. 8 — 12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at base ; Ivs.
radical, channeled, about J" wide ; umbel 4— 6-rayed, capillary, erect, spread-
ing ; sheaths truncate ; hds. loose, of 6 — 8 spikelets ; spikelets linear, compressed,
8 — 7-flowered ; scales ovate, veined, obtuse, imbricated, interior ones lanceolate ;
sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate-triquetrous, § the length of the scale, gray, dot-
ted.— Sandy fields, Mass., Oakes, L. I., Kneiskern, N. J., Torrey. Sept. (^Dr,
Sartwell comm.)

13. C. DENTATus. Torr.

St. about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous ; Ivs. a little shorter than the
stem, strongly keeled ; U7!ibel compound, 6 — 10-rayed ; invol. of 3 unequal leaves,
one of them longer than the umbel ; spikelets 3 on each peduncle, 3 — 7" long,
ovate, flat, 8-flowered ; glumes acute, spreading at the points, giving the spike-
lets a serrated appearance ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. triangular. — % Swamps, N. Eng. !
and Middle States.

14. C. INFLEXUS. Muhl.

St. setaceous, leafy at base, 2 — 3' high ; Ivs. equaling the stem ; umbel
2 — 3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple ; invol. of 3 long leaves ; spikelets ob-
long, 8-—12-flowered, 10 — 20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid heads ;
glumes yellowish, veined, squarrose-uncinate at tip* sta. 1. — Banks of streams,
Free States ! and British Provinces. Aug., Sept.

15. C. ACUMiNATus. Torr. & Hook.

St. 5 — 10' (3 — 4' Torr.) high, slender, obtusely triquetrous; Ivs. erect,
radical, as long as the stem ; umbel 1 — 6 (1 — 2 Torr. )-rayed ; invol. 3 — 4-leaved,
very long ; rays unequal, each with a globose head of 15— -40 spikelets ; spike-
lets 2 — 11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 15 — 25-flowered ; /5. very regularly imbri-
cated in 2 rows ; glumes acute, with the point recurved ; -sta. 1 ; ach. dull-gray-
ish.— III. Mead'. Mo. Drummond.

3. MARISCUS. Vahl.
Celtic 7nar, a marsh ; alluding to the place where some species grow.

Spikelets subterete, clustered in heads, rarely with but 1 or 2 fer-
tile flowers ; glumes imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, the lower ones
short and empty ; rachis margined with the adnate, persistent, in-
48*

56y CLX. CYPERACE^. Fuirena.

terior glumes ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular. — %
Habit rf Cyperus.

1. M. ovuLARis. Vahl. (Cyperus. Gron.Turr. Scirpus echinatus. imTi.)
St. triquetrous, nearly naked, 1— 2f high; Ivs. shorter than the stem,

nearly smooth ; imbd simple; rai/s 3"— 2' long; Ms. 1—5, globose, 1 sessile,
the rest on the spreading ravs ; spikelets linear-subulate, 6" long, 50—100 in
each head ; fls. 2—4, 1—2 fertile ; invol. 3 — 4-leaved, outer leaves very long.—
Bogs and low grounds, Middle and Western States, common. Aug., Sept.

B. te?iellus. T orr. Slender and csespitose ; hds. ovate, small.

y. cylindricus. Torr. Hds. oblong, cylindrical.

2. M. RETROFACTUs. Vahl. (Scirpus. Linn.)

St. obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. pu-
bescent, 3 — 4" wide, about half as long as the stem ; umbels simple ; rays
unequal, long, 6 — 8; invol. 3 — 5-leaved; bmcis unequal, not longer than the
rays; spikelets 70 — 100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely imbricate into
obovate heads ; 2 linver glumes empty. — A rare species. Middle and Western
States. Aug., Sept.

4. KYLLINGIA.

In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist.

Spikelets compressed ; scales about 4, the two lowest short and
empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower ; stam. 1 — 3 ;
style long, 2-cleft ; achenia lenticular. — Steins triangular. Hds. ses-
sile., solitary or aggregated.^ involucrate.

l.K. puMiLA. Michx.

Csespitose ; st. 2 — 12' high, slender ; Ivs. mostly radical, shorter than the
stem, smooth ; hds. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or
oblong ; invol. 3-leaved, 1 — 2' long ; spikelets 1-flowered, very numerous, about
2" long; the lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2; ach. lens-
shaped, fulvous. — Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant!) Ky. (Short) and
Southern States.

2. K. MONOCEPHALA.

St. slender, 10 — 15' high, leafy at base ; Ivs. much .shorter than the stem,
1" wide; Ad. simple, globose, dense, inclining; invol. 3-leaved, the highest
leaflet erect; spikelets ntunerous, 1-flowered; two lower glumes minute, two
upper striate, subequal, serrulate, ciliate on the keel. — Mass., ]S. Y. to Ga.

Tribe 2. HYPOLYTRE^.
5. FUIRENA. Rottball.

In honor of George Fuiren, a Dutch botanist.

Glumes awned, imbricated on all sides into a spike ; pet.aloid
scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, investing the achenium. — %
St. angular, leafy. Spikes subumbclcd, axillary and terminal.

1. F. sauARRosA. Michx.

St. 1 — 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate ; Ivs. ciliate, shorter than the
stem ; sheaths hispid-pilose ; spikes clustered, ovate, mostly terminal, 6 — 12 ;
awns nearly as long as the glumes ; petaloid scales ovate, cuspidate with a short
bristle ; ach. twice the length of the stipe. — Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Car.
Sept.

2. F. PUMILA. Spr. (F. squarrosa. /?. Torr.)

SI. pubescent above, 3 — 6' high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, as
long as the stem ; spikes 1, 2 or 3, thick, subtended by 2 — 3 long, involucrate,
unequal leaves ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, with short awns ; petaloid scales ovate-
lanceolate ; ach. pedicellate, with retrorsely hispid setae. Wet, sandy places. Aug.

Eleocharis. CLX. CYPERACE^. 569

Tribe 3. SCIRPE.E.— Flowers ^ . Glumes of the spikelet inabricated all

around. Perigynium none, or setaceous.

6. ELEOCHARIS. R.Br.

&/•. eXof J a marsh, ;^;aipco, to rejoice ; plants delighting in marshy grounds.

Spikes terete ; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 — 12), rigid,
persistent ; styles 2 — 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary ; achenium
crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the
style. — Stem simple^ leafless. Spike solitary^ terminal.

§ Spikes cylindrical.! length more than three times the diameter.

1. E. EauisEToiDEs. Torr. (Scirpus. Elliott.') Horse-tail Rush.

St. about 2f high, papillose, terete, 2 — 3" diam., with about 30 joints, pro-
duced by internal, transverse partitions; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous;
spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly contracted at
case ; glumes roimdish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles G, as long as the
achenium; stii. 3-cleft; ach. brown, shining. — Bogs, Cumberland, R. I., Olncij !
Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale.

2. E. auADRANGaLATA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Mlchx.)

St. 2 — 4f high, acutely and unequally quadrangular, the broadest side
convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ; spike 1' or more in length ;
glumes roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous ; bristles 6 ; ach. obovate, of a dull
white. — Penn., Md., Dr. Robbins, to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated
banks.

3. E. RoEBiNsii. Oakes. Rabbins' Chib Rush.

Sts. clustered, 9 — 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several
of them fruitless ; s/ieath truncate ; spike 3 — 12" long, scarcely thicker than the
stem, placed 2 — 5" below its apex ! glumes 3 — 9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally
brownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. 1" long, pale brown ;
tubercle closely sessile. — Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass., Rickard! Very
distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. July.

§ § Spike ovate, length less than three times the diameter. * Stems terete.

4. E. PALusTRis. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.) Marsh Club Rush.

St. leafless, round, inflated ; spilcelels smooth and shining, lance-oblong,
acute, often oblique, terminal ; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, some-
times empty. — Low grounds, U. S. and Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stems nu-
merous, 1 — 2if high, each with an obtuse sheath at the base. Achenium round-
ish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bristles, and
crowned with a tubercle. July.

5. E. OBTusA. Schultes. (Scirpus obtusus. Willd. Scirpus capitatus. TF«/<.)
St. sulcate, subterete, 6 — 15' high ; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often near-
ly globose ; glivmcs round, dark brown, with whitish margins ; ach. obovate,
compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes. — Shal-
low waters. Can. and U. S., common. July.

6. E. TUBERCULOSA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.)

St. columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base ; spikelet ovate-
lanceolate; glumes very obtuse, loose ; acA. .somewhat triquetrous, smaller than
the sagittate" tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles 6, as long as the tuber-
cle.— Sandy swamps, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Remarkable for its large tubercle. Jl.
* * Stems compressed or angular.

7. E. oLivACEA. Torr.

Sts. Ccespitose, 2 — 1' high, slender, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike ovate,
acutish 2 — 3" long, 20 — 30-tiowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with
scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest ; bristles G ; .<;/(/. 2-cleft ;
ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe. — Sands,
generally partly submersed. Providence, R. I., Olney! Mass. to N. J.

8. E. INTERMEDIA. Schultes. (Scirpus. Muhl.) "Purf Club Rush.

St. ccespitose, setaceous, difi'use, compressed, furrowed, hard and wiry,

570 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Scirpls.

6 9' long ; spike acute, 2 — 3" long, 7 — 9-flowered ; glumes lance-ovate, acute,

reddish-brown, with a green midvein ; bristles 6, white, longer than the ache-
nium • sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown
color.— In running water, forming a strong, dense turf, N. H. ! to Ga.,W. to
Ohio, July.

9. E. AcicuLARis. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.) Hair Club Rush.

St. leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 — 6' high ; spikelets
oblong-ovate, acute, 4 — 8-flowered ; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and
empty ; ach. obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. — Edges of ponds,
often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very delicate. June, July.

10. E. TENUIS. Schultes. (Scirpus. Willd.) Slender Club Rush.

St. leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8 — 15' high,
with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each
end; glumes dark purple, ovate, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty ; ova.
roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or 0 setae. — Common in wet places,
N. Eng. and Mid. States. June, July.

11. E. MELAN0CARP.4. Torr. (Scirpus. Baldwin.) Black-fruited Club Rush.
S^s. compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12 — 18' high;

sheaths truncate ; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 — 6" in length, 20 — 40-flow-
ered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent,
yellowish midvein ; bristles 3, purple ; ach. obovate-turbinate, blackish ; tubercle
broad, flat, pointed in the centre. — Providence, R. I., Olney !

12. E. piGMJiA. Torr.

St. 1 —2' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate ; spikes ovate, compressed,
3 — 6-flowered, mostly empty ; bristles 6, longer than the achenium, slender,
scabrous backwards ; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, whitish and shining ; tuber-
cle minute. — Sea coast, Mass., Oakes. Sept. (Z?r. Sartwell, comm.)

13. E. ROSTELLATA. Torr. inN. Y. Fl. ined. (Scirpus. Torr. Cyp.,p.3l8.)
St. 15 — 20' high, clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform,

rigid; sheaths obliquely trnncate, the lowest blackish at summit; spike lance-
ovate, acute, 3 — i" long ; glumes 12 — 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light broAvn, edge
scarious ; bristles 4 — 6 ; ach. broadly obovate, biconvex, light olive-brown, with
a long, slightly tuberculate beak. — R. I., Olncy ! N. Y., Sartwell.

14. E. COMPRESSA. Sullivant ! Mat-stemmed Club Rush.

St. 12 — 18' high, cagspitose, much compressed, narrowly linear, striate;
sheath close, truncate ; spike oblong-ovate, 3 — 5" in length, 20 — 30-flowered ;
glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back,
with a broad, scarious margin; bristles 0; ach. obovate-pyriform, shining, mi-
nutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. — Wet
places, near Columbus, Ohio ! A very remarkable species.

7. SCIRPUS.

Celtic drs, the general name for rushes.

Glumes imbricated on all sides ; perigynium of 3 — 6 bristles, per-
sistent ; sty. 2 — 3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ; achenium
biconvex or triangular. — % Stems mostly triquetrous.^ simple, rarely
leafless. Spikes solitary, conglornerated or corymbose.

§ 1. Bristles not exceeding the achenium, retrorsely denticulate.
* Spike solifnry, nearly or quite terminal.

1. S. PLANiFOLius. Muhl. Mat-leaved Club Rush.

St. caespitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 5 — 10' high ;
Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong-
lanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4 — 8-flowered ; ghnncs ovate-mucronate, yel-
lowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the
spike; ach. reddish-brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. — In cold,
hard soils, Mass., Robbins ! N. Y. to Del. June.

2. S. suBTERMiNALi.s, Torr.

St. floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3f long ; Ivs. very narrow,

SciKPus. CLX. CYPERACEiE. 571

almost capillary, 2 — 4f long ; spike solitary, somewhat terminal (the stem being
continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 6.—
Streams, &c., Mass. ! to N. Y. Aug.

3. S. CjEspitosu.s. Dracted Mountain Rush.

Sis. coespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves •
fpikes compressed, terminal ; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as the spike ;

ach. with 6 bristles. — Grows in dense tufts, 4 — 12' high. Spike 4 5-flowered'

reddish-brown. On the White Mts., N. H., Bw. July. '

* * Spikes many, lateral.

4. S. ToRREYi. Olney. (S. mucronatus. Ph. ? Torr.)
St. 2f high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender, leafy at the
base ; Ivs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2-4 (rarely 1), sessile, dis-
tinct, acute, ovate-oblong; scales ovate, mucronate, smooth; 5^;/. 3-cleft; ach.
obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter than the bristles.— Borders of
ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem, here and in the following, is prolonged
above the spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. Jl. Aug.

5. S. DEBiLis. Pursh. Weak-stemmed Rush.

St. cffispitose, roundish, deeply striate, 9—16' high, with a few subulate
leaves at base ; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, subterminal ;
glumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green ; ach. obovate, mucronate ; bristles 4—
5. — Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug.

6. S. TRiatJETER. Michx. (S. Americanus. Pers.) Three-cornered Rush.
St. nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave,

about 3f high and ending in a sharp point ; Ivs. few and short, from the top of
the sheath ; spikes lateral, 1 — 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances
below the point ; glumes round-ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6. — Ponds and marshes
fresh and salt, throughout N. America.

7. S. LAcrsTRis. (S. acutus. Muhl.) Lake Bullrush.

Scape smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 — 8f high, cylindric
tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp ; panicle cymose
near the top ; ped. rough, twice compound ; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate ;
scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; bracts shorter than the panicle. — The largest
.species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds U. S.
to Ai'c. Am. July.

8. S. Olneyi. a. Gr. Olney's Rush.

St. triquetrous- winged, leafless, 2 — 7f high ; sheath radical, tipped with a
short (1 — 2') leaf; spikes 6 — 12, sessile, aggregated, 2 — 3" long, placed 9 — 12"
below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate ;
bristles 6 — 12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex. — Salt marshes,
Sekonk river, R. I., Ohiey 1 Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distin-
guished by its 3-winged stem. July. See also Addenda, p. 638.

* * * Spikes terminal.

9. S. MARiTiMCs. Sea Bullrush.

St. acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 — 3f high; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged,
carinate, taller than the stem ; spikes conglomerate, 6 — 10, nearly an inch long,
corymbose; i7ivol. of about 3 very long leaves; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle
segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ; bristles 3 — 4, much shorter than
the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium. — Salt marshes
N. Eng. ! to Flor. Aug.

P.JluviatiUs. Torr. Umbel somewhat compound; b^-istles 6, as long as the
obovate, triangular, dull grayish achenium. — Fresh water swamps and lakes,
Western N. Y. to Wis., Lapham ! and Mo.

10. S. ATROVlRENS. Muhl.

St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyine compound, proliferous ; i)ivol.
of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 — 20
in a globose head; hds. numerous, i' diam., dark green; glumes ovate, mucro-
nate ; ach. A\hite, smooth ; bristles 4. — Common in meadows. Middle and Western
States. June, July.

572 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Eriophorum.

11. S. BRUNNEUS. Muhl.

St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 — 3f high ; cyme decompound, its principal
branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base ; spikelefs clustered in
heads of 3 — 6 ; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown ; ach. smooth, yellowish-white,
shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles. — Much resembles the last species.
Margins of waters, N. Eng. to Penn, W. to Ohio, rare.
§ 2. Tricophorum. Bristles 6, much longer than theachenium, tortuous,
smoothish. Stem leafy. Umbel decompound.

12. S. Eriophorum. Michx. (Tricophorum cyperinum. Pers.)

St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 — 5f high ; lis. "2f long, rough-edged ; utw-
bel terminal, decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedicellate ; bristles Q,
capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white
achenium. — A common, stitf, rank meadow sedge, which cattle do not eat, U. S.
and Can. Spikes numerous, 2 — 3" long, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters, in a
large, showy panicle. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug.

13. S. LiNEATUS. Michx. (Tricophorum. Pers.)

St. triangular, very leafy, 2 — 3f high ; umbels tenninal and axillary, de-
compound, at length nodding ; invol. of 1 — 2 bracts, longer than the leaves ;
spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ; bristles 6, as
long as the glumes. — Swamps, in most of the States. Aug.

8. ERIOPHORUM.
Gr. epiov, wool, 0£pa), to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynum.

Glumes imbricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested in
very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. — Stem generally leafy.
Spikelets mostly in umbels. finally clothed with the long., silky hairs.
* Spikelet solitary.

1. E. ALPiNUM.

• St. very slender, acutel}'- 3-angled, naked, somewhat scabrous, 8 — 16' high,
with 3 — 4 radical sheaths; radical Zrs. very short, subulate ; spike oblong, ter-
minal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times
as long as the spike. — Bog meadows, often alpine, N. H. ! to N. Y. and Penn. Jl.

2. E. VAGiNATUM. Sheathed Cotton Grass.

Sts. densely caespitose, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 —
2f high ; uppermost sheaths inflated ; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 — 8" long, of a
blackish color, with scarious glumes ; hairs 30 — ^10 to each flower, straight,
white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other
species, even at a distance among the meadow grass. — N. Eng. to Mich., N.
to Arc. Am. June, July.

♦ * Spikelets numerous.

3. E. coNFERTissiMUM. Wood. Dense-hcadcd Eriophorum.

St. strictly erect, firm but slender, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, chan-
neled, rigid, triangular-subulate above, 8 — 12' long; sheaths close; invol. 2-
leaved, one leaf twice, the other 4 — 5 times longer than the spikelets; spikelets
5 — 8, crowded, erect, on very short (2 — 4"), slightly scabrous peduncles, 20 — 30-
flowered ; glumes obovate, carinate, very obtuse ; ach. compressed, oblanceolate,
li" long, flat on one side, carinate on the other ; bristles 100 — 200, white, J' long,
straight and silky. — Bogs, Meriden, N. H. ! Distinguished for its very large
and dense heads.

4. E. POLYSTACHYUM. Many-spUced Cotton Grnss.

St. somewhat triangular, smooth, 1 — 2f high ; cauline Ivs. 2 — 3, broad-
linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end ; spikelets about 10, on rough pe-
duncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched ; setce 30 — 40 to
each flower, reddish-white, 6 — 8" long. — Very conspicuous in meadows and
swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am.

5. E. ANGUSTiFOLiuM. Rich. Narroic-leaved Cottoii Grass.

S<. slender, leafy, smooth, 10 — 15' high; cauline Ivs. narrow, 3-cornerecl,
with concave sides, 1 — 3' long ; invol. of one bract, with a loosely sheathing

Hemicarpha. CLX. CYPERACEtE. 573

base ; spikelets 2 — 4, on short peduncles, nodding ; set(E 40—50 to a flower, long-,
white and cottony.— Swamps, N. States and Brit. Am. July.

6. E. ViRGiNicuM. Virginian Cotton grass.

St. nearly round, leafy, smooth, 2— 3f high ; Ivs. flat, few, long, with
scabrous margins ; i7ivot. 2 — 4-leaved, outer leaves much longer ; spikeiets in a
sort of umbel, erect, nearly sessile ; glumes ovate, brown at the sides ; keel
green ; hairs 50—60, reddish-white, long and cottony.— Wet grounds, U. S.
and Can.

9. FlMBRISTtLIS. Vahl.

hat. Jlmbris, a fringe, stylus, style ; from the ciliate style.

Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles 0 ; style compressed,
2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. — %

with the habit of Scirpus.

1. F. Baldwiniana. Torr. (Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schult. S. ferrugin-
eus. Darl.)—St. 2—12' high, compressed, deeply striate, leafy at base ;

umbel mostly simple, 3— 4-rayed, central spikelets sessile; invol. subulate,
2-leaved, as long as the umbel ; spikelets ovoid, acute ; glumes ovate, brown ;
sty. bifid, ciliate; ach. white, longitudinally furrowed. — Swamps and damp
places, Middle, Southern and Western States. July,

2. F. spadicea. Vahl. (Scirpus spad. Linn. S. castaneus. Michx.)

St. 1 2f high, hard and rigid, compressed, nearly naked; Ivs. 5 — 6'

high, filiform, channeled inside, semi-terete outside, lower ones rust-colored ;
umbel of few rays, rather exceeding the 2 — 3 subulate, involucre leaves ; spikes
ovate-oblong, 3 — 6" long ; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, finally of a dark,
shining, chestnut brown ; sty. conspicuously fimbriate ; ach. whitish. — Marshes,
N. J. to La. Aug.

10. TRICHELOST"?LIS. Le.stiboudois.

Gr. Tpiyn^oi, threefold, oriiXos; from the character.

Glumes in 4 — 8 ranks, carinate ; bristles 0 ; style 3-cleft, decidu-
ous below the bulb at the base ; achenium triangular. — % Stems leafy
at the base. Spikes usually in termirial umbels.

1. T. MUCRONULATUs. Torr. (Scirpus muc. Michx. Fimbristylis autum-
nalis. E. <f- S.)—St. compressed, 2-edged, cffispitose, leafy at base, 3—10'

high ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; uinbel compound ; invol. 2-leaved ;
spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2—3 together; glumes brown,
mucronate ; ach. white.— Wet places, along rivers, «fcc., N. Eng. ! to Ga., W.
to Mo. July.

2. T. CAPiLLARis. Wood. (Scirpus. Linn. Isolepis. R. tf- S.)

St. caespitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4—8' high; Ivs. subradi-
cal, setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikelets ovoid, 2—4, pedunculate, inner
one sessile ; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent ; ach. white.— In
sandy fields, Mass. to Car., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug.

11. HEMICARPHA. Nees.

Gr. ijixtavg, half, Kap<pa, straw or chaff?

Glumes imbricated all around ; bristles 0 ; stam. 1 ; style 2-cleft,
not bulbous at base, deciduous ; achenium compressed, oblong, sub-
terete. — %■ Spikes glomerate.

H. sau.^RRosA. Nees. (Isolepis subsquarrosa. Sckrad. Scirpus subsq.

Muhl. S. niinimus. Ph.)— Scape setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurv-
ed, 2—3' high ; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape ; spikes 2—3, terminal
(apparently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long ; invol. of 2 bracts, one
appearing 'like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other; glumes
00 with a short, recurved or squarrose point, finally brown ; ach. minute, of a
dull, brownish-white.— Sandv banks, N. Eng. ! to Penn. and Ky.

574 CLX. CYPERACE.^. Rhynchospora.

12. PSYLOCARYA. Torr.

Flowers $ . Glumes 00, imbricated all around, all fertile ; peri-
gynium 0 ; stam. 2 ; filaments long, persistent ; style 2-cleft, dilated
or tviberculate at base ; acheuium biconvex, crowned with the per-
sistent style. — Stems leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal.^ cymose.

P. sciRPolDEs. Torr.

St. slender, leafy, smooth, 3-sided, 5 — 9' high ; Ivs. linear, smooth, 3 — 5'
by 1", cauline about 2 ; cijmcs terminal, and one from the sheath of each cau-
line leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loose clusters, 20 — 30-
flowered ; glumes chestnut-colored, thin, ovate, acute ; ach. tumid, dark brown,
crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base. — Borders of ponds,
Smithfield, R. I., Olncy ! Mass., Greeiie. Rare.

13. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl.

Gt. pvv^oiy a beak, ciropa, seed; from the character.

Flowers 5 or c? 5 9 , few in each spikelet ; glumes loosely imbri-
cated, the lowest small and empty; perigynium of 6 — 12 bristles;
stam. 3 ; style bifid ; achenium lens-shaped or subglobose, crowned
with the distinct, bulbous base of the style. — % Stem leafy, d-sided.
Inflorescence terminal and axillary.

* Achenium smooth.

1. R. ALBA. Vahl. (Schoenus allDUS. Linn.) White Bog- Rush.

St. triangular above, very .slender, leafy, smooth, 10 — 16' high ; Ivs. seta-
ceous, channeled; corymbose fascicles pedunculate, both terminal and from the
axils of the sheaths, with .setaceous bracts ; spikclcis lanceolate, acute at each
end, with crowded, lanceolate, white glumes. — In wet, shady grounds ; com-
mon. July — Sept.

2. R. CAPiLLACEA. Torr. (Schoenus. Muhl.)

St. 6 — 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular ; Irs. setaceous, much shorter
than the stem ; spikelets 3 — 6, mostly terminal, oblong, each with a setaceous
bract ; glumes chestnut-colored, with scarious edges ; l/ristles 6, much longer
than the oblong, substipitate achenium ; tubercle about half the length of the
achenium. — Swamps, N. Y., Sartwcll, Penn., Muhl.

3. R. FuscA. Roem. & Schult. (Schoenus fuscus. Linn.)

St. 3-angled, about 2f high; Ivs. linear, carinate, smooth; fascicles alter-
nate, pedunculate ; bracts .setaceous, longer than the ovoid spikes ; glumes brown,
ovate; ach. brown, rugose, with an acute, black tubercle as long as the hi.spid
bristles. — Wet places, Mass. to N. J. Rare.

4. R. GRACILENTA. A. Gr.

St. 1 — 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth; Ivs. linear-setaceous,
much shorter than the stem; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral on slender
peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikelets ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark
brown ; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-ovoid achenium ; tubercle
flat, dilated at base. — Dry grounds, N. Y. to Car.

5. R. GLOMERATA. Vahl. (Schoenus. Limi.)

St. slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high ; Ivs. flat, carinate, rougn-
edged ; corymbed fascicles \-ery remote, in pairs, axillary and terminal ; spikelets
lanceolate ; gluvies keeled, mucronate, brown ; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very
smooth, as long as the tubercle ; setcc 6, rough, backwards.— In bogs. Can. to
Flor. July, Aug.

G. R. CEPHAI.ANTIIA. A. Gr.

St. 2 — 3f high, triangular, stout; h:<!. linear, verv narrow, the lower and
rnclical nearly as long as the stem; hds. roundish, axi'Uarv and terminal, soli-
tary or rarely two together; spikelets lance-oblong; glumes ovate-oblong, dark
brown ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium ; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little
compressed, very obtuse.— N. J. pine barrens.

ScLERiA CLX. CYPERACE^. 575

* * Achenium rugose.

7. R. CYMOSA. Nutt. (Schcenus. Willi.)

St. 1— 2f high, triangular, angles acute ; radical Ivs. shorter than the
stem, cauline rising above the stem ; canjmbs 3—4, the terminal largest ; spike-
lefs ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5 ; gliomes broad-ovate, dark brown ;
bristles 6, § as long as the broad-ovate, transversely rugose achenium ; tubercle
depressed, much shorter than the ach. — N. J. to La. Jl., Aug.

8. R. ToRREYANA. A. Gr.

SI. 2f high, slender, c;Espitose, striate ; Ivs. setaceous, radical, 6 — 10"
long, caullnc much shorter ; corymbs diffuse, the lateral, if any, on short pedun-
cles ; spikelets ovoid, pedicellate or sessile ; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown ;
bristles 6, scarcely halt as long as the oblong-ovate achenium ; tntherclc short,
nearly as broad at base as the achenium. — N. J. Torreij. JL, Aug.

15. C ERATO SCHCENUS. Nees.

Gr. Kcpai, — aroi, a horn, ct)(^oivos, rush ; alluding to the long, persistent style of the acheniiun.

Spikelets 2 — 5-flowered, one flower $ , the rest 8^ ; glumes loosely
imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty; perig. of 5 or 6
rigid, hispid or scabrous bristles ; stam. 3 ; style simple, very long,
persistent on the smooth, compressed achenium. — % Stems leafy.
Corymbs compound.

1. C. LONGiROSTRis. A. Gr. (SchcEnus longirostris. Michx. S. cornicula-
tus. Lam. Rhyncospora cornic. A. Gr.) — Glabrous and glaucous ; st.

3 — 4f high, triangular ; Ivs. 12 — 16' by 4 — 6", flat, rough-edged ; fls. in very
large, terminal and axillary corymbs, terminal one the largest ; spikelets loosely
fascicled in 4s or 5s on the long peduncles ; glumes brown, ovate ; dmi^es shorter
than the achenium, which is 2" long, and crowned with the (7") long, subu-
late, horny style. — Ohio ! to Flor. Common in wet places Aug.

2. C. MACROSTACHYA. Torr. (Rhyncospora ejusd.)

Glabrous; st. 2 — 3f high, triangular; Ivs. 1 — 2f by 3 — 4", rough-edged;
axillary corymbs subsimple, terminal ones compound ; upper spikelets densely
fascicled ; ach. ovate, .smooth ; bristles erectly hispid, twice as long as the ache-
nium ; style persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the achenium. — Mass. Rob-
bins. !

16. C LABIUM. Browne.

Flowers (^59; glumes imbricated somewhat in 3 rows, lower
ones empty ; bristles 0 ; stam. 2 ; style 2 — 3-cleft, deciduous ; ache-
nium subglobose, the pericarp hard, thickened and corky above. —
% Stem leafy. Corymbs or panicles terminal and axillary.

C. MARiscoiDEs. Torr. (Schoemts. Muhl.) Bog Rush.

St. terete, leafy, 20 — 30' high, hard and rigid ; ks. narrowly linear, chan-
neled above, rounded beneath, much shorter than the stems ; bracts short; umbels
2 — 3, erect, the lateral on long exserted peduncles ; rays 3 — 7, some of them
very short; spikelets aggregated in heads of 4 — 8, lance-ovate, 3" long; glumes
tawny-brown, about 6, the upper usually §,'the next (J', and the rest empty;
ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3-cleft style. — Bogs, Can. to
Penn. July.

Tribe 3. SCL/ERE^. — Flowers monoecious or diclinous. Achenium naked

(without a perigynium), more or less hard and bony.

17. SCLERIA.

Gr. OKXripoi, hard ; alluding to the indurated shell of the fruit.

Flowers aiclinous, fertile spikelets I -flowered, glumes fasciculate;
perigynium cup-shaped or 0 ; achenium globose, ovoid or triangular,
with a thick, bony pericarp ; style 3-cleft; deciduous. — % Stems leafy.
Spikelets in spikes, fascicles or panicles.
49

•)7(j CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

§ 1. Perigynium cup-shaped^ lobed, repand or annular.

1. S. RETICULARIS. MichX.

S/. 1 — 2f high, triangular, rather slender; Ivs. 1" wide, channeled, radical
6 — 12' long, caixline few, much shorter ; fascicles 2 — 5, lateral and terminal,
distant, loose-flowered, subsessile ; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the ^ many-
flowered, at the base of the 5 ; glume light brown, ovate, acuminate ; sta. 2 ;
perig. 3-lobed ; ach. globose, of a dead Avhite, |" diam., conspicuously reticulated
and deeply pitted. — Borders of ponds, R. I., Ohieij ! to Flor. The achenium is
a curious and beautilul object.

2. S. LAXA. Torr. (S. reticularis. MM.)

SI. 1 — 2f high, weak, diffuse, acutely triangular, slender ; Ivs. flat, 2"
wide, smooth ; fascicles about 3, one terminal, the others lateral and very re-
mote ; ped. 2—6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved ; spikelets distant, in
pairs, the sterile at the base of the § ; sla. 2 ; perig. deeply 3-lobed ; ac/i. about
1" diam., globose, whitish, marked with brown, hairy, transverse ridges and
pits. — Near the sea coast, N. J. to Flor. Sept.

3. S. PANUIFLORA. Muhl.

SI. 10 — 16' high, triangular, slender, smoothish; Ivs. narrow, nearly
smooth ; sheaths pubescent ; fascicles 2 — 3, lateral and terminal, few-flowered,
the lateral ones on long peduncles ; brads foliaceous, ciliate ; spikelets in pairs ;
glumes membranaceous, acute ; 9 spikclct of 3 ovate, mucronate glumes, some-
what ciliate on the keel; sty. 3-clelt; ach. globose, rough, white and shining;
perig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute, tubercles. — N. Y.
(^Bradley), N. H. {Carey), to Car. Aug.

p. Fascicle solitary, terminal, (apparently lateral) sometimes with a small
one near the base of the stem. — Ohio, SulUvant !

4. S. TRiGLOMERATA. Michx. WMp-gross.

St. erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, rough-edged ; spikelets lateral and terminal, alternate, in about 3 subsessile
fascicles, and much shorter than the leafy bracts ; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark
purple ; ach. globose, smooth and polished, white, nearly 2" diam. when ripe. —
Swamps, in nearly all the states. June, July.

§ 2. Hypoporum. Perigynium 0.

5. S. VERTiciLLATA. Muhl. (Hypoporum verticillatum. Nees.)

St. 6 — 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous ; Irs. linear, narrow and
flat, shorter than the stem ; fascicles 4 — 6, sessile, few-flowered, appearing as if
verticillate ; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long as the fascicles, scabrous
upward ; scales of 9 ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled ; ach. globose, rugose,
a little more than J' diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3-sided at base.
—Very abundant in Junius, N. Y., Sartwell, to Car., W. to Ohio, SulUvant!

Tribe 4. CARICEJE. — Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbricated
on all sides. Achenium wholly enclosed in an urceolate or bottle-shaped
perigynium.

18. CAREX. *
Spikelets 1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and
pistillate flowers), or with the two kinds in separate spikelets, rarely
dioecious; glumes single, 1 -flowered, lower ones often empty; sta-
mens 3 ; stigmas 2 or 3; perigynium of various forms, l-valved, per-
sistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium.
I. Stigmas two. Acheiihim double convex.
A. Spilce single. 1. Monacions.

1. C. CAPITATA.

_ Spike capitate or nearly globose, ^ at the summit ; /;•. (perigynium) round-
ish-ovate, close, compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the
ovate and rather obtuse glume ; Ivs. slender.— Heights of the White Mts., Bobbins.

* By Proi: C. Dewey, D. D Si-f Preface. ^

Carex. CLX. CYPERACEiE. 577

A. Spike single. 2. Dicecious.

2. C. Davalliana. Smith.

Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; pcrig. ovate-lanceolate, attenuate,
convex, terete, recurved, longer than the ovate glume ; st. and Ivs. are usually
serrulate.— Wayne Co., N. Y., Sartvxll.

3. C. ExiLis. Dewey.

Fertile spike ^ below, ovate, rather densely-flowered ; perig. ovate-lanceo-
late, convex on both sides, diverging, serrulate on the margin, a little longer
than the ovate, acute glume ; Ivs. setaceous ; st. 12 — 20' high. — Grows in Dan-
vers and Ipswitch, Ms., Oakcs, in N. Y. and N. J. May.

/?. squamacea. Dew. Spike often an inch long, having many ^^ glumes at the
base and few perig. at the summit. — Longer than the other, and grows with
it in Ipswich, Mass., Oakes.

B. Spikes several, androgynous.

1 . Stamens variously situated — above, belovj, or in the middle ; sometimes dimcious.

4. C. STERILIS. Willd.

Spike compound, ^ below, often dioecious ; spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, subap-
proximate ; perig. ovate, acuminate or subrostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous,
scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 2f high, erect
and stiff. — Wet places, common.

5. C. BROMoiDEs. Schk.

Spikelets numerous, alternate, ^ below, sometimes all 9 ; perig. lanceo-
late, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovate-
lanceolate glume. — Common in small bogs, in wet places.

6. C. siccATA. Dewey.

Spikelets numerous, ^ above, often wholly ^, ovate, close or approximate ;
fr. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the
margin, equaling the ovate and lanceolate glume. — Sandy plains, Westfield,
Mass., Davis; Ipswitch, Mass., Oakes ; widely spread over the country, but not
abimdant.

7. C. Sartwellii. Dewey.

Spikelets 12 — 20, ovate, sessile, compact, bracteate, lower ones especially
fructiferous ; upper often J^ ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-concave, subu-
late, short, 2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and acute glume ; Ivs. flat,
linear, shorter than the stem. — Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y., SartweU.

2, Stamens at the summit of the spikelets.
ai Cephalous, or. fruit in heads.

8. C. CEPHALOPHORA. Willd.

Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head, bracteate, about 5;
perig. ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short,
ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume which equals it; st. 8 — 16' high. — Borders
of fields and woods, common, but not abundant.

9. C. vui.piNoiDEA. Michx. (C. vulpinceformis. Vuckerman. C. multi-
flora. Muhl.) — Spikelets o'/ate-oblong, obtuse; spike decompound, bracte-
ate, conglomerate ; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, tripli-
nerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. obtusely
triangular, round and leafy towards the base. — Common in fields.

0. microspcrma. Dew. (C. microsperma. Wahl.) Spikelets closely aggregaied,
whole spike less compact; perig. more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a
beak, very abundant. — Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations.

10. C. SETACEA. Dewey.

Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate ; perig. ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the
ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 2f high, acutely t riangular, scabrous above
and striate. — Wet places — not abundant.

11. C. Mqhlenbergu. Schk.

Spikelets alternate, obtiisp, npprnximatc. with a long bract at the lower

578 CLX. CVPEUACEiE. Cauex.

one; perig. ovate, convex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the
margin, s^me diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and mucronate glume ;
5^. 12 — 18' high. — In fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the
three preceding and following.

12. C. CHORDORRHiZA.

Spikekts 3 — 5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile ; perig. ovate, acumi-
nate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate and acute glume ;
St. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints ; spikes rarely
bearing only stamens. — Marshes, New York ; common, Sartwell. Michigan,
Cooky.

13. C. Prairea. Dew.

Spike below branched; spikelels ovate, sessile, 5 — 7 on a branch; perig.
ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid,
equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 2 — 3f high, leafy towards the base. —
Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N.England and
N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata. L., which has a much broader ovate glume,
shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has
been taken.

14. C. TERETinscuLA. Good.

Spikelels ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brownish, lower one bracteate;
perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, lon-
ger than the ovate and acute glume ; fr. brown ; si. 18 — 36' high, leafy towards
the root. — Wet places, common, in tufts.

15. C. DECOMPOsiTA. Muhl.

Spike decompound or paniculate ; spikelels very many, ovate, alternate ;
perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangular, acutish or short-rostrate, short,
brownish, glabrous, about equal to the ovate and acuminate, whitish glume;
St. 18 — 30' high. — Found in swamps, Michigan, and in Yates Co., N. York,
Sarliccll.

16. C. PANICULATA.

Spike paniculate, often J^ 9) long and spreading; spikelels ovate, sessile,
6 — 18 on a branch below, short bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, gibbous, nerved,
2-toothed, brownish or tawny, 2-toothed, serrulate on the margin, a little
shorter than the broad-ovate, short-acute glume ; st. 2f high. — Found in North-
ern America, and hardly known in the United States.

l). Perigynia radiating.

17. C. ROSEA. Schk.

Spikelels 3 — 5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity,
lowest long bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 — 12, convex above, scabrous
on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging or even reflexed, twice as long as the
ovate-obtuse glume ; st. 8 — 16' high.

0. radiata. Dew. Spikekts distant, about 3- flowered, with setaceous bracts ;
perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 — 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow
leaves. — Common in pastures and moist woods; the variety is about woods, or
open places in woods.

18. C. RETROFLEXA. Muhl.

spikelels about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and
stellate in maturity ; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on
the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovale and acute glume;
St. about a foot high.— Readily distinguished from the preceding. "Woods and
pastures, not abundant.

19. C. STIPATA. Muhl.

Spike often decompound ; spikelels oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracte-
ate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, sub-
scabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate
glume ; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. — Wet places and
marshes, abundant.

20. C. ALOPECoiDA. Tuckerman. rC. cephalophora, /?. maxima. Dew.)
Spike compoimd, rather loose ; spikelets 8—10, aggregated into an oblong

Carex. CLX. CYPERACEiE. 579

head, bracteate, sessile ; peng. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acumi-
nate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a little longer than the ovate and
acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges, — Moist woods, Penn.
and N. York, Sartwell.

21. C. CEPHALOIDEA. DcW.

Spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig.
ovate, obtusish, bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in
maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. — Dry fields —
not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it
is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base.

22. C. sPARGANoiDEs. Muhl.

Spikelets 7 — 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; perig. ovate,
acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin,
nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. about 2f
high, with long, striate leaves.

p. ramea. Dew. has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in
the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divulsa of Pursh. — About culti-
vated and moist fields, common.

23. C. MURICATA.

Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones some-
times remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal,

scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.

Fields near Boston, B. D. Greene, and common in Arctic America ; Charles-
town, Mass., M. A. Curtis.

