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RSE, pe SA Se RETA. Hl -—~ ~~ s S45 = oe : > fee tnt eo opeee etme eee 10T8 nate ge ee wmmanaes semen onoyae ome es guteige ee ons ome oa aes a ee a ~ eee - - 7 . . > - - se te wr ee er te > ~~ - Se ee poem eee ere area get ang ee ter ge eters ue ae Meee oe eet me neem nate mee ome nae apt nanenga wm ge oe ene atte eo eee ee ce . . - ‘ - - - ee a) . ee os “= = oe ~~ poten ep erre ater gee Mt NET EN ee SE aa Oe GRR NNR er ae WT Smee nem a mee ~-0 oe - - - i ied = . te se te we Ne Se ne . - So ow nite te eee og ran ae nena ne rer a rere 0 gE Nareenyes gerne memes cae ne ene ag nmtaes ae aw ee ee a we ae . er: a ~_ - - - ~ see Oa te maser - = te, Sesh an, ee es ee ” asin ae I gt at ae ee eatmrmet geen = gM ae rr = gh pmo - -- a + oe ee - . kan Sgt we ee Hae ee +++ so a ~~ + ee ve a Ne Set Asan et a gaan en Oe ON Ee ON EB ENR RENEE DRO mee fm me fe me ee we mente ge ety ee wo Stee - ~ + : - . . -- - a: ie 26 . mt tee . tee a nr eteereeae eee tot gies tet) ae np atet gt wea EgT IEG Ime gemma orate POR ee fe ee mae aE nee ete 18 Teme nee a mee eer wt oe rr . sass! came 2 - ome eas -~ - -- = -_- oar — ea a ee rar Meee gem ogre ge Open 9 Ne mn SOREN ee 8 ERENT G RR LONG IE Re Gtr eam RE I ee mere at ge ee oe - o- o- vos - -——~ o- - - tay mean ~-- ee ee ed Nar gn we arene nema em ees eer nem ne et eee Sire ee ee ~ wisn wa. nd cane * ~ . - ad 7 “oN i ~ = Te aren et De oe a oe re ra a - + : Ce ee ne ad ~~“ ---* = ~> = = we eee ‘: te eer Se a at alae le a - Soe yrew oe oo - : - , ~ -- + tee ~~ s -. _~ - ~ “1. - - 2s atm ‘ At Le + : 4 . eo A CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, DESIGNED FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES. Jn Two Parts : PART. I. THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE. PART II. | THE NATURAL ORDERS. ns ILLUSTRATED BY A PEORS' OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND WESTERN STATES; PARTICULARLY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. 38%°. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M. gt And he spake of trees, from the cedar in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall. 1 Kinas, 4: 83. mg of the field : * * * even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Mart. 6 : 28, 29, Tenth Gorition, revises anv enlarger. CLAREMONT, N. H. MANUFACTURING COMPANY. SIMEON IDE, AGENT. 1850. he - > hy ube - ‘ aA » . < 3 = ?- > hee _— a * aaa ~ a Entered according to Act of Congress, ts the rox ie, Br ALPHONSO WOOD, + acti : In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshire. hoyt - i { her aire | . = shld ae A Pen iy Pid ( ent: as +, — ay > ue ht oak t " te, , f 4 ° : ee me : em earagi taba DP A « . wink . TO THE REV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE BERKSHIRE AND OTHER MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, AUTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH ON THE CARICES, ETC. ETC. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE AUTHOR. ee IA eA aah 1s OR -- * PREFACE. THE science of botany is as eminently progressive as it is delightful and ennobling. By recent discoveries it has been established on the basis of inductive philosophy, and elevated almost to the rank of an exact science. The theory of the floral structure which refers each organ to the principle of the leaf, now enters into almost every department of botany, and gives a new aspect to the whole; revealing more clearly than any other discov- ery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of the plan on which Creative Power is exerted in the production of the countless forms of vegetable existence. The present treatise contains, first, the Elements of Botany, according to the latest authorities, written in the form of simple propositions, briefly Hlustrated, and broken into short paragraphs, with direct reference to the convenience of the learner. Brief as it is, it is hoped that it will be found to embody all the established principles of the science contained in former school treatises, together with those newly discovered principles in Organ- ography and Physiology, by which botany has been really enriched and advanced.* The Flora is adapted particularly to that section of the United States which lies north of the Capitol, that is, of the 39th parallel, including essentially the States lying north of the Ohio river and Maryland.+ It comprehends all the Phenogamia, or flowering plants, with the Ferns, &c. which have hitherto been discovered and described as indigenous in these States, together with the naturalized exotics, and those which are more generally cultivated either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions are * The student who aims at the highest attainments will by no means rest satisfied with mere outlines, such as our limits here admit of. It affords us pleasure to be able to recommend to all such as would advance beyond first principles, the full and elaborate “Text Book’ of Dr. Asa Gray, —an American work of the highest merit. + With some exceptions, therefore, this Flora will answer for the adjacent States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and the Canadas. 1* as extended and minute as appeared to the author necessary for the com- % plete recognition of the plants, and for imparting a knowledge of ieuelll is peculiar or interesting in their habit, culture, or use. With regard to the sources of information from which this part of the work has been prepared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years been engaged in the collection of materials, during. which I have made extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country which this Flora represents, and have had access to numerous and exten- sive herbaria. By these means, I have been able to draw the description of about nine tenths of the specie¥ mentioned from the living or dried specimen. For additional information, I have availed myself of the best authorities within my reach, among which are the botanical works of Bigelow, Eaton, Wright, Pursh, Michaux, Smith, Nuttall, Torrey, Beck, Loudon, Eliott, Darlington, Dewey, Barton, Hooker, Decandolle, and Torrey and Gray. With few exceptions, I have adopted, ‘for our native and naturalized plants, the nomenclature of the “North American Flora” of the two last distinguished authors; and for our cultivatéd exotics, the nomenclature of the “Prodromus” of Decandolle, (that is, so far as these floras:at present extend,) regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. The present Flora is accompanied with numerous Analytical Tables, de- signed to facilitate the hitherto tedious process of botanical analysis. The object aimed at in their construction is to’exhibit at one view the most striking characteristics of each group to which they respectively relate,'so arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiating point to any de- sired genus contained in the volume. ‘That we have fully realized this plan, or that the tables are free from error, is not'to be expected; yet’'we do hope that they will afford facilities for analysis greater than any system hitherto available. To Dr. Epwarp E. Puetps, Lecturer on Medical Botany, &c. in Dartmouth College, I am indebted for many highly valuable suggestions, particularly in regard to the tables above mentioned. In this department of the work, I would gratefully acknowledge his aid. A few tables under ‘the Natural Orders were originally of his construction, although necessarily ‘much altered in this edition, by the admission of additional genera. He has also granted me free access to his botanical books and spécimens. To the Rev. Professor CoestER DrEwry, to whom I am permitted to dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which re- lates to the difficult yet deeply interesting family of the Carices. He'has not only granted me access to his former excellent monograph of ‘that genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own hand. 4 PREFACE. % P _ * Oe. ae _ PREFACE, 5 It gives me pleasure to be able also to introduce in this connection the name of Dr. James W. Ropsins,—a name long ‘since enrolled among American botanists. Our Flora has been recently in part reviewed by him; and he has communicated to me, in relation to this work, the results _of his extensive and accurate observations, as will be seen by the frequent recurrence of his name in the following pages. Grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. JosepH Barratt. He has kindly communicated his unequalled monograph of the willows, “ Sali- ces Americane ;” also that of the “ Eupatoria verticillata;” both of which, abridged, I have adopted in this work. Among other friends and correspondents, from whom I have received - specimens and highly valuable information, and whose kindness will be held by me in most grateful remembrance, are the following: viz. Dr. AL- BERT G. SKINNER and Dr. Joun PrumMeEnr, Indiana; Dr. SamueL B. Mzeap and Rev. E. JENNEY, Illinois; Mr. Wa. S. SuLttrvant, Professor Locks, and Mr. JosrpH Cxiarx, Ohio; Dr. I. A. LaApHAm, Wisconsin ; Dr. Wm. DaruineTon, Pennsylvania; President Hircucock, Professor Asa Gray, and Dr. Aucustus A. Gouip, Massachusetts; Mr. Tru- MAN RickarD, New Hampshire; Dr. SarTwEtu and Mr. BROWNNE, _ New York; Mr. S. T. Otney, Rhode Island; &c. &c. In the present edition, a chapter on the principles of Agricultural Chemistry has been added to the “ Elements,” and some important altera- tions introduced. ‘The Flora has been to a great extent rewritten, and enlarged, not only by the addition of such plants as were necessary to adapt it to a wider section of country, as mentioned above, but by many plants recently discovered within our former limits. At the end is appended a synoptical view of the lower orders of the Cryptogamia, with their gen- era; and the whole is now illustrated with numerous engravings. Finally, the present work is again submitted to the public with the assur- ance that, on the part of the author, it shall still be his constant care to detect and rectify its imperfections in future editions; and with the earnest hope that his labors may serve to awaken in the minds of others as deep an interest in this branch of the study of Nature as they have done in his own. . MERIDEN, N. H., Apriz, 1847. , THE GREEK ALPHABET, &c. Large. Small Rom. letters. Names. Numerals. A a a Alpha. B B b Beta. 1. eig, povag. . T yY g Gamma. 2. duw, due. * A ) d Delta. 3. Tpele. E é é Epsilon. 4, Tecoapec, TETPAG. A 2 % Zeta. 5. Weve. H n é Eta. 6. &&. 8 %, 6 th Theta. 7. énta. I l i Tota. 8. OKT. K K c(k) Kappa. 9. evvea, A A 1 Lambda. 10. dexa. M 7 m Mu. ll. évdexa. N v n Nu. 12. dwdexa. = & x p.c% 20. etkoot. O 0 6 Omikron. Many, zodve. I T,27 p Pi. z p r Rho. = o,¢ 8 Sigma. — x T t Tau. il v y Upsilon. ® @ ph Phi. Upon, ert. x x ch Chi. Around, 7rept. ¥ p ps Psi. Under, izo. Q @ 6 Omega. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diph- ongs. 2. “The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two sylla- bles. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is ac- cented ; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may have, also, a secondary accent, &c. 3. A vowel before another vowel, or the letter h, or marked with this (~) char- acter, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a double consonant, or the letter 7, or marked with this (~) character, is long in quantity. 4. A vowel has its short, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable; otherwise its Jong sound, without regard to quantity: a at the end of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia. 5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult and final syllables, is joined to the latter ; in other cases, the vowel of the accented syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the vowels a, e and o, before two vowels, the first of which is e ori; when it takes the former only. 6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted; ch like k; ci, td, si, before a vow- el, like sh; @, @, like e; qu like kw; qu, su, before a vowel in the same syllable, like gw, sw. soi ®. CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS. CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.—Page 13. 1, Botany defined. —2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiol- 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man—ultimate aim. 7, its merits and claims. 8, Natural world—its divisions,—a, mutual relations. 9, Mineral defined. 10, Plant defined. 11, Animal defined,—a, the three king- doms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal,—a, effects of light upon it—and heat, — 4, elevation above the sea— Peak of Teneriffe, —c, soil, —d, moisture, —e, extremes of heat — illustrations, —f, extremes of cold — illustrations, —g, light— illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, @, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, 16, Cabbage, &c., for illustration. 17, Species dependent on cultivation, —a, conclusion. CHAPTER II.— PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. — 18. 18, Embryo. 19, Axis,—ascending—descending. 20, Bud,—its development, &c. 21, Axillary buds,—universal. 22, Bud a distinct individual,—a, illustra- tion. 93, Branches, —a, pian compound,—4, reproductive. 24. Flower, origin of, —25, its nature and end,—a, illustration. 26, Decay,—a,a leaf the elemen- tary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, —a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the tissues —organic bases,—a, illustration. 29, Cellular tissue — parenchyma, —za, pith of elder, —4, c, cellular tissue how colored, —d, size of cells, —¢, they become solid, — 7, Raphides. 30 Woody tissue —its design, —a, illustration. 31, Glandu- lar fibre — fossil coal. 32, Vasiform tissue, — a, articulated — continuous, —4, illus- tration. 33, Vascular tissue, —a, spiral vessels, — 4, spiral thread,—e, its size, — d, situation of spiral vessels, —e, what they contain, —/, ducts, —g, closed — annn- lar — reticulated —the office of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue,—a, size, &c. 35, Epidermis — where it is not found. 36, Structure, —a, illustration. 37, Stomata. 38, Form. 39, Position,—a, size. 40, Surface. 41, Hairs — simple — branched, — a, position — downy — pubescent — hirsute — rough — tomentose — arachnoid — se- riceous — velvety —ciliate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands —sessile—im- bedded, —a, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion. CHAPTER Ill.—PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. — 26. 46, Phenogamia — Cryptogamia, —47, their distinctions of tissue, — 48, of cotyle- dons. 49, Further distinctions. 50, A species, —a, illustration — number of aie known. 51, Varieties;—a, where they occur. 52, A genus,—a, illustration, —4é, summary. CHAPTER IV.—OF THE FLOWER. §1. OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. —2. petals. 57, Stamens —definition of—office—andreecitm. 58, of—gynecium. 59, Receptacle—order of the organs upon it. 60, Sp 61, A complete and regular flower, —a, theoretical number of the parts, —¢ 8 CONTENTS AND theoretical position, —c, sammary — corn between a flower and a leafy branch. 62, Apparent exceptions — examples of symmetrical flowers. 63, a, First cause of deviation, the development of one or more additional whorls —-exam- ples. —4, Second cause, the suppression of entire whorls—examples.—c, Third cause, the suppression of parts of whorls — examples. —d, Fourth eause, the union of parts of the same whorl — examples.—e, Fifth cause, the union of organs of differ- ent whorls — examples. —/, Sixth cause, unequal development of similar s— examples.—g, Seventh cause, reconversion of organs—examples.—A, Eighth cause, development of axis — examples. CHAPTER V.—OF THE FLOWER. §2. STAMENS AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. —34. ? 64, The stamens, basis of a classification — why. — 65, Definition —66, parts — which essential. 67, Filament. 68, Anther— when sessile — connectile — anal- ogy, — a, cells — dehiscence, —4, connectile,—c, stamen abortive. 69, Modes of attachment of anther to filament, 1st, innate; 2d, adnate; 3d, versatile ; 4th, in- trorse —extrorse. 70, Pollen—forms,—a, structure—molecules. 71, Physio- logical strueture — of the filament—connectile— anther — pollen. 72, Theoretical structure — proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils—-examples. 73, Cir- cumstances in which stamens vary —twenty-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number, — ‘Etymology of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 5th, éth, 7th, Sth, 9th, 10th, llth. 2nd, Position,—12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length,—14th, 15th, 4th, Connection, —16th, 17th, i8th, 19th, 20th. Sth, Absence,—21st, 22d, 23d, t CHAPTER VI.— THE FLOWER. §38. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS.—39. 75, The pistil, its position — structure. 76, Ovary—ovules. '77, Ovary simple — compound —carpels. 78, The style —number— connection. 79, Stigma — sim- ple—compound. 80, Number of styles, orders founded upon. Order Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. Note,— Orders of the class Didyna- mia — Tetradynamia — Orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes. Orders of Syngenesia, Equalis— Superflua— Frustranea — Necessaria — Segre- ta. Orders of Polygamia, Moncecia—Dicecia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81, vules. 82, Placenta— structure —direction. 83, Physiological structure —of the _ ovary — style — stigma — without epidermis. 84, Theoretical structure explained, — sutures — ventral — dorsal, — a, illustration, — 4, ¢, illustrations continued. 85, Pro- positions, — first —second—third—fourth. 86, These propositions when true. 87, Central placenta, — parietal placenta. 88, Free central placenta, — explanation. — a, Ovules proved to be analogous to buds. 89, Ovules enclosed — naked, —a, erect — ascendi e pendulous — suspended. 90, Foramen — primine — secundine — nu- cleus —a, illustration. 91, Funiculus—chalaza. $4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS.—44. 92, Their specific office — how accomplished, —a, illustrations, — tulip — Kalmia, a 93, Action of pollen upon the stigma—tubes. 94, Molecules—their destina~ on. CHAPTER VIIl.— THE FLOWER. §5. OF THE CALYX.—45. 95, Calyx — etymology — color. —96, Sepals — monosepalous — polysepalous. — 97, Calyx — af — superior, — 98, caducous — deciduous — renateat, —99, re- duced — wanting — a, Pappus — pilose — plumose — setose — paleaceous. §6. OF THE COROLLA. —46. 100, The porcine elymology 101, Petals — polypetalous —monopetalous. 102, Claw — lamina, — 103, tube — limb, — 104, regular —irregular. 1, Corolla campanu- late. Infundibuliform. 3, Hypocratiriform. 4, Rotate. 5, Labiate —ringent— e —galea. 105, Forms of polypetalous corollas, —1, Cruciform. 2, Rosa- ceous Liliaceous. 4,Caryophyllaceous. 5, Papilionaceous — vexillum— ale — earin®. 106, Physiological structure —colors, ~~ ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 9 §7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK.— 49. 107, Definition,— a, Nectary —labellum—spur, —4, Disk — hypogynous — epi- gynous, —c, true character. é e §8. OF STIVATION. —50. 108, Definition — vernation, — «a, illustration. 1, Estivation valvate,—2, Convo- lute, —3, Quincuncial, — 4, Contorted, — 5, Alternate, —6, Vexillary, —7, Indupli- cate, —8, Supervolute. CHAPTER VI.—THE FRUIT.—51. 109, Its importance — design, —a, utility, — 4, in respect to time—defined. 110, Angipeous to ovary — changes, — a, examples. §1. OF THE PERICARP. —52. 111, Fruit consists of, —a, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined —epicarp— sar- cocarp, — @, illustration. 113, Physiology of growth, —114, of ripening, —a, acidi- fication, —4, maturity. 115, Dehiscence —indehiscent — valves,— 1, Dehiscence loculicidal, —2, Septicidal, — 3, Septifragal,— 4, Sutural,— 5, Circumscissile. 116, Forms of pericarp.— 1, Capsule, — a, cells — columella. —2, Silique.—3, Silicle. — 4, Legume. —5, Follicle. —6, Drupe.—7, Nut.—8, Caryopsis.—9, Achenium. — ‘10, Samara. — 11, Pyxis. —12, Pome. —13, Pepo. — 14, Berry —strawberry — black- berry. —15, Strobile. CHAPTER IX.— THE FRUIT. —57. §2. OF THE SEED. 117, The seed defined, —a, its parts, 118, integuments— testa — mesosperm — endopleura, —a, Testa, its substance — surface — form — appendages, — 4, Coma distinguished. 119, Aril- 120, Hilum. 121, Seed orthotropous — anatropous. 122, Albumen— where most abundant — where iene 23, Embryo— 12, its arts, —a, radicle, — 4, plumule —its direction. 125, Ss —a, the number, c. 126, Monocotyledons—endogens. 127, Dicotyledons—exogens distin guished. 128, Cotyledons many —none. -129, Embryos, number oft— Spores §3. OF GERMINATION. —60. e 130, The embryo, its importance, — a, germination defined, — 131, the process ex - plained. 132, The cotyledons. 133, Conditions of germination,—a, heat— 64, water—c, oxygen—d, darkness. 134, Duration of the vitality of seeds. Vote, Two examples of. §4. OF DISSEMINATION. —61. 135, Remark —examples, Erigeron— a, Wings, hooks—4, Impatiens — Streams and oceans — Squirrels, birds. CHAPTER X.— THE ROOT.— 62. 136, Its definition — origin, —a, divisions. 137, Prone direction, —a, horizontal direction. 138, Number and extent. 139, How distinguished from stems. 140, Ex- _ ceptions — adventitious buds—subterranean stems. 141, Collum—a, stationary. 142, Parts of the root, —a, caudex — 4, fibres —c, spongioles. 143, Forms of roots. 144, Ramose —a, analogous to branches — illustration, —4, further illustration, — ce, extent of roots. 145, Fusiform root — forked —tap root — premorse — napiform. 146, Fibrous, —a, fasciculated. 147, Tuberous, —a, palmate —4, granulated. 148, Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Epiphytes — parasites. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT.—66_ 151, Internal structure. 152, Fibrils, structure—function. 153, Growth of root. 154, Its mest obvious function — most important one —a, illustration. 155, Activi of absorption dependent on. 156, Part which absorbs, &c. —a, illustration, — 0, transplanting. 1957, Force of absorption, — a, illustration. 158, Cause of shane, tion — not capillary attraction, — a, experiment in ante exosmose — endos- mose. 159, Requisite conditions, —a, how they exist in the root, — appli 160, Use of absorption, — a, power of choice — illustration. ¥ r. s 10 CONTENTS AND CHAPTER XI.— THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.—69. 61, Definition, — a, cause of its ascent. 162, Direction horizontal — erect — pro- cumbent — ascending — subterranean. 163, Annual—perennial. 164, Distinction in regard to size, &c. —a, tree— 4, shrub—e, herb. 165, Most distinctive property of stem. 166, Buds. 167, Leaf-bud. 168, The scaly envelopes. a, Scales not formed in hot climates, &c.—their design. 169, Bud terminal, develops a simple. axis,—a, axillary, developes branches, — 4, adventitious. 170, Branch. 171, Thorn, —qa, its nature, &c.—4, distinguished from prickles. 172, Node— inter- node, — a, how formed — why the axis diminishes upwards. 173, Arrangement of branches, —174, spiral,—a, modifications—circular, how caused. 175, Alter- nate —o ite— whorled. 176, Same of the branches. — a, Two classes of stems. 177, Subterranean —stemléss plants—.varieties. 178, Bulb,—a, tunicated-— scaly, —4, how renewed, —c, bulblets. 179, Corm. 180, Tuber. 181, Rhizoma. 182, Ba og repent stems, their use. 183, Varieties of aerial stems. 184, Caulis. 185, Runner. 186, Scape,—a, culm. 187, Vine—a, tendril. 188, Twin- ing steras — their direction. 189, Trunk —a, its dimensions. Vote, Ilustrations, 4, its duration. Vote, Illustrations. 190, Sucker. 191, Offset. 192, Stolon. 193, Plurality of trunks — a, Banyan — Mangrove. $1. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. —77. 194, Structure of herbaceous stems — 195, of the first year’s growth of perennial stems, — a, basis of the distinction of Exogens and pe ee 196, Exogens. 197, Endogens. 198, Parts of the exogenous structure. 1 , Pith. 200, Medullary sheath. 201, Wood—number of layers. 202, acre consists of, —a, arrangement of its parts. 203, Alburnum—duramen, 204, Medullary rays. 205, Bark, — its arts. — 206, its structure — cork —liber. 207, New layer, how formed, — a, outer here why shaggy — horizontal fibres, —4, qualities resident in, —o, its peculiar vessels. ; $2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM.—80. 208, Conveyance of sap, —209, through what portion— its course—elabora~ tion — descent. §3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE.—61. 210, Its peculiarity. 211, Composition. 212, Each bundle consists of, —@, mode of increase. CHAPTER XIil.— THE LEAF.—82. 213, Its importance — character. 214, How distinguished. 215, Color—autum- nal hues, — a, due to what — chlorophyll — changes, — 4, color of flowers. §1. VERNATION. —82, 216, Meaning of the term—leaf-bud how compacted,—qa, illustration. 217, Forms of vernation, — 1, Equitant — 2, Obvolute —3, Involute—4, Revolute — 5, Convolute — 6, Plaited— 7, Circinate. §2. ARRANGEMENT. —83, 218, In the bud—after the axis: is developed, —1, Scattered —2, Alternate —3,, site — 4, Verticillate—5, Fascieulate. 219, How these forms may be reconciled with the spiral, — a, illustration, — 4, Alternate e ea —c, Opposite or whorled explained. 220, Leaves radical — cauline — rami §3. ORGANOGRAPHY.—#&. 221, Nature of the leaf—lamina— sessile pega, 222, Petiole—its form — 1, Compressed — 2, Winged —3, Amplexicaul. 223, General form of the lamina — base— apex. 224, Leaf simple— compen 225, Physiology. 226, Venation— its organs. 227, Midrib — nerves. , Veins —veinlets. 229, Modes of venation. 1, Reticulate — 2, Parallel —3, Forked. 230, Varieties of reticulate venation,— 1, Feather-veined — 2, Radiate-veined — 3, Varieties of parallel venation. ee $4. FORM OR FIGURE. — 86. Theory of—form dependent on venation. 232, Forms resulting from the ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. il feather venation — 1, Orbicular —2, Elliptic—3, Oblong—4, Ovate —5, Lanceo- late —6, Obovate — 7, Spathulate —8, Cordate—9, Auriculate —10, Hastate —11, Sagittate — 12, Reniform — a, Forms dependent on the ea of the tissue — 13, Runcinate —14, Lyrate —15, Pinnatifid—16, Sinuate. 3, Forms resulting from’ radiate venation — 17, Palmate — 18, Digitate——19, Pedate —20, Lacinate — 21, Peltate— 22, Reniform, &c. 234, Forms of parallel-veined leaves — 23, Linear — 24, Oval, &c. — 25, Cordate — 26, Acerose. §5. MARGIN. —90. F 235, How modified —1, Entire— 2, Dentate —3, Serrate—4, Crenate —5, Erose — 6, Undulate —7, Spinous —8, Incised —9, Laciniate — 10, Crisped —11, Repand. §6. APEX. 90. 236, Termination of leaf—1, Acute—2, Obtuse—3, Acuminate—4, Emargin- ate —5, Retuse —6, Mucronate. 67. SURFACE. —90. 237, Terms descriptive of the epidermis on the leaf or elsewhere — 1, Glabrous — 2, Pubescent — 3, Rough— 4, Pilose—5, Hoary—6, Villose—7, Woolly —8, To- mentose —9, Rugose — 10, Punctate. §8. COMPOUND BEAVES.—91. 238, Leaf becomes compound on what principle. 239, Leafiets — articulated. 240, Forms resulting from the feather-veined arrangement— 1, Pinnate — 2, Equall pinnate — unequally —cirrhose —3, interruptedly—4, Number of leaflets —tn- foliate — single —5, bipinnate—6, tripinnate—'7, biternate—8, triternate. 241, Forms resulting from radiate venation—9, Quinate—10, Septinate. 242, Leaf with regard to insertion—1, Amplexicaul—2, Perfoliate -—3, Decurrent —4, Con- nate. 243, Combined terms, — a, the preposition sz. §9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. —93. 244, Leaves of Teazel— Tillandsia— Arum. 245, Ascidia, —a, of the Sarracenia, how formed, &c.- 246, Nepenthes. 247, Dischidia. 248, Dionza. 249, Stipules, — varieties — positions. 250, Their nature. 251, Leaves stipulate —exstipulate — stipels. 252, Bracts, — 253, their nature. 254, Involucre — involucel, — 255, of the Composite. 256, Glume — awn — pale — valves. §10. DURATION. —96. 257, Leaves temporary —1, Fugacious —2, Deciduous —3, Persistent. 258, Fall of the leaf— previous changes. 259, Cause of defoliation. §11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. —96. 260, Of the frame-work,— a, of the lamina. 261, Parenchyma disposed in two layers,—a, how covered. 262, Internal structure of the parenchyma. 263, Ar- rangement of the cells, —a, chlorophyll. 264, Stomata communicate with what— found on which surface. 265, Vessels of the latex—their course. 266, Leaf of Oleander — air cells. §12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.—$93. _ 267, Enumerated—result— latex. 268, Crude sap consists of. 269, Exhala- tion — 270, distinguished from evaporation —271, takes place through the stoma- ta—occurs only in the light —why —g, illustration. a7, Exhalation dependent on absorption — quantity —illustration. 273, Absorption, —a, illustration. — 274, by their lower surface —illustration. 275, Respiration — 276, consists in —277, constant — the result — 278, illustration — 279, two periods of its greatest activity — @, In germination, — 4, flowering — proportion of oxygen evolved. — JVote, illustra- tion. — 280, Life of the plant dependent on. 281, ideation = "ill process. 282, Carbon — its sources, —a, illustration. — Plants blanched in the dark. 283, Fixation of carbon — relative amount absorbed and evolved. — Experiments of Dr. D: ubeny. 284, Relation of animal to vegetable kingdom in regard to carbon — Reflections. 9 aS 12 CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. CHAPTER XIII.— INFLORESCENCE. — 102. 285, Definition. 286, Position, —a@, exceptions. 287, Peduncle— flower sessile. 288, Peduncle simple — branched —Pedicel. 289, Scape. 290, Rachis. 291, Inflo rescence solitary, — 292, centrifugal — centripetal, resulting from what. 293, en tripetal, 294, centrifugal,—a, how indicated—all the flowers terminal, why. 295, Both modes combined — examples. 296, Varieties of centripetal inflorescence. 297, Spike— 298, Raceme — 299, Ament—300, Spadix—301t, Corymb—302, Umbel—303, Head — a, of the Composites — compound flowers — 304, Panicle — 305, Thyrse —a, Compound umbel— Umbellet — Compound raceme, &c. 306, Varie- ties of centrifugal inflorescence, — 307, Cyme —a, its normal structure and devel opment — 4, inference,—308, Fascicle—309, Verticillaster.—a, Peduncle con verted into a tendril. CHAPTER XIV.— PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. — 106. 310, Four simple organic elements — their proportion. 311, Carbon. 312, Mineral ingredients — Agricultural Chemistry. 313, Sources of the simple elements. 314, Air. 315, Soil. 316, Water. 317, Ammonia. 318, Air plants, —three con- ditions requisite. 319, Irrigation — Draining. 320, Tillage — Amendments. 321, Fallow ground — Rotation of crops. 322, Light and Heat. 323, Digestion, &c. 324, Proper juice. 325, Products first developed. 326, Three general nutritive ee Potion. 327, Sugar — Diastase. 328, Mutual transformations. 29, Secretions. CHAPTER XV.— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.—111. § OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 330, Systematic Botany defined. 331, Remarks on the extent of the field of botanic research. 332, Folly of studying individuals only. 333, Individuals grouped into species, —a, illustrations — clover — pine. 334, Species grouped into genera,— illustration. 335, Genera resolved into orders and classes. 336, Two methods of classifying the genera, — artificial ~ its basis, — natural—its basis. — 337, Com- parative merits of the two— use of the artificial. 338, Value of the natural — obscurities now removed. 339, Remaining difficulties — artificial method how and why retained in this work. 340, Artificial arrangement consists of. CHAPTER XVI.—§ OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. —II3. 341, Its aim, — 342, distinguished from the Artificial — what characters em- ployed, — 343, advantages, — 344, yet to be fully consummated — some artificial characters yet necessary. 345, The first two grand divisions — Pheenogamia — its characters, — Cryptogamia —characters, — 346, uncertainty of these characters, — approximation of groups. 347, Sporogens. 348, Subdivision of Phzenogamia— xogens — characters — Endogens — characters. 349, Classes, six — Exogens divided into two— Angiosperms — characters — Gymosperms — characters. 390, Endogens divided into two — Aglumaceous, characters — Glumaeceous, characters. 351, togamia divided into two— Acrogens, characters — Thallogens, charac- ters. 35), Affinities of the classes. 354, Sub-classes— Polypetale, characters — Monopetale, characters— Apetale, characters. 355, Orders — 356, how formed. 357, Alliances, groups, &c. 358, Extent of the orders. 359, Summary. CHAPTER XVII. —§ 1. NOMENCLATURE, &c.—118. 360, Names of the orders Latin adjectives — derivation, — @, exceptions. 361, Et ology of generic names. 362, OF specific names, — 363, derivation — rules. . Botanic ANALYsIs. 364, defined, — 365, proper state of plants for, — 366, im- portance of. 367, Process, — 368, with the learner. — Analytical tables. § 3. Cor- LECTING AND PRESERVING PLants. 369, Importance of, — 4, hortus siceus. 370, Apparatus. 371, Directions for gathering, — 372, pressing, — 373, vines: 874, Arrangement of the specimens. 375, Genera arranged — how preserved. 376, Fruit, seed, and wood, how preserved. ee "4 BOLA N'Y: CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Botany is the science which treats of the Vegetable Kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the habits, structure, and uses of plants, together with their nomenclature and classi- fication. 2. Like its kindred sciences, it is resolved into distinct depart- ments, according to the nature of the subjects to which it relates. That part which investigates the organic structure of vegetables, is called OrcanocrapuHy, corresponding to Anatomy, in the science of Zoology. 3. That part of botany which relates to the phenomena of the vital functions of plants, is called VecreTasLte PuysioLocy; in- cluding the consideration of their germination, growth, and reproduction. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the labors of husbandry, in the propagation and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 4. Another department, of essential importance, is Gross- oLoGy, which relates to the explanation and application of botanical terms, whether nouns or adjectives, by which the organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are desig- nated. 5. A fourth department, called Systematic Borany, arises from the consideration of plants, in relation to each other, their mutual affinities, and their endless diversities, whereby the 100,000 species, supposed to exist, may be arranged, classified, and designated, by distinctive characters and names. ee 14 INTRODUCTION 6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also, the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other depart- ments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is, the development of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and enjoyment; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation of our wants and woes. 7. This extensive department of Natural History, therefore, justly claims a large share of the attention of every individual, not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the employments of rural life, and to the healing art, but also for the intellectual and moral culture, which, among other kindred sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree. a. No science more effectually combines pleasure with improvement, than Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure of spring, and the bloom of summer;—to the charming retreats of Nature, in her wild Inxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. 8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is divided into three great departments, commonly called the MINERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMS. a. Vegetables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and minerals: while they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinet of the former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle, whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter; they constitute the ultimate nourishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the other. 9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential characters of the original body, so that each fragment will still be a stone. | 10. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is essential to the completeness of its being. A geranium is com- posed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi- “jh i THE DIFFUSION OF VEGETATION. 15 nitely, but no one of the fragments, alone, will still be a complete plant. 11. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies, endowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is com- plete in itself; but they are raised above either plants or min- erals, by the power of perception. a. These distinctions, long since suggested by the immortal Linnzus, are per- fectly obvious and definite, in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms; but, in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual and constant approach, in both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other; so that, in the lowest forms of life, all traces of organization disappear, and the three great kingdoms of nature, like three converging radii, meet, and blend in a common centre. /12. Vegetation, in some of its forms, appears to be coezten: sive with the surface of the earth. It springs up, not only from the sunny soil, moistened with rain and dew, but even from the naked rock, amidst the arid sands of the desert, in thermal and sulphurous springs, in arctic and alpine snows, and from the beds of seas and oceans. a. Among the multitude of natural causes which affect the growth of vegeta- tion, the action of the sun, through the light and heat which it imparts, is the most efficient. This is most powerful at the equator, and gradually diminishes in in- tensity, as we proceed from thence towards either pole. Vegetation, therefore, arrives at its highest degree of luxuriance at the equator, and within the tropics. In the temperate zones it is less remarkable for the beauty and variety of its flowers, and the deliciousness of its fruits, than in the torrid; yet it is believed to be no less adapted to promote the arts of civilized life, and the well-being of man in general. In still higher latitudes, plants become few, and of stinted growth, until finally, within the arctic circles, they apparently, but not absolutely, cease to vegetate. .~b. Since climate is affected by elevation above the level of the sea, in the same manner as by increase of latitude, we find a similar diminution of vegetable activity, in ascending high mountains. Thus, the peak of Teneriffe, situated on a fertile island, within the tropics, is clothed, at different elevations, with plants peculiar to every latitude, in succession, from the torrid to the frigid zones, while the summit, being always covered with snow, is as barren as the region of the poles. So also the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, exhibit upon their ‘summits a vegetation similar to that of Labrador, or even Greenland. c. One of the first requisites for the growth of plants, is a soil, from which, by means of roots, they may derive their proper nutriment and support. But numer- ous species of lichens and mosses find their most congenial habitations upon the bare rock. The coral island no sooner arises to the surface, than it arrests the Q* 16 INTRODUCTION. floating germs of vegetation, which soon clothe the rough rock with verdure of a humbler kind, and ultimately, by the growth and decay of successive generations, form a soil for the sustenance of the higher forms of vegetable life. d. Another important requisite is moisture. But the arid sands of the great African desert are not absolutely destitute of vegetable life. Even there, certain species of Stapelia are said to flourish, and those dreary regions, where neither rain nor dew ever falls, are occasionally enlivened by spots of verdure, like islands in the ocean, composed of these and kindred plants. ce. Extremes of heat are not always fatal to vegetation. In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara has been found, in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring at the Island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187°, has plants growing in it and on its borders. But the most extraordinary case of all, is one recorded by Sir J. Staunton. ‘At the Island of Amsterdam a spring was found, the mud of which, far hotter than boiling water, gave birth to a species of liverwort. Other similar instances are on record. Ff: Nor are the extremes of cold fatal to every form of vegetation. The rein- deer lichen, of Lapland, grows in vast quantities among almost perpetual snows. And far in the arctic regions, the eternal snows are often reddened, for miles in extent, by a minute vegetable of the Algz tribe, called red snow, of a structure the simplest that has yet been observed, consisting of a single round cell contain- ing a fluid. g. Light is also a highly important agent in vegetation; yet there are plants capable of flourishing in situations where it would seem that no ray of it ever entered. Mushrooms, and even plants of higher orders, have been found growing amidst the perpetual midnight of deep caverns and mines. Sea weeds of a bright green color have been drawn up from the bed of the ocean, from depths of more than 100 fathoms. 13. The vegetable kingdom is no less remarkable for its rich and boundless variety, than for its wide diffusion. Plants differ from each other in respect to form, size, color, habits, structure, and properties, to an unlimited degree, so that it would be diffi- cult, indeed, to find two individuals, even of the same species, which should perfectly coincide in all these points. a. Yet this variety is never abrupt, never capricious; but here, as, in other departments of nature, uniform resemblances are so blended with it, as to lay an adequate foundation for Systematic Botany. 14. The same causes which affect the general increase of plants, exercise, also, an important influence in determining their character. Hence, every climate has not only its own peculiar degree of vegetable activity, but also its peculiar species. a. Other causes, besides temperature, are efficient in determining the species of GERMINATION. 17 any given locality, such as the qualities of the soil, the degree of moisture both of the earth and skies, the inclination of surface, rocks, shades, and winds, the com- bined action of which often becomes an exceedingly complicated matter. Now to each of these innumerable combinations of circumstances, the Creator has adapted the constitution of certain species of plants, so that each given locality may be expected to produce its own appropriate kinds. But since some species are also endowed with the power of accommodating themselves to a wide range of circumstances, these are found more extensively diffused, while others, without this power, are comparatively rare. 15. Vegetation is susceptible of important changes by culti- vation. Many plants are improved, in every desirable quality, by accommodating themselves to the conditions of soils enriched and enlivened by art. Examples are seen in almost every cul- tivated species. 16. The cabbage, in its wid state, is a slender, branching herb, with no appear- ance of a head. The potatoe, in its native wilds of tropical America, is a rank, running vine, with scarcely a tuber upon its roots. All the rich and delicate varieties of the apple have sprung, by artificial means, from an austere forest- fruit. The numerous and splendid varieties of the Dahlia are the descendants of a coarse Mexican plant, with an ordinary yellow flower, of a single circle of colored leaves. The tulip and the geranium afford similar examples. 17. Changes, not only in the qualties of vegetation, are ef- fected by culture, but also in the species themselves, through the substitution of the useful or the ormamental for the native pro- ducts of the soil. Thus, in agricultural districts, almost the waole face of nature is transformed, by human skill and industry, from the wilderness to the fruitful field. a. Hence it appears that there is scarcely a spot on earth which is not caused, by the quickening energy of the Creator, to teem with vegetable existence, in some of its numberless forms, while his goodness is conspicuous in rendering those tribes which are most subservient to the wants of man capable of the widest dif- fusion. 18 PLAN OF VEGETATION. CHAPTER II. PLAN OF VEGETATION.—ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 18. Tue earliest and simplest state of the plant is an embryo contained inaseed. ‘This consists essentially of two parts, the radicle and plumule; the former about to be developed into the root, the latter into the ascending plant with its appendages. 19. As soon as the process of germination commences, the radicle begins to extend itself downwards in the direction of the earth’s centre, constantly avoiding the air and the light, forming the descending axis, or root. The plumule, taking the opposite direction, extends itself upwards, always seeking the light, and expanding itself, to the utmost extent of its power, to the influ- ence of the atmosphere. This constitutes the ascending azts, or trunk, around which the leaves and their modifications are arranged. 20. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is merely a bud, that is, a growing point, enveloped in rudimen- tary leaves, or scales, for its protection. As this growing point advances, the enveloping scales expand into leaves below, while new ones are constantly appearing, in succession, above. Thus the axis is always terminated by a bud. 21. By this process the axis is elongated, simply i in one direc- tion. But, besides this, there is also a bud (or buds), either visible, or in a rudimentary state, formed in the axil of each leaf. a. These axillary buds are generally visible, either before or after the leaf has fallen. In some plants, however, they seldom appear; but their existence is inferred from the fact, that even in such cases, they are occasionally developed in extraordinary circumstances. 22. Each bud is a distinct individual, capable of an independ- ent existence, in favorable circumstances, although severed from the parent stock. a. The common practice of propagation by layers, offsets, engrafting, and budding, is both a result and a proof of this principle. A plant may be, and FORMATION OF THE FLOWER. 19 often is, in this manner, multiplied indefinitely, by the dissevered parts of itself, as well as by the seed. 23. But, remaining connected with the parent stock, axillary buds, a part or all of them, according to circumstances, are de- veloped into branches, each of which may again generate buds and branchlets in the axils of its own leaves, in the same manner. a. Thus, by the repetition of this simple process, the vegetable fabric is reared from the earth, a compound being, formed of as many united individuals as there are buds, and as many buds as there are branches and leaves, ever advancing in the direction of the growing points, by the deposition of matter derived from the cellular tissue, clothing itself with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diam eter of its axis by the deposition of matter elaborated by, and descending from, the leaves already developed, until it reaches the limits of the existence assigned it by its Creator. 6. But the plant, reared by this process alone, would consist only of those parts requisite to its own individual existence, without reference to the continuance of its species beyond its own dissolution. It would be simply an axis, expanded into branches and leaves. But the Divine command, which first caused the tribes of vegetation, in their diversified beauty, to spring from the earth, required that each plant should have its ‘seed within itself? for the perpetuation of its kind. 24. At certain periods of its vegetation, therefore, a change is observed to occur in the plant, in regard to the development of some of its buds. From the diminished or altered supply of sap, received from the vessels below, the growing point ceases to lengthen in the direction of the axis, but expands its leaves in crowded and concentric whorls; each successive whorl, pro- ceeding from the outer to the inner, undergoing a gradual trans formation from the original type (a leaf), according to the purpose it is destined to fulfil in the production of the seed. Thus, instead of a leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of a bud, a flower is the result. 25. A flower may, therefore, be considered as a transformed branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-devel- opment of the axis, and moulded into more delicate structures, and tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adom and beautify the face of nature, but to fulfil the important office of reproduction. a. In the common peony, for example, as the leaves approach the summit of the stem, they gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and, at length, just 20 PLAN OF VEGETATION. below the flower, become simple bracts, still retaining every essential mark of a leaf. Next, by an easy gradation, they appear in the sepals of the calyx, the outer envelope of the flower, still essentially the same. Then, by a transition rather more abrupt, they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla, retaining still the form and organization of the leaf. To the petals next succeed those slender organs called stamens, known to be undeveloped leaves from the fact of their being often converted into petals. Lastly, those two central organs, termed pistils, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the midrib and the united edges being yet discernible. -26. When the flower has accomplished its brief but impor- tant office in reproduction, its deciduous parts fall away, and the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the devel- opment of the germ into the perfect fruit. This being accom- plished, the whole plant speedily perishes, if it be an annual, or, if not, it continues to put forth new branches, from other growing points, which, in their turn, are to be terminated by flowers and fruit the following year. | a. Such is a very brief outline of the plan of vegetation, or the process of nature in the germination, growth, fructification, and decay of plants. And it is impos- sible to contemplate it, without admiring that simplicity of design in the midst of the most diversified results which every where characterizes the works of God. Every part of the vegetable fabric may be ultimately traced to one elementary organic form, of which the leaf is the type. The lamina, or blade, in various stages of transition, constitutes the several organs of fructification, while the united bases of all the leaves constitute the axis itself. 27. When we more minutely examine the internal organization of plants, we find their different parts, however various in appearance, all constructed of the same materials. The leaf, for example, consists of a foot-stalk prolonged into a framework of veins, a fleshy substance filling up the interstices, and a cuticle, or skin, covering the whole. Now this framework is composed of woody fibre, aque- ducts, and air-vessels, all of which may be traced through the foot-stalk into the stem, where they equally exist,—this part of the leaf being only a prolongation of the stem. The fleshy substance is of the same nature with the pith of the stem, or the pulp of the fruit; and, finally, the cuticle corresponds exactly to the thin covering of the newly formed branches, of the various parts of the flower, and even of the roots. a. These several kinds of structure, of which the various organs are composed, are called the elementary tissues. They are five in number; — cellular tissue, woody tissue, vasiform - vascular tissue, and laticiferous tissue. 28. The chemical basis of the vegetable tissues is proved Oye ae CELLULAR TISSUE. 21 analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, with an occasional addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal substances. The organic basis is simple membrane and /ibre. Of one, or both, of these two forms, all the tissues are con- structed. a. If the fleshy portion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the fruit be closely examined, they will be found composed of numerous vesicles of extreme minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders, consist of a delicate membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls of the cells or vesicles, is one of the elementary forms of vegetable tissue. Again, if the stalk of a strawberry or geranium leaf be cut around but not through, and the two parts be thus pulled ‘asunder for a short space, a number of glistening fibres will be seen running from one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, par- tially straitened by being thus drawn out from the membranous tubes in which they were lying coiled up. Thus are we able to distinguish the elementary mem- brane and fibre, of which the various forms of vegetable tissue are composed. 29. CELLULAR TISSUE is So called, from its being composed of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. This kind of tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many being entirely composed of it. The form of the little cells which compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped, but afterwards, being flattened at their sides, by their mutual pressure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided, the cross-section being six-sided; each cell assuming a form more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted upon it by those adjacent. It is also called parENcHYMa. a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembling those of a honey- comb. (Fig. 1, a.) b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores. c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the brilliant hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter con- tained within the cells. d. The vesicles of this tissue are extremely variable in size. They are usually about sda of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from ao to 3000 of an inch. e. Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes acquires con- - siderable hardness by the deposition of solid instead of fluid matter in the cells. ‘ os é 22 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. d This occurs in the prickles of the rose, the stones of the plum, peach, &c., and in the albumen of seeds. j jf. In some plants, as in the Turkey rhubarb, &c., little bundles of crystals called raphides (from the Gr. pagidec, sewing needles,) are formed in the cells. Ye Oe € 5 FIG. 1.— Forms of tissue ; a, cutting of elder pith— cellular; 5, cells from the gritty centre of the pear; c, from the stone of the plum—both strengthened by solid matter; d, woody fibre ; e, spiral vessel with a single fibre partly drawn out; 7, vessel with a quadruple fibre. 30. Woopy TISssuvE, called also FiBre, consists of slender, transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point each way, and adhering together by their sides, the end of one tube ex- tending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous threads. It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater strength, and, at the same time, the greater tenuity, of its membrane. It seems de- signed for the transmission of fluid, as well as for giving firm- ness to those parts which need support. (Fig. 1, d.) a. Tissue of this form constitutes the fibre of flax, hemp, &c., the ligneous sub- stance of the stems and roots, the petioles, and veins of leaves, &c. 31. The most remarkable modification of the woody fibre, is that called glandular. It consists of little glandular points, ar- ranged along the walls of the woody tubes. It occurs only in resinous wood, chiefly of the fir tribe (Conifere). It has fre- quently been detected by the microscope, in fragments of fossil coal, whence it is inferred that coal-beds originated from buried forests of the Conifere. Witham on fossil vegetables, &e. - 32. VASIFORM TISSUE consists of large tubes, called dotted ducts, having numerous little pits, sunk in the thickness of i DUCTS. 23 lining. When viewed by transmitted light, it appears as if riddled full of holes. i a. It is of two kinds; Ist, articulated, having its tubes interrupted by joints and partitions, as in the oak, vine, and in the monocotyledonous stems; 2d, continuous, without joints or partitions; often found in the roots of plants. b. These are the largest vessels in the vegetable fabric; and their open mouths are particularly discernible in the cuttings of the oak, cane, &e. It is through these that the sap arises to the stem, and is conveyed to the leaves. 33. VASCULAR TISSUE consists essentially of spiral vessels, with their modifications. | a. The true spiral vessel much resembles the “woody fibre in form, being a long, slender tube, tapering each way, but is thin- ner and weaker. ~ Its peculiar mark is an elastic, spiral fibre, coiled up within it, from end to end. “ae b. The spiral thread is usually single, sometimes double, triple, &c. In the Chinese pitcher plant, it is quadruple. (Fig. 1, f.) ; c. In size, spiral vessels are variable. Generally their diameter is about rot of an inch; often not more than go/o0- d. 'The situation of spiral vessels is in the medullary sheath, that is, just around the pith ; also in every part which originates from it, such as the veins of leaves, petals, and other modifications of leaves, and especially in the petioles, from which it may be uncoiled, in the manner above described. (28, a.) e. In their perfect state they contain air, which they transmit, in some way, from one to another. : J. Ducts are membranous tubes, with conical or rounded ex- tremities, their sides being marked with transverse bars, rings, or coils, incapable of being unrolled without breaking. fi FIG. 2.— Forms of tissue, &c.; a, annular ducts; b, spiral and annular at intervals; c, Jaticiferous tissue ; e, stomata of iris — vertical section, d, d, green cells at the orifice ; 4, 4 ells of the parenchyma, e, air-chamber; g, g, view of epidermis and stomata of yucca, h, a closed ; small, luminous bodies in the cells. = ELEMENTARY ORGANS. + g. In this modification of spiral vessels the tube is much lengthened, and the coil within it is either closed, that is, will not unroll, as in the ferns; or it is annu- lar, that is; broken into distinct rings, as in the garden balsam; or it is reticulated, that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to form a net-work. The office of all these ducts is the same, — that of conveying fluid. It is only in the spiral vessel that we find air. (Fig. 2, a, b.) . 34. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE is so called, from /atez, the true nutritious sap, which it is destined to elaborate and convey. It consists of branched anastomosing (ava, to and fro, gtoua, a pas- sage) tubes, lying chiefly in the bark, and the under side of — leaves. (Fig. 2, c.) a. These tubes are very irregular in form, direction, and position. They expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the other tissues, and, proceed- ing from the inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Their average diameter is about rzo0 of aninch. They are largest in plants which have a milky latex, or juice. 35. The EPIDERMIS, or skin, is a form of cellular tissue exter- nally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed to the air, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those parts which habitually live under water. And, where the bark of the stem is rugged with seams and furrows, this organ is not distinguishable. 36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures, filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant, is, to check the evaporation of its moisture. . a. The delicate membrane, which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorless, and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure. 37. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues be- neath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain aper- tures, called sromata (mouths), which open or close under the influence of the light. (Fig. 2.) 38. Stomata are usually of an oval form, bounded by a pair of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes they are round, and bounded by several cells, Many 3 varieties of form have been noticed 7 EPIDERMIS. 293 39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate with, the intercellular passages, that is, the spaces between the cells of the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are most abundant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young shoots, and the parts of the flower. a. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them have been counted within the space of a square inch. The largest known are about sto of an inch in length. Their function is intimately connected with respira- FiG. 3.— Hairs and glands ; a, c, simple hairs; 6, branched hair of the mullein; d, gland surmounted by a hair; e, gland at the top of a hair; 7, prickles of the rose. °40. The surface of the epidermis is either smooth, or furnished with numerous processes, originating from itself, or from the cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes, namely, glands, hairs, prickles, stings, &c. 41. Hairs are minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of cells, placed end to end, containing air. They are s¢mple or branched. (Fig. 3.) _ a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give various names to the surface, to which they are appended, according to their nature and appearance; thus it is said to be downy, or pubescent, when clothed with soft, short hairs;— hirsute, with longer hairs;—rough, with short, stiff hairs ;— tomentose, when they are entangled and matted; arachnoid, when like cobwebs ;—sericeous, when silky;—velvety, when they are short, soft, and dense ; — ciliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelash. 42. Strives are tubular and acute hairs, fixed upon minute glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the \ 26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC. A slightest pressure this fluid is injected through the tube into the wound made by its point. Ex. nettle. 43. Pricxues (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis, consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appen- ded to the cuticle alone, and are stripped off with it. Unlike the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.) 44. Guanps (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situ- ated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous, saccharine, acrid, &c. a. They are either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the passion flower; or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear punctate, as in the leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair, either at its base or its summit. Such are called glandular hairs. 45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cel- lular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam is stored up in large reservoirs of this kind. CHAPTER III. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 46. Tur vegetable kingdom has long been considered by botanists under two great natural divisions, namely, Paaznoca-- MIA, or FLOWERING Puants, and Cryprocamtia, or FLOWERLESS Pants. 47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distin- guished by their structure. The Phenogamia abound with the ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist more generally of the cellular. Hence, the former are also called — Vascunares, and the latter CELLULARES. ie SPECIES — GENUS. 27 48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons (§125) and embryo, while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called spores, having no such distinction of parts. Thus tlle Phenogamia are also. called CoryLeponovus and the Cryptogamia AcoTyLEpDo- Novs plants. 49. Lastly, we find in the Phenogamia, a system of com- pound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a determinate plan (§18-—26), while in the Cryp- togamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without sym- metry or proportion. a. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the compound organs of FLoweRiInG Puiants; and since, in our descriptions of these organs, frequent references will be made to particular species and genera, for illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice of these fundamental divisions also. 50. A Species embraces all such individuals as may have originated from acommon stock. Such individuals bear an es: sential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. a. Thus the white clover, ( Trifolium repens) is a species, embracing thousands of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. The innumerable multitudes of individual plants which clothe the earth, are, so far as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species. 151. To this law of resemblance in plants of a common origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals from the same parent often bear flowers differmg in color, or fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form. Such differences are called varieties. They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to their original type. a. Varieties occur chiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, tulip, Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and culture, to which thev ane subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to multiply spontaneousty rrom seed, in their own proper soil. 62 A Genus is an assemblage of species, with more points of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling _ each other than eee any species of other groups. 28 . THE FLOWER. ‘ a. For example, the genus Trifoliwm includes the species T. repens, T. pratense, &c., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that the most hasty observer would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate to include the white pine and the pitch pine (P. strobus and P. rigida), any more than he would fail to observe their differences. b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious characters, distributed into species, and the species, by truly nat- ural affinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by natural or artificial methods. %*y To the admirer of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of atten- tion, as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty, even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. Yet, as objects of science, they merit a still higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed in their construction, or their important agency in the reproduction of the plant. But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is one of his first requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs in classification. CHAPTER IV. THE FLOWER. gl. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members :— 1. The rLoraLt ENVELOPES, called, collectively, the PERIANTH, (ze9, around, «vFoc, a flower) ; 2. The stamens; 3. The PIsTILs; and, 4. The RECEPTACLE, Or TORUS. a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils are regarded in science as essential parts. These, together with the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect flower, even when one or all other parts are wanting; because these two organs alone are sufficient for the perfection of the seed. In a popular sense, however, a per- fect flower must possess all the organs above mentioned. 6. If the stamens or the pistils, either or both, be wanting, the flower is said to be imperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile, haying pistils only, or neutral, having neither organs complete. * PISTILS. ; 29 — EE Ss Ti FIG. 4.— No. 1, Lily (Lilium Japonicum) ; 2, pink (Dianthus); 3, a stamen; 4, a pistil. 54. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, OF PERIANTH, consist of one or more circles or whorls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. The outer of these whorls is called the calyz, and the other, if there be any, the corolla. 'The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If nei- ther of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamyde- ous («, privative, and ziauvs, a cloak). 55. The catyx (advg, a cup), therefore, is the external en- velope, the cup, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves, with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called sEpats. 56. The coroiza (Lat. corolla, diminutive of corona, crown) is the interior envelope of the flower, consisting of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by their edges, usually of some other color than green, and of a more delicate structure than the calyx. Its leaves are called Ppretrats 57. The stamens are those thread-like organs, situated just within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred, but the most common number is five. Their office is, the fertilization of the seed. They are collectively called the andrecium (avdges,* stamens, ovxos, a house). * The plural of 4v#2, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnzus, in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term 7”, woman, is, on the same grounds, applied to the pistil. 30 THE FLOWER. (58. The pistiLs occupy the centre of the flower. They are sometimes numerous, but often only one. They are destined to bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gynecium (yvvy, pistil, ovxoc, a house). 59. The recerracte is the swmmit of the flower-stalk, out of which the floral organs grow, and upon which they stand in concentric whorls, the gyneciwm in the centre, the andrecium encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing the whole. 60. The principal parts of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &e.), or better by specimens, with which, both here and throughout the work, the student should always be provided. The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1), are the stamens, sur- rounding the pistil b; ¢ is the perianth, consisting of two similar whorls, the outer one a calyx of three sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, surrounding or enveloping the stamens and pistil; at d is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the inner envelope, the corolla; at b is’ the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup; at c, below the calyx, are certain leafy appendages called bracteoles or bracts. a. Let the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowers, whose parts are well developed, until he becomes familiar with the appearance of each organ, and can instantly apply its name. 61. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of four sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. In regard to the number and position of the individual organs composing these whorls, it is important to observe, a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same num- ber of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 4 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals, 3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c. b. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals alternate with the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. c. Thus, in a word, the normal structure of the truly symmetrical flower, divested of all irregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those of the other whorls (Fig. 5;1). This structural arrangement, as will hereafter be seen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 31 theory of the ‘ transformation of the leaves into the floral organs,’ * to which allu- sion has already been made (§ 25). When the bud is developed into a branch, instead of a flower, the leaves are usually arranged in a simple spiral line. This spire may be broken up into equal circles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter explained. In either case the leaves of one spire, or circle, do not issue from the stem at points exactly over the Jeaves of the next circle below, but over the iter- vals between them. 62. This simple normal structure of the flower is, however, subject to many apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly conformable to it. Of these few the order Linacex affords good examples. In the flax (Lihum) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each with 5 double carpels), all alternating with each other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5;1). 2 3 FIG. 5.— Plan of flowers; 1, ova regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum); 2, of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens ; 3, of the primrose, showing the position of the suppressed row of stamens; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive stamens ; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-nettle (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one carpel is wanting; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two” whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed. ; ‘63. If, with this adopted standard, we compare the numerous * This theory was first suggested by Linnzus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub- sequently by Wolff and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at length been revived by modern writers of the highest merit, and shown to be perfectly coin- cident with facts. ‘The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to botany, and rendered it one of the most philosophical and inductive of the natural sciences.’ See Gray’s Bot. Text-Book, Chap VIII, where this theory is clearly stated, and richly illus- trated. 32 THE FLOWER. forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to trace out the features of the general plan, even among the widest de- viations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations. Some of them are the following. a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim- erous (ees, three, and egos, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur to the student. s b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5; 3, 4). c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiate but one stamen is wanting (Fig. 5;5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbellifers, the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. ‘Thus the sepals may be united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &e. Or the petals may be thus united, as in the morning glory: or the stamens, as in the mallows tribe; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so that it seems to stand upon it. Itis then said (but improperly) to be superior. Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to grow out of them; they are then said (improperly) to be imserted into the corolla. In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. f. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. 'This is the case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip). g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 33 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the leaves. h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not effectually checked in its growth by the development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose. Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) k. This mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc tive, but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina- tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the normal plan. FIG. 6.—1, From Lindley, —a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2, here drawn from a living specimen, —a tulip, 6, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the posi- tion, form, and color (in part) of a sepal ; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, —a rose (R. damascena) with the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. ** In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to the perfection of the seed. 34 THE FLOWER. CHAPTER V. THE FLOWER. §2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 64. Tue stamens and pistils are situated within the floral envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every species, at least, of the Pheznogamous plants, they were seized upon by Linneus* as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, called the Artificial System. 9 wo jae) > On for) =I 10 2) 10 12 FIG. 7.— Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho- dodendron Lapponicum), in their natural position ; a, stigma, }, anthers, c, style, d, filaments, e, ovary, f, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger; 3, sage; 4, Berberis; 5, Vaccinium amcenum, with the terminal pores; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther ; 7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily; 10 Magnolia; 17, a four-celled anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various (magnified) forms of pollen-grains. * Carl Von Linné, or Linnzus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergy- man, born in 1707, at Rheshult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year, while a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility. He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri- buted to its general diffusion. In his ‘immortal work,’ Species Plantarwm, he enriched the language of botany by anew nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the tech- nology of plants, for their more accurate description. - POLLEN. 35 65. The stamMENsS are those thread-like organs, seen in the midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the corolla, or the calyx, constituting the andrecium. — 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distinct parts; namely, the filament, a; the anther, b; and the pollen, c. The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter are essen- tial. 67. The FritamEent (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, sup- porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the ‘stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting, the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be sessile. . 68. The anTHER is generally situated at the summit of the filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes. or cells, con- nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans- formed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament terminating, not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. . 69. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament, we find the following variations; the anthers are said to be, 1. Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appear lateral; as in the Anemone, water-lily. 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they lightly swing; as in the grasses. 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the dehiscence faces the petals, they are called eztrorse (turned outward). Examples of the former are seen in the violet; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc- tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. “70. The Po.ten is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con- tained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro- scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 4 36 THE FLOWER. usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others triangu- lar, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form in the same species. (Fig. 7.) a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed to moisture, it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle of delicate igneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf. The pollen consists of dismtegrated bladders of the same tissue. 72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is evident, as we have already seen, that however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta- mens into petals, as seen in the water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modi- fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). ‘Pa FIG. 8.— Stamens of the water-lily gradually passing into petals. 73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in re- spect to their nwmber, position, relative length, connection, and presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens, the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL cLassEs of Linnezeus are founded. 74. 1st. Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon the number of the stamens—the stamens being also free (63, c.), and of equal length. Their names are derived from the Greek numerals combined with edges (57, note), as follows : — Class I, Monanpria (ov0s, solitary,) includes all genera (52) of plants with one stamen to each flower. LINNEAN CLASSES. 37 anna II, Dianpria (dv, twice), with two stamens to each flower. IIT, Trianprta (tes, thrice), with three stamens. IV, Terranpria (tetge, four times), with four stamens. V, Pentanparia (7772, five), with five stamens. VI, Hexanpria (é6, six), with six stamens. VII, HepranpRia (é2te, seven), with seven stamens. VITI, Octranpria (oxtw, eight), with eight stamens. IX, ENNEANDRIA (¢”ve@, nine), with nine stamens. X, Decanpria (deze, ten), with ten stamens. XI, DopEcanpria (Jadexe, twelve), with twelve stamens. 2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the posi- tion of the stamens, —the stamens being free and equal. XII, Icosanpria (éz00v; twenty), cludes those genera of plants which have twenty or more stamens to the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous). XIII, Potyanpria (zo4vc, many), twenty or more stamens, seated on the receptacle (hypogynous). 3d. Relative length. 'The two following classes are founded upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their number. : XIV, Dipynamia (01s, twice, duw, two, vyue, a filament), meludes plants with four stamens, of which two are long, and two are short. XV, TeTrrapyNnamia (tét9e, four times, duw, vyue), with six stamens, of which four are long, and two are short. 4th: Connection. 'The five succeeding classes depend upon the connection of the stamens, in various ways. | XVI, MonavEtpuHia (wovos, adelgos, a brother), includes plants with the filaments united into one set or fraternity. XVII, DiapEtputa (dum, adelgos), into two sets or fraternities. XVIII, Poryapetputa (zolvs, adedgoc), into many sets or fra- ternities. XIX, Syneenesia, (ovr, together, yeveors, origin), stamens united by their anthers, into a tube. XX, Grynanpria (yv77, §57, note, «7g), stamens consoli- dated with the style. 38 THE FLOWER. 5th. Absence. The four remaining classes depend upon the absence of the stamens in a part or all of the flowers of the same species. XXI, Monacta (moves, ovos, an abode), includes plants where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow- ers, on the same individual. XXII, Dia@cia (61s, ovxog), in separate flowers on different individuals. XXIII, Potyeamia (zodvs, many, yeuos, marriage), where the \ stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers, and united in others, either on the same or two or three different plants. . XXIV, Cryprocamia (*gumtos, concealed, yauos), includes those genera of plants where the stamens and pis- tils are wanting, or at least invisible, commonly called FLowErR.ess Piants. (46—49.) a. Such are the twenty-four Linnean classes, in which all the genera of the vege- table kingdom are included. Nothing could have been more simple than the first eleven. To distinguish them, we have only to count the stamens. The other classes are founded upon distinctions less simple, though in general easy to be understood. A good specimen flower of each class should here be closely exam- ined, to illustrate the definitions, and fix them in the memory. The following simple figures are emblematic of each class, to which the pupil is required to apply the appropriate numbers and names. FIG. 9. — Stamens. s CARPELS. 39 CHAPTER VI. THE FLOWER. §3. OF THE PISTIL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. FIG. 10.