Ct Perigynia fexu.

24. C. DisPERMA. Dew.

Spikelets 3 — 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate,
obtuse, about two, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer
than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 6 — 18' high, with nar-
row and linear leaves. — Perigynia 1 — 2, sometimes 3. Wet woods, N. Eng-
land, N. York, Michigan and Wisconsin Territory.

3. Androgynous ; stamens at tlie base of the spikelets.
d. Perigynia radiating.

25. C. STELLULATA. Good.

Spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad ovate, contracted into
a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and
reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume ; st. erect, stiff, leafy
below, 8 — 24' high. — Common in wet places over the Northern States.

26. C. sciRPolDEs. Schk.

Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ;
perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin,
diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute glume ; st.
6 — 16' high, leafy towards the base. — Wet places in the country. The more
lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the pre-
ceding. C. scirpoidcs has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet.

27. C. cuRTA. Good.

Spikelets 4 — 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote ;
perig. round-ovate, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed,
slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 — 2f high,
usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. — Moist places over the
country.

28. C. spHiERosTACHYA. Dcw. (C. cancsccns, fi. sphasrostachya. Tuck.)
Spikelets 3 — 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2 — 6 ; perig.

ovate- lanceolate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate and hyaline, white
glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green.
—Common in N. England and N. York, in wet places.
e. Ovate-lanceolate spikelets; few-fruited.

29. C. Deweyana. Schk.

Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest
49*

580 CLX. CYPERACE^. Carex,

bracteate ; peng. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-con-
vex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate,
awned, hyaline glume; st. 1 — 4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves;
whole plant yellowish-green. — Common in open woods or on the borders of
woods.

30. C. TRispERMA. Dew.

Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig.
ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved,
subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute
and hyaline glume ; st. 10 — 24' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender,
longer than the leaves. — In tufts in marshes or wet woods ; common in N.
England and N. York.

f. Spikelets oval.

31. C. scoPARiA. Schk.

Spikelets 5 — 10, usually 5 — 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with
a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly mar-
gined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume ; si. 18 — 24' high,
leafy towards the root. — Moist places, very common.
0. aggregata. Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral.

32. C. LAGOPODioiDEs. Schk.

Spikelets 8 — 20, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile ; perig.
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous
on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. nearly
2f high, leafy; the whole light green. — Common.

33. C. STRAMINEA. Wahl.

Spike compound, erect ; spikelets about 6, ovate, short-oblong, alternate,
sessile, subapproximate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate-ser-
rate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than
the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 12 — 20' high, longer than the leaves ; spikelets
whitish or tawny. — Common in woods and fields.

a. brevior. Dew. Spikelets 3 — 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly
round ; perig. shorter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate-
lanceolate glume. — This is the plant originally described by Willdenow.

0. minor. Dew. Spikelets small, 5 — 6, globose or obovate, less approximate ;
perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate,
acute glume.

34. C TENERA. Dew. (C. adusta. Boott.)

Spike compound, recurved ; spikelets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate,
sessile, brownish, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. ovate, compressed,
somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lance-
olate scale ; st. 15 — 30' high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike,
longer than the leaves. — Light green. Common.

35. C. FESTUCACEA. Scllk.

Spikelets 5 — 8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate,
lower one bracteate ; perig. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed,
.scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume ; st. 15 — 30'
high, erect and stitf, leafy below. — Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to
brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The club-form spikelets from the
decurrent scales of the ^ flowers, especially mark this species.

3G. C. MiRABiLis. Dew.

Spikelets 7 — 11, ovate-globose, alternate, sessile, often closely-aggregated,
and stiff-form, bracteate below; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the
margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice lon-
ger than the ovate, lanceolate glume; 5/. 18—36' high, erect, stifi", rough above,
rather .slender ; plant light green.— Common about fences and hedges, and has
a specially rigid appearance.

37. C. CRIST ATA. Schw.

Spikelets 6 — 14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head of a crested
form, bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate,

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE^. 581

bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceo-
late glume ; St. 1 — 3f high, acutely triangular. — Plant yellowish-green. Com-
mon in fields and meadows on colder soils.

38. C. TENUIFL6R.4. Wahl.

Spikelets 2 — 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate ;
perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline
or white glume ; st. a loot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the
flat and narrow leaves. — Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and
Salem, Vt., in swamps, Bobbins, Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y., Kneirskern,
Southampton, Mass., Chapman.

39. C. CYPEROiDES.

Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head, with long and leafy bracts ;
perig. ovate, long-lanceolate, or drawn into a long awn scabrous on its edges,
slightly stipitate, 2-tooihed, a little longer than the lanceolate and cuspidate
glume ; plant very pale green. — Jeiferson Co., N. Y. — first found in our coimtry
last summer, by Dr. Crawe.

40. C. MusKiNGUMENsis. Schw.

Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 — 10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and
approximate, close-flowered, dry and chatf-like ; perig. lanceolate, compressed,
thin, distinctly winged, biaentate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the
ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. — Common in Ohio
and Mich., 18—36' high.

41. C. LiDDoNi. Boott.

Spikelets 5 — 7, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate,
acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, on the margin serrulate, scarcely
longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges ;
perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown ; plant yellowish-green. — Arctic Am.,
Boott, Mich., Dr. Cooky.

C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes.

1. Staminate spike single.

42. C. AUREA. Nutt. (C. pyriformis. Schw.)

(^ Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered,
subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproxiraate, bracteate ; perig. globose,
obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate,
acute or short-mucronate glume ; st. 3 — 10' high, slender, often subprocumbent.
— Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds.

43. C. SAXATILIS.

(^ Spike oblong, thick ; 9 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pe-
dunculate ; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling
the oblong and obtuse glume ; 5/. 6 — 10' high, erect, with long and leafy sheaths
and bracts. — Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H., Barratt; woods, Vt.,
Pursh.

44. C. coNcoLOR. R. Bi'.

(^ Spike erect, cylindric ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, erect, subsessile, cylindric ; perig.
oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume ;
St. 10 — 15' high, smooth, leafy below ; bracts auriculate ; ^ spike sometimes
pistillate above. — White Mts., N. H., Boott. Closely related to C. ccespitosa, L.,
but has a smooth stem ; scales of light color.

2. Staminate spikes one or more, and the upper part of the pistillate sometimes

staminate.

45. C. RiGiDA. Good.

(^ Spike oblong, cylindi'ic, rarely 2 ; <J spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cylindi'ic,
densely-flowered, short and thick, approximate, lower one subpedicellate, with
a bract surpassing the stem ; perig. ovate, obtusish, entire at the orifice ; glume
nearly twice longer than the mature fruit and subequal before ; st. 3 — 8' high,
thick and stiff', often recurved ; Ivs. stiff and glaucous.- — Ipswich, Ms., Oakes.
Has been confpounded with C. ccespitosa.

583 CLX. CYPERACE^. Carex.

46. C. casspiTosA.

^ Spike single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, Avith oblong, black scales;
O spike 2 — 3, cylindric, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one
short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the oriiice, scarcely
rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume; st. 6 — 14' high,
scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base; Ivs. flat. — Wet places, Ipswich,
iVIass., Oakes; N. Y. and Michigan.

47. C. sTRicTioR. Dew.

cf Spikes 1 — 2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes; 9 spikes 2 — 3,
cylindric, J* above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate,
compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a
little longer than the oblong and acute glume; st. a foot and more high, trique-
trous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves
towards the base ; Ivs. erect, close ; whole plant glaucous except the spikes. —
Wet places, common.

48. C. STRICTA.

J* Spikes 1 — 2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and
obtuse ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, long-cylindric, upper half (j^, lower longer, short-peduncu-
late, loosely-flowered below ; perig. ovate-acuminate or elliptic, compressed, at
the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the
lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and
narrower than the perigynia ; st. 2f high, with reticulated filaments connecting
the leaves, Boott. — Wet places, as bogs, common.

49. C. AciJTA.

Spikes long and slender ; (^ 2 — 3 ; 9 3 — 4, long, slender, cylindric, short-
pedunculate, nodding towards maturity, remotish, bracteate ; perig. oval or ob-
long, obtuse, orifice protended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong,
acute glume ; st. acute, triquetrous, lax ; the stamens at the summit of the
pistillate spikes render them acute. — Common.

/?. erecta. Dew. (Schk. fig. 85, c.) Spikes shorter, 2 of each; 9 nearly erect,
oblong, close-flowered ; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. — Evi-
dently misplaced by Schkukr.

y. sparsijiora. Dew. (Schk. fig. 92, b.) 9 Spikes very long, recurved, very
sparsely flowered below. — Common.

50. C. AQtJATiLis. Wahl.

J* Spikes 1 — 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, ob-
tusish ; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 — 2' long, sub-
erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered ; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather
small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate,
acutish glume ; st. 20 — 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. —
In marshes and wet places, common.

51. C. CRiNiTA. Lam.

(f Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers ; 9
spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and
more loosely flowered, often J^ at summit ; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-ros-
trate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about ^ as" long as the oblong, obtusish,
scabrous-awned glume ; st. 12—24' high, rough, triquetrous. — Common in wet
places.

/?. gynandra. Dew. (C. gynandra. Schw.) 9 Spikes pendulous, thicker in
the midst ; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia.

52. C. PALEACEA. Schreb. Schk., fig. 125.

9 Spikes about 4, long-cylindric, densel3^-flowered, recurved, with a long,
reclined peduncle; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginate at the ori-
fice, convex both sides ; glumes terminated by a long, serrate point more than
thrice the length of the perigynia ; st. 20—42' high, recurved, rough-edged, pale
green.— Common in dry grounds. & > f

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 583

II. Stigmas three.

D. iSpikes ajidrogynous. MoncEcious.

I« Stamens at the su7nmit.

a> Spike single.

53. C. POLYTRicHoiDEs. Muhl. (C. microstachya. 3Ix.)

Spike oblong, terminal ; perig. 3 — 8, oblong, alternate, subtriquetrous, gla-
brous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucro-
nate glume; st. 4 — 12' high, very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves.
— Common in wet and cold grounds.

54. C. LENEOGLocHiN. Ehrh. (C. pauciflora. Lighffoof.)

Spike about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 J* flowers at the apex ; perig. lanceo-
late, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reilexed, twice longer than the oblong-
lanceolate glume; St. 3 — 8' high, with subradical and linear leaves. — In Ashfield
and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh, Porter.

b. One or more radical peduncles with a single spike.

55. C. PEDCNCCLATA. Muhl.

Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate ; perig. obo-
vate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than
the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; sL 4 — 12' high, triangular, rather
procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from the 9 spike. — Common in
woods. Flowers early in the .spring.

56. C. WiLLDENOWii. Schk.

Sts. or radical ped. 1 — 3 ; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or
the stamens removed a little ; perig. 3 — 6, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a
little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above ; 9 glumes ovate and acute
the lower ones long and leaf-like, much surpassing the stem. — On dry grounds'
common throughout the U. S.— One variety has the J> spike distinct; another
is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as
in Flor.

57. C. Stexdelii. Kth.

Sts. or radical ped. 1 — 8' long ; spike commonly single, stameniferous
above; perig. 1 — 4, subglobose or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate,
terete and conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice ; 9 glumes usually long and
leafy ; Ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the stems. — Jefferson Co., N. Y.,
and in Ohio and the Western States.

58. C. Backii. Boott.

Ped. radical, 1 — 4f high, stiif, thick or large; spike single, commonly sta-
meniferous above, short ; perig. ovate, globose, smooth, conic-rostrate, entire at
the orifice, when mature pear-"shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit ; 9 glwnes
usually long and leaf-like, enclosing the fruit; Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or
scabrous and short. — Jeflerson Co., N. Y. and Arctic Am. — The three preceding
species are closely related, and yet look very diflerent.

2. Spikes staminate at the base.
Ct Spikes one, often more.

59. C. SaUARROSA.

Spikes 1 — 4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first
by the decurrent, (f flowers, all very densely flowered ; perig. ovate, subglobose,
long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the
lanceolate glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, slender for the large spike or spikes ; lower
spikes pedunculate. — Large and fine. It is C. typhirea Mx. when only one spike
is present.

(S. (C typhinoides. Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and
both longer and smaller.

E. Spikes dicEcious.

60. C. SCIRPOIDEA. Mx.

Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish ; ^ glume oblong, obtusish ; perig. ovate,
(oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, scarious
on the edge ; st. 4 — 10' high, erect ; Ivs. flat and long. — White Mts., N. H., Oakes.

584 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

F. Terminal spike androgynous^ pistillate at the summit ; the other pis-
tillate.

61. C. viREScENS. Muhl.

Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate ; upper
spike very rarely wholly J" ; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than
the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about equal to it ; st. 1 — '2f high,
rather slender ; Ivs. towards the base. — Whole plant pubescent and light green.
/?. costata. Schw. Perig. strongly costate, oider sJwatJis purplish-brown ; Ivs.
numerous and larger. — Both are common in open woods and hedges.

62. C. HIRStJTA.

Spikes 3, short-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, the lower subsessile and long-
bracteate, all approximate and densely flowered ; perig. ovate, triquetrous,
nerved, obtuse, entire at the orifice, glabrous in maturity, about equal to the
ovate, acuminate, glabrous glume ; st. 12 — 20' high ; Ivs. and sheaths retrorsely
pubescent ; upper spike very rarely all (^. — Moist upland meadows. Common.
/?. pedmiculata. Torr. Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate ; Ivs. slightly
pubescent. — Common. C. triceps (Mc.) much resembles this, — is not pubes-
cent but glabrous.

63. BuxBAUMii. Wahl.

Spikes about 4, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly J', and
sometimes ^ above and below; pistilliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile,
bracteate ; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous,
entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mu-
cronate glume ; st. 10 — 18' high, leafy towards the base. — Common in wet
grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed
by Schk., Wahl., &c., in the division having 3.

64. C. GRACILLIMA. Schw.

Spikes 3 — 4, long, graceful, sub-loose-flowered, distant, long-pedicellate,
recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one rarely all J^ ; perig. oblong, trique-
trous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-lobed, longer than the oblong and
obtuse and short-awned glume ; st. often 2f high, reddish towards the base,
leafy and subprocumbent, pale green. — Common in damp meadows.

65. C. FORMOSA. Dew.

Spikes 3 — 4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slen-
der peduncle, recurved; perig. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either
end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and
acute glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish
bright green. — Common in wet meadows.

66. C. Davisii. Torr. (C. Torreyana. Deio.)

Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pedicellate, pen-
dulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved,
acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about
equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, triquetrous, sca-
brous above, with leaves equaling it ; lis. and sheaths pubescent, sometimes but
very little, light green. — First found on the alluvial meadows of the Housa-
lonic in Mass., Deivey. Sometimes nearly pubescent.

G. Stamifiate spike single.

I. Pistillate spikes short and sessile or nearly sessik. Pcryginia radiating or

diverging.

67. C. VARiA. Muhl.

S" Spike erect, short or subelongated ; 9 spikes 3, ovate, sessile, rather
near, bracteate, few-flowered ; perig. ovate or sub-globose, subtriquetrous, acu-
minate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acuminate

giume ; St. 6—15' high, erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green.

Dry woods and hedges ; common.

/?. vedicellata. Dew, has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate,
prect, loose-flowered ; perig. more numerous.— Grows in the same situations.

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE^. 585

68. C. PENN-sYLVANicA. Lam. (C. marginata. Muhl.)

(^ Spike erect, pedunculate, suDtriquetrous, with an obtuse glume ; 9
spikes 1 — 3, ovate, subsessile, .subapproximate, few-flowered ; perig. ovate-glo-
bose, tomentose, .short-rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to the ovate-
acuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume ; st. 4 — 12' high, erect,

stiff, with short leaves. — Open woods and hedges, common much resembles

the preceding, but larger in all its parts, and readily distinguished by its differ-
ent aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales.

69. C. Emmonsii. Dew.

(^ Spike sessile, short ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, approximate, sessile, few-flowered,
often one long radical peduncle ; perig. globose-triqiietrous, attenuated at the
base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to the ovate glume ;
St. decumbent, 6 — 10' high, leafy at the base, pale ash-green. — On dry fields
and hills ; common.

70. C. Nov^i-ANGLia;. Schw.

(^ Spike short, slender, oblong ; ^ spikes 2 — 3, ovate, alternate, sessile,
remotish, few-flowered, bracteate ; peng. 3—6, oval-triquetrous, rostrate, cos-
tate, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ; st.
4 — 8' high, slender, subdecumbent, longer than the leaves. — Pale green. Open
woods in high grounds.

p. colkcta. Dew. (C. collecta. Dew.) St. 10 — 16' high, very slender erect;
9 spikes 2 — 4, lower short-pedunculate ; perig. more tapering into a beak,
slightly bidentate. — High lands of Mass. ; not abundant.

71. C. UMBELLATA. Schk.

J' Spike short, erect ; 9 spikes several, each on its radical peduncle, ovate,
subumbellate ; perig. ovate or globo.se, 5—8, acutish at either end, rostrate,
short-bid entate, pubescent, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. J — 4' high,
with very long leaves.

p. ricina. Dew. lor'i 9 spikes close to the (^, sessile ; tlie other Q spikes on
their own stems or radical peduncles. — In small tufts on dry hills. Both varie-
ties grow on the same root, but Schk. saw and figured only the fii'st.

72. C. PRECOX. Jacq.

(^ Spike erect, subclavate ; ^ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, bracteate, approximate,
lower one short-pedunculate ; perig. 6 — 12, ovate and subglobose, triquetrous,
pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st.
2 — 6' high, leafy at the base. — On rocky hills, Salem, Mass., Pickering, Ips-
wich, Mass., Oakes.

2. Pistillate spikes with nearly inclosed peduncles.

73. C. VESTiTA. Willd.

(^ Spike single, rarel)' 2, cylindric, oblong ; 9 spikes 2, ovate-oblong, ses-
sile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above ; perig. ovate, oblong,
subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the
ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume ; st. 18 — 30' high, acutely triangu-
lar and leaf}^ below. — Common in wet places over the country.

74. C. puBEscENs. Muhl.

9 Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest
pedunculate ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubes-
cent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume; st.
10 — 20' high, and with the leaves, pubescent. — Moist woods and meadows ;
common.

75. C. FLAVA. L.

9 Spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous ; perig.
ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, reflexed with a long, curved beak,
longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10 — 20' high, rather obtusely
angled or triquetrous ; glabrous ; yellowish-green. — Wet and cold soils ; com-
mon.

76. C. LEPiDOCARPA. Taush.

9 Spikes 1 — 3, short and round-ovate, often aggregated, sessile, dense-
flowered, the lowest sometimes remote and pedunculate ; perig. ovate, trique-

586 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

trons, inflated, nerved, rostrate, and at last recurved, 2-toothed, diverging, twice
longer than the ovate and obtuse glumes ; -plant yellowish-green. — Mass., N.
y., Mich. — Formerly confounded with C. flava.

77. C. iEoERi.

Spikes sometimes androgynous; 9 about 4, clustered, nearly sessile,
short-oblong, sometimes g" above or below, bracteate; perig. xzihev obovate,
subinflated," nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer
than the ovate glume ; st. 3—10' high, leafy.— Pale yellow. Mass. and N. Y.
— abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls.

78. C. TENTACULATA. Mulll.

9 Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest
nearly .sessile, densely flowered ; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate,
nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabro-
mucronate giume ; st. 1 — 2f high, often large, triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, longer than the stem. — In clusters in wet or marshy places ; common.

79. C. ROSTRATA. Michx.

J* Spike short and small ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, sub-globose, or capitate, bracte-
ate ; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic,
very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate-
oblong, acutish glume ; st. 8 — 16' high, few-leaved, erect, stiff. — Pale yellow.
At the base of the White Mts., N. H., Oakes; also in Canada, where Mx.
found it. Has been called a variety of C. Xanthophysa WaU.

80. C. iNTUMEscENs. Rudge. (C. folliculata. Schk. fig. 52.)

(^ Spike oblong, pedunculate ; Q spikes 1 — 3, few-flowered, approximate,
bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly
pedunculate ; perjo-. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate,
bidentate, nerved,"diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer than the ovate-cuspi-
date glume ; St. a foot or more" high, erect, stiff, lealy, dark green and very
glabrous. — Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes ; common.

li. globularis. Gray. 9 spikes large, globular, many-lruited. — Grows in the
same situations.

81. C. FOLLICULATA. (C. Xauthophysa. Wakl.)

9 Spikes 2 — 4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles
sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often J* at the apex, long brac-
teate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate,
twice longer than the oblong-ovate, acute glume ; st. 2 — 5f high, leafy ; Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, long and flat. — Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places ; com-
mon.

82. C. LDPULlNA. Muhl. (C. lurida. Wahl.)

^ Spike erect, slender, subsessile; 9 ^>ikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, large
and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered,
approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant ; perig.
ovate-conic, ventricose, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about
thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. 1 — 3f high, tri-
quetrous, leafy ; Ivs. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge. —
Bright green. Finely named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about
ponds, common.

fi. pnlystachya. Torr. 9 Spikes about 5, very long-cylindric, the lowest re-
mote and very long-pedunculate ; perig. le.ss inflated. — Swamps, in Phillips-
town, N. Y., on the Highlands, Darralt.

3. Pistillate spikes exsertly pedunculate.

83. C. PLANTAGiNEA. Lam. Schk., fig. 70. (C. latifolia. Wahl.)

^ Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes ; 9 spikes
3 — 5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-peduncu-
hite, the lower ones exsertly-pedunculate, with subulate bracts; -perig. oblong,
triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex,
and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st.Q — 18' high,
erect, triquetrous, with dark brown she^iths; Its. radical, broad, ensiform, strongly

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE^. 5&3

3-nerved. — Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the
fii-st appearing species in the spring.

84. C. Careyana.

cJ* Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes ; 9 spikes 2 — 3,
ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper subsessile, all bracteate; perig.
ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth
and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ;
St. 1 — 3f high, erect, smooth, lealy towards the base; lis. linear-lanceolate. —
Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., Carey, and in various places in Ohio;
closely related to C. plantaginea, and to C. Fraseri of the Southern States.

85. C. ANCEPs. Schk. (C. plantaginea. MuM.)

9 Spikes 2 — 4, subfiliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote, with
a 2-edged peduncle, leafy-bracteate, upper one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous,
tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at
the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glume ; st.
6 — 13' high, acutely triquetrous; Ivs. radical, of medium width. — Glaucous or
light green. Woods and hedges, common.

fi. patulifolia. Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, many-
veined, narrower at the base ; sheaths with long and leafy bracts ; perig. longer-
rostrate.'

y. angustifolia. Dew. (^Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high ; lvs. narrow, striate,
long ; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved.

86. C. BLANDA. Dew. (C. conoidea. MuM.)

9 Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, approxi-
mate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle ;
perig. obovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice,
little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume ; st. 8 — 12' high, trique-
trous, leafy towards the base ; lvs. long as the stem. — Pale green or glaucous.
Meadows and dry, open woods, common.

87. C. CONOIDEA. Schk. (C. granularioides. Schvj.)

(^ Spikes2 — 3, oblong, or ovate-oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered,
bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, obtusi-sh, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire
at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate-subulate glume ; st. 8 — 12' high ; lvs.
towards the base, shorter than the stem. — Bright green. Moist, upland mea-
dows, common.

88. C. TETANicA. Schk., fig. 207.

9 spikes 2 — 3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote ; perig. obovate, recurved at
the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and
mucronate at the lower part of the spike ; 5;!. 6 — 10' high, triquetrous, longer
than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. — Light green. Upland meadows, rare.

89. C. DIGITALIS. Willd.

9 Spikes about 3, 4 — lO-flowered, oblong, distant, loose-flowered, lax and
recurved ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse,
entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 4 — 12' high,
triquetrous, shorter than the long, decumbent leaves. — Pale green.

/3. Van Weckii. Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller. — Open,
moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oligocarpa, Schk. <^' Muhl.

90. C. RETROCURVA. DcW.

9 Spikes 2 — 4, on long, filiform and recurved peduncles, bracteate, sub-
dense-flowered, short and thick, oblong ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, ob-
tusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 6 — 12' high, prostrate ; lvs.
radical and wide. — Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C
digitalis, Willd., but is difierent.

91. C. OLIGOCARPA. Schk.

9 Spikes 2 — 3, erect, 3 — 4-flowered, bracteate ; perig. obovate, roundi.sh-
triquetrous, short-rostrate, entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucro-
nate glume ; st. 6 — 12' high ; lvs. flat and shorter towards the base ; plant light
green. — Open woods or hedges, rare. Differs from the following species in its
fruit and pubescence.

5U

588 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

92. C. HiTCHcocKiANA. Dcw.

(^ Spike erect, pedunculate ; 9 spikes2 — 3, erect, few- flowered, lowest dis-
tant ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at
the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or
shorter than the oblong or ovate, mucronate glume; st. 10 — 24' high, erect, stiff,
scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts ; st. Ivs. and bracts scabrous and sub-
pubescent. — Borders of woods. Cannot be the C oZzj^oca?7;a figured by Schkuhr.

93. C. LAXiFLoRA. Lam.

cf Spike oblong, slender ; 9 ^P^^'^'^ 2 — 4, oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered,
erect, remote ; perig. ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusis'h, glabrous, ventricose,
nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro-
mucronate glume ; st. 10 — 18' high, triquetrous, leafy. — Bright to pale green.
Woods, hedges and meadows, common.

94. C. GRANULARIS. Muhl.

9 Spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, oblong, dense-flowered, suberect ; perig. round-
ish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly
twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume ; st. 8 — 16' high, erect or subdecum-
bent, smooth, leafy. — Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist
soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant.

95. C. PANICEA.

9 Spikes 2 — 3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-pedunculate ; perig.
subglobose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute
glume ; St. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base ; Ivs. shorter than the stem.
— Light green. Near Boston, Pickering.

96. C. BiNERVis. Smith.

9 Spikes 3, oblong, cylindric, subdense-flowered ; perig. ovate, round,
short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, sub-
acute glume ; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the base. —
Pale green. Near Boston, B. D. Greene.

97. C. Greeniana. Dew.

^ Spike one and erect, sometimes 2 ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, oblong, bracteate,
pedunculate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate,
subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 1 — 2f high,
scabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Light green. Resembles C. fulva,
Good, but differs in its fruit and glume. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. Rare.

98. C. Grayana. Dew.

(^ Spike oblong ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-flowered ; perig.
ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice,
longer than the obtuse, oblong glume ; st. 6 — 16' high, erect, triquetrous, striate,
with leaves about its own length. — Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near
Utica, N. Y., Gray ; cedar swamp, N. J., Torrey. Has been supposed to be
C. liiida, Wahl., from which it differs in several respects.

99. C. Halseyana. Dew.

(^ Spike oblong, erect, sessile, often 2, approximate ; 9 spikes 1 — 2, oblong-
cylindric, erect, loose-flowered, sometimes J* above ; perig. ovate, short-rostrate,
subtriquetrous, inflated, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the
ovate, subacute glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, acutely triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, shorter towards the base. — Dark green. — Upland meadows, Westfield, Ms.,
Davis; plains of N. J., Kiwiskeryi.

100. C. capillaris.

cJ* Spike small ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, ovate, oblong, about 6-flowered, loose-
flowered, long and recurved pedunculate ; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong,
oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume; st. 2 — 7'
high, leafy at the base ; hs. narrow, long. — Grows in tufts. Pale green. Alpine
regions of the White Mts., Rohbins.

101. C. eeurnea. Boott. (C. alba. /?. setifolia. Dew.)

9 Spikes 2 — 3, erect, 3 — G-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths,
and the upper higher than the g" spike ; perig. ovate-globose, rostrate or slightly
obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate,

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE^. 589

hyaline glume ; st. 4 — 10' high, erect, with subradical and bristle-form leaves. —
Pale green, common. Abundant along the banks of the Genesee.

102. C. DEBiLis. Michx. (C. flexuosa. Sckk.)

(^ Spike erect, filiform ; 9 spikes 3 — 4, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous,
nodding, remoti.sh, 1 — 2' long ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alter-
nate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-lanceo-
late glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the
base. — Bright green. Moist woods and meadows, common.

103. C. ARCTATA. Boott. (C. sylvatica. Dew.)

9 Spikes 3 — 4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote ;
perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricose, bifid, gla-
brous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume ; st. 10 —
20' high, scabrous above and leafy below. — Pale green. In the same situations
as the preceding, common.

104. C. FLEXiLis. Rudge. (C. castanea. Wahl. C. blephoriphora. Gray.)
9 Spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding ; perig. ovate, subconic,

rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume ; st.
12 — 18' high, erect, striate ; Its. short, and shorter below; Ivs. and bracts ciliate.
— Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y., Gray.

105. C. Washingtoni.\na. Dew.

^ Spike erect, with oblong and obtuse black glumes ; Q spikes 2 — 5,
oblong, cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, black or danf brown, sub-
distant, upper sessile ; perig. oval, acutish at both ends, glabrous, short-rostrate,
entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate-oblong, subacute, blackish glume
with a white edge ; st. a foot or more high, triquetrous, subscabrous above. —
Light green. Seed distinctly triquetrous. Near summit of Mt. Washington,
N. H., Barratt. Is distinct from C. saxatilis, L., already described as fotmd
on the White Mts.

106. C. SULLIVANTII.

9 Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracteate, and
the lowest long-pedunculate and sparsely flowered below ; perig. ovate, acute
and subrostrate, subtriquetrous and 2-toothed, equaling the ovate-oblong and
mucronate glume ; plant light green. — Ohio.

107. C. Knieiskernii. Dew.

9 Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-flowered, with recurved
peduncles ; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2-
toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume, which is obtusish and
short-mucronate.

108. C. WooDii. Dew.

9 Spikes 1 — 3, ovate-oblong, loose-flowered, erect, lower long-peduncu-
late, recurved ; perig. obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, closed at the orifice,
tapering below, twice longer than the ovate and acutish glume ; Ivs. narrow
and linear, and with the stem closely and slightly pubescent. — Jeiferson Co.,
N. Y.

4:. Pistillate spikes scarcely sheathed,

109. C. PALLESCENS. L.

9 Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, short, cylindric, distant, nodding towards maturity;
perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate
glume ; st. 6 — 16' high, hardly erect ; b?-acts sometimes transversely rugose. —
Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common.

110. C. UNDULATA. KuUZe.

9 Spikes 2, erect, ovate-oblong ; perig. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse,
striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucro-
nate glume; St. 12 — 18' high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous; lower brcu:t tra,n.s-
versely waved-plicate ; Ivs. pubescent. — In the same situation as the preceding,
and scarcely to be distinguished from it.

111. C. ToRREYi. Tuckerman.

(f Spike oblong, short pedunculate ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, short, oblong, subses-

590 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

sile, erect ; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriquetrous, entire
at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume ; st. 12 — 18' high,
erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pubescent leaves. — Pale green. N. Y.
T^uckerman.

112. C. MiLiACEA. Muhl.

(^ Spike erect, slender ; 5 spikes 2 — 3, long-cylindric, slender, loose-flowered
below, nodding ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the
orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, awned glume ; st.
12 — 24' high, slender, scabrous ; lis. linear-lanceolate. — Yellowish-green. Wet
meadows; common.

113. C. LIMOSA.

9 spikes 1 — 3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, subloose-flowered,
smoothish, pendulous ; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at
the oriJice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate glume ; st.
8 — 16' high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow
leaves. — Glaucous green. Marshes ; common.

114. C. RARiFLORA. Smith. (C. limosa. /?. rariflora. Wahl.')

9 Spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedanculate, nodding ;
perig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate,
brown glume ; st. 10' high. — Glaucous. White Mountains, N. H., Barratt.

115. C. iRRiGUA. Smith. (C. limosa. /?. irrigua. Wahl.)

9 Spikes 2 — 3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundish-ovate,
short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red-brown
glume ; St. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves ; glau-
cous.— (^ Spike rarely 9 at the summit, or 9 spikes with stamens at the base.
Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y., Gray ; also in marshes in Mass. and Mich.,
Cooky. Rare.

116. C. HYSTERIClNA. Willd.

J* Spike rarely pistillate at the summit ; 9 spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric,
attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; perig. ovate,
inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong,
emarginate, submucronate glume ; st. 12 — 24' high, scabrous above, with long,
linear-lanceolate leaves. — Yellowish green. Wet places ; very common.

117. C. PsEUDO-CYPERUS.

(^ Spike cylindric and elongated ; 9 spikes 3 — 4, cylindric, long-peduncu-
late, rather remote, recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts; perig.
ovate, lanceolate, bidentate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-lance-
olate or setaceous glume. — Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in
all its parts than C. comosa, Boott; and, besides, the fruit of the latter is
deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have
been confounded in our country, though long known.

118. C. COMOSA. (C. furcata. Ell. C. Pseudo-cyperus. \st edit.)

J* Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ; 9 spikes 2 — 5, long-
cylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts ;
perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-forked, reflexed, triquetrous, gla-
brous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate, setaceous glume ; st.
18 — 30' high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. — Plant
very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches ;
common.

119. C. CooLEYi. Dew.

cf Spike short and small, with oblong-lancelate glumes ; 9 spikes 2 — 4,
cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, upper sessile, lower
on very long, recurved peduncles ; perig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate,
bifurcate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous glume ; .';t. filiform
and scabrous, subrostrate, a foot or more high, much shorter than the subradi-
cal, narrow leaves.— Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich., Cooley.

120. C. SCABRATA. Schw.

9 Spikes 3 — 6, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate ; perig.
ovate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the

Carex. CLX. CYPERACE^. 591

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shoi't-bidentate, ciliate glume ; st. 1 — 2f high,
acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards the base. —
Bright green. Along brooks and streams ; common.

121. C. Crawei. Dew.

9 Spikes 3 — 6, cylindric, short and thick, densely flowered, sometimes
aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-peduncu-
late ; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice
longer than the ovate and obtusish glume ; J^ spike with one or two small ones
at its base.

122. C. POLYMORPHA. Muhl.

(J' Spikes long cylindric, upper one pedunculate, with oblong and ovate
scales ; 9 spikes 2, oblong, cylindric, close-iruited, erect, nearly sessile, upper
one staminate at the apex, with nearly enclosed peduncles ; perig. ovate, acu-
minate, bilobate, scarcely rostrate, striate, longer than the ovate glume. — N. J.
and the Southern States. Differs from D. Halseyana in its ^ spikes and obtuse
glume, in its acuminate, not rostrate fruit, and its larger, fertile spikes.

H. Stamifiate spikes usually two or more.

123. C. ScHWENiTzii. Dew. *

(^ Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia
at the base ; 9 spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, subapproximate, subrecurved,
subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering
above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate,
subulate, subsetaceous glume ; st. 6 — 12' high, scabrous above, very leafy. —
Pale yellowish-green. Wet sandy grounds. Not abundant.

124. C. RETRORSA. Schw.

(^ Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base; ^
spikes 4 — 6, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, with long and leafy
bracts, the lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-inflated, sub-
globose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate
glume; st. 15 — 30' high, scabrous above, large, stiff" and leafy. — Bright green.
In clusters, about pools of water, common. The loM'er spikes sometimes have
1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them.

125. C. ARisTATA. R. Br.

9 Spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; perig. ovate,
oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-rostrate, longer than the
oblong, awned glume ; Ivs. and sheaths villose on the under side ; st. a foot or
more high. — Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., Torr. (^ Gray. Is not this
very closely related to the following species 1

126. C. TRicHocARPA. Muhl.

^ Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1 , or 9 above, cylindric, lower shorter ; 9
spikes 2 — 4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose-flowered ; perig. ovate,
conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice lon-
ger than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 15 — 30' high, scabrous above, and
with pubescent leaves and sheaths. — Light green. In wet and marshy places ;
common.

/?. turbinata. Dew. 9 Spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, dense-
flowered ; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate-
oblong, mucronate glume ; st. 2— 3f high. — Glaucous green. In a pond in
Beckman, N. Y., there abundant.

127. C. LONGiROsTRis. Torr.

g" Sjnkes 3, short ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, quite loose-flowered, pendu-
lous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles ; perig. ovate, globose, inflated, gla-
brous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspi-
date glume ; st. 15—30' high, rather slender, stiff", leafy below. — Bright green.
On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common.

128. C. LANUGINOSA. Michx. (C. pellita. MuM.)

(^ Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, erect, dense-
flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate ; perig. ovate, short-
rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling
50*

592 CLX. CYPERACEiE. Carex.

the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 12 — 24' high, nearly round below, with
flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts. — Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet
places and marshes. Common.

129. C. FiLiFORMis. Gooden.

(^ Spikes 2 — 3, with oblong glumes ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, ovate, oblong, short-
cylindric, close-flowered, remolish, erect; pcrig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate,
bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume ; st. 20 — 30' high, erect, slen-
der stifi', with convolute leaves and bracts. — Pale green. Marshes. Common.

130. C. LACUsTRis. Willd.

(^ Spikes 3 — 4, erect, sessile ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong, cylindric,
short-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, gla-
brous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume ; st. 2 — 3f high, sca-
brous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. — Light
green. Marshes. Common. .

131. C. RiPARiA. Gooden.

(^ Spike 3 — 5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong,
often long-cylindric ; perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a short, bifurcate
beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucronate, or oblong-
lanceolate glume ; st. 2— 3f high, scabrous above, leafy below. — Bright green.

132. C. OLiGosPERMA. Michx. (Oakesiana. Dew.)

J* Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cylindric, with
an oblong obtusish glume ; 9 spikes 1 — 3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant ;
perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice,
glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, sca-
brous above, leafy below; lis. involute and rush-like. — Light ^"een. About
the lakes of N. Eng. and N. Y. Abundant in the marshes of Mien.

133. C. VESICARIA.

(^ Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; 9 spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, erect, dense-
flowered, alternate, long-bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated.
rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the
oblong-lanceolate glume ; st. about 2f high, shorter than the leaves. — Bright
green. Marshes. Not common.

0. utriculata. Dew. (C. utriculata. Boott.) Perig. oblong-elliptic, nerved,
cylindric-rostrate, bicuspidate, more or less longer than the lanceolate, sca-
brous-awned glume. — Marshes, with the other.

134. C. AMPULLACEA. Gooden.

^ Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, erect; 9 spikes 2 — 3, long-cylindric,
erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate, sometimes (^ above ; perig. subglobose,
inflated, diverging, nerved, glabrous, setaceous, rostrate, bifurcate, little longer
than the lanceolate glume ; 5^. 2 — 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, leafy. — Light
green. Marshes. Common.

135. C. MONiLE. Tuckerman.

^ Spikes 2 — 4, long, .slender, cylindric, with a long, lanceolate glume ; 9
spikes 2, long, cylindric, short-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, erect ; perig.
ovate, long-conic, subtriquetrous, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, more than
twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; st. 15 — 30' high, erect, with
long leaves and bracts. — Bright green. Marshes. Not common. More loose-
flowered and fruit longer than that of C. visicaria. L.

136. C. BULLATA. Schk.

(^ Spikes 3, erect, slender, cylindric, with oblong-lanceolate glumes ; 9
spikes 2 — 3, rather long, cylindric, nearly erect ; pcrig. ovoid-globose, inflated,
glabrous, costate, with a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lance-
olate glume ; St. 20 — 30' high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy
and shorter than the leaves. — Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Com-
mon.

137. C. TncKERMANi. Dew

(^ Spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong,
acutish glume ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cylindric, thick and large, pedunculate,
subloose-flowered ; perig. inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, gla-

CLXI. GRAMINE^.

593

brous, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. about 2f high,
erect, scarcely scabrous; bracts and Ivs. long, not wide; light green. — Wet
places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. b-iillata.
138. C. MiRATA. Dew. (C. arista. Dew. not of R. Br.)
cf Spikes 2 or more, long-cylindric ; 9 spikes about 2, long-cylindric, pe-
dunculate, subdense-flowered, suberect ; perig. ovale, conic, long rostrate, cos-
tate, bifurcate, glabrous, subinflated at the base, about equaling the ovate,
long-setaceous or long-awned glume ; st. about 2f high, rough ; Ivs. and bracts
longer than the stem ; light green. — Shores of lake Ontario, N. Y. Sartwell.
Also found in the State of Georgia.

FIG. 5.';.— 1. Carex ; a single, fertile flower ; a, the glume ; b, the perigymum, containing the ovary with
(c) the three stigmas. 2. Scirpus lacustris ; the inflorescence. 3. A single (magnified) flower, showms
the 6 hypogj'nous bristles of the perigynium, ovary with three stigmas, and the three stamens.

Order CLXI. GEAMINE^.— Grasses.

HfirJ.v perennial, with fibrous or bulbous rhizomas, or often annual or biennial.
Stems (culms) cylindrical, fistular, closed at the nodes, covered with a coat ot silex, often soUd.
Lvs. narrow and undivided, parallel-veined, alternate, with a sheath split down to the nodes, and a mem-
branous hgula or stipule at the juncture of the blade and sheath.
Inflorescence arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles.

Fls. generally perfect, in little spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2 rows.

GZjiwes.— Outer bracts (C(Z/2/a;, iirere.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes 1 only. /• , • »

PatecE.— Inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (e.\terior) one simple, the upper (interior)

often doubly cariiiate, being composed of 2 pieces united by Iheir edges.
ScaZ^s.— Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn, rudimentary petals) 1—3, distinct or united, membranous, hy-
Sta. 1—6, commonly 3. Anthers versatile. Ipogynous.

OiJa. simple, with 2. sfi/te and 2 feathery s?;'p-was. Fr!«'« a caryopsis.
Seed with the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albiunen, at the base, next the nilum.

Genera 291, species about 3800, univers.illy diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than
those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely ditterent in Olt-
ferent climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion ol the earth's surface with a com-
pact, soft, green, carpet-like turf ; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the
grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals,- with broader
leaves and more showy flowers.

Properties —This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others
combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen ot the seed and m
the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is Ibund among them, with the single exception ot
Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal ergot or spurred rye is only a parasitic tnngus, and
therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the mazze and
sugarcane. Silex is also a ftequent ingredient. To (his order belong the common ^ra;n.s maize, wheat,
rye, rice, barley, oats, &c. The most important of the cultivated g^-asses are Phieum or 2 imothy grass,
several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, &c.

594

CLXI. GRAMINEiE.

Conspectus of the Genera.

i with awna. . 1 1

f in panicles, ^ without awns. | 2

< (with awns. . §3

r l-frxiited, . . ( in spikes, i without awns. § 4

I S with awns. . § 5

i < in panicles, ( without awns. | 6

Spikelets La— 00-finiited, (in spikes §7

iFrwtute.Oryzopsis. 4

\sesai\e. iFr.black.Piptatherum. 3

rcartilaginous, (stipitate. Fr.h]a.ck St ipa. 2

J 4 naked. Stam. 1. Cinna. 10

I herbaceous, \ hairy. Stam. 3. Calanmgroitis. 13

< with lawn, I membranaceous, 1-keeled. . Agrostis. 5

4 PaleiE 2, (the lower with 3 awns, often twisted. . . Aristida. I

I Glumes 5 l-flowered. ( Paleas 3, upper one with an awn. Flowers polygamous. Sorghum. 57

large, J 2-flowered (one flower abortive), longer than the palei. . . . Holcus. 25

4 unequal, one of them hardly perceptible Muhlenbergia. 9

Glumesminute, (subequal, one of them awned Trichochloa. 11

Glumes 0. Aquatic grasses Zizania. 59

<Fr. coated.. 4g7osi(s. 5

5 Stig. 2. ( Fr. naked. Sporobolvs. 6

< membran'ous. ( Stigmas 3. . . Psamma. 12

< PalesE 2, ( coriaceous Milium. 19

5 Glumes 2. ( Paleae 1. Panicle mostly capillary. . . Tridiodium. 3

("Spikelets l-flowered. { Glumes 0. Leaves retrorsely scabrous Leeisia. 58

J i Glumes 2, very unequal, resembling the outer abortive paleae. Panicuni. 21

1 Spikelets 2-flowered. \ Glumes 2, equal, longer than the paleae. ... Phalaris. 24

:. I Spikelets 3-flowered, 2 of the flowers staminate, the other perfect. . . Hierochloa. 26

4 Pal. with awns 1 — 3 times their length, ^iopccwrii*. 14

( Involucre 0. \ Pales with awns 5 times their length. Hordeum. 53

■^ Spikelets with an involucre of 2 or more bristles. Setaria. 22

f subsinjple. ( Spikelets with a burr-like involucre. . . . Cenchrus. 23

< 4 Both glumes and paleae awned. . . Polypogon. 7

C Spike solitary, ( paniculate or lobed. ( Glumes awnless, palea; awned. . . Anthoxanthv/m. ^

< Spikes 00, not bearded, unilateral, panicled. Paleie cartilaeinous. . . . Oplisnienus. 20

1. ( Spikes 2 — 00, polygamous. Sterile flowers plumosely bearded. . . . Andropogon. 56

i solitary, terminal. . . . Phleuni. 16
'Spikes cylindrical, ( several, terminal and lateral. Crypsia.

%i

§5

r 1—00 ; spikelets suborbicular. Paspalum.

.' digitate or verticillate, linear. Digitaria.
I pedunculate in a 2-sided panicle. Sparftna.

( Fls. perfect or polygamous. L Spikes unilateral, (.sessile in a unilateral panicle. Lepturus.

< J all terminal, sterile above, fertile at base. . . Tripsacum.

( Spikes monoecious, . . (fertile ones lateral, sterile ones terminal, panicled. Zea.

i Apex bifid. Awn bent. . Averta.
f near the base. ( Apex multifid.

which has two bristly teeth.

f Spikelets
f Terminal fl. ^ not cordate
) perfect

J" Spikes 2-ranked,

Aira.

28

Trisetum.

29

Bramus.

34

Gymnopogon.

48

Festuca.

36

Uralepis.

32

Danthotiia.

31

Arundo.

33

Ceratockloa.

?g>

Fe-stuca.

3fi

Diarrhena.

37

which is merely bifid.
[■Lower palea awned on the back I near the apex ( which is entire. .
J i which is entire. Fruit coated.

1 \ with a cusp each side of it. .

l Lower palea awned at the apex ( between the two teeth : awn twisted.
'Paleae entire, not mucronate, bristly at base. .
Paleae bidentate, outer one mucronate. .
PaleK entire, outer one mucronate. .

Paleae cartilaginous, outer cuspidate, coating iruit, _

Outer palea bifid and tricuspidate Tricuspis.

Outer palea erose-denticulate. Spikelets terete. . Glyceria.

Paleae not mucronate, inner one bifid. . . . Poa.

L Outer palea truncate-mucronate, inner bifid. . . Unioia.

( Spikelets cordate at base, tumid, pendulous. .... Briza.

I 4 Panicle contracted. . . . Koeleria.

LTerminal flower abortive or a mere pedicel. (Panicle large, diffuse. . . Melica.

i one (in the top spikelet 2). . . . Lolium.

Glumes broad, . . ( two in each spikelet Triticwm.

S collateral ; spikelets in 2s, &c. . . Elymus.

Glumes subulate, ( opposite ; spikelets solitary. . . . Secale.

I 5 Spikelets in two rows. . . Eleiisine.

! (digitate (rarely solitary). (Spikelets in one row. . . . Cynodon.

I <. remote, short, forming a long, slender raceme. . . . Atheropogon.

I. Spikes unilateral, ( conglomerate or paniculate Dactylis.

§7.

FIG. 56.— 1. Agrostis alba ; a l-flowered spikelet ; a, the two glumes. 2. A flower, with the two paleae,
three stamens and two plumose stigmas. 3. Leersia oryzoides ; a flower removed from its glumes,
showing i(s 2 hypogynous scales, three stamens and ovary with the two stigmas. 4. Phleum pratense ;
a l-flowered spikelet; a, glumes ; J, truncate palea; ; &c. 5. Polypogon; a l-flowered spikelet ; glumes
and lower palea awned. 6. Holcus lanatus ; a two-flowered spikelet; re, glumes; b, the two flowers
(upper staminate). 7. Poa pratensis ; a 4-flowered spikelet ; a, the two glumes ; b, a single flower, with
two paleie, &c. 8. Festuca duriuscula ; a 5-flowered spikelet : re, two glumes; 6, a single flower. 9. The
caryopsis of Hordeum, showing the embryo at the base of the copious albumen.

Aristida.

CLXI. GRAMINE^.

595

Tribe 1. STIPACEjE. — Infloresence panicled. Spikelets solitary, 1-flower-
ed. Glumes membranaceous. Paleae mostly two, lower one coriaceous,
involute, awned.

1. ARISTlDA.

Lat. arista, an awn ; characteristic of tlie genus.

Panicle contracted or racemose ; glumes 2, unequal ; palete pedi-
cellate, lower one with 3 long awns at the tip, upper one very minute
or obsolete.

1. A. DiCHOTOMA. Michx. Poverty Grass.

Csespitose ; st. dichotomously branching ; panicle contracted-racemose ;
lateral awns very short, the intermediate one nearly as long as the paleae, con-
torted.— A slender grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Stems 8—12' high,
branching at each joint. Leaves very narrow, with very short, open sheaths,
and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug.

2. A. PCRPURASCENS. Poir.

St. erect, simple, filiform, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. very narrow, flat, erect, a foot
in length, with short, open sheaths ; panicle long, loosely spicate ; spikelets on
short, clavate, appressed pedicels; aicns nearly equal, divaricate, twice the
length of the palese; palece often dark purple. — % Sandy woods, Northern
States. Sept.

3. A. GRACILIS. Ell.

St. very slender, a foot or more high ; Ivs. setaceous, erect, with short
sheaths, pilose at the throat ; panicle very slender ; spikelets somewhat remote, ap-
pressed ; lateral awns short, erect, intermediate one longer, spreading. —% Mass.
and S. States. A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus.

4. A. TUBERCULOSA. Nutt. Long-aicned Poverty Grass.

St. erect (declinate at base), 8—20' high, rigid, with small tubercles in the
axils of the numerous branches ; nodes tumid ; Ivs. long and narrow-linear ;
panicle large, loose, simple ; spikelets pedicellate ; glumes nearly 1' long, linear,
awned ; upper palea involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted together
to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate. — %. A very singular
species, in dry prairies. 111., Mead! July, Aug.

596 CLXI. GRAMINEtE. Agrostis.

5. A. STRiCTA. Michx. Upright Anstida.

St. strictly erect, cacspitose, branched, 2 — 3f high ; lis. straight, erect,
pubescent, linear, convolute above ; panicle long, loosely racemose; spikelets ap-
pressed; glumes unequal, very acute; loiver paleahRhy at base; aions twice as long
as the paieoG, spreading, the middle one the longest. — % Penn. to Car.W. to Mich.

2. ST I PA.
Lat. stipa, a foot-stalk ; alluding to the stipitate fniit of some of the species.

Glumes 2 ; paleae mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower
with a long awn at the apex, the upper entire ; awn jointed at the
base, deciduous ; caryopsis striate.

1. S. AVENACEA. Featha' Grass.

St. naked above ; 2 — ^3f high ; hs. smooth, striate, setaceous, chiefly radi-
cal ; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4 — 6' long, at length diflfuse, branches
capillary, solitary and in pairs ; glumes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the
dark brown, cylindric fruit ; scales 2, lanceolate ; awn twisted, 2 — 3' in length. —
% N. Y. to Car.

2. S. JUNCEA. Pursh. Rush-leaved Feather Grass.

St. 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. convolute-filiform, smooth inside, long ; panicle loose ;
glumes loose, filiformly acuminated to more than twice the length of the fruit ;
fr. attenuated at base into a stipe which is a third of its length, stipe acute,
pubescent; palecc obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and
slender, scarcely contorted and 4 — 6' in length. — % Prairies, 111., Mo. When
in fruit, the pungent stipe adheres to everything that comes in its way. Aug.

3. S. Canadensis. Lam.

Lvs. setaceous; panicle small; glumes smooth, ovate-obtuse, as long as
the pubescent fruit ; awn thick and short. — % Amherst, Mass, Dewey. Neither
this nor the preceding species is common or of much value in agriculture.

3. PIPTATHERUM. Palis.

Gr. TTurro), to fall, -Scpoj, harvest.

Panicle racemed ; glumes membranaceous, longer than the ellipti-
cal, cartilaginous palese ; lower palea awned at the tip ; scales ovate,
entire ; caryopsis coated.

P. NIGRUM. Torr. (Oryzopsis melanocarpa. Muhl.) Black-seeded Millet.

St. erect, simple, leafy, 18 — 24' high ; panicle simple, flexuous, few-
flowered; spikelets racemose, ovoid-lanceolate ; glumes aciuninate, mucronate,
5 — 6" in length, smooth ; palece hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one
tipped with an awn an inch in length ; fruit black. — 'Zj. Rocky hills, N. Eng.
to Ky., frequent. Aug.

4. ORYZOPSIS. Rich.

Named for its resemblance (oi^i j) to the genus Oryza.

Panicle racemed ; glumes 2, subequal, loose, obovate, awnless ;
paleas 2, cylindric-ovate, hairy at base ; scales linear-elongated.

O. ASPERiroLiA. Michx. Mountain Rice.

St. nearly naked, purple at base, 10 — 20' high; lvs. subradical, erect,
rigid, pungent at the point, nearl}^ as long as the stem, cauline ones few and
very short ; spikelets in a racemose, simple, flexuous panicle, 1 — 2 upon each
branch ; glumes abruptly acuminate ; palece white, the lower one with a long
bent awn. — "Woods, Free States, N. to Subarctic Am. Leaves green through
the winter. Caryopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May.

Tribe 2. AGROSTIDEJi:.— Inflorescence panicled, rarely spiked. Spike-
lets solitary, 1-flowered. Glumes and palese of nearly similar texture, usu-
ally carinate.

5. AGROSTIS.

Gr. aypos, a field ; it being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures.

Inflorescence paniculate ; glumes 2, acute, subequal, the lower one

Agrostis. CLXl. GRAMINEiE. 597

larger, sometimes longer, often shorter than the paleae; paleae 2,
unequal, lower one larger, awnless or awned, larger than the glumes,
coating the caryopsis.

§ 1. Glumes longer than the palece.

1. A. VULGARIS. Smith. (A. polymorpha. Gray.) Red-top. Dent Grass.

St. erect, 1 — 2f high ; panicle spreading, with the branches finally divari-
cate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, veined, scabrous, with smooth, striate sheaths, and
short, truncate stipules ; lower palea twice as large as the upper, and nearly as
long as the lanceolate, acute glumes. — % U. S. A common and very valuable
grass, spread over hills, vales, and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Flow-
ers very numerous, purplish. July.

2. A. ALB^. (A. decumbens. Muhl.) White-top. Florin Grass.

St. decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints, sending out stolons;
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, tho.se of the stolons erect and subulate ; sheaths
smooth, with a long, membranaceous stipule ; panicle dense, narrow, at length
spreading, whitish, sometimes purplish ; lower palea 5-veined, rarely awned. —
Q) N. Eng. to Ohio, in meadows, or in dry soils ; hence its characters are vari-
able, being often nearly erect. June. §

3. A. STRicTA. Willd. Bent Grass.

St. erect, smooth, with black nodes ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous on
the margin, with cleft, while stipules; panicle elongated, strict, the branches
about 5, flexuous, scabrous, erect; glumes equal, lanceolate; palece unequal,
smaller than the glumes, with an awn at the base of the outer one twice longer
than the flower. — % Fields, N. Eng., N. Y. June.

4. A. cANiNA. Dog's Bent Grass.

St. prostrate, somewhat branched, rooting at the lower nodes, about 2f
long ; panicle at length spreading, with angular, rough branches ; glumes elon-
gated ; luivcr palea fmnished with an incurved awn upon the beak twice its
length. — % Introduced and common in wet meadows. July. ^

5. A. PicKERiNGii. Tuckm. (A. canina, fi. oJpina. Oakes.)

St. erect ; Ivs. flat, linear ; pan. ovate, diffuse, branches verticillate, rather
erect, scabrous ; gl. subequal, keel of the lower mucronate at tip, upper acutc^
smoothish ; loiver palece ovate-lanceolate, acute or ero.se, veined, upper ovate,
veinless ; awn from the middle of the back, contorted, twice longer than the
fls.— White Mts.

li. rupicola. Tuckm. Smaller ; pa?i. contracted, smoothish, often purplish.

Mountains, Vermont.

§ 2. ViLFA. Glumes not longer than tlie suheqvnl, avmless palece.

6. A. ViRGiNiCA. (Vilfa vaginiflora. Gray.)

Sis. numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, nearly simple,
about a foot long ; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2—3' long,
with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the en-
closed panicles ; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones con-
cealed ; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the subequal palece. — 0 Sandy
soils. Middle States. Sept., Oct.

7. A. coMPREssA. Torr. (Vilfa compressa. Trinius.) Flat-stemmed
Agrostis. — Glabrous ; st. erect, compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base,

1 — 2f h'igh ; Ivs. narrowly linear, compressed, scarcely shorter than the stem ;
keel prolonged into the open sheath ; stip. very short ; panicle purple, subsimple,
contracted, the branches few and erect ; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the
paleffi, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate ; palecB ovate, obtuse, smooth,
sometimes deeply cleft ; stig. purple. — Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept.

8. A. sEROTiNA. Torr. (Vilfa serotina. ejusdem.)

St. 12 — 18' high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often
viviparous at the nodes; hs. 2 — 3' by J", keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip.
ovate, short ; panicle 3 — 10' long, capillary, diff'use, branches flexuous, alter-
nate; spikclets elliptical, scarcely J" long; glume ovate, 1-veined, unequal, half

598 CLXI. GRAMINE^. Agrostis.

the length of the palese ; palece smooth, the lower one shorter ; sta. 3. — Long
Island, Kneiskern. July.

9. A. HETEROLEPis. Wood. (Vilfa heterolepis. Gray.)

St. 1 — 2f high, smooth ; Ivs. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on
the margins; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth; panicle spreading,
pyramidal, few-flowered; glumes purplish, outer one subuliform, inner one
ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined ; valves of the perianth
oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, inferior valve
veined, apiculate, superior valve 2-veined, shorter than the outer one ; sta. 3 ;
a7ith. linear, reddish ; stig. 2 ; sly. short ; fr. roundish, smooth. — Watertown, N.
Y. Crawe. Aug., Sept.

10. A. JUNCEA. Michx. (A. Indica. Muhl.)

Glaucous ; St. erect, 1 — 2f high, terete, slender ; Ivs. erect, 2 — 6" by 1",
concave, convolute when dry, mai'gin scabrous ; sheaths much shorter than the
internodes ; slip, short; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verticillate, about in
6s ; glumes purple, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as the paleae, the lower
twice shorter ; palea subequal ; anth. and sty. whitish. — % Penn. to Flor.,
barrens. Oct.

^ 3. MuHLENBERGioiDE^. Gliimes shorter than the palecp.

11. A. Mexican A. (A. lateriflora. Mr. Muhlenbergia. Mex. Trin.)

St. erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leafy
above, often nearly leafless below, IJ — 3f high ; Irs. lanceolate, scabrous,
with half-clasping sheaths ; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, narrow
and dense-flowered, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath ; glumes narrow,
acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent palese. — '2J- Wet shades,
N. Eng. to Ohio ! and 111., common.

12. A. soBOLiFERA. Muhl. (Tricochloa. Trin. Muhlenbergia. Gray.)
St. erect, slender, producing shoots at base, sparingly branched, 18 — 30'

high ; branches erect and filiform ; Jiodcs not swelling ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
with open sheaths ; panicle simple, filiform, with apprcssed branches, and.
crowded spikelets ; palea equal, longer than the acute glumes. — 1\ Rocky hills,
New Eng. to 111., frequent. Aug.

13. A. sYLVATiCA. Torr. (Muhlenbergia. Gray.)

St. ascending, 2 — 3f long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling
nodes ; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4 — 6' long, with smooth, open sheaths ;
panicles slender, rather dense ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter
than the palese ; awn several times longer than the spikelet. — 71 Rocky shades,
N. Y. to 111., N. J., Penn. Sept.

14. A. WiLLDENOwii. Trin. (A. tenuiflora. Willd.)

St. erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with a few appressed
branches ; Ivs. 6 — 9' by 2-— 3", lanceolate, veined, scabrotis, spreading, with
pubescent sheaths ; panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, fili-
form branches; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as long as the palese; awn
3 — 4 times the length of the spikelet. — %. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S.
July, August.

15. A CRYPTAXDRIA. Tom

Pa?iicZe pyramidal, with spreading, generally alternate branches, hairy at
the axils ; fis. subracemed ; lower gluvie very short, upper one as long as the
nearly equal paleas ; stems 3f high ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Very abundant
at Buffalo. Aikin.

IGl A. LONGiPOLiA. Torr. (A. aspera. Michx.?)

St. erect, simple, 2 — 4f high; Its. 2f long, filiform at the end, with smooth,
closed sheaths and bearded stipules; ;)«?i/cZo- terminal and lateral, contracted
into a spiked form, generally concealed in the swelling sheaths ; glumes dusky-
purple, much .shorter than the subequal, smooth, spotless palese. — Sandv fields.
Northern States. Sept., Oct.— Perhaps a Sporobolus.

Trichodium. CLXl. GRAMlNEiE. 599

G. SPOROBOLUS.- Brown.

Gr. oTTopa, a seed ; /?aXA&), to cast forth ; its fruit is loose, and easily falls out.

Panicles contracted ; glumes 2, glabrous, awnless, unequal, one or
both much shorter than the palete ; palete 2, concave, nearly equal,
beardless ; fruit loose, fr-ee, not enclosed in the paleae.

S. ASPER. Snilivant'?

EL long, white, fibrous ; st. stout, glabrous, geniculate at base, 2f high ;
Ivs. rigid, glabrous, 2—8' by 1—3", tapering to a long, pungent point ; braiiches
with short leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point ; sheaths ciliate at
edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top ; panicles small, terminal
and lateral, half enclosed in the long sheaths; spikelels blackish-green; lower
glume very short, upper nearly as long as the pale^ ; fr. compressed, obovate.
k" irileugih,— % Ohio, SiiUiL- ant!

7. POLYPOGON. Desf.

Gr. voXvs, many, irajyuv, beard ; a characteristic term.

Inflorescence contracted into a spike; glumes 2, nearly equal,
obtuse, with long awns ; paleae shorter than the glumes, lower one
entire, with a short, straight, tender awn (sometimes awnless), upper
one bifid, toothed.

P. RACBMosus. Nutt. (P. glomeratus. Willd. Agrostis racemosus. Mx.

Muhlenbergia glomerata. 7>m.)— Glaucous ; st. compressed, erect, smooth,
with appressed branches or subsimple, U— 4f high ; Irs. somewhat 2-rowed, erect,
flat, rough, 3 — 5' long, with closed sheaths ; panicle spicate, dense, conglome-
rated, interrupted, 2—3' long, many-flowered ; glmties linear, i the length of
their awns ; lower palecB mucronate. — 7|. Bog meadows, also on rocky mountains
N. Eng. to Mo. ! Aug., Sept.

8. TRICHODIUM.

Gr. &pi^, rptKOS, hair; from its capillary inflorescence.

Inflorescence a capillary panicle ; glumes 2, subequal, narrow and
acute ; palea 1 (or 2, the upper very minute), awnless. shorter than
the glumes, loosely enclosing the caryopsis.

1. T. LAXiFLORUM. Michx. (Agrostis Michauxii. 7>m.) Thin grass.

St. erect, smooth, very slender, I— 2f high; lis. 3—6' long,-linear-lanceo-
late, scabrous, lower ones inv^olute, upper ones shorter and flat ; sheath rather
open ; panicle large and very difluse, with long, capillary, verticillate branches,
trichotomously divided near the end ; spiMeis in terminal clusters, purple ; glujnes
linear-lanceolate. — % Pastures and road.sides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn.

2. T. MONTANUM. Torr. (Agrostis Torreyi. Tuckm.) Mountain Hair Grass.
Sis. cjsspitose, erect, filiform, simple, in small tufts, 8 — 12' high; radical

Ivs. 2 — 3' long, involute-filiform, cauline rather longer ; stlp. bifid, serrate ; pan.
ovale, branches spreading, finally divaricate, capillary, hispid ; spikelels fascicu-
late at the ends of the branches ; glumes equal ; palecB with a short, twisted awn
at the back. — 'Zj. Mts. and rocky woods, N. H. and N. Y.

3. T. scAERUM. Muhl. (Agrostis scabra. Willd.) Rough Hair Grass.

St. geniculate at base, a.ssurgent, branched, 1 — 2f high; Irs. rough, striate,
linear-lanceolate, 4 — C long, with the sheaths commonly closed and smooth ;
panicle long, with verticillate, divaricate, dichotomously divided branches which
are much shorter than in T. laxijlorum ; spikelels pale green, not clustered. — Tj.
Common in dry soils, N. Eng. to 111. July.

4. T. ALTissiMUM. Michx. (T. elatum. Ph. Cornucopise alt. Walt.)

St. erect, rigid, simple, slender, 3f high, leafy ; lis. broadly linear, sca-
brous flat, 6 — 8' long ; sheaths scarcely smooth ; panicle purple, exserted. con-
tracted, branches in whorls of 4s — 6s, erect, rather rigid, and dense-flowered at
the ends; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, .scabrous on the keel, about J"
51

GOO CLXI. GRAMINEiE. Psamma.

Ion"- • falea 5-veined, a little shorter than the upper glume ; &la. 3 ; slig. plu-
mose'.—7| N. J. to Car. Aug.
fi. laxa. Panicle more loose, with long, green branches. — White Mts.
5. T. coNciNNA. Wood. (Agrostis concinna. Tuckm.')
St. low, erect ; Ivs. filiform-setaceous ; pan. ovate, spreading, glabrous ;
gl. unequal, lower acute-muci'onate, roughish above, upper acute, glabrous ;
palea glabrous, awn from below the middle, contorted, scabrous, exceeding the
flower, with a few hairs at its base. — White Mts. Tackcrman. — The species are
not valuable in agriculture.

9. M UHLENBERGIA. Schreb.

In honor ofthe late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., a well known, eminent botanist.

Panicle nearly simple ; glumes 2, very minute, unequal, fringed ;
paleae many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, veined,
hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long awn.

1. M. DIFFUSA. Schreb. Dorp-seed Grass.

St. decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed ; branches assurgent ;
Ivs. 2 — 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths ;
panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches; spikclcts
pedicellate, often purple ; awn about as long as the paleee. — %. Borders of woods
and fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug.

2. M. ERECTA. Roth. (Brachyelytrum aristatum. Palis.)

St. erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. lanceo-
late, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4 — 6' long, 3" or more wide, with some-
what open shea.lhs; panicle terminal, simple racemose, contracted; spikelcis
pedicellate, large ; glumes very imequal, upper one subulate ; lower paUa half as
long as its awn, upper palece with a short awn at base lodged in the dorsal
groove. — % Rocky hills, Can. and U. S., frequent. July.

10. CINNA.

Glumes 2, subequal, compressed, without involucre or awns, upper
one 3-veined ; palese 2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one
larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip ;
stamen 1.

C. ARUNDiNACEA. Willd. (Agrostis Cinna. ham. A. monandra. Hornevi.)
St. simple, erect, smooth, 3 — 5f high ; lis. linear-lanceolate, 12 — 18' by 3 — 5"
pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; stip. long, lacerated ;
panicle near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the
branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s ; glumes linear-lan-
ceolate ; Unoer palece with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. — % A
beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, U. S. and Can. Aug.

11. TRICHOCHLOA. DC.

Gy. rpi^, rpi^os, hair, X^'^'^t grass ; from the capillary inflorescence.

Glumes 2, very minute ; palea3 many times longer than the
glumes ; naked at base, lower one convolute at base, terminating in
a long, unarticulated awn.

T. CAPiLLARis. DC. (Stipa. Lam. Agrostis. Miihl. Muhlenbergia. Lindl.)
Csespitose ; sts. erect, very slender and smooth, 18 — 24' high ; Ivs. erect,
becoming filiform towards the end. 1 — lif long; panicle difi'use, with the
branches 1 — 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs ; spikelcis purple ; lovxr palece
produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. — TJ. An exceedingly delicate grass,
with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the
breeze. Sandy soils. Jn. Jl.

12. PSAMMA. Palis.

Gr. xpajijioi, sand ; in which this grass grows on the sea shore.

Panicle spicate ; glumes 2, awnless ; palea? 2. shorter than the

Alopeclrus. CLXI. GRAMINEtE. 601

glumes, surrounded with hairs at base ; scales linear-lanceolate,
longer than caryopsis ; styles 3-parted ; stig. 3.

P. ARENARiA. Palis. (Arundo. Linn. Ammophila. Lindl.) Mai Grass.

Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, 2 — 4fhigh; ^rs. involute, Ifby i',
smooth and glaucous, pungently acute ; sheaths smooth ; slip, oblong ; panicle
dense, with erect, appressed branches, 6 — 10' long, and an inch thick ; spikclcts
compressed, greenish-white ; Icnccr palca longer than the upper. % On sandy
sea-coasts. Can. to N. J. At Dorchester, Mass., this grass is extensively manu-
factured into paper. Aug.

13. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans.

Name compounded of Calamus and Agrostis.

Panicle contracted ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate ;
pale^ 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with hairs at
base, lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip, the upper
one often with a stipitate pappus at base.

1. C. Canadensis. Palis. (C. Mexicana. Nutt. C. agrostoides. PA. Arundo.
Michx.) Reed Grass. Blue-joint. — St. smooth, erect, rigid, 3— 5t' high ; Ivs.

linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined .sheaths; fanicle erect, rather
loose, oblong, the branches capillar}', aggregated in 4s and 5s; glumes very
acute, smoothish, much longer than the paleas ; Imcer falccc bifid at the apex,
with an exserted awn arising from below the middle of the back. % Wet
groimds, N. Eng. W. to Mich. Makes good hay. Conamon. Aug.

2. C. COARGTATA. Torr. (Agrostis glauca. Muhl. Arundo stricta. Spr.)
Glaucous ; St. erect, 2— 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous, with the

veins and keel white ; slicaths striate ; slip, oblong, obtuse ; panicle condensed and
spike-form, the branches rigidly erect, short and aggregated ; glunics acuminate,
lanceolate, lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined ; lower pcdece 5-veined, bifid at the
apex, with a short, straight awn a little below the tip.— TJ. Bogs, Free States and
Brit. Am. July, Aug.

3. C. BREviPiLis. Torr. (A. Epigeios. Muhi:)

St. terete, 3— 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, the sheaths glabrous ; slip, hairy ;
panicle pyramidal, loose, with the difiuse, capillary branches solitary or in pairs ;
glumes unequal, bearded at base, acute, 1-veined, shorter than the equal, obtuse,
awnless palese ; pappus very short, not half the length of the palete.— IL In
sandy swamps, N. J., Torrey.

4. C. PURPURASCENS. Brown. (C. svlvatica. Trin.)

Panicle spicate ; glumes scabrous ; palea 2, the lower scabrous, 4-toothed
at the apex, awned upon the back ; abortive rudiment plumose, twice longer
than the hairs at its base.— White Mts., N. H., Tuckerman. Rocky Mts., Rich-
ardson. — Very rare and unimportant.

5. C. iNEXPANSA. Gra5^

St. 2— 5f high, erect, simple ; Irs. 2—3" wide, smooth ; panicle 4—8 long,
slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together ; glumes oblong-
lanceolate 2A" long, rough on the keel and sides, acute ; palecc nearly equal,
acute oblong", as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veined, notched at tip,
with 'a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as the flower.—
Penn Yan, N. Y. Sartiocll. Aug.

Tribe 3. PHL,EOIDEJ3.— Infloresence in dense, cylindric or unilateral
spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, of nearly similar texture with the

14. ALOPECiJRUS.
Glumes subequal, connate, distinct ; palese united into an inflated
glume, cleft on one side below the middle, generally awned ; styles
often connate.

602 CLXl. GRAMINEjE. Paspalum

1. A. PRATENsis. Fox-tail Grass.

St. erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, many-
llowered, cylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long ; Ivs. flat, smooth,
with swelling sheaths and ovate stipules ; gluvies ciliate, connate below the
middle, as long as the paleas ; av:>i twisted, scabrous, twice the length of the
flower. — % Fields and pastures. Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., Jl. ^

2. A. GENicuLATUS. Bent Fox-tail Grass.

St. ascending, geniculate, rooting below, sparingly branched, 1 — 2f high ;
spike cylindrical, about 2' long ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, flat, acute, a few
inches in length, with slightly inflated sheaths, and long, entire stipules; glumes
slightly connate at base, hairy outside ; palea truncate, smooth, half as long as
the geniculate awn. — %. Wet meadows, N. Eng. ! Mid. States and Brit. Am. Jn.
/?. aristulatus. Torr. (A. aristulatus. Mx.) Amis very short.

15. CRYPSIS. Ait.

Ch'. KOVTraif, concealment ; from the flowers being concealed in the sheaths.

Inflorescence an oblong spike ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed, 1-
flowered ; paleae 2, unequal, longer than the glumes ; sta. 2 — 3 ; ca-
ryopsis loose, covered by the pale<«.

C VlRGINlCA. Nutt.

St. procumbent and geniculate, 6 — 12' long, much branched from the base ;
Ivs. finally involute, divaricate, .short, rigid and pungent, subpilose above ; spikes
oblong-cylindrical, thick and lobed, more or less enclosed in the inflated sheaths
of the leaves, the tenninal one about 1' long, lateral shorter and subcapitate ;
glumes roughened on the keel, the upper a little longer. — About Philadelphia,
Barton. Sept., Oct.

16. PHLEUM.

Gr. <p\cos ; used by the ancients probably for a different plant.

Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the paleae, rostrate or
mucronate ; palese 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnless.

1. P. PRATENSE. Timothy or Herd's Grass.

St. erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat,
glaucous, roughish ; sheaths striate, smooth ; slip, obtuse, lacerated ; glumes ap-
parently bicuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike ; anth. purple ;
'itig. white. — This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively
cultivated, N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, and is probably native.

2. P. ALPiNUM. Mountain Herd's Grass.

St. about If high, simple, erect ; Ivs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and
cla.sping at base, acute at apex, smooth ; sheaths inflated ; spicate panicle oblong-
ovate, very short (4 — 5" long) ; glumes truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel ;
awns as long as the glumes. — % Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H.
Also native of Arc. Am.

Tribe 4. PAXICEJE. — Inflorescence spiked or panicled. Spikelets 1 or
(more usually) 2-flowered, one of the flowers being sterile or imperfect.
Glumes usually (membranaceous) of a thinner texture than the palese, which
are more or less cartilaginous, the lower palea half enfolding the upper,
sometimes awned.

17. p ASP Alum.

G?'. -izacrTzaXoi, millet; from the resemblance of the seeds.

Flowers in unilateral spikes ; glumes 2, membranaceous, equal,
suborbicular, closely pressed to the 2 paleae ; stigmas plumose, colored ;
caryopsis coated with the smooth, plano-convex palese.

1. P. SETACEUM. Michx. (P. cilialifolium. Torr., <^c., not of Michx.')
St. erect, very slender, 1 — 2f high, simple or branched from the base, with

Milium. CLXI. GRAMINE^. 603

very remote joints ; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 — 7' by 2 — 3", ciliate and hairy ; sheaths
pubescent, upper one very long ; spike generally solitary, often 2, on a long,
very slender peduncle, sometimes with another scarcely exserted from the sheaths ;
spikelets plano-convex, with the flat side out, |" diam., about 2 on each very
short pedicel, appearing 2 — 3-rowed in the 1-sided spike. — Dry fields, Mass. ! to
Car. W. to Ky. Aug.

2. P. L5;vE (and precox. Michx.)

St. erect, rather firm, 18' — 3f high, glabrous ; Ivs. generally smooth, pilose
only at the base, broadly linear ; lower 5/ica;As sometimes hairy; spikes 2 — 6,
alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base ; spikelets in 2
rows; rachis flexuous, flat on the back; pedicels undivided, with one spikelet;
spikelets twice as large (1^" diam.) as in the preceding; glumes orbicular-ovate,
1-veined. — Grassy banks of rivers, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. Aug.

3. P. STOLONIFERUM. BOSC.

St. about 2f long, procumbent at base, geniculate, stoloniferous and
branched ; Ivs. short, subcordate ; spikes very numerous (30 — 50), subverticillate,
spreading, in elongated, terminal and lateral racemes; common rachis 4 — 5'
long, angular, smooth, partial ones 3 — 15" long; spikelets ovate, alternate. — Ce-
dar swamps, N. J., Pursh. July, Aug.

18. DIGIT ARIA. Haller.
Lat. digitus, a finger; alluding to the digitate form of the inflorescence.

Inflorescence digitate or fasciculate ; spikes linear, unilateral ;
spikelets in pairs, on short, bifid pedicels, 2-flowered ; glumes 2, the
lower very small, sometimes wanting ; lower flower abortive, with a
single, membranaceous palea ; upper flower 5 , with 2 cartilaginous,
subequal palece ; caryopsis striate.

1. D. SANG0INALIS. Scop. (Panicum sanguinale. Linn.) Purple Finger
Grass. Crab Grass. — Sts. decumbent at base, radiating and branching at

the lower joints, ] — 2f long; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly
pilose, the sheaths strigosely hairy ; spikes 3 — 5' long, fasciculate at the top of
the stem, 5 — 9 together ; spikelets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed
to the flexuous rachis, in 2 rows. — ® Common in cultivated grounds, N. Eng.,
W. Ind.! Aug.— Oct.

2. D. GLABRA. Roem. & Schultz. (Panicum. Jand!)

St. generally decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints, a foot long ; Ivs. short,
flat, nearly glabrous; spikes digitate, spreading, 3 — 4; spikelets crowded, ovoid;
ghmie equaling the abortive flower, both hairy. — (T) Sandy fields, N. Y., Penn.
to Ohio ! Spikes rather more slender than in the foregoing.

3. D. SEROTINA. Michx. (D. villosa. Ell.)

Rl. creeping; st. decumbent, 12 — 18' long, terete, hairy at the joints, form-
ing a dense carpet where it grows ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, thin, and with the
sheaths, very pubescent with long hairs; .•jp/fes numerous, setaceous, 2 — 3' long;
spikelets all pedicellate ; lower glume very minute, the margin ciliate. — (I) N. Y.

4. D. FiLU'ORMis. Ell. (Panicum. Willd.)

St. erect, filiform, simple, 12 — 18' high ; Ivs. short, nearly smooth, narrow-
lanceolate ; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous ; spikes 2—4, filiform, erect ;
racAis flexuous ; spikelets in 3s, all pedicellate; glume soXiiaxy, as long as the
abortive flower.—® Dry, gravely soils, N. Y. to Ky. Aug.

19. MILIUM.

Celtic mil, a pebble ; alluding to its hard, turgid &uit.

Inflorescence paniculate ; spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, without
involucre or awns ; paleje 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, ob-
long, concave, persistent and cartilaginous, coating the caryopsis.
1. M. EFFUSUM. Spreadijig Millet Grass.

St. erect, simple, smooth, 5^f high, bearing a compound, diffuse panicle ;
Ivs flat, 8—12' by J — 1', on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panicle clus-
51*

604 CLXI. GRAMINE^. Panicum.

tered, horizontal, 1 — 6' long ; spikelets ovate, few and scattered ; pcdea smooth
and polished. — %. In woods, Penn. to Can. Plant pale green. Summer.

2. M. PUNGENS. Torr. Dwarf Millet Grass.

St. erect, simple, rigid, 12 — 18' high ; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline very short,
pungent, at length involute, radical 6 — 8' long, erect, acute and pungent; sheaths
striate, rough, tumid ; panicle contracted, few-flowered ; ped. bifid ; glumes awn-
less; pakce hairy, about equaling the glumes; sty. 2-parted. — 71 Rocky hills,
Northern States, rare. May.

3. M. AMPHicARPON. Pursh. (M. ciliatum. MiM.)

Sts. numerous, assurgent, 18 — ^24' high, somewhat branched and genicu-
late; Ivs. 2 — 3' by 2 — 4", lance-linear, hairy and ciliate ; sheaths striate, the
upper ones leafless ; panicle simple, 2 — 3' long, its branches few, erect, appressed,
racemose, bearing ^ flowers ; spikclets oblong, purplish ; radical peduncles clus-
tered, 1 — 3' high, sheathed, each bearing a single 9 spikelet; cartjopsis brown.
—N.J. Aug.

20. OPLISMENUS. Kunth.

Gr. oTT^iajia, armament, jicvoi, courage; alluding to the stout awns.

Panicle compounded of alternate, dense racemes ; glumes 2, une-
qual, echinate, 2-flowered, lower short, upper as long as the 5 , acumi-
nate ; abortive flowers with 2 paleae, the lower terminating in a long
awn ; $ palese cartilaginous, shining, coating the carjopsis.

1. O. Crus-galli. Kunth. (Panicum. Linn.) Cock^s-foot Grass.

St. terete, smooth, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, with
smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule ; panicle simple or apparently so, branches
spike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs ; rachis hairy and rough ; glumes
hispid with bristles ; lower abortive palea ending in a rough awn, nearly 1' in
length. — ® A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barn-
yards, &c., common. Aug., Sept. §

2. O. HispiDUM. Wood. (O. muricatus. Kunth. Panicum. Muhl.)

St. thick, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. broad, flat ; panicle compound, nodding, dense,
4 — 6' long, with alternate racemes ; Jls. always awned. — Q Salt marshes, N. Y.
to Car. Best distinguished from the preceding by its hispid sheaths. Sept.,
Oct.

21. PANICUM.
Lat. panicula, the mode of flowering, or panis, bread, which some species afford.

Glumes 2, unequal, the lower mostly very small ; flowers 2, dis-
similar, the lower abortive or sterile, with 1 — 2 paleae, the upper
palea membranaceous ; the upper $ , with the paleae cartilaginous,
equal, concave, awnless, coating the caryopsis.