—1, Pistil of a whortleberry (Vaccinium amenum); 4, the stigma; c, style ; a, the epigynous disk; e, perpendicular section of the ovary combined with the adherent (superior) ealyx ; d, the placenta with the ovules ; 2, the gynecium of a flower with 5 pistils, showing the carpels and styles distinct; 7, cross section of the same; 3, the carpels united and the styles distinct ; 6, cross section of the same ; 4, both carpels and styles united ; 5, cross section of the same; 8, leaf of Bryophyllum, putting forth buds from its margin; 9, carpel of the gar- den cherry, reverting to the form of the leaf; 10, two such carpels; 11, two perfect carpels. 75. Tue pistil (or pistils) occupies the centre of the flower, at the termination of the axis. It consists of three parts, the ovary, or germ, a, (Fig. 4.) the style, b, and the stigma, c. The style is sometimes wanting, and the stigma then becomes sessile upon the ovary. (See also Figs. 10, 11.) 76. The ovary (Lat. ovarium, a depository, from ovwm, an egg) is the tumid and hollow part of the pistil, situated at its base, containing the ovules, or young seeds within its cavities, and destined to become the fruit. 77. The ovary is either simple or compound. When com- pound, it consists of two or more lobes or divisions, called CARPELS (agzos, fruit), united together more or less closely 4* 40 THE FLOWER. Sometimes these divisions are very evident, being but slightly connected, while in other cases, all external marks of them dis- appear. When simple, it of course consists of a single carpel. (Fig. 10.) 78. The styLe is that prolonged columnar part of the ovary, or rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equals the number of carpels: but when the carpels are closely united, the styles may be united also, into a single compound column, or they may even then remain distinct. 79. The strema is the upper portion, or extremity, of the style, extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is com- pound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels. 80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders, into whieh the first thirteen classes of Linnzeus are subdivided. They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the ter- mination gynia, (yvv7n, 57, Note,) as follows. Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of Yhsche in either of the first thirteen classes, with one style to the flower. Digynia, with two styles to the flower. Trigynia, with three styles. Tetragynia, with four styles. Pentagynia, with five styles. Hexagynia, with six styles. Heptagynia, with seven styles. Octogynia, with eight styles. Enneagynia, with nine styles. Decagynia, with ten styles. . Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles. . Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.* CONAAF WW _ = — Wwe *The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depend- ing upon the pistil, and are as follows: — The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two; 1. Gymnospermia, with seeds apparently naked. ; 2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp. THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41 81. The ovutes are certain little globular bodies, produced in the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the matured fruit. (Fig. 10; 1.) 82. The pLtacenta is that part of the ovary from which the ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a line, or‘fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direc- tion is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth. (Fig. 10; 1, d.) 83. Physiological structure. The ovary and style are com- posed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbed- ded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the placenta through the centre of the style. It is the only part of the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35). 84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modifica- tion of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each carpel has its own style and stigma, and is formed of a leaf folded together in such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards the The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished by the form of the pod: — 1. Siliculosa, the fruit a silicle, or short pod. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod. The orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes are of the same name and character as the first 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded upon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus: — Order 1, Monandria, includes all Monadelphous plants, Diadelphous eee &e. with one stamen to each flower. 2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on. The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five : — Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the head all perfect. 2. Superflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistil- late, the rest perfect. - 3. Frustranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect. 4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest staminate and sterile. 5. _ Eis (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx. The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters as the two preceding classes : — 1. Monecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same individual. 2. Dicecia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals. The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orders of this grand division, as Filices, the ferns, Musci, the mosses, &¢ 42 THE FLOWER. axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the united margins, the ventral. a. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary leaf (Fig. 10; 9) stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex. b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no doubt can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous. c. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranunculus, &c. exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is formed upon the same plan in all plants. Zhe ovary, therefore, is the blade of a leaf; the style, the lengthened apex ; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the leaf: 85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel, the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many propositions like the following. a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary leaves, their united edges all meeting in the centre, and the cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9). 6. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels. c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dis- sepiments (dissepio, to separate,) must each be double; they must be vertical; they must be equal in number to the carpels, and alternate with the stigma, which is also double. d. Again, the single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious. Ex. flax (Fig. 11). 86. These propositions are true only when each capiclinier leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two edges mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11; 1, 2,3). In this case there will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course, become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana, OVULES. 43 87. The placente are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary leaf. If these edges be in their normal condi- tions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate, there will necessarily be two placente to each carpel, the one to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and style. They are then said to be parietal ( parzes, a wall). FIG. 11.—1, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentz, the dissepiments partially obliterated ; 2, dissepiments wholly obliterated; 3, dissepiments obliterated, showing a free central placenta; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments, as in the flax; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placente ; 6, with free central pla- cente ; 7, an amphitropous ovule; 8, vertical section of the same; a, funiculus; }, raphe; c, chalaza; d, nucleus; e, secundine; , primine; g, micropyle; 9, anatropous ovules at- tached to the ovary. : 88. But the placente are sometimes found in the common centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3,6). This anomaly, which is called a free central placenta, is thus ex- plained. The dissepiments were at first actually formed in the usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the shell, they were torn away and obliterated. a. As the ovules are always developed by the placente, they, of course, grow out of the margins of the carpellary leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10; 8), and in the mign- ionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. 89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe, Conifer, entirely so, the carpellary leaf being open or wanting. 44 THE FLOWER. a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovary ascending, when it grows from a little above the base; pendulous, when it hangs from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below the summit. 90. In their early state, the ovules are quite soft, consisting of two sacks or integuments, contaming a pulpy mass. and open only at their apex, where there is a passage left through both, called the foramen. The outer integument is called the pramine, ‘the other the secundime, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus. (Fig. 11; 8.) a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed, which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18). 91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the pla- centa, is called the funiculis, and its point of attachment to the nucleus of the ovule, the chalaza. Through these the ovule receives its nourishment from the placenta. (Fig. 11; 8, 9.) — §4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 1 Din yO Lin ) 92. The specific use of rf? the stamens and pistils is the fertilization of the seed (57, 58). This ap- pears to be effected in the following manner. At the proper season, the anthers discharge the poller con- tained in their cavities through their dehiscence FIG. 12.—1, Section of the upper part of the style OF POTes, into theair. Some of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down of jt thus falls upon the between the cells; 2,3, 4,5, various forms of pollen, .. showing the tubes; 6, pollen of the Ginothera biennis, stigma. one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style. a. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip, and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain CALYX. 45 laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by the elasticity of the filaments. In Moneecious and Diccious plants, where the sta- mens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often con- veyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey. 93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat of each granule bursts (70, @) at one or more points, allowing the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and passes down between the loose cells of the style, extending itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of con- siderable length. When these tubes reach the ovary, they direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and enter the foramen, which at this time is turned towards the base of the style, and brought in contact with its conducting tissue (83). | . 94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjec- tured that the molecules which they contain (69, a) are conveyed by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing them- selves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they - constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule shortly after the pollen tube enters it. CHAPTER VII. THE FLOWER. §5. OF THE CALYX. 95. THE term calyx comes from the Greek, and signifies a cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in reference to its common form and position. It is generally green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other colon than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more delicate organs of the flower in estivation (in the bud). 96. The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are 46 THE FLOWER. sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges; to a greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as in the pink. The calyx is then said to be monosepalous, a term which must never be hterally applied, since no true calyx can consist of merely a single sepal; when the sepals are not united in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. ; 97. If the calyx is free, that is, distinct from the ovary, as in the pink, it is said to be in- JSerior, while the ovary is supe- rior; but if the calyx be adhe- rent to the sides of the ovary, so as to appear to grow out of its summit, as in the rose, it is said to be superior. (Fig. 13; FIG. 13. —3, Ovary, with adherent (superior), i 3.) persistent calyx; 1, vertical section of the same, . showing the epigynous (Gr. upon the pistil)sta- 98. In respect to duration, mens ; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- it is caducous when it falls off nous (Gr. under the pistil); 4, stamens on the - calyx, that is, perigynous (Gr. around the pistil); AS Soon as the flower is ex- 5, siamene onthe coral (perizznos) 6,48; panded, Ex. poppy; deciduous, anther. when it falls off as the flower decays, Ex. water lily; and perszstent, when it remains upon the germ after the corolla has fallen; Ex. rose, apple. 99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and some- times, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is pecu- liar to the Composite, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus con- sists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose; if the hairs are feathery, plumose; if they are stiff, like bristles, setose ; if dilated, so as to become chaffy, paleaceous. . §6. OF THE COROLLA. 4 100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or — MONOPETALOUS COROLLAS, 47 crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the floral envelopes situated between the calyx and the stamens, upon the delicate texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the flower. 101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the sepals of the calyx, they are either distinct, or united by their adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypet- alous; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly mis- applied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true corolla can consist simply of a single petal. 102. A petal consists of two parts; the claw, which is the narrow part at the base, answering to the stalk of a leaf, and the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf. The claw is some- times very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the rose. ‘ 103. When the petals are confluent into a asad ooabe corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of it, which is called the lim’ or border. “Both of these parts are exhibited in the Phlox. { a 404. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and _ trregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as follows : 1. Campanulate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and swelling abruptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Cam- - panula). 2. Infundibuliform (faunnel-form), tubular at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory, tobacco. . 3. Hypocrateriform (salver-form), the tube ending abruptly in a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox. 4. Rotate (wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading, with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein. 5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft P Jk 48 THE FLOWER. into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower lip. If the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo, to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are pressed together, personate (persona, a mask); Ex. snap dragon. If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex. Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally char- acterizes the plants of the large and important natural order Labiate. FIG: 14.— Forms of corollas; 1, Campanula rotundifolia; 2, tobacco; 3, Convolvulus; 4, Veronica ; 5; sage ; 6, Gaultheria procumbens ; 7, Phlox ; 8, cabbage ; 9, rose ; 10, Lathyrus. 105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also re- ceived appropriate names, and are described as follows. The last only is regular. 1. Cruciform (cruz, a cross), consisting of four petals spread- ing at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla con- stitute the large natural order Cruciferee, which corresponds to the 15th class in the artificial arrangement. Of this kind is the mustard ( Sinapis). 2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple. 3. Liliaceous, like the lily. The Perianth consists of six parts, each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resem- ble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4). NECTARY. 49 4. Caryophyllaceous, like the pink. This corolla consists of five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex. pink, cockle (Fig. 4). 5. Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped. This corolla consists of five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows ; — the upper and largest is called the banner (vexillum); the two lateral ones beneath this, the wings (ale); and the two lower ones cohering by their lower margins, the keel (carina). Exam- ples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla consti- tute the greater part of the Leguminose, one of the most extensive and useful of the natural families. 106, PuysioLocicaL structure. ‘The floral envelopes are found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expan- sions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of delicate spiral vessels, all covered with an epidermis often having stomata. Their various colors are produced by secretions contained in the little bladders of the cellular tissue. $7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 107. These are terms which have been applied to certain anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in structure and position. a. The NecTARY (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secretion of | honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal. In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectaries are merely abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady’s slipper and other Orchida- ceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or lip. b. The p1sxK is 4 term applied to certain little projections situated between the bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised _ rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is, hypogynous (i=, under, zvvu, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (em, upon, 71), as in the Cornus. c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary state, as it is sometimes separated into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the true stamens. va OG THE FLOWER. é §8. OF ZSTIVATION. 108. AisTIvATION (@stivus, of summer) is‘a term used by botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is the same to the flower-bud as vERNaTION (vernus, of the spring) is to the leaf-bud. a. The different modes of xstivyation may be best observed in sections of the bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common Feene are the following. 1. Valvate; applied to each other by the margins only; as the petals of the Umbellifere, the valves of a capsule, &e. 2. Convolute ; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the petals of the wall-flower. 3. Quincuncial ; when the pieces are five in number, of which two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the ex- terior, as in Rosa. 4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and over- lapping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin being, in hke manner, overlapped by that which stands next it, as the corolla of Apocynum. 5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner is covered by the outer in such a way that.each of the exterior rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the Liliacee. O @ ©OO ® © HO FIG. 15.— Hstivation of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiranthus; 3, Rose (single) ; 4, Oxalis; 5, Lilium; 6, Pisum; 7, Lysimachia; 8, Solanum; 9, calyx of the Rose. The last form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricate. THE FRUIT. 5] 6. Vezillary ; when one piece is much larger than the others, and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in papilionaceous flowers. 7. Induplicate; having the margins bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these edges applied to each other with- out any twisting; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis. 8. Supervolute; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is en- veloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction ; as the leaves of the apricot. Of these forms of estivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are fre- quently designated by the general term wbricate, that is, we overlapping edge. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT. 109. Tue fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable organization ; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases, the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the fruit, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly said to be ‘the termination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new’ a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it does not, like the flower, serve to adorn the face of nature by the beauty of its form and color, yet, besides its own peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life, it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man. b. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen from the anthers, the pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary brought to perfection. 110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with much accuracy, by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, how- ever, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary, as to disguise its real structure; so that an early examination would be even more safe in its results than a late one. a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and six ovules. The change is produced by 5* a2 THE FRUIT. the non-development of five of the ovules, while the sixth grows so rapidly as to obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change also takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the birch is two-celled and two- ovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its oyule, the fruit becomes one- celled. , $1. OF THE PERICARP. 111. The rruir consists of the pericarp and the seed; the former may be wanting, but the latter is essential. a. Truly naked seeds are found in few plants, except the Conifers, where the pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The seeds of the sage and the borage, with their respective tribes, generally said to be naked, are not so in fact, for each seed being the product of an ovary with one ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp. 112. The pericarp (¢gu, around, xaozos, fruit) is the covering or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (2, upon) is the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (vdov, within) called also putamen or shell, is the inner coat, and the sarco- carp (cao, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance. a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sareocarp, and the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the glazed lining of the cells, the epicarp the epidermis, and the sareocarp the inter- vening pulp. 113. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which still perform the functions of true leaves. Thus these parts become gradually distended into the form and dimensions of the fruit. 114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical Sisass effected by the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular ana ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37). a. Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour by absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin ciple. b. Lastly, when the fruit has attained its full growth, the pulp becomes gradu ally sweetened and softened, by the formation of sugar at the expense of the acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard. These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, &e., where the greater portion of nutritive matter is stored up in the pericarp; but in the fruit of CAPSULE. ; O53 the oak, chestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposited in the seed. ; ' — FIG. 16.— Modes of dehiscence ; 1, Locw.icidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Septifragal. The straight lines represent the dissepiments. 1115. Dehiscence. When the pencarp has arrived at maturity, it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de- hiscence is always vertical, and is called, 1. Loculicidal (loculus, a cell, cedo, to cut), when it takes place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpe! directly into the cell. Ex. lily. 2. Septicidal (septum, a wall, and cedo), when it takes place through the dissepiments (which are doubled, §85, c). Ex. mallows. 3. Septifragal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the axis. Ex. Convolvulus. | 4. Sutural (sutura,a seam), when it takes place at one or + both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 5. An irregular dehiscence, called czrcwmscissile (ctrcumscindo, to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., where the top of the pericarp falls off like alid. (Fig. 18; 16.) _ 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties are generally described in elementary works. 1. Capsute (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com- pound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some- times by pores only. a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 64 THE FRUIT. by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or substance formed by the united placente is called the colu- mella. 'To this the seeds are generally attached. The seed- vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot (San- guinaria), are capsules. FIG. 17.— Forms of fruit: 1, capsule of Rhododendron; 2, Nicotiana; 3, Colchicum; 4, Gnothera; 5, silique of Raphanus; 6, silicle of Capsella; 7, legume of the pea; 8, jointed legume (loment) of Desmodium; 9, follicle of Apocynum; 10, nut of oak; 11, drupe of Cerasus. 2. Striqur (a pod). ‘This is a long, narrow pericarp of two valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by the extended placente. The seeds are attached to the edges of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. mustard, wallflower, and other Crucifere. 3. Sizicie (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd’s purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are poaiiet to plants with cruciform corollas. 4. LrecumeE (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the silique. It bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately, along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of the great natural order Leguminose. The legume, therefore, accompanies the papilionaceous corolla. 5. Fouuicie (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one ¢ PEPO. Fay) cell, opening by a sutural dehiscence on the inner side, and bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, col- umbine, silk-weed. 6. Drure (stone-fruit) is one-celled, one or two seeded, inde- hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also includes those fruits which have a fibro-fleshy, or even coria- ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are called drupaceous. 7. The Nout is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from an ovary which is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled (110, @). It differs from the Drupe, in wanting the soft, succulent cover- ing. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involu- cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 8. Caryopsis (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled peri- carp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is called a wtricle, as in the pig-weed (Chenopodium). 9. An ACHENIUM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, dis- tinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun- culus, Aster, and the Composite generally. 10. Samara (winged fruit). It consists of a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded pericarp, with a wing-like appendage. Ex. birch, maple. : 11. A pyxis (box) is a capsule which opens by a circum- sessile dehiscence (115; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with alid. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 12. Pome (apple). This is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, quince. , 13. The prro (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed- ing from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft * 56 THE FRUIT. mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon an- swer this definition, and are therefore berries. a ; Wy” AE FIG. 18.— Forms of fruit; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle; 15, samara of Acer; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear); 18, berry of Ribes (gooseberry) ; 19, section of the same enlarged; 20, strobile of Pinus; 21, cremocarp of the Umbelliferze, as Conium. ‘ a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en- larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the Rubus, is an aggre- gate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Eteeria, by Mirbel. (Fig. 18; 13, 14.) 15. Srrosite (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their- inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is on this account called Conifere. HILUM,. 57 CHAPTER IX. THE FRUIT. $2. OF THE SEED. 117. Tue seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con- tains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the - original. a. The seed consists of three principal parts;—the InTEGU- MENTS, the aLBUMEN, and the EMBRYO. 118. The InrEGUMENTS, or coverings, invest the seed eee ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appro- priate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, is the TEsTa; the second, the mEsosPERM; the third, the ENDO- PLEURA, Corresponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. a. 'The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), horny (crus- taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hairs at one end, called coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. b. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi- fication of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composite. 119. The ard is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of * the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often it is wanting. 120. The uitvm, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. EE3.6)..@:) ~ 121. The hilum of the seed sometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the 58 THE FRUIT. ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can- dleberry (Myrica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the ana- tropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11; No’s 8 and 9.) _ 122. The Atsumen. Next within the integuments, there is a white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly of starch. It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, rye, and serves to nourish the embryo in its nascent state. It abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The albumen in some seeds is entirely wanting, particularly in the bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the cotyledon. 123. The EmBryo is an organized body, the rudiments of the young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. In some seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus. 124. The embryo is divided into three parts; the radicle, the plumule, and cotyledon. a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined | to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points towards the foramen. 6. The pLuMvLE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually directed towards the chalaza. 125. The coryLepon is the bulky, porous, and farimaceous part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons are conspicuous in rising above the ground. a. The number of cotyledons is variable; and upon this cir- cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division of the PH%: NoGamMIA, Of FLOWERING PLANTS. 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon, SPORES. | 59 £ or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called ENDOGENS (¢vdoy, inside, z«vo24, to originate or grow), because their stems increase by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliacee, &c., whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledotia These are also called ExoGENS (¢&#, outside), because their stems increase by external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, &c. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, which are reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like network. FIG. 19. — Structure of seeds and germination; 1, seed of a garden bean; 2, the same after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified) ; a, fungous chalaza, }, raphe, c, hilum; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, }, radicle, c, fissure, beneath which lies the plumule; 5, vertical section of the same; d, the radicle seen beneath the fissure ; 6, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, b, plumule, c, radicle ; 7, seed of Canna lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, b, embryo; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commence- ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle; 9, the same, having thrown off the pericarp and become a young plant; 10, germinating seed of Calla Athiopica; a, seed, }, first leaf of plumule, c, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base; 12, the same after germination has commenced; 13, the germination completed, and the young plant formed; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons; 15, the same after germination has commenced; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to three cotyledons, while the dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no coty-_ ledon. 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Conifers, &c., occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the Cryprocamra, or flowerless plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from SPORES, (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. 6 60 THE FRUIT. §3. OF GERMINATION. 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec- tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. a. GERMINATION is a term denoting the first stages of vital action in the seed; the process is briefly described as follows: 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften, and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines with the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh con- verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to the air and the hght* (See Fig. 19, explanations. ) 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise above the surface with the ascending axis, become green, and perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves, for the nourishment of the young plant. 133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, * The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex- periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float- ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravity is a law in vegetation, as uni- versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror, reflecting the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards. Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer- ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve- ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant was inclined at an angle of 45°, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 must be obtained from without. Diiferent degrees of heat are required by dif- ferent plants, but a temperature from 50° to 80° is most favorable to those of the temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by the sun. b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in showers of rain and dew. c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar; a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is supplied by the water and by the air. d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is through the influence of light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, decompose it, retain the carbon itself, and give back the oxygen only. Light would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it. Hence the seed should be buried in the soil. 134, The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspberry and beach plum after many centuries.* §4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting; and when attentively consid- ered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus, already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, are wafted by winds to considerable distances, across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadense,a weed now common on both sides the Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from Canada, of which country it is native. a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro- vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are thus scattered far and wide. b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams, and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to * No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by Dr. Lindley. ‘I have before me,’ says he, ‘three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface ofthe earth. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.’ Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, in dig- ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, and placed it by itself. A year or two afierwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. * 62 THE ROOT. country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages, without injury to their vitality. Squir- rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same im- portant end. ; CHAPTER xX. © THE ROOT. 136. Tue root 1s the basis of the plant, and the principal source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the seed; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener- ally immersed in the soil. a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full growth. ~ 137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by their avidity for moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. . a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not known to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain dis- tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a uniform depth, however great the irregularities of the surface. 138. The number and extent of the roots must always correspond to the demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining it in its erect position. It follows, therefore, that for every expanding leaf, or extending twig, there must be a corresponding increment of the roots and fibres beneath the soil. = 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 140. To all these characteristics there are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment SPONGIOLES. 63 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious. On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modern writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the bulb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to the ascending axis, is designated as the collum, or neck. a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying the centre of motion’ between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge- ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the air, while all below it descends into the earth. 142. The parts of the root which require especial notice, are the caudex, fibrils, and. spongtoles. a. The caupEx (stock) is the main body of the root. 6. The riprizts are the finer branches of the root, sent off from the caudex. ‘These are the true roots. c. The sponGioues are the tender and delicate extremities of the fibrils; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions made to these extremities, these are their growmmg points. 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct- ive names, are the following :— 144. Ramose (branching). This root consists of ramifications sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and shrubs. (Fig. 20.) | | a. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other; that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus inverted without injuring their vitality. b. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, cither by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root and flourish. Other trees, as the mulberry (Morus) may be multiplied by layers. A branch is bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. c. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances. This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much greater. Those of the a embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, 6 64 | THE ROOT. 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less firmly rooted than those in open situations. 145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, up- wards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. FIG. 20.— Forms of the root; 7, branching roots of a tree; 8, root of Daucus; 9, Oxalis; 10, Orchis. a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be forked. When it tapers from the collum downwards its whole length, it is called a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the b. Premorse, in which the caudex terminates abruptly below, as if it had been dztten off (premorsus). This is due to the fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa. c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame- ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 146. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divis- ions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- ingly in a light sandy soil. a. A fasciculated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, Dahlia, &c. 147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, or ROOTS. 65 tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis. This root must be distinguished from the twber, which, like the potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems. a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is separated below into short, thickened pro- cesses, as in some species of the Orchis. b. A granulated root consists of many small tubercular knobs, connected by te as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some writers call thi iety moniliform (monile, a necklace). FIG. 21.— Forms of the root;—1, Raphanus; 2, Brassica rapa; 3, Scabiosa; 4, Poa; 5, Peonia; 6, Dahlia. 148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reser- voirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant, is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for the time of flowering. a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, which are remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soil. 149. The floating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, Callitriche. The latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in the mud, and there ripens its seeds. \150. Aerial roots are those which, instead of originating from portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are pro- duced from some portion in the open air. Of these roots, seve- ral varieties are remarkable. 1st, Those which are sent forth FS 66 THE ROOT. from the joints of creeping or prostrate plants; as the. ground- ivy, and the twin-flower (Linnea). 2d, The roots of certain erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose aerial roots are often several feet in length before reaching the earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the common maize (Zea). b. A third class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epiphytes (et, upon, putov,a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment chiefly from the air. Such are the long moss (Tillandsia), pen- dent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidacez at the south. 4th, The roots of parasites are usually aerial. These are not only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues, they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuseuta and Mistletoe are examples. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT 151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case it is always destitute of a pith. 152. The fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue (32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the ex- tremities (85), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceed- ingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property of powerfully absorbing water. 153. The growth of the root does not take place by the ex- pansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the extremities, and by the formation of new layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with which it penetrates the crevices of the soil, and forces its way into the hardest earth. 154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely mechanical one of fixing the plant in the earth, and maintaining ABSORPTION. | 67 its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture which its growth absolutely requires. a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially to the sun, the water will disappear from the glass more rapidly than could be expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled*through the leaves (a process called EXHALATION), only a small part of it, together with the salts which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant. 455. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon the activity of exhalation ; and since the latter is dependent upon the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption will, in general, be more active by day than by night. 156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface, indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epider- mis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue of the fibril to the vessels of the main root,:and immediately carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant. a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the curved body of the root be immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will soon be again revived, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged. b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to preserve, uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres. 157. The force with which plants absorb fluids by their roots is very great, as is proved by experiment. a. If the stem of a vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury, or 13 lbs. to the square inch. 158. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction; but, unfortunately for this theory, there are no capillary tubes in the vegetable structure, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous walls of which the fluids must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon 68 THE ROOT. in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resem- blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex- plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows: a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other EXOsMOsE (flow- ing outwards). 159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever these conditions exist, the current exists also. a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep- tum; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must be the counter current, the exosmose, also. ‘That'this is actually the case, is proved by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is im- mersed. ; 160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the intro- duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min- eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part of its food. a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer- tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid parts of its stem; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, —the rootlets, being deep in the ground, below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu- lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. HERD. 69 CHAPTER XI. THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 161. Tuat part of the plant which originates with the plum- ule (124, 5), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to the influence of the air and the light, is called the ascenpine AXIS OF STEM. a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is supposed to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. 162. Although the first direction of the stem’s growth is vertt- cal, there are many plants in which it does not continue so, but extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect. When it grows horizontally upon the surface, itis said to be procumbent, creeping, trailing, &c. When it arises obliquely it is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried beneath the soil it is a subterranean stem. a. The subterranean stem, and some varieties of the creeping, have usually been described as roots. 163. In regard to duration, the stem, like the root, is said to be annual when it lives but one season, afterwards dying, at least down to the root, and perennial when its existence is con- tinued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time. 164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs. a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk, which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above the ground. Ex. elm, palm. 6. A suRvuB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, hav- ing a perennial, woody stem, which divides into branches at or near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is termed an wndershrub. Ex. whortleberry. c. An HERB is a plant with an annual or perennial root, pro- 70 THE STEM. ducing stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein. 165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the forma- tion and development of nups. At the commencement of its erowth, the ascending axis is itself a bud. 166. Buns are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-bud, containing the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the /lower-bud, containing the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for the purposes of reproduction. 167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, growing point of cellular tissue, originating with the pith, surrounded and _pro- tected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. (Fig. 22; 1.) 168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the rudimentary leaves of the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by the frosts and scanty nutriment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (/#sculus) be examined, when swollen in spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the evident leaves within. . ; a. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom, that buds are furnished with scales only in wintry climates. In the torrid zone, or in hot-houses, where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develope their buds into foliage immediately after their formation, without clothing them im scales. In annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture,—an office which they effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds, and their insoluble coat of resin. * 169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first developed into a simple stem, and being itself continually repro- duced, is always borne at the termination of that stem; that is, the axis is always terminated by a bud. a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is, at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however, *In many trees the scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid and aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. NODE AND INTERNODES. 71 some or all of them are developed, forming leafy divisions of the axis, which thus becomes branched. b. Buds are said to be adventitious when they are neither terminal nor axillary. Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maim- ing or disease, and may be formed in the internodes, or upon the roots (140), or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum. 170. A srancu, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced by the development of an axillary bud. 171. A THORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed, woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for self- defence. Ex. Cratzgus, locust. a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the im- perfect development of the growing point only, while its leafy coverings perish. Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by ‘cultivation. In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to produce branches instead of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, gooseberry. b. The thorn is distinguished from the prickle (43) by its woody structure, and its connection with the wood of the stem, while the prickle, as of the rose, consists of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only. 172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillary bud, is produced, is called the nopz, and the spaces between them the INTERNODES. a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the immer fibres being sent off later- ally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence, also, each internode contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards. 173. Since the branches arise from azllary buds, their ar- rangement upon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves, which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great symmetry and order. 174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and indeed of all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads of a screw. a. But this arrangement is often so much disguised by disturbing causes that it can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular, which is readily explained. The spiral line is formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the grow- ing plant by the advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be q » > 72 THE STEM. interrupted from any cause, a circular arrangement is the consequence, —an arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, 2, 5, 2), and in the leaves of the Stellate, and other plants. -175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right angles to the adjacent pairs. When three or more arise at each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said to be verticillate, or whorled. 176. In like manner, the arrangement of the branches, when divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be spirat; that is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &c., or vertictllate in the pine, &c. FIG. 22.—1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes ; 2, the scaly bulb of the lily, showing its analogy to the bud; 3, vertical section of the same. a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in form, size, position, and struc- ture, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has already been stated, that although its tendency is at first upwards, it does not always arise above the surface. Hence the primary division of this organ into subterranean and aerial. 177. The susTERRANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the ear- lier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only were called acaulescent or stemless, terms still in use, denoting merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifica- tions are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper. * \ TUBER. 73 178. The suis partakes of the nature of the bud. It consists of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst, and roots from the base or collum (141). a. Bulbs are said to be twnicated when they consist of concentric layers, each entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of thickened concave scales, connected to- gether at the base, as the lily, tulip. b. The bulb is renewed annually, at the approach of winter, by the develop- ment of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old. c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves upon the stem, which, when matured, fall to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect plant. The tiger-lily (Lilium bulbiferam) is an example, also several species of the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous. FIG. 23.— Forms of the stem;—1, Allium; 2, Arum; 3, Solanum tuberosum; 4, San- guinaria ; 5, a spinous branch. 179. The corm is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem, resembling the bulb in form and position, but differing in struc- ture, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without dis- tinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a solid bulb. Ex. Arum, or Indian turnip. 180. The ruser is an annual, thickened portion of a subter- ranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the develop- ment of buds, and the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The pota- toe is an example. 74 THE STEM. 181. The ruizoma, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often cov- ered with scales, which are the rudiments of leaves, or marked with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the thickened, horizontal portion of the blood-root (Sanguinaria), sweet flag (Calamus), and the bramble (Rubus). 182. The CREEPER differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions, and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches at intervals. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. a. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They fre- quently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind down and secure against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below the level of the sea. To protect it from inundation, dikes of earth have been built, with immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a thick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex are- naria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which they are enabled to resist the washing of the waves 183. To arrraL stEMs belong the following varieties ;—caulis, runner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon. 184. Cavtis (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aérial stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis, or aenal stem. 185. Runner. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, ex- tending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out. roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant, soon putting forth new runners in its tun. Ex. strawberry. 186. The scars is a stem which springs from the summit of the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant, but not its foliage. TEx. Sarracenia, daffodil, several species of | the Orchis, &c. The foliage of such plants is usually radical, that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem. TRUNK. 73 a. Cum (culmus) is a term by which the peculiar stems of the grasses, and similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, however, an unnecessary distinction. 187. Vine. This is a term denoting those stems which, being too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any conven- ient support, and-do not throw out roots like the runner. The vine sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe ( Cucurbita- cee); the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called climbers. a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch; or an appendage growing out of the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf. Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacee and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosz), where it is appended to the leaves. 188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its windings is always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left; nor can any artificial training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 189. Trunx. This is the name given to the peculiar stems of trees. It is the central collum, or axis, which supports their branching tops, and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligne- ous tissue in which it abounds. a, The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a branch for more than two thirds its length. * * At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15in diameter. The Dagon tree on the island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Sene- gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and consequently near 200 feet circumference. 1* 76 THE STEM. ‘ b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few years and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees is beyond the age of man, and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 190. The suckER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. Ex. rose, raspberry. 191. An oFfFsET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum). 192. A stroxon is a branch which proceeds from an elevated part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not below it. FIG. 24.— Forms of the stem ; 1, Fragaria; 2, Vitis ; 5, tendrils ; 3, cirrhose leaf of Pisum ; 4, Pyrola; 5, sucker. 193. A plurality of stems, or trunks, is observed in a few spe- cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus *Tt is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years; a sycamore in Palestine, 1050 years ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the “ garden of Gethsemane,” some of the olives which witnessed our Saviour’s passion; and at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. 77 Indica), and the black Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle) are men- tioned as examples of this singular conformation. a. The former originally arises with a single trunk. From the principal branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup- port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth, they take root, and become. new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other trunks to descend, until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 3000 trunks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of the West Indies. ‘The new trunks of this tree are said to be formed from the seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. §1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. 194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu- lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi- tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the leaves. 195. This is essentially the structure of the first year’s growth of perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame- work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. a. Plants differ in respect to the arrangement of these fibres and vessels, and in the mode of their increase; on this difference is based that first grand distinction of Phznogamous plants into Exogens and Endogens, to which allusion has already been made (126—7). “196. The division of Exocrns (outside growers) includes all the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cli- mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made ezternaily to the part already formed. 197. The division of Enpocens (inside growers), including the grasses, and most bulbous. plants of temperate regions, and the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre- tions of the stem being made within the portions already formed. 198. In the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith, wood, and bark. 78 THE STEM. 199. The riru (medulla) occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable only in the earlier stages of growth. It is then pervaded by fluids; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being filled with air only, and much diminished in volume. x FIG, 25.— Exogens, — oak, fir, &c.; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c. 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the MEDULLARY suEATH, Which is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue (33), sending off a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and veins of each leaf. This, with the leaves, is the only part of exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels. 201. The woop is composed of concentric zones, or layers, pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant; hence the whole ALEURNUM AND DURAMEN. 79 number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous fibre, vasi- form tissue, and ducts (33, 7). The first gives strength and solid- ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir- cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section of the stem. —— _—— —_—_—— ST SS —= TERS SSD ~ OD Es bs it ie SA eee ¢ Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained; viz. that it is not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspension of vital action. During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by day is Jost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorbed to recombine with some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the origi- nal design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it. ¥ 102 INFLORESCENCE. CHAPTER XIII. INFLORESCENCE. 285. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of _ the flowers upon a stem or branch. 286. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, like the leaf-bud, of which we have shown it to be a modifica- tion, is either terminal or azillary. a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanacez), situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad- heres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 287. The rEDUNCLE (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to be sesszle. 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of — course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin- gle flower, are called PEDICELS. 289. A scape is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- ranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless (177). Ex. Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of which it is a modification, it is leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 290. The racuis (gez-¢, the spine) is the aats of the inflores- cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, grape, and grasses. 291. The inflorescence is said to be soltary when it consists of a single terminal flower, as in Erythronium, or when but a single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu- nia, Convolvulus. ak CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 103 292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is, the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota- nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from axillary,and the other from terminal flowers. 293. In ceNTRIPETAL inflorescence the evolution (blossoming) of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as in the Umbelliferee and the Crucifere. a. The student will readily perceive that the circwmference of a depressed (flat- tened, inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leay- ing the circumference at the base. 294. In cENTRIFUGAL inflorescence the blossoming com- mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe. a. ‘This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli- tary flower seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.’ All the flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches successively produced at, the node next below the primary flower. This is beautifully illustrated in Spergula. FIG. 37.— Modes of inflorescence ; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maxi- mum ; 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb); 4, spike. 295. Sometimes we find these two modes of inflorescence combined in the same plant. In the Composite, as Dr. Gray remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial inflores- 104 INFLORESCENCE. cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri- fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiate the partial inflorescences (verticilas- ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is — centripetal. 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, panicle, and thyrse. 297. The spike is an inflorescence consisting of several ses- sile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex. Plantago, Verbascum. » 298. The raceme is the same as the spike, but having the flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme may be either evect, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in the currant and black cherry. 299. The ameEnr, or catkin, is a spike whidsis flowers are cCov- ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and fall off together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. Ex. Salix, Betula. 300. The spaprx is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Arum, Calla. : 301. The coryme is the same as the raceme, having the lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn ( Crategus). 302. An umBEL resembles the corymb, but the pedicels are of nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia hispida, onion. 303. A HEAD or CapituLuMm is similar to an umbel, but the flowers are sessile or neatly so upon the summit of the pedun- cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). a. But the more common kind of capitulwm is that where the summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk (re- ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the Composite, and is equivalent to the compound flowers of the earlier botanists. b. In the capitulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, the og th ie i i bet, ei i ae ia CYME. 105 rays. answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central portions, florets of the disk. 304. The panic.eE is a compound inflorescence, formed by an irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, Poa, and many other grasses. _ 805. The truyrse is the same as the panicle, having the lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut. a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbellifere. In these cases the secondary umbels are called umBELLETS, and sometimes partial umbels. See § 254. By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound raceme, a corymb a compound corymb, &c. FIG. 38.— Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme; 2, ament; 3, spadix; 4, head; 5, panicle ; 6, verticillaster ; 7, thyrse. 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties are described ; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster. 307. Crmz. This inflorescence has the general aspect of the corymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu- gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked and 3-forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, chick- weed. a. The cyme is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc- ture and develooment are as followe The terminal flower, which is the first to 106 INFLORESCENCE. be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course, transverse to each other (219, c). From one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or multinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiary peduncles, each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and SO on. . b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be occasioned by the absence of other parts. 308. FascicLte. This is a modification of the cyme, in which the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet: william, and other species of Dianthus. 309. VERTICILLASTER Or VERTICIL, Called also, though improp- erly, whorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are peculiar to the Labiate, where two such cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of leaves. a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of producing flowers, is changed into a ten- aril, as in the vine. CHAPTER XIV. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters, that plants consist chiefly of fowr simple organic elements; viz. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. ‘The first mentioned exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of the others. These four elements constitute about 94 per cent of all vegetable matter. 311. Carzon (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled by heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. NiTRoGEN, although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable © products ; as gluten, legumine, albumen. — ss REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 107 312. Besides these four universal elements, many other sub- stances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species: thus forest trees and most other inland plants contain potassa; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c.; the grasses, silex and phosphate of lime; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime; the Leguminose, carbonate of lime. Now all these ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential elements in the food which they require for healthy vegetation ; and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied, constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry. | 313, It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter, and therefore do not originate in themselves any of the ingre- dients which compose them; consequently they must obtain them from sources without. These sources are obviously air, earth, and water. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid which the atmosphere contains, and from the decaying vegetable matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the water, and from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere; hydrogen, from water and ammonia; and nitrogen, from ammonia alone, either drawn from the air or the soil. 314. The ATMOSPHERE contains about y455 part of carbonic acid, diffused throughout the whole extent; and, as this gas con- tains 27 per cent. of carbon, it may be demonstrated, that the whole atmosphere contains at least fourteen hundred billions of tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources mentioned in § 282, an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless drain made upon it by the vegetable kingdom. 315. Som consists of two classes of materials; viz. mineral and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated and decomposed rocks,— all the various mineral substances which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as potassa, soda, silica, lime, &e., all of which are more or less soluble in water. The organic materials consist of the remains of former tribes of plants and animals, mingled with the earths, which, having access to air, are decomposed, evolving. carbonic acid and ammonia both to the air and the water. 316. WATER is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, in the pro- portion of 8 to 1 by weight. Having pervaded the atmosphere 10 108 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. in the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil, it holds in solution carbonic acid, ammonia, and many of the various minerals above mentioned. 317. Ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the pro- portions of 14 to 3 by weight. It arises from decaying animal and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is also generated in the atmosphere, during storms, by the flashes of the electric fluid. 318. Thus it appears that the three compounds, water, car- bonic acid, and ammonia, may yield to plants their four essential organic elements. And, since all of them are contained in the air, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone ; but most species are dependent on water, earth, and air, and demand a copious supply. The external circumstances, therefore, first requisite to healthy vegetation are, — 1. Free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by winds. ; : 2. A proper supply of rain or river-water. 3. A soil possessing the peculiar minerals required by the species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion of vegetable mould. 319. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agricul- ture. By ¢trrigation, streams of water are turned from their natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched with drought; while, by drammage, the inundated bog is con- verted into a luxuriant lawn. 320. The object of tillage is to pulverize and kghten the too compact soil, and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the air in order to hasten its decomposition. The object of manur- img is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter. By various amendments, as gypsum, lime, and pulverized charcoal, ammonia is powerfully attracted from the air, and yielded again to the water. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and ashes add to the potassa which exists naturally in it being derived from the decomposition of the rocks which contain it, as granite, clay-slate, basalt, &c. @«.. lee eh —— <=, § REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109 $21. Soils are often improved by lying fallow for a season, thus allowing time to form by decomposition a fresh supply of that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects of a rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances in their composition. 322. But when all these materials have been supplied to the plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great work of vegetation will not goon. These life-giving principles are light and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. Under their influence the raw material is received into the ves- sels of the plant, and assimilated to its own substance, — a pro- cess which can be fully comprehended only by Him whose power is adequate to carry it on. 323. Under the influence of solar light, and a temperature above the freezing point, water is imbibed by the roots and raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving, as it passes, small portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this state it is crude sap. But passing on it enters the leaves, and is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (215, a), which chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is con- centrated by exhalation and evaporation, sending off quantities of pure water. Meanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic acid, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure oxygen to the air. , 324. Thus elaborated, the sap is now termed the prorEer JuIcE, and consists of course of carbon and water, with a little nitrogen, and minute portions of the mineral substances men- tioned above. From this juice are elaborated the butlding material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and secretions. 325. First, by the aid of light, chlorophyile is developed, cloth- ing the plant in living green. Next lignin is produced, the peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, or woody, consisting of carbon with the exact elements of water, viz. oxy- gen and hydrogen. 326. Meanwhile gum, starch, and sugar, nutritive products common to all plants, are also developed from the proper juice,— 110 -REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION: not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues, bunt mostly to be stored away in reserve for future use. Such - deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fruit of almost all plants. These three products, with lignin, are all composed of carbon with the elements of water; — gum and starch containing them in the same proportions. 327. Sugar is sometimes produced directly from the proper juice, as in the root of the beet, stalk of the maize and sugar- cane; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited in the seed. Its composition differs from that of starch, only in containing a larger proportion of the elements of water, or (what is the same thing) a smaller proportion of carbon. The trans- formation of starch into sugar appears to be dependent on the presence of a certain substance called “ deastase ; minute quan- tities of which exist in seeds, and about the eyes of the potato.” 328. The similarity of these four general products, in chemical constitution, accounts for the facility with which they are con- verted into each other in the growing plant. Thus gum is converted into starch (in which state it is best adapted for pre- servation), and starch is converted into sugar (131). In flowering, sugar is rapidly consumed by the flower, —a portion of it being reconverted into starch, and deposited in the seed. Both gum and sugar appear to be converted into dgnim during the growth of the tissues; and this substance, in the laboratory of the chemist, has been changed again into gum and sugar. 329. Among the numerous secretions of plants which our limits forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids, containing more oxygen than exists in water; and the oils and resins, containing less than exists in water, or none at all. These substances vary in the different species almost to infinity, taking into their con- stitution, in addition to the four organic elements, minute portions of the mineral substances introduced by rain-water. Their peculiarities of flavor, odor, color, properties, &c. although so obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences in constitu- tion often so slight as to elude the most delicate tests of the ~ chemist. SPECIES AND GENERA. 111 CHAPTER XV. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. §1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 330. Systematic Botany relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, properties, and uses. 331. The student in botanical science is introduced into a boundless field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step: they clothe the hill and the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up in the hedges and by the wayside; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its sur- face; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each individual of this vast king- dom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either interesting, instructive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is pre- sented to his view. . 332. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufficient to make a begin- ning. 333. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these myriads of individuals into spEcrEes (50). When he called them into existencé in their specific forms, he endowed each with the power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us distinguished by the same differences of character and properties as at the begin- ning. When, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one indi- vidual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same species. a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the mil- lions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of the white pine will answer, in all essential points, for every individual tree of that ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found. 334. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby they are formed into larger groups, called GENERA (52). Thus the white clover and the red (Trifolium repens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as of different species, but of the same genus; and a single generic description of any 10* ~ 112 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent, concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 335. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is grouped into species, and the spe- cies themselves into genera. But natural-affinities do not stop here. The genera are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The natu- ralist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and larger tribes or groups. Accordingly he finds, on comparing the genera with each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps, of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other. These general characters, therefore, serve to associate the genera into a sys- tematic arrangement of Classes and Orders. 336. There are two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera, which have generally been approved, namely, the Artificial System of Linneus, and the Natural Sys- tem of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters which are derived from the organs of fructification, leavimg all other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants, by which Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. ~837. In regard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no longer room for comparison. That of Linnzeus is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for determining the names of plants which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use. Indeed, its author himself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any higher merit. 338. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate knowledge of the vegetable kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which formerly embarrassed the science of the vegetable structure, so as to render this system unavailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Torrey and Gray, of our own country, that it is brought generally within the scope of the ordinary mind, and shown to be founded in true philosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted. 839. Still, the difficulties attending analysis* by the Natural System alone, — are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at the threshold of the science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity of the characteristic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining inac- curacies of their definitions. On this account it has been thought best to retain, in this work, the artificial characters of the Linnzan Classes and Orders, in the * Analysis, as used in botany, denotes the dissection and examination of the organic struc- ture of plants, in order to learn their characters, affinities, names, &c. See § 344—348. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113 form of analytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis.of plants, to point the learner to the place in the Natural System which his specimen occupies. 340. The artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders, genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the nat- ural system (50,51), and the two higher divisions, classes and » orders, have already beew seen (74, 80) to be founded upon the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and pistils. | CHAPTER Vi. OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 341. Ir is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the same divisions and groups, those plants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and struc- ture, but also in properties. 342. While the artificial arrangement employs only a simgle character in classification, the natural seizes upon every charac- ter in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus, those plants which correspond in the greatest number of points will be associated in the smaller and lower divisions, as species and genera, while those corresponding in fewer points will be assembled in divisions of higher rank. 343. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of each of the families of the Natural System, we may at once determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and what are its poisonous or useful properties. . 344. Although the aim of this System is as above stated, yet the full consummation of it is still reserved for a future age. At present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in the aid of artificial characters, where Nature is as yet too pro- found for ordinary skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in _ the first subdivision of Angiosperms. 114. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 345. The first and highest division of the vegetable kingdom, namely, into the Phenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed, and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III, and elsewhere. These grand divisions le at the foundation of both the System of Linneeus and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature; for . The PHZNOGAMIA _1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages. 2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 8. They develope flowers, and 4, They produce seeds. On the other hand The CrYPTOGAMIA 1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves. 2. They possess a cellular structure only. 8. They do not develope flowers, and 4. They produce sporES (129) instead of seeds. 346. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in all cases ; for the higher Cryptogamia, as the ferns, give indications both of a regu- lar woody axis and of a vascular structure, while some of the lower Phzenogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fix upon characters so definite as to completely circumscribe any one group, while at _ the same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating groups. 347. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent dis- covery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flow- erless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that botanists are at a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular structure, develope flowers immediately from the root, whence they are called Rhizanths (¢:tn, a root, avec, a flower); but their ovaries are said to be filled with spores instead of seeds, and hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. Rafflesia. 348. Again, the Phenogamia are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called Exocens and Enpocens, whose distinctions are briefly as fol- lows : — EXOGENS, 1. Growing by external accretions (196). 2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by an articulation. ; 8. Seeds with two or more cotyledons (127) or dicotyledonous. ACROGENS. at 115 ENDOGENS, 1, Growing by internal accretions (197). 2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling off. 8. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or monocotyledonous. 349. Classes. The groups above mentioned, comprising the whole vegetable kingdom, are 2*ain subdivided into six classes. The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp ; namely, Class I. ANGIosPERMS, (as the oak, rose,) 1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and 2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma. 3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp. . 4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. Class II. GymnosPrerms, (as the pine, yew,) 1. Ovules produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel. 2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma. . Becoming truly naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp. . Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. em CO 350. The next two classes are formed from the subdivision Endogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of glumes or husks; namely, Class II. AGLUMACE or AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constructed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush. Class IV. GruMAcEa or GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested in an imbri- cated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx; as the grasses, grains, sedges. 351. The Cryptogamia are separated into two great classes, called Acrogens and Thallogens; the former including those tribes which make some approximation towards the Phenoga- mia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from each other by their manner of growth; thus, Class V. Acrocens (growing from exges, the summit or point) have a regular stem, or axis, which grows by the extension of the point, or apex only, without increasing at all in diameter, generally furnished with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and ducts. Ex. ferns, mosses, club- mosses, and the Equisetacee. 116 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. . Class VI. THALLOGENS, consisting merely of cellular tissue, with a tendency to grow into a flat expansion called thallus, but having no distinction of root, stem, leaves, or flowers. Ex. Lichens, seaweeds, liverworts, fungi. 352. Affinities of the Six Classes. 'These may be represented to the sight by the following ai angement* Angiosperms. Gymnosperms. Aglumacee. Acrogens. Glumacee. Thallogens. Angiosperms stand in the highest rank, as they justly merit, by their superior organization. These are nearly allied to Gymnosperms by their mode of growth ; and, on the other hand, to Aglumacee by their mode of flowering. Gymnos- perms are intimately connected with Acrogens through Equisetacez of the latter, which stands intermediate; and the Aglumacez approach the Glumacez, almost indefinitely, through the Juncez (rushes). Between the Acrogens and Thallo- gens a close relationship is established through the Musci (mosses), while the sporogens form the connecting link between the Endogens and the lowest tribes of vegetation, as the Fungi. Thus, from the highest rank we descend to the low- est, through Gymnosperms and Acrogens on the one hand, and through Aglu- macez and Glumacez on the other, forming a circle of affinities. 353. The mutual relations of the six classes with the higher divisions, are pre- sented in the following synopsis: | . § Class I. AnGIosPERMs. PHENOGAMIA; RET | Glass Il. GyMNOSPERMS. V. "IE _§ Class II. AcLtumacerous. Siar og NDOGENS}) Class IV. GLUMACEOUS. CRYPTOGAMIA | «eeceseccee Class V. AcCROGENS. : Class VI. THALLOGENS. 354. Sus-citasses. The classes are next to be broken up into smaller divisions. In effecting this object most writers have employed artificial methods, since no natural one, founded upon clear and comprehensive distinctions, has yet been de- vised. Thus Angiosperms, which class is by far the largest of the six, is divided into three suwb-classes. PoLyPETAL&, or POLY- PETALOUS Exocens, flowers with distinct petals; MonoPErar2z, or MONOPETALOUS Exocens, flowers with united petals; Aprt- ALE, OF APETALOUS Exocens, flower with no floral envelopes, or with a calyx only. 355. Orpers, or Famiuizs, are the most important of all the natural associations. On the accuracy and distinctness of the ~ ORDERS. 117 eo characters of these, botanists have bestowed the highest degree of attention, and the student’s progress will depend chiefly upon his acquaintance with them. 356. Orders are formed by associating together those genera which are the most nearly allied to each other, or to some one genus previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the spe- cies form genera, so genera form orders. 357. In systematic works, the orders are also associated on natural principles into alliances, groups, &c., which are inter- mediate between these and the sub-classes, and are designated numerically, thus, group Ist, group 2d, &c., or by names derived from a leading order. - 358. In regard to their extent,the orders differ very widely, some consisting of a single genus, as Sarraceniacee, while others comprehend hundreds of genera, as Composite. For convenience’ sake the larger orders are broken up into sub- orders, or tribes. 359. The Natural System, with its classes,and subordinate divisions, may be exhibited in one view; The VecEeTAaBLE Kinepom is separated 1st, into Grand Divisions and Subdivisions. 2nd, “ Classes. 3d, “ Sub-classes, Alliances, and Groups. 4th, “ Orders and Sub-orders. 5th, “ Genera and Sub-genera. 6th, “ Species and Varieties, and 7th, “ Individuals. 118 NOMENCLATURE. ; CHAPTER XVII. $1. NOMENCLATURE. 360. THE names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, (feminine, plural, to agree with plante, plants, understood,) usually derived from the name of the most prominent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination into acee, as Rosacea, the rose tribe, Papaveracee, the poppy tribe, bw ' Rosa and Papaver. a. Earlier names, however, derived from.some leading character in the Order, and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composite, with com- pound flowers; Labiate, with labiate flowers. 861. Generic names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the genus ; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 362. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen- der with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucous- stemmed Gerardia; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia; G. tenuifolia, slender- leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. delphinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia. 363. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of dis- tinguished persons. The rules given by Lindley, for the construction of such names, are, Ist, If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular number; as, Lobelia Kalmii, Kalm’s Lobelia; Pinus Fraseri, Fraser’s pine. 2d, If the name is merely conferred in honor of the per- son to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending in nus, na, num; as Erica Linneana, Linneus’s heath; Rosa Lawrenciana, Miss Lawrence’s rose. In these cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter. §2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 364. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c. is called botanical analysis. 365. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examina- tion plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with- Cia } PRESERVING PLANTS. , 119 ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the flower. 366. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the practical botanist. Without this exercise,the study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by com- mitting to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the flowering months, the learner will eften in his walks meet with plants in blossom, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. ‘Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown fa- miliar with nearly, or quite; every species of plants in his vicinity. 367. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immedi- ately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs. 368. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, we are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTICAL TABLES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost im- mediately, to the object of their research. See the directions. §3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering at- tention to the collection and preservation of specimens of as many species of plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections, either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more thorough examination at one’s leisure, are such as will afford an abundant com- pensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them. a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an HERBARIUM, or by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden). 370. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, Ist, a close tin box, 20 inches in length, and of a portable form; 2d, a portable press, consisting of two boards of light material, 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is a good substitute); 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a dozen or more quires of printing paper) ; 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size as the paper; 5th, a small serew-press, or several lead weights of various sizes, from 15 to 30 pounds each. 11 ae 120 NOMENCLATURE. 371. In gathering plants for this purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the smaller and herbaceous plants should be taken up with a portion of the roots, while from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete represen- tations of the leaves and flowers. They may he preserved for several days, with- out withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thick- nesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable that they be gathered in a dry day; if not, they should be freed from dampness before being committed to the paper and press. 872. In drying the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible, detween 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the boards. ‘The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush their parts, and may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights used. Cotton batting may be used to equalize the pressure. 373. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to fresh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are ready to be transferred to the cabinet. The true secret of preserving specimens with all their colors is to extract the moisture from them by pressure in an abund- ance of dry, bibulous paper as soon as possible. . 374. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens. For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper, about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or they may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper, with the name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet - should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, time of gather- ing, habits, &c. 875. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a different color from that which en- folds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on the outside. Thus arranged, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects, pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge satu- rated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept. dry, and well ventilated. ‘ 376. Fruits and seeds which are too large to be pressed with the plants, and also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. e%y The figures refer to paragraphs. without. Abortion; an imperfect deve any organ. Abbreviations, 1 Absorption, 157, 158, 272, 273, 274. Acaulescent, 184, Accessory ; something added to the usual arts ment of | Angiosperms, 349 A; (#, privative) in composition signifies} Androgynous; with both stamens and pistils. Anthelmintic ; expelling or killing worms Animal, definition of, 11. Antiseptic; efficacious against putrefac tion. Anthe Y r, 68. Pte the growing of one thing to Apetalze, 304. Apetalous, without petals. another. Accumbent; lying upon. In the Crnu- Appressed; pressed closely upon some- thing else. ciferse it denotes the radicle lying upon| Apterous; without wings (or margins). the edges of the cotyledons. Acerose, 234, 26. Achenium, 116, 9. Achlamydeous, 54. Acicular; needle-shaped. Aquatics; growing in or belonging to the water. Arachnoid; 41, a. Arboreous ; tree-like. Arborescent; belonging to a tree. Acine ; a separate grain or carpel of acol-| Areol2; having the surface divided inte lective fruit. Aglumaceous, 350. comb. Ament, 299. Amplexicaul, 222, 3. Anastomosing; the uniting of vessels; inosculating. Anatropous, 121. Ancipital; two-edged. Andreecium, 57, 65. Ascidia, little spaces, or areas. ; dryness. Anil, 119. Aristate; bearded, as in the glumes of barley. Armed, 235, 7. Aroma; the spicy quality of a thing. Articulation; a joint; the place where one thing is joined to another. Artificial Classes, 73. eee 80. 232, 9. Awn, 256. Axil (arm-pit); the angle between the petiole and branch, on the upper side Axillary; growing out of the axils. Axis, ascending, 19. Axis, descending, 19. ~~ a 122 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Baccate; berry-like, covered with pulp. Banner, 105, 5. Bark, 205. Beak; a hard, short point, like the beak of a bird. Bearded; with long awns or hairs. Berry, 116, 14. Bicuspidate; with two points. Bidentate ; with two teeth. Biennial; of two years’ duration. Bifid; two-cleft. Bifoliate ; with two leaves. Bilabiate ; two-lipped. Bifurcate ; two-forked. Binate ; growing two together. Bipinnate, 240, 5. Bipinnatifid; twice pinnatifid. Bisaccate ; with two tumors or sacks. Biternate, 240, 7. Bivalved; two-valved. Botany defined, 1. Brachiate; with branches (arms), Bracteate ; having bracts. Bracteole ; little bracts. Bracts, 252. ; Branchlets ; small branches. Branch, 170. Bristles ; rigid hairs. Bud, 20, 22. 165—169, Bulb, 178. Bulbiferous, 178, c. Bulblets, 178, c. Bulbous ; having bulbs. Caducous, 98. Cespitose; turfy, growing in tufts. Calycine; of a calyx. Calyculated; having bracteoles resem- bling an external or additional calyx. Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to the cover of the theca of some mosses. Calyx, 55, 95. Cambium, 207. Campanulate, 104, 1. Campylotropous; denotes that the ovule is curved upon itself. Canaliculate; channelled, or furrowed. Canescent; hoary, approaching to white. Capillary ; very slender, hair-like. Capitate; growing in a head. Capsule, 116, 1. Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped. Caryopsis; a small, 1-celled, indehiscent pericarp, adhering to the seed which it encloses, as in the grasses. 116, 8. Carpels, 77. Carpophore; the axis of the fruit in the mbelliferz. Cartilaginous ; gristly. Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4. Cathartic ; purgative. Catkin, 299. Catidate; with a tail-like appendage. Caudex, 142, a. opposite spreading Caulescent, 184. Cauline, 220. Caulis, 184. Cellular; composed of cells. Cellular tissue, 29. Cellulares, 47. Cernuous; nodding. Chaffy ; with chaff like processes. Chalaza, 91. Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 28. Chlorophyll, 215, a. hrenules green coloring-matter or par ticles. Ciliz ; hairs like those of the eyelash. Ciliate, 41, a. Circinate, 217, 7. Circumscissile, 115, 5. Cirrhose, 240, 2. Clavate ; club-shaped. Claw, 102. Climbers, 187. Cochleate; resembling the shell of a snail. Cohering ; connected. Collum, 141. Columella, 116, a. Colored ; not green. Columnar; formed like columns. Column; the consolidated stamens and pistils of Orchidacesze. Coma, 118, a. Commissure; the inner face of the car pels of Umbellifere. ‘ Compound leaves, 238. Comose ; a kind of inflorescence, having a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it. Compound leaves; consisting of several leaflets. Compressed, 222, 1. Concave; hollow. Concentric; points or lines at equal dis- tance from a common centre. Concrete; hardened, or formed into one mass. Confluent ; running into one another. Conjugate; joined in pairs. — . panne joined together at the base, » 4. Connectile, 68, 4. Connivent; converging. Conoid; like a cone. Contorted ; 108, 4, twisted. Convolute, 108, 2. Convex ; rising spherically. Coral Islands, 12, c. Cordate, 234, 25. Coriaceous ; leathery, thick, and tough. Corm, 179 Cornute; horned. Corolla, 56, 100. Corona (a crown); the expanded cup- like disk of the Narcissus, &c. Corymb, 301. A Corymbose; arranged like a corymb Costate; ribbed. pr INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Cotyledon, 125. Cotyledonous plants, 48. Creeper, 182. Crenate, 235, 4. Crenulate, 235, 4. Crisped, 235, 10. Cruciform, ae Cryptogamia, 345. Cucallate hooded, cowled. Culm, 156, a. Cultivation, effects of, 15. Cuneate; wedge-shaped. Cupule; the cup, or involucre, of the acorn, and of all amentaceous plants. Cuspidate; like the point of aspear. A leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con- tracted to a point. Cuticle; the epidermis; scarf-skin. Cyathiform ; cup-shaped; concave. Cylindraceous ; like a cylinder in form. Cyme, 307. Cymose, like a cyme. Cyanic, of the blue series ; i. e. white, red, blue,any color save yellow or ochroleuc. Decandrous; with 10 stamens. Deciduous, 98. Declinate ; turned towards one side. Decompound; more than once compoun- ded, as bipinnate, &c. Decumbent; lying down, or leaning on the ground. Decurrent, 242, 3. Decussate ; crossing each other at right angles. Deflexed; bent downwards. Defoliation, 259. Dehiscence, 68, a, 115. Deltoid; shaped like the Greek letter a. Dentate, 235, 2. Denticulate, 235, 2. Depressed; pressed inward or flattened from above. Diandrous; with two stamens. Diadelphous; having the stamens united in 2 sets. Diaphanous ; transparent. Dichotomous; branching by two equal divisions ; forked. Diclinous ; (stamens and pistils) in sepa- rate flowers. Dicotyledonous plants, 127. Didymous ; two united. Didynamous; having two long stamens and two short ones in the same flower. Diffuse ; wide-spread, scattered. Digestion, 281. Digitate, 233, 18. Digynous ; with two pistils. Dicecious ; bearing staminate flowers on one individual, and pistillate on another. Discoid; in the Composite, when the flowers are all tubular in the same head. Disk, 107, 4; also, the centre of a head in the Composite. Dissected ; cut into 2 parts. i 123 Dissepiment; the partitions by which the cells of the pericarp are separated. Dissemination of seeds, 135. -Distichous; leaves or flowers in two op- posite rows. Distinct, 63, e. Divaricate; spreading in a straggling manner. Dodecandrous ; having twelve stamens. Dorsal, 84 (on the back). Drupe, 116, 6 ‘ Ducts, 33, f- Duramen, 203. Echinate; beset with prickles. Elementary organs, 29, &c. Elliptical, 232, 2. Elongated ; exceeding the common length. Emarginate, 236, 4. Embryo, 123, 124, 130. Emollient; softening. Endocarp, 112. Endogenous structure 210, 211. Endogens, 126, 197, 348. Endopleura, 118. Endosmose, 158, a. Endostome ; inner mouth or perforation. Ensiform ; sword-shaped, two-edged. Entire, 235, 1. Epicarp, 112. Epidermis, 35. Epigynous, 107, 4. Epiphytes, 150, 4. Equitant, 217, 1. Erose, 235, 5. Esculent; eatable. Etiolated; blanched or whitened. Exhalation, 269, 271. Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c. Exogens, 127, 196, 348. Excsmose, 158, a. Exotic ; foreign ; not native. Exserted; projecting or extending out of the flower or sheath. Exsiccated; dried up. Exstipulate, 251. Extrorse, 68, 4. Fecula; the nutritious part of wheat and other fruits. Falcate ; sickle-shaped ; linear and curved. Farinaceous; mealy. Fascicle, 308. Fasciculated, 146, a. Fastigiate ; having a flat or level top. Favose; deeply pitted. Feather-veined, 230, 1. Febrifuge; efficacious against fever. Fecundation ; the act of making fruitful. Ferruginous ; iron-colored; rusty. Fibrils, 142, 6, 152. Fibro-vascular tissue, 260. Fibrous, 146. Filament, 67. Filiform ; shaped like a thread. 124 Fimbriate ; fringed. Fistular or fistulous; tubular. Flabelliform ; fan-shaped. Flexuous; bent in an undulating manner. Floating root, 149. Floral envelopes, or perianth, 54. Floral leaves, 252. Florets, 303, 4. Flosculous; consisting of many tubular monopetalous flowers, or florets. Flower, origin of, 24. “« consists of, 53. “« physiological structure of, 106. “« normal structure of, 61, ¢. Flower-bud, 166. Foliaceous ; having the form of leaves. Follicle, 116, 5. Foot-stalks ; the stalks of either flowers or leaves. Foramen, 90. Fork-veined, 229, 3. Free, 97. Free central placenta, 88. Fringed ; having a border like a fringe. Frond; the leaves of the ferns, oat &c. have been generally so called. Fruit, 109, 110. “« growth of, 113. “ ripening of, 114. “ consists of, 111. Frutescent; shrubby. Fugacious, 257, 1. Fungous; of the substance of the Fungi. Funiculus, 91. Furcate ; forked. Fusiform, 145. Galea; (104, 5) the arched upper lip of a labiate flower. Geminate; doubled. Genus, 52. Germ ; the old name of the ovary. Germination, 130 — 133. Gibbous ; swelled out, protuberant. Glabrous, 237, 1. Glands, 44. Glandular fibre or tissue, 31. Glaucous; sea green; pale bluish green with a powder or bloom. Globose ; round or spherical. Glossology, 4. Glumacez, 350. Glume, 256. Granular ; 147, 4, formed of grains or coy- ered with grains. Gregarious ; herding together. Grooved; furrowed or channelled. Groups, 357. ‘ Gymnosperms, 349. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Habit; the general aspect or external features of a plant, by which it is known at sight. Head, 303. Helmet or Galea, 104, 5. Herb, 164, c. Herbarium, 369, 370. Heterogamous; flowers not all perfect, some being neutral or pistillate. Hexandrous ; haying six stamens. Hilum, 120. Hirsute, 41, a. Hispid; rough, with stiff hairs. Hoary, 237, 5. Homogamous ; flowers all tubular, simi- lar and perfect, as in some of the Com- posite. Homogeneous; having a uniform nature or composition. Hooded; curved or hollowed at the end into the form of a hood. Hot springs, 12, e. Hyaline ; crystalline, transparent. Hybrid; partaking of the nature of two species. Hypocrateriform, 104, 3. Hypogynous, 107, 4. Imbricate ; placed one over another, like the tiles upon a roof, 108, 8. Incised, 235, 8. Incrassated; becoming thicker by de- grees. Indehiscent, 115. Indigenous ; native of. Induplicate, 108, 7. Incumbent; lying against or across. In the Cruciferse it denotes that the radi- cle is applied to the back of one of the cotyledons. Indusium; the membrane that encloses the theca of ferns. Inferior, 97. Inflated; tumid and hollow, blown up like a bladder. Inflexed ; bending inward. Inflorescence, 285, &c. x centripetal, 293. ue centri ugal, 294. Infundibuliform, 104, 2. Innate, 68, 1. Inserted into ; growing out of. Integument, 118. Intercellular passages, 39. Internode, 172. Introrse, 69, 4. Involucel, 254. Involucre, 254. Involute, 217, 3. Gynandrous; having the stamens and|Irregular; unequal in size or figure, styles combined in one body. Gyneecium, 58 Hairs, 41. Hastate 232, 10. Keel, 105, 5. Kidney-shaped, 232, 12 (reniform), | Labellum, 107, a. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Labiate, 104, 5. Laciniate, 233, 20. Lactescent; milky or juicy. Lamina, 102. Lanate; woolly. Lanceolate, 232, 5. Lateral; relating to the side. Latex, 265. ° Laticiferous tissue, 34, 207, c. Leaf consists of, 27. “« form of, 231. “* color of, 215. - © margin of, 235. ** surface of, 237. “ functions of, 267. “¢ duration of, 257. Leaf-bud, 167. Leaflets, 239. Leaves, arrangement of, 218. Legume, 116, 4. Leguminous ; having legumes. Lenticular ; lens-shaped. Liber, 205, 206. Ligneous ; woody. Lignla, or ligule; the membrane at the top of the sheath of pores &c. Ligulate; strap-shaped. Liliaceous, 105, 3. Limb, 103. Linear, 234, 23. Linnean Classes, 73, 74. Linnean Orders, 80. Loculicidal, 115, 1. Loment; a jointed legume. Lunate ; crescent-shaped. Lyrate, 232, 14. Marescent; withering on the plant. Marginal; on the margin. Medulla; pith. Medullary rays, 204. Medullary sheath, 200. Membranous, or membranaceous; with the texture of membrane. Mericarp; half-fruit. Mesosperm, 118. Midrib, 226. Midvein, 226. Mineral defined, 9. Monadelphous; stamens all united. Monandrous; with one stamen. Moniliform, 147, 4. Monocotyledonous plants, 126. Monececious ; stamens and pistils apart, in separate flowers on the same plant. Monopetale, 354. Monopetalous, 101. Monosepalous, 96. Mucronate, 236, 6. Multifid; many-cleft. Muricate ; with hard short points. Naked ovules, or seeds, 111, a. Napiform, 145, c. Narcotic ; prisons sleep or torpor. Natural System, 341. 125 Nectariferous ; producing honey. Nectary, 107, a. Nerves, 227. Hat eund 229. Nodding; in a drooping position. Node, 178. Siar Normal; regular, according to rule. Normal structure of plants, 61. ‘** causes of deviation from, 63. Nucleus, 90. Nut, 116, 7. Nutrition, principles of, 310. Ob, in composition implies inversion, as obovate, inversely-ovate, &c. Oblong, 232, 3. Obovate, 232, 6. Obvolute ; 217, 2. Obselete ; indistinct, as if worn out. Obtuse; blunt. Ochroleucous, yellowish- Octandrous ; with eight stamens. | white. Octogynous ; with eight styles. Heo used in or belonging to the shops. Offset, 191. Oleaginous, oily. Operculum ; the lid to a pyxis, &c. Opposite, 218, 3. Orbicular, 232, 1. Orders, 359. o names of, 360. Ordinal; relating to the Orders. Organic bases, 28. Organography, 2. Orthotropous, 121. Oval, 234, 24. Ovary, 76, 77. Ovate ; egg-shaped (surface), as a leaf Ovoid; egg-formed (solid), as a fruit. Ovules, &1, 89. Paleacious, 99, a. Palex, 256. Palmate, 147, a. Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped, rounded at the ends, narrow in the middle. Panicle, 304. ; Papilionaceous, 105, 5. Papillose ; producing small glandular ex- crescences. Pappus, 99, a. Parasitic ; growing upon or nourished by another. : Parallel-veined, 229, 2. Parenchyma, 29, 261. Parietal placente, Pectinate ; comb-like, with long, narrow segments. Pedate ;=when the palmate leaf has the two lateral lobes cut into two or more segments. Pedicel, 288. Pedicellate ; furnished with a pedicel. Peduncle, 287, 288. Pellucid ; transparent. Peltate, 233, 21. 126 Pendulous; drooping, hanging down. Pentagonal; with 5 sides and 5 angles. | Putamen, Pentandrous; with 5 stamens. Pepo, 116, 13. Perennial; enduring three years or more. Perfoliate, 242, 2. Perianth, 54. Pericarp, 112. Perigynous; inserted into the calyx. Peristome ; the rim or border surrounding the orifice of the theca of a moss, Permanent; same as persistent. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Pungent ; ene or pricking. Pyriform; pear-sha Pyxis, 116, 11. tia Quinate, 241, 9. Quincuncial, 108, 3. Raceme, 298. . Racemose ; resembling a raceme. Rachis, 290. Radiate ; when the outer flowers of an in- farnish Persistent, 98. florescence are or Personate, 104, 5. with rays. ‘ Petal, 101. Radiate-veined, 230, 2. Petaloid; resembling petals. Radical, 220. Petiolate, 221. Radicle, 124, a. Petiole, 221, 222. Ramial, Phznogamia, 46, 345. » Ramose, 144. Pilose, 99, a. Raphe, 121. Pinnz ; (wings) the segments of a pinnate Raphides, 29, f. ~ leaf. Receptacle, 59. Pinnate, 240, 1. Recurved; bent or eurved backwards. Pinnatifid, 232, 15. Refiexed; curved backwards and down- Pistil, 58, 75. wards. : “ ~ physiological structure of, 83. Reniform, 232, 12. “« theoretical structure of, 84. Repand, 235, 11. Pistillate ; bearing pistils. Respiration, 275 — 280. Pith, 199. Resupinate ; inverted. Placenta, 87. Reticulate, 229, 1. Plaited, 217, 6. Retrorse ; bent backwards. Plant defined, 10. Retuse, 236, 5. Plicate ; folded like a fan. Revolute, 217, 4. Plumose, 99, a. Rhizoma, 181. Plumule, 124, 3. Rhomboid; oval and angular in the mid- Pod; legumes, siliques, &c. dle. Pollen, 70. Rib [costa]; ridge caused by projecting Polyandrous ; with many stamens. Polyadelphous ; stamens united in seve- ral sets. Pol ous; having staminate or pistil- ae acl perfect flowers on pai rine tree. Polygynous ; with many pistils. Poly petalea, 354. Polypetalous, 101. Polysepalous, 94. Polyspermous ; many-seeded. Pome, 116, 12 Pores; apertures of perspiration in the euticle. Primine, 90. Prismatic; formed like a prism, with 3 or more angles. Procumbent ; trailing on the ground. Proliferous; forming young plants about the roots. : Prostrate ; trailing flat on the ground. Pubescent, 41, a. Pulp; the soft, juicy, cellular substance found in berries and other fruits. Pulverulent; powdery. Punctate, 237, 10. &e. orms of, 143, &e. bs aia 7 - physiological structure of, 151. Risin 105 2. f Rostrate; with a beak. Rosulate; arranged in a radiant manner, like the petals of a double rose. Rotate, 104, 4. Rugose, 237, 9. Runcinate, 232, 13. Runner, 185. Saccate; with a bag or sack. Sagittate, 232, 11. “ a Sapwood, 203. Sarcocarp, 112. Scabrous; rough. Scale; the bracts of the Composite. Scape, 186, 289. Scarious ; ary, colorless, memb eous. Scorpoid ; when racemes are revolute be- fore expansion, as Drosera, &e.- INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Scattered, 218, 1. Secund; turned to one side. Secundine, 90. Scrobiculate ; pitted or furrowed. Seed, 117, &c. “ vitality of, 134. Segments; parts or divisions. Seminal; of the seed. Sepals, 96. Septicidal, 115, 2. Septifragal, 115, 3. Septinate, 241, 10. Septum ; a partition. Sericeous, 41, a. Serrate, 235, 3. Serrulate, 235, 3. Sessile, 221. Setaceous, or setose ; bristly. Setose, 99, a. Sheath ; the lower part of the leaf or leaf- stalk which surrounds the stem. Shrub, 164, 6. Signs, 128. Silicle, 116, 3. Silique, 116, 2. Sinuate, 232, 16. Sinus; the recesses formed by the lobes of leaves, &c. Soporific ; inducing sleep. Sori; the patches of fructification on the back of the fronds of ferns. Spadix, 300. Spathe ; the sheath surrounding a spadix or a single flower. Spathulate; obovate, with the lower end much narrowed and tapering. Species, 50. Specific names, 362. Spermoderm; skin of a seed. Spike, 297. Spines, 171. Spinous, 235, 7. Spiral vessels, 33, a. Spongioles, 142, c. Spores, 129. Sporogens, 347 Sporules or spores, 129. Spur, 107, a. Stamens, 57, 65, 73. - consist of, 66. sz and pistils, use of, 92. Staminate ; with stamens only, barren. Standard ; same as vexillum or banner. Stellate, 242, 5. Stem, 161. “ functions of, 208, 209. Sterile ; barren, unfruitful. Sternutatory ; exciting to sneezing. Stigma, 79. Stings, 42. Stipe ; the stalk of a pod, of a fungus, &c. Stipels, — Stipitate, borne on a stipe. Stipules, 249." a Stipulate, 251. Stolon, 192. . 127 Stoloniferous ; bearing stolons. Stomata, 37, 38, 39. Straight-veined; where the principal veins pass direct to the margin. Striz ; small streaks, channels or furrows. Striate ; with strie, slightly furrowed, &c. Strigose ; clothed with short, stiff, and appressed hairs. Strobile, 116, 15. Style, 78. Stylopodium; a kind of disk which is epigynous and confluent with the style. Sub; in composition, it denotes a lower degree of the quality, as sub-sessile, nearly sessile, &c. Submersed; under water. Subulate; awl-shaped. Succulent; thick, juicy, and fleshy. Suffrutescent; somewhat shrubby. Suffruticose ; same as the last. Sulcate ; furrowed or grooved. . | Superior, 97. Suture, $4. Symmetrical, 61, ¢. Syncarpous; when the fruit consists of united carpels. as pereange when the anthers are uni- ted into a tube, as in Composite. Systematic botany, 330. Tap root, 145, c. Tendril, 187, a. Terete ; rounded or cylindric. Terminai; borne at the summit. Ternate, 240, 4. “ Testa, 118. Tetradynamous; with 2 short and 4 long stamens. Tetragynous ; with 4 pistils. Tetrandrous; with 4 stamens. Thallogens, 351. Thallus; that part of Lichens which bears the fructification. Theca; the vessels which contain the sporules of the Cryptogamia. Thorn, 171. Throat; the orifice of the tube of the corolla. Thyrse, 305. Tomentose, 41, a. Toothed; dentate. —— ; uneven or undulating on the sur- ace. Torus ; receptacle, 59. Trailing ; creeping or lying on the ground. Transverse ; cross-wise. Tree, 164, a. Triandrous ; with 3 stamens. Tricuspidate ; having three points. Tridentate ; three-toothed. Trifid; three-cleft. Tripinnate, 239, 6. Triternate, 239, 8. Truncate ; blunt, as if cut square off. 3 . 128 Tube, 103. Tuber, 180. Tuberiferous; bearing tubers. Tuberous, 147. Tubular, 103. Tunicated, 178, a. Turbinate; shaped like a top. Turgid; swollen. Umbel, 302, a. Umbellet, 305, a. Umbilicate; depressed in the centre. Unarmed, 235, 7. Uncinate ; hooked at the end. Undulate; wavy. Unquis; the claw, as of a petal. Unilateral; one-sided. Utricle, 116, 8. Valvate, 108, 1. Valves, 115. Varieties, 51. Vascular tissue, 33. Vasculares, 47. Vasiform tissue, 32. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Vegetable physiology, 3. Vegetable iurcden. variety of, 13. Vegetation, its diffusion, 14, a, Veins, 228. Veinlets, 228. Veinulets, 228. Velvety; clothed with a dense, soft pub- escence. Venation, 226. Ventral, 84, Vernation, 216. ; Verticillaster, 309. Verticillate, 218, 4. Vescicular; bladdery. Vexillary, 108, 6. Vexillum, 105, 5. Villose ; villous ; clothed with long hairs. Vine, 187. Viscid; clammy, sticky. / Vittz ; receptacles of secretion in the seed of Umbellifere. Whorled, 175. Winged, 222, 2. Wood, 201, 202. Woody tissue, or fibre, 30. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, OFTEN USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. ach. achenia. est. sestivation. alter. alternate. * amplex. amplexicaul. Jr. fruit. anth. anther. hyp. hy pogynous. azill. axillary. umér. imbricate. cal. calyx. inf. inferior. caps. capsule. cor. corolla. decid. deciduous. diam. diameter. ellip. elliptical. emarg. emarginate. epig. epigynous. J. or fh. feet. leg. le ova. ovary. fil. filaments, Ji. flower; jis. flowers. hd, head; hds. heads. znvol. involucre. trreg. irregular. pe Uf. leaf; lws. leaves. ifts. leaflets. lom. loment. opp. opposite. ped. peduncle. pet. petals. perig. perigynous. perig. perigynium. recep. receptacle. reg. regular. rheiz. rhizoma. rt. root. sds. seeds. ia seg. segments. sep. sepals. st. stem. sta. stamens. stig. stigmas. sty. styles. The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and always in the same manner as in other works; thus, Apr. April; Jn. June; Mass. Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York; Ia. or Ind., Indiana, &c. The following Signs are also in general use: — @) An annual plant. @) A biennial plant. A perennial herb. h A plant with a woody stem. ¢ A staminate flower or plant. 9 A pistillate flower or t. ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 129 % A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 8 Moneecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. 9¢ Dicecious; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Y 6g Polygamous; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. 0 Wanting or none. ; 00 Indefinite, or numerous. 0= Cotyledons accumbent. 0 || Cotyledons incumbent. 0>> Cotyledons conduplicate. } A naturalized plant. A plant cultivated for ornament. t A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work : — f (without the period) A foot. ! (a single accent) An inch. !’ (a double accent) A line (one twelfth of /). ! The note of exclamation, now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal obser- vation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it.denotes that the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affir- mation is used only where the fact stated or implied is somewhat mew, or might otherwise have been regarded as doubtful. Authors’ names, when of more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by writing the first syllable and the next following or last consonant. The following are nearly all the names thus abridged in this work: — Used only in the Cruciferee. ee aoe gh. rdh. Ait. Aiton. Arn. Arnott. Bart. Barton. ° Benth. Bentham. Berl. Berlandier. Bernh. Bernhardi. Brongn. Brongniart. Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. Boehm. Boehmer. Bong. Bongard. Br. Brown. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Darl. Darlington. DC. De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines. Desv. Desvaux. Dew. Dewey. Duh. Duhamel. Endl. Endlicher. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Ell. Elliot. Engel. Engelman. Forsk. Forskahl. Freel. Freelich. Geert. Geertner. Ging. Gingins. Gmel. Gmelin. Gron. Gronovius. Hedw. Hedwig. Hoffm. Hoffmann. Hook. Hooker. Juss. Jussieu. Lam. Lamark. Lec. Le Conte. Lind]. Lindley. Linn.* Linnzus. Lk. Link. Lehm. Lehmann. Mart. Martius. Mentz. Mentzel. Michx. Michaux. Mill. Miller. Mirb. Mirbel. Meench. Meenchausen. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Nutt. Nuttall. Pers. Persoon. Pall. Pallas. Pav. Pavon. Poir. Poiret. Ph. Pursh. R. Br. Robert Brown. Raf. Rafinesque. Rich. Richard. Schw. Schwenitz. Scop. Scopoli. Ser. Seringe. Schk. Schkuhr. Sm. Smith. Spr. Sprengel. Sw. Swartz. T. & G. Torrey & Gray. Torr. Torrey. Tourn. Tournefort. Traut. Trautvetter. Willd. Willdenow. Walt. Walter. ANALYTICAL TABLES. » The object of scientific tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical ;— to ex- hibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to which they relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast. Second, practical; — to aid the student in his researches by affording him an abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter; viz. * In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Linn. is to be understood. 130 ANALYTICAL TABLES. as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists of a simple series of dilemmas or alternatives ; the decision being, in almost all cases, to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These decisions or dilemmas being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with - absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satis- factory conclusion. In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that they are drawn from leaves, fruit, flower, or any portion of the plant which suited our convenience, — our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most obvious and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances these characters are not strictly applicable to al7 the known species belonging to those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work ; that is, found in the United States, north of lat. 383°. In our choice of terms we have always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be ob- vious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions and illustrations. We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown lant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words to analyze. o this end, he first determines to which of the six great classes of the natural sys- tem it belongs, — either by his previous knowledge of their characters, which should be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical view, page 130. Thus he inquires, — 1. Is the plant a flowering or flowerless one? Ans. Flowering. It belongs there- fore to Phenogamia. Turn next to the 2d couplet. 2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or parallel-veined, &c. Ans. Net-veined, and the flowers are not wholly trimerous; that is, the petals, sepals, and stamens, are in in threes, but the carpels are single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogens. Turn to the 3d couplet. 3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. Ams. Stigmas present. The plant therefore belongs to Class I. Angiospermous Exogens, Next ascertain to which of the sub-classes it belongs, by synopsis 2d. 3 4 4, Are the petals distinct, or united, or 0, &c.? Ams. Distinct. The plant will be found therefore among the Polypetalous Exogens. Now turn to the Conspectus of the Orders of this subdivision, and inquire, — 7. Is the plant an herb or a shrub? Avs. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 54. 54. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate ? Ams. Alternate. Turn to 65. 65. Stipules present, cr stipules none? Ams. Stipules none. 70. 70. Flowers ¢ 9, or 5 ? Ans, 8. Turn then to couplet 72. 72. Stamens (00) indefinite, or 6, or 4, or 5? Ams. 6; and the plant belongs there- fore to the natural order Berberidacez. The pupil now turns to Order VI. and sys, ge in the Conspectus, — the plant an herb orashrub? Azs. A shrub, and therefore belongs to Berberis, genus Ist. Turn finally to that genus, and study the species. ; Again, suppose the plant to be an herb. Turn to couplet 8. 8. Leaves alternate, &c. or opposite? Ams. All radical. 9. 9. Stipules present or0? Avs. Present (radical). 34. : 34. Flowers regular or irregular? Ans. Regular. 35. 35. Stamens monadelphous or distinct? Ams. Distinct, and the order sought is Rosacee. Then turn to Order XLVIII. and inquire, — Ovaries free or adherent ? Avs. Free. Naked or enclosed, &c. ? Ans. Naked. Are they 3—50 in number or 1 only? Ans. 3—50. Are they in fruit follicles, 2 compound berry, or achenia? Ans. Achenia. On a dry receptacle or juicy ? Ams. Dry. Caudate with the persistent style or not? Ams. Not caudate. Leaves simple or compound ? Ams. Compound. . __Is the plant caulescent or acaulescent? Ams. Acaulescent, and the genus is Waldsteinia. Turn lastly to that genus, and learn the species. Further illustrations are perhaps unnecessary. ‘ ‘ SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. Sec. I. Classes and Subclasses. ~ 1 Flowering plants (PHzNocaAmia). 2 1 Flowerless plants (CryvproGamia). 5 2 Lvs. net-veined (§ 229, 1). Fis. never wholly trimerous (ExoGEns). 3 2 Lvs. parallel- (rarely net-) veined. Fs. trimerous apie at: 4 3 Stigmas present. Sds. enclosed in a pericarp.6 ANGIOSPERMS. I 3 Stig. none. Sds. quite naked. (ContrER£. CX X XI) GYMNOSPERMS. II 4 Sepals and petals verticillateor 0. Glumes0. 143 AGLUMACE. Ill 4 Sep. and pet.none. Glumesaltern. Fr. l-s’ded. 163 GLUMACE. IV 5 Stems and leaves distinguishable. 164 - - - ACROGENS. V. 5 Stems and leaves undistinguishable. 168 - - - THALLOGENS. VI 6 Petals (or petaloid sepals) distinct. 7 - - - - - Polypetale. I 6 Petals united (at least at their bases). 76 - - - Monopetale. If 6 Petals 0. Sepals more or less unitedor none. 116 - Apetale. IIE Sec. II. Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens. 7 Herbs (164), annual, biennial or perennial, rarely suffruticose at base. - - §& 7 Shrubs and trees (164). - - - - - - - - - = = = > + - - - ‘54 8 Leaves alternate or all radical. - - - - - - - 2-2 ---. 7 29 8 Leaves cauline, opposite, at least the lower ones. - - = © <5 = -(5 = 3 9 Stipules (249) present. - - - - - - - - - - = = = + = - - 34 9Stipulesnones - - - - - -- ----- - t= te ee =e 10 10 Polyandrous,—stamens (20—200) indefinite. - - - - - - - - - - - ll 10 Oligandrous,—stamens (few) definite. - - - - - - - - - - --- 17 11 Stamens (hypogynous) inserted on the receptacle (74, 2d). - - - - - 12 11 Stamens eer ga inserted on the calyx orcorolla. - - - - - - - 16 12 Ovaries simple; fruit acheniate, folliculate, &c.,nevercapsular. - - - - - 13 12 Ovaries united intoa compound capsule. - - - - - - - - - - - - Bb 13 Leaves never peltate. Seeds albuminous. - - - - Ranunevutacez. | 13 Leaves centrally or subcentrally peltate. Aquatic. - - ---- - 14 14 Sepalsand petals definite (2—4). Seeds albuminous. - CasompBacez. VII 14 Sepalsand petals indefinite, numerous. Albumen 0. - 15 Sepals and petals indefinite, numerous. - - = 15 Sepals and petals 5. Lvs. pitcher- or trumpet-form. 15 Sepals 2. Juice usually colored. - - - - - - - Nympuzacez. IX SARRACENIACER. X PAPAVERACEE. XI 16 Sepals and petals 5—10. - - moe ew woe be os mee =p ee SI 16 Sepals and petals indefinite and confounded. - - - - - - Cactracezx. LXI 17 Flowers very irregular. - - - - - - - - - - - = = = - = - 18 17 Flowers regular or nearly so. - - - - - - - - = = = = = = = 20 18 Filaments 6 or 8, united below into one or twosets. - - - - - - - - 19 18 Filaments 5, cohering only attop. - - - - - - Batsaminacez. XXVIII 18 Filaments 8, distinct. Leaves peltate. - - - - - - Trop#oLtaceEz. XXIX 18 Filaments 8, distinct. Lvs. biternate. Vine with tendrils. Sarinpacez. XLIV 19°Leaves much dissected and divided. - - - - - - - Fumariacez. XII 19 Leaves simple, entire. - - - - - - - - - - Potyeatacez. XVI 20 Ovaries superior (97), free from the calyxornearlyso.- - - - - - - - - 2l 20 Ovaries inferior, or wholly adherent to the calyx (97). - - - - - - - - 32 21 Sepals 2. Fleshy herbs. - - - - - - - - Portutacacez. XXIV 21 Sepals 3 or more. -+ = - * == = 35 = = set eie &) 2 a a = 22 22 Sta. (hypogynous) inserted on thereceptacleortorus. - - - - - - = - 23 22 Stamens (perigynous) inserted on the calyx. - - - - - - - - - - - 31 23 Sepals, petalsand stamens symmetrical (61,c). - - - - - - - - - 24 23 Sepals, petals and stamens unsymmetrical. Fruita pod. ~- - - - - 29 24 Carpels solitary, fruit simple, one-celled. - - - - - - Berseripacex. VI 24 Carpels 3—5, more or lessunited. - - - - a 3) See ay Sy eae 25 Leaves simple. - - - - - - - “<2 Uhr ate) S> ae oe aia omtlio, <= Ae ea ee 25 Leavescompound. - - - - - - - 26 Ovary and capsule one-celled. Aquatic. - DroserAcEz. XVIII 26 Ovary and capsule5—10-celled. - - - - - - - ULinacez. XXVI 27 Plants aquatic. Fr. 2—5 fleshy achenia. Juiceacid. Limnantuacez. XXX 27 Plants not aquatic. - - - 5 sf Seve eee & ye eee” 28 Leaves palmately 3*foliate. Juice acrid. - - - - - Oxatmnacez. XXXI 28 Leaves pinnate, with pellucid resinous dots. - - Rvuracez. XXXIV 29 Flowers cruciform (105, 1). Pods 2-carpeled, 2-celled. - 29. Flowers not cruciform. -- - - BA ae ; 12 Crucirerz. XIII ae av 3O - Netumsiacez. VIII ° 132 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 30 Pods 2-carpeled, one-celled. -- -- 30 Pods 3—6-carpeled, one-celled. - - - 31 Ovaries tes own as many as the sepals. 31 Ovaries (2) fewer than the sepals. - 32 Flowers in simple or compound umbels. 32 Flowers in racemes, solitary, &c. - - - - Owacracez. LV 33 Carpels 2, dry, separable, 1- -seeded, indehiscent. Umse.urerez. LXVII 33 Carp. 25, inseparably combined into a berry or drupe. Aratiacez. LX VIII 34 Flowers regular. a S50 eR 8 eS Se ee a a 34 Flowers irregular. - - - - - - - --- - 36 35 Stamens monadelphous (74, xvi). - - Matvacuz. XXXVII 35 Stamens distinct. - - - - - - - - Rosacezx. XLVIII 36 Fruit a three-celled capsule. - - - - oe 6 = SS - 27 36 Fruit a legume (116, 4). - - - - - - - - Leeuminosz. XLVIs 37 Caps.with 3 broad wings. Monceecious and monadelphous. Beconiacez. LVIII 37 Capsule not winged. Flowers perfect. - - - - Viotacez. XVII 38 Stipules present, sometimes minute. - - - - ee ee ee = 89 38 Stipules none. - - - - - - - - - - - 41 39 Ovaries 5, distinct and. one-seeded § in fruit. - - Gurantacre. XXVII 39 Ovary compound, 1—5-celled. - - eee - - = - = = = - 40 40 Sepals, petals and stamens 5. - - - I vrecesracez. XXII 40 Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 2 or 3. Aquatic. - ELATINACEZ. XXV 41 Flowers very irregular. - - -- - - - PotyveaLtacex. XVI CAPPARIDACER. XIV - - Resepacex. XV CrassuLacez. LXIV SAXIFRAGACER. LXV el te ee SS 2, OF te Ee 41 Flowers regular or sligmily unequal. - - - - = = © 2 = = - 42 42 Ovaries inferior. - - - ~ - - - - 42 Ovaries superior. - = - 43 Calyx adhering only to the anales of the ovary. - Winds cxdinkbat, LI 43 Calyx tube wholly adherent to the ovary. - - - - - - - - 44 44 Involucre 4-leaved, white, subtending thesmallcyme.- - - Caeiabae, LXIX tat. | ag = egeiey’> * 46 44 Involucre 0. Leaves (3 ‘only, compound, xvii.) many. - Onacgracez. LV 45 Ovaries 00, distinct, simple, acheniate, caudate. - - - Ranuncutacez. I 45 Ovaries compound, (or simple, with 2 Ivs and 1. fl. vr.) - - - - - - 46 46 Sepals 2, fewer than the petals. - - - - - - Porrutacacez. XXIV ' 46 Sepals 3—5, more or less united. - - - - = - = = = = = = = = = 47 47 Styles united intoone: - = +. e - & ee - - -- - - 48 47 Styles distinct. - - ~ cr bs) 48 Sepals equal, combined into a tube. - - - - - - - - - LyrHracez. LI 48 Sepals unequal, nearly distinct. - - - - - - - - Cistacez. XIX 49 Stamens hypogynous (arising from the receptacle). - - - - = - - - 50 49 Stamens perigynous (arising from the calyx). - - - - - - - = - 5l 50 Stem tumid at the nodes. Leaves not punctate. - | CaryvopHyLLAcez. XXIII 50 Stem often ancipital. Leaves with pellucid and black dots. Hyprericacrm. XX 51 Stamens 20 or more, indefinite. Exotic. - - - Mrsemspryacez. LXII 51 Stamens fewer than 20, definite. - - - - - - - - §2 52 Carpels (follicles) distinct, always as Many as the sepals. Cuabsunscnm. LXIV 52 Carpels 2—5, partly or completely united. - - - - - - =- - - - - 53 53 Embryo coiled around the albumen. Styles 3—5. CanvornyiLacen. XXIII 53 Embryo straight, in the es of ae ap stylee 2. - Saxirracacer, LXV 54 Leaves opposite. - - - -'- - ~ - - = - = = - 55 54 Leaves alternate. - - - - - 55 Stipules present, deciduous. - CerLastracez. XLV 55 Stipulesnone. - - - -- - 56 Flowers irregular. - - - - - nce Ui Oe ee ee ieiaer Cr 56 Flowers regular. - - - ~ « A ee 57 57 Stamens (00) indefinite, 20 or more. - «Dea ereett = 5G 57 Stamens definite, fewer than 20. - ai (oem Ss es Gt 58 Ovary superior (§ 97). =; =e ART ete oe tees OB 58 Ovary inferior. - - - - - - - - - - 59 59 Ovary compound, of 35 carpels. Leaves dotted, - - Hyprricacez. XX 59 Ovaries 00, simple, enclosed in the fleshy calyx. - CatycanruacErr. XLIX 60 Styles united intoone. - - - - : - - - - - = - Myrracez. L 60 Styles 4, distinct. - - - § PHILADELPHEX. sal 61 Ovary superior. - - - - - - a aes? 's = sal) Rely Saye 61 Ovary inferior. - - a = . 2! OR hoa oserhe 63 2 Fruit a one-celled capsule. Depressed shrubs. - - - - CistackE. XIX Fruit 2 united samare (116,10). Erect shrubs and trees. - Acreracez. XLII 62 Fruit a 2-seeded berry. Climbing by tendrils. - - - Wiracem. X XXVIII =. = |e: Sie Eso ae ee HiprpocasTANAcer. XLII ~ : SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. _ 133 63 Styles 2, distinct. Cymesradiate. - - - - - - § HyDRANGER. LXV 63 Styles upiledintoone:, =~ -"- <=. =e := 56 = «0 Solemn es 64 Berry 4-angled, 4-celled. Exotic. - - - - - - - - -_ + ONAGRACER. LV 64 Drupe 1—2-celled. ‘Terrestrial shrubs or trees. - - - - CoRNACER. LXIxX 64 Berry l-celled, l-seeded. Parasites. - - - - - - Lorantnacez. LXX 65 Stipules present, sometimes minute, or only 2 glan fed gy pe ok eh NE 65 Stipules none. Flowersregular.- - - - - - - - - - > 7 77 70 66 Flowers regular. - - - - - -*--*+-*-e7 7-7 - - - 67 66 Flowers more or less irregular. - - - - - - - ° LeGuminos2. XLVII 67 Stamens 4—5, distinct. Erect shrubs.- - - - - - =e - e - 68 67 Stamens 5, united into one set. Climbing. - - - Pasarrsonaunian LVII 67 Stamens 00, (or more, - - + <4 6 s+ (soe se She eee 68 Stamens opposite tothe petals. - - - - - - - - Ruamnacez. XLVI 68 Stamens alternate with the petals. - - - - - - - Cxrtastracez. XLV 69 Filaments distinct, hypogynous. Flowers very large. - _Macno.iacez. II 69 Filaments distinct, perigynous. - - - - - - - -_ Rosaceg. XLVIIt 69 Filaments united into one set.. - - - -_ > - Marvacez. XX XVII 69 Filaments united into 5 sets. Flowers small. 70’ Flowers dicecious. Climbing vines. -,- - - 70 Flowers diecious, Erect shrubs. - - 70 Flowers perfect. - - - - - - = - 71 Ovary superior. Prickly shrubs. - - 71 Ovary inferior. Unarmed. - - - - Triacez. XXXVIII - MENISPERMACEE. Ms aie iee 22 Te Raierdinnednin ai xX Il - Hamametacez. LXVI 72 Stamens 2 indefinite, 18 or more. Ovaries © Ros. xiv.) 00orl. - - 73 72 Stamens 6, opposite to the 6 petals. - - - - - - - - BERBERIDACER. Vi 72 Stamens 4, alternate with the petals.- - - - - - - - Cornacem. LXIX 72 Stamens b, alternate with the petals.- - - - - ee ee - - - 74 73 Fruit large, fleshy pods. Flowers trimerous (63, ay tose ANONACER. IV 73 Fruit a several-celled capsule. Fls. pentamerous. TERNSTREMACEE. XXXVI 73 Fruit a many-celled berry. - - - - - - - - -AvRantTiAcEH. XXXV 74 Fruit a dry, one-seeded drupe. - - 74 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule, 74 Fruit a one- -celled, globose berry. - - - 74 Fruit a 5-celled baccate drupe. - - - - Ara.iaces. LXVIII 75 Styles several, distinct. - - - - - - Rosacez. XLVII1 75 Styles united intol. - - - - - - - - Loasacez. LVI Sec. III. Orders of the Monopetalous Exxogens. ANACARDIACER. XX XIII - § EscaLLionEz. LXV - Grossutacez. LX 76 Herbs annual, biennial or perennial. Oe Se ew a), Scebed a aye 76 Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. - = Mpeteeere Oe ees 77 Stem long, juicy, climbing by tendrils. - - - © + Cucunsiracez. LIX 77 Stem not furnished with tendrils. - - - - - - - - ---- - - 7 79 LLeawes aliernate or all radical. -«~- - - - 9 - «<< es: ‘se =) =hetac a »%@-Leaves opposite, cauline.- - - - - - - - - - - - 2 ee = = = 78 Leaves none. Plant without verdure. - - - - - - - - = - = - - 93 79) Mowers neailars (=) =~ 35 5 nee ee eres bene ee 79 Flowers irregular. - - - a ert eee ee - 90 80 Stamens 5, cohering by the antk: Fis small, in heads. - Composirz. LXXV 80 Stamens 4—10, distinct (or united and fils. not sarong. afle del erst tat ae : 81 Ovary (inferior adherent to the calyx tube. - - - =, aoe is } 82 + 81 Ovary (superior) free. (Stamens 6, diadelphous. Vine. 19.) - poo sg ey ep _ 82 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. - - CAMPANULACER. LXXVII - 82 Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the cor. - - § Vaccinew. LX XVIII 83 Stamens twice as many as the slightly united petals. m spats 4 bs aay 83 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. - - - - - - - 84 _ $4 Stamens opposite the segments of the corolla. - - - - - - - - - - 85 64 Sta. alternate with the segm. of the cor. cine united into one. - - - - 86 85 Ovary many-seeded. - - - - - Primvracez. LX XXII 85 Ova. l-s’ded. Pet. often but slightly connected. PiumpacinacEz. LXXXV 86 Acaulescent. Fs. mete. Fr. a minute Pyms- PrantacinacEz. LX XXIV 86 Caulescent. - - RIS, cen Pee es Bers yet: 87 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia (116, 9). - - - BorRAGINACEE. XCIV 87 Fruit compound, capsular, or baccate (follicular, 105.) - - - - -_- 88 88 Corolla twisted and imbricate i in estivation. - - - Poremoniacex. XCVI 88 Corolla twisted and plicatein estivation. - - - PONTOLERAGHS. XCVII 88 Corolla in estivation not twisted. - a eee ee ok 89 89 Fruit a few-(2—4-)seeded capsule. - - o 3 HypnorHyiiacez. XCV 134 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. es 89 Fr. a many-seeded capsule or berry. iatinatiog plicate. Soranacez. XCIX 90 Ovary inferior, - - - - - - = = - - + - = Losriiacez. LXXVI 90 Ovary superior. - - - - - - - - = = = = = = = = - = = - = Ql 91 Stamens 2, or 4 and didynamous. - - - - - 92 91 Stamens 5, rarely 4 and not didynamous. Cor, (ver irreg. 18) slightly uneq.-115 92 Ovary 1- celled. Aquatic, acaulescent. - ry iteg. 18) slight XXVI 92 Ovary (spuriously) 4-celled. - - - - - - Prpariacez. LXXXIX 92 Ovary regularly 2-celled. - - - - - ScropHuLariacez. XCI 93 Flowers regular. - - - - - § Monorrorez. LX XVIII 93 Flowers irregular. - - - - - = - = = = = - - 94 94 Erect herbs, color reddish-white or brown. - OrnopancHacez. LXXXVII 94 Twining, parasitic vines, =p ain - § CuscuTinez. XCVIII 95 Herbs with a watery juice. - - - - - - =e ee = 96 95 Herbs with a milky juice. Fruit 1 or 2 follicles. - ee = ee - = - 105 96 Corolla limb quite regular, or else ligulate. - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 96 Corolla limb more or less irregular. - - - - - = - = - --- - - 102 97 Fs. small, in dense, involucrate heads. Fr. achenia. Composrrz. LXXV 97 Flowers in umbels, racemes, &e., ioe involucrate. - - - - - - - - 98 98 Ovariesinferior.- - - - - - - - - - = - - - = = = - - 99 98 Ovaries superior, or nearly so. - = ae - - - 100 - - Renticua: LXXII 99 Fruit with 2 or more seeds. - - - VALERIANACER. LXXIII 99 Fruit with but 1 perfect seed. 100 Fruit 4 nearly distinct achenia. - 100 Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 100 Fruit a 3-celled capsule, loculicidal. - : - - - Lapratz. XCIII - § Spigetrexz. LXXII PoLemoniAcEz. XCVIII 100 Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded capsule. - - - - - - - - = = - = - 101 101 Stamens opposite the petals. Placente central, free. Primutacem. LX XXII 101 Stamens alternate with the petals. Placente ‘parietal. - GENTIANACEE. C 102 Ovary inferjor. - - = - = * = see) =) wis Eee oe 102 Ovary superior. - - - - - - - - = = = ee = = - «104 103 Flowers in dense, involuerate heads. - - - - - - Dipsacez. LXXIV 103 Flowers solitary or geminate.- - - - - - - § Lonicerrz. LXXI1 104 Ovary 2-celled, Sds, (few, on hooks, ACANTHACER. xc.) ScropHuLariacesz. XCI 104 Ovary drupaceous, entire, 2 or 4-seeded. - - - - - - VERBENACER. XCII - - Lasiataz. XCIII ASCLEPIADACER. CII ~- ApocyNnaAcEzx. CI 104 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4 distinct achenia in fruit. 105 Flowers witha corona and in’sin.ple umbels. 105 Flowers with no corona, andin cyines. - ie PF) op 8. 106 Leaves alternate. - = “-« = '=%s = = ap" =| oe ee eee a aD 106 Leaves opposite. - - - - - = - = = = = St SR ES EE AO7 107 Ovary superior. - - - - - - = = = = 2 NATE SSS GD 107 Ovary inferior. - - -'- - a 2 See eT HS 108 Stipules present. Flowersi in 1 globose heads. Stamens 4, § Ciwchoaie: LXXIl 108 Stipules(mostly) none. Stamens5. - - - - - Capriroriacez. LXXI 109 Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens 2 or 4. - Bracers LXXXVIII 109 Flowers regular. - - - - = = = = <= - - - - 110 110 Stamens 10, twice as many as the corolla lobes. ie Enicrven. LXXVIII - ApocynacEex. CIII epee a ee TY JasmMINAcER. CIII 110 Stamens 5, as many as the corolla lobes. - - 110 Stamens 2, fewer than the corollalobes. - - 111 Corolla imbricate and twisted in estivation. | 111 Corolla valvate in estivation. - - - - - ie O.eacEex. CIV 112 Ovary superior. - - - - - - - - = = - Cee Br Ze 112 Ovary inferior. - - - - - - - - - - “Sy yaa al et Tae ae te Se De 113 Fls. capitate, involucrate, minute. Fr. an achenium. Contkonriae LXXV 113 Fls. racemose, &c. Stamens distinct. Fr.a berry. § Vaccinex. LX XVIII 113 Fis. racemose, &c. Sta. monad. Fr. a winged drupe. Stvracacez. LXXXI 1.4 Stamens (hypogynous) inserted with the corolla. - - § Erictnem. LXXVIII 114 Sta.(perigynous) inserted on the summit of the cor. tube. Diapensiacez. XCVII 114 Stamens (perigynous) inserted into the cor. tube inside. - - - - - - - 115 115 Drupe with 8 1-seeded cells. Petals se - - - - - Epenacen. LXXX 115 Drupe with 3—6 1-seeded cells. - - - - - AagquirotraceEa. LX XIX 115 Berry with 2 many-seeded cells. - - - - - - - - Soranacez. XCIX Sec. IV. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 116 Herbs. - - REO ea 6 Trees, shrubs and undershrabs, - - - - - 130 ~~ 117 Leaves alternate or all radical. (Flow ers ; with spadix and spathe, aha )118 117 Leaves opposite. - - - - = - = © = © e © e © 2523 , —- SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 135 118 Stipules eae) sheathing the stem above the nodes. -- Potyeonacez. CX 118 Stipules 0; or not ochreate. - - - = = - = ee - = 119 119 Fruit capsular, 3-carpeled, 3- seeded, tripartible. - - Eupuorpiacez. CXXI 119 Fruit baccate, 10-carpeled, 10- seeded. Fils. purple. Puytotaccacez. CXI 119 Fruit capsular, 3—6-celled, many-seeded. _- - - - - - = 120 119 Fruit 4-seeded.. Calyx 0. Stamens7. - - - - Saceumacman CXVII 119 Fruit a solitary, 1-celled, 1-seeded utricle. 121 (or many distinct achenia. 13) 120 Flowers with a petaloid or colored calyx. Aerial. - - ArisroLocnracem. CV 120 Flowers with a green calyx or 0. Aquatic. - - - PoposremiaceEx. CKX 121 Sep.white, petaloid, connected to the anthers by pees, SanTALacEz. CXIII 121 Sepals green, minute. - - - - iter tee Ae! -S - +5 = = = 122 121 Sep. dry and scarious, with scarious bracts around. AmMARANTHACER. CVIII 122 Flowers perfect. - - - - - - - - - CuHeEnopopiacer. CVI 122 Flowers monecious or diceecious. - - - Urticacez. CXXX 123 Stipules present. - - - - - - - - Urricacez. CXXX 123 Stipules none, - - - - - - este oe oT 124 Flowers monochlamydeous (with | calyx only). - - = ete ie oe 124 Flowers achlamydeous (with neither calyx or corolla. - - - - - = = 129 124 Flowers with a calyx-like involucre; capsule 3-seeded. Evpuorsracex. CX XI 125 Stamens numerous, indefinite. " Sepals distinct, colored. - - ~- - 13 125 Stamens 10. Calyx green. -- - - - - = ScLERANTHACEER. CVII 125 Stamens 1, 3,4,5,8. - - - - - er a DY Sie Se 126 Calyx large, colored, limb entire, funnel-shaped. - - Neorsahtacue, CIX 126 Calyx small, limb pa a lobed, or annular.- - - - - - - - = = - - 127 127 Ovary (inferior) adherent to the calyx tube. - - - - - = = = = = 32 127 Ovary (superior) free from the calyx. - - - - - - - - = = - - 128 128 Capsule 1-celled, 5-seeded. Calyx ers as =i 6 oe Sle ee Moe 101 128 Capsule 1- celled, 00-seeded. -.- - - = = = 5 = = Gee oo eee 128 Capsule 2—4- celled, 00-seeded. - ing Ney eee ae tt en ar ee ee 12 Utricle 1-seeded. Calyx dry, with dry, ‘colored bracts. AmaArantacegz. CVIII 129 Leaves verticillate. Ovary l-seeded. - - - CERATOPHYLLAcER. CXVIII 129 Leaves opposite. bet 4-seeded. - - - - - Catitricnacez. CXIX 130 Leaves alternate. - - ote “ayrsa- 8a; Spe ee eae 130 Leaves opposite. Flowers ‘declihous, Hho so SRS oe asters 131 Stipules present, often deciduous. - - - - - - - = = = - - - 132 131 Stipules none. - - - - - - - - - - - = = = Cae ae 132 Juice milky. - - - - - - - - - ---+-+ -+- § Wowie. CxXxxX 132 Juice watery, &c. - - - - - - - - - - - = . Se, OE eee 133 Flowers not in aments, mostly perfect and monochlamydeous. - = - 134 133 Flowers amentaceous, diclinous. - - - - - - - - - - - = - 135 134 Ovary inferior. Capsule 3—6-celled. - - - - - - Arrstotocutacez. CV 134 Ovary superior. Samaraordrupe l-seeded. Trees. - - - Utmacez. CXVI 135 Aments pistillate and staminate, globular and pendulous. Trees. - - 137 135 Aments pistillate and staminate, cylindric and grinne. - = = ©5+-136 136 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in fruit 1- seeded. - - - Miurcaduin: CXXVI 136 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, in fruit l-seeded. - - - - - Berutacez. CXXV 136 Ovary follicular, 00-ovuled, in fruit 00-seeded. - - - Saricacex. CXXVII 137 Fruit 2-celled, several-seeded. - - - - - - Batsamiritvz. CXXVIII 137 Fruit a l-seeded, clavate nut. - - - - - - - PuaTanacez. CXXIX 138 Samara double, winged. - - Aa ay Ae, = ory Ge weer ale 138 Achenium enclosed in the berry-like calm tube: - - - - Risaguachen CXV 138 Fruit capsular, of 3, 1-seeded, slightly united nuts.- - EvpHorsiacez. CX XI 139 Fruit 1-celled (ovary 1—2-ovuled): -- - - - - - 140 139 Fr. 3—9-celled. Fils. perf. Evergreen undershrubs. Ravayiecee CXXIiI 140 Both pistillate and stamin. fis. in oblong aments. Shrubs. Myricacez. CXXVI 140 Only the staminate flowers inaments. Trees. - - - at Ee ge: 142 140 None of the flowers amentaceous. - - - - - 1/41 141 Ova. inferior. Fls. greenish. Drupe blue. Large trees. ee ee CXIII 141 Ova. super. Fs. greenish, deeply cleft. Shrubs or sm'll tr’s. Lavracex. CXII 141 Ova. superior. F's. tubular, yellow or white. Shrubs. Tuymetacem, CXIV 142 Leaves pinnate. - - - 7 - - = - - = JUGLANDACEZ. CXXIII 142 Leaves simple, straight-veined. - - 2 = - + - = CupuLirerzr CXXIV Sec. V. Orders of the Aghumaccous Endogens. 143 Veinlets of the leaves diverging from the midvein.- - - - - - - - 156 143 Veinlets of the leaves all parallel withthe midvein. - - - - - - - 144 143 Veinlets of the leaves reticulated. - - - - - - - =- - = = - = 160 oF 136 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 144 Fs. incomplete, collec’d. in a small, round, white head. Enrocautonacez. CLIX 144 Flowers incomplete and mostly ona spadix. Ne Phe Mei et Se by 144 Flowers complete (rarely re is never ona spadix. - - - - - - - 145 145 Flowers regular. - - - - oo!) 6 HORNE ES eras Tee 146 145 Flowers more or less irrepular: oe" | Ae ee Seems. (bist 146 Perianth free from the ovary. - - - - - - © - = = = = = = = = 147 146 Perianth adherent to the ovary. - - - - - = = = = = - = = = = 153 147 Sepals and petals similarly colored. - - - - - - = - - - = = - 150 147 Sepals and petals differently colored. - - - = - = - - - = = = 148 148 Flowers solitary, or racemose, &c. - - - - = == = = =.= = - - 149 148 Flowers densely capitate, yellow. - - - - Xynivacez. CLVIII 149 Styles and stigmas distinct. Leaves radical. - ALtismacez. CXXXVIII 149 Styles and stigmas united into 1. Leaves cauline. CommEtinacez. CLVII 150 Styles and stigmas distinct. - - - - - - - = = = - = = = = = 151 150 Styles and stigmas united intol. - - - - - = - - - - - 152 151 Perianth scale-like, dry. - - - - - - § cP UNCAGINEE. CX XXVIII 151 Perianth petaloid, ‘oreen or colored. Aerial plants. Mertantuacez. CLV 151 Per. petaloid, small. Plants float’g in water. Hyprocnaripacez. CXXXIX 152 Flowers succulent and withering, colored. - - - - - - Liiacez. CLIII 152 Flowers dry and (if colored) scarious. - - - - -JuncAcez. CLVI 153 Stamens3, - - - - - - - - - - - Masi CXLIX 153 Stamens 6. - - - - oe se ee - - 154 154 Leaves equitant and channeled G: 216, 1). H2#MoDORACEZ. “CXLVIII 154 Leaves flat and not nen - - a CXLVII 155 Ovary inferior. - - - - - - - - - - - - 156 155 Ovary superior. - ities " PonredERiaceZ: CLIV 156 Stamens gynandrous (§ 74, Xx. ) - - Orcuipacez. CXL 156 Stamen free, 1 only, with half an anther. - CANNACEE. 156 Stamens free, 3, with extrorse anthers. - - - Iripacem. CXLIX 157 Root floating i in water. Stamens 1 or 2. a CXXXV 157 Root fixedin earth. - - - - - - - = =. se oe = “158 158 Stems floating in water. - - - - - - AIADACER. CXXXVII 158 Stems erect, terrestrial. - - - - - - - - 159 159 Spadix with a spathe, or ona ae like aie : - - Advosen CXXXIV 159 Spadix without a spathe, and not on a scape. TypHacez. CXXXVI 160 Flowers perfect, solitary, or 2—3. - - - - TritLtiacez. CLI1 160 Flowers dicecious. - - -- - - - - - - - 161 161 Leaves cauline, mostly climbing shrubs. - - 162 161 Leavesradical.. - - -'- - + = - = LISMACEE. OXXXVII 162 Fruit a thin, 3-cornered capsule. - - - - - - Dioscoreacez. CL 162 Fruit a globose, fleshy berry. - - - - - - - Smuiracez. CLI Sec, VI. Orders of the Glumaceous Endogens. 163 Stems mostly solid. Sheaths entire. - - - - - Cyprracez. CLX . 163 Stems mostly fistulous. Sheaths split down to the nodes, Graminez. CLXI Sec. VIE. Orders of Cryptogamia. Uae ae et ie set, ted 8 Teeter Sh tS iS eee os 1 oO Te one oe 164 Plants consisting of woody and vascular tissue.- - - - - - - - = - 165 164 Plants consisting of cellular tissue only. - - - = - - - - - 166 165 Fruit terminal, cone-like. Leaves sheath-like. - - Hqusswnaenes CLXII 165 Fr. axillary, &c. Leaves l-veined.- - - - - Lycopopiacez, CLXIII 165 Fruit borne upon the veiny, often contracted leaves. - - Firices. CLXIV 165 Fruit radical or nearly so, of two kinds. Aquatics. MarsirEacez. CLXV 166 Leaves veinless, distinct from each other or from the axis. Musex. (CLXVII 166 Leaves veiny, mostly confluent into one expansion. Herpaticm. (CLXVIII 167 Plants with no distinct axis of growth. - - - - - - - - 16 167 Plants having a distinct axis, with whorled branches. CHARACER. CLXVI 168 Plants aerial, dry, crustaceous, on trees, rocks, &c. - - Licnenes. (CLXIX 168 Plants aerial, succulent, often ephemeral, never green. - - Funai. (CLXX 168 Plants aquatic, consisting of simple vesicles or lobed fronds. Ate. (CLXX Sas teal FIRST GRAND DIVISION, PHAZNOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants consisting of a regular axis of growth with -leafy appendages ; compcsed of a cellular, vascular and ligneous structure ; developing flowers and producing seeds. SUBDIVISION FIRST. EXOGENS, OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of distinct bark and pith, with an intervening layer of woody fibre and vessels. Growrn by annual, concentric, exter- nal zones or layers. Leaves mostly with reticulated veins, and fall- ing off by an articulation. Sepats and perats in 5s and 4s much oftener than in 3s. Hmsryo with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. Ovutes produced within an ovary and fertilized by the pollen through the medium of the pistm, becoming sEEps enclosed in a PERICARP. Emsryo with two opposite cotyledons. SUBCLASS I. POLYPETALZA. Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals. Orpver I. RANUNCULACE®—Crowroors. ~ Herbs, with an acrid, colorless juice. - Leaves mostly alternate and much divided, with half-clasping petioles. Calyz.—Sepals mostly 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6, mostly deciduous, andimbricated in xstivation. Corolla.—Petals 3—15, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or 0. Stamens 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers, adnate or innate. Ovaries 00, rarely solitary or few, distinct, seated on the torus. Fruit either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular. Embryo minute, at the base of horny or fleshy albumen. Genera 41, species about 1000 (Lindley), mostly natives of cold, damp climates. Europe is supposed to contain one-fifth of the species, North America one-seventh, India one-twenty-fifth, South Ameri one-seventeenth, Africa very few, and New Holland but 18. - Properties.—Almost all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. They also lose their poisonous qualities in drying. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated plants. 138 I. RANUNCULACEZ. FIG. 39.—1. Ranunculus bulbosus. 2. A petal with the nectariferous scale. 3. A carpel with its beak. 4. Vertical section, showing the erect ovule. -5. Aquilegia Canadensis. 6. Torus, with the stamens and pistils, and a petal attached. 7. Follicle. 8. Seed. 9. Its vertical section, showing the funiculus and minute embryo. 10. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of the 5 ovaries, the 20 stamens in 4 series, &c. Conspectus of the Genera. _ §Pet. 1-lipped. Trolisus. 7 Flowers (cauline. ? Pet. 2-lipped. Delleborus. g solitary, ? radical. «ae atte Caphes § white. . Cimicifuga. 15 Pet. small. | Flowers racemose, ?dark purple. Zanthorhiza. 19 ; Calyx white. : . Isopyrum. 10 Petals 0. Calyx bright yellow. . - Caltha. 6 Sepals tee 3-lobed.. . . Negelia. 22 equal. . . . \ Petals conspicuous, allspurred behind. . Agzviélegia. ll upper one large, vaulted. . . Aconitum. 13 Sepals Scolored, .. \ upper one spurred behind. . . Delphinium. 12 follicular. (unequal,. .2green and foliaceous. Petals plane. : . Peonia. 21 (palmate. . Trautvetteria. 16. Leaves alternate, ?2—3-ternate. Thalictrum. 17 Invol. 0. . . ? Leaves opposite. Mostly climbers. Clematis. 1 Petals 0, or < Involucre calyx-like, near the flower. . . Hepatica. 3 inconspicu. ( Involucre leaf-like, remote from flower. . . Anemone. 2 with no nectary, scarlet. . . Adonis. 4 , with nectariferous, tubular claws. Mzyoswrus. 18 acheniate. (Petals conspicuous, .. . ( witha nectariferous scale at base. Ranunculus. 5 paces. many-seeded. Flowers racemose. . . 2 . Actea. 14 Carpels (baccate, numerous, 1—2-seeded. Flowers solitary. . i Ne . Hydrastis. 20 1. CLEMATIS. Gr. kAnpa, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles instead. Calyx 4-(rarely 5, 6 or 8-) sepaled, colored, pubescent; corolla 0, or smaller than the calyx; filaments 00, shorter than the sepals; ovaries 4—20; styles longer than the stamens; achenia caudate with long, plumose, permanent style—% Mostly climbing. Leaves ~mastly compound and opposite. ANEMONE. I. RANUNCULACEZ. 139 § Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. ATRAaGENE. DC. 1. C. verTicinLaris. DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower. Climbing; vs. in 4s., verticillate, ternate; Jfls. cordate, nearly entire; ped. 1-flowered; sepals very large, acute—A handsome climber in highland woods, Vt.,( Dr. Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem ascending trees 15f by means of its twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl! of four 3-foliate leaves, and 2 large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1—2’ by 4—1’. Sepals thick, 15” by 5’. Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals?) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. May, Jn. §§ Petals 0. CLrmatis proper. 2. C. Virainiana. Virgin’s Bower. St. climbing ; lvs. ternate; /fts., ovate, cordate, acuminate, lobed and cut- dentate ; fls. often 9’, paniculate—A common, hardy climber in hedges and thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8—15 f. in length, supporting itself on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles: Leaflets 2—3’ by 13—2’, with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oval-oblong, obtuse. Sta- mens 28—36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with long, plumose tails (caudz), appearing in large, downy tufts. Aug. t 3. C. Viorna. Leather Flower. St. climbing; lvs. pinnately divided ; Zfts. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or 3-lobed; fs. solitary, campanulate; sep. thick and leathery, acumi- nate.—In woods, Penn. to Ill. eer and Ga. Stem 10—15f in length, cyl- indrical, striate. Leaves opposite, decompound, consisting of 9—12 leaflets, Flowers axillary, purple, large, nodding. Peduncle 3—6’ long, with a pair of ae simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with long, plumose tails, mn. JF \ 4. C.ocurotevca. Ait. (C. sericea. Michz.) Erect Clematis. St. herbaceous, erect, simple, silky-pubescent; /vs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath; /ls. pedunculate, terminal, solitary, inclined to one side; cai. silky outside.—Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. An erect species, 12—18 high. Leaves subsessile, 2—4’ long, two-thirds as wide, with prominent veins, upper surface becoming glabrous. Flowers yellowish white (ochroleucous), campanulate in form. May, Jn. 5. C. crispa. Crisp-flowered Clematis. St. climbing ; /vs. pinnate and ternate ; /fts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute, 3-lobed or entire; fis. solitary; sep. acuminate, revolute, thick, with undulate and crisped margins.—Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6—8f long. Flowers a third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia with naked (not plumose) cande. Jl. + 6. C. Fuammina. Sweet Virgin’s Bower.—Lvs. pinnate; lfts. smooth, entire, orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute-——From France. A fine climber for arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. Jl.—Oct.+ 7. C. FLorips. Large-flowered Virgin’s Bower. Lvs. 2-foliate and decom- pound ; segments ovate, acute, entire; sep. acuminate; glabrous; involucre 0.— — es Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn. —Sept. 8. C. Viricetta. Lvs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire ; sep. obovate.—From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often double-flowered. Vine 20flong. Flowers purple. + Observation.—All the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a oto A soil and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed. oi y - 2. ANEMONE. i Gr. avéuos, wind; most of the species grow in elevated or windy places. . Lnvolucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; calyx rea lar, of 5—15 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals; ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or oval , - 140 I. RANUNCULACE. ANEMONE. head; achenia 00, mucronate-—% Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaf- like mvolucres. 1. A. NEMorOsa (and quinquefolia. Linn.). Wood Anemone. — Lvs. ternate; fts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 2-parted, incisely dentate ; invol. similar to the leaves, petiolate; st. 1-flowered. —A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and some- times in open fields. Root creeping. Stem 6—9’ high, erect. ‘The involucre consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts eut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. ‘At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside. Apr. May. 2. A. cyLINDRica. Gray. 4 Whole plant pubescent ; lvs. ternate, lateral ifts.2-parted to the base, middle one deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and lobed at apex; lus. of invol. petiolate ; ped. 2—6, rarely 1, all naked; sep.5; ach. woolly, in a long, cylindric head.—Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to la, Not common. Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2—3/ wide, and similar in their divisions to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8—10’ long, umbellate, but little diverging. Flowers large, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse. Heads of fruit 14’ long. May, Jn. 3. A. Viramtina. Virginian Anemone. Las. ternate ; /fts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate, lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed ; imvol. foliaceous, petiolate; fr. in oblong heads.—A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2—3 f. high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long, parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of 2 bracts. Leaves 2—3/ by 3—4’, on radical petioles 6—10’ long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fruit woolly, in heads 1/ long. July. B. alba. Oakes. Fis. larger; sep. white—Ledges, Vt. Dr. Robbins. 4. A. Hupsoniina. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and Ist edit.) Hairy ; lvs. 3—5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate ; scape 1,2 or 3-flowered; invol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles; sep. 5—8, oval, obtuse.—On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester and Burlington, Vt. Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare. Scape 6—10’ high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5 segments distinct to the base, about 1’ diam., each segment 3’ long, in 3 linear lobes, peticles 1—2/ long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of fruit oval or globose. Jn. 5. A. Pennsytyanica. (A. aconitifolia. Micha. A. dichotoma. Linn.) St. dichotomous ; lvs. 3— 5-parted and incisely dentate ; invol. and involucels leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate; sep. 5; fr. in globose heads.—Shores and rocky places, Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare, Scape 15—20’ high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles, the middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involucel, the involu- cre at their base. Flowers white, 12—14” diam. Carpels hairy, compressed, as long as the curved style. Jn. Jl. 6. A. patens. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.) Silky-villous; lvs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and incised, lobes lance-linear; invol. subulately dissected; sep. 5—6, erect.—Dry hills, l.! W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6—10’ high. Leaves smoothish above, seg- ments 1—3/ long, 1—2” wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped. Sepals 1/ long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2’ long. 7. A. Coronaria. Poppy-leaved Anemone.—Lvs. ternate, with multifid seg- ments and linear, mucronate lobes; sep. 6, oval, close—From Levant. A ay, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. + 8. A. HoRTENSIS. Slar Anemone.—Lwvs. 3-parted, with erenate, cut-dentate lobes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10—12, oblong.— “——— RANUNCULDS. ~ I. RANUNCULACEZ. 141 From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white and blue flowers. May. t Observation.—Many ad foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They al prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 3. HEPATICA. Dill Gr. ijrarixos, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf. Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a ¢ situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5—9 petaloid sepals, dis- posed in 2 or 3 rows; corolla 0; achenia awnless. H Tritépa. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. Linn.) Liverwort. Lvs. trilobate, the lobes entire; scape 1-flowered, hairy.— Woods, Can. to Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow- bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, oa long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes, which suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3—4/ long, solitary, numer- ous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cul- tivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two varieties :-— a. obtusa, lobes obtuse, rounded.—Prefers the south side of hills, 8. acuta, lobes acute.—Prefers the north side of hills. 4, ADONIS. Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar. Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5—15, with naked claws; achenia in a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. A. AUTUMNALIS. Pheasani’s Eye. St. branching; fis. 5—8-petaled ; carpels crowned with avery short style, and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head; pet. longer than the calyx.—A fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers crimson, 14’ diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil. +4 5. RANUNCULUS. Lat. rand, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside; filaments 00, much shorter than the petals; achenia 0G, crowded in a roundish or oblong head.— Herbs mostly 1, with yellow flowers. * Leaves all undivided. 1. R.’Fuammtia. Small Spearwort. St. declinate ; vs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones petiolate; ped. opposite the leaves—An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps, Can. to N.Car. W.tolll.! Root fibrous. Stem 6—18/ long, more or less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3—6/ in length, 4—1/ wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yele ri o peduncles 4 as long as the leaves, It abounds in a very acrid juice, n.—Aug. 2. R. reprans. Creeping Crowfoot. ' Very small, smooth; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting ; nodes 1-flowered ; lvs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote.—A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., (Mr. T. Rickard,) W.to Oregon. Stem 6—10’ long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6—12” in length, mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncle Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. N: ectaaite covered by a scale. Achenia very smooth. Jl. B. ovalis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate; pet. 5—10. 142 I, RANUNCULACES. - Ranonounus, y. filiformis. DC. (R. filiformis. Michz.) St. filiform, very long, with linear leaves and small flowers. 3. R. pusittus. Poir. 8. muticus. T. & G. Puwny Crowfoot. Erect; /vs. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate ; pet. mostly but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth, in small globose heads.—In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender, weak, 6—12’ high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, 3—1" long, # as wide, petioles 1—3” long, upper ones 1—13” long, } as wide, with minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May. 4, R. Cympauaria. Ph. Sea Crowfoot. Very small, smooth; sé. filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints; ls. reni- form-cordate, crenate-dentate ; ped. solitary. mostly 2-flowered; pet. spatulate ; ach. oblong.—In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radi- cal, 4—1’ diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2—6’ high, each with 2 or 3 small, bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn. * * Leaves divided. 5. R. aBortivus. Round-leaved Crowfoot. _ Smooth; radical lvs. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; caulne ws. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, wpper ones sessile; cal. a little longer than petals, reflexed.—A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8—16’ high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8—18” diam., quite regularly margined with crenate divisions, and on petioles 2—5/ long. Lower stem leaves pedate, with a pentangular outline; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn. 6. R. sceteritus. Ph. Celery Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. 638. Smooth ; lower lvs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subincised ; stem lvs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, wpper ones simple, lanceolate, entire ; carpels in an oblong head.—Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1—134f high. Lower petioles 3—5/ long, with rather large, palmately 3—5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyx deflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters upon the skin. Jn. Jl. 7. R. recurvatus. Wood Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs; lws. 3-parted. hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones 2-lobed; cad. recurved; pet. linear-lanceolate ; ach. uncinate——About 1 f. high, in damp woods, Lab. to Ga., pale green, branching above. Leaves 14—2’ long, 2—3}4/ wide, on peti- oles 3—6’ long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped with minute, hooked beaks. May.—Jl. 8. R. acris. Butter-cups. Crowfoot. Yellow Weed. St. erect, many flowered ; lvs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the seg- ments laciniate, wpper ones with linear segments; ped. round; cal. hairy, spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved.—This is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson’s Bay, in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem 1—2f high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 14—3/diam., upper ones in 3 linearsegments. Flowers large, golden yellow. Jn.—Sept. ; B. Fis. double, the pet. excessively multiplied.—Gardens. 9. R. punzosus. Bulbous Crowfoot. (Fig. 39.) Hairy; st. erect, bulbous at the base; radical lvs. ternate, /fts. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed.—This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Root fleshy. Sa leafy, furrowed, 6—18’ high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, and its furrowed « a CaLTua. 1. RANUNCULACE. 143 peduncles. The lobes of the root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at apex. May, Jn. § 10. R. Fascrcutaéris. Muhl. Early Crowfoot. St. erect, branched; Ivs. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3- cleft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed; cad. villous, spreading, shorter than the petals.—Rocky woods and hills, Penn. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3—8’ long, so divided as to appear almost pinnate; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at base as broad as the transparent claw. Apr. May. 11. R. Pennsytvanicus. (R. hispidus. Ph.) Bristly Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs ; Jws. vil- lous, ternate, /fts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the roundish petals; carpels tipped with a short, straight style—A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. 8. Stem 1}—3i high. Leaves 2—3’ diam.; leafiets strongly veined and with spreading seg- ments. Flowers numerous,small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong orcy- lindrical heads. Jn.—Aug. 12. R. repens. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.) St. branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints; Jvs. trifo- liate, /fts. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate ; ped. furrowed; cal. spreading ; carpels with a broad, not recurved point.—In moist or shady places, Can. and U.S. Stems 1—3 or 4f long, generally nairy at base, the early flowering branches erect. Petioles hairy, long. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. May—Jl. B. linearilobus. DC. St. very long, floriferous; lobes of lus. very narrow. y- Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and petioles densely hirsute with soft hairs ; ifts. distinctly petiolulate. 13. R. Pursun. Richardson. Floating Crowfoot. Floating; st. long; submerged ivs. cleft into numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3—5-parted, the lobes variously divided; sep. reflexed, half as long asthe petals; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style; Ads. globose.—Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy places, Can., U.S. Stem 1—2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, 3—1}’ diam., those below most finely divided; petioles 4—2’ in length. Flowers bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. &. (RK. fluviatilis. Bw. R. lacustris. Beck.) Lws. all capillaceous-multi- fid; fis. as large as in R. acris. 14. R. aquarinis. @. capillaceus. River Crowfoot. Sé. floating ; submersed lvs. filiformly dissected ; pet. obovate, larger than the calyx, white; carpels transversely rugose.—Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to 8. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged: except the flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1—2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and }—1/diam. Peduncles thick, 1—14/ long. Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except the yellow claws. Jl. Aug. Observation.—Several of the above mentioned species are double-flowered in cultivation, as Nos. 8, 9, and 12. Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers varying to every hue, and R. aconitifolius, with white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in our gardens. . 6 CALTHA. Gr. kadaSos, a goblet ; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup. Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals ; corolla 0; stamens 00, shorter than the sepals; follicles 5—10, oblong, com- pressed, erect, many-seeded—% Aguatic and very glabrous. C. patustris. Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. St. erect; dvs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate—Wet meadows, Can.to Car. W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem abcut If high, hollow. round, Bo ad ae ing 144 1. RANUNCULACEA. ; Copmis; dichotomous. Lower leaves 2—4’ wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers a golden yellow in all their parts, 1}/ diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row of filaments clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in great request in spring, for greens. May. G. integerrima. (C. integerrima. Ph.) Lws. entire; sep. obovate, obtuse. y- plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 7. TROLLIUS. Germ. trol or trollen, globular ; alluding to the form of the flowers. Sepals 5—10—15, roundish ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5— 25, small, linear, tubular at base; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals ; follicles 00, subcylindric, sessile, many-seeded.—2% Smooth, with palmate leaves. - 1. T. naxus. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.) American Globe Flower. Sep. 5, oblong, spreading; pet. 15—25, shorter than the stamens.—In swamps, Can.to Penn. Notcommon. About If high. Leaves deeply cleft into5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yellow, resembling petals, 4—5’long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. ‘This is the only American species, Jn. 2. E. Evropazus. European Globe Flower.—Erect, branched, leafy ; lws. deeply eleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisely lobed and toothed ; jis. solitary, erect, large, globular; ped. long, naked; sep. closely converging ; pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2—3f high. Flowers of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.t 3. T. Astaticus. Asiatic Globe Flower—Erect; lvs. deeply divided into 5 broad segments; segments laciniately lobed and toothed; fis. terminal, soli- tary, pedunculate; sep. spreading; pet. longer than the stamens.—Native of Asia. Plant about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-color- ed flowers—yellow in some of its varieties. Jn. 8 HELLEBORUS —Adans. EXetv, to cause death y Bop4, food ; the poisonous qualities are well cnown. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8—10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped; stamens 00; stigmas 3—10, orbicular; follicles cohering at base, many-seeded.—% Ls. coriaceous, divided. Fis. large, nodding. H. viripis.— Green Hellebore. Glabrous ; radical lvs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, ser- rate ; cauline lvs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs; sep. roundish ovate, acute, green—A European plant, 4 on Long Island. Stem 2—3 f. high, thick. Apr.t 9. COP TIS —Salisb. Gr. xomrw, to cut; from the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepals 5—6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous; petals 5—6, small, cucullate, obconic; stamens 20—25; follicles 5—10, stipitate, rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4—6-seeded—Low herbs. with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. C. TRIFOLIA.— Goldthread. Las. 3-foliate ; scape 1-flowered ; pet. much smaller than the sepals.—Penn. N.to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 4—8” long, crenate-mu- eronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1—2' long. Peduncles 3—4’ high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white star- like flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among the white stamens. May. Medicinal. ; DELPHINIUM. I. RANUNCULACEE. 145 10. ISOPYRUM. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0; stamens 10—40; ovaries 3—20; follicles subsessile, acuminate with the style, 2-several-seeded.— Delicate herbs, with leaves 2—3-ter- nate, segments 2—3-lobed. F'ls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. )L pirernatum. Torr. and Gray. (Enemion. Raf.) Low, erect, glabrous ; petioles auricled at base; lvs. membranaceous; pet. 0; carpels 3—6, broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds. obovate, compressed, smooth and shining.—2| Damp shades, Western States. Root fibrous. Stems several, 4—10/ high. Leaves mostly biternate, petiolules longer than the petioles, segments cuneate-obovate, 4—6” long. Flowers on slender peduncles 1—2’ long. May. 11. AQUILEGIA. Lat. aquila, the eagle; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous; petals 5, tu- bular, dilated at the mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the torus, extending behind into a long, spurred nectary ; stamens 30—40, the inner ones longer and sterile; styles 5; fol- licles 5, many seeded.—% Fis. nodding. 1. A. Canapensis. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 39.) Glabrous; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate; sep. rather acute, longer than the corolla ; spwrs straight, longer than-the limb; sta. and sty. exserted.—This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the greatest ease, and is much more delicate in foliage and in the hues of its flowers, than the common blue Columbine. Stem branching, a foot high, with ternate, lobed leaves.. Flowers terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. Fruit erect. May. , 2. A. vuLGARIs. Common Columbine—Spurs incurved; sts. leafy, many- flowered ; luvs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate; sty. a little longer than the stamens,—From Europe. Stem 1—2f high, with a profusion of handsome, smooth foliage, and large purple flowers. Leaflets bifid and trifid, with round- ed lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double by the multiplication of the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades from - purple to white. Jn.t 12. DELPHINIUM. Gr. de¢tv, a dolphin; from the fancied resemblance of the flower. Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred; petals very irregular, the two upper ones terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx; styles 1—5; follicles 1—5. —Showy herbs, with leaves much divided. Fils. blue, red or purple, never yellow. 1. D. Consotipa. Branching Larkspur. Sé. suberect, smooth, with spreading branches; fis. few, loosely racemed ; ped. longer than the bracts; sty. 1; carpel solitary, smooth— The eommon larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides, Leaves in numerous linear divisions. Jn. Jl. It has numerous varieties of doubie and semi-double flowers of various colors.§ + 2. D. ExauTatum. American Larkspur. Petioles not dilated at base ; lws. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segmentsev - neiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2-lobed; ra ¢. “straight; spur longer than the calyx.—Native of the Middle States, rarely of f he Northern. Stem 3—4f high, straight, erect. Flowers of a brilliant purp) ish colored, &c. 146 I, RANUNCULACEA. AcTEA. blue. It is deservedly esteemed in the flower-garden, and is of the easiest cul- ture. Jl. Aug.T 3. D. rricorNE. Michx. Three-fruited Larkspur. Petioles slightly dilated at base; /vs. 5-parted, divisions 3—5-cleft, lobes linear, acutish ; pet. shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded inside; spwr ascending, straight, as long as the calyx; carpels 3, spreading in fruit—Uplands, Penn. to Mo, and Ark. Plant 6—18’ high, nearly smooth. Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Flowers 6—8, light blue, in a rather loose panicle. 4. D. azureum. Michx. - Azure Larkspur. Pubescent or nearly smooth; st. erect; lus. 3—5-parted, many-cleft, with linear lobes; petioles some dilated at base; rac. strict; pet. shorter than sepals, lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft; spur ascending.—Native in Wis. and Ark. A very variable species, cultivated in gardens. Stem 2—4 f. high. Flowers azure-colored.+ 5. D. GRaNDIFLORUM. Large Blue Larkspur.—tLvs. palmate, many-parted, lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than bract; pet. shorter than calyx.—A superb perennial species, from Siberia. Flowers double or single, in racemes, of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple.t 6. D. evaAtum. Bee Larkspur.—Lws. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base, trifid, cut-dentate; spur inflexed—Native of Siberia. Stem 5 or 6f high. Flowers blue, and when viewed at a little distance, resembling the dee in form. Observation.—A few other species may perhaps be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the easiest culture. 13. ACONITUM. GY. akovtTos 1 Without dust; because the plants grow on dry rocks. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted; petals 5, the 3 lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex; styles 3—5 ; follicles 3—5.—2 Lvs. digitate or palmate. ls. in terminal spikes. 1. A. uncINATUM. American Wolf’s-Bane. . St. flexuose; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches; Js. palmate, 3—5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; gala (upper sepal) exactly conical, rostrate; spwr inclined, somewhat spiral; ova. villous.— A cultivated, poisonous plant, also native N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2f high. Leaves coriaceous, dark green, 4—5’ wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of eachbranch. Jl. Aug. 2. A. Napetius. (A. delphinifolia. DC.) Monk’s-Hood.—St. straight, erect; lws. deeply 5-cleft, cut into linear segments, furrowed above ; upper sep. arched at the back, lateral ones hairy inside ; ova. smooth.—A poisonous plant, culti- vated among flowers. It is a tall, rank perennial, making quite a consequen- tial appearance. Stem 4f high, with a long spicate inflorescence at its termi- nation. Flowers dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if hooded in amonk’scowl. Aug.—There are varieties with flowers white, rose-~ 14. ACT ZA. s Gr. axrn, the elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage. Calyx inferior, of 4 roundish, deciduous sepals; corolla of 4—8 spatulate, unguiculate petals; filaments about 30, dilated above; anthers 2-lobed, introrse; stigmas sessile; ovary ovoid ; berry glo- bose, with a lateral furrow, l-celled; seeds many, smooth, com- pressed.— with ternately divided lus. Els. whate. 1. A. RuBra. Bigelow. (A. Americana. ici Red Bane-berry. Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; rac. hemispherical ; pet. acute ; pedicels of the wit slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong.—Not uncommon in rocky woods, Penn. to\ Lab. W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 13—2f high, dividing into 2 branches, one of which usually bears leaves only, the other leaves and a cluster of flowers. *‘THALICTRUM. 1. RANUNCULACE. : 147 Leaves 2 or 3-ternate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets, variously lobed and cut. Petioles 4—7 long, smooth, and slightly glaucous, like the whole plant. Flowers 20—40, in a short dense raceme. Berries bright red, on slender pedi- cels. May. © , 2. A. arpa. Bw. (A. Americana. @. alba. Ph.) White Bane-berry. Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; rac. oblong ; pet. truncate ; pedicels of the fruit thicker than the peduncles; derries white——Grows in rocky woods, common, Can. to Ga., much like the last in foliage. Plant 13—2f. high, bearing 2 com- pound leaves and a eluster of flowers. Leaflets 1—2’ long, 3 as wide, acumi- nate. Raceme 1—3’ long, 14’ thick, the pedicels 2’ long, at length purple, and about as thick as the purple peduncles,—characters which, as well as the miik- white fruit, readily distinguish this species from the last. May. 15. CIMICIFUGA. Lat. cimex, a bug, fugo, to drive away ; alluding to its offensive odor. Sepals 45; petals 3—8, sometimes wanting; stamens 00, anthers introrse; follicles 1—8, oblong, many-seeded—% Lows. ter- nately divided. ls. white, in long slender racemes. 1. C. racemosa. Ell. (Acteea. Linn. Macrotys. Raf.) Black Snake-root. Ivs. ternately decompound; /fts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate ; rac. very long; pet. 2, forked, slender; sty. 1; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate.— A tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actea, found in upland woods. Stem 4—8 f. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepaled and monogynous flowers. Petals 4—6, small. Stamens about 100 to each flower, giving the ee the appearance of a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid. n,, Jl. 2. C. Americana. Michx. (C. podocarpa. Ell. Acta podocarpa. DC.) Glabrous; Jvs. triternate, segments ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base, 3-parted or 3-cleft and incised; pez. concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at base; ova. 2—5, stiped, obovate and pod-shaped in fruit; sds. flat, scaly. — Woods, Penn. to N. Car. Stem 3—6f high. Leaflets 2—4’ long, with coarse, unequal, mucronate serratures. Flowers smaller than in C. racemosa, in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles abruptly beaked, 6—8-seeded. 16. TRAUTVETTERIA. Fisch, and Meyer. Named in honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist. Sepals 4—5 ; petals 0; stamens 00, petaloid; anthers introrse ; carpels 15—20, membranaceous and indehiscent, 3-carinate, l-seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style—% Lvs. palmately lobed. T. patmata. Fisch. and Meyer. (Cimicifuga. Hook.) St. slender, terete, smooth, branched above; Jvs. few, rugose and reticulate- veined, palmately 5—9-lobed, upper ones sessile, lower on long petioles, lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; fls. cymose.—Prairies, Ia. S.to'Tenn. Plant 2—5f high. Radical leaves 4—6’ wide, 3—5’ long, the petioles twice as long. Stem leaves 2—4, remote. Flowers many. Sepals orbicular, concave, cadu- cous, white. Stamens conspicuous, white. Jl. Aug. 417. THALICTRUM. Said to be from SaAXw, to be green. Calyx colored, of 4—5 roundish, concave, deciduous sepals ; corolla 0; filaments 00, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than the calyx ; ovaries numerous (4—15), with sessile stigmas; achenia awnless, ovoid.— 2 Lws. ternately divided. F's. often 2 &. 1. T. prorcum. Early Meadow Rue. ; 4 __ Very smooth ; dvs. decompound ; /fls. roundish, with obtuse lobes ; filaments filiform ; jls. Q g.—Herb 1—2f higk, meadows and woods, British Am. to Car. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, with 5—7 rounded lobes or teeth. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. Sepals 5, obtuse, purplish. The 13* 148 I. RANUNGULACEZ. Hyprastis. barren flowers with numerous slender filaments and yellow anthers, the fertile ones smaller, with shorter stamens. Fruit oval, striate. May. \ 2. T. Cornttr. (T. Corynellum. DC.) Meadow Rue. ' Lfts. obtusely 3-lobed, paler underneath ;, fls. 9 3; filaments clavate; fr. sessile, striate—A handsome herbaceous plant, common in meadows. Stem 3—4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Leaves resembling those of the columbine CAquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded. Leaflets 1—2’ long, 3 as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large and diffuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with oblong yellow anthers. Fertile flowers smaller and less crowded. Jn. Jl. 3. T. aNEMoNOipES. Michx. (Anemone thalictroides. Linn.) Rue Ane- mone. Floral lvs. petiolate, simple, whorled, resembling an involucrum; radical lvs. biternate; fis. umbeled.—W oods and pastures, Northern, Middle, and West- ern States. The root of this little herbaceous plant consists of several oblong tubercles. Stem erect, 6—8’ high, slender, bearing several white flowers at top in a sort of umbe]l. Leaves 3—1/ long, 3 as wide, cordate at base, 3-lobed, on petioles 3—1}’ long; radical common petioles 2—4 long. Apr. May. 18. MYOSURUS. Dill. Gr. PLUS, vos, mouse, ovpa, tail ; alluding to the long spike of carpels. Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertion; petals 5, with slender, tubular claws; stamens 5—20; achenia very closely spicate on the elongated torus—@® Lvs. linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered. M. minimus. (M. Shortii. Raf.) Mouse-tail. Prairies and bottoms, [ll., Mead! to La. and Oreg., Nuttall. A diminutive peo remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often an inch ong. Leaves 1—3’ long, 1—2” wide. Scape a little taller, with a single minute pale-yellow flower at top. Apr. 19, ZANTHORHIZA. Gr. EavSos, yellow, prfa, root. Sepals 5; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel; sta- mens 5—10; ovaries 5—10, beaked with the styles, 2—3-ovuled ; follicles mostly 1-seeded, seed suspended.—Suffruticose ; st. and bark yellow and bitter. Lvs. pinnately divided. Rae. axillary, compound, Fis. small, dark purple, often 2 2 3. 7. apurouia. L’Her. (Z. simplicissima, Michz.) River banks, Penn. toGa. Rootthick. Stem short, woody, leafy above. Leaves glabrous, about 8’ long, including the long petioles. Leaflets 5, 2—3’ long, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate. Racemes many-flowered, appearing with the leaves. Follicles spreading, 14’ long. March, April. 20, HYDRAS Tis: G7. 4dwp, water; the plant grows in watery places. Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, equal; corolla 0; stamens 00, a little shorter than the sepals; baccate fruit composed of numerous, aggre- gate, 1-seeded acines.—% with 2 lvs. and 1 flower. H. Canavensis. Twrmeric-root. : The only species. It grows in bog meadows, Can. to Car, and Ky.! Rare, Root of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 6—9’ high, becoming purplish, ‘hairy above. Leaves 2 only, alternate, on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, emarginate at base, palmate, with 3—5 lobes. Peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Sepals reddish white, of short duration. Fruit red, juicy, resem- bling the raspberry. Seeds nearly black. May,Jn. — fl. MAGNOLIACEZ. 149 21. PHONIA. The physician Pon, according to mythology, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with it. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals 5; stamens 00 (mostly changed to petals by cultivation); ovaries 2—5; style 0; stigmas double, persistent; follicles many-seeded.—2 Rt. fasciculate. Lvs, biternate. F's. large, terminal, solitary. 1, P. OFFICINALIS. Common Paony.—sSt. erect, herbaceous; lower lvs. bipin- nately divided; Jfts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised; fr. downy, nearly straight.—T he splendid peony has long been cultivated in every part of Europe and in this country. This species is said to be native of Switzerland. Itisa hardy perennial, requiring very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is the most common. The while is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are also favorites. May, Jn. 2. P. aLBirLorRa. White-flowered Paony.—Lfis. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth; follicles recurved, smooth.—Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark, shining-green and smooth. Flowers smaller than the last, but truly ele- gant and fragrant. Petals white. Calyx brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties with flowers single and double, white, rose- colored, &c., are now mentioned in the catalogues of American gardeners. 3. P. aANoMALA. Jagged-leaved Siberian Paony.—Lfts. with many lanceo- late segments, smooth; follicles depressed, smooth; cal. bracteolate—From Siberia. Distinguished by the long, narrow segments of the leaflets. Flowers concave, rose-colored. Follicles usually 5. 4, P. Mouran. Chinese Tree Paony.—St. shrubby, 2; Ufts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed ; ova. 5, distinct, surrounded by the very large disk—From China. The woody stem branches into a bush 3—4f high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large, always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is re- markable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 5. P. PAPAVERACEA. Chinese Poppy-flowered Paony.—St. shrubby, 2; Ufts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed; ova. about 5, closely united into a globose head—From China. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in culti- vation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, amounting to about 150 in all. 22. NIGELLA. Lat. Niger, black; the color of the seeds; which are used in cookery. Calyx of 5 sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 3-cleft petals; styles 5; capsules 5, follicular, convex.—@ European herbs. Lvs. in many line- ar and subulate segments. 1. N. DamascEna. Fennel Flower.—Fils. in a leafy involucre; anth. obtuse; carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose cap- sule-—Native of S. Europe. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have been applied the gentle names of “tagged lady,” “devil in a bush,” &c. Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the Fennel. Flowers terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided like the rest. They are often double, white or pale-blue. Jn.—Sept. 2. N. sativa. Nutmeg Flower.—St. hairy, erect ; jis. naked; anth. obtuse ; capsules muricate——From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn—Sept. Orver II MAGNOLIACE Atj—Macnotups. Trees or shrubs. | . : Lvs. alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed, never serrate. . membranaceous, either convolute in the leaf-bud, or placed face te face. Fis. solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect. 150 | Il. MAGNOLIACER. LIRIODENDRON. Cal.—Sepals 3—6, deciduous, colored like the petals. | Cor.—Petals 6—12, hypogynous, in several rows, imbricate in estivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, with short filaments, and adnate anthers. Ova. several, in many rows upon an elongated torus. Fr. follicular or baccate, 1—2-seeded. 2 irs Sds. attached to the inner suture of the carpels, from which (in Magnolia) they are suspended by a long, delicate funiculus. An order consisting of 11 generaand 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and the Indies contain a few. Properties.—The bark of the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which is tonic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers. Genera. Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous. x E : : A : Magnolia. 1 Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous. 5 3 : : : Liriodendron. 2 1 MAGNOLIA. _ In honor of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, author of ‘ Botanicum Montpeliense,’ &c. Sepals 5, often 0 or petaloid; petals 6—12, caducous; carpels 2-valved, 1—2-seeded, imbricated into a cone; seeds baccate, sub- cordate, and suspended, when mature, by along funiculus.— A swperb genus, consisting mostly of large trees with luxuriant foliage, and large, fragrant flowers. 1. M. Guauca. White Bay. Ins. oval, glaucous beneath; pet. obovate, tapering to the base.—This spe- cies is native in N. Eng., particularly at Gloucester, Mass., thence to La. and Mo. The tree is about 25f in height, remarkable only for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. The leaves are smooth, entire, of a regular, elliptical form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals and several concave petals, appearing in July. 2. M. acuminata. Cucwmber Tree. Is. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath; pet. obovate, obtusish_Grows near the Falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the Southern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4—5f diam., 60—80f high, bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers 5—6/ diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely con- trasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3/ long, cylindric, bearing some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 3. M. Umsretia. Lam. (M. Tripetala. Linn.) Umbrella Tree. Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young; sep. 3, reflexed ; pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute.—A small tree, 20—30f high; common in the Middle and Southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. Branches irre- gular. Leaves 16—20’ by 6—8’, often appearing whorled at the ends of the branches in the form of an wmbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7—8’ diam. Fruit conical, 4—5’ long, of a fine rose-color when ripe. The wood is soft and porous, and of little use in the arts. May, June. 4. M. GRANDIFLORA, Native of the Southern States, is the noblest species of the genus. Its great neight (80 f.), its shining, dark-green leaves, its fragrant, white flowers a foot in diameter, form a combination of rare magnificence.t 2, LIRIODENDRON. G7. derprov, a lily ; devdpor, a tree. Sepals 3, caducous; petals 6; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1—2- seeded ; seeds attenuated at apex into a scale-—Tvees, with large and fragrant flowers. L. TuiPirERA. Tulip Tree. White Wood. Poplar. A fine tree, one of the most remarkable of the American forests. Can. to La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Missa rivers it ows much larger. Near Bloomington, Ia., I measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its circumference, 4 feet from the ground, ne MENISPERMUM. V. MENISPERMACEZ. 151 was 23f; 20 feet from the ground its diameter was 5f; the whole height 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides rather abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Leaves dark green, smooth, truncate at the end, with two lateral lobes, 3—5/ in length and breadth, on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous large and brilliant flowers, greenish-yellow, orange within, solitary, 4—6/ diam. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine. Orper IV. ANONACEA®.—Anonaps. Trees or Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, without stipules. Fis. usually green or brown, axillary, pe shorter than the leaves. Cal.—Sepals 3—4, persistent, often united at base. Cor.—Petals 6,in two rows, hypogynous, estivation valvate. Sta. indefinite, densely crowded. Fil. short. Anth. adnate, extrorse. Ova. numerous, closely packed. Bre. short or 0: Stig simple. f Fr. dry or succulent, 1—many-seeded, distinct or aggregated. Sds. anatropous. Genera 20, species 300, chiefly native within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are found in the United States, all of the following genus. Plants generally aromatic in all their parts. UVARTA. Lat. wva, grape ; from the resemblance of the fruit of some species. Sepals 3, united at base; petals 6,in 2 rows; carpels oblong, baccate, often torulose, pulpy within ; seeds several— Aromatic shrubs or trees. , U. rrinépa. Torr. and Gr. (Anona. Linn.) Pawpaw. Ivs. obovate-oblong, acuminate; pet. dark-purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals—A small and beautiful tree, 15—20f high, on banks of streams, Middle, Southern and Western States. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous, the latter 8—12’ by 3-4’, very smooth and entire, tapering to very short petioles. Fruit about 1’ thick and 3’ long, ovoid-oblong, about en yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Flowers in March, pr. Orver V. MENISPERMACEA®.—Menispermaps. . Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, entire leaves. Fis. small, in panicles or racemes, usually dicwcious. | ; +e : " Cal.—Sepals 3—8, in a double series, 2—4 ineach, imbricated in estivation, hypog., deciduous. Cor.—Petals 1—8, hypogynous, usually as many as the sepals, rarely 0. pe [many. Sta. distinct or monadelphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as Anth. innate and consisting of 4 globose lobes. P Ova. usually solitary, sometimes 2—4. Fr. a drupe, globose-reniform. _ Genera 11, species 175, most of them natives of tropical Asia and America. The only northern genus is Menispermum. Properties.—A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign species of Menispermum yields the colwmbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genus, Anamirta Cocculus, of India, furnishes the Indian cockle, so intoxicating to fishes. MENISPERMUM. Gr. umm, the moon; o7epua, seed; from the crescent form of the seed. Flowers 2c’; sepals 4—8, in a double row; petals 4—7, minute, retuse; d' Stamens 12—20. @ Ovaries and styles 2—4; drupes 1-seeded ; seeds lunate and compressed. M. Canapense.—Moon-seed. St. climbing; /vs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted near the base; rac. compound; pet. 6—7, small—tIn woods and hedges near streams, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Stems round, striate, 8—12f long. Leaves 4—5’ diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3—5’ long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4” diam., black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the pro- erties of a tonic. Jl. 8. lobatum, has the leaves lobed. 152 VI. BERBERIDACEZ. JEFFERSONIA. Orpver VI. BERBERIDACE A.—Berserips. Flerbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. Fis. solitary, racemose or panicled, perfect. ; g Cal.—Sepals 3—4—6, imbricate in 2rows, often reinforced by petaloid scales. Cor. hypogynous. Pet. 1—3 times as many as the sepals and opposite to them. Sta. as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Anth. generally opening by recurved valves, extrorse. Ova. 1-celled, solitary, simple. Sty. often lateral. Stig. often lateral or peltate. Fr. berried or capsular. Sds. one or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many, attached to lateral placente. Genera 12, species 100, inhabiting the temperate zones. _Some genera, as the Podophyllum and Jefizr- sonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain in their fruits malic and oxalic acid. Conspectus of the Genera. ; Petals 8, flowersonascape. . . . . Jeffersonia. 3 ane res not peltate. ? Petals 6, with a scale at base. . Leontice. - 4 Herbs perennial. 2? Leaves peltate ; stamens 00. 2 F 3 y - Podophyliwm. 2 Shrubs, with yellow flowers and irritable filaments. . Berbveris. 1 1. BERBERIS. Calyx of 6, obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the three outer ones smaller ; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the base of each; filaments 6, flattened; anthers 2 separate lobes on opposite edges of the connectile; style 0; berry oblong, 1-celled ; seeds 2 or 3.—Fine hardy shrubs. B. vuneiris. Berberry Bush. . Spines 3-forked ; lvs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles; rac. pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire.—A well known bushy, ornamental shrub, in hard, gravelly soils, Northern States. Grows 3—8f high. Leaves 14—2’ long, 3} as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering at base into the petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn. §? 2, PODOPHYLLUM. Gr. novs, Todos, a foot; PvAdov, a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles. Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous; petals 6—9, obovate, concave ; stamens 9—18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, i-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma—2 Low, rather poisonous herbs. Lvs. 2. Fl. solitary. P. peLtTAtum. May Apple. ld Mandrake. In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N. Eng. Height about 1f. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5—7 lobes, each lobe 6’ long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedun- culate, drooping, white, about 2’ diam. Petals curiously netted with veins. Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. . 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science. Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved; sta- mens 8, with linear anthers; stigma peltate; capsule obovate, stipi- tate, opening bya circumscissile dehiscence —Scape simple, 1-flowered. Lvs. 2-parted or binate. J. DIPHYLLA. Barton. = A singular plant, 8—14’ high, Middle and Western States. Rhizoma -horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous : NELUMBIUM. Vill. NELUMBIACE. 153 beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, white. The capsule opens only half round, and has therefore a persistent lid. Apr—This plant has in Ohio the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 4. LEONTICE. Gr. Xewyv, a lion; the leaf is likened to a lion’s foot-track. Ualyx free from the ovary, of 3—6 green sepals; corolla of 6 petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within; sta- mens 6; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge; pericarp membrana- ceous (caducous), 2—4-seeded ; seeds erect, globose. L. Tuaticrroipes. (Caulophyllum. Michz.) Poppoose Root. Smooth ; dvs. biternate and triternate ; /fts. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed, the terminal one equally 3-lobed.—A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can. to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1—2if high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets paler beneath, 2—3’ long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. Orver VII CABOMBACEA.—WateERsHIELDS. Herbs aquatic, with Settings, entire, centrally peltate leaves. Fis. , solitary, small. Sep. 3—4, colored inside. Cor.—Petals 3—4, alternate with the sepals. Sta. hypogynous, either 6, or more than 17. Anth. adnate. Ova, 2o0r more. Stig. simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species 3. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England. Property—Slightly astringent. BRASENIA. Schreb. Calyx of 3—4 sepals, colored within, persistent; corolla of 3—4 petals; stamens 18—36; ovaries 6—18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by abortion 1-)seeded.—2 Agwatic. The stem, peduncles, and under sur face of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. B. pevtara. Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea. Mz.) Water Target. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water-lily, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 2—3/’ by 1—1}’, witt the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, on long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3” long. July. Orper VIIL—NELUMBIACE A#.—W ater-Beans. Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical lvs. Rhizoma prostrate. Fis. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. 4—5. g Cor.—Petals 00, in many rows, arising from without the disk. Sta. 00, in several rows; filaments petaloid ; ath. adnate, introrse. Ova. 00, separate, each with a simple style and stigma. Fr.—Nuts generally 1-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus. Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo. This order comprises but a single genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropical regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nutsare eatable, and indeed all the other parts of the plant. NELUMBIUM. Juss. Characters of the genus the same as those of the order. N. LUTEUM. i Lvs. peltate, orbicular, entire; anth. with a linear appendage.—A magnifi- cent flowering plant, peculiar to the stagnant waters of the south and west! _,. x ’ 154 IX. NYMPH ACE. Nopnar. put occasionally met with in Ct. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6f. From this arise the simple scapes and petioles to the surface. Leaves 10—18’ diam., the petioles inserted on one side of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphza odorata, and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and are used for food by the Indians. June. Orper IX. NYMPH MACE A.—Water Lites. Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma. Fis. large, showy, often sweet-scented. Cal.— our and petals numerous, imbricated, rks f passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Cor.— ? Pet. inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. Sta. numerous, in several rows upon the disk. Fil. petaloid. Anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. | E Sds. attached to the spongy placente, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. Genera 5, species 50, inhabiting the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of an endogen. but they have two foliaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphea contain a powerful astringent princi- pies Doge is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used ‘or 2 Genera. Flowers white or rose-color, NR Flowers yellow, R A = . a 5 . ‘ ; 5 , : a. - Nuphar. 2 1 NYMPHAA. The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters. Sepals 4—5; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base; stamens gradually transformed into petals; stigma surrounded with rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded.—Y Aquatic. N. oporata. Water Lily. Lws. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath; cal. 4-se- paled, equaling the petals; stig. 15—20-rayed—One of the loveliest of flowers, possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and slug- gish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water is of 3—8 or 10f in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5—6/ diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, 14—2/ long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged with purple. Filaments yellow, dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass igucaaiidy into petals. (§ 72.) July. B. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass. 2 NUPHAR. Smith. Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, truncated, linear stamens on the torus; stigma discoid, with promi- nent rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded.—% Aquatic. 1. N. Apvena. Ait. (Nymphea Adv. Mz.) Yellow Pond Lily. Lvs. oval, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base; sep. 6; pet. 00; stig. 12—15-rayed, margin crenate-—Very common in sluggish streams and muddy lakes, Can. to Ga. W.to Oreg. A well looking and very curious lant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog Fy. The rhizoma is large, creeping extensively. Leaves large, dark green, shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl. B. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomer- tose beneath, SaNGUINARIA. Xl. PAPAVERACEZ. 155 2. Kaumrana. Ait. (Nymphea Kalmiana. Michz. Nuphar lutea, B. Kalmiana. T. § G.) “Kalm’s Pond Lily. *FYoating ls. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate; submersed lvs.membra- naceous, reniform-cordate; the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ;” stig. 8—12-rayed, somewhat crenate—A smaller species, with small yellow flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States—Dr. Robbins, from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. lutea, Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 2—3’ long 13—24’ wide, lower leaves 3—4’ diam. Jl. f is poles X. SARRACENIACEH A.—Water Pircuers. Herbs aquatic, perennial in bogs, with fibrous roots. Lvs. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit. #ils. large, solitary, or severalon scapes. _. ‘Cal.—Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. st. imbricate. .—Petals 5, unguiculate, ny ppernoN:, concave. : Sta. 00, hypogynous. Ath. oblong, adnate, introrse. _ Ova, 5-celled, placente central. Sty. single. Stig. dilated, peltate, 5-angled. a capsular, Bealed, 5-valved, crowned with the broad persistent stigma. . 00, minute. An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana,> and 7 species. SARRACENIA. Tourn. In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus. Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base; petals 5,deciduous; stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and sta- mens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. S. purPuREA. Side-saddle Flower. Iws.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth, winged on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lamina.—One of the most curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes, Lab. to Flor. Leaves 6—9’ long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole (?) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, from 3—1’ wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth . into a lamina (?), covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water with drowned insects. Scape 14—20’ high, terete, smooth, supporting a single large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. B. heterophylla. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Haton.)—Scape rather shorter; sep. yellowish-green; pet. yellow.—Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. Wright! Leaves scarcely different. vOrver XI. PAPAVERACEA—Porrrworrs. Plants herbaceous, generally with a colored juice. Lvs. alternate, simple or divided, without stipules. Fis. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue. cae Cal.—Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in estivation. Cor.—Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6, hypogynous. ; Sta. often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Amth. innate. Ova. solitary. Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. Fr. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placenta, or capsular with several. Sds. 00, minute, Embryo minute, at the base of oily albumen. > An order consisting of 18 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The seeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental in cultivation. Conspectus of the Genera.- ; Stigmas concave. ; F . Argemone. 3 }Leanes armed with prickly teeth. ( Stigmas convex. ‘ F - Meconopsis. 4 yellow. ? Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline. . i 3 . Chelidoniwm. 2 orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete. . ; : 3 . Sanguinaria. 1 white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose. hii verl) bigs rh oP EeImaver. 5 Juice (colorless. Leaves multifid with linear segments. Capsule terete. . . Eschscholizia. 6 1 SANGUINARIA. Lat. sanguis, blood; all parts abound in a red juice. Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8, in 2 series, those of the outer series 14 156 XI. PAPAVERACE. “ _Meconopsis. longer; stamens 00; stigma 1—2-lobed, sessile; capsule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded.—% Juice orange red. ; S. Canapensis. Blood-root. An interesting flower of woods, groves, &c., appearing in early spring. Rhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root- stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, anda scape about 6’ high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice isemetic and purgative. Apr. May. 2, CHELIDONIUM. [its departure. Gr. Nedtdwv, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with Sepals 2, suborbicular; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ; stamens 24—32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1, small, sessile, bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, |-celled; seeds crested.— UA with yellow juice. C. masus. Celandine. Lws. pinnate ; /fts. lobed, segments rounded ; fis. in pea cs PE le green, fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1—2f high. Leaves smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2—4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Leaflets 14—23’ long, 3 as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par- tial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals ellip- . tical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. May.—Oct. § 3. ARGEMONE. Gr. apyepa, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous; petals 6, roundish, larger than the sepals; stamens 00, as short as the calyx; stigma sessile, capitate, 6-lobed ; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by valves.— © Herbs with yellow juice. } A. Mexicana. Horn Poppy. Lvs. repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth; ff. solitary, erect, axillary; cal. prickly; caps, prickly, 6-valved.—A weed-like plant, native at the south and west, § at the north. Stem 2—3f high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves 5—7’ or 8’ long, sessile, spinose on the margin and veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, about 2’ diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July.§ 8. Fis. ochroleucous.—y. F's. larger, white. 4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier. Gr. FNKWY, a poppy ; ois, resemblance. Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 00; style distinct; stigmas 4—6, radiating, convex, free ; capsule obovate, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves at apex.—2| Herbs with a yellow juice. M. pipnytua. DC. (Chelidonium. Michz. Stylophorum. Nutt. Ivs. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5—7, ovate-oblong, sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate ; ped. aggregated, terminal; caps. 4-valved, echinate-setose.— W oods, Western States! Plant 12—18/ high. Leaves large, 8’ by 6’, on petioles about the same length; terminal segments somewhat con- fluent. Peduncle about 3’ Jong. Petals deep yellow. May. XII. FUMARIACEZ. 157 5. PAPAVER. Celtic, papa, pap; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c: Sepals 2, caducous; petals 4; stamens 00; capsule 1-celled, open- ing by pores under the broad, persistent stigma.— LE zotic herbs, mostly @, with white juice abounding in opium. | 1. P. soMNIFERUM. Opium Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous; Jvs. clasping, incised and dentate; sep. glabrous; cap. globose.—A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in cultiva- tion. Stem 14—3f high. Leaves 4—8’ by 2—3’, with rather obtuse dentures. Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully narcotic, and which when hardened in the sun, forms the opwwm of the shops. For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn. IL +4 2. P. pusium. Dubious Poppy. SS Caulescent; st. hispid with spreading hairs; /vs. pinnately parted, seg- ments incised; ped. clothed with appressed hairs; sep. hairy; caps. obovoid- oblong, glabrous.—Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. Jl.§ 3. P. Ruwas. Common Red Poppy.—sSt. many-flowered, hairy ; lvs. incisely pinnatifid; capsules smooth, nearly globose.—Distinguished from the last spe- cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 2f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less dou- ble. Jn. Jl. + 4. P. orientate. Oriental Poppy.—St. 1-flowered, rough; lwvs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; capsules smooth. — Native of Levant. Stem 3f high. Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. Jn.t 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches in California: Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous; petals 4; stamens 00, adhering to the claws of the petals; stigmas 4—7, sessile, 2—3 of them abortive ; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many- seeded—@® Leaves pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor of hydrochloric acid. +1. E. Dovuciasu. Hook. (Chryseis Californica, of Lindl. and of 1st edit.)— St. branching, leafy; torws obconic; cal. ovoid, with avery short, abrupt acu- mination; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base.—A very showy annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Flowers 2’ broad. +t +. E. Cauirornica. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.)—St. branching, leafy; torws funnel-form, with a much dilated limb; cal. obconic, with a long acumination; fis. orange-yellow.—From California. Leaves and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish- orange hue. f Orver XIJI. FUMARIACE #.—Fvmeworrs. Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice. | “ Lvs. usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. Fis. irregular, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. : % Cor.—Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering.at apex. Sta. 6, diadelphous ; fil. dilated ; anth. adnate, extrorse, 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ova. superior, 1-celled ; sty. filiform ; stig. with one or more points. Fr. either an indehiscent nut 1—2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. >). 7. Flower (enlarged) and leaf of Capsella. 8. A silicle,—9, open, showing the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed, cotyledons incumbent (0). 11. Section of a winged seed of Arabis Canadensis, cotyledons accumbent 01. Conspectus of the Genera. * Ornamental exotics not culinary. Silicle 5 Some of the stamens toothed. - « Alyssum. 8 2-celled. ¢Stamensalltoothless. . . ~. «. Lunaria. 9 arora equal. Silicle 1-celled, 1-seeded. ‘ «ike hee ee ll Fruit siliculose; ¢ Petals unequal, the 2 outer ones larger. ees Ire. Re roar 10, , Stigma capitate. 2 8 ve a i Chetranthuse: 2 ‘poetn flat(O=). ¢ Stigmas cornute. Re Pere ty rt ey Fruit siliquose; Seeds ovoid <0ll). Calyx furrowed at base. . . . . . Hesperis. 18 ** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary exotics. : } 4—00-seeded. . . Thlaspi. 1 ( ovate and ae 2-seeded. . ; . Lepidiwn. 3 compressed, ¢ entire at the apex. - _« Draba. 4 yi { ovoid or Prd cauline. - + Cochlearia. 5 . Silicle globose. Leaves radical. - + Subularia. 6 Fruit jointless, ( triangular, cuneate at base. . . .» « «= Capsella. 2 siliculose. ( Silicle with 2 joints, upper joint ovate orensiform. . . Cakile. 25 Sds. not sar -. «+ Cardamine. 16 bordered, 20!. . Stsymbrium. 19. Cheiranthus. 21 Seedsina Pods linear. ( Seeds bordered. single row. ?Pods lanceolate. Leavesfew. . Dentaria. 17 Valves Seeds ina ‘§wingless.=. | SRS Nasturtium. 12 x veinless. . (double row, ?winged onthe margin. . 3 .- Turritis. 14 Flowers | Fruit { ‘ru Valves with one central vein, flat, linear. cyanic. (siliquose. Valves 0. Silique indehiscent, transversely celled. . Bee Raphanus. 26 ; Pods dehiscent. - Brassica. 24 ‘ globose. Pods indehiscent. . Raphanus. 26 (Seeds ina oblong (0=). Leaves lyrate. . Barbarea. 13 Calyx erect 5 single row, (oblong (0il). Leaves undivided. Erysimwm. 20 : or closed. " Seeds ina doublerow.'.. . | « «6 =| eeepmmere. 14. Fruit Seeds ovoid oroblong (0ll). . . Sisymbriwm. 19 siliquose. Calyx spreading. - . Seeds globose (0>>). . ‘ . Sinapis. 23. Flowers >.—F'ls. always yellow. 1. S. nigra. Black Mustard. : Lower lws. lyrate, wpper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth; siliqgue smooth, somewhat 4-angled, appressed to the rachis of the raceme.—@ In cultivated grounds and waste places. Stem 3—6f high, round, smooth, striate, branching. Leaves all petiolate, lower ones variously lobed and dentate, upper ones pen- dulous and entire. Sepals and petals sulphur-yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1’ long, beaked with the 4-sided styles. Seeds 00, small, globose, nearly black, well known as a condiment. Jn. Jl. +§ 2. 8. arvensis. Field Mustard. . ~ St. and lvs. hairy; silique smooth, many-angled, torose, about 3 times longer than the slender, ancipital style—d) Naturalized in N. Y., 7 ¢& G., and in Vt., Dr. Robbins. Lower leaves large, sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones oblong-ovate, all repand-toothed. Silique somewhat spreading, 13’ long. Seeds large and black. Jn.—Aug.§ 3. S. atBa. White Mustard.—Lvs. lyrate, smoothish; siligues hispid, torose, shorter than the ensiform beak; sds. large, pale yellow.—@) Native of Europe. Stem 2—5f high, thinly hirsute. Leaves all lyrately pinnate, dentate, petiolate. Siliques spreading, about 4seeded. The seeds are used for about the same purposes as those of S. nigra, much esteemed in medicine. Jn. Jl. ¢ RaPHaNts. XII. CRUCIFERZE. 171 24. BRASSICA. Celtic, bresic, the cabbage. Sepals equal at base, (mostly) erect; petals obovate; filaments without teeth ; silique subcompressed, valves concave, with a central vein ; style short, subterete, obtuse; seeds globose, in a single (often double) row; 0>>.—F’s. yellow. 1. B. campestris. Cale. Ivs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, wpper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate.—@) Native of Sweden, naturalized in cultivated fields and waste places. Stem 14—3f high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered, reversed hairs below. Lower leaves 3—7’ long, } as wide, the terminal lobe greatly exceeding the lateral ones; upper smaller, en- tire, with rounded, clasping lobes at base, tapering toan obtuse point. Racemes I—2f long. Sepals erect, spreading. Corolla yellow, 4—5” diam. Siliques 13/ long, with the style 3’. Seeds small, dark brown. Jn. Jl.§ B. Rutabaga. (Swedish Turnip.)—Rt. tumid, napiform, subglobose, yellow- ish— Cultivated like the common turnip; but after a thorough experiment it is conceded by farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to an enormous size. $ 2. B. Rapa.—Radical lws. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, wpper entire, smooth. + B. depressa. (Common Turnip.)—Rt. depressed-globose or napiform, con- tracted below into a slender radicle-——@) Long cultivated for the table, &c., in gardens and fields. Stem 2—4f high, and, with the leaves, deep green. Upper leaves amplexicaul. Pods 1’ long. Seeds small, reddish-brown. Jn. + 3. B. oLeracea. (Cabbage.)—Lws. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand- toothed or lobed.—@) Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cul- tivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no en- comium. + ; B. bullata. (Savoy Cabbage.)—Lwvs. curled, subcapitate when young, finally expanding. : botrytis-caulifiora. (Cauliflower.)—St. low; hds. thick, compact, terminal; jis. abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. + d. botrytis-asparagoides. ( Broccoli.)—St. taller ; hds. sabramose ; branches fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. + «. capitata. (Head Cabbage. York Cabbage.)—St. short; lvs. concave, packed in a dense head before flowering; rac. paniculate. $ Section 3.—LOMENTACE2. 25. CAKILE. Silicle 2-joited, the upper part ovate or ensiform; seed in the up- per cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive—@® Mari- time herbs. C. maritima. Scop. (Bunias edentula. Bw.) Sea Rocket. Upper joint of the silicle ensiform or ovate-ensiform.—Native of the sea- coast! and of the lake shores of N. Y. A smooth, succulent plant, branching and procumbent, 6—12’ long. Leaves sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, cadu- cous. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, co- rymbosely arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, lower joint clavate-obovate upper with one elevated line on each side. Jl. Aug. 26. RAPHANUS. Gr. pa, quickly, daryw, to appear from its rapid growth Calyx erect; petals obovate, unguiculate; siliques terete, torose, not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells; seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, 0 >>. 15* 172 XIV. CAPPARIDACEX. “ Pouanista. 1. R. Rapwanistrum. Wild Radish. Lws. lyrate ; silique terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style——@) _Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides, but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1—2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, den- tate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they de- cay. Jn. Jl. § 2. R. sativa. Garden Radish.—Lower ls. lyrate, petiolate; siligue torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels—@) A well-known salad root, fromChina. Stem 2—4f high, very branching. Lower leaves 6—10' long. Flowers white or tinged with purple. Pods 1—2’ long, thick and fleshy. The principal varieties are the twrnip radish, root subglobose; common radish, root oblong, terete; black Spanish radish, root black outside. Jn. Aug.t — ORDER XIV. CAPPARIDACHA.—Caprrarps. Herbs, shrubs or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Lvs. alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately divided. Fis. solitary orracemose. Sep. 4. Cor.—Petals 4, cruciate, unguiculate, hypogynous, more or less unequal. Sta. 6—12, or some multiple of four, almost perigynous. Torus small, often elongated, bearing a single gland. | aur Ova, often stipitate, of 2 united earpels. Sty. united into one. Stig. discoid. Fr. either pod-shaped, and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placent@ usually 2. Sds. many, reniform. Albwmen0. Embryocurved. Cotyl. foliaceous. Genera 28, species 340,—chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Cre- cifere, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge. Conspectus of the Genera. Btarrens Gee ee i So eV ES: AD Tc cal a ica ere ae 2. Torus ics Netepatesne Cs Sa OR A Tee ete ear aoa em iter: 3. Torus linear and elongated like astipe. Stamens6.. . . . . . « « GYynandropsis. l. 1GYNANDROPSIS. DC. @ynandria, a Linnean class, ops, appearance. Sepals distinct, spreading; petals 4; stamens 6, the filaments ad- nate below to the linear, elongated torus its whole length; pod linear- oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the torus. —® ILws. digitate. Fls. racemed. ' G. PENTAPHYLLA. DC. iene. Linn.) Middle lws. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate ; ifts. ono- vate, entire or denticulate—In cultivated grounds, Penn., &c. Stem simple, 2—3f high. Flowers of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1’ long, slender. Calyx small. Petals white, } as long as their filiform claws. Sta- mens 1’ long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid torus. Pod 2’ long.§ 2. CLEO ME. Sepals sometimes united at base; petals 4; torus minute or round- ish ; stamens 6—4; pod subsessile or stipitate —Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or digitate. Els. racemed or solitary. | C. puncEeNns. Spiderwort—Glandular-pubescent ; st. simple, and with the peti- oles, aculeate ; lvs. 5—9-foliate, on long petioles; //ts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, obscurely denticulate; bracts simple; fls. racemed ; sep. distinct ; pet. on filiform claws; sta. 6, twice longer than the petals—A common gar- den plant, with curious purple flowers. Stem 3—4f high. Jl. Aug. t 3. POLANISIA. Raf. Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4, unequal; stamens 8—32; fila- ments filiform or dilated at the summit, torus minute ; pods linear.— ® Strong-scented herbs. PoLYGAaLa. XVI. POLYGALACEA. 173 P. GRAVEOLENS. Raf. (Cleome dodecandria. Michz.) Viscid-pubescent; lvs. ternate ; Jfts. elliptic-oblong ; fils. axillary, solitary ; sta. 8—1i2; capsule oblong; lanceolate, attenuate at base.—A strong-scented plant found on gravely shores! Vt. to Ark. Stem if high, branching, striate. Leaf- lets 1—13’ long, } as wide, nearly entire and sessile; common petiole 1’ long. Flowers in terminal racemes. Petals yellowish-white, narrowed below into long claws. Filaments slender, exserted. Pods 2’ long, glandular-pubescent, siliquose, viscid like every other part of the plant. Jl. +OrvpER XV. RESEDACE#.—Mientonertes. Herbs with alternate, entire or pinnate leaves. Sztp. minute, gland-like. Fis. in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant. Cal.—Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green. Cor.—Petals lacerated, unequal. : Sta. 8—20. inserted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-sided, glandular. Ova. sessile, 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded. P/acent@ 3, parietal. Fr. a capsule, 1-celled, opening between the stigmas before maturity. Genera 6, species 41, inhabiting the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, having no very remarkable properties. Reseda Luteola contains a yellow coloring matter, and other species are very fragrant. RESEDA. Lat. resedo, to calm; the plants are said to relieve pain. Sepals many, petals of an equal number, each bearing one or more stamens ; torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary, with several stamens and styles. 1. R. Lure6ia. Dyer’s Weed. Ivs. lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each side at base; cal. 4-cleft—@ Nearly naturalized in Western N. Y. Stem about 2f high. The flowers are without petals, arranged in a long spike, which, as Linnzus observes, follows the course of the sun, inclining east, south and west by day, and north by night.—It affords a useful yellow dye, also the paint called Dutch-pink. § . R. oporAta. Mignionette—Lwvs. entire, 3-lobed; sep. shorter than the pe- tals—A well known and universal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. The flowers are highly fragrant and no boquet should be considered complete without them. The variety frutescens is by a peculiar training raised to the height of 2 feet with the form of a tree. The species phytewma, native of Pales- tine, has a calyx longer than the petals. Orver XVI. POLYGALACEA.—Mirxworts. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes twining. Lvs. alternate, or rarely opposite, mostly simple, always without stipules. Fis. perfect, unsymmetrical. Pedicels with 3 bracts. _ Cal.—Sepals 5, very irregular, 3 exterior, 2 interior (wings) larger and petaloid. Cor.—Petals 3, hypogynous, the anterior (keel) larger than the others. [the claws of the petais. Sta.—6—8. Fil. combined in a tube which is split on the upper side, and coherent to some extent with Ova. superior, compressed, 2-celled, one cell often abortive. Sty. curved and often cucullate. . Fr. loculicidal or indehiscent. Sds. pendulous. Genera 19, species 495, very equally distributed, each division of the globe having two or three genera peculiar to it. The properties of the Polygalacee have not been well determined. Some of the genera possess a bitter matter and a milky juice which is emetic, expectorant and diuretic. Polygala is the only northem genus. POLYGALA. Tourn. Gr. ro\v, much, yaXa, milk, said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals. Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid; petals 3, cohering by their claws to the filaments, lower one carinate; cap- sule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; seeds carunculate.— The NN. American species herbaceous. Lower petal (keel) mostly tipped with a crest. * Spikes ovate, globose or oblong, dense, obtuse. 1, P. sancuinea. (P. purpurea. Nutt.) Caducous Polygala. St. branching at top; Jvs. linear, alternate; fls. beardless, in alternate, ob- 174 XVI. POLYGALACEZ. PouyGaua. long spikes; calycine wings obovate-—@ An erect plant, 6—12’ high, found in meadows and wet grounds, Mass. to La., and known at once by its short, red- dish, cylindric spike of flowers. Stem angular, with fastigiate branches, each ending in a smaller spike than that of the main stem, but rising above it in height. Flowers purple, caducous. Jl.—Oct. 2. P. Nurranui. T. &G. (P. sanguinea. Nutt.) Nuttall’s Polygala. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate; dvs. linear; spikes rather loose, ovoid-glo- bose; calycine wings elliptic-obovate, attenuate at base, twice longer than the fruit; crest minute——Q) Martha’s Vineyard, Oakes. R. I. Olney! to La. Stem 6—10’ high. Leaves 6—8” by 1—2”, acute. Spikes 5—10” long, 4—6” diams Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black. Aug. 3. P. cruciatTa. Cross-leaved Polygala. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles; lvs. verticillate in 4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or nearly so; crest minute.—@ In sphagnous swamps and other low grounds. Stem 3—12/ high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Leaves 2—10” or more long, 1—2' wide (upper ones the largest), obtuse, tapering to the base, With small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, about the size of the last. Wings of calyx greenish-purple, much dilated at apex. Aug. 4. P. wurea. Yellow Polygala. St. simple or branching; root lvs. spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base, cauline ones lanceolate, acute; vac. ovate, obtuse, dense; fis. pedicellate; wings ovate, mucronate; keel with a minute crest—@) Sandy plains, N. J. to Flor. Stem 8—12’ high, generally with a few long spreading branches. Flowers bright yellow, longer than the bracts. Style dilated in the middle and with a stipitate gland. Jn.—Oct. 5. P. incarnata. FYesh-colored Milkwort. Glaucous; st. erect, slender, mostly simple; lws. few, scattered, linear- subulate; spike oblong, terminal; wings lanceolate, cuspidate; claws of the petals united into a long, cleft tube—@ Dry soils N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. Stem 1—2f high. Leaves 4—6" long, remote. Spikes 1—1}/ long. Flowers pale rose-color or flesh-color. The slender corolla tube nearly twice as long as the wings, the keel with a conspicuous crest. Jn. Jl. * * Spikes elongated or racemose. 6. P. verTIcILLATA. Whorl-leaved Polygala. St. branched, erect; lvs. linear, verticillate; spikes linear, stalked; fls. alternate, crested ; calycine wings roundish. @) Found on dry hills, U. 8. and Can. Stem very slender, square, 6—8’ high. Leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, 4—10” long, 1 wide, alternate on the branches. Flowers small, greenish- white, in very slender racemes 5—10” long, which are higher upon the branches than upon the main stem. Jl—Oct. 7. P. ampicua. Nutt. Dubious Polygala. St. erect, with virgate branches; ls. linear, lower ones verticillate, wpper alternate; spikes dense, on long peduncles ; calycine wings roundish.—@) Dr fields and woods, Mass. to Va. Stem 9—15’ high, angular, smooth, Ma | branched. Leaves sessile, tapering to the base,4—10” by 1”. Racemes spicate, acute, about 1’ long, 20—30-flowered, on peduncles 14—24/ long. Flowers small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Jl.—Nearly allied to P. verticillata. 8. P. Senkca. Seneca Snake-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy; vs. alternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end; fis. slightly crested, in a terminal, spike-form, slender raceme.—2. Woods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched, contorted, about 4! thick, ash-colored. Stems 8—14! high, several from the same root. Leaves 1—3! long, } as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white, in a filiform spike 1—3! long. Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a sweet- ish, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. Jl.—A valuable stimu- lating expectorant. : 9. P. porycima. Walt. (P. rubella. Willd.) Bitter Polygala. — Sts. simple, numerous; Jvs. linear, oblong, mucronate, alternate below; Vioua. XVI. VIOLACEZ, 175 rac. terminal and lateral; jis. sessile, those of the stem winged, those of the root apterous.—%| Fields and pastures, Can. to Flor. and La. Stems crowded, many from the same root, angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers, crested, purple, smaller than the last. Wings of the calyx obtuse. Anthers 8, in 2 equal parcels. Bracts small, subulate, caducous. ‘Terminal racemes with perfect flowers, radical racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn. JlL— Bitter and tonic. *** Flowers large, few. 10. P. pauciFouia. Iringed Polygala. St. simple, erect, naked below; /vs. ovate, acute, smooth; terminal fis. large, crested, radical ones apterous.—2| A small, handsome plant, with a few rather large purple flowers. Woods and swamps, Brit. Am. to Ga. Stems 3—4’ high, with its acute leaves mostly near the top, 2—4 flowers above them. Calyx of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple, with a purplish crest on its middle lobe. The radical flowers are either close to the ground or’subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings of the calyx. May. ~Orver XVII. VIOLACEA®.—Vioters. Plants herbaceous or shrubby. ; : ; ; Lvs. simple, alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, involute in vernation. Cal.—Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior, Cor.—Petals 5, commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Sita. 5, usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. Fi. dilated, prolonged beyond the anth. Ova. of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placente. Sty.1, declinate. Stis. cucullate. Fr. a3-valved capsule. Sds. many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. Genera 11, species 300, mostly inhabitants of the Northern Temperate Zone. The roots of almost all the Violacee possess emetic properties, and some are valued in medicine. The Ipecac of the shops is partly the product of certain Brazilian species of Ionidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated Eo the beauty-of their flowers. Of the 4 genera found in North America, only 2 are found in the Northern tates. Genera. ” Sepals unequal, more or lessauricledatbase. . =. .° .« . 2. «© « « ao. Viola ¥ Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base. Pee 4 TUPI ASS Oe ore i VIOLA Sepals 5, oblong, acute, equal, auricular at base ; petals 5, irregular, the upper one (lower by resupination) broadest, spurred at base. the 2 lateral equal, opposite; stamens approximate; anthers connate, the lobes diverging at base; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to. the valves.—%4 Low herbaceous plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Pe- duncles angular, solitary, \-flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bear the flowers in a reswpinate position. * Acaulescent. Flowers blue. 1. V. Sevxrrau. Goldie. Selkirk’s Violet. Ivs. cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hirsute above, smooth beneath; the sinus deep and nearly closed; stig. triangular, margined, distinctly beaked ; spur nearly as long as the lamina, thick, very obtuse——Grows on woody hills and mountains, Mass:, N. Y., Can. A small, stemless violet, with small pale blue flowers conspicuously spurred. ‘The radical, heart-shaped leaves are rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. The lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one striate with deep blue. - _ 2. V. cucunnata. Ait. (V. affinis. Le Conte.) Hood-leaved Violet. ‘Smooth, sometimes more or less pubescent; ws. cordate, cucullate at base, crenate; stip. linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded.—This is one of the more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods, from Arctic Am. to Flor. Leaves on long petioles, heart-shaped, remarkably rolled at the base into a hooded form. The late leaves are crenate-reniform.. Flowers light blue or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longerthan the leaves. Petals twisted, 176 XVI. VIOLACE. Viowa. veiny, entire, white at the base, the lateral and upper ones marked with a few blue strie. Very variable in respect to pubescence. May. — ne B. sororia. T. & G. (V. sororia. Willd.) Nearly smooth; Ws. exactly cor- date ; fls. small. . reniformis. Pubescent; ls. broadly renitorm. 6. alba. T. & G. Nearly smooth; fls. white.—R. I. Olney! 3. V. saairTara. Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Las. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often incisely dentate at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent; ped. longer than the leaves; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded.—On dry hills, Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, on mar- gined petioles, acute or not. Scapes 3— 5’ long. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals entire, veiny, purplish-blue, white at base. Stigma rostrate, margined. Apr.—Jn. - 4. V. ovata. Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet. Las. ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, pu- bescent; lateral pet. bearded; stig. a little rostrate——On dry hills, N.J. Leaves many, mostly hairy on both sides, sometimes nearly smooth, ¢ as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones often laciniate-dentate at base. Sepals ciliate, oblong- ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, pale-purple, obovate, the lateral ones with dense white beard. Spur broad. Apr. May. 5. V. patmatTa. Palmated Violet. Pubescent; dvs. cordate, lobed in a hastate or palmate manner, the lobes crenate and toothed, the middle one much the largest; lateral pet. bearded.—In upland pastures, Can to Ark. Stem 3—6/ high. Root-stock scaly. Petioles hairy. The early leaves are ovate, entire, the later and perfect are often purple beneath, variously lobed and cleft, the middle lobe always the largest and longest, with 2 or 3 each side. Peduncle sub-4-angled, 3—6’ long. Stipules lanceolate. Petals purple, entire, veiny, white at the base, upper ones smaller, lateral ones densely bearded, and marked with blue strie. May. 6. V. pepata. Pedate Violet. : Nearly glabrous; 7t. premorse ; /vs. pedate, 5—9-parted, segments linear- lanceolate, mostly entire; stig. large, obliquely truncate; beak obscure.