* Spikelets in racemose panicles.

1. P. AGROSToiDEs. Muhl. (P. elougatum. Ph. P. fusco-rubens 1 Nutt.)
St. compressed, glabrous, Ih — 3f high, often geniculate at base ; Ivs. long

and numerous, cauline linear-lanceolate, carinate, rough-edged, on short, striate
sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, composed of racemed,
spreading or deflexed branches; spikclets 1" long, purple, lanceolate, acute,
crowded and appressed ; upper glume 5-veined ; palea. of the neutral flower
nearly equal. — 'i|. 1 Meadows, frequent. July.

2. P. ANCEPs. Michx. (P. rostratum. Muhl.')

St. compressed, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, very long ; sheaths an-
cipital, pilose on the throat and margin ; panicle erect, contracted, with nearly
simple branches ; spikclets interruptedly racemose, very acuminate ; upper palea
of the neutral flower oblong, obtuse or emarginate. — % Fields and meadows.
Common, Mid. States, N. Eng. July.

3. P. PROLiFERUM. Lam. (P. dichotomiflorum. Mx. P. geniculatum,
Muhl:) — St. assurgent, geniculate at base, very smooth, thick and succu-
lent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4—6" wide, 10—1.5' long, on tumid sheaths, hairy

Panicum. CLXI. GRAMINE^. 605

at throat ; panicles large, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth ; spikelets
racemose ; abortive fioioer with one palea. — Tj. 7 Wet meadows, Mid. and S.
States. Sept.

4. P. PEDUNcuLATUM. Torr.

St. dichotomously branched above, rotmd, 3 — 4f high; Ivs. |' wide, taper-
ing to the point ; slicaths hispid and papillose ; panicle compound, smooth, on a
long peduncle, branches in pairs, racemed ; spikelets ovate, smooth; upper palea
of the abortive flower half as long as the lower. — %. Moist woods, N. Y. Jl.

5. P. RECTUM. Roem. & Schultz. (P. involutum. Torr. P. depaupera-
tum. MuM.) — St. caespitose, mostly simple, hairy at the joints, erect, 10 — 15'

high ; Ivs. lance-linear, erect, involute at the end, forming a long, slender, pun-
gent point, rather rough and hairy, sometimes smooth, upper ones longer than
the lower; sheatlis scabrous, hairy; panicle erect, rather few-flowered, the
branches tortuous, in pairs, one longer with 2 spikelets ; spikelets rather large,
pedunculate ; glumes veined, lower one short, broad-ovate, obtuse ; palecB hard,
whitish, shining.— N. Eng. 1 and Mid. States ! May, June.

6. P. XANTHOPHYSUM. Gray. ?

St. 12 — 15' high, glabrous, generally simple; Ivs. lanceolate, 3 — 6' by
5 — 7", acute, veined, nearly smooth, ciliate at base; sheaths pilose, shorter than
the joints; ped. elongated; panicles simple, few-flowered; spikelets obovate ;
glumes pubescent, the inferior one acute, 3-veined, half the length of the many-
veined, superior one ; (j" 2-valved, ^ cartilaginous, obtuse, smooth and shining,
about equal to the superior glume. — Near Oneida Lake, Kneiskern, Conn.
River, N. H. ! to Conn. ! June, July.

* * Spikelets in loose panicles.

7. P. CLANDEST1N0M.

St. with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 — 3f high, rigid, leafy ; Ivs.
3 — 6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordate at base ; sheaths hispid, enclosing the short,
lateral panicles; upper palea of the neutral flower obtuse. — 'Zj. Moist woods,
Mass. and Mid. States. July, Aug.

8. P. LATiFOLiuM. (P. scopariimi. Lam. ?)

St. nearly simple, with the nodes retrorsely pilose; Ivs. lance-ovate, clasp-
ing, somewhat pubescent ; panicle terminal, a little exserted from the sheath,
simple, pubescent ; spikelets rather large, oblong-ovate ; abortive flower stami-
nate. — 1\. Conimon in ditches, woods, &c., U. S. Readily known by broad,
short leaves. June, July.

9. P. NERVOSUM. Muhl.

St. simple, smooth at the nodes, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 2 — 3'
long, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin, cordate at base, an inch wide, with
short sheaths; panicle much branched, smooth, many-flowered, pedunculate or
sessile, branches flexuous, somewhat spreading; spikelets oblong; abortive fio^ver
staminate. — Bogs, N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. — Perhaps not distinct from the last.
July.

10. P. MACRocARPON. Torr.

St. erect, simple, straight, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, erect, sub-
pilose beneath, 3 — 6' long ; sheaths hispid, villous on the margin, with no
stipules ; panicle rather compound, smooth, with few, spreading, flexuous, sub-
simple branches ; spikelets ovoid-globose ; abortive flawer neutral. — Banks of
Connecticut river, Mass. July.

11. P. PUBEscENs. Lam. (P. nitidum, /?. villosum. Gray.')

St. 8 — 30' high, simple or branched, erect, and with the sheaths, covered
with a dense, villous, deflexed pubescence ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; Ivs.
remote, linear-lanceolate, short, upper ones pubescent, lower villose ; panicle
terminal, rather crowded, compound, sometimes rather loose, branches subver-
ticillate, pubescent ; spikelets pubescent, rather small, at the extremity of the
branches; lower glume small, upper one 5- veined; aiortive flower neniia.], 5
longer than the upper glume, smooth. — Penn Yan, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn. to
Ohio, Sullivant! June.

606 CLXI. GRAMINE^. Setaru.

12. P. DICHOTOMUM.

St. much branched and dichotomous above, erect or decumbent, 1 — 2f
high, branches fasciculate ; Irs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, very numerous, 1 — 2'
long, ciliate at base ; panicles lateral and terminal, simple, capillar}'^, with loose,
spreading branches ; spikclets minute, ovoid-obtuse. — Varies with the stem very-
tall, or low, and decumbent ; rather rigid or very slender. N. Eng. to Ky. July.

13. P. NiTiDUM. Lam. (P. discolor. MuM.)

St. erect, slender, 8 — 24' high, the nodes with a ring of dense, deflexed
hairs ; Ivs. lance-linear, narrow, acuminate, rather remote, 2 — 4' by 2 — 4" ;
slicaths as long as the leaves, hairy at the throat and often all over ; stip. 0 ; pan-
icle rather small, exserted, roundish-ovoid, ditluse, nearly glabrous, branches
spreading ; spikdHs purplish, numerous, small (J" long), oblong, obtuse ; lower
glume minute ; abortive Jl. neutral, its outer palea equaling the upper glume ; §
white, polished. — 'Zj.^ Woods and fields, U. S. June.

a. Tall, simple, smooth, except the densely bearded nodes. — Middle and
Western States.

/?. St. with short branches ; Ivs. and sheaths pubescent. — N. Eng. and Middle
States, common.

y. Low, branched, very hairy, purplish. — Dry fields, JN". Eng., common. —
These are the extreme forms, between which there are many intermediate ones.

14. P. MiCRocARPON. Muhl. Darl.

St. 18 — 30' high, erect, simple, glabrous ; joints glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate,
veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on the margin, scabrous above,
smooth beneath, 6 — 10" wide ; shcatlis deeply striate, smooth; slip. 0; panicle
large, much branched, nearly smooth ; spikelets small, numerous, scarcely pu-
bescent ; ^ Jloicer as long as the upper glume ; fr. shining, bluish-white. — l^
Woods and low grounds, Penn. Darlington.

15. P. CAPiLLARE. Annual Pield Panic.

St. nearly simple, assurgent and thick at base, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. hairy,
broad-linear, acuminate, 4 — 6' long ; sheaths covered with hispid hairs ; panicle
large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding ; spikelets small, purple, lanceo-
late, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles ; abortive fl. of 1 palea. — ®
Fields and roadsides, U. S. Aug.
p. sylvatictLm. Torr. St. very slender, branched at the base. — Woods.

16. P. VERRUCosuM. Mulil. (P. dcbilis. Ell.)

St. slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base, 1 — 2f
high ; Ivs. linear, a few inches long, spreading, smooth ; panicle much expand-
ed, few-flowered, flowers verrucose ; abortive Jlo^ver of one palea, and neuter. —
® 1 Swamps and thickets. Mid. and S. States. Panicle terminal and lateral,
loose and capillary. Aug.

17. P. VIRGAT0M. Salt-lick Panic.

Glabrous and often purple ; st. 3— 5f high ; Ivs. long, linear-lanceolate,
hairy at base ; sheaths striate ; stip. with long, white cilia; ; panicle virgate, at
length spreading, difi'use, very large ; Jls. acuminate, and with the glumes,
divaricate, palea; of the abortive flower nearly equal, enfolding the purple sta-
mens.—7). Salt-lick prairies, fields, &c., N. Y. to Ind. ! Aug.— None of these
species are of much value in agriculture.

22. SET ARIA. Palis.

Lat. seta, a bristle ; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets.

Inflorescence a compound, cylindrical spike ; spikelets 2-flowered,
invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles ; glumes, flowers,
paleae and fruit as in the genus Fanimm.
1. S. viRiDis. Palis. Wild Timothy.

_ St. smooth, 2 — 3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate; slieaths
striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setose stipule ; spike cylindric, com-
pound, terminal, green ; involucre of 4—10 fasciculate bristles, much longer
than the spikelets ; paka; of the perfect flmver longitudinally striate, punctate.—
OD Oommon in cultivated grounds, Free States. July, Aug.

Phalaris. CLXl. GRAiMINEiE. 607

2. S. GLAUCA. Palis. Bottle Grass.

St. 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, rough, hairy at base ; sheaths

striate, smooth; stip. setose; spike cylindric, yellowish-green, 2 — 4' long; invol.

of 6 — 10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelets ; palea of the

perfect fl. transversely rugose. — (J) Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ohio. Jl. Aug.

p. (S. purpurascens. B. (J* S.) Shealhs and spiMds pilose. — Penn.

3. S. VERTiciLLATA. Palis.

St. smooth, about 2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, rough-edged; sAm/As smooth,
hairy on the margin ; spicate panicle composed of short, divided branches in in-
terrupted verticils, 2 — 3' long; bristles of the invol. in pairs, rough backwards;
palecB of tlie ^ roughish punctate.—® Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ohio. July. ^

4. S. Italica. Palis.

St. somewhat compressed, about 4f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, 1 — 2f long, an
inch wide ; sheaths roughish, pilose at the throat ; spike compound, interrupted
at the base, nodding, 6 — 8' long ; spikelets conglomerate ; invol. of 2 bristles,
several times longer "than the flower,—® Ditches, Mid. and S. States. July.

5. S. Germanica. Palis. Millet. Bengal Grass.

St. 2 4f high, simple, leafy ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate

on the margin ; sheaths striate, close, pubescent ; .■^tip. bearded ; spike compress-
ed, yellowish, oblong-cvliudric ; rackis densely hirsute ; involucrate bristles 4 — 8,
as'long as, or longer than the spikelets, yellowish ; glumes unequal, ovate ; ^
palecs smooth, obscurely 3-veined.— (I) In fields, not often cultivated. %

23. CENCHRUS.

Gr. Ktvypoi, millet ; this grass bearing some resemblance to the millet.

Flowers racemose or spicate ; iuvolucre burr-form, laciniate, ecM-
uate, persistent, including 1 — 3 spikelets ; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer
smaller ; flowers dissimilar, the lower sterile, the upper perfect ;
scales 0.

C. TRiBULoiDES. (Also C. echinatus Linn. 1) Burr Grass.
St. 1 — 2f long, erect or procumbent and geniculate at base ; Ivs. lance-
linear, conduplicate, gradually acmninate, 3—5' by 2 — 3" ; slwaths open, about
as long as the colored joints ; sjnke with the burr-like involucres approximate ;
invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely hispid spines
as long as itself and containing 2 — 3 spikelets; glumes acuminate-mucronate,
about 3" long, producing but 1 caryopsis. — ® Sandy soils, N. J.
Tribe 5. PHALAREiE. — Inflorescence a contracted panicle. Spikelets

solitary, with 1 perfect floM^er and 1—2 imperfect ones. Lower palea awned

or mucronate, upper with two keels.

24. PHALARIS.

Gr. ipa\apoi, brilliant; on account of its smooth, shining seeds.

Spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, carinate; paleas 2,
coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis,
each with an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base.

1. P. arundinacea. (P. Americana. Torr.)

St. erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2 — 5f high ; Ivs. spreading, lanceo-
late, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, spicate,
somewhat secund, 3—4' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments
pilose. — % Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large,
showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug.

/3 picta is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated
leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity, f

2. P Canarienses. Canary Grass.

St. erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; Ivs. lanceo-
late ; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect ; glumes whitish, with green veins ; rudiments
smooth. — (T) Fields and pastures, not common. Jl. §

608 CLXI. GR AMINES. Aiba.

25. HOLCUS.
Spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes herbaceous, boat-sbaped, mucronate ;
flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect aud awuless, upper one c?
or neuter, awned on the back.

H. LANATUs. Soft Grass.

Hoary pubescent; st. IJ — 2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, 2 — 5' long; slieaths
.striate ; paiikle oblong, dense, whitish with a purple tinge ; Jls. shorter than the
glumes,; sterile one with a recurved, included awn. — % Common in wet mea-
dows, N. Eng. ! Mid. and W. States. Very soft with whitish down. Jl.

26. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel.
Spikelets 3 -flowered ; glumes 2, scarious ; lateral flowers stami-
nate, triandrous ; central flower § , diandrous (rarely triandrous).

1. H. BOREALis. Roem. & Schultz. Seneca Grass.

Smooth, glossy ; st. simple, erect, 15 — 20' high ; radical Ivs. as long as the
stem, cauline 2 — 4' long, lanceolate, mucronate ; j^anicle rather 1-sided and
spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 2 — 3' long; branchlcts flexuous; spikelets
broad, subcordate, colored, unarmed ; lower palea ciliate. — n\. Wet meadows,
Virg. to Arc. Am. Very fragrant. May.

2. H. ALPiNA. Roem. & Schultz.

Smooth ; st. erect, stout, 6 — 8' high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; slwaths
tumid, longer than the internodes ; panicle ovoid, li — 2' long, with the branches
in pairs ; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches ; glumes
lanceolate ; lower Ji. with an awn about as long as the palese. — % Summits of
the White Mts., Bigelo^v. Jn.

27. ANTHOX ANTRUM.

Gr. av^oi, a flower, ^ai'Sof, yellow ; from the color of its spikes.

Spikelets 3-flowered, the central one $ , the 2 lateral ones neuter,
each consisting of one bearded palea ; glumes 2, unequal, the upper
one larger, enclosing the flowers ; paleas of the 5 2, short, awnless ;
stamens 2.

A. ODORATUM. Sv:eet-scented Vernal Grass.

St. slender, erect, 10 — 18' high ; Ivs. short, striate, pale green ; panicle
spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles ; palccB of the
lateral Jls. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn
from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the
summit. — An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States,
and Can. May, June. §

Tribe 6. AVENEJ3. — Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets solitary, few-
flowered. Glumes and palese of similar texture. Upper flowers generally
pedicellate, with awn-like processes or abortive rudiments between the upper
and the lower ones. Upper palea wtth two keels.
28. AIR A.

Gr. aipa, a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a poisonous plant.

Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments ; glumes 2,
membranaceous and shining, subequal ; one of the flowers pedicel-
late ; palese subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex
and awned on the back.

1. A FLEXUOSA.

5^/. smooth, 1— 2f high, nearly naked ; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striate
sheaths and truncate stipules; iianicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long,
flexuous branches; fttc/w geniculate, longer than the pale^.— 'Zl- Vales and hills,
U. S. and Bril. Am., common. An erect, elegant gra.ss, growing in tufts. Jn.

AvENA. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. G09

2. A. c;espitosa. (A. aristulata. Torr.)

Csespitose, g:labrous ; st. 18 — 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above,
smooth beneath, flat; j9a?w'cfe pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally difi'use; auvis
straight, about as long as the palete which are longer than the bluish glumes. —
'2J. Swamps, Free States and Can. May.

3. A. PUMiLA. Pursh.

Sts. .scarcely 1' high, erect, growing in tufts, scarcely longer than the
leaves ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; panicle small, I'astigiate, few-flowered ; pedicels short ;
paletz awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes ; glumes with a mem-
branaceous margin.— 'Z(. In barren, clayey soils, near brickyards, Penn.
Pursh. Jn.

29. TRISETUM.
Lat. tria, three, setum, a bristle ; a characteristic term.

Spikelet 2 — 5-flowered ; glumes 2, as long as the flowers ; lower
palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flesuous awn from above
the middle of the back ; seales ovate ; fruit coated, furrowed.

1. T. PALisTRE. Torr. (Avena. Mx. Aira pallens. Muhl.)

SI. erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs.
lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong,
contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikdcts 2—3 flowered, middle flower
abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and
awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. — % "Wet meadows, Mass.,
N. Y. to Flor. Maj'— July.

2. T. puRPURAscENs. Torr. (Avena striata. Michx. 7)

SI. lealy, 2f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4—6' long, and with the
sheaths smooth; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4— 6' long;
glumes 3-flowcred, very unequal, entire; spikelcts lanceolate, terete, often purple,
smooth ; lower palea 7-veined, 2-cleft at the extremity ; aion geniculate.— Ij.
Mountain bogs, N. Eng., N. Y., Can. June.

3. T. suspiCATUM. Brown. (T. aroides. Palis. Aira. Linn.)

St. a loot high ; Ivs. narrow, 2—4' long ; panicle contracted into a spike 2
long ; awn at length deflexed, longer than the glume.— Tj. Rocks and moun-
tains, Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White Mts., N. H. Pickering. Jn.

30. AVENA.
Splkelets 2 — 5-flowered; glumes 2, loose and membi-anaceous,
subequal, longer than the flowers ; palefe 2, mostly hairy at base, the
lower one bifid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back.

1. A. ELATioR. (Arrhenatherum. Palis.)

Sf., 2— 4f high, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the margin
and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate ;
spikelets 2-flowered ; awn twice as long as the palea ; tipper flower $ , mostly
av/nless.— A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds.
May, June.

2. A Pennsylvanica. (Arrhenatherum. Torr.)

St. erect, smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolale; panicle slender, with short, alter-
nate branches ; auii twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of
the lower palea ; upper flower awnless.— (T) Fields and open woods, N. Eng. to
Car. and 111., rare. July.

3. A. pr;ecox. Palis. (Aira. Linn.)

Crespitose ; St. erect, a few inches high ; Ivs. \—V long, rough ; 5/tmC/t5 deeply
striate; panicle dense, racemose ; spikelcts ovate, 2-flowered, o-Zimcs as long as
the flowers ; Irnver palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice
its length.—® N. Y. to Virg. Jn.

4. A. sATlvA. Common Oat.— SI. smooth, 2— 4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; slip, lacerate; panicle loose;
spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one
mostly awned; palea; somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryop.sis.

610 CLXl. GRAMINE^. Bromus.

— (X) A highly impoi taut grain, one of the staple productions of the soil ; said
to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez.

/?. nigra. Black Oafs. — PalccE dark brown, almost black, awnless.

y. secunda. Horse-mane 'Oats. — Panicle 1-sided ; aims short.

5. A. sTERiLis. Animated Oat.— St. 3 — 4f high, and with the leaves smooth,
the latter long, acute, flat ; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns
hair}', inner flowers awnless. — ® From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity.
The awns are 2' long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the
state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion oftheiie spikelets in the
moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect, -f

31. DANTHONIA.

In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist.

Spikelets 2 — 7 -flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the
flowers, cuspidate ; palese hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at
the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one
obtuse, entire.

D. spiCATA. Palis. (Avena. Linn.)

St. slender, nearly erect, 12 — 18' high, lower Ivs. numerous, 4 — 6' long, flat,
haiiy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect,.on very short sheaths ;
-panide simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 — 8 or 10, about 7-flowered ;
glumes a little longer than the flowers ; hwer palea hairy, about half as long as
its spirally twisted awn. — Pastures and open woods. Free States. Jrme — Aug.

32. U RALE PIS. Nutt.

Gr. ovpa, tail, XtiTij a scale or palea ; a characteristic term.

Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ;
flowers stipitate and distinct; palese 2, very unequal, distinctly
villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp
setose ; upper palea concave on the back ; fruit gibbous, coated.

U. ARrSTCLATA. Nutt.

Caespitose ; sts. procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10 — 18' high ;
hs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath ; panicles
simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves,
the upper one partly exsert ; spikelet 3-flov.'ered ; awn of the palea as long as the
iateral cusps. (T) Sea-coast and sandy fields. Mid. States. Aug.

33. ARUNDO.

Lat arundo, a reed ; Celtic aru, water ; from its place of growth.

Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal ;
lower flower $ and naked at the base, the others perfect, pedicellate ;
palece unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuiuinate or slightly
awned.

A. PHRAGMiTEs. (Phragmitcs communis. Trin.)

St. smooth, stout, erect, 6 — I2f high, often an inch in diameter at base ;
Ivs. lanceolate, 1 — 2f by 1 — 2', rough-edged, smooth and glaucous; panicle large
and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect, slender ; spikelets
3 — 5-flowered, very slender, erect; glumes shorter than the flowers which are of
a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as the paleee. — %
Swamps and about ponds, Mass. to Ind. ! July.

Tribe 7. FESTUCACE-iE. — Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flower-
ed, oblong. Flowers sessile, closely arranged in 2 rows on the rachis.
Palese of similar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels.
34. B ROM US.

Gr. jipwjxa, food; this name was formerly applied to a species of wild oats.

Spikelets 3 — 20-flowered; glumes 2. shorter than the flowers;

Festuca. CLXI. GRAMINE^. 611

lower palea cordate, bifid at the apex, usually awned a little below
the tip, upper palea conduplicate, ciliate on the margin ; scales
ovate, smooth.

1. B. SECALiNUs. Cheat. Chess.

iS/. smooth, erect, 3f high ; Ivs. flat, rough at the edge and above; sheaths
veined, smooth ; slip, laciniate ; panicle spreading, the branches mostly simple,
each bearing 1 — 2 spikelets ; spikdets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large,
2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of wheat. Flowers distinct,
awn very short. — (I) A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. §

2. B. ARVENsis. (B. mollis of Am. auth.?) Soft Brome Grass.

Root Q) ; St. erect, mostly pubescent, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. and sheaths downy-
pubescent ; panicle erect, clo.se, compound, 3 — 4' long ; spikelets oblong-ovate,
slightly compressed, tomentose, 5 — lO-flowered; /s. elliptical; lower palea oh-
long-lanceolate, 7-veined, with a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse grass,
in fields and roadsides. June, July. §

3. B. PURG.\Ns, (Canadensis, ciliatus and pubescens, oi Linn., Muhl., <^c.)
St. terete, rather slender, simple, erect, 2 — 4f high, nodes blackish ; Ivs.

broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, more or less pubescent, striate, 6 — 12' by 3 — 5";
sheaths more or less pilose with deflexed hairs; panicle large, erect, 5 — 8' long,
finally nodding, branches in 2s — 4s, compound, scabrous-pubescent ; spikelets
numerous, lance-ovoid, subterete, 7 — 11-flowered, pedicellate, 9 — 13" long, acute
at each end ; Jls. imbricated, lower palea pubescent, longer than its straight awn,
upper green at edge and beautifully ciliate. — % Fields and woods, U. S. and
Brit. Am. Jn., Jl. — Varies in size, pubescence, &c., but its forms can scarcely
be characterized even as varieties.— A coarse, showy grass, of little value.

35. CERATOCHLOA. Palis.
Gl'. Kspai, TTcparoi, a horn, %Xoa, grass.

Panicle simple ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, many-flowered ;
glumes shorter than the flowers, paleai bifid-toothed, the lower one
mucronate between the teeth ; fruit coated, furrowed, 3-horned.

C. UNiLoiDES. Palis.

St. 1 — 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, pubescent, veined; sheatlis bearded at the
throat ; slip, ovate ; panicle small, nodding, spreading, branches in pairs ; spike-
lets oblong-lanceolate, pedicels hairy ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, striate ;
palecB unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, margined ; sta. 3. — River bottoms, Penn.,
Car.

3G. FESTUCA.

A Latin name for the shoot or stalk of a plant.

Spikelets oblong, acute at each end, subterete ; glumes 2, unequal,
shorter than the flowers ; paleoc lanceolate, lower one sharply acumi-
nate or awned at the extremity ; caryopsis coated.

1. F. TENELLA. Willd. Slender Fesciw Grass.

St. filiform, wiry, often growing in tufts and geniculate at base, 6—12'
high; Zi:s. erect, linear-setaceous, 2— 3' long; slieaths subpubescent, with lace-
rated stipules ; 'panicle simple, contracted, rather secund, branches alone or in
pairs; spikelets 5 — 7-flowered, with subulate, subequal glumes, at length brown-
ish ; fls. subulate, longer than their awns.—® Sandy fields, N. Eng. to 111., S. to
Car. June.

2. F. ELATioR. Tall Fescue Grass.

St. smooth, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth, rough-edged, a foot long,
on smooth, loose sheaths ; panicle drooping, very branching, loosely spreading,
branches in pairs; spikelets lance-ovate, acute, 4 — 6-flowered, 6—8" long, race-
mose on the branches; lower glume shorter; lower palece acuminate or mucro-
nate.— A fine grass, in meadows, U. S. and Can. June.

3. F. PRATENRis. Huds. Mcadow Fescue Grass.

St. smooth, 2— 3f high ; lis. lance-linear, veined, smooth, rough-edged,
52

612 CLXI. GRAMINEiE. Kceleru.

about 8' long ; sheaths veined, smooth with obsolete stipules ; panicle branched,
spreading, somewhat ] -sided, branches subsolitary; spikclets lance-linear, 7 — 9-
flowered, about 8" long ; lower glume smaller ; lower palea acuminate. — % Intro-
duced in fields and meadows. June, July.

4. F. DURiuscuLA. Hard Fescue Grass.

St. smooth, 12 — 18' high ; Ivs. linear, very acute, a little scabrous ; stipules
membranaceous, lacerate ; panicle oblong, spreading, inclining to one side,
branches in pairs ; spikclets nearly terete, 5 — 7-flowered ; lower glume smaller,
•upper one 3-veined ; palca unequal, lower with short awns. — % Fields and pas-
tures. A fine grass, common, Car. to Can. June, July.

5. F. NUTANS. Willd.

St. erect, slender, smooth, with black nodes, about 3f high; Ivs. narrow-
linear, a foot long, veined; panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, branches
in pairs ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3 — 5-flowered ; fls. smooth, awnless and nearly
veinless. — % Open woodlands, in most of the States. June.

6. F. FASCICULARIS. Willd.

St. much branched from the base, with short internodes, procumbent,
geniculate, 12 — IS' long; Ivs. linear, very long, 5-veined, scabrous, on long,
loose sheaths; panicle erect, inclining to one side, with strict, spike-form
branches ; spikelets appressed, secund, 8 — 10-flowered ; glumes 1-veined, lower
one very short ; lower palca. tipped with awns of their own length. — 0 Wet
meadows, Mid. States. Atig.

7. F. ovlNA. Sheep's Fescue.

St. erect, ascending at base, 6 — 10' high ; Ivs. very narrow, rough, radical
ones very numerous, 2 — 4' long, cauline few, short, erect; panicle few-tlowered,
simple, contracted ; spikelets ovate, 4-flowered ; palea roundish. — Tj. "? A valu-
able grass, recently introduced. June.

8. F. Myurus.

St. 6 — 12' long, erect, geniculate near the base ; Ivs. 2 — 3' long, subulate,
concave ; slip, bifid or retuse ; panicle slender, crowded ; spikelets 4 — 7-flowered ;
o-Zwj^fs minute, equal ; ;^s. subulate, hairy; lower palece with an awn twice its
length ; sta. 1 ; stig. plumose, white. — (T) Sandy fields, N. J. to Car.

37. DIARRHENA. Palis.

Gr. Jts, two, appr]vr}i, rough ; IVom the two scabrous keels of the upper paleae.

Panicle racemose or simple ; glumes 2, very unequal, 2 — 5-flow-
ered, rigid, acuminate, mucrouate ; palete cartilaginous, lower cuspi-
date, upper much smaller, emarginate ; caryopsis coated, as long as
the upper palea : scales ovate, ciliate.

D. DiANDRA. Wood. (D. Americana. Palis. Festuca diandra. Mx.)
St. erect, nearly leafless, slender, rigid, 15—30' high ; Ivs. few, subradical,
broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, 10—10' by 5—7", nearly glabrous ; sheaths
close ; slip, obsolete ; panicle very simple and slender, branches erect, few ; spike-
lets 2-flovvered ; glmnes broad-ovate, upper twice larger, 5-veined ; palece much
longer than the glumes, the upper with 2 roughish, green keels, and conspicu-
ously mucronate; sta. 27— River banks, Ohio to 111. !

38. KCELERIA. Pers.

In honor of M. Kifler, a German botanist.

Spikelets compressed, 2 — 3-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, shorter
than the flowers ; upper flower pedicellate, with a short, awn-like rudi- 's
meut at the base of the upper palea ; paleae 2, the lower awnless, or
awned beneath the tip.

1. K. CRisTATA. Smith. (K. nitida. Nutt. K. tuberosa. Pers. ?)

St. 20 — 30' high, smooth, leafv to one-half its height, rigidly erect; Ivs.

flat, erect, pubescent, 3—3' by 1—2"," shorter than their pubescent sheaths ; slip.

short, lacerate ; panicle spicate, narrow, 3 — 5' long, 6 — 8" diam., branches very

short ; spikelets 2" long, silvery and shining, compressed, about 2-flowered, with

Glyceria. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. 613

an abortive pedicel ; glume linear-oblong, acute, serrulate on the keel, upper one
longer.— 04- Ohio, W. S. Sullivant !
0. Nuttalii. St. 8' high.— Mich.

2. K. OBTUSATA. Torr. (Aira obtusata. Michx. ?)

St. erect, geniculate below, leafy, 18 — 24' high ; Jiodes pubescent, blackish,
contracted ; Ivs. 3 — 6' by 2", scabrous, acuminate shorter than the sheaths ; stip.
lacerate ; panicle contracted, 3 — 5' long, 6 — 12" diam., dense, trranches fascicled,
short, appressed; spiMcts Ih" long, 2-flowered, tumid; lower glume linear-ob-
long, upper larger, obovate, obtuse, puberulent ; pakcc equal, awnless, obtuse,
scarious at summit, a little exserted. — % Ohio, Sullivant!

3. K. TRDNCATA. Tom (Aira truncata. 3Iuhl. Holcus striatus. Linn.)
St. slender, 2f high ; Irs. smooth, narrow, 4 — 6' long ; panicle oblong,

loose, racemose ; spikelets 2^flowered, in clustered racemes, on short, suberect
branches ; glumes subequal, the lower one linear, upper one much broader, very
obtuse or truncate ; palece awnless. — % Fields and open woods. Can. to Ky. Jn.
/?. major. Lvs. broad-linear, very long ; panicle large, spreading.

4. K. Pennsylvanica. DC. (Aira mollis. Muhl.)

St. smooth, 2 — 3f high ; nodes black ; lvs. 1 — 2' long, narrow, flat, lower
ones soft pubescent ; panicle very slender, loose, 4 — 8' long ; spikelets about 3-
flowered, shining ; lower glume linear, upper one much broader, oblanceolate, 3-
veined ; police awnless. — T\. Rocky woods, N. England (rare) to Ky. ! 111.
May, June.

5. K. paniculata. Nutt.

St. tall (2 — 3f high) ; lvs. elongated (4 — 6'), on long sheaths ; panicle ob-
long, glabrous ; spikelets 2-— 3-flowered, shining ; glumes a-\vnless, very unequal,
the larger one truncately obtuse. — 1\. Michigan-. Also Florida.

39. TRICQSPIS. Palis.

Lat. tre^, three, cuspis, a point ; alluding to the structure of the flowers.

Spikelets terete, tumid, about 5-flowered ; glumes 2, unequal, cari-
nate, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea bifid-toothed, tricuspidate
by the projecting keel and two lateral veins, upper one truncate, al-
most emarginate ; caryopsis 2-horned.

T. sESLERioiDEs. Torr. (Poa. Michx. Winsoria poseformis. Nidt.)
False Red-top. — St. very hard and smooth, erect, 4 — 5f high ; lis. smooth
beneath, lance-linear, veined, 12 — 18' long ; lower sheaths often hairy ; stip. 0 ;
panicle loose, expanding, branches flexuous, smooth, long; spikelets ovate-
lanceolate, purple, shining, 4 — 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, mucronate ; lower
palea with 3 projecting veins.— 94. A splendid grass in sandy fields, N. Eng. to
111. and S. States.

40. GLYCERIA. Brown.

Gr. yXt)/cDf , sweet ; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds.

Spikelets slender, many-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, veinless,
truncate, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea herbaceous, embrac-
ing the upper, bidentate one ; scales connate, truncate.

1. G. FLUiTANS. Brown. (Festuca fluitans. Linn.)

St. compressed or ancipitous, ascending at base, 3 — 5f high ; lvs. lance-
linear, smooth beneath, about a foot long ; sheaths veined, smooth, with a very
large stipule; panicle secund, long, slender, slightly branched ; spikelets 1 — li'
long, linear, appressed, a_bout lO-flowered ; jls. obtuse ; louver palea 7-veined, den-
ticulate.— % Aquatic. N. and N. W. States. June, July.

2. G. ACUTiFLORA. TorT. (Festuca brevifolia. MM.)

St. somewhat compressed, 1 — 2f high; /m. narrow, attenuated above, half
as long as the stem ; panicle simple, long, appressed ; spikelets linear, 4 — 6-flow-
ered ; fls. very slender, acute, indistinctlv veined. — 94. Inundated meadows, N.
Eng., N. Y. June.

614 CLXI. GRAMINEiE. Poa.

41. POA.

Gt. TToa, the general name for grasses or herbage.

Spikelets compressed, ovate, oblong or linear, many-flowered (3 —
20) ; glumes 2, shorter than the lower flowers ; palese subequal, awn-
less, often with an arachnoid web at base, bifid-toothed, the lower one
herbaceous, scarious on the margin ; scales ovate, acute, smooth.

* F'lmoers webbed at base.

1. P. PRATENSis. Spear Grass.

St. terete, smooth, 1— 2f high ; lis. carinate, linear, abruptly acute, radi-
cal ones very long and numerous, cauline shorter than the veined, smooth
sheaths ; slip, short, truncate ; panicle diffuse, branches 3 — 5 together in half-
whorls ; spikekts ovate, acute, with about 4, acute flowers ; glumes lanceolate,
rather acuminate. — % An excellent grass both for hay and pasturage, very
abundant. May, June. Varies much in luxuriance according to the soil.

a. P. TRiviALis. (P. stolonifera. Muhl.) Boughisk Meadow Grass.

Sts. sometimes stoloniferous at base, roughish backwards, 2 — 3f high-
Ivs. lance-linear, acute, rough-edged, lower ones very long, cauline as long as
the roughish sheaths, with long, acuminate stipules ; panicle diffuse, expanding,
scabrous, branches 4 — 5 together in half- whorls ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 2 — 3-
flowered. — Tj. A grass equally common and valuable with the last, N. States.
June, July.

3. P. COMPRESSA. Blue Gi'ass.

St. decumbent and rooting at base, much compressed, smooth, striate, 12
—18' high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, veined, smooth, short, bluish-green ; skeaiks
smooth, rather loose, with a short, obtuse stipule ; panicle contracted, somewhat
secund, branches scabrous, in 2s and 3s; spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 — 6-flowered,
subsessile.— 7J. Less abundant than the last, forming tufts in moist places Free
States. June. '

4. P. sEROTiNA. Erhr. (P. palustris. Muhl.) Meadmo Red-top.

St. erect, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. flat, narrow-linear, smooth, 10—15' long ; stip.
long, lacerated ; panicle diffuse, somewhat secund, 6 — 10' long, branches in
half- whorls; syikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 3-flowered ; /5. but little webbed at
base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-veined. — % Common in wet meadows Free
States. June. '

5. P. PDNGENs. Torr. (P. flexuosa. Muhl.)

St. compressed, 1— 2f high ; Ivs. of the stem about 2, flat, oblong, lanceo-
late, cuspidate and pungent, lower about 1' long, upper minute, root Ivs. long
and narrow, all erect, keeled and pungent at the point; stip. truncate, lacerate;
sheaths nearly as long as the nodes ; panicle small, racemose at apex, branches
in half-whorls, capillary; spikelets ovate, 3— 4-flowered ; fis. rather obtuse^
webbed ; glumes smooth, upper acute ; 5/?/. doubly plumose, white. — % Middle
and Western States. April. '

6. P. LAXA. Hoenke. TP. alpina. Torr.)

St. cajspitose, 6—8' high ; Ivs. linear, acute, smooth; stip. lanceolate y pan.
1—2' long, contracted, nodding, branches mostly in pairs, smooth, flexuous •
spikelets 2^" long, ovate, 3-flowered ; fis. often purple, acute, hairy,' somewhat
webbed at base ; glume lance-ovate, slightlv scabrous on the keel"; loxcer palea
hairy below, upper rough-edged ; anlh. violet.— '2|. Mountains and woods N
Eng. ! and Mid. States. ■'

7. P. NEMORALis. Wood Spear Grass.

St. slender, 2 — 3f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, pale green, smooth as well as
the sheaths; slip, scarcely any; panick G— 10' long, slender, nodding when in
fruit, branches capillary, flexuous, in 2s or 3s ; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered
the flowers spreading and at length remote, slightly webbed at base —'21 A tall'
rank grass, in wet, open woods, N. Eng. ! and Mid. States. July '

* * FlotL-crsfree, or not webbed at base.

8^ P. ANNUA. Annual Spear Grass.

Sts. decumbent and rooting at the base, smooth, compressed, 3—8' long ;

PoA. CLXI. GRAMINE^. 615

Ivs. lance-linear, short, smooth, carinate, on loose, glabrous sheaths ; slip, oblong,
dentate ; panicle spreading, the branches generally solitary, at length horizontal ;
spikelds ovate-oblong, rather numerous, containing about 5, loose flowers. — 0 A
small, abundant, annual grass, N. Eng. to Ohio, forming a dense, soft and
beautiful turf. May — Sept.

9. P. NERVATA. Willd. (P. striata. Michx. Briza Canadensis. Nutt.) Foul
Meadow. — St. smooth, 3^4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, striate, rough above,

about a foot long, on striate, roughish sheaths ; stip. lacerate ; panicU large,
loose, diffuse, equal, branches weak, pendulous in fruit, long and capillary, in
2s or 3s ; spikelds ovate-oblong, containing about 5, obtuse, conspicuously 7-
veined flowers. — %. A beautiful and valuable grass in wet meadows, N. Eng. to
Mich. June.

10. P. ELONGATA. Tort.

St. round, erect, smooth, 3f high ; Its. narrow-linear, smooth, 8 — 15' long ;
sheaths .striate, smooth ; slip, very short ; panidc (8 — 10') elongated, racemose,
nodding, branches solitary or in 2s, appressed ; spikelds ovate-obtuse, tumid,
containing about 3, obtuse, 5-veined flowers.— "II. Wet meadows N. Eng. to
111. July.

11. P. OBTUSA. Muhl.

St. smooth, firm, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. dark green, linear, often surpassing the
stem, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle dense, ovate, many-flowered, 3 — i'
long ; spikeUts ovate, tumid, thick, containing 5 — 7, smooth, ovate, obtuse flow-
ers ; lower palea 7 veined. — % Swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. Aug., Sept.

12. P. coNPERTA. Ell. (P. glomerata. Walt.)

St. erect, geniculate, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. glabrous, flat, serrulate on the mar-
gin ; -panicles terminal and axillary, 4 — 8'" long, erect, compressed, with the
spikelets densely clustered ; spikekts 8-flowered, glabrous. — % Perm., Schweinitz
(fide Beck), S. to Car.

13. P. MODESTA. Tuckerman.

St. short, geniculate at base, branched, compressed, glabrous ; Ivs. 3 — 4'
by I", rather rigid; sheatlis striate, smoothish; stip. conspicuous, truncate, erose
and* laciniate ; panicle strict, 6 — 9' long, branches solitary, filiform, scabrous ;
spikelets scattered, briefly pedicellate ; glumes unequal, obtuse, erose, glabrous ;
lower jl. larger, sessile," veinless ; caryopsis ovate, fuscous. — Brooksides, Cam-
bridge, Mass. E. T. *-

14. P. Canadensis. Torr. (Briz^ Canadensis. Michx.)

St. round, smooth, erect, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, rough, glaucous,
on smooth sheaths ; stip. lacerate, ovate-obtuse ; panicle large, 6—8' long,
branches flexuous, in half- whorls, much spreading or pendulous in fruit ; spike-
lets short, ovate, tumid, 6 — 8-flowered ; glumes much shorter than the lower
flower ; upper palea very obtuse, lo-icer about 7-veined ; sta. 2. — %. A large and
beautiful grass, in shady grounds. Free States, Can. July, Aug.

15. P. capillaris.

St. much branched at base, smooth, a foot high ; Ivs. linear, attenuated
above, flat, smooth ; sheaths striate, with long hairs about the throat and mar-
gin; stip. short ; panicU very large (near a foot long), with diffusely spreading,
capillary branches, axils smooth ; spikelets ovate, acute, about 3-flowered, on
long pedicels ; palea scabrous.—® Dry grounds, U. S. Aug.

16. P. HiRstJTA. Michx.

St. subsimple, compressed, erect, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, attenuate
at end, surpassing the stem, hairy at base ; sheaths loose, longer than the inter-
nodes, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth ; stip. fringed ; panicle very large,
capillary, branches spreading, reflexed in fruit, hirsute in the axils ; spikelets
oblong, about 5-flowered ; palcce ciliate. — %. Sandy fields. July, Aug.

(i. spectabdis. ( Torr. P. spectabilis. P.) Spikelets linear, 10— 15-flowered
St. taller.

17. P. MARITIMA. Huds.

St. somewhat geniculate, round, about a foot high; Ivs. somewhat glau-
cous rough-edged, involute ; panicle erect, dense, branches in pairs, scabrous ;

616 CLXI. GRAMINEtE. Uniola.

spikekts terete, linear, purplish, about 5-flowered; /s. obtuse, indistinctly 5-
veined. — % Salt marshes, Ms., Bigeloia. June.

18. P. AauATicA. /?. Ajnericana. Torr. (P. aquatica. PA.)

Smooth ; st. stout, leafy, 4 — 5f high ; lis. broad-linear, flat, thin ; panicle
erect, diffuse, branches at length spreading, flexuous, 3 — 5 together, in half
whorls ; spikeLets linear, purple, with 6 — 8 ovate-obtuse flowers. — % Wet mea-
dows, Free States and Can. A very large, handsome poa. Aug.

19. P. DENTATA. Torr.

Smooth ; St. erect, round, 3f high ; /r5. flat, linear, 10 — 16' long, glaucous
beneath ; slip, elongated ; panicle large, loose, few-flowered, branches capillary,
spreading; s^fA'efefo lanceolate, about 5-flowered; lower glume 3-veined; lov:er
palea 5-veined, 5-toothed at the apex when old. — '2|. Swainps, Mass., N. H. ! to
Penn. Not very common. June, July.

20. P. FAscicuLATA. Torr.

Very smooth ; st. firm and leafy, oblique, round, branched at base, 1 — 2f
high ; Ivs. flat, lance-linear ; panicle spreading, bi'anches fasciculate, crowded,
straight ; spikekts oblong, somewhat racemed, sessile, crowded, about 3-flow-
ered; glumes minute, unequal. — % Salt marshes, N. Y.

21. P. PECTiNACEA. Michx. (P. pilosa. MuM: P. tenella. Ph.)

St. csEspitoi5e, oblique, geniculate at base, 8 — 12' high ; Ivs. flat, smooth,
pilose at base, 5-veined, 2 — 4' long ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle large,
loose, capillary, purplish, hairy in the axils, branches subverticillate ; sjnkelets
linear, with 5—9 acute flowers ; vpper palea persistent on the rachis which thus
is made finally to appear pectinate. — 0 In sandy fields, Mid. and S. States.
July, Aug.

22. P. REPTANS.

(j'* 9; ^'- branched, creeping, rooting at the joints, 6 — 12' long; Ivs. subu-
late, flat, 2 — 3' long; sheaths open, pilose on the margin and throat; panicle
1 — 2' long, branches short, simple, in fascicles, few-flowered; spikelets lineai'-
lanceolate, with 12 — 20 acuminate flowers. — (T) Swamps, N. Y. to Ky. ! JL, Aug.

23. P. Eragrostis. CP. obtusa. Nutt. Briza eragrostis. Mnhl.)

St. oblique or decumoent, geniculate, 1 — 2f long; Ivs. lanceolate, attenu-
ate at end, scabrous on the margin and above ; sheaths pilose at the throat ; slip.
short, bearded ; panicle expanding, branches subdivided, flexuous, subpilose in
the axils ; spikekts ovate-oblong, 12 — 20-flowered ; glumes nearly equal. — ® A
beautiful grass, introduced into fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. ! It has a
strong, peculiar odor. Aug. §

42. BRIZA.

Gr. Ppt^u, to nod, or hang down ; alluding to the pendulous spikelets.

Spikelets cordate-ovate. 6 — 9-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the
lower flowers ; palese veutricose, lower one cordate at base, embracing
the upper which is suborbicular and much shorter ; caryopsis beaked.

B. MEDIA.

(S/. naked above, 1 — ^2f high; Ivs. flat, smooth, lance-linear; slip, short,
obtuse ; panicle erect, few-flowered, branches wide-spreading, capillary, pur-
plish, bearing the ovate or cordate, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelets at
the ends, these are about 7-flowered, greenish-purple; pakce veinless. — 7|.Natu-
ralized in the vicinity of Boston, Bigelow. May.

43. UNIOLA.

Lat. uniix, one ; on account of the aggregation of many flowers into one spikelet.

Spikelets compressed, 3 — 20-flowered ; lower flower abortive ;
glumes 2, shorter than the lower flower ; lower paleas boat-shaped at
the end, truncate and mucronate between the lobes, upper subulate,
somewhat bifid; scales emarginate ; caryopsis with 2 horns.

1. Cr. LATiFOLiA. Miclix. Broad-leaved Uniola.

St. 2 — If high, .smooth, subsimple; Ivs. 8—18' by 6 — 12", lance-linear,

Eleusine. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. gj7

glabrous, rough-edged ; sheaths longer than the internodes ; panicle loose, 8—12'
long, nodding; spikckts all on long peduncles, about 10" long, ovate, flat, about
10-tlowered ; ghimcs unequal, near twice shorter than the flowers ; fls. subfal-
cate, 6" long, lower one abortive ; sta. l.~% Dry woods, middle and Western
States. Singularly elegant and showy. Aug.

2. U. GRACILIS. Michx. (Holcus laxus. Linn.)

St. slender, leafy, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, tapering to a slender point,
flat, 12 — 18' long; sheaths shorter than the joints; panicle long, racemose'
branches solitary, short, remote, erect; spi/cekls 3-flowered; fs. spreading!
straight, monand'rous ; glumes rigid, acute. — % Sea coasts, N. Y. to Ga. Au°-.'

3. U. spicATA. (Festuca distachophylla. Michx.)

iS/. smooth, round, branched at base, 1 — 2f high; cauline Ivs. numerous,
3 — 6' long, involute, rigid and acute ; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper
ones hairy at throat ; slip, inconspicuous ; panicle densely spicate, consisting of

short, fasciculate branches with sessile spikelets ; spikelets oblong, 5 9-flower-

ed ; fis. triandrous. — n\. Salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. July.

44. MELICA.
Lat. mel, honey ; the plant to which the name was first applied had a meeet pith.

Panicle simple or compound ; glumes 2, unequal, membranous,
2 — 5-flowered ; fls. a little longer than the glumes, the upper incom-
plete and abortive ; scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis free, not
furrowed.

M. GLABRA. Walt. (M. speciosa. Muhl.)

St. 3 — 4f high, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath ; stip. lace-
rate ; paiikle glabrous, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding, branches
simple, solitary ; spikelets 6 — 8" long ; lower glume shorter, very smooth : palea
veined ; upper ^. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of very short, roundish paleae. —
1\ Mountains, Penn. to Car.

45. DACTYL IS.

Gr. ^affriiXoj, a finger; from the form of the spikes.

Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3 — 5-flowered ; glumes unequal,
the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers ; paleae subequal,
lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucro-
nate, upper bifid at apes ; scales dentate.

D. GLOME.RATA. Orchard Grass.

St. roughish,2 — 4f high ; Irs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous,
glaucous ; sheaths striate ; stip. lacerate ; panicle remotely branched, rather
secund ; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal
clusters ; glumes very unequal ; anth. large, yellow. — % A fine, well known
grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June.

Tribe 8. CHLORE^. — Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, few-flow-
ered, the terminal flower often abortive. Glumes carinate, not opposite.
Upper palea with two keels.

46. ELEUSlNE.

From Elensis, where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, wa.s worshiped.

Spikes digitate, unilateral ; spikelets 5 — 7-flowered ; glumes obtuse,
unequal, lower one smaller ; paleae unequal, upper one bifid toothed ;
scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis triangular, ovate, enclosed in a
separate membrane or perigynium.

E. Indica. Wire Grass.

St. oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12 — 16' long ;
lis. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheaths hairy at the throat;
spikes 2 — 4, rarely more or less, linear, straight, divaricate, 2— -4' long ; spikelets

618 CLXL GRAMINEjE. Atheropogon,

closely imbricate, smooth; upper glume 5- veined; fr. dark brown. — (I) Common
about houses, foot-paths, &c., Mid. and W. States. Aug.

47. CYNODON. Rich.
<rf. KVbyv, adog, o^oj, tooth; alluding to the singular, one-sided spikelefs.

Spikes digitate or fasciculate ; spikelets unilateral, in a single row ;
glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; 9 upper
palea bifid-toothed ; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of the
upper palea ; scales truncate.

C. Dactylon. Pers. (Digitaria. Ell. Panicum. Linn.) Berjnuda Grass.
Rt. creeping extensively ; st. creeping, stoloniferous at base, 1 — 2f long ;
Ivs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear ; sheaths hairy ;
spikes 4—5, digitate, spreading, 2 — 3' long, serrated with the uneven spikelets;
gluTTKS scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute; paUce subequal, the lower
broader, enfolding the upper. — % A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard soils,
Penn. to Ga.

48. GYMNOPOGON. Palis.
GV. yoiivoi, naked, Trcoycji', beard ; alluding to the long awa of the palea.

Spikes setaceous, paniculate ; glumes 2, keeled, subequal, the
lower with a straight awn from a little below the tip ; rudiment aris-
tiform.

G. RACEMosuM. Palis. (Anthropogon lepturoides. Nutt.)
St. ascending, 18 — 24' high, with short internodes ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
1 — 2' by 4 — 8", glabrous, flat, .spreading, in 2 rows ; sheaths hairy at the throat;
slip, obsolete ; panicle large, pyramidal, branches simple, rigid, verticillate,
spreading, 3 — 5' long ; spikelets sessile, appressed ; glumes linear, pungent ;
lower palea with an awn at its back 3 — 4 times its length, upper bifid. — %
Sandy fields, N. J. to Ga. Aug.

49. SPARTlNA.
Spikelets imbricated in a double row in unilateral, paniculate
spikes ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed ; pale.'B 2, subequal, com-
pressed, awnless ; style long, bifid.

1. S. CYNOsuHolDEs. WiUd. (Limnetis. Pers.)

St. slender, smooth, 3 — 5f high ; Ivs. 2 — 3f long, sublinear, convolute and
filiform at the end ; sheatJis striate, glabrous ; panicle loose, slender, composed
of 20 or more alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2 — 3' long ; spikelets
arranged on 2 sides of a triangular rachis ; glumes acuminate, one of them
with a short awn ; pakiv white and awnless. — % Marshes, Free States and
Can. A coarse, sedge-like grass. Aug.

2. S. JDNCEA. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.)

Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, round, smooth, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs.
convolute at the edges, spreading, in 2 rows ; spikes 3 — 5 ; ped. smooth ; rachis
compressed ; lawer glm/ie 3 times as long as the upper ; palea; obtuse, lower one
shorter; sty. 2. — 1\. Marshes and river banks, Free States and Can. Jl., Aug.

3. S. GLABRA. Muhl.

St. smooth, succulent, terete, 3 — 5f high; Ivs. concave, erect, about 2f
long, J' wide at base, tapering to a long acumination ; spikes 10 — 15, erect and
appressed, alternate and sessile upon a triangular rachis; spikelets in a dense,
double row. — % Marshes, Indiana ! Aug., Sept.

50. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl.

Gr. a^rip, chaff, nbiyoiv, beard; a characteristic term.

Spikes in a thin, simple raceme ; glumes 2, membranaceous, 2-
flowered, lower one setiform ; 5 paleae 2, lower one 3-toothed or 3-
bristled, upper bifid ; abortive flower pedicellate, palea3 2 — 3-bristled.

Secale. CLXI. GR amines. 619

A. APLULOIDES. Muhl.

St. 1 — 2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete ; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, smoothish beneath, pilose above ; slip, short, truncate ; spikes 4 — 6" long,
20—40, on short, flat peduncles, thinly arranged in 2 opposite rows, each with
4 — 8 spikelets ; spikelets 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on the under side of the
flat, partial rachis ; glumes unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering
to the rachis ; anth. 3, bright red ; fr. oblong ; abortive fi. pedicellate, empty. —
%. Middle and Western States. Guilford, Conn., Robbitis!

Tribe 9. HORDE J3. — Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or
several together, one, few or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and
opposite, rarely unequal and alternate. Lower palea awned or awnless, up-
per one with 2 keels.

51. TRITICUM.

Lat. trituin, rubbed or ground ; alluding to the manner of its preparation for food.

Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis,
about 5-flowered, with the upper flowers abortive ; glumes 2, equal,
opposite, ovate, concave, mucronate ; paleae 2, lower awned or mucro-
nate ; scales 2, collateral.

1. T. SATIVUM. /?. hybernum. Winter Wheat.

St. round, smooth, the internodes somewhat inflated, 3 — 5f high ; Ivs.
lance-linear, veined, roughish above ; slip, truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat
4-sided ; spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-fiowered ; glumes ventricose ;
awns of the upper paka generally longer than the flowers. — (j) and (g) This is
without doubt the most valuable plant of the order ; is universally cultivated,
and may be regarded as naturalized. Many varieties are known to farmers,
of which the most important are

y. astivuvi. Summer Wheat. Glumes always awned. — (J)

6. compositum. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound ; spikelets awned.

2. T. REPENs. (Agropyron. Palis.)

St. trailing at the lower joints, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough
above and somewhat hairy ; slip, short, truncate ; spike compressed, about 3' in
length ; spikelets remote, alternate, lance-oblong, 5 — 6-flowered ; glumes lanceo-
late, 5-veincd, acuminate. — TJ. A vile weed, in fields and gardens, extremely
dilficult to eradicate. June — Aug. ^

3. T. CANiNUM. R. & S. Dog's Couch Grass.

St. 2 — 3f high, erect or oblique; Ivs. flat, smooth; slip, almost wanting;
spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes 3-veined, and with the outer palea, terminat-
ing in a straight, scabrous bristle, longer than the flowers. — Delaware, Muhleri-
berg. Probably ^.

4. T. CRisTATUM. Schreb. (Bromus cristatus. Linn.)

St. erect, glabrous ; spike oblong, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows, about
5-flowered, smoothish, spreading ; palece subulate-awned. — Penn. Schweinitz
(Beck, bot., p. 416).

52. SECALE.
Celtic scgal. from seg'a, a sickle.

Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 — 3-flowered, the 2
lower flowers fertile, sessile, opposite, the upper one abortive ; glumes
subulate, opposite, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea with a very
long awn, upper often bifid at apex ; scales abortive, hairy.

5. Cereale. Rvc.

St. hairy beneath the spike, 4 — 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged
and rough above, glaucous ; spike about 5' long, linear, compressed ; palea
smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin ; awns scabrous-ciliate, long,
straight, erect. — (T) or @ The native country of this highly valuable grain is
unknown. It has long been cultivated, and like the wheat, may be considered
naturalized. .Tunc, Julv.

6-20 CLXI. GRAMINEiE. Elymus.

53. HORDEUM.
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1 -flowered, the lateral ones
sometimes abortive ; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned ; paleos
2, lower lance-ovate, long-awned, upper obtusely acuminate ; caryop-
sis adhering to the palese.

1. H. VULGARE. Barley.

St. smooth, 2 — 3f high; lis. lance-linear, carinate, nearly smooth; sheaJM
auriculate at the throat ; spike thick, about 3' long ; spikelets all fertile, l-flower-
ed, with an a^vn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea ; glumes collateral,
shorter than the flowers ; //■. arranged in 4 rows. — (J) Extensively ultivated.
May. ^

2. H. DisTiCHCM. Tivo-ro'wed Barley.

St. 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, scabrous above; sheaths auriculate at
the throat ; spike 3—4' long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awn-
less ; fr. arranged in 2 rows. — 0 More common, and is generally preferred for
malting to the former species. June. §

3. H. JUBATUM. Squirrel-tail Grass.

St. slender, round, smooth, simple, about 2f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, 4 — 6'
long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths; spikes 2 — 3' long;
spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter ; glumes and palcoi produced into fine,
smooth awns, G times as long as the flowers; abortive flowers on short pedicels. —
(D Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to Subarc. Am. June.

4. H. PUSILLUM. Nutt.

St. A — 6' high, decumbent or geniculate at the base; Ivs. about 1§' long,
rather obtuse, glaucous, striate ; upper sheath tumid, embracing the spike ; spilce
linear, about \h' long; glumes by 3s, collateral, imbricated, lateral; abortive /s.
awnless ; avm of the central sessile, <^ as long as those of the involucre ; glumes
all awned, the inner setaceous from the base ; atvns 1' or more long. — Ohio ! to
111. and Mo.

54. L O L I U M.

Celtic loloa; a name applied to one of the species.

Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the ra-
chis ; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2 ; pa-
leas herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-awned or mucronate, upper
bifid-toothed.

1. L. PERENNE. Darnel Grass.

Smooth ; st. terete, 1 — 2f high ; lis. lance-linear, shining-green, on striate
sheaths with truncate stipules; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 — 6' long; spikelets
about IG, longer than the 'glumes, 7 — 9-flowered, alternate, in two opposite
rows; lower palea 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent, rough keels. — 7|. Natu-
ralized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May, June.

2. L. TEMULENTUM. PoisoTioHs Damcl.

St. terete, smooth, 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rou.^-edged, and with the
sheaths, smooth on the surface ; slip, truncate ; rachis flexuous, 4 — 6' long ;
spikelets much compressed, 5 — 7-flowered, longer than the glumes ; lower palea
5-veined, produced into an awn twice its length. — (I) Remarkably distinguished
from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. N. Eng. to Penn. July.

55. E L Y M U S.

Gr. t\vii3, to fold up; the spike is enveloped in the sheaths in some of the species.

Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 — 6-flowered ;
glumes 2, collateral, subequal, subulate ; palea; lanceolate, lower one
entire, mucronate or awned ; scales ciliate.

1. E. ViRGiNicus. Lime Grass. Wild Rye.

St. erect, smooth, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green,
k' broad; slwatlis veined; stip. very short ; spike erect, thick, 3 — 5' long; spike-

Andropogon. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. 621

lets in pairs about 3-flowered ; glumes both in front, lance-linear, slightly con-
nate at base, produced into a scabrous awn ; fls. smooth ; Imoer falea awned. —
1( Banks of streams, N. Eng. to III, S. to Va. Aug.

2. E. Canadensis. (E. glaucifolius. W'tUd!)

St. erect, smooth, stout, 3 — 5f high ; Irs. lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark
green or often glaucous ; spike rather spreading, 4 — 8' long, generally nodding
at the summit ; rachis hairv ; spikekts 2 — 5-flowered ; glumes 5— 7- veined, short-
awned, hairy; lower palea' hairy, awned.— TJ. A tall, showy grass, with long,
reciurved, waving spikes. River banks, &c., Free States and Brit. Am. Aug.

3. E. vii.LOSus. Muhl. Eye Grass.

St. slender, striate, smooth, 2— 3f high ; Ivs. rough-edged, pubescent above,
i' broad; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones; spike 2^ — 3^' long, a little
nodding and spreading; rachis and flowers hispid, pilose ; spikelets 1 — 3-flowered ;
glumes linear; lower palea with a long, straight awn.— "il- Dry grounds, Free
States. July.

4. E. Hystrix. Hedgehog Grass.

St. round, smooth, 2— 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, scabrous, gene-
rally glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spike 4—6' long, erect; rachis
nearly smooth, flexuous ; spikelets remote, diverging, almost horizontal, 2—3-
flowered ; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; fls. smoothish ; lo-wer palea terminating in a
very long awn. — %. An odd-looking grass, in moist woods, Free States, common.
July.

5. E. STRIATUS. Willd. Striated Lime Grass.

St. slender, erect, 8—12' high ; Ivs. and slieatlis smooth, the former lance-
linear, acuminate, scabrous on the upper surface; spike erect, 2 — 3' long; invol.
4-leaved, strongly veined, 2-flowered, one flower commonly abortive ; spikelets
in pairs, somewhat .spreading, hispid, each 2-flowered; awns 3 or 4 times as
long as the paleee.— 4]- Mass., Bigetow, to Peun., W. to Ohio, rare. A small
and slender .species. July.

Tribe 10. ANDROPOGONE^.— Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spike-
lets generally in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate
and imperfect. Glumes of stouter texture than the paleae. Paleae delicate
and membranaceous, the lower commonly awned.
56. ANDROPOGON.

Gr. avSpoi, of a man, n-coywv, beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers.

Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plu-
mosely bearded pedicel, upper one 1 -flowered, perfect ; glumes sub-
coriaceous, awnless ; paleae shorter than the glumes, one generally
awned.

1. A. FURclTcs. Muhl. Forked Spike.

St. semiterete above, 4— 7f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical
ones very long ; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s — 5s, 3—5' long, purple ;
spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, J* with 2 paleae, awnless,
perfect one with 2 unequal glumes ; loiver patea bifid, awned between the divi-
sions.— %. Meadows and low grounds. Free States and Can. Aug.

2. A. SC0P.4.RIUS. Michs. (A. purpurascens. Miihl.) Broom Grass.

St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches
fasciculate, erect; to. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous ; 5^ite sim-
ple, lateral and terminal, on long peduncles, 2— 3 from each sheath, purple;
spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 paleae, awned.— 7|. Woods,
U. S. Aug.

3. A. VlRGINlCUS.

Cffispitose ; st. subcompressed, 3f high, branches few and short, halt con-
cealed ; Ivs. linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy ;
sheaths smooth ; spikes short, in slender, half concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, late-
ral and terminal ; abortive spikelet a mere pedicel, without paleae ; 0 monan-
drous, with a straight awn.— Ij. Swamps, meadows, &c., N. Eng. to Ky. Sept.

622 CLXI. GRAMINE^. Zizanu.

4. A. MACR0URU3. Michx. Indian Grass.

St. sulcate on one side, much branched above, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. linear,
rough, lower ones very long, upper ones erect; sheaths hairy; spikes conjugate,
1 — 1' long, in dense lateral and terminal, fastigiate panicles, partly concealed;
abortiie spikelet without palese; ^ monandrous, with a straight awn. — n\.
Swamps, Mid. States to Car. Sept.

5. A. NUTANS. Beard Grass.

Glabrous; st. terete, simple, 3 — 5f high; Ivs. glaucous, lance-linear,
rough, J' broad; panicle oblong, branched, nodding, 6 — 10' long; aiortive spike-
let witliout palece ; glumes of the ^ hairy, ferruginous, shining; awn contorted.
—%. Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Oct.

57. SORGHUM.

Formed from sorghi ; the Asiatic name of one of tiie species.

Spikelets in 2s or 3s, abortive ones pedicellate, awnless, with 2
palese, the perfect, sessile, 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleue 3,
the upper one awned.

1. S. SACCHARATUM. Broovi Com. — S'^ thick, solid with pith, 6 — lOf high ;
Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base; paimle large, diffuse, with long,
verticillate, at length nodding branches; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, per-
sistent.— 0 From the E. Indies. The uses of this fine, cultivated plant are
doubtless well known to our readers. ^

2. S. vuLGARE. Indian Millet. — St. erect, round, solid with pith, 6 — lOf high ;
Ivs. carinate, lanceolate; panicle compact, oval, erect until mature; fls. pubes-
cent ; palea caducous ; //•. naked. — (I) From the E. Indies. Rarely cultivated
as a cmriosity, or for the seed as food tor poultry. -^

Tribk 11. ORYZE^. — Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets, solitary,
1 — 3-flowered. Flowers perfect or diclinous. Stamens 1 — 6.

58. LEER SI A.

In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed ; glumes 0 ; palese 2, compressed,
carinate, awnless ; scales 2, membranaceous.

1. L. oryzoIdes. Swartz. Cut Grass.

St. retrorsely scabrous, 3 — 5f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, the margin
very rough backwards ; slicaths also very rough with retrorse prickles ; panicle
much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base ; spikelets spreading; palea ciliate
on the keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta. 3. — % A very rough grass, com-
mon in swamps, by streams, &c., U. S. and Can. Aug.

2. L. ViRGiNiCA. Willd. WMtc Grass.

St. slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 — 3f long, nodes
retrorsely hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish ; sheaths roughish backwards,
striate ; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse ; fls.
pedicellate, in short, appre.ssed, flexuous racemes; lower palea boat-shaped, mu-
cronate ; sta. 1—2.—%. Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug.

3. L. LENTicuLARis. Michx. Catch-fy Grass.

St. erect, 2 — 4f high ; panicle erect ; fls. large, roundi.sh, imbricated ; sta.
2 ; palecE with the keel and veins ciliate. — %. Wet places, Ohio, Frank, Ct.,
Eaton.

59. ZIZANIA.

S Glumes 0; spikelets 1 -flowered ; paleas 2, herbaceous, c? Palege
subequal, awnless ; stamens 6. 9 Spikelets subulate ; paleae un-
equal, linear, lower one with a straight awn ; styles 2 ; caryopsis
enveloped in the plicate palege.

1. Z. AauATicA. Lamb. (Z. clavulosa. Michx.) ' Indian Rice.
_ St. i' in diameter, fistular, smooth, 6f high; Ivs. lance-linear, 2— 3f long,
an inch wide, smooth, serrulate; panicle a. foot or more long, pyramidal, the

Zea. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. 623

lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile ; spikelets on
clavate pedicels ; mons long, hispid ; fr. slender, |' long, blackish, deciduous,
farinaceous.— Tj. Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The
fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other
yater fowls. Aug.

2. Z. MiLiACEA. Michx.

St. erect, 6 — lOf high ; Ivs. very long, narrow, glaucous ; panicle terminal,
large, diffuse, pyramidal; gliivics^nih short awns; (J' anA 9 y?5. intermixed ;
sty. 1 ; fr. ovate, glabrous. — 'ij. Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio, growing in water. Aug.

3. Z.l FLUiTANs. Michx. (Hydrocochloa. Palis. Hydropyrum. Kunth.)
St. long, slender, branching, floating in the water ; Ivs. linear, flat ; spike

solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered; palecu awnless; stig. 2, very
long; Jr. reniform. — 1[. Can. and N. States^ July.

60. LEPTURUS. R. Br.

Gr. \fKTOi, slender, otipa, tail ; from the long, slender, cj'lindrical spike.

Flowers c? $ 9, spicate ; rachis filiform, jointed, joints with one
spikelet ; glumes 1 or 2, rigid, connate with the rachis, simple or
2-parted.

L. PANICULATUS. Nutt.

St. scarcely If high, compressed ; Ivs. short, rigid, sheathing the base of
the panicle ; panicle or naked rachis incurved, acutely triangular, rigid, bearing
6 — 10 compressed, subulate spikes on one side, each 1 — 2' long ; spikelets re-
mote, on one side the rachis ; glumes rigidly fLxed, unequal, parallel ; palece 2,
the outer of the same texture as the glumes, inner membranaceous. — 111., Mead,
Mo., Nuttall.

61. TRIPSACUM.

Gt. rpilSa, to grind ; application not obvious.

§ Spikes digitate ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleae 2, membrana-
ceous. J* Spikelets 2-flowered, outer flower starainate, inner neuter.
9 Spikelets 3-flowered, the 2 lateral flowers abortive ; outer glume
enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the rachis, with an aperture each
side at base.

T. DACTYLoiDES. Scsame Grass.

St. slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4 — 6f
high ; Ivs. near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish
above ; spikes 5 — 8' long, usually 2 — 3 together, digitate, terminal, (^ flowers
above, 9 below, without awns. — % River banks and sea shores. Mid., W. and
S. States. A large, coarse and very singular grass. Jl.

/?. monostackyon. Spike single.

62. ZEA.

Gr. faw, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life.

,? . — c? in terminal, paniculate racemes ; spikelets 2-flowered ;
glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal ; palese membranaceous,
awnless. obtuse. 9 lateral, axillary, on a spadis enclosed in a spathe
of numerous bracts ; spikelets 2-flowered, one flower abortive ;
glumes 2, very obtuse; paleos awnless; style 1, filiform, very long,
pendulous ; caryopsis compressed.

Z. Mays. Maize. Indian Corn.

Rt. fibrous; st. erect, 5 — lOf (in some varieties 15 — 20f) high, channeled
on one side, leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, entire, 2 — 3f long. — 0 The varieties of
this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native
of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on
both continents, and how important it is to man, it is unnecessary here to
state. Jl. §

63

SECOND GRAND DIVISION,
CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, without spiral vessels, des-
titute of true flowers, and producing spores
instead of seeds.

CL.ASS V. ACROGENS.

Flowerless plants with a proper stem or axis, often with a vascu-
lar system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furnished with
leaves. G-rowth by the extension of the apex, without subsequent
increase in diameter. Spores with a proper integument, and con-
tained in a vessel analogous to an ovary, called theca or sporangium.

Order CLXII. EQUISETACE^.— Horsetails.

Plant leafless, simple or with verticillate branches.

Stem striate-sulcate, jointed, fistiilar between, and separable at, the joints.

Sheaths dentate, crowning the summit of each internode.

Inflorescence (by analogy) a dense, cylindric, terminal spike or strobile.

Scales of the strobile peltate, he.\agonal, subverticillate.

Thecce 4—7, attached to the under .surface of the scales, with lateral dehiscence.

Spores numerous, globose, surrounded by minute granules. [mantier.

Elaters, bodies of unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavate filaments involving the spores in a spiral

An order consisting at present of a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders
of woods, throughout most countries. The Equiselacese abound in the fossil remains of coal measures
with other Cryptogamia, as Lycopodiacea; and Filices, indicating that these plants were once of gigantic
dimensions, and Ibrmed a large part of the original Hora of our globe. Species about 10.

Properties.— They abound in sile.x, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, &c., in polish-
ing their work.

EaUISETUM.

Lat. efiuus, a horse, seta, hair; perhaps alluding to the general resemblance.

Character the same as that of the order.

1. E. HYEMALE. Scovring Rush.

Sts. all .simple, erect, very rough, each bearing a terminal, ovoid spike ;
sheath cinerous white, black at the base and summit, short, with subulate,
awned and deciduous teeth. — Very noticeable in wet, shady grounds, and by
brooksides. Stems aboiit 2f high, often 2 or more united at base from the same
root. Sheaths 2—3" long. 1 — 2h' apart, the white ring much broader than the
black, at length entire from the falling off of the teeth. The roughness of the
cuticle is owing to the silex in its composition. June.

2. E. ARVENSE. Pitid Horsetail.

Fertik sts. erect, simple, sterile with simple, quadrangular branches, de-
cumbent at base.— Low grounds. Free States and Brit. Am. Fertile .stems first
appearing, 6— S' high, v/ith 3—5 joints surmounted by large, inflated sheaths cut
into long, dark brown teeth. Spike oblong, i— 2' long. Sterile stems rather
taller than the_ fertile, remaining through the season, after these have decayed.
At each joint is a whorl of simple, rough, ascending branches, issuing from' the
ba.se of the sheaths, their joints also sheathed. April.

3. E. sYLVATicuM. Wuod Horsetail.

Sterile and fertile .sts. with compound, rough, deflexed, angular branches.—
U-rows in woods and low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems 9—10'

LYCoroDiuM. CLXlil. LYCOPODlACEiE. 625

high ; the fertile with 4 — 5 Avhorls of branches from the base of the sheaths
which are 2 — 3' apart, and cleft into several large, tawny red teeth or segments ;
the sterile taller and more slender, Avith more numerous whorls of branches.
The branches are all subdivided and curved downwards. Spike oval-cylindric,
pedicellate. May.

4. E. VARiEGATUM. Smith. (E. scorpoides. Mx.)

Csespitose; sts. branching at base, filiform, scabrous; spike blackish;
sheaths 3-toothed, blackish, teeth membranaceous, whitish, deciduous at the
tips. — Hilly woods. Free States and Brit. Am. Stems numerous, 3 — 6' long, 6-
furrowed (5-furrowed. Beck), sheaths very short, 1 — 2' apart. Spikes small,
ovoid, terminal. Not common. July.

5. E. LiMosuM. (E. uliginosum. Willd.) Pipes.

Sts. somewhat branched, erect, striate-sulcate ; bi-anclws from the middle
joints, simple, short, 5-sided, smooth; spike oblong-ovoid; sheaths appressed. —
Borders of ponds and swamps, frequent. Stems 2— 3f high, slender, rarely sim-
ple, generally with 2 — 6 whorls of branches about the middle. Branches very
in-egular in length and position. Sheaths 3 — 4" long, white at the summit, tipped
with as many black, subulate teeth as there are furrows (15—20). This spe-
cies is greedily devoured by cattle. July.

6. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Horsetail.

Sts. branched, smooth, sulcate ; branches simple, pentagonal, curved up-
wards; sAra^/t somewhat appressed, remote, 10-toothed at the apex; spike oblong,
dark brown. — Marshes, common. Stems 1 — 2f high, deeply furrowed. Branches
short and like the other species produced in whorls from the bases of the sheaths,
at first horizontal, finally bending to an upright position. Spike an inch long.
May, June.

Order CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^.— Club Mosses.

Ste.ms creeping or erect, branching, rarely simple, abounding in ducts.
Leaves smaM numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved.
Inflorescence axillary, or crowded into a sort ofament or spike.

r^« oftwo kinds in the same plant, sessde, 1, often 2-celled • . • ■ fpowder.

Bpores few, rather large in some ot the theca;, other thecai contaming minute grains, appearing hke hne
T ike the Eauisetacefe, these plants appear to have been very abundant in the first ages of the world,
nriH to have atta'ined a gigantic size, though at present but a few feet m length. Properties unimportant.
Some are emetic. The powder contained in the thecae is highly inflammable, and is used in the manu-
facture of fire- works. Genera 5, species 200.

Genera.

Leaves cauline, on erect or creeping stems. Lympodium. I

Leaves or fronds ratUcal, long, luiear-aubulate Isoetis. 2

1. LYCOPODIUM.

dr. 'Xvnoi, a woU^ ttovs, a foot ; from some fancied resemblance.

Thecse axillary, sessile, 1-celled, some of them 2-valved, filled with
minute, farinaceous grains, others 3-valved, containing several larger

globular spores.

* Inflorescence in pedimculate spikes.

1 L. CLAVATUM. (L. tristachium.- Nutt.) Common Club Moss.

St. creeping ; branches ascending ; Ivs. scattered, incurved, capillaceous-
acuminate ; spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylindrical, pedunculate ; brads of the
spike ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate.— A well known evergreen, traihng
upon the ground in shady pastures and woods, common. Stem and branches
clothed with numerous linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate,
and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes perfectly straight, parallel, erect,
and upon an erect peduncle. Jidy.

2 L. COMPLANATUM. Ground Pine.

St trailing ; branches dichotomous ; Ivs. 4-ranked, unequal, the margmal
ones connate, diverging at apex, the superficial ones solitary, appressed; ped.
elongated, supporting 4—6, cylindric spikes.— A trailing evergreen, common m
woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves,
often lOf in length. Branches numerouslv subdivided, compressed, somewhat
resembling the branchlets of the cedar. Leaves minute, very acute. July.

626 CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^. Lycopodium.

3. L. Carolinianum.

St. creeping ; Ivs. somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, entire ; ped.
erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike ; bracts sublanceolate, entire. —
In muddy grounds. Both the stem and its branches are pro.strale,with erect,
slender peduncles 3 — 6' high. July.

4. L. .'3ABiN.EroLiuM. Willd. (L. alpinum. Mx.)

St. elongated, creeping ; branches erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate
divisions ; Ivs. imbricated on all sides, erect, terete-subulate, aristate-acuminate ;
spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy summits of the branches,
cylindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. — White Mts. ; extensively
creeping among the rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches, a few of the
divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. July.

* * Spikes sessile f Leaves surrounding the stem.

5. L. DENDROiDEUM. Mictix. T'ree Club Moss.

St. erect ; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect ; Ivs. Hnear-
lanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spreading; spikes numerous, solitary. — An elegant
little plant, common in woods, readily distinguished by its upright, tree-like
form. Plant about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. These are
subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent
a spiral arrangement. Spikes 2 — 6, an inch long. July.

/? obscuruni. Torr. (L. obscurum. L.) Branches spreading; spike mostly
solitary.

6. L. RUPESTRE. Rock Club Moss.

St. creeping ; branches ascending, subdivided ; Ivs. scattered, imbricate,
linear-lanceolate, capillaceous-acuminate, ciliate ; spike solitary, quadrangular.
— A very small species, creeping on rocks, &c. Stem a few inches in length,
with numerous branches, which are i — 1' long, clothed with grayish-green
leaves. Spike *' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation of the branch. Jl.

7. L. ALOPECURoiDES. Fox-tail Club Moss.

St. creeping, subramose; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a
single sessile spike at top ; Ivs. linear-subulate, ciliate-dentate at base, spread-
ing ; spike leafy. — Swamps. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6 — 8' high,
rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 — 2' long,
very "leafy. Aug.

8. L. ANNOTiNCM. Interrupted Club Moss.

St. creeping ; branches twice dichotomous, ascending ; Ivs. in 5 rows,
linear-lanceolate, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip ; spike oblong,
solitary. — In mountain woods, not common. Branches subdivided near their
base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 6 — 8' high. Leaves at length reflexed at
end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in length, distinct from the branches, Jl.

9. L. INUNDATUM. Marsh Club Moss.

St. creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a
single leafy spike at top ; Ivs. linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved upwards. —
In .swamps, Mass., N. Y., Can., &c. Spikes J — 1' long, at the summit of
branches which are 5 — 7' long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of
the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem
leaves which are 1 — 2" long. July.

10. L. sELAGiNoiDES. Savin-lcavcd Club Moss.

St. filiform, creeping ; branches nearly erect, the flowering ones .simple ;
hs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-denticulate ; spike solitary,
leafy. — In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish-green, about f
long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are
about a line in length. Branches 3 — 6' high, the sterile ones much divided. Jl.
* * Spikes sessile, -f -f Leaves 2-ranked.

11. L. ap5dum. (L. albidulum. Muhl.)

St. branching, prostrate and rooting near the base ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate,
acute, membranaceous, alternate, amplexicaul, in 2 rows, with minute, acumi-
nate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes subsolitary. — A

CLXIV. FILICES. 637

small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades, U. S., not common.
Stem a few inclies long, filiform. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes
leafy, scarcely distinguishable Irom the branches. July, Aug.
* * * Spikes indhtinguishablc from the branches.

12. L. LUciDULUM. Michx. Shining Club Moss.

St. ascending, dichotoraously divided ; Ivs. in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, den-
ticulate, shining, spreadmg, or a "little reflexed; th£ccB in the axils of leaves not
changed nor crowded into a spike.— In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage
of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the
genus. Stems 8—16' long, nearly erect. Leaves 3—5" long, distmctly
serrate. Thecse hemispherical or reniform, in the axils of the leaves near the
top of the stem. Jl.

13. L. SELAGO. (L. recurvum. WiUd.) Fir Chd> Moss.

St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately branched ; Ivs. scattered, imbri-
cate, lance-linear, entire, rigid and pungent, but awnless.— A smaller species
than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. Stems 4—8' high,
densely clothed with stifi", shining, spreading leaves arranged somewhat in 8
rows and 2 — 3" in length. Thecse axillary. Aug.
ISOETES.
Gr. laos, equal, eroi, the year ; from its being evergreen.

Thecse membranaceous, oblong, cordate, 1 -celled, immersed in the
dilated base of the frond; spores subglobose, slightly angular,
attached to numerous filiform receptacles.

I. LACusTRis 1 (I. riparia. Engelman.) Quill-wort.

Leaves csespitose, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. — A
curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N. Eng!
and Mid. States, often wholly submersed ! Leaves or Ironds numerous, tufted and
simple, 3—10' long, somewhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided both
by longitudinal and transverse partitions. Thecse whitish, imbedded in cor-
responding cavities in the bases of the fronds, traversed within by many threads
to which the numerous, small, white, granular .spores are attached. Aug. — Our
plant differs slightly from the European (with which I have compared it), but 1
think not specifically.

Order CLXIV. FILICES.— Ferns.

gjewi a perennial, creeping, horizontal rhizoma, or sometimes erect and arborescent. . . [nation.

Fronds (fruit-bearing leaves) variously divided, rarely entire, with forked vems, mostly circmate m vet-
Infiorescence occupyiiiff the back or margin of the fronds (leaves) arising from the veins.
Theca or sporangia ofone kind only in the same plant, 1-celled, dehiscing irregularly.
Son, somewhat regular collections of theca;; or the theca! are isolated and scattered. , .. <• ,

JndvMum, a scale investing each sonis ; or the sori are covered with the revolute margin of the trona,
or they are naked.