—Dry woods and pastures, Can. to Ill. and to Flor. Rhizoma fleshy, ending abruptly as if cut or bitten off. Leaves thick, divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow seg- ments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules at base. Peduncles sub-4-angled, much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Apr. May. 7. V. pecpuiniroiia. Nutt. Larkspur-leaved Violet. Nearly glabrous; lvs. pedate, 7—9-parted, with linear 2—3-cleft segments; stig. thick, distinctly beaked; 2 upper petals pubescent, 3 lower emarginate; spur. saccate, short.—2. Prairies and bottoms, Ill.! and Mo. Root thick. Leaves often finely divided with many dissected segments. Stipules acuminate, sub- entire. Peduncles a little longer than the leaves. Flowers rather smaller than in the last, of a rich blue. Mar. Ap. 8. V. patustris. Mountain Violet. Lws. reniform-cordate ; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate; stig. margined; sepals ovate, obtuse; caps. oblong-triangular; sds. ovate, dark green.—Summits of the White Mts. About 3’ high, pubescent. Leaves crenate, 1’ by }. Flowers small, pale blue, on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate near the middle. Rhizoma creeping, scaly. Jn. ’ 9. V. oporita. Sweet or English Violet—WStolons creeping; ls. cordate, crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse ; lateral pet. with a hairy line.—Native of England. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. The leaves are truly heart-shaped. Stipules lanceolate, toothed. Peduncles longer than the leaves, bracted. Flowers small, fragrant—Several garden varieties are known, distinguished by the form and color of the flowers; viz. the purple, white, and blue flowered, the double white, double purple, and double blue flowered, and the Neapolitan with pale blue flowers. Apr. May. TF Vion: XVIL VIOLACEZ. 177 ** Acaulescent. Flowers white. 10. V. sLanpa. Willd. (V. clandestina. Ph. V. ameena. Le Conte.) Bland or Sweet-scented Violet. Lws. cordate, slightly pubescent; petiole pubescent; ls. white.—Found in meadows, Can. to Penn. The rhizoma is slender and creeping. Leaves close to the earth, nearly round, cordate or ovate, and sometimes with a rounded sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, fragrant. May. 11. V. LanceoLata. Lance-leaved Violet. Iws. smooth, lanceolate, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtusish, sub- crenate. Found in wet meadows, Can. to Tex. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves very narrow, and, with the stalk, 3—5/ long. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with blue lines, generally beardless. Flowers small. May. 12. V. PRIMULEFOLIA. Primrose Violet. Iws. lance-ovate, abruptly decurrent at base; bracts lance-linear; pet. acute, nearly equal, beardless.—F'ound in damp soils, Mass. to Ky. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, mostly smooth, longer than their stalks. Petals obovate, acute, flat, marked with purple lines at base, generally beardless, as long as the bracts. Flowers small, white, on sub-4-sided stalks. May, in N. Eng. B. acuta. T. & G. (V. acuta. Bw.)—Smooth ; lvs. ovate; pet. acute, lateral ones nearly beardless. Mass. *** Acaulescent. Flowers yellow. 13. V. rotunpiFoLIA. Michx. Round-leaved Violet. Ivs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, nearly smooth, with the sinus closed; petiole pubescent; cal. obtuse. —A small yellow violet, found in woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Leaves nearly round, with a deep, narrow sinus at base, obscurely and remotely serrated. Veins and petioles pubescent. Pedun- cles as long as the claws, sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yellow, marked at base with brown lines. Flowers small. **** Caulescent. 14. V. CanapDEnsis. Canadian Violet. Smooth; dws. cordate, acuminate, serrate; ped. shorter than the leaves; stip. short, entire—A large species, found in woods, British Am. to Car., often a foot in height. Stem subsimple, terete, with lance-ovate, membranaceous stipules. Leaves alternate, the lower on very long petioles, acute or obtuse. Peduncles sub-4-sided, terminal, with minute bracts. Flowers large, nearly regular. Petals white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purple without and marked wlth blue lines, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 15. V. puBesceNs. Ait. Common Yellow Violet. Villous-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; lws. broad-cordate, toothed ; stip. ovate, subdentate—A large yellow violet, found in dry, stony woods, Can. to Ga. and Mo. Root fibrous. Stem simple, more or less pubescent, somewhat triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top, leafless below. Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, or deltoid ; obscurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Sti- pules large, ovate, wavy. Flower-stalks rather shorter than leaves, downy, ax- illary, solitary, with 2 subulate bracts. Petals yellow, lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pu- bescence, sometimes even glabrous. Height very variable, 5—20’. May-— Jn. B. ertocarpa. Nutt. BY eriocarpa. Schw.) Capsule densely villose. y- scabriuscula. T. & G. (V. scabriuscula. Schw.) St. decumbent, branch- ing from the root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. 16. V. wastata. Michx. Smooth, simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deltoid-lanceolate, hastate or broadly ovate-acuminate, dentate; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate, dentate; lower pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, iateral ones slightly bearded ; sep. lanceolate, with 178 XVII. VIOLACE/:. : Sonea. a very short spur.—Pine woods, Penn. to Flor. Stem 6—10/ high. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers yellow. May. 17. V. Munvensercu. Torr. Muhlenberg’s Violet. Si. weak, assurgent; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones crenate, rather acuminate ; stip. lanceolate, serrate, ciliate—A spreading, slender species, in swamps, &c., U. 8., N. to Lab. Stems branched below, 6—8' long, with large stipules cut into fringe-like serratures. Leaves 6 -10" diam., younger ones in- volute at base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary peduncles. Bracts linear, alternate, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals en- tire, pael purple, the lateral ones bearded. Spur porrected, very obtuse. Stig- ma rostrate. May. 18. V. rostrATA. Beaked Violet. Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect; dvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, upper ones acute; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed; pet. beardless; spur longer than the corolla— A common violet in moist woods, Can. to Ky., well characterized by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the large flowers similar to those of the larkspur. Stem 6—8’ high, branching below. Petioles much longer than the leaves. Stipules almost pinnatifid. Peduneles slender, very long, axillary. Flowers pale blue. May. 19. V. srridta. Ait. (V.ochroleuca. Schw.) Striped Violet. Smooth; st. branching, nearly erect ; lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the up- per ones somewhat acuminate, crenate-serrate ; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, ob- long-lanceolate; spur somewhat porrected.—Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 6—12’ high, half round. Leaves 1—1}/ wide, on petioles 1—2! long. Stipules conspicuous, laciniate. Peduncles axillary, often much longer than the leaves. Corolla large, yellowish-white or ochroleucous, lateral petals dense- ly bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stigma tubular. Jn. 20. V. arvensis. Ell. (V. tenella. Muhl. V. bicolor. Ph. Y. tricolor. @. arvensis. DC. St. 3-angled, erect; vs. orbicular-spatulate, smooth, subdentate, upper ones ovate-spatulate; stip. foliaceous, pinnatifid, very large; pet. longer than the calyx, bluish-white—@ A rare species, though widely dispersed from N. Y. South to Ga., and W. to Mo., on dry hills. Stem pubescent on the angles, 2—4! high. Leaves 3—5"” diam., shorter than the petioles, with about 5 obtuse teeth or angles; cauline ones more narrow, sometimes entire. Stipular segments linear-oblong, as long as the leaves. Peduncles 4-angled, twice longer than the leaves. Petals twice longer (scarcely longer T. g G.) than sepals, lateral ones bearded, lowest with 5 strie. May. 21. V. Tricétor. TYicolored Violet. Pansey. Heart’s-ease.—St. angular, dif- fuse ; vs. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate; stip. runci- nately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segment as large as the leaves; spur short, thick.—Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring, and latest in autumn. Flowers variable in size, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the 2 lateral white and with the lower, striate, all yellow at base. + 22. V. GRANDIFLORA. Great Purple Violet.—St. 3-cornered, simple, procum- bent; /vs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles; stip. lyrate-pinnati- fid; fis. large—Native of Switzerland. A large and beautiful species, with dark purple flowers, 1—2! diam. Whole plant smooth, 6—12’ long. Stipules 4—1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter. T 2,.SOLEA. Gingins. Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate; petals unequal, the lowest 2- lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate; stamens cohering, the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle; capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus; seeds 6—8, very large—2 Lvs. caw: line, alternate. S. concdtor. Gingins. (Viola concolor, Ph.) Green Violet. A strictly erect plant, in woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., 8. to Car. Stem Drosera. XVII DROSERACER. _ 179 1—2f high, simple, and, with the leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves 4—6’ by 13—23’, lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Peduncles very short, 1—5-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Cap- sule nearly 1’ in length. Apr. May. Orver XVIII DROSERACE A.—Sounvews. Plants herbaceous, delicate, often covered with glands. Lvs. alternate, with stipulary fringes, circinate in vernation. | : Re Ped. when young, circinate. Sep. 5, persistent, equal, imbricate in estivation. Cor.—Petals 5, hypogynous, marescent. Sta. distinct, marescent usually equal innumber to the petals. Ova. single. Sty. 3—5, either wholly distinct or slightly united, bifid or branched. Fr. a capsule, i—3-celled, usually many-seeded. Sds. sometimes ariled. Genera 7, species 90, scattered over the whole globe, wherever marshes are found. Their leaves are usually furnished with glandular hairs, and are entire, alternate or crowded. Attached to this order is the genus Parnassia, regarded by some as forming a separate order. It is variously located by different botanists. We follow Torrey and Gray, after De Candolle, in placing it here. Some peculiarity exists in the arrangement and structure of the stamens in this genus, which will be mentioned farther on. No remarkable properties have been discovered belonging to plants of this order. Conspectus of the Genera. he in number. Styles 3—5. : , 2 : - Drosera. 1 hypogynous, all perfect and ?10—15innumber. Stylel. . . . . +. Dionea, 2 Stamens ? perigynous, inner row 5 perfect ones, outer row 5 groups of imperfect ones. . Parnassia. 3 1. DROSERA. Gr. dpocos, dew; from the dew-like secretion. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5; stamens 5, with ad- nate anthers; styles 3-—-5, each 2-parted; capsule 3—5-valved, 1- celled, many-seeded.— Small aquatic herbs. 1. D. rotunpiroLtia. Rouwnd-leaved Sundew. LIws. radical, nearly round, depressed ; petioles hairy; scapes erect, bear- ing a simple raceme.—?| This curious little plant is not uncommon in bogs and muddy shores of ponds and rivers. It is at once distinguished by the red- dish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset, and which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, appearing like dew glistening in the sun. Leaves small, lying flat on the ground, narrowed into the elongated petiole. Scape 5—8’ high, at first coiled inward. Flowers arranged on one side, very small, white. Aug. 2. LONGIFOLIA. Long-leaved Sundew. Ivs. radical, spatulate and obovate, tapering at base into a long, smooth petiole ; scape bearing a simple raceme.—2| A more’ slender and delicate spe- cies, in similar situations with the last. Leaves slender, ascending, cuneiform, oblong, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops,—length including the petiole 1—3’. Scape ascending at base, bearing a cluster of small, yellowish-white flowers, and arising 3—8’. Jn.—Aug. 3. D. Fitirormis. Twread-leaved Sundew. Ivs. filiform, very long; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, many-flowered; pet. obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular calyx; sty. 2-parted to the base.—2| Grows in wet sandy places, much larger - than the preceding species. The leaves are destitute of a lamina, are suberect, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs except near the base. Scape about a foot high, with large, purple flowers. Aug. Sept. 4. D. uineiris. Goldie. Linear-leaved Sundew. Iws. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect; scapes few-flowered, about the length of the leaves; cal. glabrous, much shorter than the oval cap- sule; sds. oval, shining, smooth.—@ Borders of lakes, Can., Mich. to the Rocky Mts. Hooker. T. & G. Scape 3—6’ high, with about 3 small flowers. Leaves bar 2” wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. . Aug. 16 180 XIX. CISTACER. LEcHEA, 2, DIONAA. Ellis. Dionea is one of the names of Venus. Sepals 5, ovate, oblong, spreading ; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins ; stamens 10—15; style 1; stigmas 5, connivent, many-cleft ; capsules indehiscent, breaking irregularly, l-celled, many-seeded— 2% glabrous. Lws. radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when touched. Scape wmbellate. D. Musciptua. Ell. Venus’ Fly-trap.—Native of the Southern States. Some- times cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Leaves rosu- late, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. (See Part I. § 248.) Scape 6—12’ high, with an umbel of 8—10 white flowers. Apr. May. f 3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. Named for Mount Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous; stamens perigynous, in 2 series, the outer indefinite in number, united in 5 groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1- celled, 4-valved ; seeds very numerous, with a winged testa.—% herbs with radical lvs. and \-flowered scapes. 1. P. CarouiniAna. Grass of Parnassus. Sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, sur- mounted with little spherical heads; pet. much exceeding the calyx, marked with green veins; Jus. radical or sessile on the scape, broad-oval, with no sinus at the base.—An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Root fibrous. Leaves about 7-veined, broad-oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, cau- line ones sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes about 1f high, with a handsome regular flower about 1’ diam. Jl. Aug. 2. P. PALUSTRIS. Lws. all cordate, the cauline one (if any) sessile; scales (bundles of sterile stamens) smooth, with numerous slender, pellucid sete.—Bogs and lake shores, Mich. to Lab. and W. to the Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6’ high, naked or with a single clasping leaf near the base. Flowers white. Sepals oblong-lanceo- late. Petals marked with 3—5 green or purple veins. Each scale is distin- guished by 10—15 whitish hair-like bristles. Orver XIX. CISTACEHA.—Rock Rosszs. Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Branches often viscid. Lvs. entire, wrponte or alternate, usually feather-veined. Fis. white, yellow, or red, very fugacious, in one-sided racemes. Cal.—Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner with a twisted estivation. Cor.—Petals 5, hypogynous, crumpled in estivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynons, distinct. Anth. innate. é : Ova. distinct, or many-celled. Sty. single. Stig. simple. [ceeding from the middle of the valves. Fr. capsular, either 1-celled with parietal placente, or imperfectly 3—5-celled, with dissepiments pro- Genera 7, species 185, found most abundant in the north of Africa or south of Europe. They possess no interest on account of their properties. Conspectus of the Genera. large and showy,or wanting. . . . - 6 (es «lee Helianthemum. 2 Petals 5,? minute. Delicate shrubs. . ; : E 7. ow | Se i EE ie eee 3 Petals 3, linear-lanceolate. . : tb «+ « Lechea. 1 1. LECHEA. In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. ~ Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small; stamens 3—12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; pla- centz nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1—2-seeded —% Suffruticose, branching plants. Stipules 0. Hopsonia. XIX. CISTACEZE. 181 1. L. Masor. Michx. (L. villosa. Ell. L. minor. Linn.) Larger Pinweed. Erect, hairy; branches villous, radical ones prostrate ; cauline lws. ellipti- cal, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minute; fls. small, nu- merous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sided.—In dry woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 1—2f high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched. Leaves of the stem about 1’ long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous. Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. Jl. Aug. 2. L. minor. Lam. Smaller Pinweed. Erect, smoothish, branched ; /vs. linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle leafy, its branches elongated; fs. innearly simple racemes; caps. rather large.—Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U.S. and Can. Stem 8—12’ high, often decumbent at base. Stem leaves, 6—10’ by 2—3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish purple, cohering at apex. Cap- sule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn.—Sept. i 3. L. THYMIFoLIA. Ph. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. Frutescent; sts. decumbent at base, hoary with appressed hairs, very branching and leafy; root lvs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, ellipti- cal, very small; cauline lvs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts, Mass.! to N. J. Stem about 1f high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about 1 long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. Jl.—Sep. 2. HELIANTHEMUM. Gr. ij\cos, the sun, aySos, a flower. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes abortive; stamens 00; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangu- lar, 3-valved, opening at top; seeds angular.—F//s. yellow. 1. H. Canapense. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Sage Frost Plant. Rock Rose. St. ascending; branches erect, pubescent; lvs. alternate, without stipules, lanceolate, acute, hairy; petalzferous fls. few, large, terminal, apetalous ones late- ral, solitary or racemose.—In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about 1f high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves 8—12” long, } as wide, entire, sub- sessile. Flowers with large bright yellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta-~ mens doclinate. Capsule smooth, shining, those of the apet. fils. not larger than a pin’s head. Seeds few, brown. Jn.—Sep. 2. H. corymposum. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.) St. branching, canesceni, erect ; lvs. lance-oblong, canescently tomentose beneath ; fs. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous-canescent, outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute.—Sterile sands, N. J.toGa. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length diffusely branched, about 1f high. Primary flowers about 1/ diam. Secondary ones small, apeta- lous. Jn.—Aug. 3. HUDSONIA. In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of “Flora Anglica.”’ Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase; pe- tals 5; Stamens 9—30; style filiform, straight ; capsule 1-celled, 3- valved, many-seeded.— Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute exstipulate lus. 1. H. tomentosa. Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. : Hoary-tomentose ; lvs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter than the intervals of the stem; fls. subsessile ; pet. obtuse —Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J. to N. H.! and Wisc., &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending 192 XX. HYPERICACE. — * stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Leaves about 1—2” in length, closely appressed to the stem. Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May. 2. H. ericéipes. Heath-like Hudsonia. Hoary-pubescent ; dvs. acerose-subulate; ped. longer than the leaves, fili- form, hairy ; sep. acutish.—A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass. to Va. Stem 4f high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2—4” long. Flowers yellow, shorter than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May. Orper XX. HYPERICACEA—Sr. J cunt Herbs, shrubs or trees, with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches. Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Stip. 0. Fis. perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. Cal.—Se pals 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted. Cor.—Petals 4—5, hypogynous, zstivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted. Sta. hypogynous, indefinite, in3 or more parcels, Anthers versatile. Ova. single, superior. Styleslender. Stigmasimple. Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute. Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very A gees variety in habit, and flourish- ing in all kinds of localities. The juice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal. Conspectus of the Genera. Soin on ot cop get * hetiewntiny tide iat fe Hyposynous lands ts. 6 8 I a a eee 3. Petals and sepals 04. Hypogynous glands 0. J oie Oh Na . && Be as Orpver XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEA.—CiLoveworts. Herbs, with the stems swelling at the nodes. Lvs. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Fils. regular. Cal.—Sepals 4—5, distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent. _ : Cor.—Petals 4—5, (sometimes none) either unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few; anthers introrse. Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner surface. Fr. a 1-celled capsule or imperfectly 2—5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are stigmas. Seeds numerous. Genera 53, species 1055. Elevenofthe genera are North American, the remainder ate found in the temperate and frigid climates of the Eastern Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable chiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species. FIG. 41.—1. Lychnis diurna. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the 1-celled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bifid lamina, and its 2-toothed crown. 4. Cross sec- tion of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. 6. A flower enlarged—calyx not tubular. Conspectus of the Genera. § Sepals partly united. . = + = Adenertum.. 4 seme. Sepals entirely distinct. s . . Arenaria. 3 : Petals 5, ? bifid. 3 = : ayeeF, . «ws (Steharta 1 Styles 3.?Petalso. . : ‘; “ P » Mollugo 6 not Styles 4. Petals 4—5 or 0, entire. J ~ ; - : . . Sagina. 5 tubular. (Styles 5. Petals 5, bifid. . ; 4 5 ; »i( ae re . Cerastium. 2 § Calyx calyculate with 2—4 scalesatbase. . «4 . «. Dianthus. 10 Styles 2. ? Calyx without scales at the base. oe a See onaria. 9 Styles 3. owe ue ee ee rr 7 Calyx (tubular. ( Styles 5. : : ; : : : a a ote cly Utes, areas, 8 ~ Giliirin. XXII CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 187 Trize 1—ALSINEX. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws inserted on the outsideof the disk. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk. 1 STELLARIA. Lat. stella, a star :—from the stellate or star like flowers. Sepals 5, connected at base; petals 5,2-parted; stamens 10, rarel fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1-celled, avalvad many-seeded.—Small grass-like herbs, in moist, shady places. Fils. in forked cymes. 1. S. mepra. Smith. (Alsine. Linn.) Chickweed. Lvs. ovate; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line; sta. 3—5 or 10.—A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched, brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, white. The seeds are eaten by poultry and the birds. § 2. S. tonerrotia. Muhl. (S. graminea. Bw.) Tvs, linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious bracts; cal, 3-veined, about equal to the petals.—U. S., N. to Arc. Cire. The stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked Phas very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. hree acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. Jl. 3. S. pupErRA. Michx. St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines; Zvs. ob- long-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate; fs. on short, filiform, recurved pedi- cels.—2 In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. toGa. Stem 6—12’ long, often dif- fusely spreading. Leaves 1—2i’ by 4—10”, with minute, scattered hairs. yg 2’ diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. pr.—Jn. 4, S. toncipes. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pers.) Smooth and shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending branches ; Jvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute; peduncles and pedicels filiform, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base; sep. with membran- ous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals —2 Lake shores, N. Y.! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn.—Aug. _ 5. S. Boreduis. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.) St. weak, smooth; dvs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute; ped. at length axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; pet. 2-parted Se wanting), about equal to the veinless sepals ——@ Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artic Am. Aspread- ing flaccid plant. Stem 6—12—15’ long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and axillary. Leaves 8—15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the calyx. Jn. Jl. 6. S. aquatica. Pollich. (8S. borealis. Dart. Nearly glabrous; sé. slender, decumbent; lvs. oblong, acute, with mani- fest veinlets ; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid petals; caps. ovoid, about equaling the calyx; sty.3.—2| Swampy springs, Penn. Dr. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbins. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 6—12’ long, with inconspicuous flowers. Leaves 6’ by 2—3". May. 2, CERASTIUM. Linn. Gr. xspas, a hom; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species. Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals; corolla of 5 bifid petals ; stamens 188 XXII CARYOPHYLLACE. “ARENARIA. 10, sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsule superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed ; seeds numerous. . * Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. al. C. vuteAtum. Mouse-ear Chickweed. ‘Hairy, pale green, cespitose; vs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obo- va e-obtuse; fis. in subcapitate clusters; sep. when young, longer than the pedi- cels.—@) Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. §S., flowering all summer. Stems 6—12 long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5—8” by 3—5”, mostly very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clus- ters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green, a little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 2. C. viscésum. (and C. semidecandrum, Linn.) Sticky Chickweed. Hairy, viscid, spreading; dvs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; fis. in loose cymes; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedicels.—2| Fields and waste grounds, U. 8. and Can. Plant more deeply ~ green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dichotomously-cymose. Leaves 5—9" long, }—} as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn.—Aug. B. semidecandrum. T.&G. Stamens 5.—Mass. to Ia.! ** Petals much longer than the calyx. 3. C. aRVENSE. (C.tenuifolium. Ph.) Feld Chickweed. Pubescent, somewhat cespitose; dvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer than the internodes; cyme ona long, terminal peduncle, few flowered; pet. more than twice longer than the calyx; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals.— Rocky hills. Stems 4—10’ high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9—15” long, 1— 2 wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than the calyx. May—Aug. 4. C. optoneiroutium. Torr. (C. villosum. Mul.) Villose, viscid above; st. erect or declined; dvs. oblong-lanceolate, most- ly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes; /ls. numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals; cap. about twice as long as the calyx.—2 Rocky places. Stems 6—10’ high, thick. Leaves 9—12” by 3—5”, tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the fore- going, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr.—Jn. 5. C. nutans. Raf. Viscid and pubescent; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect; dvs. lanceolate, narrow, shorter than the internodes; fis. many, diffusely cymose, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx.—@) Low grounds, Vt. to Ill.! and La. Pale greenand very clammy. Stems 8—15’ high, branched from the base. Leaves 1—2! long, } as wide. Flowers white. Cap- sules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May. 3. ARENARIA. Lat. arena, sand ; in which most species grow. Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer ; styles 3; capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded—Rs. terminal. Sty. rarely 2 or 4. 1. A. sqarrésa. Michx. Cespitose ; st. few-flowered; lower lvs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded, wpper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth ; pet. obovate, three times longer than the obtuse, veinless sepals.—2| In sandy barrens, N. Y. Robbins, to Ga. Stems 6—10’ high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches. Leaves about 3’ long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes. Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr.—Sept. 2. A. stricta. Michx. Straight Sandwort. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the base; vs. subulate-linear, erect ; pet, much longer than the calyx; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; cymes Saaina. XX. CARYOPHYLLavE. 189 few-flowered, with spreading branches.—2| Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 8—10’ high. Leaves 5—8” long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veined, much fasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the sepals, white. May, Jn. 3. A. GREENLANDica. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bw.) Greenland Sandwort. Glabrous; sfs. numerous, low, filiform, suberect; Jvs. linear-subulate, flat, spreading; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate, obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals —2| Summits of high mountains, N. H! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, con- sisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3’ high, and sprinkled over with large (8” diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug. 4, A. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. St. dichotomous, spreading ; dvs. ovate, acute, subciliate; cal. acute, sub- striate ; pet. shorter than the calyx; caps. ovate, 6-toothed——@ By roadsides, and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, a few inches in length. Leaves 2—3” long, 3 as wide. Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3— 5-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn. 5. A.LATERIFLORA. Side-flowering Sandwort. Erect., slightly pubescent; vs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2—3-flowered. —1 A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and Brit. Am. Stem 6—10’ high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at each end, 6—10” long, 4 as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 2—3’ long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4” diam., white. Petals more than twice as long as sepals. Jn. : 3. ADENARIUM. Raf. Sepals 5, united at base; petals 5, unguiculate, entire; stamens 10, inserted into a glandular disk ; styles 3—5 ; capsule 3—5-valved, many-seeded.—® Herbs of the sea-coast, with fleshy leaves. A. PEPLOIDES. DC. eae Linn. Honckenya. Ehrh. and 1st. edit.) Sea Chickweed.—Very fleshy; st. creeping, with erect, subsimple branches; dvs. ovate, obtuse, veinless, exceeding the petals—Abundant on the _ Atlantic coast! N. J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5—7—10” long, 4 as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes, Flowers small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. Jl. 5. SAGINA. Lat. sagina, any kind of food or nourishment, Sepals 4—5, united at base; petals entire, 4 or 5, or 0; stamens 410; styles 4—5 ; capsule 4—5-valved, many-seeded.— Fs. solitary. 1. S. pRocuMBENS. Creeping Peariwort. St. procumbent; glabrous; pet. very short; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5.—@) A small weed, with slender, creeping stems 3 or 4’ long, found in damp places, R.1.! N. Y. to 8. Car., W. to Oregon. Leaves very small, linear, mucronate- pointed, connate or opposite. Flowers white and green, axillary, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Jn. 2. S. pecumpens. T. & G. (Spergula saginoides. Linn.) Pearlwort. St. decumbent, ascending, mostly glabrous; lws. linear-subulate, very acute; ped. much longer than the leaves; pet. and sep. 5; sta. 10.—@ Sandy fields, U.S. and Can. Stem 2—3’ long. Flowers axillary and terminal. Pe- tals white, hardly as large as the sepals. Jl. Apparently a variety of S. pro- cumbens. § ? 3. S. APETALA, _ Erect and pubescent; dvs. linear-subulate ; ped. elongated, ascending in fruit; sep. and sta, 4; pet. very minute or 0.—@ Sandy fields, N. J., Penn. 190 XXII. CARYOPHYLLACE. Stans. — numerous, filiform, 2—4’ high. Sepals acute, shorter than the capsule. ay Jn. 6. MOLLUGO. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; filaments setaceous, shorter than, and opposite to the sepals; anthers simple ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; seeds reniform.—Lwvs. at length apparently verticillate, each whorl consisting of 1 or 2 large, substipulate leaves, with several axillary, smaller ones, M. verRTICcILLATA. Carpet-weed. : ws. cuneiform, acute ; st. depressed, branched; pedieels 1-flowered, sub- umbellate ; sta. mostly but 3—@ A small, prostrate plant, in dry places through- out N. Am. Stems slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground. At every joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually five in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk which is very slender and shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, white. Jl,—Sep. Trize 2.—SILENEZ. Sepals wnited into a cylindrical tube. Petals clawed, inserted with the stamens upon. the stipe of the ovary. 7. SILENE. Silenus was a drunken divinity of the Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion. Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed ; petals 5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2-cleft ; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. * Calyx vesicular, inflated ; petals scarcely crowned. 1. S. acaunis, Stemless Campion. Low and densely cespitose; dvs. linear, ciliate at base; ped, solitary, short, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate, slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned. —1, A little turfy plant, 1—3’ high, on the White Mts., N. H., and throughout Arctic Am. Stems scarcely any. Leavesnumerous, 4’ long. Flowers purple. 2. S. stetuita, Ait. (Cucubalusstellatus. Linn.) Stellate Campion. Erect, pubescent; Jvs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate; cal. loose and inflated; pet. fimbriate—2| An elegant plant, woods and prairies, Can. to Car., W. to Ill.! and Ark. Stem 2—3fhigh, paniculately cymose. Leaves 2—3’ long, } as wide, tapering to a long point, sessile. Calyx pale-green, with more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed at base. Jl. 3. S. nrvea. DC. (Cucubalusniveus. Nuit.) Snowy Campion. Minutely puberulent, erect, simple or dichotomous above; lvs. oblong- lanceolate, acuminate; fis. few, terminal; cal. inflated, with short and obtuse teeth; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown; caps. stiped.—2 in moist places, Penn., Ohio, near Cincinnati, (Clark!) Ill. Stem slender, leafy. 13—3f high, generally forked near the top. Leaves 2—3/ by 4—¥#’, tapering to a very slender point, floral ones lance-ovate. Flowers 1—3. Calyxreticulated. Petals white. 4. S.iriata. Smith. (CucubalusBehen. Linn.) Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; fls. in cymose panicles, drooping; cal. ovoid-globular, reticulated with veins.—2 in pastures about fences, Charlestown, Ms.! &c. Stemerect, about 2f high. Leaves 14—3’ long, 4.as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half-way down. Calyx re- markably inflated, and reticulated with pale purple veins. Jl—The young shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for asparagus. ** Calyx not inflated. Petals crowned. 5. S. Antirrnina. Snap-dragon Catch-fly. 2 . Nearly smooth; st, erect; lus. lanceolate, acute, sub-ciliate; ped. trifid, LYcHNIB. XXIIl. CARYOPHYLLACE. 191 3-flowered; pet. emarginate; cal. ovate-—2| Road-sides and dry soils, Can. and U.S. Stem slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height. Leaves about 2’ long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile and scabrous on the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Jl. 6. S. Nocturna. Nocturnal Catch-fly. St. branching, hairy below; lws. pubescent, with long ciliz at base, low- er ones spatulate, wpper lance-linear; jls. appressed to the stem, in a dense one- sided spike; cal. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins; pet. narrow, 2-parted—@ Near New Haven, Ct., Robbins. toPenn. Va. Flowers white, greenish beneath. Jl. §+ : 7. S. NocTIFL6ra. Night-flowering Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branching; lower lus. spatulate, wpper linear ; cal. cylindrical, ventricose, the alternate veins veinleted; teeth subulate, very long; pet. 2-parted—From Europe, introduced into our cultivated grounds! Flowers rather large, white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy weather. § f 8. S. Pennsyivanica. Michx. Pennsylvanian Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent; sts. numerous; lus. from the root spatulate or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate; cyme few-flowered ; pet. slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. —% Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng.! to Ky. and Ga. Stem decumbent at base, near- ly 1f high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flow- ers. Calyx long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped, red or purplish. Jn. 9. S. Vireinica. Virginian Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent; st. procumbent or erect, branching; js. large, cymose; cal. large, clavate; pet. bifid, broad, crowned.—2| Gardens and fields, Penn. to to Ga. Stem 1—2f high, often procumbent at base. Leaves oblong, a little rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Stamens and pistils exserted. Petals red, large. Jn. t 10. S. rears. Sims. Splendid Catch-fiy. Scabrous, somewhat viscid ; st. rigid, erect; luvs. ovate-lanceolate; cyme paniculate; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end; sta. and stig. exserted.— 2| A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio, Sullivant! to La. Stems 3—4f high.. Leaves 2—3’, by 8—15”. Flowers very large, numerous. Calyx tubular, 10-striate, 1’ long. Petals bright-scarlet, crowned. Jn. = 11. S. Armeris. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous; st. branching, glutinous below each node; Js. ovate-lanceolate; fis. in corymbose cymes; pet. obcordate, crowned; cai. cla- vate, 10-striate—@ Introduced from Europe. A popular garden flower. Stem 1—13f high, many-flowered. Leaves 13—22/ long, } as wide; internodes elon- gated. Calyx }’ long, a little enlarged above. Petals purple, lamine half as long as calyx. Jl.—Sept.§+ ; 8. LYCHNIS. Gr. do xvos, alamp: some cottony species having been used as lamp-wicks. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, ovoid or cylindrical; scales 0; petals 5, unguiculate, limb slightly cleft; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1- celled, er 5-celled at the base, with a 5-toothed dehiscence.— Corolla sometimes crowned. 1. L. Grraico. Lam. (Agrostemma Githago. Linn.) Corn Cockle. Hairy; st. dichotomous; ped. elongated; Ivs. linear; cal. longer than the corolla; pet. entire, without the corona—@ A well known handsome weed, growing in fields of wheat, or other grains, and of a pale green color. Stem 2—3f high. Leaves 3—5’ by }—3’, fringed with long hairs. Flowers few, large, ofa dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Seeds roundish, angular, purplish black. Jl.§ ; 17 =a 192 XXII. CARYOPHYLLACES. Dianravs. 2. L. Cuatceponica. Scarlet Lychnis or Sweet William.—Smoothish ; fis. fas- ciculate; cal. cylindric, clavate, ribbed; pet. 2-lobed—2 A fine garden-flower, native of Russia. Stem 1—2f high, with dark-green, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate leaves, and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers. It has varieties with white flowers, and also with double. Jn. Jl. + ; 3. L. Fuoscuctur. Ragged Robbin.—Smoothish; st. ascending, dichotomous at summit; /ls. fascicled; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed; pet. in 4 deep, linear segments.—2,. Native of Europe. Stem 1—2f high, rough-angled, viscid above. Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angu- lar, smooth calyx. Capsule roundish, l-celled. Jl.—Sept. + ; 4. L. coronata. Chinese Lychnis—Smooth; fis. terminal and axillary, 1—3; cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed; pet. laciniate-—Native of China. Stem 1—2f high. Petals of lively red, remarkable for their large size. 'There are varieties with double red, and double white flowers. T 5. L. prurna.—S?. dichotomous-paniculate; fils. f' 9; pet. half-bifid, lobes narrow, diverging ; caps. ovoid-globose.—Native of Britain, almost naturalized ! Stems about 2f high, pubescent. Leaves 1—3’ long, elliptic-ovate, acute. Flowers light-purple, middle size. J].—Sep. fF ; +. L. coronarra. DC. (Agrostemma coronaria. Linn.) Mullein Pink. Rose Campion.—Villose; st. dichotomous ; ped. long, 1-flowered ; cal. campanu- late, veined.—% Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wovl. Stem 2f high. Flowers purple, large. Varieties are white-flowered, red-diuble-flow- ered, &c. t _Obs.—Other species rarely found in. collections are L. fulgens with scarlet flowers; L. * #caria, with pink flowers ; L. alpina, low, with pink flowers, &c. 9. SAPONARIA. | Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucilaginous juice is said to make soap. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales; petals 5, unguicalate ; sta- mens 10; styles 2; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often erowned. 1. S. orricinauis. Common Soap-wort. . Tas. lanceolote, inclining to elliptical; fis. in paniculate fasicles; cal. cylindrical ; crown of the petals linear.—2, By roadsides, New Eng. to Ga. A hardy, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pink-like flowers.- Stem 1—2f high. Leaves 2—3’long, 4 or more as wide, very acute. Flowers many, flesh- colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste,-with a saponaceous juice. Jil. Aug. § 2. S. Vaccarra. Fly-trap. , Lws. ovate-lanceolate, sessile; fis. in panivulate cymes; cal. pyramidal 5-angled, smooth; bracts membranaceous, acut’.—@) Gardens and cultivated grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Leaves broadest at base, 1—2’ long, } as wide, tapering to an acute apex. Flowers.on long stalks, pale- red. Capsule 4toothed. Seeds globose, black. Jl. Aug. §+ 10. DIANTHUS. Gr. Avos avSos, the flower of Jove, alluding to its preéminent beauty and fragrance. Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imbricated scales at base; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally — notched; stamens 10; styles 2, tapering, with tapering, revolute stigmas; capsule cylindric, 1-celled. 1. D. Armerta. Wild Pink. Ews, \inear-subulate, hairy; fis. aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx lanceolate, subulate, as long as the tube.—@ Our only native species of the pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass, to N. J.! Stem erect, 1—2f high, branching. Leaves erect, 1—2’ long, 1—3” wide at the clasping base, taper- — ing to a subulate point. Flowers inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more, PorTULACA. AXIV. PORTULACACEZ. 193 Calyx and its scales ?’/ long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with white, crenate. Aug. 2. D. BarBitus. Sweet William or Bunch Pink.—Las. lanceolate; fis. aggre- gate, fascicled; scaies of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube.—2 An ornamental flower still valued as in the times of old Gerarde, “ for its beauty to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure.” Stems 14f high, thick. Leaves 3—5’ by 4—1’, narrowed to the clasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May.—Jl. F 3. D. Cuinensis. China Pink.—St. branched; vs. linear-lanceolate; fl. solitary; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube.—@) Native of China. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. ‘The foliage, like the other spe- cies, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer. + 4. D. puumarius. Single Pink. Pheasant’s-eye-—Glaucous; st. 2—3-flow- ered; jis. solitary; calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; lvs.. linear; rough at the edge; pet. many-cleft, hairy at the throat—®? Native of Europe. From this species probably originated those beautiful pinks called pheasant’s eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties. Flowers white and purple. Jn.—Aug. f 5. D. caryopayiius. Carnation. Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, §c.— Lvs. linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous; jis. solitary; scales very short, ovate; pet. very broad, beardless, crenate——Stem 2—3f high, branched. Flowers white and crimson; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the splendid varieties of the carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes, and angles. 6. D. supersus. Superb Pink.—Luws. linear-subulate; jis. fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; pet. pinnate.—2| A singularly beautiful pink, native of Europe. Stem 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. Jl.—Sept. Obs.—Other species of this admirable genus are occasionally cultivated, but the varieties of Nos. 4 and 5 are by far the most common. The ‘‘ Monthly Pink,” common in house cultivation, with bright green, ghinveled, linear leaves, short, c@espitose stems, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a variety of D. ea pace Sa Vo Ms a baat OL ca _Orver XXIV. PORTULACACEA.—Porstanes. Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves and no stipules. Cal.—Sepals 2, united at base. ves : ney Cor.—Petals 5, sometimes more or less, imbricated in estivation. . Sta. variable'in number. Filaments distinct. Anthers versatile or introrse. Ova. superior 1-celled. Sty. several, stigmatose along the inner surface. i Fr. a pyxis, dehiscing by a lid or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. - Genera 12, species 184, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarka- - ble properties. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Capaule Z-valved. ss 6 .6< ile « - «© © «..» Talinum. 3 §¢8—20.Pyxis dehiscing transversely. . - + + +2 + * «© -« Portulaca. 1 Stamens 25, opposite the petals. oF: , > aging Shae hte eteciey Gon eee OnTiianazae Sepals ?5—7, unequal, the inner ones largest. (Shrubs.) A t oa - - < Chanelle 1 GORDONIA. In honor of James Gordon, a distinguished nurseryman of London. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly imbricated ; petals 5; styles united into one; capsule woody, 5-celled; cells 2-seeded ; seeds winged.— Trees with large, white flowers. . ' G. pugescens. L’Her. (Franklinia Americana. Marsh.) Franklinia.—Luvs. serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining above, canescent beneath; sep. and pet. silky outside.—A tree 30—50f high in Ga. and Flor., or an ornamental shrub in cultivation at the north, admired for its large, white flowers, with yel- low stamens and rich fragrance. May—dAug. : 2, CAMELLIA. In honor of G. J. Kamel, a Jesuit, author of some botanical works. Sepals imbricated, the inner ones larger; petals sometimes adher- ing at base, filaments 00, shorter than the corolla, united at base; styles united ; stigmas 3—5, acute—Ornamental shrubs, native of China and Japan. 206 XXXVI. MALVACER. | Matva. C. Japonica. Tea Plant. Japan Rose—Lws. ovate, acuminate, acutely ser- rate, glabrous and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles; jis. terminal and mostly solitary; pet. obovate, of a firm texture; sta. about'50, mostly changed to petals in cultivation; stig. unequally 5-cleft. A lofty tree in Japan, its native country, a splendid flowering shrub with us, of difficult culti- vation, requiring protection in our climale. Flowers varying from white to red, resembling the rose but wanting its fragrance, Over 300 varieties are enumerated. /Orver XXXVII. MALVACEAlL—Mattows. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves. Hairs stellate.or none. Fis. axillary, showy, regular, often with an involucel at the base. Cal.—Sepals generally 5, more or less united at base, valvate in estivation. Cor.—Petals equal in number to, the sepals, hypogynous. Sta. indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled, bursting transversely. Ova. of several carpels arranged in one or more rows around:a common axis. Sty. as many as the carpels, either united or distinct. Fr. capsular or baccate ; carpels one or more-seeded, united or distinct. Sds. sometimes (as in Gossypium) hairy. Embryo curved. Genera 37, species 1000. A somewhat important class of plants, forming about one-fiftieth of all the flowering plants of tropical valleys.—But few are natives of the temperate, and none of the frigid zone. In the Northern States they are all herbs. The most important product of the order is cotton. operties.—Generally abounding in mucilage, and-destitute of any deleterious qualities. ; : . As Dn 4 Lif Nes — ys A <) YY 7 Ly, KA FIG 41.—1. Hibiscus Trionum. 2. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 8. Cross section of the 5-celled capsule. 4. Capsule open by its 5 valyes. 5. Malva sylvestris. 6. ‘Its fruit consisting of 10 carpels arranged ina circle. 7. Section of one of the carpels-showing the curved embryo. Conspectus of the Genera. ! fue nearly distinct. MME recipe 1 of 3oblongbracteoles which ?are united. . . . .«. « « « . Lavatera. 3 . § Capsule 3—5-celled. . “ + . A - Gossypium. 2 of 3 cordate bracteoles. Carpels 00,distinct. . . « . » « Malope. 6 ; united. . ..5.,,,:0 5, “ony shent jagieean relents tenet ene nE 4 of 6—15 bracteoles whichare (nearly distinct. . . . «+. « « « Htbiscus. 5 : ; ells 3—6-seeded. off, . 0% |. Avi siacanetue iy 1 76k SRE Involucel \ wanting. Carpelsunited. @Cellsi-seeded. . . «. » « « « Sida. 8 1 MALVA. Gr. padayn, soft ; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel mostly 3-leaved; carpels 00, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 1. M. rorunpirouia. Low Mallow. St. prostrate; lvs. roundish, cordate, obtusely 5-lobed; ped. in fruit re- flexed; cor. twice as long as the calyx.—2| Common in cultivated grounds. Root fusiform. Stems numerous, a foot or more long. Leaves of a fine, deli- cate texture, somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5—7 shallow lobes, and on long, hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, dee ivathebed: Fruit depressed-globose, composed of the numerous carpels beet circularly. The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very naturally suggests. Jn.—Oct. § 2. M. sytvestris. High Mallow. (Fig. 41, 5.) St. erect; lvs. 5—7-lobed, lobes rather acute; ped. and petioles hairy.— ALTHZEA. XXXVII. MALVACEZ. 207 2 Native of England. A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often le up spontaneously in fields and roadsides, Mid. and W. States! eight 3f. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. The whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage. Jn.—Oct. § + 3. M. Hoveutonu. Torr. & Gray. Houghton’s Malva. St. erect, hirsute; dvs. strigose, ovate, truncate at the base, lower ones cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate ; panicle terminal, diffuse, many-flow- ered; pet. purple; carpels 10—15.—Prairies and bottoms, Ill. Mead! &. A handsome but rather rough species, 2—3f high. Root fusiform. Leaves 2—3/ by 1—2’, on long, hairy petioles, thick. Flowers nearly as large (1}/ diam.) as those of M. sylvestris. Jl. Aug. 4. M. Mauritiina. Ivy-leaved Mallow.—St. erect; ls. 5-lobed, obtuse ; peti- oles and pedicels smoothish, or downy on the upper side.—@ From S. Europe. A tall species, 4—6f high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored veins. t --6. M. moscHita. Musk Mallow.—St. erect; radical lvs. reniform, incised, cauline ones many-parted, the segments linear; ped. and cal. hairy.—Native of Britain. Stems 2f high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored. The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. Jl. 6. M. crispa. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow.—St. erect ; lvs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; fs. axillary, sessile—q) A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5—6f high. Leaves large, roundish, margins abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers white, not conspicuous. Jn.—Aug. ft 2. GOSSYPIUM. A word said to be from the Arabic, goz, a silky substance. Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed ; capsule 3—5-celled; seeds in- volved in cotton.— Fs. yellow. 1. G. HERBACEUM. Common Cotton Plant—Luvs. 5-lobed, with a single gland below, lobes mucronate; cotton white.-—@ This is the species commonly culti- vated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5f high. The flowers like those of all the other species are yellow. Leaves cut half way down into 3 large and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the midvein at its back, half an inch from the base. Jl. 2. G. BarBaDense. Sea Island Cotton Plant.—Luvs. 5-lobed with 3 glands beneath, upper ones 3-lobed; seeds black; cotton white——@) Native and culti- vated in the W. Indies. Penthorum. 4 Floral organsarranged 2ini2s. . . =. > feb . op.) oo GS it, eepereEoein..S 1.TILLAA. Michx. In memory of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist; died 1740. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base; petals 3 or 4, equal; sta- mens 3 or 4; caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-sceded.—® Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. T. simptex. Nutt. (T. ascendens. Eaton.) Pigmy-weed. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. connate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy; fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8—10-seeded.—Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dr. Robbins), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. Stem 1—3’ high. Leaves 2—3/ long. Flowers as large as a pin’s head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a greenish-white color. Jl.—Sept. 2, SEDUM. Lat. sedere, tosit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there. Sepals 4—5, united at base; petals 4—5, distinct ; stamens 8— BrYoPHYLLUM. LXIV. CRASSULACE. 277 10; carpels 4—5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each.— Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymose. Fs. mostly pentamer ous. 1. S. TELEPHIOipES. Michx. Ivs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes ‘dense, corymbose; s/a. 10, the petals, sepals and carpels in 5s—Found on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper’s Ferry, Va.! &c. Stem a foot high. Leaves 1—2’ long, 3 as wide. Flowers numerous, purple, in a terminal, branching cyme. Jn.—Aug.—Like the other species, very tenacious of life. My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper’s Ferry, are still grow- ing in the dry papers. 2. S. rerNATUM. Michx. Stone-crop. Ivs. ternately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate; cyme in about 3 spikes; fis. secund, the central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8.—2| In Can. West, Penn. the South- ern and Western States, Plummer! Cultivated in N. Eng. Stems 3—8' long, branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and recurved, the white flowers loosely arranged on their upper side. Jl. Aug. f : 3. S. Teversium. Common Orpine. Live-forever.—Rt. tuberous, fleshy, white; st. 1 or 2f high, erect; dvs. flattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered; cyme corymbose, leafy.—2| From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Stems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. + 4. S. AnacampsERos. Evergreen Stone-crop—Rt. fibrous; st. decumbent; Ws. cuneiform, attenuate at base; cymes corymbose, leafy.—2| Native of Eu- rope, growing there in crevices of rocks. Stems reddish and decumbent at base, erect and glaucous above. Luvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fis. purple. Jl. f 5. S. acre. English Moss. Wall Pepper—Procumbent, spreading, branch- ing from the base; lvs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy —From Great Britain. In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower- beds, &c. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice. + 3. SEMPERVIVUM. Lat. semper vivere, to live forever; in allusion to their tenacity of life. Sepals 6—20, slightly cohering at base ; petals as many as sepals, acuminate; stamens twice as many as petals; hypogynous scales la- cerated ; carpels as many as the petals—% Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. 1. 8. Tecrérum. House-leek.—Lws. fringed ; offsets spreading.—A well known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes placed in the borders of flower-beds. 2. 8S. arporeuM. Tvee House-leek.—=St. arborescent, smooth, branched; Js. cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading ciliz.—A curious and or- namental evergreen, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8—10f high (1—3f in pots). ‘Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 4,.BRYOPHYLLUM. Salisb. Gr. Bove, to grow, guddov, a leaf; i.e. germinating from a leaf. Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopeta- lous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base; limb in 4, triangular, acute lobes; seeds many.—An evergreen, fleshy, 278 LXV.. SAXIFRAGACEZ. SaXIFRAGA. suffruticose plant, native of the Ek. Indies. Lws. opposite, unequally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. ls. greenish-purple. B. catycinum. Salisb—Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f high. Leaves 3—5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas—This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology.—See Fig. 10, 1, and § 88, a. 5. PENTHORUM. Gr. mevreé, five; onaccount of the 5-parted, angular capsule. Calyx of 5 sepals united at base; petals 5 or 0; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked ; seeds 00, minute.— U Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. F'ls. yellowish, cymose. P. sepdipes. Virginia Stone-crop. St. branched and angular above; dvs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally serrate; fis. in unilateral, cymose racemes.—A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations,Can. and U.S. Stem 10—16’ high, with a few, short branches. Leaves 2—3’ by 4—1’, membranaceous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, recurved at first, at length spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corym- bose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. Jl—Sept. /-Orver LXV. SAXIFRAGACEH #.—Saxirracss, Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Cal.—Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent. Cor.—Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Sta.5—10. Anthers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. 4 Ova. inferior, usually of 2-carpels, cohering at. base, distinct and divergent above. Fr. generally capsular, 1—2-celled, many-seeded. Genera 38, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents, As.a tribe their roots are astringent. Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. Capsule 2-celled. Piaeire: Stamens 10. eer 1-celled. pss” in oe Shee ae f Capsule 2-celled. ED ee tA} 8 : . Sullivantia. pecs Stamens 5. ¢ Capsule 1-celled. + © » 2 \« euchera. Petals 5, 0pectinately pinnatifid. . . . .. «.« « « « « JMétella, Herbs. petals 0. Leaves opposite. Aquatic,depressed.. . . . «. «. Chrysosplentum. i re valvate in estivation. . . . . . «| Hydrangea. Pres opposite. ? Petals convolute in xstivation. - - - « « Philadelphus. Shrubs. ? Leaves alternate. hls ie ae wee A ere er SusorpeR 1l. SAXIFRAGE ZE. Petals imbricate in eestivation; carpels united, the summits dis- tinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 1.SAXIFRAGA. Lat. saxwm, arock, frangere, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks. Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ova- ry ; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; seeds 00.—% Brey: 1. S. Vireintensis. Michx. (S. Virginica. Bw.) Early Sazifrage. - Las. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, short- er than the broad petiole; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched above; fis. many, cymose ; cal. adherent to the base of the ovary; pet. oblong, much exceeding the calyx.—An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U.S. Scape 4—12’ high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy, 9—13” by 6—12". Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with pur- ole, in early spring. = = g a3 OD med wo OR HeEvcHERA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACEZ. 279 2. PENNSYLVaNica. Tull Savifrage. Ins. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse panicle ; fis. pedicellate ; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx. —Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves fleshy, pale green, 5—8’ by 1 -2’, on a broad petiole. Scape 2—3f high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green flowers of no beauty. May. 3. S. arzo6n. Jacq. Lvs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots; fls. corymbose-paniculate ; cal. (and ped. glandular-viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5toothed limb; pet. obovate ; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx.—Southern shores of Lake Sup. (Pitcher, in T. & G. 1. p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5—10’ high. Fis. white. Jl. 4. S. a1zoipes. Cespitose, leafy; dvs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slight- ly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent; flowering stems annual; fis. panicu- jate, sometimes solitary ; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ovary; pet. ob- long, longer than the sepals; stigmas depressed; caps. rather thick, as long as the styles—In the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above W. Lake, Wood, N.to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded leaves; flowering ones ascending, 2—4’ long, with scattered leaves. Leaves 4—6" long, about 2” wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted. 5. S. oppositirouia. Opposite-leaved Saxifrage. Lws. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent; fis. solitary; cal. free from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens.—In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1—2" in length, _ narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1—3/ long. Flow- ers light purple, large and showy. Obs.—I discovered this and the foregoing species in the above locality, in Aug. 1845, when they had passed flowering. 6. S. RIVULARIS. . St. weak, ascending, 3—5-flowered ; radical ivs. petiolate, reniform, cre- nately lobed; cauline lanceolate, subentire; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules. —White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. Avery small species, with white, bracteate flowers. Stems about 2’ high, annual, with alternate leaves. 2 SULLIVANTIA. Torr. In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary ; segments ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the sum- mit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes; stamens 5, in- » serted with the petals, shorter than the calyx; capsule 2-beaked, 2- celled ; seeds 00, ascending; testa wing-like, not conformed to the nucleus.—%. Lws. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fils. in a loose pani- cle, small, white. S. Onronis. Torr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first. discovered in Highland Co., Ohio! by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 8—16’ long, ascend- ing, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1—2/ diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3—5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 3. HEUCHERA. In honor of Prof. Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Germany. Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse; co- 24* 280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE. TusReLa. rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stam amens on the throat of the calyx; capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. — Lws. radical, long-petioled. | Near veld (7 ae Seangan 1. H. Americana. Alwm-root. : Viscid-pubescent; lvs. roundish, cordate, somewhat '7-lobed, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; panicle elongated; loose; pedi- céls divaricate ; cal. short, obtuse; pet. spatulate, about as long as the calyx; sta. much exserted.—A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of NN. Eng. an N. Y., frequent at the W.! and S. Leaves all radical, 2—34' diam., on. peti- oles 2—8’ in length. Scape 2—4f high, paniculate, nearly } this length. Pe- duncles 2—3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplish- white petals. May, Jn.—Root astringent, hence the common name. = 2. H. pusescens. Ph. (H. grandiflora. Raf.) Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, and with the long petioles, gla- brous below; Jvs. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7—9-lobed, lobes rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexu- ous, almost geniculate; fis. large; pet. longer than the included stamens; sty. exserted.— Mts. Penn., Md! Va. Scape 1—2f high. Leaves 3—5’ diam., the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5—6” long, purple. May, Jn. 3. H. Ricnarpsont. R. Br. . Scape ae and petioles hairy and rough; Jvs. orbicular-cordate, with a deep sinus, 5—7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate; panicle rather contracted ; cal. somewhat oblique; pet. ciliolate, somewhat unequal, about the .ength of the sepals; sta. a little exserted ; sty. included.—Prairies and bottoms, [a.! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1—2fhigh. Leaves glabrous above, veins be- neath hairy. Flowers 6—7"” long. May. 7 aie 4, MITELLA. Tourn. A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, insert- ed on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, included; styles 2, short’; capsule 1-celled, with 2 equal valves —% . 1. M. pipHyiia. Currant-leaf. Bishop’s Cap. Lws. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on pag Bet oles, cautine 2, opposite, subsessile—Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the midst. Leaves 1—3/ long, uearly as wide, hairy, on hispid petioles 2—6’ long. Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May—Jn. 2. M.nupa. (M. prostrata, Mz. M. cordifolia. Lam.) Dwarf Mitelia. Lvs. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform segments.—A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green, pellucid. Scape 4—6’ high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creep- ing stolons from the base. Leaves #/ long and of nearly the same width. Jn: 5. TIARELLA. Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule. ST. corpirouia. Mitre-wort. Gem-fruit. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilose; scape racemose ; HyprRAnceEA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACES. 281 stolons creeping.—Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally asso- ciated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resem- bles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10’ high, often bear- ing a leaf. Leaves 2—3'long,# as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4—6/ long. Racemes 1—23’ long; fis. wholly white, with minute bracts, May, Jn. 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tour. Gr. xproos, gold, o7A7v, the spleen; on account of the medicinal qualities. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed, more or less colored inside ; corolla 0; stamens 8—10, superior, short; styles 2; capsule obcor- date, compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.— Small, aquatic herbs. C. Americinum. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michz.) Water-carpet. Iws. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole—A small lant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square, inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, 3/ in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corol- la 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr. May. SUBORDER 2—-ESCALLONIE SX. 71TEA. Gr. name for the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments ; petals 5, lance-linear, in- flexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx ; styles united ; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8—12-seeded. —A shrub with alternate, simple leaves, and a simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white flowers. ~ T. Virernica. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Shrub about 6f high. Leaves 13—3’ long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short etioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with the style, its two carpels separating in maturity. May, Jn. SuporDER. 3.—H YDRANGE E. Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Survuss. 8. HYDRANGEA. G7. vdwo, water, ayytov, a vessel ; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water. Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4—5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles. Fertile fl. Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4—5-toothed, persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals; capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks; seeds numerous.—Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fils. cymose, generally radiant. 1. H. arzorescens. (H. vulgaris. Michz.) Common Hydrangea. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly smooth ; fis. in fastigiate cymes.—An elegant shrub, native in the Middle and Western States! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. ‘The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate, or all sterile and radiate. + 2. H. quercirouia. Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea.—Luvs. deeply sinuate- lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile flowers very large and numerous.—A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon 282 LXVI. HAMAMELACES. HAMAMELIS. in gardens. Height 4—5f. Leaves very large. Sterile flowers with roundish sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy. f 3. H. HORTENSIS. Changeable Hydrangea.—Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant; fls. mostly sterile. —Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1—3f high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure sever- al months. t SusorpeER 4_PHILADELPHE &£. Petals convolute in estivation. Capsule 3—4-celled, loculicidal. Shrubs. 9. PHILADELPHUS. Name from Philadelphus, king of Egypt: Calyx 4—5-parted, half-superior, persistent; corolla 4—5-petaled ; style 4-cleft; stamens 20—40, shorter than the petals; capsule 4- celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many, arilled.— Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstupulate. 1. P. cranpirLérvus. Willd. is inodorus. Michz.) Large-flowered Syringa.— Ins. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy; stig. 4, linear ; sty. undivided——A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cul- tivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicu- ously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn.—The upper leaves are often entire and quite narrow. Tf 2. P. coronarius. False Syringa:—Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth; sty. dis- tinct.—Native of 8. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub- beries. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5—8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers. ¢ Orver LXVI. HAMAMELACEZ. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. — de- Cal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduous. Cor.—Petals 4, linear. : : , Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.) Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitary. Fr.—Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celled. Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan. No remarkable properties have been dis- covered. HAMAMELIS. Gr. dua, with, pndov, fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree. Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2—3 bracts at base ; petals 4, very long, linear; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the etals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked.—Shrubs or smail trees. H. Viremniina. Witch Hazel. ws. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles ; fls. sessile, 3—4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subses- sile glomerule—U. 8. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10—12f high. Leaves nearly smooth, 3—5’ long, 3 as wide. Petioles 3/long. Calyx downy. Petals yellow, curled or twisted, 3’ long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts.— This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning LXVIIl. UMBELLIFERZ, 283 desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches were formerly used for “ divining rods,” to indicate the presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an offence little short of heresy. Orper LXVIL UMBELLIFER A.—Unsexurers. St. herbaceous, hollow, furrowed. Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. ‘ Fis. arranged in umbels, mostly white, often yellow, pink, blue, or greenish. Cal. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed. cps _ Cor.—Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in estivation. Sta. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk. Ova. inferior, 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. Szy. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stig. simple. : dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into two alves (merocarps). | . Carpophore,—the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the faces of the commissure. 4 : d Ribs.—A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the smaller (secondary). Ory A : ; Vitte.—Little linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. _ Genera 267, species 1500,—This is a vast and well defined natural order, native of damp places, way- pei groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon the mountains. Properties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vitte of the fruit, in the roots, &c. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Conium maculatum (hemlock), Cicuta virosa, thusa Cynapium (fools parsley), besides many others which have, at least, a suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as caraway, anise, dill, coriander, &c. Even the roots and herbage of other species are wholesome and nutritive, as the carrot, parsnep,sweet cisely, celery and Archangelica. The gum-resin, assaf@tida, exudes from incisions in the Ferula of Persia; the swim galbanum is the product of Galbanum officinale, an Indian-species. The genera of the Umbellifere are numerous, and not easily distinguished. The characters by which De Candolle has more successfully than any other author divided this order into tribes and genera, are chiefly founded upan the number and development of the.ribs, the presence or absence of the vitt@, and the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. These parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the special attention of the student. i AS NSS FIG. 46.—1. Zizia aurea, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 2. A flowerenlarged. 3. The fruit with its filiform ribs and two persistent styles. 4. Cross section, showing the two carpels with the vitus and flat commissure. 5. Umbel of Osmorhiza longistylis in fruit. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. The fruit with the merocarps separating from the base and supported by the bifid carpophore. 8, Surmit of the fruit of O. brevistylis. 9. Fruit of Conium maculatum, with the undulate-crenulate ribs. 10. Cross sec- tion, showing the grooved commissure and involute albumen. 11. Radiant flower of Coriandrum. 12. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo. 284 LXVII. UMBELLIFERZ. HYDROCOTYLE. Conspectus of the Genera. * Plants native or naturalized. RBakSheannadSda ; Seeds flattish inside. Siwm. 8 Fr. laterally compressed. ? Seeds grooved inside. Coniwm. 28 § Petals radiant. . Heracleum. 23 Fr. dorsally compressed. ? Petals all equal. . Conioselinum. 18 E | ee smooth ribs. . Ligusticum. 17 of entire bracts. \ Fr. scarcely compressed, ? with bristly ribs. . Osmorhiza. 27 | ; Rays2—4. . . Sanicula. 3 s chad (Fr. very bristly. @Raysmany. . . Daucus. 25 5 prone 2 Fruit not bristly... - «= Discopleurum. 5 & (Involucre (of cleft bracts, ?one only, bipinnatifid. . PRR ch MN ey 29 5 Cal. limb § Leaves 3-parted, .. . Cryptotenia. 9 wel. =) obsolete. ? Leaves finely divided. . Ch@erophyliwm.26 3 2 Fr. laterally compressed. ( Calyx limb 5-toothed. © . . Cicuta. as §the margin singly winged. . . Archemora. = rH Fr. dorsally compressed, ? the paseo doubly winged. . . Archangelica. 2 J © Unvoluc. 0. | Fruit scarcely compressed, ovoid-globose. . : Ae ac . Athusa. Fs , ‘ f § Lvs. linear. . Crantzia. iS : ies 4—30 pedicellate or subsessile flowers. ¢ Lvs. roundish. Hydrocotyle. & \ Umbels simple, (densely capitate, with 50 or more sessile flowers. . . « Eryngium. Carpels with 5 wingedribs. . . . . Thaspiwm. : Carpels with 5filiformribs. . . . . Zizia. Involucels minute. ( Carpels smooth, ribs obsolete. 6 $ . Polytenia. Involucels very large. Leaves simple, perfoliate. . . < - Bupleurum. Flowers yellow. ( Involucels 0. Fruit much compressed dorsally. : 2 5 . Pastinaca. * * Cultivated exotics, not naturalized. Fruit laterally ean - Apium. 13 Petals all equal.{ compressed, ? oval. é - Carun. ll Involucre 0, or Fruit notcompressed. . . Pimpinella. 12 of 1 entire bract. ( Petals radiant. . - 7 F - + « Coriandrum. 30 . Petroselinwm. 14 white. : Involucre of a few cleft bracts. ‘ . Feniculum. 19 Firion scliow, 3 sible Reuntaes eo etcaliets stat ee pie oc SuzorpeR1—ORTHOSPERM &. The inner surface of the seeds and albumen flat or nearly so. L HYDROCOTYLE Gr. 4dwp, water, xorv\n, a vessel; the concave leaf often holds water. Calyx obsolete; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point not inflected ; styles shorter than stamens; fruit laterally flattened, the commissure narrow; carpels 3-ribbed, without vittee—Herba- ceous, creeping, usually aquatic plants. Umbels simple. Involucre few- leaved. 1. H. Americana. Pennywort. Smooth and shining; s¢. fwiform, procumbent; dvs. reniform-orbicular, slightly lobed, crenate; wméels sessile, 3—5-flowered; fr. orbicular.—2 A small, delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vege- tables, Can. toS.Car. Stems branching, 2—6/ long. Leaves thin, 1—2’ diam., on petioles 2—3’ long. Flowers greenish-white, small, nearly sessile, in sim- ple, capitate, sessile, axillary umbels. Jn.—Aug. 2. H. interrupta. Muhl. (H. vulgaris. Michz.) Smooth; lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate; wmdbels capitate, proliferous, sub- sessile, about 5-flowered; fr. acute at base.—2| In wet places, New Bedford, Mass. T. A. Greene, rare. Root and stem creeping. Leaves almost centrally peltate, thin, 8—10” diam. Petioles 2—3’ long. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in inter- rupted spikes by other umbels being successively produced on the extending peduncle. Jn. ; 3. H. umBetiata. Umbellate Pennywort. Smooth; Jus. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long peti- oles ; scapes about as long as the petioles; wmbels simple, often proliferous; i. pedicellate—2 In ponds and bogs, Mass. ! to La., rare. Stems creeping, often submersed, several inches long. Leaves 8—12” diam., notched at base so as to appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes slender, float- ing or erect, and 4—6’ long. Umbels 20—30-flowered, the upper pedicel often prolonged and umbellate. May—Jl. ERyNnGiIuM. LXVIU. UMBELLIFERZ. 285 4. H. RanuNcuLGipes. Linn. f. (H. cymbularifolia. Mudi.) Glabrous ; /vs. roundish-reniform, 3—5-lobed, crenate ; petioles much longer than the peduncles; wmbels 5—10-flowered, capitate ; fr. roundish, smooth—In water, Penn. toGa. Stems weak, 1—2flong. Leaves 1—2’ diam., the middle lobe smaller than the others. Petioles2—3’ long. Peduncle about 1’ long. Jl. Aug. 2, CRANTZIA. Nutt. In honor of Prof. Crantz, author of amonograph on the Umbellifere. Calyx tube subglobose, margin obsolete; petals obtuse; fruit sub- globose, the commissure excavated, with 2 vittze; carpels unequal, 5- ribbed, with a vitta in each interval—wSmall, creeping herbs with line- ar or filiform, entire leaves. Umbels simple, involucrate. C. rinEAtTa. Nutt. (Hydrocotyle. Michz.) Iws. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse veins, shorter than the peduncles——Muddy banks of rivers, Mass.! to La, Stems sev- eral inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves 1—2’ by 1—2”, often linear and appearing like petioles without lamine. Umbels 4—8-flower- -ed. Peduncles } longer than the leaves. Involucre 4—6-leaved. Fruit with red vitte. May—Jl. 3. SANICULA. Tourn. Lat. sanore, to cure ; on account of the reputed virtues as a vulnerary. Flowers 9 3 $3; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy ; pe- tals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point; fruit subglobose, armed with hooked prickles; carpels without ribs; vittee nnmerous— U Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbel- lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several, entire. S. Marmanpica. Sanicle. Tvs. 5-parted, digitate, mostly radical; /fts. or segments, oblong, incisely serrate; sterile fis. pedicellate, fertile sessile; calyx segments entire—In low woods, thickets, U. S., and Can.,common. Stem 1—2f high, dichotomously branched above, smooth, furrowed. Radical leaves on petioles 6—12/ long, 3- arted to the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Segments 2—4’ ong, 4 as wide, irregularly and mucronately toothed. Cauline leaves few, nearly sessile. Involucres 6-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. Um- bellets capitate. Flowers mostly barren, white, sometimes yellowish. Fruit densely clothed with hooked bristles. Jn. 4,.ERYNGIUM. Tourn. Gr. epvyety, to belch; a supposed remedy for flatulence. Flowers sessile, collected in dense heads; calyx lobes somewhat leafy ; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long inflexed point; styles filiform ; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, with- out vittze or scales— Herbaceous or suffruticose. ls. blue or white, bracteate ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous. 1. E. aquaticum. Button Snake-root. Iws. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with remote soft spines ; bracts tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globose heads.—Low grounds on prairies, Ia.! Ill., &e. Aremarkable plant, appearing like one of the Endogene. Very glaucous. Stem simple,1—5fhigh. Leaves often 1—2f long, 4—13’ wide. Heads pedunculate,i—1/diam. Flowers white, inconspicuous. Jl. Aus. 2. E. Viremntinum. Lam. (E. aquaticum. Michz.) Lvs, linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends; invol. of 7—8 linear leaflets, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or spinose-dentate ; scales tri- cuspidate——? Marshes, N. J. to Ohio, Prof. Lock! and La. Stem hollow, 3—4f high, branched above. Leaves 6—10/ by 5—10”, upper ones much small- 286 LXVII. UMBELLIFER &. Cicvrs er. Heads numerous, less than 1’diam. Flowers pale blue or nearly white. Ji. Aug. 5. DISCOPLEURA. DGC. G7. dvexos, the disk ; wAevpa, arib; i. e. the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united. Calyx teeth subulate, persistent ; petals ovate, entire, with a mi- nute, inflexed point ; fruit ovate, often didymous; carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united, with a thick accessory margin; intervals with single vittze, seeds sub- terete.—@® Lvs. much dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the wm- volucre cleft. Els. white. D. capinuacea. DC. (Ammi. Spreng.) Bishop-weed. Erect or procumbent; umbels 3—10-rayed; /fts of the invol. 3—5, mostly 3- eleft; fr. ovate—In swamps near the coast, Mass.! to Ga. Stem much branched, 1—2f high. Leaves very smooth, ternately dissected, with subulate, spreading segments. Umbels axillary, pedunculate, spreading. Involucre leaf- lets about 3, with setaceous segments. Involucels filiform, longer than the um- bellets. Jl—Nov. 6. BUPLEURU™M. Tourn. Gr. Bovs, an ox, tAsvpoy, arib; from the ribbed (veined) leaves of some of the species. _ Calyx margin obsolete; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a broad, closely inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5- ribbed, lateral ones marginal ; seed teretely convex; flattish on the face.—Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly sumple. Invol. various. Fils. yellow. B. RoTuNDIFOLIUM. Modesty. Thorough-wac. Las. roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; znvol. 0; involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without vittee.—In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y. and Penn, and [a.! rare. Stem 1f or more high, branching. Leaves 1—3’ long, } as wide, rounded at base, acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5—9-rayed. Involucels longer than the umbellets. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles (stylo- podium), Jl. Aug. 1 CICUTA, A Latin name used by Virgil (Ec. 2d and 5th) but of unknown application. Calyx margin of 5, broad segments; petals obcordate, the points inflected ; fruit subglobose, didymous; carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them marginal; intervals filled with single vitte, com- missure with 2 vitts ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds terete—% Aquatic poisonous herbs. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Inwol. few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Fs. whate. 1. C. macuvata. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. St. streaked with purple; lower Ivs. triternate and quinate; wpper biter- nate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate; umbels terminal and axillary. —Common in wet meadows, U.S. and Can. Stem 3—6f high, smooth, striate, jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at basé into long, abrupt, clasping stipules. Leaflets or segments 1—3/ long, }—%’ wide, finely . serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to the points! Umbels rather numerous, naked, 2—4’ broad. Involucels of 5—6 short, narrow, acute bracts. Fruit 14 diam., 10-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and styles. Jl. Aug.—The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes used in medicine. 2. C. sunpirgrA. Bulbiferous Cicuta. Narrow-leaved Hemlock. Axils of the branches bulbiferous ; ws. biternately divided ; /fés, linear, with remote, divergent teeth ; wmbels terminal and axillary —In wet meadows, Penn. VAVATS LXVIU. UMBELLIFERZ. 287 to Can. Stem 3—4fshigh, round, striate, hollow, green, branching. Leaves various, those of the stem generally biternate, of the branches ternate. Leaf- lets or segments 2—4/ long, 1—4’’ wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the bracteate petioles. Umbelsterminal. Involucre 0. Umbellets of close, small, white flowers, and slight involucels. Aug. 8. SIUM. Celtic sizv, water; that is, a genus of aquatic plants. . Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an in flexed point ;-fruit nearly oval; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and -several vittee in each interval; carpophore 2-parted—% Aquatic. Iwas. pinnately divided. Unmbels perfect, with partial and general many- leaved tnvolucra. ls. white. 1. S. patironium. Water Parsnep. St. angular, sulcate; Jfis. oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate, acuminate ; cal. teeth elongated —A tall plant in swamps and ditches, N. J. tola.! and Can. Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow, with 7 deep-furrowed and prominent an- gles. Leaflets or segments 4—6’ long, 1—2’ broad, equally serrate, in about 4 pairs, with an odd one, those submerged, if any, pinnatifid. Petioles embrac- me the stem. Umbels large, with many-flowered rays. Flowerssmall, white. l Aug. 2. S. winedre. Michx. (S. latifolium, @. lineare. Bw.) St. angular, sulcate; Jfts. 9—11, linear and lance-linear, finely serrate, acute; cal teeth obsolete—More common than the last, in swamps, N. J. to Ia.! and Can. Stem 2—4f high, smooth, with 7 prominent angles. Leaflets 2—4' long, 2—4” (rarely 10”) wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle airs sessile. Umbels 13—2}’ broad. Involucre of 5 or 6 linear bracts, ¢ as ong as the 15—2I1 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white flowers. Fruit roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. Jl. Aug. 9.CRYPTOTZNIA. DC. Gr. xpvrrw, to conceal, ratvia, a wreath or border; from the obsolete border of calyx. Margin of the calyx obsolete ; petals with an inflexed point; fruit linear-oblong or ovate-oblong; ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs; carpo- phore free, 2-parted ; vittze very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. —Y Lvs. 3-parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, with very un- equal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fs. white. C. Canapensis. DC. (Sison Canadense. Linn.) Hone-wort. Iws. smooth; /fts. or segments rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2—3- lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base; umbels numerous, irregular. axillary and terminal.—Common in moist woods. Stem erect, 1—2f high. Lower petioles 2—6’ long, clasping. Leaflets 3, 2—3’ long, 1—2’ wide, petiolulate. Umbels paniculate, of 3—5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4—6 unequal pedicels and minute involucels. Flowers small, white. Fruit near 3’ long, oblong-elliptic. Jl. 10. ZIZIA. Koch. Calyx margin obsolete or minutely toothed ; petals carinate, apex acuminate, inflexed ; fruit roundish or oval, didymous ; carpels 5- ribbed, lateral ribs marginal; intervals with 1—3 vitte, commis- sure with 2—4; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds plano-convex—% Lvs. divided. Unmbels perfect. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fis. yellow. 1. Z. aurea. Koch. (Smyrnium. Linn. Thaspium. Nuit. ?) Golden Alexanders. _| Las. biternate; Ufts. oval-lanceolate, serrate; wmbellets with short rays.— Hills and meadows, U. S.and Can. Stems 1—2f high, branching above, rather slender, erect, ene angular-furrowed, smooth as well as every other part of y a — = - Zinnia. 33 Leaves opposite, ¢ pinnately divided. Inner invol. of 8 united scales. - « Dahlia. 16 3 ; Heads corymbose. . : - + + Nardosmia, 9 § 6. (Leaves all radical. . . Head solitary, heterozamous. - » Bellis. 15 § Achenia silky. Raysabout5. . Serico ll rows copious. ? Achenia smoothish. Rays 6—100. Aster. 10 simple, 3 ce 2 short bristles and several minute ones. Boltonia. 17 Heads middle size. . A . Diplopa 12 eer \ Pappus double. Heads very large. . Callistep us. 14 Pappus capillary. Invol. subsimple Rays 20—200. Erigeron. 13 nesspatl : je olucre depressed, broad. _ . Leucanthemum, 40 smoothish. ( Pappus none. . . 2? Involucre hemispherical. . . Chrysanthemum.42 Rays pistillate. . Ant. is. 37 ie 3 isk fls. yellow. ? Rays neutral. . Maruta. 38 Lvs. finely divided. ? Disk fils. white. Rays pistes, .. Achillea. 39 = 4. . Verbesina. 47 ; Rays very short, white, . . Parthenium. 28 Receptacle chafly. | Leaves undivided. 2 Rays very large, purple. . . . Echinacea. 31 in 2—3 rows. . Troximon. 81 § Scales of the invol. equal. ? in 1 row. P . Krigia. ome] — yellow. ? Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary. . . Taraxicum. 82 Lys. radical. LS ea white ; pappus plumose. ‘odon. 74 § Pappus single, bristly. Hieraciwm. - 79 ee s. unarmed. ? Pap. double, outersealy. Cynthia. 73 _ (Fils. yellow. ? Lvs. spinose-dentate ; pappus very bab i Sonchus. 83 Achenia< Flowers blue. Pappus small, scaly. 71 not rost. ( Fls. whitish or cream color. Pap. copious, capillary. | Nabalus. 80 _ (with a fili- pee hee with calyculate scales. . . Lactuca. 77 Achenia< form beak. ? Involucre without calyculate scales. . Tragopogon. 75 Lvs. cauline. | rostrate. ( with a short, thick beak; involucre imbricate. . — - Mulgedium. 78 SCLEROLEPIS. LXXV. COMPOSIT A. ‘2 313 Susorper 1L—T UBULIFLORE. Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft, or lobed. Trize 1. VERNONIACE®. Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style subulate, hispid throughout. 1 VERNONIA. Schreb. Named for Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants. Flowers all tubular ; involucre semicylindric, of ovate, imbricated seales ; receptacle naked; pappus double, the exterior chaffy ; the interior capillary —% Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. 1. V. Novezoracensis. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-weed. Is. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate; scales of involucre filiform at the ends.—A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U.S. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3—6f high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-tepped, compound. Scales and corollas deep purple, the former ending in long, thread-like appendages. Sept. 6. prealia. Less. (V. prealta. Willd.) St. and lvs. beneath pubescent ; scales nearly destitute of the filiform appendages.—Rather taller than the preceding. 2. V. FrascicuLnata. Michx. Iron-weed. St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentose; /vs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate; Ads. numerous, in a somewhat fas- tigiate cyme; invol. ovoid-campanulate; scales appressed, mucronulate or obtuse*— Woods and prairies Western States, very common! A coarse; pur- plish-green weed 3—10f high. Leaves 4—8’ by 1—2’, smooth above. Cymes compact, or loose. Heads large, or small. Corollas showy, dark purple, twice longer than the involucre. Jl. Aug. § we 8. Taller and more branching, with smailer heads.—Woods, Ia. ! i 2 ELEPHANTOPUS.: ee. Gr. sdegas, elephant, rovs, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species. Heads 3—5-flowered, glomerate ; flowers all equal; involucre com- Sait the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series; corolla palmate- igulate, 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; achenia ribbed, hairy ; pappus chaffy-setaceous.—%4 Erect, with alternate, subsessile leaves. Corolla violet purple. E. Carouinianus. Willd. St. branched, leafy, hairy; lvs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper ones subses- sile; Ads. terminal and subterminal—Dry soils, Penn., Ohio! to Flor. and La. Stem 20—30’ high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem leaves 5—7’ by 3—5’, upper about 2’ by 14’, the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the small heads in the form of an involucre. Jl.—Sept. Triznz 2. EUPATORIACEER. Heads discoid or radiate: Branches of the style much elongated; obtuse, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside. Anthers not cordate. Leaves mostly opposite. Section 1. Heads discoid, homogamous. 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. Gr. ordnpos, hard, \eris, ascale. Head many-flowered; scales of the involucre equal, linear, in 2% 314 LXXV. COMPOSIT.&. oo series; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat; branches of the style much exserted ; achenia 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5, obtuse, horny scales—% Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1\—3 terminal heads. Lvs. verticillate. Els. purple. S. verTicitLata. Cass. (Sparganophorus. Micha.) In shallow water, N. J. to Flor. Stem decumbent at base, 1—2f high. Leaves in numerous whorls of about 6, linear-setaceous, entire, 1’ in length. Head commonly solitary, at top of the stem. Jl. Sept. 4. EUPATORIUM. Dedicated to Eupater, king of Pontus, who first used the plant in medicine. Flowers all tubular; involucre imbricate, oblong; style much ex- serted, deeply cleft ; anthers included ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus simple, scabrous ; achenia 5-angled—% Herbs, with opposite or vert- cillate leaves. Hds. corymbose. Els. of the cyanac serves, that is, white, blue, red, §ec.. never yellow. * Leaves verticilate. Flowers purple.f 1. E. ristunésum. Barratt. (E. purpureum. Willd. in part. E. macu~ latum. Linn. in part. E. purpureum. y. angustifolium. T. g& G.) Trum- pet-weed.—St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-purple, striate or fluted; ls. in about 12 whorls of 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glan- dular-serrate ; midvein and veinilets livid purple ; corymb globose, with whorled eduncles.—Thickets, U. S. and Can., very abundant in the Western States! eight 6—10f, hollow its whole length. Leaves, including the 1’ petiole, 8’ by 2’. Corymb often 1f diam. Flowers purple. The glaucous hue and suffused redness of this majestic plant are most conspicuous in flowering-time, Jt does not appear to possess the acrid properties of E. maculatum. July—Sept. 2. E. macutatum. (E. purpureum, . Darl.) Spotted Ewpatorium. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous glands and purple lines; the glands on the stem and leaves give out an acrid effuvium in flowering-time ; /vs. tripli-veined, 3—5 in a whorl—Low grounds, U.S. and Can. Stem 4—6f high. Leaves petiolate, 6—7’ by 3—4’, strongly serrate. Flowers purple. July—Sept. % B. urticefolium. Barratt. Height 4—5f; st. solid, slender; Jus. thin, much longer than the usual form of E. maculatum. _8. E. purpurevum. Linn. not of DC. Willd. nor Ph. (E. verticillatum. Willd.) St. solid, glabrous, green, sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1’ broad; dvs. feather-veined, in whorls of 3,4 and 5, smooth above, with a soft pubescence beneath along the midvein and veinlets, coarsely serrate, —Dry woods or meadows, common, U, 8. and Can. Stem 6f high. Leaves thin and soft, J—12’ Spann the 1’ petiole) by 3—4’.. Corymb lax, pale pur- ple, varying to whitish. Aug. Sept. B. album. Barratt. (E. trifoliatum. Darl.) Fs. dull white; dvs. 5in a whorl, large and distant.—It occurs also witn 4 leaves in a whorl—a tall variety, upper leaves subfalcate ; also with 3 leaves in a whorl—tall and slender. 4. E. TerNIFouiuM. El. (in part.) St. solid, somewhat hispid and glandular, greenish, with purple dots and lines; lvs. mostly 3 in a whorl, the upper and last whorls smooth and finely ser- rate. B. vesiculosum. Barratt. St. striate, purplish, solid, 2—3f high—Abundant in meadows and pastures. A handsome variety, with a profusion of purple flowers in a large, spreading corymb. The leaves present a vesicular appear- ance in a remarkable degree on their upper surface. ** Leaves opposite. Heads 3—5-flowered. . 5. E. uyssopirouium. Narrow-leaved Eupatorium. Lws. opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceo- * This section according to Dr. Barratt. See preface. EUPATORIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITZ. 315 late, tripli-veined, punctate, lower ones subserrate, upper ones entire—A more delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, Mass.! to La. Stem about 2f high, branching, with numerous narrow leaves, which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. ‘Heads a a Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flowers. ug. Sept. 6..E. tevcouéris. T. & G. (E. glaucescens. 8. leucolepis. DC. E. linearifolium. Mz.)—St. mostly simple ; Zvs. lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined; corymb fastigiate, canescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8—10, scarious at the summit, as long as the flowers.—Sandy fields, N. J.toLa. Stem2—3f high. Leaves 11—21 by +—¥, ‘glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stem, upper ones linear and en- tire. Corolla dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug.—Oct. ‘7. E. aurissimum. (Kuhnia glutinosa. DC.) Goldenrod Eupatoriwm. St. pubescent-tomentose, tall, corymbose at the summit; ls. lanceolate, acutely serrate above the middle, pubescence tapering to each end, subsessile, conspicuously 3-veined; fds. 5-flowered; scales 8—12, obtuse, pubescent.— Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and Western States, Plummer! Stem round, striate, 3—7f high. Leaves 3—4’ by 4—3’, much resembling those of Solidago Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb compound, con- sisting of many simple, subcapitate ones. Corollas whitish, nearly twice as Jong as the scales. Sept. Oct. 8. E. arzum. (E. glandulosum. Michx.) -White-flowered Evupatorium. St. pubescent; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, scabrous ‘or pubescent, acute, obscurely 3-veined; corymé fastigiate; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8—14, lance-linear, setaceously acuminate, scarious on the margin, and much longer than the flowers; ach. glandvlar.—Sandy fields, Penn. to La. Stem about 2f high, numerously divided above. Leaves 2—3/ by 4—1’, upper ones entire and alternate. Involucre concealing the flowers, and with them copious- ly sprinkled with resinous dots, Whitish. Aug.—Oct. 9. E. reucriroiium. Willd. (E. verbenefolium. Mz. E. pubescens. Pers.) Hairy Eupatorium.—tLas. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate or entire; st. panicu- late, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above.—Mass.! to: Lia. Plant hairy, 2—3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers. The upper leaves are often entire. Involucre 5-flowered, with twice-as many scales in two rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug. 10. E. sesstuirotium. Sessile-leaved Eupatorium. Ivs. opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, very smooth, serrate; s¢. smooth.—Plant 2—4f high, in rocky woods, Mass. to Ia.! and Ga. Stem slender, erect, branching at topinto a corymb with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat trun- cate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower-stalks downy. Heads 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Sept. 11. E. rorunpironium. Willd. Hoarhound. Is. opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veinea and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; Ads. about 5-flowered, inner scales acuminate, as long as the flowers.—A slender species, in dry fields, N. J. and 8S. States. Stem 2—3f high, roughish. Leaves 1—22/ long, 3 as wide, mostly obtuse. Heads fastigiate-corymbose. Involucre very pubescent, outer scales shorter than the inner. Flowers white. Pappus longer than corolla. Styles much exserted. Aug. Sept. 12. E. pusescens. Muhl. (E. ovatum. Bw.) Hairy Eupatorium. St. hirsute; dvs. opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough, ubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered.—aA large, rough plant, eat high, growing in dry grounds, N. H.! to-Penn. Distinguished by its opposite, broadly ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about 15 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest, Aug 27* 316 LXXV. COMPOSIT A. ~ Conociinium. *** Leaves opposite. Heads 8—20-flowered. 13. E. PerFoLIATUM. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Lvs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent.—A common, well known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. 8. and Can. Abundant. Stem 1—5f high, round, rough and hairy. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right angles to it; they are rough, rugose, serrate, tapering to a long point, and both combined, are 8—14’ in length. Heads about 12-flowered, clustered in large, terminal corymbs. Corollas white. Aug.—The plant is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic. 14. E. restnosum. Torr. St. minutely tomentose; Jvs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, tapering to a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly glandular both sides; corymé fastigiate, compound; /ds. 10—15-flowered; scales obtuse, hoary- tomentose.—Wet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. Stem 2—3f high, growing in tufts, Leaves 3—6/ by 3—6”. Aug. Sept—This singular species appears to be nearly confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first fount by Dr. Torrey. ~15. E. aGeratToipes. Nettle-leaved Ewpatorium. ' St. smooth, somewhat branched; lvs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth; corymbs compound ; invol. simple, smooth.—Rocky hills and woods, Can. and U.S. Stem round, 2—4f high, and with the whole plant nearlysmooth. Leaves large, 3—6/ long, 2—4/ broad at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1—2’ long. Heads numerous, in small clus- ters, constituting a compound corymb. Involucre scales mostly in a row, con- taining 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug. Sept. ‘ 16. E. aromaticum. Aromatic Hupatoriwm. St. rough, pubescent, corymbose at summit; dvs. petiolate, opposite, sub- cordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish ; 7vol. simple, pubescent.—A handsome species, in low woods, Mass. to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Leaves 2—4’ long, 4 as wide, on petioles less than an inch long. Heads of the flowers large, 10—15-flowered, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug. Sept. 17. E. seroTinum. Michx. St. puberulent, diffusely branched ; /vs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, sharp- ly serrate, tripli-veined, nearly glabrous; corymbs compound; hds. 12—15- Aowered: scales 10—12, scarious-edged, very pubescent. Ill. Mead, to Ga. Stem 4—6f high, somewhat paniculate above. Leaves 4—6’ by }—13’, upper ones nearly entire, and somewhat scattered, lower ones opposite, with large, irregular serratures. Sept. Oct. 5. MIKANIA. Willd. - In honor of Professor Mikan, of Prague. Flowers all tubular ; involucre 4—6-leaved, 4—6-flowered ; recep- tacle naked; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous; anthers partly ex- serted ; achenia angled —Mosily climbing herbs. Lws. opposite. M. scanpens. Willd. Climbing Boneset. St. smooth; /vs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, rather unequal; /ds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs.—A climbing plant of wet thickets, Mass.! to Ga., rather rare. Every part smooth. Leaves 2—3’by 1—2’, on petioles 1—2’ long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, nearly fiikced, each bearing a small corymb of whitish, or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. . 6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. G7. Kkwvos, cone, k\wn, bed or receptacle. Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium.—2 Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, serrate. F'ls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs. Laatris. LXXV. COMPOSITZ. 317 C. ca@Lestinum. DC. (Celestina cerulea. Spreng. Eupatorium celes- tinum. Linn.)—Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much branched ; Jvs. deltoid- ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate- serrate, veiny; petioles slender, about half as long as the lamina; corymbs nu- merous, subumbellate ; scales numerous, setaceous.—Hedges, thickets, roadsides, &c., Penn. and S. and W. States! Stem 1—2if high, terete, with opposite branches. Leaves 1—2}/ long, 3 as wide. Flowers 20—50 in a head, of a light or sky-blue, reddish in fading. Aug. Sept. % LIAT RIS. Gr. Xt, an emphatic prefix, arpws, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary. Flowers all tubular ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus plumose, copious; achenia obconic, 10-striate; styles much exserted—% herbs or shrubs. Root tuberous. St. simple. Lws. alternate, Fils. cyanic. ; ; * Heads 16—60-flowered. 1. L. squarrésa. Willd. Blazing Star. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent; Jvs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base ; yac. flexuous, leafy ; ids. few, sessile or nearly so; invol. ovate-cylindric; scales large, squarrose-spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, scarcely colored; fs. numerous; pappus plumose.—A splendid plant, native (in N.Y. according to Prof. Eaton) Penn. to Flor. and W. States! Stem 2 —3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Heads 5—20, with brilliant purple flowers. Aug. f : J 2. L. cytinpracea. Michx. St. low, slender and very leafy, smooth or somewhat hirsute; lus. rigid, linear, mostly 1-veined; Ads. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15—20- flowered ; scales short, close, rounded or obtuse and abruptly mucronate at apex.— Prairies and barrens, Mich. toMo. Stem 6—18’high. Leaves 2—5’ by 2—4”. Heads 1’ long, rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Flowers bright purple. 3. L. scartésa. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent; Jvs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller; ds. remotely racemed ; invol. globose-hemispherical ; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish; fls. numerous; pappus scabrous.—A beautiful plant, 4—5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Mass. (Rickard ? to Ill.! and La. Stem rather stout, whitish above. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3—9’ long, upper 1—3/ by 1—3”, rough-edged. Heads 5—20, 1’ diam., in a long raceme, each 20—40-flowered. Corolla purple. Aug. f * * Heads 5—15-flowered. 4. L. craminirouia. Willd. Torr. & Gray. Grass-leaved Liatris. Glabrous or with scattered hairs; st. slender and simple; vs. linear, 1- veined; hds. 7—12-flowered, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; involucre acute at base ; scales many, obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; ach. hairy.—N. J.:to Ala. B.% dubia. (L. pilosa. @. dubia. Ph. L. dubia. Bart.) Inflorescence sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate——Pine barrens, N. J. Stem 2—3f high. Leaves 3—6’ by 2—4”. Heads rather small. Sept. Oct. 5. L. spicata. Willd. Slender-spiked Laatris. Lws. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at base; Ads. in a long, terminal spike, nearly sessile; /fts. of the invol. oblong, obtuse ; fis. about 8; pappus scabrous-plumose.—Native from N. J.and Mich.! to Flor. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. Stem 2—5f high. Heads numerous, with bright purple flowers. Aug. t B. resinosa. 'T. & G, (L. resinosa. Nutt.) Plant smaller; fds. about 5- flowered. 6. L. pycnostacuya. Michx. Thick-spiked Liatris. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy; vs. rigid, ascending, straight, 318 LXXV. COMPOSITE. # ~ AsTER. lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear; spike dense and thick, long and bracted below; Ads. numerous, cylindrical, sessile, 5-flowered; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrose tips.— Prairies, Il].! to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata chiéhy by its acute, squarrose scales and few-flowered heads. Stem 3—5f high. Spikes cylindrical, 10—20' long. 8. T. & G. (L. brachystachya. Nudt.) St. and invol. nearly glabrous. Section 2. Heads radiate. 8. TUSSILAGO. Altered from the Lat. tussis, cough ; considered a good expectorant. ~ ‘Heads many-flowered ; flowers of the ray 9, those of the disk 3; involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary.—% Lws..radi- cal. F'ls. yellow, with very narrow rays. _ T. Farrirs. Colt’s-foot. A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a cer- tain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5’ high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head, in March and April, long before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5—8! by 3—6’, cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with ‘a cotton- like down beneath, and on downy petioles. §? 9. NARDOSMIA. Cass. Gr. vapdos, spikenard, ogpn, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered, somewhat 2 dc; flowers of the ray Q, of the disk %, but abortive in the sterile plant ; involuere simple ; recep- tacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary—% Lvs. radical. F'ls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the fertile heads in several, but very narrow. N. paumita. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.) Scape with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb; lvs. roundish-cordate, 5—7-lobed, tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate—In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt., Robbins. Sunderland, Mass., Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a‘stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1—2f high. The heads are fragrant, nume- rous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. Trise 3. ASTEROIDE. Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic. 10. ASTER. Gr. acrnp, astar; from the radiated flowers. : Involucre oblong, imbricate; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading; disk flowers tubular, % ; ray flowers Q; in one row, generally few (6—100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ; achenium usually compressed.—A large genus of % herbs, very abundant in the U. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Los. alternate. Disk fis. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple or white, never yellow. . § Scales imbricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6—15. Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. Biotia. DC. .1. A. corymposus. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.) Corymbed Aster. ‘St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth ; branches hairy; lws. ovate, acutely ser- ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITZ. 319 rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invol. oblong, imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales—Common in dry woods, N. and Mid. States. Stem 2f high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serra- tures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug. 2. A. MacRoPHYLLUs. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Cass.) Large-leaved Aster.—St. branched, diffuse ; dvs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat winged; znvol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales.—Distin- guished for its very large root leaves which are 6—10’ by 3—5’. Grows in woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1—2f high. Leaves nearly smooth. Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept. § § Scales imbricated, with spreading, green tips. Rays 12—30. Pap- ‘pus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large, . corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. Ca.i- astrum. T. & G. 3. A. RaptLa. Ait. Rasp-leaved Aster. St. erect, simple below, angular; Jvs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough; zmvol. imbricate, scales appressed, with small, spreading green tips——Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn.! Not common. Height 1—3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem. Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are some- vimes ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept. 4. A. specTaBiLis. Ait. Showy Aster. St. erect; lvs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower ones serrate in the middle; branches corymbose; hds. hemispherical, with nu- merous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales—A low Aster of pine barrens, Mass. ! to Ky. Stem straight, 1—2f high, branching above into a nearly simple co- rymb of 10—15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. Sept.—Nov. 5. A. cracinis. Nutt. Slender Aster. St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit; vs. oblong-lanceolate, in- cisely and remotely serrulate, narrowed to the sub-clasping base; corymb loose, spreading; scales linear-oblong, whitish, with green, spreading tips; rays about 12.—Pine barrens, N. J. Stems clustered, 12—14’ high, purplish, leafy, slender. Leaves 1—2}/ long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatu- late. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the involucre. Sept. §§ § Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft, none of them thickened upwards. Achenia compressed. ASTER proper. P * Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads paniculate. 6. A. corpiFouius. Heart-leaved Aster. St. paniculate, smoothish; lower lvs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply ser- rate, acuminate, petiolate; petioles winged; invol. closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips——Common in rocky woods, N. and W. States. Stem smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high, with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. - Rays 10—15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or mi- nute bracts. Sept. 7. A. SAGITTIFOLIUS. Arrow-leaved Aster. St. with racemose branches above, smooth; lwvs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, ~ 320 LXXV. COMPOSITZ. ASTER. serrate, petiolate; invol. scales loose, lanceolate.-—Low woods, N. and W. States and Can. Stem 2—4f high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 8. A. unpuULATUS. Wave-leaf Aster. St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered; ls. oblong- cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles—Native of dry woods, U. 8. Plant rough, about 2t high, with slender branches. Lower leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming nar- row-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, forming a loose panicle of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. 9. A. azureus. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddell.) Scabrous; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid; lvs. lance-ovate, cor- date, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate ; Ads. broadly obeonic ; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed—Woods and prairies, Western States. Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous floral ones of the slender branches. Racemes rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue. 10. A. SHortu. Hook. Short’s Aster. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above; Jws. lance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile and obtuse at base; Ads. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather numerous; invol. broad-campanulate; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter than the disk flowers.—A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of streams, Ohio! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2—4f high. Lower leaves about 5! by 14’, the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they are minute. Rays violet blue. * * Lower leaves never cordate. Cauline leaves clasping and cordate or auriculate at base. 11. A. paTens. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.) Spreading Aster. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent ; /vs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent; panicle loose, few- flowered; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous.—Grows in moist grounds, Northern States. Stem 2—3f high, slender, branching above into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (3—6' long) on the stem, becom- ing small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, with 20—30 violet-colored rays. Aug.—Nov. 12. A. Levis. (A. mutabilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. Muhl.) Smooth Aster. Very smooth; st. angular; branches simple, 1-flowered; lws. subamplexi- caul, remote, oblong, entire, shining, radical ones subserrate; invol. closely imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the apex.—A very smooth and beautiful species, 2—3f high, growing in low grounds. Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leavesrather fleshy, broadest at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large andshowy, with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept—Nov. 6. levigatus. (A. levigatus. Willd.) Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate. y. cyaneus. (A. cyaneus. Ph.) St. andlvs. conspicuously glaucous.—These are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beauti- ful of all the asters. 13. A. concinnus. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster. St. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent; Jvs. lanceolate and lance- linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire ; invol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip—Woods, N orthern States! A slender species, 1—2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and re- mote, Leaves 3—5! long, acuminate, varying from 4—1’ in width, smooth ex- - ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSIT Z. 321 cept the mid-vein beneath; branch leaves few and much smaller. Heads mid- dle-size, with 10—15 bluish purple rays. Sept.—Nov. 14. A. puniceus. Red-stalked Aster. St. hispid, paniculate; dvs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed.—A large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. StatesandCan. Stem 4—6f high, generally red, (at least on the south side), furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and showy. Rays 50—80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug.—Oct. 15. A. PRENANTHOIDES. Muhl. Prenanthes-like Aster. St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbose-paniculate ; lws. oval-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long winged petiole which is au- riculate at the insertion ; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, green- tipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y.toKy. Stem 2—3f high, with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays showy, pale blue——Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, whichis dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves nae nearly entire. Sept—Nov. 16. A. ametuysTinus. Nutt. Amethystine Aster. Hirsute; st. racemose-paniculate; /vs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base; invol. of equal scales.—Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays. Aug.— Oct. 17. A. Novz Ancuiz. New England Aster. Fis. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate; sf. hispid, paniculate; lws. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales of involucre equal, lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk.—A large and beautiful -aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States! than in N. Eng. ! Stem 4—6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numer- ous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, ina kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75— 100). Sept. t *** Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate. t Scales not spreading. 18. A. Trapescanti. Tvadescant’s Aster. Branches virgate, paniculate; /vs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile, smooth ; invol. closely imbricate; st. round, slender, smooth.—A fine species, with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass. to La. Stem rigid, brownish, about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4’ long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Headssmall, numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug.—Oct. : B. fragilis. T. & G. (A. fragilis. Willd.) Cauline leaves serrulate or entire, short; heads much scattered on the branches. 19. A. Miser. Ait. T.&G. (A. miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. Ait.) Starved Aster—St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent; dvs. sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle; invol. imbricated with acute scales; rays short.—A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, U.S. and Can. In height it varies from 6 to 30’, and in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1—5’ in length. Heads usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays. 8. diffusus. Branches spreading, diffuse; lvs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; ds. often sessile, forming short, crowded spikes or long virgate ones. y. hirsuticaulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaulis. Lindl.) St. hirsute; ls. long 302 LXXV. COMPOSITA. ASTER. and narrow, midvein hirsute; Ads. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense. bunches; scales linear. 20. A. stmpLex. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.) Willow-leaved Aster. Glabrous; st. racemose-paniculate above; dvs. lanceolate, acuminate, en- tire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate; scales loosely imbricated, linear- subulate.—Another variable species in low grounds, U. 8. and Can. Stem 1—5t high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 2—4/ by 5—10”, very smooth both sides, tapering to a slender point; those of the branches and branchlets propor- tionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept. B. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent; ids. above the middle size, with blue rays.—Stem 4—6f high. y. humilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads ; rays pale blue-—Stem 1—2f high. 6. recurvatus. Diffuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches; Ads. loosely racemed ; rays bluish-white—Western ! 21. A. renuirouius. Narrow-leaved Aster. St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; dvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle; zmvol. scales lax, acute.— Grows in moist fields, Can.to Va. Stem leaves 2—4’ long, those of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (20—30), long, pale purple rays. Sept. 92. A. Greenel. Torr. & Gray. Greene’s Aster. St. glabrous, racemosely branched; lvs. glabrous, subclasping, remotely appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, nu- merous, ovate-lanceolate; Ads. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles.—Near Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3—5! long, ramial leaves much smaller. 93. A. Novi-Beieu. New York Aster. _ Glabrous; s¢. terete, stout, often glaucous; lvs. rather rigid, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping ; Ads. racemose or corymbose; scales rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips; rays numerous.—A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not common. Stem 2—4f high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches. Leaves 4—6’ long, tapering to each end, rough-edged, upper ones much smaller. Heads rather large. Rays pale blue, expanding 9—12”. Aug.—Oct. +t Scales spreading or squurrose at tip. 24. A. Laxus. Loose-stalked Aster. : St. loosely corymbose-panicled above; Jvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches much spreading ; invol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. —Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2—3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct. 25. A. Laxirouius. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster. St. scabrous ; rac. compound ; branches racemose at the summit or slightly compound; Jvs. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronately serrulate, attenuate at each end, clasping at base, scabrous above; scales squarrose. ‘ . letiflorus. T. & G. St. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches ; lvs. rather rigid and very scabrous; rac. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless— Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey g Gray as a very graceful plant of considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy, pale purple rays. ; 26. A. Lonairotivs. Lam. (A. levigatus. Ph.) Long-leaved Aster. Glabrous; st. very branching, branches many-flowered; dvs. subamplexi- caul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol. scales lax, lanceolate, nearly equaling the disk.—Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3f high. Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 4—6’ long. Heads numerous, showy, with 25—30 light blue rays. Noy. . ASTER: LXXV. COMPOSITE. 323 **** Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin entire or subentire. : ~ t+ Scales erect. 27. A. sericeus. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.) Silk-leaved Aster. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched above ; vs. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent pubes- cence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile; ids. large, mostly solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets; scales lanceolate, silky-canes- cent like the leaves, spreading at tip.—A singularly elegant Aster, with shin- ing, silvery foliage, prairies! and river banks! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem 1—2f high. Lower leaves 2—3/ by 3—1}’, the upper much smaller. Rays deep violet-blue. Aug.—Oct. f 28. A. concoLoR. One-colored Aster. St. subsimple, erect, pubescent; Jvs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, gray- ish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acumi- nate; rac. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated; scales lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed.—Pine barrens, N.J.to Flor. A slender and virgate plant, 1—3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous. Leaves 13’ by 3’, reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue rays and a rust-colored pappus. 29. A. TURBINELLUS. Lindl. Smooth or slightly scabrous; branches and branchlets very slender; ls. lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of the branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate ; zmvol. turbinate, acute at base, as long as the disk flowers; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse. with short green tips——Woods and river bottoms, Ill. Mead, Mo., &c. to La. Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lowel leaves 3—5’! by #—13’, the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and brownish pappus. Sept. 30. A. pumésus. Bushy Aster. Nearly smooth ; branches racemose-panicled ; Jvs. numerous, smooth, li- near, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short; znvol. cyl- indrical, closely imbricate——About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods U.S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute——Heads mid- dle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays. Quite varia ble. Sept. . B. foliosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.) St. racemose-compound ; lvs. acute, often ser- rulate; scales narrower, subacute. y. strictior. (A. fragilis. Lindl.) Somewhat paniculate; branch leaves rather numerous and appressed. 31. A. carneus. Flesh-colored Aster. Smooth; sé. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches; lvs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a ses- sile base, the upper amplexicaul; scales acute, much shorter than the disk.—A handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont!) N. H., W.tola. Rare. Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3—5/ by 3—4’, branch leaves much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with 20—30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct. % 32. A. GRAMINIFOLIUS. Ph. Grass-leaved Aster. Subpubescent; st.slender, branched above; lower lvs. very numerous, nar- row-linear; ped. slender, 1-flowered; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely im- bricated.—N. H. Eddy, High cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Vt.! Branches simple, leafy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 15—25,much longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. tt Outer scales spreading or squarrose. 33. A. ERIcéipEs. Heath-like Aster. Nearly or quite smooth; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate; Js. linear or linear-lanceolate, very smooth, those of the branches subulate and ap- 28 : 304 LXXV. COMPOSIT. Aster. proximate, short, of the stem long, of the root oblong-spatulate ; imvol. some- what squarrose.—Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1—3f - high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the cauline ones 3! in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept. .34. A. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered Aster. Hairy or pubescent; st. diffusely branched ; Js. linear, entire, sessile, pu- hescent, margins subciliate ; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate, with oblong, ciliate scales——A very branching, diffuse species, with very nu- merous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with about 12 white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1—2fhigh. Leaves 1—2 long, obtuse, very narrow. Rocks and dry fields, U.S. Variable. Sept. 35. A. prmauTus. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.) Willow-leaved Aster. St. eorymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above; lws. lanceolate, close- ly sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin, subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base; invol. loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped, Jinear scales——Common in moist woods and by streams (N. H. to Wis. Lapham!), varying from 2 to 3f in height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of large and showy blue flowers. Aug.—Oct. 36. A. eLOpes. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster. Glabrous and very smooth; branches corymbose-paniculate; lvs. linear- lanceolate, entire, shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; znvol. closely imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales.—In swamps, Mass. to Va. Stem 1—2f high, with very smooth foliage and large, showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept. . 37. A. opLoneirotius. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nutt.) Oblong-leaved Aster.—St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy; branches spreading, with loose and irregular branchlets; /vs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasp- ing, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on the branches and branchlets ; hds. solitary, terminal on the slender branchlets ; involuere scales nearly equal, green, spreading.—Prairies, &c. Western States! Plant 1—2f high, often glandular- viscid. Cauline leaves 12—20” by 3—5”; those of the branches 6” by 2”, of the branchlets 3’ by 3’, indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pap- pus brownish. Sept. Oct. § § § § Scales imbricated, scarious on the margins, destitute of green tips. 38. A. acuminatus. Michx. Acwminate Wood Aster. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ; lvs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate ; invol. scales jax, linear.—Mountains and woods, Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few- flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are maps | situated just below the corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white rays. Aug. 39. A. NemorAuis. Ait. (A. ledifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. He). Wood Aster —Branches corymbed or 0; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform ; lws. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, revolute-margined, roughish ; scales of the involucre very acute, loose, shorter than the disk; rays about 20.— A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H. Storrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 10—20’ high. Leaves numerous, 10—18’ by 2—4”, rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple axis. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. 40. A. prarmicoipes. T.&G. (Heliastrum album. DC, Chrysopsis alba. Nutt.)—St. corymbose-fastigiate above; Jvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole; rays short.—A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, Mf streams and lakes, Vt. Robbins, to Mo, Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing DipLopaprvs. LXXV. COMPOSITZ. 325 a reading anicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished with snow-white rays. July—Sept. 41. A. ruexvuosus. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. Ph.) Few-flowered Aster. St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth; Jvs. long and succulent, the lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flow- ered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. The whole plant | very smooth, 1f high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug.—Oct. 42, A. LINIFoLIUS. (A. subulatus. Michx.) Sea Aster. St. paniculate, much branched from the base; dvs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate; zvol. cylindric with subulate scales; radical hds. mi- nute.—An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass. to Car. Stem 12—18! high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very branching, with numerous short-rayed, small, purple flowers. Aug. 11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. Gr. onptxos, silken, kap7os, fruit; from the character of the genus. Heads few-flowered ; ray-flowers 4—6, 2; disk-fls. 6—10, $; in- volucre oblong, imbricated ; scales appressed, with green, spreading tips; receptacle alveolate; achenium obconic, very silky; pappus simple—% Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays white. 1. S. soxrpacineus. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michz. Smooth; lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3-veined, rough on the margin; corymd fastigiate; hds. aggregate. subsessile, 5-rayed; scales obtuse, white, with green tips—In woods, Can. to La. Not common. Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1—2! by 3— 5’. Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. Jl. Aug. 2. S. conyzoipes. Nees. (Aster. Willd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.) St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top; ls. oval-lanceolate, smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones ses- sile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; invol. eylindri- cal, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit; rays 5, short. —Common in woods and thickets, Mass. to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 1—2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. 12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Gr. dimdoos, double, tats, pappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 2; disk-fls. $; involucre imbricate ; receptacle flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior very short, interior copious, capillary; achenium compressed.—2. Lws. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yellow. 1. D. tinarurotivs. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.) St. straight, roughish ; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate; scales of invol. im- bricate, carinate, as long as the disk; dvs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, earinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved.—A handsome species, in dry woods, along streams, U.S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple, purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly up- ‘right or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy, violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. 2. D. umpBeLuatus. Hook. ee amygdalinus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.) St. smooth, straight, simple; corymd fastigiate; Ivs. long, lanceolate, smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin; invol. scales obtusely lanceolate.—A tall, handsome plant, growing in low grounds, river banks and fields, N. Eng. to La. Stem 3—4f high (in dry fields but 1—2), 306 LXXV. COMPOSIT&. Enigenon, purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped, compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 4—6! in length, those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug. Sept. B. amygdalinus. St. roughish above, green ; branches of the corymb divaricate ; lvs. broader.—Quite different in aspect from variety a. Common. 3. D. cornirouius. Less. (Aster cornifolius. Muhi. St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered ; lws. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs, rough-edged ; invol. scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods, N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1—2f high. Leaves acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large; outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug. | 13. ERIGERON. Gr. np, the spring, yepwy, an old man; because it is hoary early in the season. Heads many-fiowered, subhemispherical ; ray-flowers 2 very nu- merous (40—200), narrow, linear ; flowers of the disk $; receptacle flat, naked ; involucre nearly in 1 row; pappus generally simple— Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays cyanic. § Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly 2. 1. E. pevuiprrotium. Muhl. (E. pulchellum. Mz.) Robin’s Plantain. Hirsute ; radical lvs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate ; stem lus. remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping; ids. 3—7, in a close, terminal corymb; rays nearly twice longer than the involucre, linear-spatulate-—Dry fields and thickets, U.S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoliniferous, 1—2f high. Leaves 2—3’ by 6—9’, mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60— 100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in May and June. Resembles the following. 2. E. PuitapELpHicum. (E. purpureum. Az.) Narrow-rayed Robin's Pl. Pubescent or hirsute; lvs. thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper ob- long-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) base, subserrate; ids. few, on long, slender peduncles; rays very numerous, filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre-——Woods and pastures throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1—3f high. Leaves 2—4' by 6—9”, lower much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays 150—200! reddish-purple or flesh- colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn.—Aug. B.% Ricardi. Cauline lvs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Rickard! y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves. 3. E. HETEROPHYLLUM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.) Common Fleabane. White-weed.—St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching; /vs. hirsute, coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base intoa winged petiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numer- ous and narrow.—A common weed, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick, 2—4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, co- rymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. June.—Aug. 4, E. stricésum. FYeabane. White-weed. Daisy. Hairy and strigose; /vs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or witha few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3-veined and petiolate; panicle co- rymbose; pappus double.—A rough weed in grassy fields, Can.and U.S. Stem about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white. June—Oct. 8. (E. integerrifolium. Bw.) St. simple, smooth; lvs. entire, pubescent; fils. corymbed. Rays 100—150, §§ Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants@® or ©. 5. E. prvaricatum. Michx. ; ie Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute; Jvs. linear and subulate; Ads. — a i Dauwita. LXXV. COMPOSIT. 327 very small, loosely corymbose ; rays minute.—Dry soil, Western States! S. to La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3—6’ high, but at length spreading 1—2f. Leaves 4—12” by 4—1". Rays purplish. June—Aug. \6, E. Canapense. Canadian or Common Fleabane. ‘Invol. oblong; rays numerous, (40—50), crowded, minute; pappus simple; st. hairy, paniculate ; dvs. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate.—A very common an- nua! plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N. Am. Stem 4—9f! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, ir- regularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. Aug.—Nov. 14. CALLISTEPHUS. Cass. Gr. xaos, beautiful, orepos, a crown; characteristic of the pappus. Ray-flowers 2, numerous; disk-flowers 9; involucre hemispheri- cal; receptacle subconvex; pappus double, each in | series, outer series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setze united into a crown ; in- ner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous sete.—@ Exotics. Luvs. alternate. C. Cuinensis. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.) China Aster—St. hispid; branches divergent, 1-flowered; lvs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base.—Said to be originally from China. Stem about 18’ high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July—Sept.—Cultivation has produced many beau- tiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays. j 15. BELLIS. Lat. bellus, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus. Heads many-flowered; rays 9 ; disk § ; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales; receptacle subalveolate, conical; pappus 0.—Low herbs, either © and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Hds. solitary. B. pERENNIS. Garden Daisy.—Rool creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered ; lvs. obovate, crenate-—2| Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4’ high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the differ- ent varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 16. DAHLIA. In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnzus. Tnvolucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus 0—% Splendid Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 1. D, variaBitis. Desf. (D. superflua. Azt.)—St. green; rachis of the ls. winged; /fts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer invol. reflexed; ray fils. 9, sterile or fertile—These superb and fashionable plants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They havecoarse and rough- ish leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and ‘beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con- ceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from July until arrested by frost. 2. D. coccinea. Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.)—St. frosty, or hoary, hollow; lvs. with the rachis naked ; /fts. roughish beneath; oufer invol. spreading; rays neuter.—Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron- color or yellow, never purple or white——The Dahlias are generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, free from frost. 28* 328 LXXV. COMPOSIT &. Souipaco. 17. BOLTONIA. In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of “ Ferns of Great Britain,” &c., 1788. Heads many-flowered; ray flowers 9, in a single series, those of the disk tubular. $; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins; receptacle conic, punctate; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged ; pappus of minute setze, 2 (—4) of them usually lengthened into awns. —2 Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds. loosely corymbose. Rays purplish-white. 1. B. cuastiroxia. L’Her. Laws. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower ones sometimes serrate; Ads. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted corymb; branches leafy; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with 2 awns nearly its own length.—Prairies and banks of streams, Il. Jenney! Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3—6f high. Stem leaves 2—4’ by }—3?’; branch leaves of the same form but smaller. Rays about 30, expanding 9”. Jl. Aug. 2. B. asterdives. L’Her. (B. diffusa. El/l.? Chrysanthemum Caroli- nianum. Walt.)—Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, nar- rowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute; ids. on long pedun- cles, in a diffuse and loosely paniculate corymb; branches and branchlets very slender and nearly naked ; ach. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned.— Prairies, &c. Ia.! Ill. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3—7f high. Leaves 2—5’ or 6’ by }—3’, reduced upwards to setaceous bracts 1—2” in length. Heads terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 7’. Aug. Sept. Section 2. Heads radiate. Rays yellow. 18. SOLIDAGO. Lat. solidari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. Flowers of the ray about 5, 2, remote, of the disk %; involucre ob- long, imbricate, with appressed scales; receptacle punctate, narrow ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous.—% Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lws. alternate. Hds. small, with 1\—15 (very rarely 0) small rays. F's. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. § 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. nanceoLATa. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. St. angular, hairy, much branched; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymds terminal, fasti- giate——In woods and meadows, Can. and U.S. Distinguished from most other species by its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2—4f high, with numerous, very long and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the axils. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. In- volucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 2. S. Tenuirouia. Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches; dws. linear, spread- ing, obscurely 3-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy; corymb ter- minal, consisting of clustered heads; vays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. —Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass.! to La. Also Wis. Dr. Lapham! Avery slender species, distinguished from 8. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness of - the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate with resinous dots, Aug.—Oct. § 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate. 3. S. rigipa. Hard-leaved Goldenrod. St. stout, rough and hairy; /vs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs. - Sonipaco. LXXV. COMPOSITZ. 329 those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate; flowering branches paniculate, with close, short racemes; rays elongated ; involucre scales obtuse.—A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. Abundant in the western prairies! Stem 3—5f high, round, striate, with rigid leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Heads larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7—9, about 3” by 1”, deep yellow. Aug. Sept. : 4. S. Ountensis. Riddell. Glabrous; lower lws. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, wpper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire; hds. numerous, 15—20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb.—Mead- ows and prairies, western N. Y. to Ia.!_ A perfectly smooth species, 2—3fhigh. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6—8’ by 1—12’, on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2’ by 5”. Heads about 6-rayed. Sept. Oct. 5. S. Rippetyu. Frank. (S. Mexicana. 8. Hook.) FRiddell’s Solidago. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched; radical lws. very long, lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline lvs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire; branches leafy ; hds. 20—24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, faStigiate corymb.—Wet rairies Ohio! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. * Disk pale green or purplish. 1. R. LAcIniéta. ' Glabrous ; lower lvs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, wpper ones ovate; pappus crenate—In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6—8f high. Leaves alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1—2’ long, oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. 2. R.-suBTOMENTOsA. Ph. S¢. branching, tomentose-pubescent ; Jvs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, up- per undivided, ovate, acuminate; Ads. corymbose; scales numerous, spreading ; disk purplish-brown; rays large, spreading.—A coarse, rough species, 3—4f high, prairies, &c., Western and Southern States. Stem angular, marked with brown lines. Leaves 3—5’ long, on petioles 1—24” long. Rays deep or orange yellow, 10—15, about 1’ long. July, Aug. _ ** Disk dark purple. 3. R,. TRILOBA. Hirsute; branches panicled, spreading; lower cauline lvs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate; wpper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, ser- rate or entire; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolate; Ads. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid; rays about 8, broad- oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales.—Fields, Middle and Western States. A handsome species, 2—4f high, very branching. Leaves 2—4’ long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6—10" long, 3 as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned at the summit. . Aug. Sept. 4. R. wirta. Rough Cone-flower. Very hirsute or hispid; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked; lws. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate ; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows; rays spreading.—A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Rickard! Western N. Y.! to La. and Ia.!_ Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly 338 LXXV. COMPOSIT Zz. ZINNIA, prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head with 12—15 bright yellow rays. These are aninch long, and surround a broad- ly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaff antt flowers. July—Sept.t 5. R. rutaipa. Ait. (R.chrysomela. Michz. R. spatulata. Ph.) St. hirsute, with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above; lvs. strigose- pubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclasping base; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse—Mountains, Penn. to Ohio! and Ga. Stem 1—3f high. Rays 12—14, scarcely longer than the leafy invo- lucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. + 6. R. speciésa. Wender. St. hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above; lvs. sca- brous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5-veined, on long: petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-lin- ear, much shorter than the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, acute.—Bor- ders of woods, Ll. Jenney! Ohio! to Penn. Sta. 10, Andromeda. 5 ‘ ovoid. \ Capsule ( op’ng into the cells (loculicidal). 2 Sta. 8. Erica. 16 pene free. Prostrate undershrub. sce ag 9 Corolla salver-form, ? holding the anthers in 10 pits. . 5 almia. 10 Petals ; Anth. opening by clefts. . 1. M. Canapensis. (M. borealis. Michz.) Horsemint. Ascending, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each end; fis. in axillary cymés; sta. generally exserted.—2| Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1—2f high, growing in muddy situations. The stem is square and usually branched, the angles beset with reversed hairs. Leaves serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks, and punctate with resinous dots at each end. Flowers apparently in whorls, pale purple, usually distinguished by the projecting stamens which are sometimes twice as long as the corollas. alyx hairy. Aromatic like the other species. June, July. B. stamens equaling the corolla. 416 XCIIIl. LABIAT ZE. ; Lycopus. 4 2. M. viripis. (M.tenuis. Micha. M. gracilis. Muhl.) Spearmint. Lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; bracts setaceous, and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy; spikes slender, interrupted, attenuate above.—2 Can. and U.S. A well known plant, highly esteemed for its agreeable, aromatic properties. It grows in wet soils, rapidly spreading by its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1—2f high. The spikes are somewhat panicled, long, composed of distinct, axillary cymes, ap- parently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. Styles much exserted. 3. M. prperira. Smith. Peppermint. Lvs. smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; bracts lanceolate; ca. quite smooth at base, punctate.—2| This species, introduced from Europe, has become naturalized in wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the tongue followed by a sensation of coldness. The essence of peppermint is a well known medicine, acting as a cordial, used in flatulency, nausea, &c. It has a purplish stem, 2—3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Leaves sharply serrate, dark green. Corolla purplish. July. 4. M. arvensis. Corn Mint, Field Mint. St. ascending, much branched; Jws. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, hirsute ; verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cal. hirsute—Naturalized in Penn. Ohio, &c., native in Europe. Stem stout, often erect, about 1f in height. Leaves varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice longer (1—2’) than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, numerous, pale purple. Stamens exserted, The plant smells like de- cayed cheese. July. §. ISANTHUS. De, G7. coos, equal, avSos, the flowers being regular, a character very rare among the labiates. Calyx subcampanulate ; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal; stamens subequal; stigma linear, recurved. I. c@ruievus. Blue Gentian. Viscid, hairy; lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-veined ; ped. 1— 2-flowered.—?| A branching, leafy herb, in dry fields, Northern and Western States! with the aspect of the pennyroyal. Stem rounded, slender, 12—18' high with branches and leaves opposite. Leaves an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly triple-veined. Flowers numerous, blue, with in- cluded stamens. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. July. 6. LYCOPUS. Gr. dvKos, a wolf, mous, a foot; a fanciful name. Calyx tubular, 4—5-cleft; cor. subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate ; sta. 2, dis- tant, diverging, simple; sty. straight, as long as the stamens; ach, 4, obliquely truncate at apex.—%. 1. L. sinvatus. (L. Europeus. Miche. L. Americanus. Muhl.) Water Hoarhownd.—Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised ; teeth of the calyx acuminate-spinescent ; sf. square, 1—2f high; fls. small, white, many in a whorl.—A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. States, growing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the Menthe, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of the flattened triquetrous achenia, and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4 angled, the sides concave, 1—2f high. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a permanent black. Aug. 2. L. Virainicus. Virginian Water Hoarhound. Bugle-weed. Iws. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base; calyx teetr Mowarpa. XCIIl. LABIATA. 417 spineless, usually 4, shorter than the achenia.—A plant as widely diffused as the preceding, growing in wet soils. Stem smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the sides concave, 12—18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute, purplish flowers. Leaves with coarse, tooth-like serratures, sessile. The whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood-spit- ting. July, Aug. . Trize 3. MONARDE X.—Corolla bilabiate ; tube exserted. Stamens 2, fer- tile, ascending, the upper pair abortive; anthers linear with the 2 cells con- tiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a long, transverse connectile. 7 MONARDA. Name in honor of Monardus, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century. Calyx elongated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. rin- gent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest ; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex.— 2% 1, M. pipyma. (M. purpurea. Lam. M. coccinea. Michz.) Mountain Mint. St. acutely 4-angled ; lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and villous, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath; fs. in terminal, often proliferous heads; bracts colored——A handsome, fragrant plant, 2—3f high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branching. Leaves 2—5’ long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, with scattered hairs above, and prominent, hairy veins beneath. Flowers in heads which are often proliferous, with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas. Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4,2 of which are minute and abortive; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation Swamps, Can. to Ga. 2. M. FistuLésa. (M. oblongata, rugosa, clinopodia, allophylla, mollis, pur- purea, of authors.) Horsemint. Wild Bergamot.—Lwvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent; Ads. of fls. terminal, few, but many-flowered ; bracts sessile; cal. slightly curved with the throat hirsute.— A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks, Mass. to Ga. W. to the Saskatchawan. The stem is 2—4f high, quadrangular with the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degrees, nearly smooth or pubes- cent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2—4’ long and on petioles $ their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal heads, 20—50 in a head. Outer bracts leafy, often partially colored. Calyx slender, 3/ in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish-white and pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens, which, with the style are somewhat exserted at itsend. Jl. Aug. a. St. simple, hollow; /ds. simple or proliferous ; cor. pale yellow. _ 8. (M. allophylla. Mz.) St. branched, hollow, or solid with pith ; dvs. oblong- lanceolate; Ads. simple; bracts partially colored ; cor. pale blue. y: (M. clinopodia. LZ.) (St. solid; dvs. tapering at base, remotely serrate ; hds. simple; cal. short; cor. pale purple. e. purpurea. St. tall (3—5f), glabrous, dark purple.— la.! common. &. mollis. Lvs. softly pubescent; upper lip-of cor. densely bearded. 3. M. puncrata. (M. lutea. Michz.) Horsemint. Nearly glabrous; st. obtusely angled, hoary-pubescent; vs. oblong-lan- ceolate to oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate; verticils axillary, dense; bracts lanceolate, colored, longer than the verticils; cal. teeth unequal. Pine barrens, N.J., common, to Car. and Western States. Stem2—3f high, branched. Leaves punctate. Corolla yellow, with brown spots, upper Jip villous at the apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept.—It contains an essential oil which is valuable in medicine. > 418 XCIi. LABIAT Ze. SALyIa. 4. M. BrappuriANna. St. simple, glabrous; /vs. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, rounded at base, hirsute-pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute ; cal. pilose, densely bearded at throat, segments subulate-spinose ; Ads. large, terminal, outer bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored.—Ohio to Ill. Mead! Stem slender, about 3f high. Leaves sometimes slightly petiolate, 2—3’long. Bracts purple. Corolla purple. Jl. 8. BLEPHILIA. Raf. Gi. @Xepapts, the eyelash; probably referring to the ciliate bracts. Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. 1. B. uirstra. (Monarda hirsuta. Ph. M. ciliata. Micha.) Hairy Blephilia. Whole plant hirsute; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; fis. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate.—2| In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in the W. States. Stem 1—2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Peti- ole 3—2’ long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla scarcely 4’ long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than sta- mens or corolla. Jn. Jl. 2. B. cata. (Monarda ciliata. Linn. not Michz.) St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled; lvs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent; fs. in dense, ap- proximate, involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils; bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx.—Fields, barrens, Penn. to the Miss., very abundant in the Western States! Plant 2—4f high, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1—2}’ long, 4—1’ wide. Flowers small, numerous. Verticils subglobose. Outer bracts 5’ by 3—4”, whitish, Calyx subbilabiate. Jn.—Aug. 9. SALVIA. Lat. salveo, to be in health; probably from its salutary qualities. Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2—3-toothed or entire, lower lip divided ; corolla ringent ; stamens 2; connectile transversely articu- lated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate anther; achenia 4.—A large genus of which but few species are native. The transverse connectile constitutes the essential character. 1. S. tyrita. Wild or Meadow Sage. Cancer-weed. Radical lws. lyrate, erosely dentate; wpper lip of the cor. very short, straight. —1 in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, 1—2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radi- cal leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 1—2 pairs, just below the raceme. - Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, con- stituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. ~ Native of shady woods. May, June. 2. S. oFFICINALIS. Common Sage.—Lws. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; whorls few-flowered; cal. mucronate; wpper lip of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted—A well known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. July. $ 3. S. Sctarea. Clarry.—Lvs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate ; bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx.—@ A strong-scented exotic, 1—3f high, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are PYCNANTHEMUM. XC. LABIAT ZZ. 419 variegated with pale purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Calyx with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. + 4. S. Mexicana. Willd.? Mezxican Salvia.—St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent ; lus. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate- dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; bracts deciduous ; cal. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire; cor. fim- briate-ciliate, 3—4 times longer than the calyx; sty. exserted.—2 Mexico. A beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2’ long. There are several varieties. ¢ 5. S. sPLENDENS. Ker. ?—S¢. erect, glabrous ; Jvs. broad-ovate and ovate, peti- olate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ; fis. opposite, racemose; dracts deciduous; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, ubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed—2 Mexico. Gar- ens. Plant 2—4f high, branched. Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas. 10. ROSMARINUS. An ancient Latin name, compounded of vos, dew, and marinus, of the sea. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divis- . ions of which the middle is the largest; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, as- cending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. R. orricinatis. Rosemary.