Genera 192, species 2040. A large and interesting order of flowerless plants, distinguished for their ele-
gant plume-like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some ot the tropical spe-
cies, as the Cyathea; of both Indies, are 15—25 feet high, vieing with the pahns in size and beauty.

Prraer^fes.— Generally mucilaginous and mildly astringent, hence considered pectoral. Aspidiumand
Pteris are anthelmintic. Osmunda regalis has been successfully admmistered tor the rickets.

Observation.— The fructification of the ferns, with its various appendages, is too minute to be well
observed by the naked eve ; but an examination of it with the aid of a good lens, cannot taU to be inter-
estine and satisfactory, "in regard to the localities of the ferns, it should heie be remarked, that the spe-
cies respectively are more generaUy disseminated throughout the States represented by this flora, and
also British America, than are the species of the Pha-nogamia. They are, however, tar more common
in the hard, mountainous or rocky soils of the East than in the fertile regions ot the ^V est. It seems,
therefore, unnecessary to malce particular mention of the geographical range of the more common species.
Conspectus of the Genera.
* Fertile leaflets or fronds contracted into the form of a panicle or spike.

(Stipes 4 angular Omclea. 11

( the fert. fronds < smoothish, \ deeply grooved within. Strutliiopteris. 12

< distinct. . . ( Stipes clothed with reddish wool . Osnnmda. 13

("Fronds ma- ^divided,? each one partly fertile <^nunda. 13

ny, radical, ( entire and narrowly hnear kchizOM. 15

fern 1 S entire. Scape spicate Ophwglqssmn. 16

erect. I Frond solitary, on a scape, < divided. Scape paniculate Botrychtrimi. 17

Fem climbing, stem long and slender LygoaiU7n. 11

53*

628 CLXIV. FILICES. Aspidium.

* * Fronds sometimes contracted, but never paniculate or spicate.

(of 1 scale, opening outwardly. . Aspidium. 2

\ of 2 scales, 1 of thera marginal. . Dicksonia. 10

5 superficial, (ofseveral scales, opening inwardly. Cheilantliea. 8

fSori round C Indusium { beneath the sorus, fimbriate Woudsia. 4

I or roundish. I Indusium 0 Polypodivm. 1

i Uransverse,on the veinlets. . . Asplemum. 3

Frond pin- 1 Inot marginal, (parallel with the midvein. . . Woodwardia. 5

Date, &c. ISorilinearoroblong, ; closely marginal, continuous Fteris. 7

J apex long-acuminate, striking root in the ground. .... Asplemum. 3

Prondentire,< apex acute, not rooting. Son hnear, scattered Scolopendnum. 6

Frond pedate, on a black, polished, bifurcate stipe Adiantum. 9

Thibe 1. POLiYPODIACE.aE.— Thecse furnished with a vertical, jointed,
elastic, and usually incomplete ring, and bursting transversely and irregu-
larly.

1. POLYPODIUM.

Gr. iro\vi, many, Jrotjj, foot; from the multitude of its roots.

Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the under surface of
the frond ; indusium none.

1. P. iNCANUM. Pursh. (P. ceteraccinum. Mx. Acrostichum polypodoi-
des. Linn.) — Fronds deeply pinnatifid; segvients alternate, linear, very

entire, obtuse, scaly beneath, the upper ones gradually smaller; stipe scaly,
bearing the fertile segments near the apex; swi solitary and distinct. — A para-
sitic fern, 3 — 6' high, growing on the inclined, moss-clad trunks of living trees,
particularly of the huge sycamores, to the height of 10 — 20 feet. In the damp
forests along rivers, Western States ! and also Southern.

2. P. vuLGARE. (P. Virginianum. Willd.) Common Polypod.

Frond deeply pinnatiiid, smooth; segments lineSr-oblong, obtuse, crenu-
late, the upper ones gradually smaller ; sori large, distinct. — Rather common
on shady rocks and in woods, forming tangled patches with their roots which
are clothed with membranous scales. Fronds nearly a foot high, divided into
alternate segments nearly to the midvein. Stipe naked and smooth. Segments
parallel, a little curved, about Y wide. Fruit in large, golden dots in a double
row, at length brownish. July.

3. P. Phegopteris. (P. connectile. Mx.) Triangular Polypod.
Frond bipinnatifid, slightly pubescent and ciliate, of a triangular outline,

the 2 lower leaflets or pinnse deflexed ; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, the
upper ones entire, lower incisely crenate, lowest adnate-decurrent ; sori minute,
distinct, solitary. — A fern in low woodlands, remarkable for the broad triangu-
lar outline of its fronds. These are about a foot in height, and rendered a little
hastate by the lower leaflets (which are broadest) being deflexed. Divisions
acuminate, connected at base by the lower segments. Stipes smooth. Aug.

/?. connectile. (P. -connectile. Mr.) Somewhat rigid; segments of the lower
divisions all subentire ; veins nearly simple.

y. liexagonopterum. (P. hexagonopterum. Mx.) Texture more delicate ;
segments of the lower divisions pinnatifid ; veins much forked.

4. P. Dryopteris. Tcrnate Pplypod,

Frond ternate, bipinnate ; branches of the frond spreading, deflexed, seg-
ments obtuse, subcrenate ; sari marginal ; root filiform, creeping. — This beauti-
ful fern grows in shady places and mountainous woods. Rare. Root black
and very slender. Stipe slender and delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, divid-
ing into 3 light green, drooping, compound leaflets of a very delicate texture. Jl.
/?. calcareum. (P. calcareum. Sm.) Branches of tlte frond erect, rather rigid.

2. ASPIDIUM. Swartz.

Gr. naTTig, a small shield ; fiom the form and position of the indusia.

8ori roundish or elliptical, scattered ; indusium orbicular and um-
bilicate (fastened at the centre and opening all around), or reniform,
fastened on one side and opening on the other.

-AspiDiuM. CLXIV. FILICES. 629

* Frond pinnate.

1. A. ACROSTicHoiDEs. Willd. (Nephrodium. Michx.)

Leaflets of the frond distinct, alternate, subsessile, lalcate-lanceolate, auri-
culate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile-
so?t at length confluent ; stipe chaffj-.— Common in rocky shades. Frond 15—18'
high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales Leaflets
numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1—2' in length, the terminal ones, which
alone are frunlul, are contracted in size, the under side becoming overspread
with the sori. June — Aug. •

/?. incisum. Gray. (A. Schwenitzii. Beck.) Pinnae irregularly and incisely
dentate ; son mostly distinct.— N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Pa.sses insensibly into o.
* * Frond pinnate loith pinnatifid leaflets.

2. A. Thelyptera. Willd. (A. Noveboracense. ejusd.) Shield-Fern.

Leaflets of the frond linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, distinct, subses-
sile; segments oblong, obtu.se or acute, subentire, ciliate ; sori marginal, small,
at length confluent; stipe smooth and naked. — Damp woods. Fronds pale
green, thin and delicate, about a foot long and i as wide, acuminate at apex.
Leaflets acuminate, becoming entire above, sometimes crossing (decussating) at
base. Rachis pubescent. Stipe slender, channeled on the upper side. Sori
in 2 marginal rows on each segment, finally nearly covering their under sur-
face. July.

/?. Noveboracense. Rather paler and more delicate in texture ; kaflxts more
narrow and remote.

3. A. CRiSTATUM. Willd. (Nephrodium. M:c.) Crested Shield-Fern.
Frond nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-ovate ; leaflets subcordate, oblong-pin-

natifid, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate-serrate ; stipe scaly. — Moist woods and
meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States, rather rare. Frond 12—18' high, pale green,
remarkable for its broad, ovate-lanceolate outline. Segments of the leaflets some-
times almost distinct, broad and obtuse, with .sharp teeth. Sori large, in double
rows, tawny when matiu'C, chiefly on the upper half of the frond. July.

4. A. Lancastriense. Sprang. (A. cristatum. /?. l5^. edit.) Lancaster
Shield-Fern. — Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base ;

frond narrowly lanceolate ; leaflets subopposite, remote, short-petiolulate, broad-
est at base, the lower triangular-ovate ; sori large, in a single row each side the
midvein of each dentate segment ; indusium fixed near one side. — Woods,
Meriden, N. H., Riclard! to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful fern, quite distinct
from the preceding, 24 — 30' high. Frond dark green, 15 — 18' by 5 — 8'. Leaf-
lets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or
less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1 — 25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets
fruitless). July.

5. A. GoLDiANUM. Hook. (A. Filix mas. Pursh.) Goldve's Fern.
Leaflets of the frond lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; seginents

oblong, subacute, subfalcate, mucronate-serrate ; sori in 2 rows, each side^ of the
vein of each segment. A tall species, 2 — 3f high, in rocky woods. Fronds
numerous, bright green, scaly upon the stipe and rachis, 5 — 10' wide. Leaflets
3 — 6' long, not widening at base, with elongated, narrow segments. July.
* ♦ * Frond bipinnate.

6. A. marginAle. Sw. (Nephrodium. M.e.) Marginal Shield-Fern.
Segments of tlw leaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand

at base, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; sori marginal ; stipe chafi'y. — A large,
handsome fern, in rocky woods, coinmon. Frond 12 — 18' high, very smooth
(rachis a little chafty), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets
distinct, near an inch long, \ as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, form-
ing a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows
along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral
sinus. July.

7. A. TENUE. Sw. (A. fragile. Willd. Cistopferis. Bernh.) Brittle
Shield-Fern. — Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse or acute, incisely ser-
rate, approaching to pinnatifid, its serratures subentire ; rachis winged by the

630 CLXIV. FILICES. Asplenium.

decurrent leaflets; sUpe chafiy at base.— A delicate fern, on moist rocks, fre-
quent. Fronds 6 — 12' high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with
the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori large and numerous,
near the margins of the segments. June, July.

8. A. ACULEATUM. Sw. Priclchj Shield-Fern.

Segments of the leaflets ovate," subfalcate, acute, aculeate-serrate, upper
ones truncate at base, lower cuneate at base ; only the upper leaflets fertile ;
stipe and rachis chaffy.— Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y.,
Macrae. Fronds dark green, in tufts 1 — 2f high. Segments of the leaflets on
very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate,
each serrature tipped with a short spinose bristle. Sori brown, in single rows,
distinct. Indusium reniform. Aug.

9. A. DiLATATUM. Sw. (A. spiuulosum. Willd. ?) Broad Shield-Fern.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct ; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse,

incisely pinnatifid ; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chaffy ; indusium
umbilicate. — Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1 — 2f high, nearly tripin-
nate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at
base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all distinct at
base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe
with large, tawny scales. Sori rather large, somewhat in 2 rows. Jl.

10. A. BULBiFERDM. Svv. (Cistopteris. Bernh.) Bulbiferous Shield-Fern.
Frond bipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments opposite, oblong, serrate, the

lower one pinnatifid ; rachis bulbiferous ; sori roundish, the indusium attached
to one side. — In damp woods, frequent. Frond 12 — 18' high, remarkable for
the little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground,
take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acuminate summit. Stipe smooth. Jl.

3. ASPLENIUM.

Gr. a, privation, (nzfirjv, the spleen; from its supposed medicinal virtues.

Sori linear, oblique, or somewhat transverse, scattered ; indusium
arising- from the lateral veins and opening longitudinally, usually
towards the midvein.

1. A. RHizoPHTLLUM. Willd. Walking Fern.

Frond mostly tindivided, lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, cordate-auricu-
late at base, the apex attenuated into a long, slender acumination, rooting at
the point. — This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very common. The
frond is 4 — 8' long ; the long, slender, linear point bending over backwards,
"caches the earth, and there strikes root, giving rise to a new plant. Though
usually with slightly crenate margins, the plant varies by imperceptible degrees,
becoming sometimes so deeply crenate as to form a well-marked variety with
pinnatifid fronds. July.

2. EBENEUM. Willd. Ebony Spleenworl.

Frond pinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, subfalcate, serrate, auriculate at base on
the upper side ; stipe smooth and polished. — A beautiful fern, in dry woods,
hills, &c. Fronds 8 — 14' high, on a slender stipe of a shining brown or black
color. Foliage 5 — 9' long, 1—1 J' wide, linear-lanceolate in outline. Leaflets
near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex, dilated at base on
the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit arranged in short lines on
each side the midrib. July.

3. A. ANGusTiFOLiDM. Michx. Swamp Spleemoort.

Frond pinnate ; Ifts. alternate, upper ones subopposite, linear-lanceolate,
serrate towards the apex, somewhat repand, the base truncate on the upper side
and rounded on the lower.— In low woods, frequent. Fronds 1— 2f high, in tufts,
the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib,
parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July.

4. A. Trichomanes. (A. melanocaulon. Muhl.) Dwarf Spleenwort.
Frond pinnate ; Ifts. roundish, subsessile, small, roimdish-obovate, obtusely

cuneate and entire at base, crenate above ; stipe black and polished.— A small
and delicate fern, forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3- 6' high, lance-linear

WooDsiA. CLXIV. FILICES. 631

in outline, with 8—12 pairs of roundish, sessile leaflets, 3 — 4" long. Fruit in
several linear-oblong, finally roundish sori on each leaflet, placed oblique to the
midvein. July.

5. A. THELiPTERoiDES. Michx. Sllvery Spleenwort.

Frmid bipinnatifid ; Ifts. pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; segments
oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate ; sari in parallel, oblique lines. — A fine, large
fern, on shady banks of streams. Fronds 1§— 3f high, of an ovate-acuminate
outline, on a slightly chaff}', pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and rather remote,
narrow, 4 — 6' long. Segments rounded at the end, near i'iong. Sori arranged
in 2 rows on each segment, one on each side the midvein, convergent below,
with shining, silvery indusia when young. July.

6. A. FiLix-FOEMiNA. Bemh. (Aspidium Filix-foemina and asplenoides. Sw.

A. angustum. W.) — r/mid bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate ; seg. ob-
long-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifid ; ultimate seg. 2— 3-toothed ; sori reniform
or lunate, arranged near the veins ; stipe smooth.— A delicate, finely-divided fern
in moist woods. Fronds 1— 2f high, with subopposite divisions. These are sub-
divided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep
serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2 — 3 teeth at the summit.
Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a
dark brown hue. July.

7. A. RuTA-MURARiA. Wall-rue Spleenwort.

Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above ; Ifts. small, petiolate, cu-
neate, obtusely dentate above. — An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry,
rocky places. Frond 2—3' high, i as wide, smooth, growing in tufts, somewhat
coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each 'leaflet, less than J' long. Stipe flat
and smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty-brown color, finally
confluent. July.

8. A. MONTANUM. "VVilld. (A. Adiantum-nigrura. Michz.)

Frond glabrous, bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, pinnatifid ; seg. 2 — 3-toothed
at the apex ; sori linear, finally confluent. — Mountain rocks, Bethlehem, Penn.
Schwenitz (fide Beck), S. to Car., W. to Ky. Fronds growing in tufts, 4—8'
high, narrowly oblong-lanceolate in outline, mostly bipinnate, but more or less
divided according to the size. Segments more obtuse than in the foreign A.
Adiantum-nigrum. July.

4. WOODSIA. Brown.

In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent English botanist.

Sori roundish, scattered ; indusium beneath the sorus, open, with
a multifid or fringed margin, including the pedicellate thecse, like a

calyx.

1. W. iLVENsis. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.)

Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate ; segments ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse ; sori near the margin, at length confluent ; rachis and stipe chaffy .—Grow-
ing in tiifts, on rocks and in dry woods. Fronds 5 or 6' high, on chafl^y and
woolly stipes, most chaflTy at base. Foliage 3 or 4' long, J as wide, oblong-
lanceolate in outline, woolly or chaffy beneath, with opposite and alternate leaf-
lets about an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones
wavy on the margin or entire. June.

2. W. Perriniana. Hook. & Grev. (Hypopeltis obtusa. Torr.)
Frond subbipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; segments of the leaflets pin-
natifid; ultimate segments roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate ; son submarginal.-
stipe somewhat chaffy.— About a foot high, among and on rocks. Fronds lance
oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate-
serrate, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Sori orbicular, becommg
nearly confluent, each subtended by a half round indusium notched into little
teeth on the margin. July.

3. W. hyperborea. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.) Flower-cup Fern.
Frond pinnate ; Ifts. suborbicular, subcordate, 3-parted or incisely pinnati-
fid, cuneate at base, rough pilose beneath.— A very sm.all species, much resem-

632 CLXIV. FILICES. Pterjs.

bling the last, forming tufts on rocks. Plant 2 — 4' high. Fronds lance-linear
in outline, on very scaly stipes. Leaflets 8 or 10 pairs, subopposite, nearly
round, 2 or 3" in diam., the margins only crenate above, deeply pinnatifid in
the lowest pairs. July.

4. W. RUFiDULA. Beck. (W. ilvensis and Aspidium rafidulum. Pursh.)
Frond bipinnate ; segments of the leaflets hairy, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid,

with obtuse, ultimate segments ; sori at length confluent ; stipe and rackis hairy.
— Grows on rocks. Fern 6 — 8' high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with
woolly hairs. Frond hairy both sides, its leaflets 4 — 8" long, lower ones dis-
tinctly pinnate, upper pinnatifid. July.

5. WOOD WARD I A. Smith.

In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, a distinguished English botanist.

Sori oblong, straight, parallel with the ribs on either side of them ;
indusium superficial, arched or vaulted, opening inwardly.

1. W. ONOCLEoiDES. WilM. (W. angustifolia. Smith.)

Sterile fronds pinnatifid; Ifts. lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile
fronds pinnate, the leaflets entire, linear, acute. — In swamps, not common.
Fern about a foot high, growing in tufts. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrow-
lanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases.
Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the
fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori i' in length. Aug.

2. W. ViRGiNiCA. Willd.

Frond pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, sessile ;
sori in interrupted lines near the midvein of the leaflets and segments. — In low
woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in out-
line, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with numerous,
spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each
side of the midveins, both of the segments and leaflets. July, Aug.

6. SCOLOPENDRI UM. Smith.

Gr. (TKoXoTrevSpa, the centipede ; from the number of its roots ?

Sori linear, transverse, scattered ; indusium double, occupying both
sides of the sorus, superficial, finally opening lengthwise.

5. OFFiciNARCM. Willd. (Asplenium Scolopendrium. Linn.) Harfs-tongue.
Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base. — Shady rocks, Chi-

tenango, N. Y., Sartwell. Stipe rather short (3 — 5' long), chafiy, bearing the
frond suberect, 8 — 15' high, 2 — 3' wide, bright green, paler beneath. Sori oblique
to the midvein, 6 — 9" in length. Rhizoma large, creeping. July. — This curi-
ous fern appears to be confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where it was
first detected by Pursh, unless the true plant has also been found in Ky. by
M'Murt.

7. PTERIS.
Gr. TTTcpov, or TTTcpv^, 3. wing ; from tlie general resemblance of the frond.

Sori in a continuous, marginal line ; involucre formed of the in-
flected margin of the frond, opening inwardly.

1. P. AauiLlNA. Common Brake.

Frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, lower ones
pinnatifid, upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse. — Abundant in woods,
pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2 — 5f in height, upon a smooth, dark purple,
erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, consisting of 3 primary di-
visions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed, sessile leaflets. These
are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards the base of each subdi-
vision. Sori covered by the folding back of the margins of the segments.
July, Aug.

2. P. ATRO PURPUREA. Rock Brake.

Frond pinnate ; lover Ifts. ternate or pinnate, segments lanceolate, obtuse,
(ibliqu»'ly truncate or subcordate at base.— Fern 6 — 10' high, growing on rocks.

Onoclea. CLXIV. FIUCES. 633

Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divisions con-
sisting of 1 — 3 pairs of leaflets Avith a large, terminal segment. All the seg-
ments lance-linear, distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Stipe and
rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous hairs at base. June — Aug.

3. P. GRACILIS. Michx. (Cheilanthes. Spreng.)

Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments
broad-ovate, obtuse ; fertik bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate ; stipe dark
brown. — A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4-— 6' high, smooth and
shining in all its parts. Aug.

8. CHEILANTHES. Swartz.

Gr. j^siXoj, lip, av^os ; from the form of its indusia.

Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the fronds ; in-
dusium of membranous, distinct, inflexed scales, opening inwardly,
sometimes continuous with the frond.

C. vESTiTA. Swartz. (Nephrodium lanosum. Mx.) Hairy Cheilanthes.
Stipe and rackis hairy ; frmid bipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, hairy on

both sides ; leajiets alternate ; segments oblong, alternate, sessile, distinct, crenately
pinnatifid, the ultimate segment very entire ; sori finally continuous along the
margin.— Rocky banks. Mid. and W. States, frequent. Stipe slender, rigid,
2—3' long, dark brown. Fronds 3 — 6' by 1—2'. Leaflets lance-ovate in out-
line, 6 — 12" long. Sori marginal, distinct when young, finally crowded. July.

9. ADIANTUM.

G}'. a, privation, 6i.aivu, to moisten ; aa the rain slides off without wetting it.

Sori oblong or roundish, marginal ; indusia membranaceous, aris-
ing from the reflexed margins of distinct portions of the frond and
opening inwardly.

A. PEDATUM. Maidenliair.

Fro?id pedate; divisions pinnate; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely
lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong, subulate.— This is, doubt-
less, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods.
Stipe 8—14' high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black.
At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives ofi",
at regular intervals, 6—8 simply pinnate leaflets from the outer side, giving the
whole frond the form of the crescent. Ultimate segments dimidiate, the lower
margin being' bounded by the midvein and the veinlets all unilateral. July.

10. D I C K S O N I A. L'Her.

In honor of James Dickson, a distingniished English cryptogamist.

Sori marginal, roundish, distinct ; indusium double, one superficial,
opening outwards, the other marginal and opening inwards.

D. piLosiuscuLA. Willd. Fine-haired Mountain Fern.

Frond bipinnate; Imflds lanceolate, sessile; segments pinnatifid, decurrent,
oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed ; stipe a little hairy.— A large and deli-
cate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2 — 3f high,
in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe
and rachis smooth, with the exception of a kvr, soft, scattered hairs. Leaflets
alternate, approximate ; segments deeply divided into 4-toothed, ultimate seg-
ments. Sori minute, solitary, on the upper margin of the segments. July.

11. ONOCLEA.

Gr. ovos, a kind of vessel, xXeiu, to close ; alluding to the contracted thecs.

Thecce covering the whole lower surface of the frond ; indusia
formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revolute and
contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expanding.

O. SEXSIBILLS. Sensitive fern.

St-erile ironds pinnate ; kapts lanceolate, acute, laciniate, the upper ones

C34 CLXIV. FILICES. Osmunda.

xmited; fertile fronds bipinnate, with recurved and globular contracted seg-
ments.— Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren ones
broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuate
divisions, the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The
fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound
spike, enclo.sing the fruit in the globular segments of its short divisions. Color
dark brown. July.
0. obtiisilubata. Torr. (O. obtusilobata. Schlc.) Lfls. opposite; se^??i. rounded.

12. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd.

Gr. orpov^os, the ostrich, wrepov, wing, or plume ; from the resemblance.

Thecae densely covering the back of the frond ; indusia scaly,
marginal, opening internally.

S. Germanica. Willd. (S. Pennsylvanica. Willd.) Ostrich Fern.

Sterile fronds pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, sessile; segments entire, rather
acute, the lower ones somewhat elongated. — A fern of noble size and appear-
ance, growing in low woods and swamps. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f
high, commonly about 3, numerous, in circular clumps. Stipes smooth, chan-
neled ; leaflets pinnatifid, with numerous segments, the lower of which are the
more narrow and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fronds few,
in the midst of the sterile, much smaller, the leaflets with numerous, brown-
ish, contracted segments, densely covered by the fruit beneath. Aug.

Tribe 2. OSMUNDIACEJ3.— Thecce destitute of a ring, reticulated, stri-
I ated with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally.
13. OSMUND A.
Thecae subglobose. pedicellate, radiate-striate, half-2-valved, collect-
ed on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more
or less contracted into the form of a panicle.

* Fertile fronds distinct from the sterile.

1. O. CiNNAMOMEA. Cinnamon-colored Fern.

Sterile frond pinnate, leaflets elongated, pinnatifid, segments ovate-oblong,
obtuse, very entire; fertile frond bipinnate, leaflets contracted, paniculate, sub-
opposite, lanuginous ; stipe lanuginous. — This is among the largest of our
ferns, growing in swamps and low grounds. Fronds numerous, growing in
clumps, 3 — 5f high, most of them barren, the stipe and rachis invested with a
loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble spikes, 1 — 2f long,
an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments covered with fruit
in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a microscope, half-
2-cleft. June.

* * Portions of each frond fertile.

2. O. REGALis. Michx. (O. spectabilis. Willd.) Royal Flotcering-Fem.

Fronds bipinnate, fructiferous at the summit; segments of tJue leaflets lance-
oblong, distinct, serrulate, subsessile ; raceme large, terminal," decompound. — A
large and beautiful fern, in swamps and meadows. The fronds are 3 — 4f high,
smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinnae opposite, remote, each with 6 — 9
pairs of leaves with an odd one. These are an inch or more long, \ as wide,
obtuse, the petioles 0 — J" long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample
bipinnate raceme of a deep fulvous hue, with innumerable, small, globular.
2-valved thecse entirely covering the segments. June.

3. O. Claytoniana.

Frond pinnate; leaflets or pinnce pinnatifid, the upper ones contracted and
fertile. — Smaller than either of the foregoing, found in swamps, Cambridge,
N. Y., Dr. Beck, W. to Wise, Dr. Lapham ! Fronds 1— 2f high. Pinnai ob-
long, obtuse, 2 — 4' long, tomentose in the axils. Segments entire. Each frond
bears a terminal, bipinnate, rust-colored, erect panicle, covered with fruit. May.

4. O. INTERRfPTA. Michx.

Frond pinnate, smooth ; leaflets nearly opposite, pinnatifid ; segments 6b-

BoTRYCHiuM. CLXIV. FILICES. 6315

long, rather acute, entire ; some of the intermediate leaflets fertile. — A large
fern in low grounds. Fronds 2 — 3f high, light green, interrupted near the mid-
dle by 2 — 4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so uiuch contracted in size as to
resemble dense, compound racemes, and densely covered with small reddish-
brown thecae. Stipe channeled, smooth above, chafly at base. June.

14. LYGODIUM. Swartz.

Gr. \vyit>Sci, flexible, slender; from the slender, climbing habit.

Theeae sessile, arranged in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the
margin of the frond, opening on the inner side from the base to the
summit; indusium a scale-like veil covering each theca.

L. PALMATUM. Sw. Climbing Fern.

Stem flexuous, climbing ; fronds conjugate, palmate, 5-lobed, lobes entire,
obtuse ; spikelets oblong-linear, from the upper fronds, which are divided and
contracted into a compound spike. — This is one of the few ferns with climbing
stems, and the only one found in the U. S. Plant of a slender and delicate
structure, smooth. Stem 3 — 4f long. Stipes alternate on the stem, forked,
supporting a pair of fronds which are palmately divided into 5 — 9 segments.
Fertile fronds terminal, numerously subdivided into linear-oblong segments or
spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. Mass. 1 to Penn., &c. July.

15. SCHIZ^ A. Smith.

Ch'. C)(^t^ci), to cut, cleave ; alluding to the many-cleft spikes.

Spikes unilateral, flabelliform, aggregate ; thecas roundish, radiate
at top, sessile, bursting laterally ; indusium continuous, formed of the
inflexed margins of the spikes.

S. pusiLLA. Pursh. (S. tortuosa. Muhl.)

Frond simple, linear, tortuous ; spikes few, crowded at the top of a long,
slender stipe or scape. — A very delicate fern, found in the pine barrens, Gluaker
Bridge, N. J., also in Western N. Y. by Mr. Timot/iy Westinore! Fronds nu-
merous, csespitose, 2 — 3' long, § — 1" wide. Fertile stipes several, 3 — 6' high,
filiform, with a lew short, unilateral spikelets at top arranged in 2 rows.
Thecee somewhat turbinate, in 2 rows on the inner side of each spikelet. Aug.

Tribe 3. OPHIOGIiOSSE^.— Thecce 1-celled, adnate at base, subglobose,
coriaceous, opaque, half-2-valved, not cellitlar, and destitute of a ring.

16. OPHIOGLOSSUM.

Gr. o(pts, a serpent, yXoaaa, tongue; from the resemblance.

Theege roundish, opening transversely, connate, arranged in a
2-ranked, articulated spike.

0. TULGATUM. Adder's Tongue.

Frond simple, oblong-ovate,"obtuse, closely reticulated; spike cauline. — A
curious little plant in low grounds. Fronds solitaiy, 2 — 3' long, § as wide,
amplexicaul, entire, smooth, without a midvein, situated upon the stem or stipe
a little below the middle. Stipe 6 — 10' high, terminating in a lance-linear,
compressed spike, 1 — 2' long, with the thecce arranged in 2, close, marginal
i-anks. Thecffi opening outwards and horizontally, becoming Itmate, distinct,
straw-colored. Vernation straight, not circinate. June.

17. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz.

Gr. PoTpvi, a cluster of grapes ; from the resemblance of the fructification.

Thecce subglobose, 1-eelled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth,
adnate to the compound rachis of a racemose panicle ; valves open-
ing transversely.

1. B. NEGLECTDM. Wood. Meriden Botrychium.

Stipe bearing the frond near the top ; frond simply pinnate, veiy short,
wilh subentire or subpinnatifid ses^menls ; .'J/'/te paniculate. — A singular species,
54

63G LXV. MARSILEACEtE. Azolla.

growing in woods, Meriden, N. H. ! It bears a general resemblance to B. Lu-
narla of Europe, but is quite distinct from that species. Height 5 — 8'. Frond

9 20" long, i as wide ; segments 3 — 4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, erosely or incisely

dentate. Panicle subsimple, often larger than the fronds. Thecae 2-valved. Jl.

B. SIMPLEX. Hitchcock.
SHpe bearing the frond above ; frond ternate, pinnatifid ; segments cune-
ate-obovate, incised, unequal; spike subcompound, unilateral, interrupted. —
Grows in dry, hilly pastures, Ms. ! Frond sheathed at base, with a lacerate
membrane, nearly simple, divided into 3 or more segments which are 1 —2'
long, often much dissected. Stipe or scape 3 — 6' high. Thecae sessile. Jn.

3. B. ViRGiNicuM. (B. gracile. P.) Rattlesnake Fern.

Stipe with a single frond in the middle ; frond twice and thrice pinnate,
the lowest pair of pinnae springing from the base ; iMimate segments obtuse,
somewhat 3-toothed ; spikes decompound ; plaiit subpilose. — A beautiful fern,
the largest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or scape 1— 2f high, bearing the
frond about half-way up. This is apparently ternate, the lower pair of divi-
sions arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate, the ultimate segments
being decurrent and more or less confluent at base, with 3 — 5 cut serratures.
Panicle terminal, 3—6' long, reddish-tawny. June, July.

4. B. FUMARioiDEs. Willd. (B. obliquum. Muhl.)

Scape bearing the frond near the base ; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divisions;
segments obliquely" lanceolate, crenulate; spikes bipinnate. — Native of shady
woods and pastures. Frond almost radical, of a triangular outline, 3 — 5' long
and wide, of a stouter texture than the last, distinctly petiolate. Scape thick,
8 — 12' high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2 — 4' in length, composed of
numerous little 2-ranked spikes. Aug.

0. disscctmn. Oakes. (B. dissectum. Willd.) Frond near the base of the
scape, more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid.

Order CLXV. MAKSILEACE^.— Pepperworts.

Plants stemless, creeping or floating. . . i. , .

Leaves veiny, usually petiolate, often sessile and scale-like, sometimes destitute oi a lamina. _
Reproducti ve organs o{ Uvo kinds; the one compound, the other simple, oval, radical bodies separate
from or mCxed with the first, -with many cells.
Genera 4, species 20? inhabiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all countries, but chiefly in
temperate latitudes.

1. SALVINIA. Micheli.
In honor of Salvini, professor of Greek at Florence.

Stamens? jointed hairs on the stalks of the ovary; ovary nearly
sessile, among the roots, hairy, 1 — 5, opening at top ; fruit capsular,
covered with bristly hairs, containing reproductive bodies of two kinds,
one kind globular, the other oblong.

5. NATANs. Willd. (Marsilea natans. Linn.)

Leaves opposite, arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, elliptical, entire,
subcordate at base, obtuse at apex, clothed with fascicles of hairs above ; ova^
rles ox fruit nearly globose, aggregated in subsessile clusters on the rhizoma,
submersed. — Q Floating, like a Lemna, in lakes and other still waters. West-
ern N. Y. and Can. Leaves nearly an inch long, of fine green. The plant is
quite rare.

2. AZOLLA. Lam.

Gr. a^(o, to make dry, oXX^^i, to kill ; as the plants speedily die when taken from the water.

Stamens ? capillary : reproductive organs in pairs or numerous, of
two kinds, the one of two transverse cells, the upper containing seve-
ral angular, stalked bodies, the other stipitate, numerous, globose, 1-
celled, enclosed in an ovate, close involucre, and containing several
angular spores.

Chara. CLXVI. CHARACEiE. 637

A. Carouniana. Willd.

Leaves arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, imbricated, oblong-subu-
late, obtusish, spreading, fleshy, the floating ones reddish beneath. — ® A small
plant, resembling some of the mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters. North-
ern and Western States. It has been found in Lake Ontario, and in Cayuga
Marsh {Eaton), also in the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. {M'Murt,) and other
western rivers.

Order CLXVI. CHAKACE^.— Charads.

PtenZ aquatic, suhmersed; axis consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transparent, or encrusted
with carbonate of lime, furnished with_ leaves or Dranches consisting of verticillate tubes.

Organs of reproduction consisting of round, succulent globules, containing lilaraents and a fluid ; and
axillary nucules formed of a tew short tubes twisted spirally around a centre, endowed with the power
ol germination.

These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, in the fluid of each
tube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured.

CHARA.

Gr. T^atpb), to rejoice; because it delights in the water?

Grlobules minute, round, reddish, dehiscent, filled with a mass of
elastic filaments; nucules (thecas?) sessile, oval, solitary, membrana-
ceous, spirally striated, the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 valves,
the interior filled with minute spores.

1. C. vulgaris. Feather-beds.

Sts. and branches naked at base ; branches terete, leafy at the joints ; Ivs. (or
brancUets 7) oblong-subulate ; bracts shorter than the fruit. — A slender, flexile
plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stagnant. It
appears in dense tufts, like a soft bed, undulating with the motion of the water.
When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Stems slender, a foot or more long,
with a verticil of about 8 filiform branchlets at each joint. June.

2. C. FLEXILIS.

St. translucent, naked; branches jointless, leafless, compressed; nucules

lateral, naked. — Found in ponds, Stockbridge, Ms., in company with Najas.

Resembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of

the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug.

3. C. foliosa. Willd. (C. squamosa. Desf.)

St. solitary, 8 — 10' high, calcarious and brittle, scabrous, striate, with 2
or 3 branches, the younger parts bearing numerous whorls of minute, leaf-
like scales ; branchlets about 13 in a whorl, 6 — 9" long, involucrate at their ori-
gin by a dense whorl of subulate scales ; each branchlet with 4 — 7 whorls of
nearly obsolete scales; theca 2 — 4, on the inner side and lower half of each
branchlet. — (I) Rivers, Ohio, Riddell, Ind. ! Aug.

4. C. HUMiLis. Riddell.

St. incrusted, solitary and branching, scabrous, not sulcate, 2 — 3' high ;
branchlets 8 — 10 in a whorl, without an involucre, generally equaling the inter-
nodes (6 — 9") ; theccE 1 — 2 on each of the branchlets in the upper whorls. —
0 In shallow water, rivers, Ohio, Riddell. Color deep green. Resembles the
last. Aug.

5. C. SABULosA. Riddell. Slone-ioort.

St. 18' high, thickly encrusted and very brittle, with a few erect branches,
subsulcate, papillose ; branchlets generally 10, sometimes 8, in each whorl, with-
out an involucre, nearly 6" long, (about half as long as the internodes,) each
with 2 — i verticils of scales; thcca: on the inner side of the branchlets, in the
axils of the scales. — (J) Pools of clear water, 2 or 3 feet deep, Ohio, Ind. ! Color
light pea-green. Aug.
/?. spiralis. Riddell. Stems spirally sulcate ; branchlets longer.

ADDENDA.

Page 142, next after R. abortivus, iasert,

R. RHOMBoiDEUs. Goldie.

Hirsutely pubescent ; st. much branched from the base ; rad. Ivs. entire,
rhomboid-ovate, crenate-dentate, on long petioles, caulbie Ivs. palmate, floral
deeply laciniate; sep. spreading; hds. of carpels (large) globose; ach. smooth,
with very short beaks. — Wise. Laphavi ! and Can. W . A low, bushy, hairy
species, 6 — 10' high. Root leaves about 1' by §', often roundish or elliptical,
the petioles about 2' long. Segments of the stem leaves linear-oblong, obtuse
oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, exceeding the calyx.

Page 166, next after A. l^vigata, insert,

Arabis Patens. Sullivant.

Erect, everywhere clothed with rigid, simple or forked hairs ; radical Ivs.
rosulate, petiolate, middle ones oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, auriculate-am-
plexicaul, upper ones linear-oblong, subentire ; pedicels longer than the rather
large white flowers ; siliqiics spreading and curved upwards, beaked with the
conspicuous style.— Rocky banks of the Scioto river, Columbus, O., Sullivant.

Page 378, next after P. rotundipolia, insert,

Pyrola uliginosa. Torr. & Gray.

Lvs. nearly round, sometimes inclining to ovate, coriaceous, longer than
the petiole, decurrent, with a few prominent veins ; scape somewhat angular,
with lanceolate bracts ; rac. 8 — 12-flowered ; cai. \ the length of the petals ; pet.
ovate-oblong; stam. ascending; f,l. smooth; ova. depressed; sty. declined, cla-
vate. — Sphagnous swamps, Galen, N. Y., Sartwell. Scape 4—8' high, many-
flowered. Petals reddish-purple. Stigma toothed. June. (Z?r. Sart. comm.)

Page 397, next after V. (Verbascum) Lychnitis, insert,
/?. hybrida. St. simple, erect, tomentose ; lvs. ovate-oblong, subcordate, woolly
on both surfaces; fls. in a terminal, somewhat leafy spike, yellow. — Rome,
N. Y., Vasey. Apparently a hybrid between V. lychnitis and V. Thapsus.

Page 420, next after P. pilosum, insert,

Pycnanthemum Torreyi. Benth.

St. pubescent, slender, moderately branched ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, smooth-
ish, acute, denticulate, margin ciliate, under surface downy; cymose /wads con-
tracted hemispherical ; cat. with lanceolate acuminate teeth with bristly hairs
at the summit; slam, exserted. — York Island, Carey. Stem purplish, strict,
about 2f high. Leaves 2 — 3' by 4". Corolla two-lipped, white. Ovary naked
at the summit. Aug. (Dr. Sartwell comm.)

Page 474, next after P. mite, insert,

Polygonum Careyi. Olney.

St. erect, hirsute, much branched ; lvs. lanceolate, with scattered and ap-
pressed hairs ; slip, scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy ; spikes axillary and ter-
minal, on very long, nodding peduncles, thickly beset with glandular hairs ;
stam. shorter than perianth : sty. 2 ; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate. — Swamps,
N. H. ! to R. I. Olney. Plant 3— 5f high. Leaves 3—6' by J— 1', midvein
and margins hair}'. Calyx greenish-purple tinged with white, small. Resem-
bles P. Pennsylvanicum. Jl.

INDEX

OP THE

NATURAL ORDERS AND GENERA.

«*» The names of the Orders are in Capitals.— Suborders are marked with the (t), and Sections with
the («).— The Tribes are in Roman spaced,— the Genera in Roman— and the Synonyms in Italic. The
figures after Sijn. refer to the Synonyms of the Genus next above.

Arundo. .

Syn. I

Asarum, .
ASCLEPIADACE.ffi.

Asclepias,

Abies,

. 515

Amphicarpaea,

223

Abiet ineiE.

. 514

Amphiotis,

306

Abutilon, .

. 209

Amsonia,

457

Acalypha,

. 488

f AmygdaleEe,
Amygdalus,

240

ACANTHACE.E, . 395|

242

Acer,

. 212

Syn

242

Syn.'iM

ANACARDIACEiE,

202

ACERACEiE,

. 212

Anagallis,

387

Acerates,

. 460

Anchusa,

431

Acelosa, .

. 477

Sijn.

433

Achillea, .

. 342

Andromeda, .

371

Achyranthes, .

. 185

Syn.

373

Acnida, .

. 467

Andropogon, .

621

Aconitum,

. 146

Andropogoneae,

621

Acorus, .

. 521

Anemone,

139

Acrostichwm, .

. 628

Byn. 141

148

Actaea, .

. 146

Anethum,

290

Syn. 147

Angelica, . 290

291

Actinomeris,

. 344

Anona,

151

Syn. 347

ANONACE^,

151

Adenarium,

. 189

Anonymus,

484

Adiantum,

. 633

Antennaria,

351

Adiumia,

. 158

Anthemis,

342

Adonis, .

. 141

Syn

342

Aeschynomene

, . 230

Anthericea?,

552

iEsculus,

. 214

Anthoxanthum.

608

.ffithusa.

. 289

Anthropogon, .

618

Agathyrsus,

. 359

Antirrhineas,

39S

Agave,

. 539

Antirrhinum, .

39S

Agrimonia,

. 255

Syn

39S

Agropyron,

. 619

Anychia, .

185

Agrostemma,

. 191, 192

Apargia, ,

358

Agros tideae

. 596

Apios,

222

Agrostis, .

. 596

Apium, .

2«8

Syn. 5

>9, 600, 601

Syn

289

Ailanthus,

. 202

Aplectrum,

531

Aira,

. 608

APOCYNACE.E, .

456

Stj

n. 609, 613

Apocynum,

456

Ajugoidee

. 429

AQUIPOLIACE.E,

381

A!cea,

. 203

Aquilegia,

145

Aletris,

. 541

Arabis, .

166

Alcheinilla,

. 257

Syn. 162

169

Alisma, .

. 526

ARACEjE, .

519

ALISMACE.I;

. 526

Aralia,

294

Allium,

. 550

ARALIACE^.

294

Alnus,

. 499

Arbutus, .

371

Alopecurus,

. 601

Archangelica, .

290

Alsine,

. 187

Archemora,

291

A Is ine 33,

187

Arctium,

357

Althjea, .

. 207

Arctostaphylos,

371

Alyssum,

. 163

Arenaria, .

188

Syn. 162

Syn. 186

, 189

AMARANTH

A-

Arethusa,

535

CEiE, .

. 470

Syn

535

Amaranthus,

. 470

Argemone,

156

AMARYLLIA

DA-

Aristida,

595

CEiE, .

. 538

Aristolochia, .

465

Amaryllis,

. 538

ARISTOLOCHIA-

Amberboa,

. 354

CEJE. .

465

Ambrosia,

. 353

Aritcneum, .

538

Amelanchier,

. 245

Armeniaca,

242

Amellus. .

. 333

Armeria,

390

Amianthum,

. 553

Arnica,

335

Ammannia,

. 260

Aronia, . . 245

,246

Amrai,

. 286

Arrhenathcrum, .

609

Ammophila,

. 601

Artemisia,

349

Amorpha,

. 225

Arum,

519

Ampelopsis,

. 212

SjfT!

54*

. 520

Ascyrum,
Asp arageae,
Asparagus,
Asphodelus,
Aspidium,

Asplenium,

Syn.

Syn.

Syn.
Aster, . . 318—
Syn. 325, 326, 327,
As te roide aj.
Astragalus,
Atheropogon, .
Atraire.ne,
Atriiilex,
Atropa,

Syn.
AURANTIACE-E,
Avena,

Syn. 609,
A vene ae,
Avicularia,
Azalea, .

Syn. 375, 376,
Azolla,
Baccharis,

Syn.
Ballota,

BALSAMIFLUJE,
BALSABIlNACEiE,
Baptisia, .
Barbarea,

Bartonia, . 268,
Bartsia, . . 409,
Batatas, . . 442,
Batschia,
Begonia, .
BEGONIACE.E, .
Bellis,
Benzoin, .
BERBERIDACE-E,
Berberis, .
Beta.
Betula,

Syn.
BETULACEiE,
Bidens,
Bigelovia,

Bignonia, . 394.
BIGNONIACE.E. .
Bistorta,
Blephilia,
Blitum, .
Babera. .
Boehmeria,
Boltonia,
Bootsia, .
Borragea>, .
BORRAGINACE.a:,
Borrago.
Botrychium, .
Brachyelytrum, .

610
601

Brachyscemum,
Brasenia,

420
153

465

Brassica,

171

458

Briza,

616

458

Stjn. 615

616

461

Bromus, .

610

182

Syn

619

555

Broussonetia, .

50D

555

Bryophyllum. .

277

552

Buchnera,

407

628

Buchnereffi,

407

631

Bunias, .

171

630

Bupleurum,

286

632

Buxus.

489

-325

CABOMBACE.ffi. .

153

329

Cacaha, .

348

318

CACTACEiE,

274

229

Cactus, .

275

613

t Cffisalpinae, .

236

139

CakUe,

171

467

Caladium,

520

449

Calamagrostis,
Calendula,

601

446

353

204

Calla,

520

609

Calliopsis, . 345

346

610

Callistephus. .

327

608

CALLITRICHA-

4-4

CE^, .

484

374

Callitriche,

484

37-

Calopogon,

536

636

Caltha, .

143

334

CALYCANTHA-

334

CE^, .

253

428

Calycanthus, .

258

507

Calypso, .

531

199

Calystegia,

443

235

Camelina,

163

165

Camellia,

205

454

Campanida, .

36S

410

Syn. 366

,367

443

CAMPANULACEiE

,365

433

t Campylospermje,

292

270

* Cannabieie, .

511

269

Cannabis,

511

327

CAPPARIDACE.E,

172

478

Capraria,

402

152

CAPRIPOLIACEjE

298

152

Caprifolium, . 298

,299

470

Capsella, .

161

49S

Capsicum,

447

499

Cardamine,

167

497

Syn

169

346

Cardiospermum, .

215

334

Carduus, . 356

357

399

Carex,

576

393

CaricejB, .

576

475

Carpinus,

497

418

Carthamus,

354

468

Canun,

288

347

Carya,

491

511

CARYOPHYLLA-

328

CE^, .

186

252

Cassandra,

372

430

Cassia,

236

429

Cassiope,

371

43l]Castanea,

49.5

635lCastilleja,

409

600

ICataJpa, .

394

640

Catananche, . . 358
Cmilinia, . . 524
Caulophyllum,
Ceanothus, . . 217
Celastrus, . . 215
GELASTRACE^, 215
Celosia, . . . 472
Celtis, . . .483
Cenchrus, . . 607
Centaurea, . . 354
Syn. 354
Centaurella, : . 454
Centuncuhis, . . 387
Cephalanthus, . 307
CerasUum, . . 187
Cerasus, . . . 240
Syn. 241
Ceratochloa, . . 611
CERATOPHYLLA-

CEjE, . . .484
Ceratophyllum, . 484
Ceratoschcenus, . 575
Cersis, . . .235
Cereus, . . .275
ChEerophyllum, . 292
Chara, . . .637
CHARADES, . 637
Cheilanthe3, . . 633
Syn. 633
Cheiranthus, .

Syn. 170
Chelidonium, . 156

Syn. 156
Chelone, . . 400

Syn. 400, 401
Che lone OB, . . 399
CHENOPODIACEjE,466
Chenopodium, . 468
Chimaphila, . . 379
Chiogenes, . . S70
Chioiianthus, . . 463
Chironia, . 450, 451
Chloieae, . . 617
Chotidi~iUa, . . 362
Chrysanthemum, . 343
Syn. 328, 343
Chrysus, . . 157

Chrysocmna, . 334

Chrysopsis, . . 333
-. , . S^jn. 324

Chrj'sosplenium, . 281
Chrysostemma, . 345
Cicendia, . . 452
Cichoracese, . 357
Cichoriura, . . 357
Cicnta, . . .286
Cimicifuga, . . 147
Syn. 147
T Cnichoneae, . . 305
Cinna, . . .600
Circa-a, . . .266
C 1 r c 86 a, . . 266

Cirsium, . . .356
CISTACE^, . . isu
Cisloptem, . 629, 630
Cist-US, . . .181
Citrus, . . .204
Cladiura, . . 575I

Clarkia, ... 264
Claytonia, . . 194
Clematis, . . isg
Cleome, . . .172
Stjn. 172, 173
Clethra, . . .373
CUnrjpodiuni, 419,42-2
Clintonia, . . 365
„,., . Syn. 553

Olitoria, . . .223
Cnicus, . . . 355
. Syn. 356, 357

Vmd!um., . . 290
Cochlearea, . . 163
Calestina, . . 317
t^C<Blosperms, . 293
Colhnsia, . . 399

Collinsonia, . . 421
Colutea, . . .224
Comanura, . . 479
Comaropis, . . 253
Comarum, . , 252

INDEX.

Commelyna, . . 562

COIVIMELYNACEjE,562

COMPOSITE, - 31 n

Comptonia,

CONIFERjE, .

Conioselinum,

Conium, .

Conobea, .

Conoclineum,

ConosMes,

Convallaria,

ConvallarineEe

CONVOLVULA-

CE.E, .

Convolvulese,
Convolvulus, . . ...
Syn. 443, 444
. 325, 334

Conyza,

Coptis,
Corallorhiza.
Corchorus,
Coreopsis,

Coriandrum,

CORNACE^,

Cornucopice,

Corn us,

Coronilla,

Corydalis,

Syn. 344, 347

Coryhig, .

Cosmanthus, .

Crantzia,

CRASSULACE.ffi

Cratnegus,

Crocus,

Crossopetahmi,

Crotalaria,

Croton,

Crotonopsis,

294
296
599
. 296
. 230
. 158
Syn. 158
. 496

CRUCIFER^

Crypsis, .

Crypta, .

Cryptotsnia

Cucubalus,

Cucumis,

Cucurbita,

Syn. 489
. 159
. 602
. 195
. 287.
. 190
. 271
. 272
Syn. 272

CUCURBITACEiE, 270

Cunila, . . .421
Syn. 422

Cuphea, . . oci

Cupressus,

Cupressineae

CUPULIFER.a:,

Cuscuta, .
Cuscutea?,

Cydonia, .

Cymbiifiwm,

Cynayichium,

Cynara,

C y nare Ee,

Cynodon,

Cynoglossum,

516

516

492

. 444

. 444

. 245

531, 536

Cynthia,

. 355

. 353

. 618

. 435

Syn. 435

. 358

Stjn. 358

CYPERACE.5;, . 565

Cyperes, . .565

Cyperus, . . 565

Syn. 565, 568

Cypripedium, , . 537

Syn. 531

Desmodium, .

Dianthera,

Dianthus,

Diapensia,

DIAPENSIACEiE,

Diarrhena,

Dicksonia,

Dicliptera,

Dictamnus,

Dielytra, .

Diervilla, .

D igi taleas, .

Digitalis, .

Digitaria, .

Syn

Dtlatris,

Diodia,

Dionzea, .

Dioscorea,

DIOSCOREACE^,

Diospyros,

Diplochnium,

Diplopappua, .

Syn.

DIPSACE.ffi, .

Dipsacus,

Dirca,

Discopleura, .

Dodecatheon, .

Draba,

Dracce.na,

Dracocephalum,

Syn.

Drosera- .

DRO.SERACE.a;, .

Dn/as,

Dulichium,

Dyosodia,

EBENACE.S:,

Echinacea,
Echinocystis, .
Echinospermum, .
Syn
Echium, .
Eclipta, .
ELATINACE.ffi, .
Elatine, .
ElaHnella,
EL^AGNACEiE, .
Eleagnus,
Eleocharis,
Elephantopus,
Eleusine, .
Eliisia, .
Elodea,

Sijn.
Elymus, .
Emilia, .
EMPETRACE.S;, .
Empetrum,

Syn.
Enandromeda,

281

Dactvlis,
Dahlia, .
Dalea,

Daliborda,

Danthonia,

Daphne,

Darlingtonia,

Dasysfoma,

Datura,

Daucus, .

Decodon, .

Delphinium,

Dentaria,

Desmanthtis,

617

. 327

. 226

Syn. 226

Syn. 253

. 610
. 481

Enemion,

E n o n y m e Ee,

Enonymus,

Enslenia,

Epig:ea, .

Epilobium,

Epipactis,

Eriiphegus,

EQUISETACE.I;, .

Equisetum,

Erechtites,

Erica,

ERICACE^,

EricineEE,
Erigeron, .
Eriocaulon,
ERICAULONA-

CEiE, .
EriophUa,
Eriophorum,
Erodium,
Ervura,
Erygenia,
Eryngium,
Erysimum,

Erythra?a,
Erythronium,

Syn. 163, 168

t Escallonese, .
EschchoUzia, .
Euchroma, . 409, 410
Eupatoriacese, 313
Eupatorium, . . 314
„ . . . Syn. 317

Euphorbia, . . 486
EUPHORBIACE^, 485
Euphrasiece, . 409
Eurybia, . 3I8, 319
Eutoca, . . .437
Exacimt,, . . . 459
Fa^opyrum, . . 475
Eava, . . . 220
Fagus, ... 496
Syn. 496
Fedia, . . .303
FestucacCce, . 610
Festuoa, . . .611
Syn. 612, 613, 617
Ficus, . . .510
Fdago, . . .352
FILICES, . . 627
Fimbristylis, . . 573
_, , Syn. 573

FliErkea, . . .200
Fluvialis, . . 524
FcBniculum, . . 290
Fragaria, . . ; 252
Pranklinia, '. . 205
Frasera, . . . 455
Fraxinus, . . .463
Fritillaria, . . 549
Fuchsia, . . . 265
Fuirena, . . .568
Fumaria, . . .159
Syn. 158, 159
FUMARIACE.ffi, . 157
Galacfia, . . . 223
Galanthus, . . 5.39
Gcilega, ... 225
Galeopsis, , . 427
Galium, . . . 304
Gaultheria, . . 373
Syn. 371
C'atira, . . .265
Genista, . . . 234
Gentiana, . ] 452
GENTIANACE^, 450
GERANIACEiE, . 196
Geranium, . . igg
,. Syn. 197

Gerardia, . . .407
Syn. 408, 409
GerardiecB, . 407
Geum, . . .253
Gilia, . . .440
Gillenia, . . . 257
Gladiolus, . . 542
Glaux, . . .386
Glechmna, . . 425
Gleditschia, . . 237
Glyceria, . . .613
Glycine, . . 222, 223
GlyciphyUa, . . 371
Gnaphalium, . . 350
Syn. 351, 352
Gomphrena, . . 472
I Gonolobus, . . 451
iGoodyera, . . 535
Gordonia, . . 205

Gossypium, . . 207
GRAMINE^, . 593

Gratiola, . . . 403
. , Syn. 403

Gratioleffi, . . 401
GROSSULACEjE, 273
Gyninadenia, . . 533
Gymnandria, . . 404
Gymnocladus, . . 237
Gymnopogon, . . 618
Gynandropsis, . . 172
Gyromia, . . 547

Habenaria, . 539—535
HiEMODORACEiE, 540
Hiilenia, . . . 454
Halcsia, . . . 383
tHalorage.-p, . . 267
HAMASlELACE.ffi, 282
Hamamelis, . . 282

INDEX.

641

Hamiltonja,

Harjialyce,

Hedeoma,

Hedera, .
Hedyotis, .
Hedysarum,

. 479

361, 362

. 422

Syn. 422

. 295
. 305
. 230

Helenium,

Syn. 230—233

. 342
Syn. 344
Helianthemum, . isi
Helianthus, . . 339
Syn. 337
Heliastrum, . . 324
Heliopsis, . . 337
Heliotropese, . 435
Heliotropium, . . 435
Helleborua
Helonias, .

IRIDACE^, .

Iris, . . .

Isanthus, .

Isoetes, .

Isnardia, .

Isoetis,

Isolepis, .

Isopyrum,

Itea,

Iva, .

Ixia, .

JASMINACE^,

Jasminum,

Jeft'ersonia,

JUGLANDACE^,

Juglans,

Syn. 557, 558
H erne rocafUdeaa, 549

Heraerocallis,

Hemianthus,

Hemicarpha,

Hepatica,

Heracleum,

Herpestis,

Hesperis, .

. 402
Syn. 404

. 168

JUNCACE^,
Juncaginea;,
Juncus, .

Juniperus,
Justicia, .
Kalmia, .
Kerria,
Ktvleria, .
Krigia,

Heteranthera, .

Heteromeris, .

Heuchera,

Hibiscus, .

Hieracium,

Hierochloa,

HIPPOCASTANA-

CEiE, .
Hippoph<s,
Hippuris, .
Holcus, .

Syn. 613, 617
Honckenya, . . '"
Hordes,
Hoideiim,
HoUonia, .
Hoiostonia,
Hudsonia,
Humulus,

Hyacinthus, .

Hydrangea,

tHydrangeae, .

Hydrastis,

HYDROCHARIDA
CEJE. .

Hydrocharis, .

HydrococMoa,

Hydrocotyle, .

Syn. 285, 294

Hydropdtis, .

HYDROPHYLLA
CEJE, .

Hydrophyllum,

Hydropyrum, . o-^o

Hymenopappus, . 348

Hyoscyamus, . . 416

Ilyoseris, ■ • 358

HYPERICACEJE, 182

Hypericum, . - 182
Syn. 184

608

Kiihnia, .

Kyllingia,

LABIATE,

Laburnum,

Lads,

Lacnanthes,

Lactuca, .

Lagenaria,

Lamium, .

Lapathum,

Lappa,

Lathyrus, .

Lavandula,

LAURACEiE

Laurus, .

Lavatera, .

Lechea, .

Lecontia, .

Ledum,

Leersia, .

LEGUMINOS^, .

Leimanthium,

Leiophyllum, .

Lemna, .

LEMNACE^,

LENTIBULACE^,

Leontice, .

Leontodon,

353
542
462
462
152
440
490
Syn. 491
. 559
. 528
. 559
Syn. 562
. 517
. 395

Liquidambar, . . 508
Syn. 50(1

Liriodendron, . . 150

Listera, . . . 537

Lithospermum, . 432

Syn. 432, 433, 434

LOASACE^, . . 268

Lobelia, . . .363

LOBELIACE^, . 363

Loisdeuria, . . 375

Lolium, . . .620

*LomentaceK, . 171
Lonicera, .

Syn. 301
. 298

Mitella, .
Moluccella,
Mollugo, .
Momordica,

Monarda, .

. 429
. 190
. 271
Syn. 271
. 417
Syn. 418
. 417
379
402
298
380

. 612

. 357

Syn. 358

. 315

. 568

. 413

. 235

. 485

. 540

. 359

. 272

. 426

. 476

. 357

. 219

. 415

. 478
478, 479

. 207

. 180

. 520

. 377
622

LonicereSG;
Lophanthus, .
Lophiola, .
LORANTHACE.S;,
Ludwigia,
Lunaria, .
Lupinus, .
Luzula, .
Lychnis, .
Lycium, .
LYCOPODIACEJE, 625
Lycopodium, . . 625
Lycopsis, . . . 431
Lycopus, . . ■ 416
Lvgodium, . . 635
Lyonia, . . - 372
Lysimachia, . . 386

Syn. 386
LYTHRACE^, . 259
Lythrum, . . .260

Syn. 261
Madura, . . .509
147
150

M onardeffi

Moneses, .
Monntria,
MONOPETAL.E,
Monotropa,

Syn. 380
tMonotropeEe, . . 380
*Morea?, . . .509
Morus, . . . 509
Mulgedium, . . 359
Muhlenbergia, . 600
Syn. 598, 600
Myngru9n, . . 163
Myosotis, . . .434
Syn. 433

Hypobrichia,

HypolytresE,

JJypopeltis,

Hypopitys,

HypopoTum, .

Hypoxis, .

Hyssopus,

Leonurus,

Lepachys,

Lcpidanche,

Lepidium,

Leptandra,

Leptanthus,

Lepfopoda,

Lepturus, .

Lespedeza,

Leucanthemum

Leucosjiora,

Leucothoe,

Liatris,

tLiguliflora!,

Ligusticum,

. 540

. 421

Syn. 425

. 164

Iberis,
Ictodes, . ■ ■ 521
Ilex, ■ • ^ ■ 381

Syn. 381
ILLICEBRACE^. 185

llysanthus,
Impatiens,
Inula,

Ipmncea, .
Ipomopsis,
Iresiiie, .

Syn. 333

, 442, 443

. 440

Ligustrura
Liliaceae, .
Lilium,
LIMNANTHA

CE«
Limnanthemum,
Liiimetis,
Limodorum
Limosella,
Livdervia,
LINACEiE,
Linntpa. .
Linaria, .
Linura, .
Liparis,

47llLippia,

Syn. 362

. 427

. 338

. 444

. 161

. 405

. 555

Syn. 556

Maenoiia,
MA'GNOLIACE^:
Majorana.
Malaxis,
Malope, .
Malus,
Malva,

MALVACE.E.
Mariscus,
MaiTubiiun,
Marsilea,

MARSILEAGE.E,
Martynia,
Maruta, .
Matthiola,
Meconopsis, .
Medeola, .
Medicago,
Melampyrum, .
MELANTHACE.ffi
Melanthium, . . 556
Srjn. 556, 558
MELASTOMACE.ffi, 259

420
530, 531
. 209
. 244
. 206
. 206
. 567
. 428

342

Myosurus

Myrica,

MYRICACE^,

Mvriophyllum,

MYRTACE.ffi,

Myrtus, .

Nabulus, .

NAIADAGE.*;,

Najas,

Napcta, .

Narcissus,

Nardosmia,

Narthecium, .

Nasturtium, .

Naumburgia, .

Ncgundo, .

NELUMBIAGEa;,

Nelumbium, .

Nemopanthus,

Nemcrphila,

Neottia, .

Nepeta,

148
600
. 499
. 267
. 258
. 258
. 360
. 523

209, 210
539

Nepe tete,
Nephrodium,

Neriiim, .
Nescea,
Nicandra,
Nicotiana,
Nigella, .
Nuphar, .

556

. 289
Syn. 289
. 463

Melica,

Melilotus,

Melissa, .

M eli Bsineae,

Melocactus,

Melothria,

MENISPERMA-

CEJE, .
Menispermum,
Mentha, .
Menthoidese,
Mentrelia,
Menyantheas,
Menyanthes, . . ^ss
Menziesa, . . 373
Mcrtensia, . ■ 433
MESEMBRYACE^,276
Mesembi7anthemum,276
Mespiiiis, 243, 244, 245
Micromeria,
Micrope.talon,
Microstylis,

Mikania, .
Milium, .
Mimosa, .

tMimoseaa,
Mimulus,
Mirahilis,
Mitchella,

. 530

. 316

. 603

. 238

Syn. 238

318
563
164

386

213

153

153

. 381

. 436

. 536

. 424

Syn. 419

. 424
. 629

Syn. 633

. 457
. 261
. 446
. 445
. 149
. 154
Syn. 155
NYCTAGINACE.ff;, 472
Nymphxa, . • 154
Syn. 154, 155
NYMPHEAGE.ffi, . 154
Nyssa, . . .480
Oakesia, . . .490
Obeliscaric, . ■ 338
Obolaria, .
Ocimoideas,
Ocimum, .
(Enanthe,
CEnothera,
OLEACEiE, .
0NAGRAGE.3S, .
Onagrsea,
Onoclea, .
Onopordon,
Onosmodium, .
Ophioglosseaa,
Ophioglossum,
(yphrys, .

Syn. 537
Oplismenus,
Oplotheca,

Opuntia, . . . --^'i
ORCHIDACE^, . 529
Orchis, . - - 532
Syn. 632
Origanum. . • 420
Ormlhosnlum, . 551

OROEANGHACE.«,392
Orobanche, . . 392
Orontium, . . 521
tOrlhospormea;, . 284
Oryzea;, . . 622

452
415.
415
291
263
462
261
262
633
355
432
635
635
636

472

642

INDEX.

Oiyzopsis,

Osmorhiza,

Osmunda,

Osmundiacee

Ostrya,

Otophylla,

OXALIDACE^,

Oxalis,

Oxycoccus,

Oxydendron, .

Oxyria,

Pieonia, .

Panax,

Pa nice 83,

Panicura, .

Syn. 603, 604, 618
Papaver, . .
PAPAVERACEiE
fPapilionucece,
Parietaria,
Painassia,
Paronychia,
Parthenium
Paspalum,
Passitiora,
PASSIFLORACEiE, 269
Pastinaca,
Paulovvnia,
Favia,

PEDALIACE^
Pedicularis,
Pelargonium,
Peltandra,
Pentalophus,
Penthorum,
Pentstemon,
Peplys,
Periploca,
Persica, .
Peristylus,
Persicaria,
Petalostemon,

. 5961 Podophyllum, .
Syn. 596'PODOSTEMACEjE, 485
293 Podostemum, . . 485

Petroselinum,
Petunia, .
Phaca,
Phacelia, .

Phalangium,

PhalarscB,

Phalaris, .

Phalerocarpus,

Pharbitis,

Phaseolus,

tPhiiadelpheas

Philadelphus,

Phleoidece,

Phieum, .

Phlox, .

Phragmites,

Phryraa, .

Phyllanthug,

Phyllodoce,

Physalis, .

Physostegia,

Phytolacca,

PHYTOLACCA-

CE.E, .
Pimpinella,
Pinguicula,
Pinus,

Syn. 515, 516
Piptatherum,
Pisum,

PLANTAGINA

CEiE,
Planfaeo,
PLATANACE^
Platanus, .
Platanthera,
Plectranthus
Pluchea, .
PLUMBAGINA-

CE^,
Poa, .

399

410

Syn. 226

. 288

. 445

. 229

. 438

Syn. 437

. 552

Syn. 562

. 607

596

Pogonia, .
Polanisia, .
POLEMONIACE^, 438
Polemonium, . . 440
Polyanthes, . . 550
Polygala, . . .173
POLYGALACEiE, 173
POLYGONACE^, 473
Polygonatum, . . 553
Polysonella, . . 475
Polygonum, . . 473
Polymnia, . . 335
Polypodiaceae, 628
Polypodium, . . 628

Syn. 631
Polypogon, . . 599
Polytaenia, . . 292
tPomeoe, . . . 243
PONTEDERACEiE, 555
Pontederia, . . 555
Populus, , . . 506
Portulaca, . . 193
PURTULAGACE^
Potamogeton, . . 524

Syn. 267

Potentilla,
Poteriura,
Pathos,
Prenanthes,
Primula, .
PRIMULACE^a;,
Prinos,
Priva,

Prose rpinaca,
Prunella, .

Primus, . . .241
Syn. 240, 242
Psamma, . . .600
Psilostemon, . . 431
Psoralea, . . .225
Psylocarya, . . 574
Ptelea, . . .201
Pteris, . . .632
Pterospora, . . 380
Pulmonaria,

. 255
. 521
361, 362
384
383
381
413
267
424

. 434
Syn. 434

. 258
, . 419

Syn. 343

. 378
Syn. 379

Syn. 219

614

Podalyria,

Syn. 613

. 225

Punica, .

Pycnanthemum

Pyrethrum,

Pj'rola,

t Pyroles,
Pyrularia,
Pyrus,

Syn. 245, 246
Pyxldanthera,
Quamoclit,
Cluercus,
Queria, .
RANUNCULA

CEiE, .
Ranunculus,
Raphanus,
Reseda, .
RESEDACE^,
Re.nssel<sria,
RHAMNACE
Rhamnus,
Rheum, .
Rhexia. .
Rhinanthus,
Rhododendron,

Rubus,
Rudbeckia,

Ruellia,
Rumex,

. 249
. 337

Syn. 338

. 395
. 476
Syn. 473
. 524

137

53,

Rhodora, ,

Rhus,

Rhyncospora,

Ribes,
Ricinus, .
Robinia, .
Rochelia,
Rosa,

rosace;e, .

Rosacese proper,
Rosmarinus, .
RUBIACE7E, .

473
259
410

Syn. 375
. 375
. 202

. 574

Syn. 575

. 273

. 488

. 224

. 435

246

238

246

419

303

Ruppia, .

Ruta,

RUTACE.a:,

Sabbatia,

Sagina,

Sagittaria,

SALICAGE^

Salicornia,

Salix,

Salpiglosssffi,

Salsola, .

Salvia,

Salvinia, .

Sambuceae,

Sambucus,

Samolus,

Sanguinaria,

San^uisorba,

Sanicula,

SANTALACEiE, .

SAPINDACEJE, .

Saponaria,

Sarothra,

Sarracenia,

SARRACENIA-

CE.E, .
Sassafras,
Satureja,
Satureineas,
SAURACEiE,
Saururus,
Saxifraffa,

SAXIFRAGACEjE
t Saxifrageee, .
Scabiosa,
Scandix, .
Scheuchzeria,
Schiziea, .
Schizanthus,
Scfwenus,
Schollera,
Schrankia,
Schwalbea,
Sc i lleie,
Scir pete,
Scirpus, .

Syre. 565, 568, 569, 570, 573
SCLERANTHA

CEJE. .
Scleranthus,
Sclereffi,
iScleria,
Sclerolepis,
Scolopendrium
.Scrophularia,
SCROPHULARIA

CEiE, .
Scutellaria, . . _ ..
ScutellarincEB, 423
Secale, . . .619
Sedum,

Selinum, . . 290
Sempervivum, . 277
Senicio, . . .347
Syn. 352
Senecionidece, 335

204

409
484
484
278
278
278
310
. 292
. 528
. 635
. 397
574, 575
. 555
. 238
. 410
. 550
569
570

Sisymbrium, .

168

Syn. 165

166

Sisyrinchium, .

543

Slum,

287

SxMILACE^, .

544

Smilacina,

552

553

Smilax, .

544

Smyrnium, 287, 288

289

SOLANACE.*:

444

Solanum,

"443

Solea.

178

Solidago, .

328-

-333

Sonchus, .

363

Syn. 359

361

Sophora, .

235

Sorbii.'i, .

245

Sorghum,

622

Sparganium, .

523

Sparga?iophorus, .

314

Spartina,

618

Specularia,

366

Spergula,

185

Sy'n

189

Spermacoce, .

306

Syn

307

Spigelia, .

307

t Spigelieae,

307

Spinacia, .

467

Spiraea, .

255

Syn

257

Spiranthes,

536

Spirodela,

522

Sporobolus, .

599

Stachydeae,

426

Stachys, .

427

Staphylea,

215

S t aphylefB.

215

Statice, .

390

Syn

390

Stellaria, .

187

t Stellatae,

304

Stipa,

595

Syn

600

Stipaces, .

595

Streptopus,

554

Syn

554

Struthiopteris,

634

Stylipus, .

254

Stylisma,

443

Styfophorum,

158

Stylosanthes,

229

STYRACACE^, .

383

Styrandra,

552

Suoularia,

163

Sullivantia,

279

Swertia, .

454

Syn. 45(

,453

454

Symphoria, .

300

301

Sepicuta,

Sericocarpus

Sesamum,

Setaria,

Seymeria,

Shepherdia,

SibbaJdia,

S i b thorpea;,

Sicyos,

Sida,
Silene,
S i le nese,

Siliculosae,
* SiiiquosEB,
Silphium,
Sinapis, .
Sison,

270

Syn. 271

. 209

287, 294

Symphoricarpus
Symphitum,
Symplocarpus,
Synandra,
Synthyrus,
Syringa, .
Ta^etes, .
Talinum, .
Tanacetum,

300
431
521
426

Taraxacum,

Tax us.

Tax in 6 a;,

Tecoma,

Tephrosia,

TERNSTRCEMIA

CE/E, .
Teucriura,
Thalictrum, .
Thapsia, .
Thaspium,

. 350
Syn. 347
. 362

518
518
393
824

Thenum,
Thlaspi, .

Thuja,

THYMELACE^,

Thymus, .

Tiarella, .

Tigridia,

Tilia,

TILIACE^, .

205
429
147
289
289
Srjn. 287, 296
. 479
. 160

Syn. 161
517

480
420
280
542
210
210

INDEX.

'rillsea, .
TipiJaiia,
Tofieldia,
Trachyspertna,
Tradescuntia, .
Tragopogon, .

Trautvetteria,

Tricochloa,

Trichodium,

Ti'icophorwm,

Trichostema,

Trichelostylis,

Tricuspis,

Trientalis,

TrifoUura,

276ITropteolum,
532 Troxiraon,
559 Tubulitiora;,

Syn

Xriglochin

TRILLIACE^,

Trillium, .

Triosteum,

Triphora,

Tripsacum,

Trisetum,

Triticura,

Trollius, .

TROP^OLACE^,

Syn. 228, 230
528
545
545
300
535
623

Txickermama,
t Tulipa,
Tulipaceas,
Turritis,

Tussilago,

2001
3621
313
490
547
547

Vaccinium, . . 368|VITACE^,

S^/l. 370, 371 Vitis,
Valeriana, . . 308 Waldstema,
VALERIANAGE^, 308 Winsoria,
jr^i^^^nviotift ?in9 Wistaria.

Syn.
Syn.

Tvpha, .

rYPHACE^E,

Udora,

ULMACE.B, .

Ulmus,

UMBELLIFER^ffi,

Uiiiola,

Uralepis,

Uraspermum,

Urtica,

Syn.
URTICACE^a;,
* UrticeEB,
Utricularia,
Uvaria,
Uvularia, .

Syn
t Vaccineae, .

VaJerianella, . . 309

Vallisneria, . . 529

Veratrum, . . 557
Syn. 557, 559

Verbasceae, . 397

Veibascura, . . 397

Verbena, . . .411

VERBENACE.E, . 411

Verbesina, . • 347
Syn. 344

Vernonia, . • 313

VernoniaceEE, . 313
Veronica,
Ve roniceae,
Viburnum,

Vicia,

VUfa, . ■

Villarsia,

Vinca,

Viola,

VIOLACE.a:,
Viscum, .

405
. 405
. 301
. 220
597, 598
. 455
. 457
. 175

Syn. 178

. 175
. 297

Syn. 386

wistaria, .

Woodsia, .

Woodvvardia,

Xanthium,

Xeranthemum

Xerophyllura,

Xylosteum,

XYRIDACE.*;.

Xyri3,

Zahnichellia,

Zanthorhiza, .

ZANTHOXYLA-

CE^, .
Zanthoxylum,
Zapania,
Zea, .
Zenobia, .
Zigadenus,
Zinnia,
Zizania, •
Zizia,
Ziziphora,
Zostera, .

643

. 211

. 211

. 253

. 613

. 222

. 631

. 632

. 352

. 355

. 558

. 299

. 363

. 363

. 524

. 148

. 201

. 201

412, 413

. 623

. 372

. 656

. 338

. 622

. 287

421, 422

. 523

ENGLISH INDEX.

Adam-and-Eve,

Adder's-tongue,

Agrimony,

Albany Beech-drops,

Alder, . . 381,

Alexanders,

Allspice, .

Almond, . . 242

Aloe,

Alumroot,

Amaranth, . 471

American Cowslip,

Angelica, . 290,

Angelica Tree,

Anise,

Annual Spear Grass,

Apple,

Apple of Peru,
Apricot, .
Arbor Vitae,
Arrow-grass, .
Arrow-head, •
Arrow-wood, .
Artichoke, . 341
Asarabacca,
Ash, . . 463,464,
Asparagus,
Asphodel, , .
Atamasco Lily,
Austrian Eglantine,
Avens, . . 252
Awlwort,

Bachelor's Button, .
Ealloon■^'ine, .
Balm, . 422,

Balmof Gilead,
Balsam Apple,
Balsam Spruce,
Baneberry, • 146,
Barley,

Basil, . . 419,

Basswood,

Bath Flower, .

Bayberry,

Beach Plum, .

Beach Pea,

Bean, . 220, 221,

Bear-berry,

Beard-tongue, 400

Beard Grass, .

Beaver-wood, .

Bedstraw,

Beech,

Beech-drops,

Beet.

Bell-flower,

Bell-wort,

Bengal Grass,

Bent Grass,

Berberry,

Bilberry,

Bindweed,

Bird's-nest,

Birch, . • '-

Bishop's Cap, .

Bishop-weed, .

Bistort,

Bittersweet, .

Blackberry,

Black Haw, .

Black Snake- root.

Black Thorn, .

Bladder-nut, .

Bladder Senna,

Bladderwort, .

Blazing Star, .

Blessed Thistle,

Blood-root,

Blueberry,

Blue-bottle,

380, 393

. 470

365, 366

442, 443, 476

. 380

. 498, 499

280

286

391,

Blue-curls,

Blue-eyed Grass

Blue Grass,

Blue Flag,

Blue-hearts,

Blue Tangles,

Bog Rush,

Boneset,

Borrage,

Bottle Grass,

Bowman's Root,

Box. .

Boxberry,

Brake,

Broccoli, .

Broome Grass,

Brooklime,

Broomrape,

Broom Corn,

Buck-bean,

Buck-eye,

Buck-thorn,

Buck-wheat,

Bugle-weed,

Buirloss, .

BuUrush, .

Burdock,

Burnet,

Burning Bush,

Burr Flower,

Burr Grass,

Burr Marigold,

Burr-reed,

Burr-seed,

Buttercups,

Butterfly-weed

Butternut,

Butterworl,

Button-bush,

Button-wood,

371, ;
611,

429

Cabbage,

171

543

Calabash,

272

614

Cale,

171

541

Calico-bush, .

374

407

Campion,

190

370

Canary Grass, .

607

575

Cancer-weed, .

418

316

Candytuft,

164

531

Caraway,

288

348

607

Cardinal Flower,

363

364

257

Cardoon, .

355

489

Carnation,

193

373

Carrot,

292

632

Carpet-weed, .

190

171

Castor Oil Bean,

488

621

Catch-fly,

190

191

405

Cat-gut, .

225

393

Catnep, .

425

622

Cattail, .

522

455

Cauliflower, .

171

214

Cedar,

516

517

217

Celandine,

156

476

Celery,

288

416

Century Plant,

539

481

Chaft'-seed,

410

571

Chamomile, .

342

357

Cheat,

611

265

Checkerberry, .

373

216

Cherry, .

240

43G

Chess,

611

607

Chestnut,

496

346

Chiokweed, 185

,137

,188

523

Chickweed Winter-

435

green, .

385

142

China Aster, .

327

460

Chinquapin, .

496

490

Choke Berry, .

245

390

Cinquefbil,

251

.252

307

Citron Tree, .

205

508

Gives,

551

644

INDEX.

Clarry,

. 418

English Ivy, .

. 295

Hart's-tongue,

. 632

Leaf-cup,

Leather-flower,

. S35

Cleavers, .

. 304

English Moss,

. 277

Hawkweed, .

358, 360

. 139

Clotweed,

. 352

Eternal Flower,

. 355

Hawthorn,

. 243

Leather-wood,

. 480

Cloudberry,

. 250

Eyebright,

. 487

Hazel,

496, 497

Leek,

550, 551

Clover, . 227

, 228, 233

False Flax,

. 163

Heartsease,

. 178

Lemon Tree, .

. 204

Club Moss,

625—627

False Mermaid,

. 200

Hedge Hyssop,

. 403

Lettuce, .

359, 361

Club Rush,

569, 570

False Red-top,

. 613

Hedge Mustard,

. 168

Lever-wood, .

. 497

Cock's-comb, .

. 472

False Wall Flow

er, 169

Hedgehog,

. 228

Lite-everlasting,

. 351

Cock's-foot Grass, . 604

Feather-beds, .

. 637

Hedgehog Grass

. 621

Lilac,

. 463

Coflee Tree, .

. 237

Feather Grass,

. 596

Heliotrope,

. 436

Lily,

548. 549

Colic Root,

. 541

Felvvort,

. 454

Hellebore,

144, 557

Lily-ofthe-Valley. 553

Colocynth,

. 272

Fennel, .

. 290

Hemlock, 286

515,518

Lime Tree,

205, 210

Colt'sfoot,

. 318

Fennel Flower,

. 149

Hemp,

. 512

Lime Grass, .

620, 621

Columbine,

. 145

Fern,

629—636

Hemp Nettle,

. 427

Linden Tree, .

. 210

Columbo,

. 455

Fescue Grass,

611, 612

Henbane,

446, 447

Lion's-heart, .

. 426

Comfrey, .

. 431

Fever-bush,

. 478

Henbit, .

. 426

Lion's-foot,

. 361

Cone-flower .

337, 338

Feverfew,

. 343

Herb Robert, .

. 196

Live-tbrever, .

. 277

Coral-root,

. 531

Feverwort,

. 300

Herd's Grass,

. 602

Liverwort,

. 141

Coriander,

. 294

Field Mint, .

. 416

Hickory, •

491, 492

Lizzard's-tail, .

. 484

Corn Cockle, .

. 191

Fig, . . .

. 510

High Cranberry,

. 302

Locust,

224. 237

Corn Mint,
Corn Salad,

. 416

Figwort,

. 399

High-water Shrub, 353

Loosestrife,260,265.386.387

. 309

Finger Grass, .

. 603

Hoarhound, 315

416, 428

Lopseed, .

. 413

Corn Spurry, .

. 186

Fir Balsam,

. 516

Hobble-bush, .

. 302

Lousewort,

. 411

Cornel,

. 296

Fire-weed,

. 352

Hogweed,

353, 469

Lovage, .

. 289

Cotton Plant, .

. 207

Flax,

. 195

HoHy,

. 381

Love-lies-bleedin?. 471

Cotton Thistle,

. 355

Fleabane,

326, 327

Hollyhock,

. 208

Lungwort,

. 434

Cotton Tree, .

. 507

Florin Grass, .

. 597

Honesty,

. 164

Lupine, . ,

. 235

Cotton Grass, .