—Luws. sessile, linear, margins revolute.—An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-ob- long, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distil- lation a large proportion of fragrant oil. ¢ Tree 4. SATUREINEX.—Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2—4, distant, straight, diverging. 11. PYCNANTHEMUM. Benth. Gr. mukvos, dense, avSos, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence. Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla nearly en- tire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest; sta. distant; anth. with parallel cells. 1. P. incAnuM. Michx. (Clinopodium. Willd.) Mountain Mint. Wild Basil.—Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base, with short petioles and hoary tomentum ; Ads. of fils. compound, terminal and lateral, pedunculate ; bracts subulate—2| Grows in rocky woods and hills, Can., N., Mid. and W. States. Stem 2—4f high, obtusely 4-angled, erect, and, like the rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath. Flowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense _ heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are sctaceous, beard- ed at the end; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. Jl. Aug. &. St. taller, branched ; wpper ivs. with white blotches.—Ind. ! 2. P. aristatum. Michx. (Nepeta Virginica, Linn.?) Wild Basil. St. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose; Jvs. ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate; verticils terminal, capitate and subterminal, hirsute; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calyx terminated by awns.—W oods and barrens, N. Y., Mass. to Miss.! Stem 1—3f high, subsimple or much branched. Leaves 1—23’ by 1—3’, generally with small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates in a small (3’ diam.) head with one or two dense whorls just below it. Itis a more spreading and hairy plant than P. muticum. Jl. Aug. 36 420 XCIIIl. LABIAT A, ‘TuyMts. 3. P. prnésum. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthemwm. ; St. and lvs. beneath pilose; s¢. subsimple; ws. lanceolate, nearly entire, sessile; fis. in large, terminal, sessile heads; bracts lanceolate, and, with the calyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted.—2. Low grounds, Ill. Mead, to Tenn. Nuttall. I am unacquainted with this species, but it is probably distinct, closely allied to the last. ‘Stem a little branched at the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute butnot awned. Calyx teeth minute. Corolla white, without spots.” 4. P. muticum. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.) Awnless Pycnanthe- mum.—iSt. pubescent, paniculate-branching above; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth; ids. terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, awnless; sta. included.—2 Found in woods and dry hills, Penn. toGa. and W. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubes- cent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue, Aug. 5. P. paNceoLatum. Pursh. (P. verticillatum. Pers. Brachystemum Virginicum. Mz.?)— 6 oh Petey ih Wi De) 2) 1 Corolla rotate, blue. . «. Borrago. 2 Corolla campanulate. .. . Symphytum. 3 excavated | Cor. funnel or ; tube straight. Anchusa. 4 at base. (salver-form, ?tubetwice bent. Lycopsis. 5 ‘ Lvs. rough. Onosmodium. 6 dilated. ? Lvs. smooth. Mertensia. 9 : Cor. throat 4 nar- ie erect. . Pulmonaria. 10 not ex-}) openand (row. ?lobesspreading.Lithospernmum. 7 Ach. free, | cavate } Cor. closed S yellow, large. . . Pentalophus. 8 ( Ovary unarmed, Latbase. lat throat, ¢@white, small. . . Myosotis. ll { deeply : 3 : ; Corolla salver-form. . Echinospermwm.12 4-parted. | Achenia echinate, cohering. ?¢ Corolla funnel-form. . Cynoglosswm. 13 Corblla (regular. | Ovary entire (partible in fruit) bearing the style at the top. . Heliotropium» 14 TrizeEl. BORRAGEX.—Ovary consisting of two bipartible (rarely 2-celled) carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary. Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen. 1 ECHIUM. Buek. Gr. EV tS, aviper; from the spotted stem of some species. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect ; corolla campanulate, ob- liquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice ; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, imperforate—Herbs or shrubs. Fils. irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Cor. cyanae. E. vutGare. Viper’s Bugloss. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline lvs. lanceolate, and rough with bristles; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected—@ A rough plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N States. Stem 18—20’ high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 2—6' long, and } as wide, lower ones petiolate, ts i ones amplexicaul. Flow- ers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and July. § ; Fret se i: ea, Py, / Lycopars. XCIV. BORRAGINACEZ. 431 2 BORRAGO. Tourn. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; ‘orifice crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle —Huropean herbs. 1. B. ofricinatis. Common Borrage—Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate ; cal. spreading; ped. terminal, many-flowered.—@ Native of England, and with us acommon inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky- blue flowers during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. The young leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. + . 2. B. ortenTiuis. (Psilostemon. DC.) Oriental Borrage-—Luvs. cordate, peti- olate; ped. many-flowered; sta. exserted, villous——@) An ornamental garden plant, native of ‘Turkey. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in the spring months. + - 3. SYMPHYTUM. Gr. cvpdveis, a joining or healing; from its reputation for healing wounds. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone; achenia gibbous, imperfo- rate.—2 Orvental herbs. Flowers cyanac. S. OFFICINALE. Comfrey. Pilose; st. branching above; Jvs. extensively decurrent, tne :ower ana radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth_—A large, coarse-looking but sho exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds, Middle States. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3—4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has long been regarded as an eflicient vulnerary. + § 4. ANCHUSA. Gr. ayXovoa, paint; the rootof one species was once used for staining the features. Calyx 5-parted; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted; tube straight, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales ; achenia perforate at the base and their surfaces generally rugose; stamens included ; Stigma emar- ginate.— Handsome herbs, mostly European. Fis. cyanic. A. OFFICINALIS. Bugloss, or Ox-tongue—Lvs. lanceolate, strigose; spikes one- sided, imbricated; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla.—2 A rough garden plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, signifying oz-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2t high, rough with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a melliferous corolla very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous, used in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossoms all summer. t 5. LYCOPSIS. . Gr. dvxos, a wolf, and ow, the eye; name suggested by the small blue flowers. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. —® Distingwshed from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube, L. arvensis. Wild Bugloss. Plant hispid; ivs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate; rac. leafy: fs. sessile; cal. shorter than the tube of the corolla.— A very hispid, simoat besa Aline found in fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers ll. Cal t. Corolla sky-blue with white scales pithin June, July. 6 we Senet ae 37 432 XCIV. BORRAGINACEA. - LituosPERMUM. 6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx. From Onosma, another genus of this order, and €d0s, appearance or resemblance. Calyx.deeply 5-parted, with linear segments; corolla subeampanu- late, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments con- verging and the orifice open; anthers sessile, sagittate, included ; style much exserted; achenia imperforate, shining.—% North Ameri- can. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. F'ls. white. 1. O. Virainiinum. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Miche. Lithospermum Virg. Linn.) False Gromwell—wSt. with appressed hairs; ls. oblong-lan- ceolate, minutely strigose ; cal. lubes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as the corolla; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs. —N. Y. to Flor., in dry, hilly grounds. } Gerona annular, undulate, 0-awned. Fs. sam ag 5 - Gonolobus. 4 Herbs \ twining and climbing. ( Corona urceolate, 5-cleft, 5-awned. Fis. purp is 1. ASCLEPIAS. The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, valvate in sestivation, finally reflexed ; staminal corona 3-leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma ; antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs, fixed by the attenuated apex, pendulous; follicles 2, ventri- . cose ; seeds comose.—% Mostly North American, with opposite, verti- cillate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles. * Leaves opposite. , 1. A. cornoti. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca. Linn. and 1st edit.) Common Silk- weed.—St. simple; Jlvs. oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, gradually acute, tomentose beneath; wmbels nodding; seg. of the corona bidentate; follicles muri- cate.—A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy | ASCLEPIAS. Ci. ASCLEPIADACER. 459 fields. Stem 3—4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5—8’ by 2—3’, tapering at both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale pur- ple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the same hue, quite con- spicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, poin rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds attached. July. 2. A. PHYTOLAcCOIiDES. Ph. Poke-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent; vs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath; ped. terminal, subequal- ing the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered; pedicels slender, loose; antheridium stipitate ; seg. of the corona truncate, bidentate; horns exserted.— A tall and elegant species, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4—5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6—9’ long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4—6/ long and consisting each of 10—20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2’ in length. Petals green. Corona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its inner mar- gin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June. 3. A. optusirotia. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.) Blunt-leaved Silkweed. S¢. simple, erect; lvs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile, cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides; wmbels termi- nal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate ; corena horns arcuate, falcate, inflexed.—In shady grounds, prairies, Mid.! W.! and 8. States. Stem 2—3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30—40 large, reddish-green flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4—5/ long, 4 as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July. -¢ 4. A. purPpuRASCENS. Purple Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent; dvs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mu- cronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubes- cent and paler beneath; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse; horns falcate, acute, resupinate.—In hedges and thickets, N. H.! Mass.! to Ia.! Stem 3f or more high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. Flowers in terminal, erect um- bels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments. Corona purple, twice as long as the antheridium, its horns abruptly bent in- wards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July. oe. A. incarnita, (A. ameena. Michz.) Rose-colored Silkweed. z St. erect, branching above; dvs. lanceolate, on short petioles,- slightly to- mentose ; wmdels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg. of the corona entire, horns exsert.—A handsome species, found in wet places, an.and U.S. Stem 3—4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4—7’ by 4—1?, rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute point, on petioles }/ long. Um- pels close, 2—6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diameter, on a peduncle 2/ long, and consisting of 10—20 small flow- ers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over the summit of the antheridium. July. B. puichra. St. and lvs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 3— 4 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks.-Stem 4—5f high. A remarkable variety. 6. A. quaprirouia. Pursh. Sé. erect, simple, smooth; Jvs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, mostly in 4s; wmbels few, lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles ; corona long, segments 2-toothed, horns short.—An elegant species, in dry woods, Can. and U.S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1—2 hairy lines. Leavés opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2—3! long, 4 as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2—4’ long. Flowers small, white, on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Corona twice as long as an- theridium. July. oo” 460 CIl. ASCLEPIADACEZ. ACERATES; B.. lanceolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and nar- rowed into the petiole-—Ohio, Ia., Dr. Plummer! . 7. A. PARVIFLORA. Ph. (A. debilis. Mz.) Small-flowered Asclepias. Suffrutescent and branched at base; ee ascending, terete, smooth; lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin; ped. shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; wmdels small, pubescent ; corolla 3 or 4 times shorter than the pedicels; horns filiform, acute-—A very delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga., W. tola.! Stems often clustered, 13—3f high, very leafy. Leaves 4—6’ (in- cluding the 1’ petiole) by 1—13’._ Umbels several, 1’ diam., 15—20-flowerea. July, Aug. 8. A. variecita. (A. hybrida. Michz.) St. simple, erect, pubescent; Jvs. ovate or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, um- bellate, many-flowered ; cor. segments ovate ; corona segments rounded at apex ; horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect ; follicles oblong, with a long and slender point, minutely puberulent— Woods, N. Y.toCarolina. Stem . 3—4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20—30-flowered. Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple. 9. A. pauperctLa. Michx. (A. laurifolia. Ph. not Mz. A. lanceolata. Wali.)—St. virgate, erect, glabrous; Jvs. linear and linear-oblong, mar- gin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole; ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few-flowered ; corona segments ovate, dilated above ; horns short, included.—N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3—4f high, very smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblohg, half as iong as the pedicel. 10. A. RuBRA. (A. laurifolia. Mz. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocefolia. Nutt.) St. simple, erect ; lvs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded at base, subsessile, glabrous ; wmbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; corona segments acute, rather longer than the suberect horns.—A small and elegant species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem 1—2f high, with a pubes- cent line on one side. Leaves 3—5’ by 1—2’, in remote pairs, the upper some- times alternate. Peduncles 1—5, 2—3’ long, pedicels about 1/. Flowers green- ish-purple. Follicles ventricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug. * Leaves alternate. 11. A. TUBERGSA. Twher-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top; dvs. alternate, ob- long-lanceolate, sessile; wméels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs.— Found in sandy fields, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy, sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, leafy, erect or ascend- ing, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite ses- sile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2—4’ by 3—1’. The co- rymb consists of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals 5, oblong, reflexed, concealing the small calyx. Pods or follicles lanceolate, pointed, and like the other species, containing long, silky down, uniting the flat, ovate seeds to the placente. Aug.—Medicinal. * * Leaves verticillate, 12. A. veRTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Asclepias. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; dvs. generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute ; segs. of the corona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exsert.—A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows, Can. and U.S. Leaves in whorls of 4—6, 3—5’ long and a line in width. Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half as -ong as the leaves. July. 7 ee, 2 ACERATES. EIL Gr. a, privative, kegares, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed ; Pruirioca. CLL ASCLEPIADACES. 461 staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to the angles of the antheridium ; pollinia 5 pairs, pendulous; follicles smooth or muricate—% Herbs differing from Asclepias only in the ab- sence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite. 1. A. viripiIrLora. Ell. (and A. lanceolata. Ives, and 1st. edit. Asclepias. _ Pursh.)—Suffruticose at base, pubescent above; Ivs. elliptical, varying to oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and -on the margin, to- mentose-pubescent beneath ; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered ; pedicels pu- bescent; pet. ovate, reflexed ; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the antheridium.—Can., Conn. to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2—3f high, as- cending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs: Leaves 3—6 or 8’ long, +—4 as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarce- ly petiolate, Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose um- bels. July.—The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves. 2. A. tonaiFouis. Ell. Long-leaved Acerates. Scabrous-puberulent; st. ascending, simple; dvs. alternate, numerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute; wmbels half as long as the leaves, numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate; corona scales shorter than the antheridium.—Mich. to Ia.! and Miss., in meadows and prai- ries. Stem stout,2—3f high. Leaves 3—5/ (including the 1—3” petiole) by 3—5”. Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1’ long. July, Aug. 3. ENSLENIA. Nutt. In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States. Calyx small, 5-parted; cor. 5-parted. segments erect; corona 5- leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylindraceous, smooth.— U A twining herb, with opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate lvs. Ped. ra- cemose-umbellate, many-flowered. Fils. white. . E. atpipa. Nutt. Ohio, Clarke! to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubes- cent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2—3/ diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug. . . 4. GONOLOBUS. Michx. Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted ; corona small, shield-form, undulate, 5-lobed ; antheridium depressed, discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane ; pollinia transverse, 5-pairs ; follicles 2 ; seeds comose—% St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cor- date. Ped. rnterpetiolar, racemed or corymbose. G. macropHytivs. (and G. hirsutus. Miche. Cynanchium obliquum. Jacq. C. macrophyllus. Muhl.)—St. tomentose-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs; lvs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pu- bescent; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2—5-flowered, with linear bracts at sum- mit; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent beneath.—Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio! Ky. Vine ‘trailing or climbing, 3—5f. Leaves 3—5’ by 2—4’, the lobes at base rounded, and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers dark purple. Petals 5—7’ by 1”. June, July. 5. PERIPLOCA. Gr. xegt, around, t\wx7, a binding or twining; from the habit of the plant. Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by 462 CIV. OLEACEZ. Syrinaa, a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back ; pollinia solitary, 4- lobed ; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate ; seeds comose.—T wining shrubs. Fils. in wmbels or cymes. P. Grea. Lws. ovate, acuminate; corymbs axillary; cor. villous within—A climb- ing shrub, 10—15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti- vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3—4/ long, 4 as wide, and on petioles }’ long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lan- ceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Folli- cles about 2’ long. Aug. Orper CII JASMINACEA.—Jasmnworts. Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound. Fis. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow, mostly fragrant. Cal. divided or toothed, persistent. _ ie. : Oia." t ret Cor. regular, mbps tani, limb in 5—8 divisions, twisted-imbricate in zstivation. Sta. 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ova. free, 2-celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sty.1. Stig. 2-lobed. Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sds. 2. Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as for their beauty, many of these plants are cultivated. JASMINUM. Gr. tacun, perfume ; from the fragrance of the flowers. Calyx tubular, 5—10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5—10-cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled— Shrubs bushy or climbing. Lws. opposite, compound. Petioles articu- lated. ls. paniculate. . 1. J. rruricans. Yellow Jasmine.—Glabrous, erect; branches angular; lws. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple; /fts. curved; fis. few, subterminal; cal. seg- ments subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes.— S. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers yellow, inodorous, tube about 6” long. Propagated by layers. + . 2. J. oFFICINALE. White Jasmine-—Smooth, scarcely climbing; branches sub- angulate; /fts. 3—7, lanceolate, acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbose ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx.—Asia. Stem several feet in length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and much cultivated. The deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmzne of the shops is extracted from this plant. + Orpen CIV. OLEACEA.—Oxives. Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate leaves. Fis. perfect (sometimes diccious). Sepals united at base, persistent. [vation ; rarely 0. Cor.—Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct but connected in pairs by the filaments, valvate in esti- Sta. 2, alternate with the petals. Anth. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. ‘ Ova. free, 2-celled. Ovules in pairs, pendulous. Style 1 or 0. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr. drupaceous, baccate or samare, usually 1-seeded by abortion. Sds.—Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight embryo. Genera 24, species 130, natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. ; Properties.—Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of the olive (Olea Europea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle purgative, is the concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Omus. The spe- cies of the ash are well known for their useful timber. Conspectus of the Genera. Corolla tube long, including the short stamens. . ps " . Syringa, 1 §limb of spreading, ovate segments. . é . Lygustrum. 2 po Corolla tube short, ? limb of long, linear segments. . P eas BG Chiona ranthus. 3 Flowers ?green. Fruitasimple samara. Trees with pinnate leaves, . : : . Frazinus. 4 1. SYRINGA. Gr. cvptvé, a shepherd’s pipe ; from the use once made of its branches. Calyx small, teeth crect; corolla hypocrateriform, tube several -FRaxINvs. CIV. OLEACE. 463 times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading segments ; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved.— Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1. S. vutedris. Commen Lilac—ZLvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green both sides; inflorescence thyrsoid; limb of cor. subconcave—Hungary. There are many varieties of this beautiful shrub. a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. 8. cerulea. F ls. purplish-blue. y. alba. Cor. white, thyrse subcom- pound.—One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and flowers. 2. S. Persica. Persian Lilac.—Lws. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides green, sometimes pinnatifid ; limb of the cor. flattish—Persia. A smaller shrub than the first, with smaller thyrses of white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr. May. 2, LIGUSTRUM. Lat. igo, to bind, from the use made of its shoots. Calyx minutely toothed; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes; sta. 2; sty. very short; berry 2-celled, 2—4-seeded ; seeds convex on one side, angular on the other.—Shrubs with simple lus. Fils. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. L. vuLGARE. Privet. Prim. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle dense, terminal. A smooth shrub, 5—6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y.! to Va. W. tothe Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1—2/ long, 4 as wide, varying from obovate to ellipti- cal, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. ‘ 3. CHIONANTHUS. Gr. Xtwy, snow, avSos } alluding to the whiteness of the flowers. Calyx 4-parted, short; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included; sty. very short; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, |-celled, 1-seeded— Tees with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Racemes terminal and azillary. C. Virainica. Virginian Fringe- Tree. Ias. oval and oblong-lanceolate; pedicels long, 1-flowered; cal. glabrous ; cor. segments linear, acute, flaccid—An ornamental shrub or small tree, 8—25f high, Penn. to Tenn.! on mountains. Leavescoriaceous, smooth. Flowers in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8—10” in length. Drupes oval, purple. May, Jn. fF 8. marituma. Pursh. Lws. obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent ; panicles very loose.—In low, maritime woods, N. J. + 4. FRAXINUS. Gr. paéts, a separation; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into lamine. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Staminate fis. (often perfect).— Calyx 0 or 3—4-parted ; corolla 0 or 4-petaled; stamens 2. Pistil- late fis —Calyx and corolla as-the perfect ; samara 2-celled, by abor- tion |-seeded.— Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the staminate ones densely so. 1. F. Americana. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. Lfis. petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glau- cous beneath ; fis. calyculate—The white ash is one of the most desirable ten- ants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its propor- ee 464 CIV. OLEACEZ. - Fraxinus. tions. The trunk arises often more than 40f without a brange and then expands into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a foot or more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber for carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. 2. F. sueuanpirouia. Lam. (F. viridis. Micha.) Lfts. 3—4 pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of the veins; fls. calyculate ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse—A small tree, 15—25f high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not eommon. Leaves 10—15/ long, consisting of 7—15 leaflets which are green both sides, with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. May. 3. F. pcpescens. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michz.) Red Ash. Lfts. petiolate, ellipticai-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense tomentum beneath, as well as the petioles and branchlets; fils. calyculate—The red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises 60f, witha straight . trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish underneath. The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. 4. F. sampucirouia. Lam. Black Ash.. Water Ash. Lfis. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique at the base; azils of the veins villous beneath; fls. naked.—This species is com- mon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost uni- versally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of 60—70f, with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. Leaves 9—16’ in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic, but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisi- tion for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. 5. F. quaDRancuLata. Michx. Blue Ash. : Lfts. 3—4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath; branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete; buds velvety; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate——A tall tree, in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60—80f high, 16 —20' diam. at base. Leaves 12—18' long, consisting of 7—11 leaflets. Leaflets vary from oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3—4’ long. The branchlets are furnished with 4 membranous margins 2 or 3” wide, which disappear when the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile pani- cles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May.—The wood possesses the same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species. ARISTOLOCHIA, CV. ARISTOLOCHIACE. 465 SUBCLASS III. APETALSA. Corolla none; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. Orver CV. ARISTOLOCHIACE &.—Brmraworrs. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers. Lvs. alternate, simple, petiolate, often with a stipule opposite the leaf, or exstipulate. Fis. perfect, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color. Cal.—Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in estivation. Sta. 6—12, epigynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles. Ova. 3—6-celled. Stig. radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Fr. capsule or berry, 3—6-celled_many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. Genera 8, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused through- out the northern hemisphere. Properties.—Tonics and stimulants. Both the following genera are successfully employed in medicine. Conspectus of the Genera. § equal. Asarum. 1 Calyx limb ? unequal. Aristolochia. 2 1, ASARUM. Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and ce:pw, to bind; because not used in garlands. Calyx campanulate ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary; anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments; style very short; stigma 6- rayed ; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx— Herbs with creeping rhizomas and 1\—2 lvs. on each branch. Fis. solitary. 1, A. CanaDENse. Wild Ginger. Asarabacca. Iwas. 2, broad-reniform ; cal. woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segments reflected. —7 Asmall, acaulescent plant, growing in rich, shady soil, Can. to Ga. and W. States. The leaves are radical, large, 2—4’ by 3—5’, with a deep sinus at base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft, velvet-like surface. The flower rows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding pedun- cle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. The 12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered useful in whooping-cough. May—July. 2. A. Vircinicum. Michx. Sweet-scented Asarabacca. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse ; ji. subsessile ;. cal. short, subcampanulate, glabrous externally —Grows in light soils among rocks, N. J. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit to the preceding. Each branch of the rhizoma bears a terminal leaf and a flower. Leaf 3—4’ diam., very smooth, clouded with spost, the petiole 2 or 3 times longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 2 ARISTOLOCHIA. Gr. aptsros, excellent, Xo yes, pertaining to parturition ; alluding to the medicinal properties. Calyx ligulate, with an inflated base and an unequal border; an- thers 6, subsessile upon the style; stigma 6-cleft; capsule 6-celled, many-seeded.—St. erect or twining. 1. A. SeRPENTARIA. Virginia Snake-root. St. erect, flexuous ; lvs. oblong, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical ; lip of the cal. janceolate-—A curious vegetable of low growth, in hedges and thickets, Penn. tolll.andLa. Stem 8—13! high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Leaves _ 2-4’ by {—2’, rarely larger, petioles 3-9” in length. Flowers few, near the 466 CVI. CHENOPODIACES. base of the stem. Calyx dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, bent almost double, gibbous at the base and at the angle, limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed. Capsule obovate, 6-angled, 6—9’ long, with numerous small seeds, June.— The dried root is a valuable stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic, containing cam- phor. It has a warm, bitter, pungent taste. 2. A. Stpno. L’Her. Dutchman’s pipe. St. twining, shrubby; ws. ample, suborbicular, cordate, entire, acute, petiolate; ped. 1-flowered, furnished with a single, ovate bract; cal. tube bent, ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal—A vigorous climber in mountainous woods, Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees 30 or 40f. Leaves 6—12/ diam., alternate, sprinkled with soft hairs. Flowers solitary, the tube long and bent at nearly a right angle, in the form of a (siphon or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. It is highly ornamental in culti- vation, for arbors. June. + ‘ Orver CVI. CHEN OPODIACEA.—Cuenorons. Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves without stipules. Fis. inconspicuous, generally perfect, often dicecious or polygamous. Cal. deeply divided often tubular at base, imbricate in estivation. : Sta. from the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes or fewer, and opposite to them. Ova. 1, with 1 ovule attached to its base within. Styles 2—4, rarelyl. Fr. autricle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen. Genera 63, species 360, often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern temperate zone. - Properties.—Some are useful for food, as the beet, mangel-wurtzel, orache, spinach, §-c. Others con- tain an essential oil, which renders them tonic, ‘antispasmodic and arthebente; ae Chosen, botrys, C. ambrosivides, C. anthelminticum ; the latter yields the officinal worm-seed oil. i cornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their ashes in great abundance. : FIG. 52.—1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two (hypogynous) stamens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Salicor- nia herbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower, 7. Flower of Blitum capitatum, with the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris, Conspectus of the Genera. Fruit partly invested (Seed lenticular. . . Chenopodium. 7 in calyx. ... . . @Seedreniform. . . Beta. 8 Stamens 5. . ( Fr. wholly invested in cal.. Lvs. subulate. . Salsola. 2 Styles 1. Leafless plants. . . r . Salicornia. 1 (all perfect. (Stamens 1—2?Styles 2. Leafy plants. . . + ~ + Blitum. 6 dicecious. yo Aes sessile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. bes 01 yee Atnida. 4 Stamens 5. 2 Stig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate. . c “ ee 3 Flowers (polygamous. Stamens 5. oS ES 6g ier les 5 1 SALICORNIA. Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn; in allusion both to its locality and appearance. Calyx turbinate, fleshy, closed, entire ; sta. 1—2; style 1, bifid ; utricle invested in the calyx, 1-seeded—=Salt marsh herbs, rarely shrubby, destitute of leaves. . | 1. S. HERBAcEA. (S. mucronata? Bw.) Herbaceous Samphire or Saliwort. St. erect, herbaceous, spreading; joints compressed; internodes dilated upwards, truncated; branches numerous, opposite, light green, jointed, succu- lent, smooth, terminating in a spike; spikes lateral and terminal, tapering upwards; fis. small, sessile, about three on each side of the base of every joint.—A leafless plant with succulent and jointed branches, about a foot high, growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes, N. Eng.! to Ga.; also at Salina, N. York. "This and other species are said to make a good pickle for the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Aug. “pats RIPLEX. CVI. CHENOPODIACEZ. 467 2. S. ampicua. Michx. Dubious or Prostrate Samphire. Perennial, procumbent, branching; joints small, crescent-shaped ; spikes opposite and alternate; cal. truncate; anth. purplish-yellow; stig. 2.—A small species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey. 2 S WL Lie Latin salsus, salt. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, embracing the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb; styles 2; seed horizontal; embryo spiral.—Salt-marsh herbs, with linear or subulate leaves. 1. S. Katt. Herbaceous, decumbent; Jvs. subulate, channeled, spinose, smooth; cal. margined, axillary.—A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea- coast, N. Eng.! to Ga. Stem 1—2f high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracteate. Seed cochleate, enclosed in the calyx. Aug. Used in the preparation of soda. - 8. Caroliniana. (Nutt. 8. Caroliniana. Walt.); ls. dilated; cal. with a broader margin; s¢. smooth. 2. S. sopa> Herbaceous, glabrous; branches ascending; dvs. semiterete, rather acute; cal. in fruit transversely connate, somewhat membranaceous.—In N. Y. Muh- lenberg, who also attributes S. Tragus, another European species, to the shores of N. J. But this is very uncertain. July. § 3. SPINACIA. Lat. spina, a prickle ; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit. Flowers S 9.—c Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. Q Calyx 2—4-cleft ; styles 4, capillary ; utricle contained within the indurated and some- times muricated calyx. S. oreracea. Spinage.—Lvs. hastate-lanceolate, petiolate; fr. sessile, prickly or unarmed.—@) Native country unknown, but it has long been a common plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1—2f high, with leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2—3’ long, and nearly half as wide, taper- ing at base into a long petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a ter- minal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June, July. 4. ACNIDA. Mitchell. G7. a. not, xvion, the nettle; a nettle-like plant which does not sting. Flowers * 9.—d' Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. Q Calyx 3-parted; stig. 3—5, sessile ; utricle l-seeded.— Herbaceous weeds, mostly aquatic. 1. A. Cannapina. Water Hemp. Is. ovate-lanceolate; caps. smooth, acute-angled.—_@) In salt marshes and inland swamps, Can. and U. S. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2—4f high. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2—5’ long, tapering to a long point. Panicles axillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug. 2. A. RuscocarPa. Michx. Lvs. oval-lanceolate ; caps. obtusely angled, rugose.—@) Can. and U. S. A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem 6—8f high, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Jl. 6 ATRIPLES Fis. moneciously polygamous. % Calyx 5-parted; sta. 5; style bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. Q Calyx 2-leaved ; sta. 0; style and fruit as above—Mostly ©, rarely shrubby plants. Lvs. alternate. Fils. glomerate, paniculate, 3 and Q on the same plant. 1. A. HoRTENSIS. Garden Orache. Golden Orache. _ Sét. erect, herbaceous ; lvs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both sides ; cal. of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire.—q) Sparingly naturalized in 40) 468 CVI. CHENOPODIACEZ. Cc cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable shape, and 2—3’ long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. § . 2. A. paTiLa. Spreading Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous; Jws. triangular-hastate, acuminate ; cal. of the yuit submuricate on the disk—Q@ A very branching plant, 1—2f long; found in salt marshes, N. Y. toGa. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearl entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. 3. A. areNaARIA. Nutt. Sand Orache. . St. spreading, herbaceous; lvs. entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery- white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate; fis. aggregated, axillary; cal. of the fertile fis. muricate, dentate, retuse—@ Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to ar. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves often wedge-shaped. Flowers monecious, the sterile ones in short, dense spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. 4. A. uactniATa. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem spreading, herbaceous ; Jws. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary ubescent beneath, lower ones opposite; § tetrandrous; cal. of the fruit, rhom- poid, 3-veined, denticulate——@ In salt marshes, N. Y. toCar. Stem a foot long, mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. ‘Leaves stalked, entire at base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, ses- sile clusters, their ovaries about 5, Pistillate flowers axillary,2—3 together. Jl. 5. A. Hatimus. Common Orache. St. shrubby; lus. often subopposite, oblong-rhomboidal, entire, attenuated into the margined petiole.—A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. Muh- lenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. Itis ornamental on account of its silvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated. § 6. BLITUM. Gr. BXnrov, insipid; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries. Fls. $. Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal; sta. 1, exserted ; sty. 2; ova. ovoid, acuminate; seed 1, contained in the calyx which becomes a berry.—@® Herbaceous weeds. F'ls. and fr. m capitate clus- ters terminal and axillary. 1. B. caprratum. Strawberry Blite. Las. triangular-hastate, toothed; Ads. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr. consisting of the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid—Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a foot in eight, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in the flower garden. Heads of flowers sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. June. f 2. B. vircatum. Slender Blite. St. with spreading branches; Jvs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate; glo- merules scattered, lateral—Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spread- ing or procumbent. Leaves 2—3’ by 1—2! coarsely toothed, on petioles half as long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. 4 3. B. MARITIMUM. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate; Ads. axil- lary, sessile, spiked; cal. membranaceous.—@ A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N.Y. Stem 1—2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not be- coming red in fruit. Aug. 7. CHENOPODIUM Gr. xXnv, a goose; Tovs, a foot; from the resemblance of the Jeaves. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, free, partially enveloping the UM. CVI, CHENOPODIACEZ. 469 fruit; stamens 5; styles Q: utricle membranaceous ; seed lenticular, vertically depressed.— Mostly @ weeds with alternate leaves. Fils. glomerate, paniculate. 1. C. arsum (and C. viride. Linn.) White Goose-foot. Hogweed. Iws. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very entire; vac. branched, leafy, smooth—@ A weed, common in cultivated grounds, Can. and N. States. Stem 2—3f high, furrowed; smooth, branching; leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, small, green; in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July—Sept. 2. C. rusruM. Red Goose-foot. Lws. rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate; rac. erect, com- pound, leafy—@ A weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit. Am: Stem reddish, 14—2f high, with short branches, very compound, and with compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper ones small, and intermixed with the flowers. July. » 3. C. HypripumM. Tall Goose-foot. Las. cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate; rac. branched, subcymose, divari- cate, leafless—A. weed in waste places, &c., N. Eng.! to Ky.! rather taller than the foregoing. Stem slender, 2—3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. July. § : 4, C. nHomBIFOLIUM. Muhl. Iws. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, wpper ones lariceolate, cuneate at base; rac. axillary, erect, mostly leafless; bracts minute, inflexed.— Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2—3f high. Stem branching, angular with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2—3/ by 1—14’, widest near the base, with a few acute dentures, petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense clusters of green flowers. 5. C. AMBROSIOIDES. Ambrosia Goose-foot. . Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate; rac. simple, axillary, leafy —Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ill. Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1—2f high, much branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end Che upper ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles 0—} long. Flowers green, in sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Sta- mens exsert. Aug. Sept. 6. C. Botrys. Oak-of-Jerusalem. Iws. oblong, sinuate ; rac: much divided.—Sandy fields, &c., N. Eng: to fil. ‘This plant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and the remarkable appearance of its compound clusters of innumerable flowers: Plant 1—3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate, the sinuses deep, giving them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves and short, axillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric, green, compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June. + 7 ©. ANTHELMINTicUM. Worm-seed. Ins. oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spize simple, slender, interrupted, leafless. —Maine! to Ill. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as both its specific and common name would imply. Stem 14—2f high, its branches ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. 8. C. cuaucum. Sea-green Goose-foot. Lvs. oblong. and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous be- neath ; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, axillary and terminal.—N. Y. Mul. 9. C. MARITIMUM. Vas Lvs. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical; fs. in sessile, axillary clus- ters; sta. shorter than the sepals.—A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows, Can. to Flor. Stem 14—2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, 4—1/ long. Flowers in axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi- transparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. —— 470 CVIIl. AMARANTHACEZ. 8. BETA. Celtic bett, red; the usual color of the beet. Calyx 5-sepaled; sta. 5; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stig- mas; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx.—® Stems furrowed. Lvs. alternate. ls. glomerate, green, in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. B. vuLGiris. Common Beet.—Fis. in dense, sessile, axillary clusters ; lower lus. ovate; rt. fleshy.—This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe. Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. 2. B. Cicua. Scarcity—Lws. with very thick veins; fls. 3 together; ris. scarcely any.—Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses- sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug. 8B. Mangel-Wurtzel. Rt. very large-—Cultivated as food for cattle, for which purpose it is highly prized by many farmers. Orver CVIL SCLERANTHACEA.—Screrantus. Herbs small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowers. Cal.—Tube urceolate, limb 4—5-toothed. i ‘ Sta. inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. Ova. 1, free, 1-seeded. Styles 2or1. Fr. a utricle, in the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere. SCLERANTHUS. Gr. oxXnpos, hard, avSos, when in fruit, the floral envelope appears hard and dry. » Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice; sta. 10, rarely 5 or 2; styles 2; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx. S. annuus. Common Knawel. St. spreading, slightly pubescent; sta. 10; cal. of the fr. with acute, spread- ing segments.—(@) weed in dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of sessile,green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite, partially united at their basis. Fils. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. Jl. Orver CVIIL AMARANTHACE Al.—Amarantus, Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, without stipules. Fis. in heads or spikes usually colored, generally perfect. Cal.—Sepals 3—5, dry and scarious, persistent, generally with dry, colored bracts. Sta. 5 orsome multiple of 5, distinct or monadelphous, hypogynous. Ova. 1, free, 1 or few-ovuled. Style 1ornone. Stigma. simple or compound. Fr. a utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 38, species 282, most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for their richly colored, imperishable flowers. Others are mere weeds. Conspectus of the Genera. Rachis terete or furrowed. © 9 ge tela 72 eerie. 3 Celosia. alternate. ? Rachis broad, flat and crest-form. a 4 iaevie® baie bine eee ae 5 oS F Sens paniculate. . . . . Iresine. a 7 out whitish or greenish. ? Flowers spicate. . . . - Oplotheca. 3 Leaves Lopposite. ¢Bracts crimson. Flowers capitate. © 0 ee ew es (Gomphrena.. 4 1. AMARANTHUS. Gr. a, not, papatvw, to wither; the flowers of some of the species are imperishable. Fls. & 2; calyx deeply 3—5-parted, mostly colored, persistent ; segments lanceolate, acute. o& Stamens 3—5. Q Styles 2—3; cap- sule 1-celled, circumscissile; seed 1.—@ Herbs with alternate leaves. Fils. in azillary and terminal clusters, rarely scattered. * Flowers triandrous. 1. A. atsus. White Cock’s-comb. St. obtusely angular ; /rs. obovate, retuse; As. triandrous, in small, axillary CVI “AMARANTHACER. 47 clusters.—A common garden weed, 1—2f high, simple or branched. Leaves entire, varying from oval to obovate, emarginate, with a mucronate point, tapering to a petiole which is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the branches very‘small. Flowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with numerous, setacedus-pointed bracts. ke uly. § . 2.°A. Buitum. ‘Low Amaranth. ‘St. diffusely branched and spreading; Js. ovate, eet eee obtuse or abruptly decurrent at base, entire, lower ones retuse, upper obtuse or acute; ffs. in Short, axillaty, spicate clusters, shorter than the petioles—A weed naturalized _ in waste places. Stem mostly prostrate and spreading. Leaves as long as the petioles, 3—} as wide. ¢ 3. A. oLeRAcEUS. Pot Amaranth. o Lvs. rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate ; clusters axillary, branching; jis. sometimes pentandrous.—Fields ‘and waste places, Mass. to Penn. Stem 18—24' high. July. * * Flowers pentandrous. 4. A. uyBRipus. Hybrid Amaranth. phe St. furrowed, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; *ac. pentandrous, decompound ‘crowded, eréct.—A common weed in waste and cultivated ‘grounds, N. Eng. to Miss. Stem 3f high, or'more, leaves alternate, long-stalked, mostly entire, ob- ‘tuse, emarginate, mucronate, the lowest onesretuse. Flowers minute, in large, ‘green, oblong spikes becoming at length a dull red, axillary and terminal. 5..A. pumitus. Nutt. Dwarf Amaranth. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; clusters axillary ; fis. pentandrous ; cal. 5-leaved, concave-—Sandy sea shores, N. Y. Stem 8—12’ high, often decumbent. Flowers greén, obscure. 6. A. RETROFLEXUS. é Lws. ovate, undulate; branches downy; vac. pentandrous, triply compound, compact, erect.— Waste grounds, among rubbish, N. Y.to Va. Stem2fhigh. Aug. 7. A. spinosus. Spiny Amaranth. St. glabrous, much branched; Jvs. ovate-lanceolate, with two stipular spines at base of the petioles; ls. in compound, terminal and axillary spikes.— In cultivated grounds and roadsides. Middle States. A vile weed, 2f or more high, readily known by its stipular spines. Aug. § 8. A. HYPocHONDRIAcus. Prince’s Feather. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, mucronate; rac. pentandrous, compound, com- pact, erect.—This species is native in the Middle States, and cultivated often as a garden annual. The whole plant is dark red, 3—4f high, with long, plume- like clusters. T 9. A. MELANCHOLicus. Love-lies-bieeding—Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, colored; rac. axillary, peduncled, roundish—@ From India. The whole plant purple, 18’ high. + Several other species are rarely cultivated. 2. IRESINE. Gr. €l9eotwyn. an olive branch hound with ttifts of wool, borne by suppliants; from the resemblance. Flowers * 9.—o Calyx deeply 5—7-parted, subtended by 2 bracts ; scales or nectaries (petals?) 5 or 7. _ 9 Stigmas 2, sessile; capsule at length tomentose, many-seeded.—Mostly %. Lvs. opposite, entire, Fils. paniculate, axillary and terminal. I. CELOSIOIDEs. : St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above; lvs. scabrous, punctate, lower ob- long, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate ; panicle compound, large, rather dense. —A tall, handsome annual, 3—4f high, on river banks, Ohio, near Cincinnati, &c. Leaves tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3—6’ by 2—4’. Pani- cle of whitish flowers large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels, nearly or quite leafless. Sept. Oct. 40* 472 CIX, NYCTAGINACEA. Minapitae, 3. OPLOTHECA. Nutt. G7. odos, armor, Snxn, sheath; alluding to the armed cover of the fruit. Fils. $—Calyx scarious, tubular, 5-toothed, densely tomentose, subtended at base by 2 truncated bracts; sta. 5, filaments united into asheath below; stig. simple ; utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the in- durated, muricate calyx.—® Lws. opposite, entire. Spikes opposite, sessile. O. Froripana. Nutt. St. simple, erect, arachnoid-pubescent; dvs. linear, tapering to the base, obtusish at apex; fls. imbricated, in short, dense, cottony spikes.—On sandy river banks, Ill. Mead! Plant1—2f high, with a terminal, virgate inflorescence 6—10’ long. Leaves 1—2’ by 3—5”. Spikes remote, 4—1}/ long. Calyx white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, enclosing the utricle. 4, GOMPHRENA. Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate ; sepals 5, vil- lous, disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed ; utricle circumscissile, 1- seeded.— Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves. INone of the species native. \1. G. ctoposa. Globe Amaranth.—St. erect, hairy ; lws. oblong, pubescent; hds. globose, solitary, 2-leaved ; keels of the bracts winged.—A tender annual from India, valued for its heads of flowers, which, if gathered before too far ad- vanced, will retain their beauty several years. Height 18’. Branches oppo- site, axillary. Flowers purple. , 2. G. perennis. Perennial Globe Amaranth.—Las. lanceolate ; hds. 2-leaved ; fis. distinguished by a peculiar calyx.—| Plant about 2f high, native of S. ‘America. The heads 2-leaved and terminal, resemble heads of clover. The crowded, purple perianths are chiefly conspicuous. Gathered like the former species, its flowers are equally fadeless and durable. July—Oct. 5. CELOSIA. Gr. xndeos, burnt; some of the species appear as if singed. Sepals 83—5, colored; stamens united at base by a plicate disk (nectary) ; style 2—3-cleft; utricle circumscissile—A genus of orna- mental foreign herbs. Lws. mostly alternate. C. cristata. Cock’s-comb.—Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; stip. falcate ; common ped. striated ; spike oblong, compressed.—This curious annual is said to have come from Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diameter, and of an in- tense, purplish-red. Height 2f. June—Sept. Stigmas raultifid. 3. ei os a af wt tet ehh okies) orp Rd ORT 1 mostly 5, united at base. persistent and enclosing the fruit. . . . Z - Polygonum. 3 Sepals (4. Radical leaves reniform, on long petioles. . STE ETA es at Cpe aee 1 RHEUM. Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native. Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent; stamens 9; styles 3; stigmas multifid, reflexed ; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined.—% Fis. fasciculate, in racemose panicles. R. Ruavonticum. Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant.—Lwvs. smooth, cordate- ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges.—Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the sake of the juicy, acid petioles. These are taken in a green state, in the spring of the year, and made into tarts and pies, whose excellence is well known to every one. Stem stout and fleshy, 3—4f high, hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1—2f long, 3 as wide, on petioles of nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing innumerable greenish-white flowers. May. a OXY RIA? . BR. Br: Gr. ogvs, acid; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves. Cal. 4-sepaled, 2 inner sepals largest ; achenium 3-sided, with a broad, membranaceous margin ; sta. 2—6 ; styles 2, stigmas large, plumose._— YU Lws. mostly radical, petiolate. Stem nearly leafless, paniculate-racemose. O. rENIFoRMIs. Hook. (Rumex digynus. Linn.) Mountain Sorrel. _ Radical ls. reniform, on long petioles ; outer sepals oblong, half as long as the inner, valvular sepals; stamens 2; styles 2—Found on the summits of the White Mts., in moist ravines, and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3—4/ in height. June. 3. POLYGONUM. Gr. moXvs, many, yovv, knee ; that is, plants with many joints. Sepals 4—6, mostly 5, connected at base, colored or corolla-like, persistent ; sta. 5—9, mostly 8; sty. 2—3, mostly 3, short, filiform ; ach. mostly triangular, usually covered by the persistent calyx.— fTerbaceous. Sts. jownted. Fils. in axillary and terminal fascicles and spikes or paniculate racemes. > 474 CX. POLYGONACE. Pouyoorvs) § 1. Avicutaria. Flowers azillary. Stamens 5—8. Stigmas 3. 1. P. avicutaére. Bird Polygonum or Knot-grass. _ St. procumbent; lvs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acute, sessile ; flowers subsessile-—@Q) A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems slender, }—1}f long, striate, smooth, branching, with short, white, torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Leaves smooth except the edges, 4—1’ long and 4 as wide. Flowers reddish, small, 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, appearing all summer. B. glaucum. (P. glaucum. Nutt.) Lws. fleshy, glaucous, revolute on the mar- gin.—Grows on the sea-coast, Long Island. 2. P. erectum. (P. aviculare. 8. latifolium. Michz.) Erect Knot-grass. “St. mostly erect, branched; dvs. smooth, broadly oval, petiolate; fls. pedi- cellate ; sta. mostly 5.—2| Western and Mid. States and Brit. Am. ‘A species remarkably distinct in appearance from the last, in similar situations, but sel- dom growing with it. Stem 1—2if high, branched, smooth. Leaves 1—2/ long and about 4 as wide, rather obtuse, the-petioles 0—}/ long. Flowers 2—3 together, pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, yellowish. Jn.—Sept. 3. P. tenue. Michx. (P. linifolium. Muhl.) Slender Knot-grass. St. slender, erect, branched, acute-angled; dvs. linear-lanceolate, erect, acuminate ; stip. tubular, villose at top; fs. alternate, subsolitary, axillary —@ A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng., Mid. States. Stem 4—1f high. ‘Leaves 1—1}/ long, 1—2” wide, 3-veined, sessile. Flowers white. Jl., Aug. § 2. Persicarta. Spikes terminal or axillary. 4, P. puncritum. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michz. not of Linn.) Water Pepper.—St. branched, often decumbent at base; dvs. lanceolate, punctate with pellucid dots, waved and scabrous on the margin; spike loose, interrupted, drooping; sta. 6—8; sly. 2, united half way up.—@ Can. to Flor. A plant well known for its acrid taste, growing in ditches, low grounds, among rub- bish, &c. Stem smooth, swelling above the joints, 2f high, and, like the leaves, sprinkled with glandular dots, in which the acrimony is said to reside. Leaves 2—3’ long and not more than 4 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and white. Aug., Sept. 5. P. mite. Pers. (P. hydropiperoides. Michz. P. barbatum. Wait. Mild or Tasteless Knot-grass.—St. mostly decumbent at base, erect ‘an hairy above; lvs. narrow, lanceolate, subhirsute; stip. hirsute, long-ciliate ; spikes linear; bracts ciliate, subimbricate; sta. 8; sty. 3—Q) Ditches and ponds, Can. toCar.and Tenn. Stem afootormorehigh. Leaves 2—4’ long, } as wide, sessile. Spikes several, crowded near the summit of the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. Jl., Aug. See also Addenda, p. 638. 6. P. Pennsytvanicum. Pennsylvanian Knot-grass. St. smooth, tumid at the joints; dvs. lanceolate, petiolate; stip. glabrous, not ciliate; spikes oblong, crowded; ped. hispid; sta. 8; sty. 2 or 1—Q@ Mar- ‘gins of ponds and ditches, N. H. to Car. Stem geniculate, branched above, 2—4f high. Leaves 3—5’ long, } as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes short and dense, large, andsomewhat nodding. Flowers large, rose-colored, pedicellate. Jl. 7. P.LapaTHirotiom. (P.incarnatum. Ell.) St. geniculate, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, often hoary beneath ; spikes numerous, rather crowded, erect, on scabrous peduncles; sta. 6; sty. 2.—@ A rare species in swamps and ditches, N. Y. toGa. Stem 2—4f high. Leaves 3—5’ long, 3—4 as wide. Petioles }—4'’ long. Flowers small, white, or tinged with red, in numerous, panicled spikes, Aug. 8. P. persicariaA. Ladies’ Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. St. erect; lvs. lanceolate, the upper surface spotted; stip. fringed; spikes dense, oblong, erect; ped. smooth; sia. 6; sty. 2, half united—@ A common species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. Stem smooth, branched, leafy, 1—2f high, often colored. Leaves 2—4/ long, } as wide, entire, short- stalked, acuminate, generally marked with a brownish, heart-shaped spot near the middle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal spikes. Jn., Aug. § PoiyGonum. CX. POLYGONACE. 475 9. P. ORIENTALE. Oriental Knot-grass. Prince’s Feather. St. erect, paniculately branched; lws. large, with hairy, salver-form sti- pules; sta. 7; sty. 2—@ Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides, throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament. Stem 5—8f high. Leaves 8—12’ long, } as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. § t 10. P. ampHipium. (P.coccinium. Muhl.) Amphibious Knot-weed. St. assurgent, prostrate or decumbent at base, ruoting at the lower joints; lws. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, smooth, acute or acuminate at apex; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense; sta. 5; sty. 2-cleft—Marshes, ponds, N. Eng. to lll. A very variable species, with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stems smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping or floating and rooting. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly lacerated. Leaves 5—7’ by 1—2’, often shining. Spikes 1—2’ long, the shorter mostly thicker. Aug.—The prin- cipal varieties are as follows: a. coccinewm. St. thick, suberect, 1—3f long; Ws. oblong, acute, shining both sides; stipules truncate; spikes ovoid. (N. Eng.!) B. natans. St. very long, thick, rooting, prostrate, with erect branches; Js. lance-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, stip. lacerate, long; spike long, slender. (Indiana! &c.) : y- (P. fluitans. Ea.?) Lvs. \ance-linear, tapering to each end; ochree long, hirsute, with a leafy, spreading summit; spike oblong.—Lancaster, N. H. Rickard! Wisconsin, Lapham !—I am by no means certain that these three varieties are not distinct. 11. P. VirGIniinum. St. simple, pilose above ; dvs. broadly lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acumi- nate, smooth, on short petioles; vac. long, slender, few-flowered ; fis. tetrame- rous, unequal, remote; sta. 5; sty. 2, unequal Shades, Can. to Flor., W. to Miss, Stem 2—4f high. Leaves 3—6’ long, } as wide, petioles 1—5” long. Stipules hairy. Spike or raceme terminal, simple or with one or two branch- lets, leafless, 1—2f long. Flowers small, white, Jl., Aug. § 3. Bistorta. F'ls. in terminal, solitary spikes. Sta.7—9. Stig. 3. 12. P. vivipinuM. Viviperous Bistort. St. simple; lws. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin; spike linear, solitary—Stem erect, leafy, 4f high, bearing a single spike of white flowers which are often transformed into bulblets while on the stem.—2| White Mts. N. to Arc. Am. Leaves 1—1}’ by 2—3”, with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. Jl. 13. P. sirsttum. Walt. Hairy Knot-grass. St. and stip. very hirsute ; lvs. lanceolate, hirsute, punctate with pellucid dots; spikes filiform; sta. '7; sty. 3-parted._@ On river banks, Ohio and South- ern States. The whole plant is clothed with soft hairs. Stem 2f high. Flowers white. July. § 4. PotyconeLia. Flowers in paniculate spikes. Stamens 8. 14. P. arTicuLATUM. Jointed Polygonum. St. erect; lvs. linear ; spikes panicled, filiform; fs. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricate, truncated bracts; sta. 8; sty. 3—@ N. Y., Mich., found in dry, hilly pastures. Stem slender, branching, straight, with numerous, racemed spikes, and imbricate, sheathing bracts. Leaves 4—1’ by 1—2”, obtuse. Flowers flesh-colored, on nodding, hair-like peduncles issuing from above the bracts. Achenia acutely triangular. Aug. §5. Facopyrum. F'ls. in racemose panicles, Lvs. subcordate or sagittate. 15. P. sacirritum. Scratchgrass. St. prostrate, rough-angled; luvs. sagittate; fils, capitate; sta. 8; sty. 3—@ Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Flor. and W. States. A rough, climbing species, often several feet in length. Stem square, the angles very rough with prickles inting downwards. Leaves acute, 1—3/ long, } as wide, on petioles }—3/ ong, with smooth stipules. Flowers in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn. 476 CX. POLYGONACEZ. — 16. P. arirouium. Hastate Knoigrass. St. aculeate with reversed prickles; lws. hastate; spikes few-flowered ; jis. distinct; sta. 6; sty. 2—@ Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distin- guished from the last chiefly by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves, which are 2—4’ long and 4 as wide. Petioles 4—1’ long. Clusters racemose, slender, loose, few-flowered, at the ends of the branches. June, July. 17. Ps convotyvttus. Knot Bindweed. St. twining, angular; /vs. cordate-hastate; seg. of the cal. obtusely keeled ; sta, 8; sty. 3—Q Acommon climbing species, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 2—6f long, roughish, angled, with axillary branches. Leaves 1—2/ long, 4 as wide, on petioles }—3/ long, with somewhat spreading and acute lebes at base. Flowers whitish, in terminal, interrupted spikes; June—Sept. B. cilinode. (P. cilinode. Mz.) Plant minutely pubescent; stip. fringed with reflexed hairs at base. 18. P. scanpens. Climbing Knotgrass. St. twining, smooth; lvs. cordate, acuminate; seg. of the cal. winged; sta. 8; sty.3.—27 N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 3—7f long, climbing, often colored and with axillary branches. Leaves heart-shaped, with distinct, rounded lobes. Flowers in long, interrupted racemes. Calyx and fruit conspicuously 3-winged, the wings decurrent on the slender, jointed pedicels. Aug. 389. P. racorYrumM. Buckwheat.—QSt. erect, smooth; lvs. cordate-sagittate ; fac. panicled; sta. 8; sty. 3; angles of the ach. equal—@ The name from the Lat. fagus, beech, and pyrum, a pear; the fruit resembles in shape a beech-nut. Native of Asia, but here naturalized. A valuable grain cultivated for the flour which is made into pan-cakes and eaten warm. Stems 2—4f high. Leaves 2—4’ long, }as wide. Flowers numerous, white, very grateful to bees. +4 4, RUMEX. Calyx persistent, of 6 colored sepals, the 3 inner (valves) larger ; sta. 6; sty. 3, spreading; stigmas many-cleft; achenium 3-cornered, covered. by the-3 valve-like inner sepals—Herbs with the flowers im dense, fasciculate panicles. §1. Lapatnem. Flowers all &. Inner sepals (valves) granuliferous. * Inner sepals entire. 1. R. crispus. Yellow Dock. Lvs. lanceolate, waved, acute; valves Leena sepals) of the cal. entire, ovate, each bearing a tubercle —2 Can. and U. A weed so common as hardly to need description, growing in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, &c., much to the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2—3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yel- low, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Calyx-valves. 3, enclosing the seed, each with a grain on the back. The root is used in medicine for cuta- neous diseases. June. § 2. R. sancuineus. Bloody-veined Dock. F Iws. petiolate, cordate, lanceolate; valves of the cal. entire, one of them: principally bearing the granule.—?| Can. and N. States, Stem of a reddish color, branching, leafy, 2—3f high. Leaves smooth, radical ones large, mostly with red veins, somewhat cordate, slightly curled at the edges. Flowers in: small, distant whorls. Grows in waste and shady places. July. § 3. R. BritTaNicus. British Water Dock. Lvs. broad-lanceolate ; joints with nearly obsolete, torn sheaths; fs. poly- gamous; valves entire, all bearing granules.— | Can., U.S. Aquatic, growing. in muddy places. Root yellow internally, large. Stem 3f high, furrowed, angular and branched. Leaves large, petiolate, acute. Flowers in verticillate fascicles, collected into a large, terminal panicle. Pedicels nodding in fruit.. Calyx valves large, cordate. July. CXI. PHYTOLACCACE. Cid 4. R. verTicinLAtus. Naked-spiked Dock. _ Iws. oblong-lanceolate; valves entire, all bearing granules ; spikes leafless with flowers in half-whorls.—| Northern States. An aquatic species of mudd ; situations. Stem 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and few branches. Leaves long, narrow, acute, flat. "Whorls few-flowered. Pedicels 3—1/ long. June. 5. R. aquaticus. Great Water Dock. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, lower ones cordate, on long petioles; valves ovate, entire, all of them bearing granules.—2| Northern U. 8. Ponds and ditches. Root large, very astringent. Stem 3—4f high. Leaves somewhat glaucous, the lower ones distinctly cordate at base. Flowers verticillate, in a terminal, leafy panicle. Pedicels nodding. 6. R, attissimus. Wood. (R. verticillata, Mead?) Peach-leaved Dock. Glabrous, tall, erect; dvs. linear-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each end; rac. slender, paniculate, somewhat secund, leafless or the lowest verticil axillary; fis. all 9; inner sep. broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively so, and the third naked.—| Marshy prairies and borders of streams, Indiana! A very showy Rumex, 3—6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3—5/ by 3—1’, somewhat acuminate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate, pedicels 2—3” long. Achenium exactly resembling a beach-nut in form and color. June. (Nov. sp.) * * Inner sepals toothed. 7. R. acttus. Dock. Las. oblong-cordate, acuminate; whorls leafy ; valves oblong, subdentate, all of them bearing granules.—2, N.States. Ditches and waste places. Stem 2—3fhigh. Leaves large, the lower ones distinctly cordate, on long petioles. Racemes paniculate, composed of dense, leafy, dimidiate verticils. Granules large, red, one upon the back of each valve. May. § 8. P. patLipus. Bw. White Dock. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute; spikes slender; valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the granule.—2 Found in salt marshes, Ms. Stems numerous, ascending. Leaves smooth, acute, petioled, wavy on the margin. Flowers crowded, on short pedicels. Granule large, white, nearly covering the back of each valve. June. 9. R. mariTimus. Golden Dock. Lvs. linear, very long, entire, acute at each end; fis. in leafy racemes; inner sepals dentate, all graniferous.—2 “ Borders of brackish ponds in Mar- tha’s Vineyard and Nantucket.” Oakes. Plant a foot or more high. Flowers yellowish-green, in crowded half-whorls on the branches and main stem above. § 10. R. optrusirotius. Broad-leaved Dock. St. roughish; radical lvs. ovate, obtuse; valves toothed, one of them prin- cipally bearing a granule on the back.—2| N. States. A weed as troublesome as the first, growing about houses and fields wherever it is least welcome. Stem 2—3f high, furrowed, branching, leafy. Leaves oblong, cordate, obtuse, cre- nate-wavy; upper ones narrower and more acute; root leaves very large, oblong, heart-shaped, often with stalk and veins red. Flowers in long, nearly naked racemes. July. § § 2. Acerosa. Flowersd 2. Inner sepals without granules. 11. R. acerosetua. Feld Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. Lvs, lanceolate-hastate; fis. Q 3.—2 A common weed, growing in pas- tures and waste grounds throughout the U.S., preferring dry, hardsoils. Stem 3—1f high, leafy. Leaves halbert-shaped, very acid, but pleasant to the taste. Flowering all summer. Flowers small, red or reddish, collected in panicled racemes, the valves destitute of granules. The stamens and styles are on sepa- rate plants. Orver CXI. PHYTOLACCACE #.—Payroraccaps. Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. . Tacemose, perfect. Sepals pi gga Sta. 4—5 and alternate with the ap , or indefinite. Ova, 1—several-eelled. Styles and stigmas equal in number to the cells. 478 CXU. LAURACEZ. SASSAFRAS, . baccate or dry. Seeds solitary, ascending. bras cylindric, curved around fleshy albumen. Genera 9, species 60, chiefly natives of the tropics. Phytolacca decandria possesses active properties but they appear to be yet little understood and of doubtful application. , PHYTOLACCA. Tourn. Gr. gvrov, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac; from the purple juice of the berries. Calyx 5-sepaled, resembling a corolla; stamens 7—20; styles 5—10; berry superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded.—Herbaceous. Racemes often opposite the leaves. P. pecanpRiA. Poke. Garget. Jalap. Las. ovate, acute at both ends; fls. with 10 stamens and 10 st ar A common, well-known plant, growing about roadsides, hedges, U. 8. and Can. Root very large and branching. The stem, with the diameter of an inch, is 5 —8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature, of a fine, deep purple. Leaves 5’ by 2—3’, smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Racemes cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite to the leaves. Flow- ers greenish-white, consisting of 5 ovate, concave sepals, 10 stamens with white, 2lobed anthers, and 10 short, recurved styles. The fruit is a dark purple berry, of a round, depressed form. The juice of the berries stains paper and linen a beautiful purple color, which, however, is not durable. In Spain, it is said they are used to color wine. July—Sept. Orper CXIL LAURACE2#.—LavreE ts. Trees and shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate lvs. and umbelled or panicled fis. Cal.—Sepals 4—6, somewhat united, free from the ovary, imbricated in 2 series. , Sta. definite, perigynous, usually twice as many as the sepals, the 3 inner sterile or wanting. Anth. adnate, 2—4-celled, opening by recurved valves, from the base to the apex. Ova.—Style and stigma single. : ; : ’ Fr.—Berry or drupe on a thickened pedicel. Seed large, without albumen. Plwmulaconspicuous, 2-leaved. Genera 46, species 450, chiefly natives of the tropics, but few being sufficiently hardy to endure our climate. Properties.—The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimu- Jant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, of Ceylon, &c. Camphor is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora Officinarum, of Japan, China, &c. Cassia Bark, from Cinnamomum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissima, a tree of the W. Indies, yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Both of the following species are also moderately medi- cinal. Genera. . 53 valves. Benzoin. 1 Anthers opening by ?4 valves. Sassafras. 2 1 BENZOIN. Nees. Flowers %,rarely by abortion 0 Q. Calyx deeply 6-parted ; sta. 9, the inner row each with a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base ; anth. opening by 2 valves, detached below and reflected up- ward; sty. short, thick; drupe 1-seeded—Lws. deciduous, entire. Fis. preceding the leaves, lateral. B. oporirzrum. Nees. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.) Fever-bush. Spice Wood. Lws. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous ; fis. in clustered umbels, often dicecious; buds and pedicels smooth.—A shrub 6—12f in height, in moist woods, U.S. and Can. Ithas an aromatic flavor resembling gum Benzoin and the bark an agreeable, spicy taste. Leaves oval or obovate, cuneiform an acute at base, 2—4’ long and 4 as wide, paler beneath. Flowers pedicellate, in small, sessile umbels, greenish, appearing in advance of the leaves. Calyx 6- cleft, with oblong segments. Berries red. May. 2 SASSAFRAS. Nees. Diceciously-polygamous ; calyx colored, 6-parted. @& Sta. 9, fertile, the inner row with each a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base ; anth. opening by 4 valves. 2 Sta. 6, short, abortive ; sty. filiform ; — PrrvLarn.. CXIII. SANTALACEZ. 479 drupe superior, 1-seeded—Lvs. deciduous, lobed. Fis. and bus. co- temporary and from the same bud. S. orricinaLe. (Laurus Sassafras. Linn.) Sassafras. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base; fls. in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts.—Not uncom- mon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states. It varies in height from 10—40f. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year’s twigs, and after the leaves have expanded. Every part of the tree has a pleas- ant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor. Orver CXIII. SANTALACEA®.—Sanpatworts. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves. Fis. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary. : tats Cal. tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4—5-cleft, valvate in estivation. Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and oppesite to them. Ova. 1-celled, 1—4-ovuled. Style1. Stigma often lobed. f Fr. hard, dry and drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 18, species 110, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal-wood is the product of Santalum album, &c., of India. Conspectus of the Genera. Herbs. Comandra. 1 Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2 Trees. Nyssa. 3 1 COMANDRA. Nutt. Gr. kwpn, hair, avdpes, stamens; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs. Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4—5-parted ; sta- mens 4—5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the top of the tube; disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx.— Very smooth, suffruticose plants of IN. America. Ped. axillary and ter- minal. Fils. small, wmbellate. - C. umpexiata. Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum. Linn.) Bastard Toad-flaz. Erect; lvs. oval-lanceolate ; fis. subcorymbed, terminal.—2, Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U.S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, general- ly branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1—1}’ long, and 3 as wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is at- tached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June. 2 PYRULARIA. L.C. Rich. Flowers 2 9 &. Calyx 5-cleft, subcampanulate; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half adherent to the ovary; sty. 1; stig. 2 or 3, sub- lenticular ; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx.— Shrubs with the habit of Celastrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. Rac. terminal. P. oveirera. L, C. Rich. (P. pubera. Miche. Hamiltonia. Muhl.) Oilnut. Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4—6f high, hirsute- pubescent. Root fetid. Leaves 2—3’ by 1—12’, oblong-ovate, entire, acumi- nate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, in a terminal raceme, greenish-yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the 3 flowers, the segments reflexed in the $. Stamens alternate with the lobes ‘of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe globose-depressed. May, 4 ] e ; é a* 480 | CXIV. THYMELACEA. _ Dire June.—The whole plant is more or less oily, and is greedily devoured by cattle. Sometimes called Buffalo Oil. a NESS The name of a nymph, according to Linneus. Flowers dicecious-polygamous. of Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5—10, inserted around a glandular disk; pistil 0. .$ Q Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5 or 0; pistil 1; drupe inferior; nut 1-seeded— Tvees. 1. N. MuLtirLoRA. Walt. (N. villosa. Michz.) Pepperidge. Tulepo. Gum Tree.—Lwvs. oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole, midvein and margin villous; fertile ped. 3—6-flowered; nut short, obovate, obtuse, striate-——This tree is disseminated throughout the U.8.; it is found 30—70f! high, the trunk 1—3f! in diameter, with horizontal branches forming a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak, and, like the next species, broken into hexagons. Leaves tough and firm, 2— 5’ long, and 3 as wide, often with1 or more blunt teeth. Flowers small, green- ish, in small clusters on a long, branching peduncle, the fertile ones succeeded by a few deep blue, oblong drupes. The wood is white, fine-grained, rather soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles of fibres, rendering it very difficult to split. It is therefore useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters’ blocks, &c. Jn. 2. N. aquatica. (N. biflora. Walt.) Water Tulepo or Gum Tree. “ Tvs. oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth; fertile ped. 2-flow- ered ; drupe short, obovate; nut striate.—This tree grows in swamps, in certain sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is 30—50f high and 15—20’ in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2—4’ in length. Flowers small and obscure, the fertile ones producing a fruit of a deep blue color, growing in pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. Jn.” Micha. abr. Orver CXIV. THYMELACEA®.—Dapunaps. Shrubs with a very tenacious bark, alternate or opposite, entire leaves and perfect flowers. Cai. free, tubular, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cleft, imbricated in estivation. A [as many. Sza. definite, inserted into the calyx and opposite to its lobes when equal to them in number ; often twice Ova. solitary, with lovule. Style1. Stigma undivided. Fy. hard, dry, drupaceous. Albwmen 0 or thin. Genera 38, species 300, very abundant in Australasia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe and Asia. The only North American genus is that which follows. Properties.—The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced fibres which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The -bark tree (Lagetta) of Jamaica is par- ticularly remarkable for this property. Genera. ’ Speen Stamens exserted. Diércd. 