572, 573

Flower-of-an-hour, 209

Honeworl,

287. 289

Lychnidea, 438

439, 440

Cowbane,

286, 291

Fly-poison,

. 558

Honeysuckle, 298. 299. 300

Madwort,

. 163

Cowslips,

. 143

Fly-trap, .

. 192

Hoop Ash,

. 483

Maidenhair, .

. 633

Cow Wheat, .

. 411

Fog-fruit,

. 413

Hop,

. 512

Maize,

. 623

Coxcomb,

. 470

Fool's Parsley,

. 289

Hornbeam,

. 497

Mallow, .

206—209

Crab Grass,

. 603

Forbed Spike, .

. 621

Horn Poppy, .

, 156

Mangel-Wurtzel,

. 470

Cranberry,

302, 370

Forked Chickweed, les

Hornwort,

. 484

Man-of-the-Earth. . 442

Crane's-bill, .

196, 197

Forget-me-not,
Foul Meadow,

. 434

Horse Balm, .

. 421

Maple, . 212

213, 214

Crowberry,

489, 490

. 615

Hor.'je Chestnut,

. 214

Mare's-tail,

. 268

Crowfoot, 141

142, 143

Four-o'clock, .

472, 4TS

Horsemint,

415,417

Marigold,

143, 341

Crownbeard, .

. 347

Foxglove.

404, 405

Horse Nettle, .

. 448

Marjoram,

. 420

Crown Imperial,

. 549

Fox-tail Grass,

. 60-2

Horse Radish,

. 163

Marsh Rosemary

, . 390

Cucumber, 270

271, 272

Franklinia,

. 205

Horsetail,

624, 625

Marvel of-Peru,

. 472

C ucumbe r-root.

. 547

Fraxineila,

. 204

Hound's-tongue,

. 435

Mat Grass,

. 601

Cucumber Tree,

. 150

Fringe Tree, .
Fritillary,

. 463

Houseleek,

. 277

Matrimony Vine

. 449

Cudweed,

. 332

. 549

Huckleberry, .

. 36S

May Apple, .

. 152

Culver's Physic,

. 405

Frogbit, .

. 529

Hyacinth,

. 551

May Flower, .

. 374

Cup-plant,

. 3S6

Frost-plant.

. 181

Hydrangea,

281, 282

May-weed,

. 342

Currant,

. 273

Fumitory,

. 159

Hyssop, .

. 421

Meadow Beauty

. 259

Currant-leaf, .

. 280

Galingale,

. 566

Ice-plant,

. 276

Meadow Grass,

. 614

Cut Grass,

. 622

Garget,
Garlic,

. 478

Indian Cress, .

. 200

Meadow Rue,

147, 148

Cypress, .

. 517

550, 551

Indian Grass,

. 622

Meadow-sweet,

256, 257

Cypress Vine, .

. 443

Gay Feather, .

. 317

Indian Hemp,

. 456

Medick, .

. 228

Daflbdil,

. 539

Gem-fruit,

. 280

Indian Millet, .

. 622

Melilot, .

. 228

Daisy, . 326

327, 343

Gentian, . 416

, 453, 454

Indian Physic,

. 257

Mercury, .

. 488

Dandelion,

358, 362

Geranium,

196-198

Indian Pipe, .

. 380

Mermaid-weed,

. 267

Darnel Grass, .

. 620

Gill over the-ground, 425

Indian Rice, .

. 622

Miami Mist, .

. 437

Day flower.

. 563

Ginseng,

. 295

Indian Tobacco,

. 364

Mignionette, .

. 173

Day Lily,

. 550

Globe Flower,

144, 257

Ink-berry,

. 382

Milfoil, . 267

268, 312

Deadly Nightshade, 449

Goat's Beard, .

. 256

Innocence,

. 306

Milk-weed,

. 359

Deerberry,

. 369

Goat's Rue,

. 225

Iron weed,

. 313

Milkwort,

. 174

Deer Grass,

. 259

Golden Chain,

. 235

Iron-wood,

. 497

Millet, .

596, 607

Devil's-bit,

. 310

Golden Club, .

. 521

Jack-in-the-Pu!pit. 519

Millet Grass, .

603, 604

Dewberry,

. 249

Golden Cress-flower, 540

Jacoba,'a, .

. 348

Misslefoe,

. 297

Ditch Moss, .

. 529

Goldenrod,

328—333

Jacobaea Lily, .

. 538

Mitrewort,

. 280

Dittany, .

. 421

Gold-ofpleasure

. 163

Jalap,

. 478

Modesty, .

. 286

Dock,

476, 477

Goldthread, .

. 144

Japan Rose, .

. 206

Moneywort,

. 387

Dockmackie, .

. 302

Gooseberry,

273, 274

Jasmine.

443, 462

Monkey Flower,

401, 402

Dodder, .

. 444

Goose-grass, .

252, 304

Jersey Tea,

. 217

Monk's-hood, .

. 146

Dog's-bane,

456, 457

Goose-foot,

. 469

Jerusalem Cherry, . 448

Moonseed,

. 151

Doe's-couch Grass, 619

Gourd,

. 272

Jewel-weed, .

. 199

Morning Glory,

'. 442

Dogwood, 203

296, 297

Grape,

. 211

Judas Tree,

. 236

Moss Pfnk,

. 440

Dorp-seed Grass,

. 600

Grass,

595—623

July Flower, .

. 170

Motherwort, .

. 427

Dragon's-claw,

. 531

Grass-of-Pamass

us, 180

June Berry,

. 245

Mountain ^sh.

. 245

Dragon-head,

425, 426

Grass Pink, ..

. 536

Juniper, .

. 517

Mountain Fringe

. 158

Dragon-root, .

. 519

Grass-poly,
Greek Valerian,

. 260

King's Spear, .

. 552

Mountain Heath

. 373

Dropwort,

. 29!

. 440

Knapweed,

. 354

Mountain Laurel

. 374

Diirkmeat,

. 522

Green Brier, .

. 544

Knawell,

. 470

Mountain Mint,

417, 419

Dutchman's Breeches, 158

Green Dragon,

. 620

Knot Grass, 474,

475, 476

Mountain Rice,

. 598

Dutchman's Pipe

, . 466

Green-head,

. 306

Knot-weed,

474, 475

Mourning Bride,

. 310

Dwarf Cassia, .

. 337

Gromwell,

432, 433

Labrador Tea,

. 377

Mouse-ear,

. 435

Dwarf Pink, .

. 306

Ground Cherry,

. 447

Ladies' Ear-drop,

. 265

Mouse-tail,

148, 286

Dyer's-broom,

. 234

Ground Ivy, .

. 425

Ladies' Slipper,

537. 538

Mudwort,

. 404

Dyer's-weed, .

. 173

Ground Nut, .

222, 295

Ladies' Thumb,

. 474

Mugwort,

. 350

Egg-plant,

. 448

Ground Pine, .

. 625

Ladies' Tresses,

. 536

Mulberry, 249,

250, 509

Eglantine,

. 247

Groundsel,

. 347

Lake Flower,

. 455

Mullein, .

. 397

Egyptian Wheat,

. 619

Groundsel Tree,

. 335

Lamb Lettuce,

. 309

Mullein Pink, .

. 192

Elder, . 295,

301, 353

Guelder Rose,

. 302

Larch,

. 516

Muskmelon, .

. 271

Elecampane, .

. 334

Gum Tree,

. 480

Larkspur,

145, 146

Mustard,

66—170

Elm,

482, 483

Hackberry,

. 483

Laurel,

374, 481

Myrtle, .

258, 500

Endive, .

. 357

Hair Bell,

. 365

Laurestine,

. 303

Narcissus,

. 539

Enchanter's Night- |

■^air Grass, ,

. 599

Lavender,

. 415

N-asturtion,

. 200

shade, .

. 266 1

Hardback,

. 256

Lead-plant,

. 226

Neckweed,

. 405

INDEX.

645

428, 510, 511

483
448
256
228

482

509

409,'

. 289
287, 291

Nectarine,

Nettle, .

Nettle Tree

Nightshade, .

Nine-bark,

Nonesuch,

Nutmeg Flower,

Oak, . . 492

Oak-of-Jerusalem, . 469

Oat, . . . 609, 61U

Oilnut, . . .479

Oilysecd, . . 395

Okro, . . . 209

Oleander, . , 458

Oleaster,

Onion,

Orache, .

Orange Tree,

Orchard Grass,

Orpine,

Osage Orange,

Osier,

Ostrich Fern,

Ox-eye, .

Ox-tongue,

Pasony,

Painted-cup.

Palma Christi,

Panic,

Pansey, .

Parsley, .

Parsnep, .

Partridge-berrj',

Passion Flower,

Pawnee Lettuce,

Pawpan, .

Pea, . 219,

Peach,

Pear,

Pearlwort,

Pea Vine,

Pellitory, .

Pencil Flower,

Penny Cress, .

PennjToyal,

Pennywort,

Pepper, .

Peppergrass, .

Pepperidge,

Peppermint, .

Pepper-root, .

Periwinkle,

Persimmon Tree,

Pettymorrel, .

Pheasant's Ej'e,

Pickerel-weed,

Pigmy-weed, .

Pirapernell,

Pine,

Pine Sap,

Pmk, . 192,

Pink-root,

Pinweed,

Pipes,

Pipewort,

Pipsissiwa, . . 379

Plantain, 388, 389, 526, 536

Plum,

Poison Hemlock,

Poison Ivy,

Poison Oak,

Poisonous Darnel,

2421 Primrose, 263, 264, 384, 385 1 Snake-head
475

. 422
284, 432

. 416

. 168

. 457

382

. 294

141, 193

. 555

. 276

387, 388

514, 515

564

249,

. 217,
597, 613,

Poke, . . 478, 557
Polar-plant, . . 336
Poly pod, . . 628

Pomegranate, . 259

Pond Lily, . 154, 155
Pond-weed, . 524—526
Poor-man's Weather-
glass, . . .387
Poplar, . 150, 506, 507
Poppoose-ioot, . 153
Poppy, . . 156, 157
Potato, . . .448
Pot Marigold, . . 354
Poverty Grass, . 595
Prairie Burdock, . 336
Prickly Ash, . . 201
Prickly Pear, . 275

Pride-of-the-Meadow.257
Prim, . 163

Prince's Feather, 471,
Prince's Pine, .
Privet, .
Puccoon, .
Pumpkin,
Pumpkin-wood,
Purslain, 193, 194, 195,
Putty-root,
(iuamash,
Q.ueen-of-the-Mea-

dow,
Quilhvort,
Quince,
Radish, .
Ragged Robin,
Ram's-head,
Raspberry,
Rattle-bo.x,
Red-bud, .
Red Osier,
Red-root,
Red-top,
Reed Grass,
Reed Mace, .
Resin-weed, .
Rhubarb,
Ribwort,
Rice,

Robin's Plantain, .
Rock Brake,
Uock Rose,
Rocket, . . 168,
Rose, . 246—248,
Rose Acacia, .
Rose-bay, . 262,
Rose-bay Tree,
Rosemary, . 372,
Rosin-weed, .
Rue,

Rush, 659—562, 571,
Rutland Beauty,
Rye, . . 619,

Rye Grass,
.Saffron, . . 355,
■Sage.

Sage Geranium,
Salt-rheura-weed,
Saltwort, . 386.

Samphire, . 466,
Sandwort, . 188,
Sanicle, .

Sarsaparilla, . 294,
Satin Flower, .
Saxifrage, 255, 278,
.Scabish,

Scarcity, .

Scorpion Grass,

Scorpion Senna,

Scratch Grass,

Screw-stem, .

Scurvy Grass, .

Sea Wrack Grass, ;

Sedge, . . 566,

Seed-box,

Self-heal,

.Seneca Grass,

Senna,

.Sensitive Brier,

Sensitive Plant, 237,

Sensitive Pea,

Sesame GriLss,

Shad-berrv,

Shaddock Tree,

Shallot, .

Sheep-poison,

Shell Flower. .

.Shepherd's Purse, .

Shield Fem, . 629,

Short-styled Cicely,

.Sicklepod,

.Side-saddle Flower,

.Silkweed, . 458,

Silver-weed, .

Sampler's Joy,

Skull-cap, . 406,

Shamrock,

Skunk Cabbage,

Slender Elite, ,

Sloe.

Snail.

342, 313
302
300
539
383

346

614

416

. 141

406, 407

. 478

172, 563

. 400
Snake Cactus, . 275
Snake-root,147,174,2S5,465
Snap-dragon, 398, 399
Sneezewort,
Snowball,
Snow-berry, .
Snowdrop,
Snowdrop Tree
Soapwort,
.Soft Grass,
Solomon's Seal, 552, 553
Sorrel, 200, 201, 473, 477
Sorrel Tree, . . 372
Southernwood, . 350
Sow Thistle, . . 363
Spanish Needles,
.Spear Grass, .
Spearmint,
.Spearwort,
Speedwell,
Spicewood,
Spiderwort

Spikenard, . . 294
Spin.ige, . . 467

Spindle Tree, . . 216
Spleenwort, 275, 630, 631
Spring Beauty, . 194
Spruce, . . . 515

purge, . . 486, 487
Squash, . . . 272
Squirrel-tail Grass, 620
Staft'Tree, . . 215
Star Flower, . .451
Star-Grass. . 540, 541
-Star-of-Bethlem, . 551
St. John's-wort, 183, 184
St Peter's-wort, . 182
St. Peter's Wreath, 256
.Stone-crop, . 277, 278

tonewort, . . 637
Strawberry, . . 253
.Strawberry Blite, . 468

uccory, . . . 357
Sumach, . . 202,203
Summer Savory,
Sundew, .

" flower. 339,340,341,345
Swamp Pink
Sweet Basil, . .415
Sweet Brier, . . 247
Sweet Cicely, . . 293
Sweet Fern, . . 500
Sweet Flag,
Sweet Gum, . . 508
Sweet-pepper Bush, 373
Sweet Potato, . 443
Sweet-scented Grass, 608
.Sweet-scented Shrub,258
.Sweet Sultan,
Sweet William, 192,193
Sycamore, . 213, 508

Synnga

Tansey, .

Tape Grass, .

Tares,

Tassel Flower,

Tea Plant,

Teasel,

Ten-weeks' Stock,

Thimble-berry,

Thistle

Thorn, .

Thorn Apple, .

Thoroughwax,

Thorouffhwort,

Threadtbot, .

Thrift,

Thyme, .

Tickseed,

Tiger Flower, .

Timothy Grass.

Toad Flax,

Tobacco, .

Tomato, .

Touch-me-not, . 199

Trailine Arbutus, . 374

Tree-of-Heaven, . 202

Trefoil, 202, 227, 228, 331

Trumpet Flower, . 394

Trumpet-weed,
Tuberose,
Tulepo, .
Tulip,

Tulip Tree, .
Turk's Cap, . 1
Turmeric-root,
Turnip,

Tway-blade, . I
Twin-flower, .
Twist-toot,
Umbrella Tree,
Unicom Plant,
Unicorn-root, .
Valerian, .
Vegetable Oyster,
Venus' Fly-trap, . 180
Venus' Looking-glass, 367
Vernal Grass, . . 60S
Vervain, . . 412

Vetch, . 220, 221, 229
Violet, . 175—178, 253
Viper's Bugloss,
Virgin's Bower,
Wake Robin, .
Wall Flower, .
Wall Peoper, .
Walnut, .
Water Carpet, .
Water Cress, .
Water Feather,
Water Hemp, .
Water-leaf, .
Water Lily,
Water-melon, .
Water Nymph,
Water Pepper,
Water-target, .
Wayfaring Tree,
Wheat, .
Wheat thief, .
Whip Grass, .
Whistle-wood,
White Bay,
White Grass, .
White-top,
White-weed, .
White-wood, .
Whitlow Grass,
Whortleberry,
Wild Basil,
Wild Bereamot,
Wild Bullace Tree,
Wild Germander, .
Wild Ginger, .
Wild Indigo, .
Wild Mandrake,
Wild Oats,
Wild PeppergrEiss, .
Wild Potato, .
Wild Service-berry,
Wild Timothy,
Willow, .
Willow-herb, .
Winter Berry, ,
Winter Cherry,
Winter Cress, .
Wintergreen,373,378-9,385

250
275, 356, 363
243, 244

314
550

480
547

554
150
394
559
308
353

. 430
. 139
. 546
. 170
. 277
490, 491
. 281
. 165
. 384
. 467
. 436
. 154
. 272
. 524
. 474
. 153
. 302
. 619
. 433
. 576
. 213
. 150
. 622
. 597
325, 343
. 150
. 162
368, 369
419, 422
417
241
429
465
235
152
554

442

245

606

501—506

. 262

381, 382

. 447

398, 479
. 445
. 449

Wire Grass,
Witch Hazel,
Withe Rod,
Woad,
Wolf-berry,
Wolf's-bane,
Wood Sorrel,
Wood-waxen,
AVorm Grass,
Worm-seed,
Wormwood,
Woundwort, .
Wrack Grass, .
Yam-root,
Yarrow, .
Yellow-eyed Grass,
Yellow Phlox,
Yellow Rattle,
Yellow-seed, .
Yellow-weed, .
Yew,
Zigadene,

617

. 282

. 302

. 164

. 300

. 140

200, 201

. 234

. 303

. 469

349, 350

. 428

. 523

. 544

. 342

564

169

410

161

142

518

656

• THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers,
And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers.

Percival.

[At the request ofmanyofour readers, we insert the following article, regarding
it as by no means an unsuitable appendix to the Flora, although it might not be en-
titled to a place in the body of a scientific work. The species are arranged alptia-
betically, as usual, according to the names by which they are best known, t or
their true characters and nomenclature, reference is made to the Flora, thus ;
Acacia (Rose). XL VII (order), 11 (genus); 3 (species).]

Acacia (Rose). XL VII, 1 1 ; 3. Friendship.

Ado?iis {Flos). I, 4. Sad remembrances.

Almo?id {Floicering). XL VIII, 5 ; 3. Hope.

Aloe. CXLVII, 4. Superstition.

Alyssum {sweet). XIII, 8 ; 2. Merit before beauty.

Amaranth {Pot, &c). CVIII, 1 ; 3, &c. Immortality.

Amaranth {Globe). CVIII, 4; 1. I change not.

Amaryllis. CXLVII, 1 ; 2. Affectation ; coquetry.

Andromeda {Marsh) LXXVIII, 5 ; 3. Acruel fate has fixed me

Anemone nemorosa. 1,2; L Anticipation. [here.

Angelica. LXVII, 20. These are idle dreams.

Afocynum. CI, 1. Falsehood.

Arhor viia. CXXXI, 4. Thy friend till death.

Arethusa. CXL, 8. I could weep for thee.

Asclcpias. CII, 1. Conquer your love.
Aspen. CXXVII, 2; 1. Excessive sensibility.

Asphodel. CLIII, 10; 1. My thoughts will follow thee be-
yond the grave.

Aster. LXXV, 10. Cheerfulness in age.

Auricula. LXXXII, 1 ; 3. You are proud.

Bachelor's Button. LXXV, 62 ; 2. Single blessedness.

Balm. XCIII, 7 ; 1. 20 ; 1. Sympathy.

Balm of Gilead. CXXVII, 2 ; 7. You have cured my pain.

Balsamine. XXVIII, 1 ; 3. Approach not.

Basil {svfeet). XCIII, 1. Good wishes.

Beech. CXXIV, 3. There let us meet.

Berberry. VI, 1. A sour temper is no slight evil.

Box. GXXI, 7. Constancy. I change not.

Broom. XL VII, 29. Humility.

Broom-corn. CLXI, 57 ; I. Industry.

Bulrush. CLX, 7 ; 5, 7. Indecision.

Butter-cups. I, 5 ; 8. I cannot trust thee.

Burdock. LXXV, 70. Don't come near me.

Cactus. LXI, 1, 2. You terrify me.
. Calla JEthiopica. CXXXIV, 3 ; 2. Modesty.

Calycanthus. ^ XLIX. Benevolence.

Camellia Japonica {red). XXXVI, 2. Pity may change to love.

Camellia Japonica {white). Perfected loveliness.

Canterbury-bells. LXXVII, 1 ; 6. Gratitude.

Catchfiy. XXIII, 7 ; 11. I am a willing prisoner.

* THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Carnation. XXIII, 10; 5. A haughty spirit before a fall.

Cedar. CXXXI, 5 ; 2. I live for thee.

Chamomile. LXXV, 37 ; 2. ' Fortitude.

China Aster {single). LXXV, 14. I'll think of it.

China Aster [double). I partake your sentiments.

Chrysanthemum [red). LXXV, 42 ; 3. I love.

Chrysanthemum [white). Truth needs no flowers of speech.

Chrysanthemum [yellow). Slighted love.

Circan. L V, 7. I shall beware of your enchantments.

Clover. XLVIL 18; 5. Industry.

CocWs-comb. CVIII, 1 ; 1, or 5, 1. You are a fop.

Columbine. I, 1 1 ; 1 . I cannot give thee up.

Columbine. I, 1 1 ; 2. Hopes and fears.

Convolvulus. XCVIII, 1 ; 5. You love darkness.

Corn Cockle. XXIII, 8 ; 1. Thou hast more beauty than worth.

Cornus. LXIX. False pretensions.

Cowslip [American). LXXXII, 3. Unconscious beauty.

Crocus. CXLIX, 6 ; 2. What an enigma thou art.

Cypress. CXXXI, 3. Bereavement. Despair.

Dafodil. CXLVII,2; 3. Self-esteem.

Dahlia. LXXV, 16. Forever thine.

Dandelion. LXXV, 82. You intrude.

Eglantine Rose. XL VIII, 10 ; 6. I wound to heal.

Fig. CXXX, 4. It is a secret.

Flax. XXVI, 1 : 3. Domestic industry.

Foxglove. XCI, 18; 1. My heart acknowledges your influence.

Geranium maculaium. XXVII, 1 ; 1. You burn with envy.

" Robertianum. XXVII, 1 ; 2. Aversion.

" ( Oak-leaved). XXVII, 3 ; 17. There's nothing in a name.

" [Rose). XXVIII, 3 ; 15. Thou art my choice.

>' [Ivy). XXVIII, 3; 12. A bridal decoration.
Goldenrod. LXXV, 18. Encouragement.
Hazel. CXXIV, 4. Reconciliation.
HearV s-ease. XVII. 1 ; 21. Forget me not.
Hibiscus Trionum. XXXVII, 5; 8. Thy beauty soon will fade.

" (Sy?'mcMs. XXXVII, 5 ; 7. I would not be unreasonable.
Heliotrope. XCIV, 14. Devotion.
Hellebore. I, 8. It is a scandal.
Holly. LXXIX. 1. Am I forgotten ?
Hollyhock. XXXVII, 4 ; 2. Ambitious only of show.
Honeysuckle. LXXI, I. Seek not a hasty answer.
HoTp. CXXX, 9. You do me injustice.
Houstonia. LXXII, 3 ; 1. Unaspiring beauty.
Hyacinth. CLIII. 9. Jealousy.
Hydrangea. LXV, 8 ; 3. Vain boasting *
Ice-plant. LXII. Your very looks are freezing.
Iris. CXLIX. I bring you a message.
Ivy. LXVIII, 3. Nothing can part us.
Jasmine. CIII. Thy gentle grace hath won me.

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Ul

Jonquil. CXLVII, 2; 1. Requited loye.
Judas-tree. XLVII, 34. Unbelief.
Juniper. CXXXI, 5 ; I. I will protect thee.
Ladies^ -slipper. CXL, 14. Caprice.
Lark-spur. I, 12. Fickleness.
Laurel. LXXVIII, 1 0. 0 falsehood ! treachery.
Lavender. XCIII, 2. Owning her love, she sent him lavender.
Lemon. XXXV, 1 ; 1. Discretion. ^Shaks.

Lilac. CIV, 1. My first love.
Lily (white). CLIII, 2; 4. Purity and sweetness.
Lobelia. LXXVI, 1 ; 2. Away with your quackery.
Locust {the green leaves). XLVII, 1 1 ;" 1 . My heart is buried.
Lupine. XLVII, 31 ; I. Indignation.
Magnolia grandijlora. II, 1 ; 4. Thou hast magnanimity.
Magnolia glauca. II, 1 ; 1 • He lives in fame who dies in vir-
^Marigold. LXXV, 61 and 35. Cruelty. [tue's cause.

Mignionctte. XV, 1 ; 2. Moral worth superior to beauty.
Mirabilis. CIX. Timidity.
Mislctoe. LXX. Meanness. Indolence.
Mock-orange. LXVI, 9 ; 2. Deceit. I cannot trust thee.
Blonk's-hood I, 13; 2. Deceit. Your words are poison.
Myrtle {Mvrtus). L, 1. Love's offering.
Myrtle {Myrica). CXXVI, 1. . Thine is the beauty of holiness,
Nigella. I, 22 ; 1. Love-in-a-mist. Perplexity.
Narcissus [Poet's Tazetta). CXLVII, 2 ; 3, 4. Egotists are

agreeable only to themselves.
Nasturtion. XXIX. Honor to the brave.
Nettle. CXXX, 5. Thou art a slanderer.
Night-shade. XCIX, 8 ; 2. Skepticism.
Night-shade (Atropa). XCIX, 9. Death.

Oak. CXXIV, I. Thou art honored above all.

Oat. CLXI, 30 ; 4, Thy music charms me.

Oleajider. CI, 4. Beware. The better part of valor is discretion.

Olive {or Ash). CIV, 4. The emblem of peace.

Orange flowers. XXXV, 1 ; 3. Bridal festivity.

Ox-eije Daisy. LXXV, 40. Be patient.

Parsley. LXVII, 14. Thy presence is desired.

Passion-flower. LVII. Let love to God precede all other love.

Pea. XLVII. 4. Grant me an interview.

Peach blossom. XL VIII, 4 ; 1. Preference.

Pennyroyal. XCIII, 18. Flee temptation.

Pceony. I, 21 : 1. A frown.

Pepper. XCIX, 7. Your wit is too keen for friendship.

Periwinkle [vinca). CI, 3. Remember the past.

Phlox. XCVI, 1. Our souls are one.

Pine {Balsam). CXXXI, 2 ; 4. Time will cure.

Pine {Pitch). CXXXI, 1 ; 5. Time and philosophy.

Pine {Spruce). CXXXI, 2 ; 1-3. Farewell !

Pine {JVhite). CXXXI,!. High-souled patriotism.

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Fink [single white). XXIII, 10 ; 4. Artlessness.
Pink [single red). A token of pure and ardent love.
Pink {variegated). Frank refusal.
Poppy (red). XI, 5 ; 3. Oblivion is the cure.
Poppy (white). XI, 5 ; 1. 'Twixt life and death.
Poppy [variegated). Flirtation. Thine arts are powerless.
Primrose. LXXXII, 2 ; 8. Confidence.
Primrose [evening). LV, 2 ; 1. Inconstancy.
Quince. XLVIII, 8. Beware of temptation.
Rocket. XIII, 18. Thou vain coquette !
Rosemary. XCIII, 10. Remember me.
Rose [Burgundy). XLVIII, 10 ; 14 (rar.) Gentle and innocent.
'' [Damask). — ; 12. Blushes augment thy beauty.
" [Moss). — ; 14 [var ). Thou art one of a thousand.
" [White).— \ 16. My heart is free.
" ( White, withered). Transient impressions. »

" [Wild). — ; 1. Simplicity. Let not this false world de-
ceive you.
" [Cimiamoti). — ; 7. Without pretension. Such as I am,

receive me ; would I were more for your sake.
" [Bud). Thou hast stolen my affections.
Rue. XXXIV, 1. Disdain.
Sage. XCIII, 9 ; 2. There is nothing lovelier in woman than

the domestic virtues.
Snap-drago?i. XCI, 3 ; 1. — 4 ; 1. Thou hast deceived me.
Snow-ball. LXXI, 7 ; 2. Thou livest a useless life.
Snow-drop. CXLVII, 3. I am no summer friend.
Sorrel. CX, 4;11. Ill-timed wit. Ajester is a dangerous friend.
Speedwell. XCI, 8 ; 5, 8, &c. My best wishes.
Spiderwort. CLVII, 2. You have my esteem — are you content?
Star of Bethlehem. CLIII, 8. Look heavenward.
Stock-july-flower. XIII, 22. Too lavish of smiles-
Sumac. XXXIII. Splendid misery.
Sweet-pea. XLVII, 1 ; 7. Must you go 1
Sweet-william. XXIII, 8 : 2. — 10 ; 2. A man may smile and be
Thistle. LXXV, 69. Misanthropy. [a villain too

Thorn-apple. XCIX, 3 ; 1. Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt.
Thyme. XCIII, 13. The prize of virtue.
Tulip [variegated). CLIII, 1. Thy spell is broken.
Tulip [yellow). I dare not aspire so high.
Venus' -looking-glass. LXXVIl , 2 ; 2. Flattery hath spoiled thee.
Vervain. XCI I, 1 ; 1, 7. I see thine arts and despise them.
Violet [blue). XVII, 1; 2, &c. Faithfulness. I shall never forget.
" [white). — ; 10-12. Retirement. I must be sought to be
Virgin' s-bower. I, 1 ; 2. Filial aifection. [found.

Wall-flower. XII 1, 21 ; 2. A friend in need is a friend indeed !
Water lily. IX, 1. Be silent.

Weeping Willow. CXXVII , 1 ; 23. Mourningfor friends depart-
Zinnia. LXXV, 33. To the prude. [ed.

WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY.

CROCKER & BREWSTER, BOSTON,

HAVE JUST PUBLISHED

QV ^lass-Book of Botaurj,

DESIGNED FOR

COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES.

PART I.— The Elements of Botanical Science.

PART II.— Tlie Katural Orders, illustrated by a Flora of the Nortli-

ern United States, or of tlie United States nortli of the Capital,

lat* 38 3-4:.

By ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M.

The peculiarities of this new ■work, which adapt it to the use of schools, families, and of bota-
nists senerally at the present day, are as follows : —

1. It exhibits, clearly and concisely, the Science of Botany, as it is understood at the present
time, witli all those beautiful discoveries resulting from the recently adopted theory of the
" transformation of leaves into the floral organs."

2. It contains a.fuU Flora of a limited section of country, viz., of the United States north of the
latitude of Washington, D. C.

3. The species of Plants ai-e described accurately and minutely, in order to their complete
recognition.

4. The former drudgery of botanic analysis, necessary in every other School Botany, is
wholly obviated in this work by a new system of Analytical Tables, near two hundred in num-
ber, prepared with great labor and care, by means of which, the pupil is able to turn to the
place and name of cin unknown plant with about the same facihty as he turns to a word in a
dictionary.

5. The Elements of the Science and the Flora are both embraced in one volume, of a price so
Jdw as places it within the means of every pupil.

The following recommendations have been received ; — viz :

From Prof. Emmons, of Williams College.

I am highly gratified that at last we have an excellent Class-Book of
Botany, by Mr. Wood. We have been almost obliged to abandon the
study of Botany in our Colleges and Academies for several years, in
consequence of the want of a suitable work as a text-book for students.
In this work of Mr. Wood, we have a desideratum supplied, certainly
excellent, with an arrangement beautifully simple, and even elegant,
and at the same time exact, so far as I have yet applied it. Though
Mr. Wood is personally unknown to me, I shall be extremely well
pleased to see his labors crowned with success, and his book immedi-
ately adopted in all our institutions where Botany is taught.

EBENEZER EMMONS,

Prof, of Natural History in Williams College,

and in the Albany Medical College.

From. Messrs. Peck, Newman, and Wentwortk, of Troy Conference Academy.

Wood's Botany evidently embodies more traits of excellence and
usefulness than any one of the various elementary treatises in general
use. In some of these, the preliminary principles of the science are
unduly expanded ; from others, they are nearly or quite excluded. Mr.
Wood's work combines a concise and lucid exposition of primary prin-
ciples, wiih ample illustrations of the science, drawn from the Flora of
our own immediate section. We have adopted it as a text-book in
Troy Conference Academy.

JESSE T. PECK, Principal.

JOHN NEWMAN, Teacher of Mathematics.

E. WENTWORTH, Teacher of Nat. Science.

From Henry P. Sarlwell, M.D., of Pennyan, N. Y.

After a thorough examination of Wood's Class-Book of Botany, I
have no hesitation in pronouncing it superior to any work now in use
as a text-book, and every way better adapted to the use of beginners.
The analytical tables are a great improvement, and will very much as-
sist the student in the analysis of plants. The union also of Physiolo-
gical and Practical Botany will be duly appreciated by the botanical
student. I have compared many of Mr. Wood's descriptions with the
plants, and find them uncommonly correct. I shall take pleasure in
recommending the work, as a text-book, in all our schools where the
science is taught. HENRY P. SARTWELL, M.D.

From President Hitchcock, of Amherst College.

I have examined with a good deal of interest, Mr. Wood's Class-
Book of Botany ; and I am glad to find that it comes nearer what
seems to me to be wanted in most of our Colleges and Academies, than
any work with which I am acquainted. But what will render Mr.
Wood's work peculiarly acceptable to a large portion of students, is,
that while he has given a condensed summary of structural and physio-
logical botany, he has added descriptions of all the native and most of
the cultivated plants of the United States north of the latitude of
Washington, D. C, and thus rendered it unnecessary for the scholar
to obtain two separate works. And though this may seem to some to
be truckling to a penny-wise system of economy in the study of science,
yet with a large proportion of students in the country, the alternative
lies between adopting it and not studying plants at all. The work of
Mr. Wood appears to me extremely well adapted to most of our Col-
leges and Academies. His tables of Analysis appear to me to be an
improvement upon the analogous tables presented by Lindiey in his
Ladies' Botany ; and they must afford much assistance to the beginner.

EDWARD HITCHCOCK,

President of Amherst College.
From Dr. Gould, Boston.

I have examined the " Class-Book of Botany," by Alphonso Wood,
and think it well designed and well executed. The elementary portion
is brief but comprehensive, conforming to the latest discoveries in vege-
table physiology, and well illustrated by wood-cuts. The definitions
are perspicuous and well arranged. The classification according to the
Natural System is accompanied by ingenious synoptical tables, leading
to the discovery of the genera under their Natural Orders. It professes
to give also a Flora of the Northern United States; and so far as I can
judge, the catalogue of plants is very complete, and the descriptions of
them seem sufficiently accurate and minute, so as to leave little else to
be desired by the student of Botany. Combining, as it does, so good a
digest of elementary and descriptive botany lor the region, in so small
a space, it appears to me worthy of high commendation, and destined to
extensive use. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.

From the American Journal of Arts and Sciences.

This work is constructed on the Natural System, and has been a great
desideratum for several years. \{s element.s oC Botanical Science con-
tain a faithful, clear and definite view of the principles taught by De
CandoUe, Lindiey, Gray, Torrey, &c., the Classes, Orders and Genera
are all founded on the same authorities, and its descriptions of speci-
mens, comprising all the plants of New England, tlie Middle and West-

em States especially, except the lower orders of Cryptogamia, are
according to the natural method. By means of many plain and Inge-
nious tables, the learner is led to the genus or the natural order where
the plant is found and described. This work makes the study of plants
interesting and fascinating, and must in our country supersede all the
common works on the Linnaean methods. Teachers of academies,
schools, &c., will find it a noble work for their use in the study of
plants.

Frorn Messrs. SiBollow and Cleaveland, of Brutiswick, Me.

Satisfied that Mr. Wood's Botany is well calculated to supply the
extensive demand for a Text-Book on Botany, we cheerfully recom-
mend it to the use oi^ schools and families. It has some advantages, at
least, over any similar work extant. It contains in the same volume an
Introduction to the Science and a Flora containing full descriptions of
the plants [native and cultivated] of New England and New York.
By the introduction of Analytical Tables, together with the Natural
Arrangement, the author has happily combined the advantages of both
the Natural and Artificial systems. G. C. SWALLOW,

Principal of Brunswick Female Seminary.

P. CLEAVELAND,

Professor, &c., in Bowdoin College.
From Dr. Davis, late Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Sir— I have your favor of the 15th inst., accompanied by the first
part of " the Elements of Botanical Science," by Alphonso Wood,
A.M. From the cursory examination which I have given to this part of
the work, I am satisfied that it is a work admirably calculated to pro-
mote the design and object of the author. I remain, very respectfully.

Your ob't serv't,

JOHN W. DAVIS.

From Rev. Henry W. Beecher, Indianapolis, la., Editor of Western Farmer and Gardener."

As a Class-Book, there is no work now before the public, within my
knowledge, which can compare with this. Very great progress has been
made, of late years, in the science of Botany, and the latest improve-
ments are included in this work. The arrangement is excellent. Sev-
eral entirely new features are introduced, which cannot fail to expedite
the labors of the beginner. As a Manual also, the advanced botanist
will find it eminently serviceable. We can truly say, that we have
never before seen a work that appeared so worthy to be introduced into
our higher seminaries. HENRY WARD BEECHER.

From Dr. John T. Pluminer, Richmond. Ind.

I have examined with much interest the " Class-Book of Botany," by
Alphonso Wood ; and do not hesitate to say that I consider it superior
to any work of the kind that has yet fallen into my hands. The author
has c'ompressed within the compass of his book a great amount of valu-
able information, and appears to me to have succeeded well in present-
ing that information in so intelligible a form as to render the work par-
ticularly desirable to both the pubhc and private student.

Richmond, Ind. JOHN T. PLUMMER.

From Prof. Paul A. Chadbouryie.

Dear Sir — Having had the pleasure, not only of examining your
" Class-Book of Botany," but of making it my constant companion in
my Botanical studies during the past year. lam happy to say that I
consider it superior to any elementary work on Botany with which I am

acquainted. The Jirst part contains all that is necessary for the student
(o know before entering upon practical botany, after which only more
extensive works can be read with profit. In the second part the true
order of Nature seems to have been arrived at. The tables of analysis
and arrangement of the Natural Orders are such that one can scarcely
fail to be led at once to the object of his search.

The individual descriptions also seem to secure scientific accuracy
without that abbreviated and almost algebraic style too much in vogue
in elementary works. And I cannot doubt but that for your labors you
will receive the encouragement and thanks of both the practical botanist
and the beginner, to whose pleasure and profit you have so eminently
contributed. Very respectfully yours,

Williams College, Oct. 1, 1847. PAUL A. CHADBOURNE.

From Dr. A. G. Skinner, Greene Co., Indiana.

I regard Wood's Botany as a work exhibiting great labor, careful re-
search, illustrating the principles of botanic science in a clear, correct,
concise and interesting manner, combining, in a happy degree, correct-
ness and fullness of description with brevity and perspicuity of language,
and in a manner calculated to engage the attention and memory of the
student in botany ; in fact, supplying a want which has long been seri-
ously felt by those commencing the science.

From Ilorace Silsbee, A.M., Principal of B!ue Hill Academy, Me.

I have omitted no opportunity to recommend the " Class-Book of
Botany," and to explain its superior merits. Its scientific classifications,
and copious and discriminating descriptions of species are qualities
which not only facilitate an acquaintance with the science, but also ren-
der it very improving as a means of mental discipline.

Blue Hill, Me., Jan. 28, 1848.

Gorham, Me., Feb., 1848.

Messrs. Crocker & Brewster — I have used Wood's Class-Book of Botany, with classes
pursuing that study, for two seasons. The briefest experience in conducting a class with that
woric, will be sufficient, I believe, to convince any one of its superiority to the school manuals
on the subject, px-eviously in use.

The first edition accompli.shed an important service, in the matter of guiding one from the
artificial to the natural system. A still more important work has been accomplished, in the
second, in the construction of synoptical tables, by which the learner passes to a knowledge of
the natural and only philosophical system, without the machinery of the artificial. Its descrip-
tions are clear, distinguishing, sutficiently full. It is the " Class-Book of Botany."

EDWARD P. WESTON, Principal of Gorham Seminary.

From Dr. Young, State Botanist, Bangor, Me.
'' Wood's Botany, last edition, is the best iii use ; — a very excellent work."

From Dr. S. B. Mead, Augusta, III.

With your Class-Book I am much pleased, and would recommend it to Botanists in the

Northern, Middle and Western States, as a valuable work, containing descriptions of all the

plants hitherto detected in those S'ales, in a cheap portable form. Such a work is much needed

in the West, and I trust will have a large circulation.

WILL BE PUBLISHED IN THE ENSUING SUMMER,-

FIRST LESSONS IN BOTANY;

Designed for Common Schools, &c., tlirout'iiout the United Slates— by the author of the
" Class-Book of Botany." This httle work will contain, in the form of questions and answers,
most of the elementary principles of Botany, expressed with as much c-leamess and simplicity
as the case will admit of It will thus be adapied to the comprehension of children at a com-
paratively early aae, and is calculated to awaken in them habits of investigation, and an abiding
interest in this most delightful science. Tlie systematic part will conduct the pupil, by easy
steps, to ail acquaintance with the Natural Svst'em of Classification, anil to the most approved
methods of Tahidar Analysis. A miniature Flora, containing desc^-iptions of some of the
most common and obvious plants, both native and cultivated, in the United States, is added as a
means for preliminary exercises in praclical Botany. Thus it will be seen that this work may
be regarded as a stepping-stone to the " Ciass-Book," and others ol^ that rank, but never as a
substitute for them.— The work will be illustrated with numerous engravings.

7o

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Wood, Alphonso/A class-book of botany: d

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