1 Corolla limb ? spreading. Stamens included. Daphne. 2 1 DIRCA. Gr. dipka, a fountain; the shrub grows in wet places. Calyx colored, tubular, with an obsolete limb ; stamens 8, unequal, longer than, and inserted into the tube; style 1; berry 1-seeded.— Lis. alternate, simple. F'ls. expanding before the leaves. D. pauustris. Leather-wood. : Lvs. oblong-ovate or obovate; fs. axillary, 2—3 in a hairy, bud-like in- volucre.—A shrub, 5f in height, when full grown, U. S. andCan. The flowers appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, issuing from the same bud. Leaves entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the sepals, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval,small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish “ rods for the fool’s back,” the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. ee — ELBAGNUS. CXV. ELAAGNACEE. 481 2. DAPHNE. For the nymph Daphne, who, it is said, was changed into a laurel which this resembles. Calyx 4-cleft, marescent, limb spreading; stamens 8, included in calyx tube; sty. 1; drupe l-seeded.— Mostly evergreen shrubs, of much “beauty and fragrance. Lvs. generally from the terminal buds, fls. from the lateral. None are American. 1. D. Mezereum.—Lvs. deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, ses- sile ; fls. sessile, about three from each lateral bud; cal. hypocrateriform, seg- ments ovate, spreading; sta. inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube; fil. very short; stig. sessile—A beautiful, early-flowering, European shrub. The whole plant, especially the bark, is very acrid. Flowers pink-colored in one Mat veh white in another, clothing nearly the whole plantin March. Height 2. D. Laurgota. Spurge Laurel.—Lvs. evergreen, lanceolate, glabrous, acute, entire, subsessile; js. 5 together in each axillary raceme.—A taller shrub than the preceding, from Europe. Stem 4—6f high, with ample and beautiful foliage. Flowers fragrant, greenish-yellow. Mar., Apr. + 3. D. cottina.—Lws. evergreen, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short pe- tiole, very smooth above, villous beneath; fis. fasciculate, terminal. Apr.—Jn. ¢ Orver CXV. ELHAGNACEA.—OLgEasters. Trees and shrubs usually covered with aleprous scurf. Lvs. alternate or opposite, entire. Stip. 0. Fis. axillary, dicecious, rarely perfect. : Sterile fl. Cal.—4-parted. Sta. 3, 4 or 8, sessile. Amth. 2-celled. Fertile fl. Cal.—Free, tubular, persistent, lmmb entire or 2—4-toothed. Ova. simple, 1-celled: Ovuie solitary, stipitate. Stig. simple, subulate, glandular. ¥r-Achenium crustaceous, enclosed within the calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate. Sds. ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the whole northern hemisphere. Genera. £5 Shepherdia. 1 Stamens(4. El@agnus. 2 1SHEPHERDIA. Nutt. In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool. Flowers 9 d.—o Calyx 4-cleft; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. Q Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1; stig. oblique; berry globose, composed of the fleshy calyx North American shrubs, with spinescent branches, and opposite, deciduous leaves. F'ls. aggregated. 4. S. Canapensis. Nutt. (Hippophe. Willd.) Is. elliptic-ovate,\nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales——A shrub 6—8f high, found jin Vt., N. Y. and W. to Wis., Lapham! by streams and on river banks. Leaves ob- tuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentose, margin entire; petioles 2—4” long, lamina 1—2’ by 4—1’. Flowers minute, in small, lateral, nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx en- closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl—A curious and orna- mental shrub. int ; 2. S. arncentea. Nutt. (Hippophe. Ph.)—Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales—A small tree, 12—18f high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1—2’ by 4—9’. Petioles 4’ long, margin entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored’ spots. Fruit the size of a currant, scarlet, well-flavored. ¢ : 2.ELAAGNUS. , Gr. cata, the olive ; the trees haying a resemblance to the olive. Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side; sta. 4, alter- 483 CXVI. ULMACES. Unuve. nate with the calyx lobes; anth. subsessile; sty. short; fruit baccate, consisting of the achenium enclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube, marked with 8 furrows.— Tees or shrubs, cultivated for the silvery foli- age. Leaves alternate. 1. E. arcentea. Silver-leaved Oleaster. Las. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, par- ticularly the lower, silvery and shining with ferruginous seales.—Missouri, &c. A beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, carti- laginous drupes. + 2. E. ancustirouia. Narrow-leaved Oleaster—Las. narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, alternate, smooth, canescent; fis. axillary, aggregate—A tree of middle size from Europe, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and fine fruit, which, “when dried, resembles an oblong plum with a reddish skin and a flavor similar to that of a date.” + 3. E. uatiroLia. Broad-leaved Oleaster—Lvs. ovate, evergreen.—E. India. + Orper CXVI. ULMACEA.—Exutmworts. Trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves. Stip. 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous. : ; Fis. sometimes by abortion dicecious, in loose clusters, never in catkins. Cal. free from the ovary, campanulate, 4—5-cleft, imbricate in estivation. Sta. inserted on the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. Ova. 1—2-celled. Ovules solitary. Stigmas 2, distinct. Fr. indehiscent, either a samara or drupe, 1-celled ; 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons foliaceous. Genera 9, species 60, natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the elms afford excellent timber. Genera. Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4—5-cleft. Fruitsamare. .. + iam, Auth neon S ae enln. eneereE Flowers polygamous. Calyxof sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruitadrupe. . . . «. «. . Celtis. 2 1 ULMUS. From elm, its original name in Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, and other Celtic dialects. Flowers §- Calyx campanulate, 4—5-cleft ; stamens 5—8; styles 2; samara compressed, with a broad, membranaceous border.— T7ees, rarely shrubs. Lws. retrorsely scabrous, often abrupt at base. F'ls. fas- ciculate, appearing before the leaves. 1. U. Americana. American Elm. White Elm. _ ws. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal atthe base; fs. pedicelled; fr. fim- briate—This majestie tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western States. It is a native of the forest, but often grows spontaneously in open fields, where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous branches. The trunk, with a diameter of 3—5f, towers to the height of 30, 50, and even 70f, perfectly straight and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a great favorite as a shade tree, and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over the “sweet homes” of New England. Leaves short-stalked, oval-acuminate, doubly denticulate, and 4—5’ long. The veins are quite regular and promi- nent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a dense down, The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought; used for the naves of wheels, &c. . 2..U. ruuva. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Branches rough; lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, une- qually serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough; duds covered with fulvous down ; fs. sessile—Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The slippery elm is much sought on account of the mucilage of the inner bark, Its diam- eter is 1—2f, and height 20—40. The leaves are larger, thicker and rougher than those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at : { | CELTS. CXVI. ULMACE. 483 the ends.of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddish, 7 in number. April. 3. U. racemosa. Thomas. Cork Elm. Iws. ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side; jis. in racemes; pedicels in - distinct fascicles, united at their base——A tree found in Meriden, N. H.! to N. Y.!. The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their nume- rous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3—4’ long, 3 as wide, produced into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins and under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 2—4 in each of the fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7—8-cleft. Stamens 7—10. Stigmas recurved. Samara ovate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. 4. U. campestris. English Eim—Lvs. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unequal at base; jls. subsessile, densely clustered; sta. 5—8; cal. segments rounded, ob- tuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs—From Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small extent. It is a majestic tree, 50—70f high. The main trunk is 2—4f diam. at base, usually prolonged to the summit. The bark is more rough and broken than that of the American elm, the branches more rigid and thrown off at a larger angle, the foliage more dense, consisting of smaller and darker-colored leaves. In form it favors the oak more than our own native elms. Many trees of this kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly mentioned in Emerson’s Report, pp. 301, 302. 5. U. montana. Scotch Elm. Wych Elm.—Lus. doubly serrate, unequal at base; fis. pedicellate; sta. 6—8; samara with the margin fringed.—Another European elm, often attaining an enormous size. The timber is highly valua- ble. In form it more nearly resembles the slippery elm than the white elm. -6. U. nemorAtis. River Elm. Lvs. oblong, nearly smooth, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base; fs. sessile-—Banks of rivers, N. Eng. to Virginia, according to Pursh, Fl. p. 200, but unknown to any subsequent botanist. 2. CELTIS. Celtis was the ancient name for the lotus, which this genus is said to resembie. Flowers monececious-polygamous. <' Calyx 6-parted; stamens 6. ® Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5; styles 2; stigmas subulate, elongated, spreading; drupe 1-seeded.—7Tvees. or large shrubs. Lws. mostly oblique at base. ls: subsolitary, axillary. 1. C. occipenritis. American Nettle Tree. Hoop Ash. Beaver Wood. Iws. ovate, acuminate, entire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above, and rough-hairy beneath; fr. solitary —This species is some 30f high in New England, where it is rarely found, but is much more abundant at the South and West. The trunk has a rough, but unbroken bark, with numerous slen- der, horizontal branches. Leaves with a_very long acumination, and remarka- bly unequal at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded by a small, round, dull red drupe. The wood is tough, and is used for making hoops, &c. 2. C. crassirouia. Lam. Hackberry. . Ivs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally cordate at base, subcoriaceous, rough both sides; ped. about 2-flowered—This tree is thinly disseminated in the northern parts of the U. S. In woods it is distinguished by its straight, slender trunk, undivided to a great height, covered with an unbroken bark. The leaves are of a thick and firm texture, very large, heart-shaped at base. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the size of the whortleberry. The wood is white and close-grained, but neither strong nor durable. May. 3. C. pumita. Pursh. (C. occidentalis. 8. Muhi.) Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth on both surfaces, the younger only pubescent; ped. mostly 3-flowered; fruit. solitary. A small shrub,-on the banks of rivers, Md., Va. Pursh. Leaves 4l* " 484 CXIX. CALLITRICHACER. CALLIFRICHE. sometimes cordate, nearly as broad as long, with a very short acumination. Berries brown and glaucous. Orver CXVII SAURACEAL—Savrvraps. Herbs aquatic, with jointed stems. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fis. in spikes, perfect, achlamydeous, each in the axil ofa bract or scale. Sta. definite, persistent; ath. 2-celled, connectile thick, continuous with the slender filament. Ova.—Carpels 3—5, each few-ovuled. - : apes ‘ Fr.—Capsule or berry 3—5-celled, few-seeded, Sds. usually solitary in the cells. Embryo minute, cordate, outside of hard, farinaceous albumen. Genera 4, species 7, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes and pools. Properties unimportant. 1 SAURURUS. Gr. cavpa,alizzard, ovpa, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence. Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowered scales ; stamens 6, 7, 8 or more; anthers adnate to the filaments; ovaries 4; berries 4, i-seeded. S. cernuus. Willd. (Anonymus aquatica. Walt.) Lizzard Tail. St. angular; lvs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate——2 An aquatic plant, with neat foliage, and yellowish, drooping spikes of flowers, Can. to Car. and W. States! Stem 14—2f high, weak, furrowed. Leaves 4—6/ long, and 3 as wide, smooth and glaucous, with prominent veins beneath and on petioles 1—2’ long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubu- lar, cleft above, white. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Aug. Orper CXVIIL CERATOPHYLLACEA.—Hornwozrts. Herbs submersed, with dichotomous, cellular, verticillate leaves. Fis. monecious. Calyx many-parted. : : : Sterile.—Sta. indefinite (16—20). Anth. tricuspidate, sessile, 2-celled. : Fertile.—Ova. free, 1-celled, with a suspended, solitary ovule. Svyle filiform, oblique, sessile. Fr.—Achenium beaked with the indurated stigma. vs Seed orthrotopous, suspended, exalbuminous, and containing 4 cotyledons. Herbs, floating. Leaves cellular, many-cleft, verticillate. This order consists of the following genus only, with 6? species. They grow in ditches and pools, Europe, Northern Asia, Barbary, and North America. CERATOPHYLEUGE Gr. xepas, ahorn, pvAXoyv, a leaf; alluding to the horn-tike divisions of the leaves. Character the same as that of the order. C. DEMERSUM. Hornwort. Lws. 6—8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; s. axillary ; fr. 3-spined—®?| An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c., N. Y. to Va. .to Ill. Stem floating or prostrate, 8—16’ long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. They are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform seg- ments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers, Fruit an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl.—Sept. Orver CXIX. CALLITRICHACE A.—Srarworts. Herbs atic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Fis, axillary, solitary, very minute, moncecious, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Sta. 1, rarely 2; filaments slender; anthers 1-celled, 2-valved, reniform. Ova. 4-celled, 4-lobed; ovules solitary. Styles 2; stigmas simple points. Fr. 1-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters both of Europe and America. CALLITRICHE. Gr. xados, beautiful, Se:¢, rpryos, hair; alluding to the slender stems. Character the same as that of the order.—%-. C. verna. (C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Bw.) — ; Floating ; upper Ivs. oblong-spatulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar- dl CXXI. EUPHORBIACEZ. 485 ginate ; caps. with the lobes obtusely margined—@ This little polymorphous lant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U.S. Stem floating, 1—2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, becoming crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the ~ lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often moncecious. Anther a little exserved, yellow. May—Sept. B. autumnalis. Darl. oi autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.) Floating; Ws. nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little di- lated towards the end.—In similar situations with, and generally accompanying the former. — y. terrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf» C. brevifolia. Ph.) Procumbent arid diffuse ; Jvs. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy.—Grows on soft mud, cyer- spreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. Orpen CXX. PODOSTEMACEA.—Tureaproors. Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses. Lvs. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem. Fis. monecious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. Sta. often reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous. Ova. free, 2—3-celled. Sty: 2or0. Stig. 2—3. Fr.—Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves. Sds. numerous, without albumen, attached to a central column. Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia. PODOSTEMUM. L.C. Rich. Gr. Tovs, 7000s, a foot, ornmov ; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk. Stamens 2, with the filaments united below; ovary oblong-ovoid ; stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute.—Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. ceRATOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard.) Threadfoot. Iws. dichotomously dissected; fls. solitary, axillary—Middle! Western and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy’ processes. Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on short, thick peduncle$, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams, July. Orver CXXI. EUPHORBIACE A.—Spurceworts. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk. Lvs. opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules. Fis. moneecious or diccious, axillary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting. Cor.—Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting. Sterile fl.—Sta. definite ot indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. Fertile fl.—Ova. free, of 2—9 more or less united carpels, coherent toa central prolongation of the axis. Styles distinct, often 2-cleft. Fr.—Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically. Sd. witha large embryo in fleshy albumen. Genera 191, species 25002 chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. ‘ : e Propertves.—An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervades the whole order This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons; but it is volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapiocais a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots of the Jatropha Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Croton- oil from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. FIG, 53.—1. Head or capitulum of Eu- Phorbia corollata, with the corolla-like in- volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower. s 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing > the monandrous, staminate flowers sur- } ~G) rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the Zz SV flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4. Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells or carpels. 486 CXXI. EUPHORBIACEZ. EvuPHoRBIA. Conspectus of the Genera. Fruit in a toothed, leafy involucre. < 5s MPG se 8—16-androus. ? Fruit not involucrate. 4 2 Dien Re ae ee polyandrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate. . «| ° Sh Ue ee ema tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ov.te. var e . Busrus pentandrous. Leaves clothed with shining scales. © ; triandrous. Leaves very small... © 2). ok 0 a Stexile fls. | monandrous, several in a corolla-like involucre. + (deh umehe Bet Ghee Bie) s peeMegRa Ee 1 EUPHORBIA. Euphorbus, physician to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine. Flowers £&, mostly achlamydeous ; involucre monophyllous, sub- campanulate, with 4—5 petaloid segments alternating with as many external, gland-like teeth. o12or more; stamen 1; filament articu- lated in the middle. @ solitary, central; ovary pedicellate ; styles 3, bifid; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded—Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lws. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbellate. * Heads of flowers in involucrate umbels. + Cauline leaves alternate. 1. E. corouuata. Flowering Spurge. Erect; cauline and floral lvs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of t invol. obovate, petaloid ; wmbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous.— 2, In dry fields, &c., Can. and U.S. Stem slender, erect, 1—2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1—2’ long, often quite linear, very entire, scat- tered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the stem, each of which is subdivided into about 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July Aug.—The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest. t 2. E. neuioscoria. Sun Spurge. Erect; floral lws. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth ; wmbel 5- rayed, then 3-rayed and forked——@ A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N. H.! to Niagara! S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8—16' high. Leaves scattered, 3—13’ long, ? as broad at the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July. 3. E. NeMorA.Is. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.) Hairy Spurge. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate; wmbel 5—8-rayed, rays ones or twice divided; seg. of the floral invol. colored, entire, subreniform; ova. verrucose.—2| Moist woods, Can. to Va. Stem 2—3f high, smooth, rarely branched below the umbel. Leaves 3—4’ by 1’, entire or slightly serrulate above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad as long. Floral involucre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. May, June. 4, E. oprusata. Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge. s Erect; vs. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth; wmbel 3-rayed, rays twice dichotomous ; floral lvs. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse; caps. muricate—2 Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12—18/ high. a 5. E. PEpius. St. erect or ascending, branched below; wmbels 3-rayed, rays mostly di- chotomous; involucrate lvs. ovate, acute—Q@) A small species, in cultivated grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Torr. t Cauline leaves opposite. 6. E. Mercurrarina. Muhl. St. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft; /vs. opposite and ternately verti- t . , EvupHorpia.. / CXXI. EUPHORBIACEZ. 487 cillate, subsessile, oval and entire; ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered.—2 In rocky shades, Penn. Pursh. Jl. Aug. 7. E. Laruyris. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. St. erect, stout, smooth; lvs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, ~. sessile; wmbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous; glands of the invol. lunate, 2- horned, the horns dilated and obtuse-——@) Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2—3fhigh. Leaves2—4/ by 3—9”, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl.—Sept.§ 8. E. Herronu. Riddell. Herron’s Euphorbia. Erect, pilose, with opposite branches; lower lvs. rhombic-ovate, middle ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse at apex, acute at base; umbels small, few flowered.—@ Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, 1—2f high. Petiole ciliate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept. 9. E. ancustirotia. Haworth ?—S?¢. much branched at base, ascending and With barren branches above; lvs. crowded, linear, obtuse; wmdel many-rayed, proliferous ; floral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate.—2| A heath-like plant of the gardens, native of , If high. Leaves 1’ by 1'’, very numerous, spi- rally arranged, apparently verticillate. + 10. E. Maretnata. Pursh.—JLwvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous ; wmbel 3-rayed, once or twice dicho- tomous; involucrate lvs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the margin; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish; caps. hoary-pubes- cent.—@) Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre. f * * Heads axillary or fasciculate. Leaves opposite. 11. E. Hypericirouia. Spurge. Eye-bright. St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; lvs. opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal.—q@) A slender and branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10—20’ high, usually pur- ple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U.S. and Can. Leaves tripli- veined, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate, 6-12” long, and } as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. ; 12. E. Macunata. (E. depressa. Ell. E. thymifolia. Linn.) Spotted Spurge. Procumbent; branches spreading; lvs. serrate, oblong, hairy ; fs. axillary. —() A prostrate plant, spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Mass. ! to Ind.! and S. States. Stem 6—12’ in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3—6” long and 4 as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. Jl—Sept. 13. E. potyeontrotia. Knot-grass Spurge. Procumbent; Jws. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base; /fs. in the axils of the branches, solitary.—(@ Sea shores, R.I.! to Flor. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6—10’ long, dichotomous, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3—5” by 1”, petioles about 1’. Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the forks of the purple stem. June, July. 14, E. Ipecacuanne. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; /vs. opposite, obovate and oblan- ceolate ; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered—2 Sandy soil, Middle! and S. States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3—8’ long. Leaves 14—2’ by 3—6”, sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June. 15. E. pentata. Michx. Toothed-leaf Spurge. Hairy; lvs. opposite, oval, dentate; fls. crowded at the summit of the stem.—(@) Shady rocks, Penn., Torrey, to Tenn., Michaux. Upper leaves spotted.—Probably a variety of E. hypericifolia, Jl. Aug. 488 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE. Re 16. E. punicea. Scarlet or Splendid Euphorbia.—St. suffruticose, fleshy, armed with rigid, sharp thorns; lws. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute, mucronate; ped. axillary, 2 or 3 times dichotomous; involucrate bracts scarlet. —A singular and showy garden plant. 2, ACALYPHA. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. Fis. §.—iCalyx 3—4-parted; sta. 8-16, united at base—? Calyx 3-parted, segments connivent, persistent; styles 3, elongated, 2—3-parted; caps. 3-celled, cells 1-seeded—Herbaceous or shrubby. Iws. alternate. A. Vireinica. Three-seeded Mercury. Pubescent, branched; lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; invol. of the fertile flowers cordate, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and toothed.—@) In dry and gravely soils, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem erect or ascend- ing at base, 10—18' high. Leaves 3-veined, 1—23/ long, 4 as wide, hairy, ob- tusish. Pistillate flower at the base of the peduncle of the staminate spike. Involucrum of the fruit axillary, on a short stalk, shorter than the leaves, its margin cut half way down into long, acute segments. Aug. ; 8. (A. Caroliniana. Wall.) Lvs. rhombic-ovate, on long petioles—Penn. to Ind. ! 3. RICINUS. Lat. ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. Flowers §.— Calyx 5-parted; sta. many. @ Calyx 3-parted ; sty. 3, 2-cleft; caps. echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded—Herbs and shrubs with peltate, palmate lus. R. communis. Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi —sSt. frosted or glaucous, white, herbaceous ; dvs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate; caps. prick- ly.—Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes a tree, although an herbaceous annual with us. In our gardens it is a tall, smooth plant of a light bluish- green color. Leaves 4—12" diam., on long petioles. From its seeds is ex- pressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose it is exten- sively cultivated inthe U.S. July, Aug. + 4.CROTONOPSIS. Michx. Named from its resemblance (ows) to the next genus below. Flowers §.—d' Calyx 5-parted ; cor. of 5 petals; stamens 5. Q Calyx 5-parted ; cor. 0; stig. 3, twice bifid; caps. 1-seeded, indehis- cent.—® Lvs. alternate, stellately pubescent and shining. Fils. aggre- gate, the wpper ones sterile. | C. vinearis. Michx. St. erect, dichotomously branched ; lws. clothed with a stellate pubescence above, with hairs and shining scales beneath.—In the sandy swamps of N. J. to Car. and Ill. Nwétall. Stem 12—18' high, and like the leaves sprinkled with silvery, shining scales, Leaves on short petioles, linear-lanceolate or lance- ovate. Flowers very minute, in terminal and axillary spikes. June. 5. CROTON. A Greek name, synonymous with the Lat. ricinus. See genus No. 3. ; Flowers $.—d' Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed ; cor. of 5 petals or 0; sta. 10—15. 9 Calyx 5--many-sepaled; cor. 0; styles 3 or 6, bi- fid ; capsule of 3, coherent, 1-seeded carpels—A large genus, mosily tropical, and inconspicuous weeds. 1. C. cariratum. Michx. S¢. woolly, tomentose; Jvs oval-oblong, obtuse, rounded and entire at the base, clothed with soft tomentum on both surfaces; fertile jis. at the base of the EMPETRUM. CXXIl. EMPETRACE. 489 spikelets ; sty. 6, twice bifid; staminate fis. capitate, crowded—@Q) Grows in sandy prairies, Ill. to the sources of the Missouri. 2. C. ExtiptTicum. Nutt. (Crotonopsis elliptica. Willd.) Plant clothed with a stellate pubescence; lvs. elliptical-ovate, the older ~ ones obtuse at apex, smoothish and green on the upper surface; fis. glomerate; sty. 3, bifid; caps. angular, 2-seeded.—@ Ill. Mead, and Mo. ‘ 3. C. GLANDULOSUM. St. trichotomous; lvs. oblong, serrate, hairy beneath, nearly entire, and bearing 2 glands at the base; spikes of flowers situated in the division of the stem.—{ Ill. (Mead), river bottoms. 6. PHYLLANTHUS. Gr. gvd ov, avSog ; the leaves of the original species bear flowers at the edges. Flowers $.—c Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading, colored seg- ments ; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didy- mous. 9 Calyx as in the o; styles 3, bifid; capsule 3-celled; cells 2-valved, 1—2-seeded.— Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves und minute, axillary flowers. P. Caroxinensis. Walt. (P. obovatus. Willd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; lvs. simple, entire, gla- brous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ; fis. few, subsolitary, axillary. —@ A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn.! to Ill.!| Stem 6—10/ high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6—8” by 4—5’, of the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1—3 in each axil, the §' with the 9, 4—1” diam., whitish. July, Aug. 7. BUXUS. The Greek name of this plant was ¢véos. Flowers §.—d Calyx 3-leaved ; petals 2; sta. 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. @ Cal. 4-sepaled; pet. 3; sty. 3; caps. with 3 beaks and 3 cells; seeds 2—Shrubs. Lws. evergreen, opposite. B. sEMPERVIRENS. Box.—Lws. ovate; petioles hairy at edge; anth. ovate, saggittate.—Var. angustifolia has narrow, lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa, the dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed for edgings in gardens.—The box with its varieties is native of Europe. Orver CXXII. EMPETRACE ®.—Crowserrtts. Shrubs small, evergreen, heath-like, with exstipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. Fis. diecious. Cal. consisting of hypogynous, imbricated scales. Sta. equal in number to the inner sepals and alternate with them. Ova. 3—9-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Styles short or 0. Stigmas lobed and often lacerated. Fr.—Drupe seated in the persistent calyx, containing 3—9 bony nucules. Sds. solitary, ascending, albuminous. Radicle inferior. : ; Genera 4, species 4, natives of Europe, North America and the Straits of Magellan. They are acrid, The berries are used for food in Greenland. Genera. a Empetrum. 1 Drupe ?3-seeded. Oakesia. 2 1 EMPETRUM. Gr. év, upon, 7ETe0S, a stone; from the places of its natural growth. Flowers 2 &. Perianth consisting of 2 series of sepaloid scales. & Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. 2 Styles 6—9, very short, erect, or 0; stigmas oblong, radiate-spreading; drupe globose, l-celled ; seeds 6—9.—Low, alpine shrubs. E. nigrum. Crowberry. Procumbent; dranches smooth; lvs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at 490 CXXIIL JUGLANDACES. Jueuans. each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin.—A small, prostrate, alpine shrub, found on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcare- ous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are 4—#! long and a line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper leaves. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn. 2. OAKESIA. Tuckerman. Dedicated to William Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass., to whom N. Eng. botany is greatly indebted. Flowers 3 § 9.—c' Stamens 3, enclosed in 3—6 membranaceous, sepaloid scales ; fil. filiform, exserted, distinct ; anth. 2-lobed, open- ing by lateral clefts. @ or % Calyx of 3 equal, membranaceous scales in the axis of a larger, ovate, ciliate scale; stam. 3 or 0; sty. trifid; ova. 3-celled; drupe 3-seeded. O. Conript. (Empetrum. Torr. Tuckermania. Klotzch.) Plymouth Crowberry.—A low, bushy, tufted shrub, about 1f high, in Plymouth, Mass., Emerson, pine barrens, N. J., Torrey, N. Y., Vasey. Stems slender, with a reddish-ash-colored bark, with short, verticillate branches. Leaves evergreen, numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, 3/ long, linear, revolute. Flowers in terminal clusters of 10—15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and styles.—Plants with $ are less common than those with gj’ or 9. March, Apr. Orver CXXIII JUGLANDACE A.—Watnvzts. Trees, with alternate and unequally pinnate leaves and no stipules. Fis. green, inconspicuous, monecious. Sterile in aments. Corolla 0. Cal. membranaceous, oblique, irregular. Sta. indefinite (3—36). Fertile in small clusters. Corolia 0 or sometimes present and 3—5-petaled. Cal.—Tube adherent, limb 3—5-parted. a peas (dilated. Ova. 1-celled (partially 2—4-celled). Ovwie solitary, erect. Styles 0—2, very short. Stig. 1—2, much Fr. drupaceous, 1-celled, with 2—4 imperfect partitions ; endocarp bony. Sd. 2—4-lobed, without albumen, oily. : _ Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American. ‘ Properties.—The well known fruit of the butternut, walnut, peccan-nut, &c., is sweet and whole- some, abounding ina rich, drying oil. The epicarp, and even the integument of the kernel, are very astringent. The timber is highly valuable. Genera. f eae Leaves 15—21-foliate. . . «© +» «+ « « Juglans. 1 Corolla of the fertile flowers ?none. Leaves 5—9-foliate. e oe CERO Te OR a eet [hoe 1. JUGLANS. Lat. Jovis glans; i. e. the nut of Jove ; aname given it by way of eminence. 3 in an imbricated, simple ament; calyx scale 5—6-parted, some- what bracteate at base; stamensabout 20. @ Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, inde- hiscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly furrowed.— Trees of large size, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves. Leaflets numerous. Sterile aments axillary. Fertile flowers terminal. 1. J. cinerea. (J.cathartica. Michx.) Butternut. White Walnut. Lfts. numerous (15—17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft- pubescent beneath ; petioles villous; fr. oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse point, viscid, hairy; »wcleus oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrow- ed.—The butternut is found throughout the N. England, Middle and Western States, and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. It is 40—50f high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches are horizontal, and unusually wide-spreading, forming a very large head. Leaves 12—20’ long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long aments; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily, leasant-flavored, and well-known in N. England. The wood is of a reddish ue, light, and is considerably used in panneling and ornamental work. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic. April,-May. Cary. CXXHL. JUGLANDACEZ. 491 2. J. nicra. Black Walnut. - Lfts. numerous (15—21), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering above ; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubescent; fr. globose, with scabrous punctures.—The black walnut is a common and stately forest tree _-in the Middle and Western States, but sparingly found in the Northern. It arises 60—90f! high with a diameter of 3—6. In open lands it spreads widely into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a deep violet color, surrounded with a white alburnum. It is used extensively, west of the Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet wort April, May. 2. CARYA. Gr. kapva, the walnut, from «apa, roundish ; in allusion to the shape of the nut. & Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichoto- mous; scales 3-parted; stamens 4—6; anthers hairy. 9? Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 0; styles 0; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid; epicarp 4-valved; nucleus subquadrangular, even.— Large trees. Pubescence stellate. Lfts. few. & aments branched. 1. C. arpa. Nutt. he tm squamosa. Mz. f.) Shag-bark Walnut or Hickory.—Lfts. 5—7, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the odd one sessile; aments filiform, smooth; fr. somewhat quadrangular, smooth.—Native throughout the Atlantic States, and abundant farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with rough and shaggy bark consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, &c. It is considered superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epi- carp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored kernel. April, May. 2. C. romenTosa. Michx. (Juglansalba. Linn.) White Walnut. Mocker- nut Hickory.—Lfts. 7 or 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, odd one subpetiolate; aments filiform, tomentose ; fr. sub- globose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp; nwt with a hard, thick shell anda small, but agreeably-flavored kernel—This tree is found in all the Atlantic States, growing 50f high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never scaly. In winter it may be known by its large, greyish-white and very hard buds. The drupes, which are very various in size, have a small kernel diffi- cult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag-barks. April, May. 3. C. porcina. Nutt. (Juglans glabra. Willd.) Hog Walnut. Lfts. mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both sides, odd one subsessile; fr. and nucleus ‘obcordate or oblong.—Found in woods through- out the U. S., growing to the height of 50—70f. The drupes afford small, bit- ter kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in a superior degree, and is used wherever great strength is required. It makes excellent fuel. May. 4. C. amara. Nutt. (Juglans amara. Michz.) Bitternut Hickory. Lfis. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one short, petiolate, the rest ses- sile; fr. subglobose, with the sutures prominent above; drupe smooth, subglo- bose ; kernel bitter.—Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe hasa thin shell which may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. 5. C. suncira. Nutt. (Juglans. Willd. J. laciniosa. Mz. Thick Shell-bark. Lfis. i—9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, ter- minal one subsessile and attenuate to the base; fr. roundish, 4-angled, smooth, nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously mucronate —N. Y. to Car. and 42 492 ‘OX XIV. CUPULIFERZ. Quzacus. Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other oe Itisa large tree, 50—70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. Leaves 10—20’ in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 6. C. microcarpa. Nutt. Small-fruited Hickory. Lfts. 5—7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con- spicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin; nut small, slightly quadrangular.—A large tree, 60—80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. Darlington. Trunk 14—2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 5, often 7, 4—8’ by 2—3’, the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on a common peduncle, with conspicuous se- pals. Fruit about the size of anutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. Over. OXXIV. CUPULIFER —Masrworrs. Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight-veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding straight from the midvein to the margin. 7 Fis. generally monecious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles. Cal.—Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like. | Sta. 1—3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into theirbases. __ [each. Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in Stig. several, subsessile, distinct. f Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule. Sds. 1, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive}, pendulous. Albumen. 0. Embryo large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. Radicle minute, superior. Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and of mountainous tracts within the tropics. Properties.—The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beechnut, §-c., are too well known to require description. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-gails are producd from the petioles of Q. infectoria of Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. Conspectus of the Genera. in an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed. - . - : . Castanea. 2 in a muricate, valvate cupule, and sharply 3-angled. Sanne “ . Fagus. 3 in a hairy, § coriaceous, involucrate cupule. . . é g ? § - Corylus. 4 enveloped \ inflated .. ?membranous, closed cupule. . 3 . : - 4 . ‘Osirya. 5 (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule. : = - 4 3 6 . d - Quercus. 1 Nut ( naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract . 5 5 4 : ’ . Carpinus. 6 1 QUERCUS. Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it. The more common Celtic name was derw ; hence druid. 3 in a loose ament; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5—10. 9 Cupule cup-shaped, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive; style 1; stigmas 3;-nut (acorn) coriaceous, |-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule.—A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers distinct. § 1. Fructification annual. Fruit pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate. * Leaves lobed. 1. Q. atBa. While Oak. Lvs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, dilated upwards; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate-—The white oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di- ameter of 5—6f, it attains the height of 70—80, but its magnitude varies with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim- ber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed in ——--- QUERCUS. CXXIV. CUPULIFERZ. 493 ship-building, in coopering, in carriage-making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The bark is useful in tanning, and in medicine. May. 2. Q. MACROCARPA. Overcup White Oak. . Iws. tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle), lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated; cupule deep, with the upper scales setose ; acorn ovate, turgid.—Most common in the Western States! frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in N. Eng. and N. Y. It is 60—70f in height, clothing itself with dark green, luxuriant foliage. Leaves 10—15’ long, being larger than those of any other species here described. The acorns are also of extraordinary size, enclosed 3 of their length in the cup which is usually bordered with hair-like filaments. May. 3. Q. sTELLATA. (Q. obtusiloba. Michx.) Iron Oak. Lws. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, 2-lobed ; cal. hemispherical ; acorn oval.—The iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, turkey oak, &-c., is common in the Western! Middle and Southern States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moder- ate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is grey- ish-white. Leaves thick, strongly tomentose beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes which are sometimes so arranged as to appear cruciform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. The timber is finer grained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hénce it is useful for posts, staves, carriages, &c. The crooked branches afford knees for ship-building. 4. Q. oLtivEFormis. Mossy-cup Oak. Iws. oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pin- natifid ; cwp. deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on the edge; acorn oval-ovate.—This species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It isa large and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining downwards. The leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely two can be found alike. May. * * Leaves dentate, not lobed. 5. Q. prinus. Willd. (Q. Prinus palustris. Michz.) Swamp Chestnut Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse, un- equal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; cup deep, attenuate at base; acorn ovate. —This oak is seldom met with in N. England, but abounds in the rest of the U.S. Itisone of the loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the height of 50f with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the height of 80—90f. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent fuel. 6. Q. BicéLtor. Willd. (Q. Prinus discolor. Michz.) Swamp While Oak. Ivs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip; petivles short; fr. on long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, acorn oblong-ovate.— ‘The swamp oak is diffused throughout most of the U.S., growing in low, swampy woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of 70f. Foliage rich and luxuriant, leaves smooth and green above and white downy beneath, 5—7’ by 24—4’. The trunk is covered with a grayish-white bark which divides into large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. 7.-C. Montana. Willd. (Q. Prinus monticola. Mz.) Mountain Oak. Is. broad-ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base; éeeth obtuse (or rarely acute!) sub-— equal; fr. in pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugose and tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak, sometimes called rock chestnut oak, is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain sides. Its height seldom exceeds 60f, and is generally much less. In open situations its top spreads widely and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow, rather short. ‘Timber valuable in ship-building, &c. 8. Q, casTanga. Willd. (Q. Prinus acuminata. Michz.) Yellow Oak. Chesinut Oak.—Lvs. on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated, obtuse teeth ; cup 494 ; CXXIV. CUPULIFERE. Quercus, hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate.—The yellow oak abounds in the Middle | and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 60f in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by acorns usually sweet-flavored. ‘Timber little used. 9. Q@. Cuinquirin. Michx. (Q. prinoides. Willd.) Dwarf Chestmit Oak. ‘Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; ewp hemispherical ; acorn ovate-—This‘is one-of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3—4f in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. § 2. Fruetification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 10. Q. RuBRA. Red Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate—The red oak is the most common species in ‘the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or4. Leaves‘6—10’ long, smooth on both sides, with deep and ‘rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- cronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively used in tanning. The wood is ‘reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim-. ber, but excellent ‘for fuel. 11. R. tincTorta. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Lws. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent ‘beneath, finally glabrous, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup flat; ‘acorn depressed-globose.—This oak ‘is found throughout the U.S. It is one of the lottiest trees of the forest, 80—90f in height and 4—5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. Leaves ‘6—8’ long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly ‘sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of this species, guercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron oak. The bark is used in tanning. ; 12. Q@. coccinea. Wang. ‘Scarlet Oak. | Lws. on long petioles, oblong, ‘deeply sinuate, ‘smooth, lobes, divaricate, dentate, acute ; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate-—The scarlet oak is most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, buts often met with in the mote southern parts of N. England. It isa large tree, 80f in height, witha diameter of 3 or4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 13. 'Q. patustris. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth; axils of the veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, smooth; acorn subglobose.—The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States! and the ‘adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in swamps and wet woods. Height 60—80f, with a diameter of 2—4. It isremark- able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 14. Q. ELoncita. (Q. rubra. Walt. Q. falcata. Michz.) Spanish Oak. Las. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated; cwp shallow, somewhat turbinate ; acorn globose.—Sandy soils, N. J.toGa. Trunk '70—80t high, 4—5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. —- se — CAsTANEA. CXXIV. CUPULIFERZE. 495 Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous. Lobes of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on peduncles 1—2” in length. May.—The bark is highly esteemed in tanning. ** Leaves dentate or slightly lobed. 15. @. wiciroura. Willd: (Q. Bannisteri. Michz.) Shrub or Scrub Oak. Bear Oak.—Lws. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3—5-lobed, entire on the’ margin, whitish-downy beneath; cwp subturbinate; acorn subglobose—A shrub, common throughout the U.S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3—4f high, divided into’ nimerous, straggling’ branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May. 16. Q@. nigra. Willd. (Q. ferruginea. Miche.) Barren-Oak. Black-Jack. Iron Oak.—Lws, coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3- lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, at length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent be- neath, villose in the axils of the veins; fr. with a turbinate cup and roundish ovoid acorn; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious.—A small, gnarled tree, with dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to Ill.! and S. States. Trunk 20—30f high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3—5/ by 21—4’, broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but little” longer than the other two. Petioles 3—6 long. May.—The wood is very valuable for fuel. 17. Q. TRiLdBA. Downy Black Oak. Las. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, tomentose beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn.—A tree of rapid growth, 25—40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Flor. 18. Q. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. (Q. Leana. Clark.) Lws. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or vblong-ovate, acute or rounded or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only wavy or entire; lobes setaceous-acuminate; acorn subglobose, in a hemispheri- cal cup; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse.—Ohio! I have specimens of the leaves and fruit of this remarkable and long lost species from Mr. J. Clark, re-discovered in Ohio, by the late Mr. T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly variable, usually 4—6’ by 14—2’, smooth and shining above, tomentose along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit 3’ diam. ** * Leaves entire. . 19. Q. Poetios. Willow Oak. Las. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, gla- brous, mucronate at apex; acorn subglobose, in shallow cups.—A tree 30—60f high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight, 10—20’ diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear con- siderable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate when young, 3—5’ in length. Acorn 3/diam. May.—The timber is of little value. 20. Q. mepricaria. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. Iws. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex ; acorn subglobose, ina shallow cup; scales of the cup broad-ovate.—A beautiful tree, very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 40—50f high, 1—2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3—5’ by 1—12’, forming a dense, heavy foliage. June.—The timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak. 2 CASTANEA. Tourn. From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, where this tree still grows to magnificent dimensions. din a long, cylindric ament ; cal. 6-cleft; sta. 10—12. 9 3,within a 4-lobed, densely muricated involuecre ; cal. 5—6-lobed ; sta. 10—12 a3" 496 CXXIV. CUPULIFERZ. Cory.us. abortive rudiments; sty.6; nut mostly I-seeded, invested with the enlarged, echinate involucre or cupule— Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly deciduous, alternate, acuminate. Sterile aments axillary, pendulous. Fruit enclosed in very prickly 4-lobed burrs. 1. C. Vesca. Gert. 8. Americana. Michx. (Fagus Castanea. Linn. Chestnut.— Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smoot both sides.—Abundant in particular districts throughout the U.S. It isa lofty tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6—9’ long and } as wide), with large, uniform teeth, mucronate with the prolonged, straight veins. Aments as long as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a pecu- liar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable, hence much used for posts, &c. July.— The nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Span- ish chestnut.) eval 2. C. pumita. Michx. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-serrate, hoary-tomentose be- neath; nut solitary—Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga. and Tenn.! Shrub 6—12f high, much branched. Leaves 3—5’ by 1}—2’, smooth above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate with the projecting, straight veinlets; petioles 6’ long; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the lower staminate, 6—10’ long, upper fertile with remote, pistillate flowers. In- volucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small, ovoid, sweet. FV. Jn. Fr. Oct. a F AGUS. Gr. ¢nyos, the beech; it also signifies something eatable. 3 ina globose ament; cal. 6-cleft, campanulate; sta. 5—12. 9 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre ; cal. single, with 4—5 minute lobes ; sty. 3; nut 1-seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or capsule.— Lofty trees, with smooth, ash-colored bark. Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. & aments on long, pendulous peduncles. F. sytvatica. Linn. £. Americana. Nutt. (F. sylvestris. Michx. F. ferruginia. Ait.) Beech—Luvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, obtuse at base, ciliate with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly gla- brous, margin with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate; duds lanceolate- cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers ; nuts ovoid-triangular, obtuse-mucronate-—A common forest tree, abundant in N. Eng., frequent in the Western States and British provinces. The trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50—80f high, but lower and with an expansive head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4—6’ long, 4 as wide, often persistent through the winter. G'aments pubescent, peduncles 2’ long. Nut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. ‘Timber fine- grained, with reddish duramen and white alburnum. May. Obs.—The Red Beech is now regarded only as a variety; with the wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. ‘There are several beautiful varieties in cultivation, with purple Stage, silver foliage, &c. (See garden catalogues.) 4. CORYLUS. Gr. xoovs, a bonnet; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared. + 3 in acylindric ament; cal. scale 3-cleft; sta. 8; anth. 1-celled. Q Calyx obsolete; ova. several; stig. 2; nut ovoid, surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (capsule).—Shrubs. Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterminal. 1. C. Americana. Hazel. ws. roundish, cordate, acuminate; zvol. roundish-campanulate, much CXXV. BETULACEZ. 497 1arger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely serrate—Shrub 5—6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U.S. Leaves 3—6’ long and # as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each one is enveloped: They area well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or jilbert. 2. C. RostrATA. Ait. Beaked Hazel. Iws. oblong-ovate, acuminate; stip. linear-lanceolate; invol. campanu- late-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments.—This species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1—13’) narrow neck, like a bottle. Nuts as in C. Americana. May. 5 OSTRY & Gr. ocrpeov, ascale; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments. 3 in a cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flower- ed; anth. conspicuously bearded at the summit. @ geminate, in a loose, linear ament; cal. 0; fls. enclosed each in an inflated mem- branous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut.— Small trees. O. Vireinica. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Iws. ovate, acuminate, serrate; fertile ament oblong, pendulous; buds rather acute.—A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25—30f in height. Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs, (cups?) containing each a flower. ‘The wood is very white, hard and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr. May. 6. CARPINUS. Celtic car, wood, and pino, the head ; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle; 3 in a long, cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish, ciliate; sta. 8—14, slightly bearded at summit. in a loose ament; scale large, Dx oblong, 3-lobed, 1—3-flowered ; cal. 6-toothed ; stig. 2; nut long, ovoid, furrowed, 1-seeded— Small trees. Scales of the 2 aments per- sistent and becoming folraceous C. Americana. Hornbean. ZIws. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth— A small tree (12—20f high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash- colored bark. Leaves 2—4’ long, 4 as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr. May. Orper CXXV. BETULACE &.—Bimcnuworrs. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules. Lvs. alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight from the midvein to the margin. Fis. monecious, amentaceous, mostly achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Perianth a of several small scales, sometimes resembling a real calyx. Sterzle.—Sta. definite, distinct. Anth. 2-celled. Fertile.—Ova. 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles orstigmas 2, distinct. Fr. 1-celled and 1-seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Genera 2, ? species 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties gene- rally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. Genera. ee Scales of the fertile aments 3-flowered.. . . . . . «. « Betula. Stamens 24. Scales of the fertile aments2-flowered.. . . . . . a. es 3 aaa * 498 CXXV. BETULACEZ. Beruta, 1, BETULA. Tourn. Betu is the Celtic name for the birch. — 3d in a cylindrie ament; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate; calyx 0; stamens 10—12. @ Ament oblong-ovoid; scales subtrilobate ; calyx 0; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin.— Tees and shrubs mostly with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous. Lvs. ovate, serrate, alternate. * Trees. 1. B. penta. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. Las. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, veins beneath and petioles hairy; fertile aments erect—This noble species is common in the Eastern and Middle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a diameter of 2to 3f. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. Leaves 3—4’ long, about 4 as wide. Sterile aments 2—3/ long, fertile much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a jicious morsel. The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It is much used in cabinet work. April, May. 2. B, excersa. Ait. Lofty or Yellow Birch. Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the pedun- cles; barren aments ovate, erect; scales with rounded, lateral lobes —A common forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the height of 60—80f, with a trunk 2—3f diam., invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 2— 4’ long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The wood is chiefly valuable as fuel. April, May. 3. B. nicra. Ait. (B. rubra. Michz.) Red Birch. Lws. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath ; fertile ament sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal—A tree 30—50f high, growing on the banks of streams, Methuen, Mass., Emerson, to Car. W. to IJa.! and Ill., Mead. Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolate- colored bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds, and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender ; branchlets almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the base. Leaves dark green above, about 3’ by 2’, often smaller, petioles 6—8” long, pubescent. May, 4. B. popuuirouia. Ait. Poplar-leaved Birch. White Birch. Lws. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth petioles; fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes.—This species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with 1 the trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. England, where it seldom exceeds 30—40f in height. The branches are covered with a reddish-brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, pendu- lous aments. 5. B. papyracea. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. sad _ Lws. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath; fertile aments nodding, pedunculate; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish.—This birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes at- tains the height of 60—70f, but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is 1— 2f in diameter, is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous lamine, the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 2—3/ long, 4 as wide. Sterile aments 1—2’ long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but not durable, and is used in turnery and furniture work. May, June. B. minor. Tuckerman. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them roundish-obtuse.—White Mts. Shrubs 6—9f high. * Shrubs. 6. B. pumina. Dwarf Birch. “ Low, shrubby ; young branches pubescent, without glandular dots; dvs. or- bicular-obovate, petioles densely pubescent beneath ; fertile ament cylindrical. * CXXVL MYRICACEA. 499 Shrub 2—3f high, mountains, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. ‘In.several low places towards the hills” Penn. Bartram. Cedar non eae re Ohio, Sullivant (fide Tuckerman.) .A very obscure species, unless it be the following. 7. B. guanpuLosa. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch. Low ; branches glandular-punctate, glabrous ; lvs. obovate, entire at base, obtusely ‘serrate, glabrous ;. pers aments oblong’; scales half 3-cleft, lobes ovate- oblong, middle one rather longest; mut orbicular, with a narrow margin—A beautiful shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the N. and N. W. States'!! N. ‘to Hudson’s Bay. Height 2—4f. Leaves about 9” by 6.or 7”, very regularly teothed.—If this shrub be distinctfrom the preceding, it may be known by its glandular-dotted branches and its want of pubescence—scarcely by its variable leaves. : 8. B. Lirrecuiana. Tuckerman. Low, glabrous; branches resinous-punctate; dvs. suborbicular, coarsely serrate ; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, scales trifid, lobes oblong-obovate, mid- dle one lo —White Mts., Tuckerman. Shrub.somewhat erect. Leaves 2 —4 mes eee 1 those of B. nana. 9. B. wana. Tiny Birch. ‘Low, smooth; dvs. orbicular, crenate, reticulated ‘beneath ; ‘scales of ‘the ament deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless.—This miniature tree is found on the summits:of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c., of the White Mts.! It is scarcely more 'than’a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches few and ‘straggling, the leaves 3—$’ in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1—2” long. 2, ALNUS. Tourn. & Ament long, cylindric, composed of cuneate, truncate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered bracts; cal. 4-parted; sta. 4. 9 Ament ovoid; bracts 2- flowered ; 3-fid; cal. 0; nut wingless, compressed.— Shrubs, arising from large. and strong roots. Buds pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in ver- nation, alternate, simple, deciduous. = ‘1. A. cina. Willd. (A. glauca. Michr. Betula incana. Lvs, submembranaceous, oblong, acutish, obtuse at bz gin somewhat lobed, sharply serrate, glaucous-pubescent benez their axils naked; stip. oblong-lanceolate; fertile aments oval.—1 in N. Eng. and Mid. States. A tall shrub or small tree, readily disti by the form and pubescence of the leaves. », A. RuBRa. Marsh. (A serrulata. Wilid.and tst edit.) Common Alder. 0s. obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, the veins.and their axils haify beneath; stip. elliptical, obtuse——A well known shrub. growing in clumps, and forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers,‘and ‘in swamps. Stems — aa, straight, 10—15f in-height. Leaves 2—4’ long and 4 as wide, strongly veined; petioles 4—}/ long. Aments 2—3’ long, slender, pendulous, fascicled atthe ends of the branches,; fertile ‘ones short, thick, dark brown, per- sistent, séveral together a little below the sterile ones. March, April. 3. A. crispa. Michx. (Betula‘crispa. Ait.) Iws. oval, acute, obtusish at base, doubly serrate, clothed with a soft vis- cid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on ‘the veins and axils beneath; stip. broadly ovate; fertile aments on long peduncles, oval.—W hite Mts., Tuckerman, Green Mts., Robbins, Can., Michaux. An elegant shrub,3—4f high. Leaves varying to bread-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, other- wise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. Oxven CXXVI. MYRICACE A.—Gateworrs. Shrubs or small trees, aromatic, covered with resinous glands or dots. Lvs. alternate, simple. Fis. monecious or diecious, amentaceous, each axillary to'a bract. Sterile.—Sta. 2-6. Anth. 2—4-celled, opening longitudinally. Fertile.—Ova. 1-celled, 1-ovuled, surrounded by several hypogynous' scales, 500 CXXVII. SALICACEZ. Stig. 2, subulate, or dilated and petaloid. } Fr. drupaceous er dry. S¢ed solitary, erect, without albumen. Genera 3, species about 20, found in the temperate parts of North America, in India and South Africa, one species in Europe. Sweet Fern is highly aromatic and astringent. The fruit of the bayberry bush yields wax in abundance. Genera. joe serrate. Flowers dimcious. . . . s «o -e «+ Myrica.. 1 Leaves (sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers monecious.. . . . «+. « « « « Comptonia. 2 1 MYRICA. * G1. pvpe, to flow; because some of the species are native of river banks and inundated places. Flowers 3 9- Aments ovate-oblong; scales loosely imbricate, lunate. o Stamens 4—6, short, erect; anth. large, 4-valved. 9? Ovary 1, superior; sty. 2, spreading; stig. 2, acute; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Stipules very fugacious or 0. 1. M. Gate. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse and se entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole ; of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate scales; fr. in an oblong, dense, amenta- ceous head.—A branching shrub, 3—4f high, on the inundated borders of ponds and mountain lakes, Northern States and Can. Leaves dark green, paler be- neath with a strong midvein, J—18’ by 4—6”, entire 4 the length. (and 9 aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1’ in length, the latter axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves, when crushed, with a pungent, spicy odor. May. 2. M. cerirFera. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. Lws. glabrous, cuneate-oblong, rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolate, margin entire or remotely dentate above, paler and with distinct veinlets be- neath; aments cotemporary with the leaves, lateral, naked, the ¢ larger, with lax, roundish scales; fr. spherical, ¢ nct, clustered, naked, covered with wax. —This interesting and useful mand in dry woods or in open fields, Nova Scotia to Flor. W. to Lake varies in height from 2—8f, covered with a grayish bark. It has a veryk ng top, numerous dry-locking leaves margin very 143—2v by #—#’. The fiand 9 on separate plants, below the leaves, 4 —}/ e former much thicker. The fruit consists of a globular stone en- closing a kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax, which, being sepa- rated by boiling water, constitut e bayberry tallow of commerce. May. APTONIA. - who made an extensive collectio ract reniform-cordate, | cy ¢ 5b: nate; cal. scale 2-parted ; sta. 3, forked ; anth. 6. Q Ament. ; eal. scales 6, longer than the bract; sty. 2; nut ovoid, 1-celled — Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, wi smali stipules. C. aSPLENIFOLIA. Ait. (Liquidambar. Linn.) Sweet Fern. Ins. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid—A well known, handsome, aromatic shrub, 2f high, common in dry woods and hills. The main stem is covered with a rusty, brown bark, which becomes reddish in the branches, and white downy in the young shoots. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3—4’ by 34’, divided nearly to the midvein into numerous, rounded lobes so as to resemble those of the spleenwort. Stipules in pairs, acuminate. Barren flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile flowers in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren ones. Fruit a small, ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. Orver CXXVII. SALICACEA®.—Wittoworrs. Trees or shrubs, with alternate ple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules. Fis. dicecious, amentaceous, achlamydeous, axillary to 1-flowered bracts. Sterile.—Sta. 2—several, distinct or monadelphous. Lvs. alternate or opposite, rough or covered with stinging hairs, often stipulate. Fis, monecious, diccious, or polygamous, in panicles, aments or dense heads. Cal. membranous, lobed, persistent, . Sta. definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. Ova. free, simple, l-ovuled. Style 1. 3 Fr. achenium or utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx. Genera 56, species 540, widely diffused throughout the world. Properties.—The juice is almost always deleterious, sometimes in a high degree. It contains caowt- The celebrated Bohon Upas, the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice of Antiaris toxi- earia of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is said to be due to the presence of strychnia. Meanwhile the famous cow tree of S. America yields a copious supply of milk which is rich and whole- some. Gum lac is obtained abundantly from Ficus Indica. The renowned Banyan tree is Ficus reli- giosa. In this order are also found many excellent fruits. Figs are the fruit of Ficus Carica, &c. Bread Fruit isthe compound fruit of Artocarpus ; mulberries of Morus nigra. Fustic,a yellow dye, is the wood of M. tinctoria of S. America. The use of hemp in the manufacture of cordage is well known, as are likewise the uses of the hop. The nettles are remarkable for their stinging, venomous huirs. This order is composed of four principal suborders, viz. Artocarpe@, Moree, Urticee, and Cannabinee, of which'the three last are represented in the following genera. Conspectus of the Genera. Fruit a compound, fleshy, purple berry. / . Morus. 1 Fruit simple, fleshy, dark red, small. . “Sol! OL SP Sesiamaeonetia, 2 Fruit a large, compound, yellow globe. : ‘ : P c - Maclura. 3 Treesandshrubs.(Fruitafg! . . . . NU en ec 4 é Gis a cal. 2-sepaled. Urtica. 5 i+ % / oe spicate or paniculate. ¢ Fertile calyx0. . B 6 pee simple. Sta. 4. ? Flowers capitate, involucrate. . . +. « Parietaria,. 7 erect. ? Leaves palmately 5—7-foliate. Stamens5. . . . + «+ gg Cannabis. 8 Herbs ?climbing, diecious. Stamens5. Fertile flowers in aments. - 0 + earls. 9 a Macuura. CXXX. URTICACEZ. 509 Section I. MOREZ. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy, composed of the fleshy calyx or receptacle. 1. MORUS. Celtic mor, black; the color of the fruit of some of the species. Flowers $, rarely 3’ 9— .. JUNIPERUS. CXXXI. CONIFERZ. 517 2. C. pistycHa. (Taxodium distychum. L. C. Rich.) Cypress. Lvs. in 2 rows ope eget: deciduous, flat; sterile aments paniculate, leaf- less, pendulous; cone oblong-globose.—One of the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mexico. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the cypress or cedar swamps of the Southern States. The trunk arises to the height of 125f with a circumference of 25—40f above the conical base. The roots produce large, conical excrescences, which, being hollow, are sometimes used for beehives. The head is wide-spread, and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones 1’ diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. ‘Timber light, fine-grained and durable. . 4, THUI A. Gr. Sve, to sacrifice ; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices. Flowers §.—¢ in an imbricated ament; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside; seed winged ; integument membranous; cotyledons 2 or more.— Tees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, squamose, umbricate. T. occipENTALIS. Arbor Vite. Branchlets ancipital ; lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed, tuberculate ; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the tip.—This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the British Provinces and in the northern parts of the U.S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more flat and broad than those’of the white cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use is for fences. May. = 5. JUNIPERUS. Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude. Flowers & 9, rarely £.—c ament ovate; scales verticillate, pel- tate ; anthers 4—8, I-celled. 9 ament globose; scales few, united at base, concave; ovules 1 at the base of each scale; berry formed of the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2—3 bony seeds; cotyledons 2. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mostly acerose, opposite or in whorls of 8. 1. J. comminis. Common Juniper. Is. ternate, spreading, subulate, mucronate, longer than the berry.—A shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often arising in a slender pyramid, 6—8f high (rarely arboreous, Dr. Robbins!) Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5—8” long, acerose-lanceolate, ending in a sharp, bristly point, channeled and glaucous on the midvein above, keeled and green below. Barren flowers in small, axillary aments or cones; fertile ones on a distinct shrub, small, axillary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with a taste of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May. 2. J. Vireintina. (J. Sabina. Hook.) Red Cedar. Upper lwvs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, appressed, older ones acerose, cuspidate, spreading; trwnk arboreous.—Found throughout the U.S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growing in dry, rocky situations. It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. } Leaves dark green, the younger ones small, ovate, acute, scale-like, overlaying each other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets; the older ones }/ long. Flow- ers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, }/ long; the fer- tile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white powder. The wood is fine-grained and compact, of a reddish hue, very light m8 CXXXIL CONIFER. Taxus. and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and in the manu- facture of drawing pencils. April, May. B. prostrata. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed; berries tubercular; st. prostrate, creeping.—A ‘shrub, on gravely shores, with creeping branches 4—8tf long. Trise3. TAXINER. Fertile flowers solitary, terminal, consisting of a naked oyule maturing into a kind of drupe. 6. TAXUS. Gr. ragov, an arrow ; arrows were formerly poisoned with the juice of the yew tree. Flowers 0 @ or £, surrounded with numerous scales. d' Stamens 8—10, monadelphous ; anthers peltate, 6—8-celled, cells dehiscent beneath. solitary, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in fruit a fleshy, 1-seeded drupe.—T'rees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alter- nate leaves. T. Canavensis. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemiock. Las. linear, mucronate, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin; sterile recepta- cles globose.—A small, evergreen shrub, with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce (Pinus Canadensis). It grows on thin, rocky soils in shady places, 2—3f long, Can. to Penn. and Ky, ‘eaves nearly an inch long, ar- ranged in 2 opposite rows, on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in small, roundish, axillary heads. Drupes oval, concave or open at the summit, red and juicy when mature. May. SUBDIVISION SECOND. ENDOGENS, OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Srem not distinguishable into bark, pith and concentric zones or layers of wood. Growrts by irregular, internal accretions, consist- ing of bundles of woody fibre and vessels, successively descending from the leaves above, through the cellular tissue already formed. Leaves mostly with simple, parallel veins, alternate, entire, frequently sheathing at base, and seldom falling off by an articulation. Sepazs and PETALS, when present, commonly in 3s. Ovutes produced within an ovary. Emsryo with one cotyledon, rarely with two, the second being much smaller than, and alternate with, the first. CLASS III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers without glumes. Organs developed on the usual and normal plan, consisting of stamens and pistils, either or both, sur- rounded by verticillate, floral envelops; or the latter are wanting, and the stamens and pistils are achlamydeous. Orper CXXXIV. ARACEA.—Araps. Herbs or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma or cormus. ; Lvs. sheathing at base, often with branching veins, and sometimes compound. Fis. mostly monecious and achlamydeous, arranged upon a naked or spathaceous spadix. Perianth, when present, consisting of 4—6 parts. Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous, very short. Anth. ovate, extrorse. Ova. free, 1—several-celled. Stigma sessile. . Fr.—Berry succulent or dry. Seeds solitary or several, with fleshy albumen. Genera 26, species 170, abundant in tropical regions, more rare in temperate, one only, Calla palustris, extending to the northern frigid zone. Properties.—An acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is, in some instances, so concen- trated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases. when the volatile acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutritious. Conspectus of the Genera. aye ; Berry l-seeded. . Peltandra. 2 and covered Vie Berry many-seeded. Cada. 3 As with flowers, ? oval, preceding the leaves. . Symplocarpus. 6 $ Spadix ina spathe (and naked above. Stem a corm. - « Arum. 1 } broad. ¢ Spadix naked, yellow, on a clavate scape. hh SP pee wt wie | Opontium. 4 Leaves ¢linear-ensiform. Scape leaf-like. Spadix lateral. sPy at SM eos 8): +s CONUS, 5 ts AR U Me Coptic aron, the name of the Egyptian species, A. colocasia. Flowers sometimes 2 &. Spathe cucullate, convolute at base; perianth 0; spadix cylindric, naked above, staminate below the mid- dle and pistillate at the base; berry 1-celled, many-seeded —%. 1. A. TRIPHYLLUM. Dragon-Root. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Acaulescent; /vs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate; spa- diz clavate; spathe ovate, acuminate, flat and deflected above-—A curious and well known inhabitant of wet woodlands, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. The stem is a rugose, fleshy, subterraneous corm giving off radicles in a circle from 44* 520 CXXXIV. ARACEZ. CanLa. the edge. Scape 8~12’ high, erect, round, embraced at the base by the long sheaths of the petioles. Leaves 2, on long stalks, each consisting of 3 smooth leaflets, 2—7' long, } as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter than the spathe varying from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright scarlet berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is then valued as a carminative, &c. May, June. B. atrorubens. Dewey. (A. atrorubens. L.) Spathe sessile, spreading hori- zontally above, dark brown.—Plant rather smaller, and with a disagreeable odor. 2. A. Dracontium. Green Dragon. Acaulescent; Jf. mostly solitary, pedate; dts. oblong-lanceolate; spadiz subulate, longer than the convolute, oblong spathe.—Less common in N. Eng. than the former species, found in wet places, banks of streams, U.S. Stem a fleshy, subterraneous corm. Scape slender, 6—12/ high. Leaf on an erect, sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2—4 leaflets with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets rather smaller than in A. triphylium. Spathe green, 1—2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its long, tapering point much exserted. Fruita bunch of red berries. June, July. 2, PELTANDRA. Raf. Gr. ern, a shield or target, avdpes, stamens ; from the character. Spathe convolute ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, pistillate below ; perianth 0; stamens peltate ; berry 1-celled, 1-seed- ed.—%. P. Vircinica. Raf. (Arum. Linn. Calla. Bw. Lecontia. Cooper. Rensse- laeria. Beck. Caladium. Lindl.)—Acaulescent; lvs. oblong, hastate-cordate, acute at apex, the lobes obtuse ; spathe elongated, incurved ; spadiz covered with staminate flowers the greater part of its length—A smooth, dark green plant, in wet grounds, N. Y.and Ms. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous, 8—12’ long, 4 as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many from the same root, 8—15’ long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 2—3’ long, lanceolate, wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe, bearing the ovaries and finally the berries in a dense cluster at its base. June. It is to be hoped that this persecuted plant will soon find, if it has not here found, a permanent abode. Jl. 3. CALLA. Gr. xaddos, beautiful; a term well applied. Spathe ovate, spreading; spadix covered with flowers, staminate intermixed with, or above the pistillate; perianth 0; berry many- seeded.— 2 Aquatic herbs. 1. C. patustris. Northern Calla. Las. cordate ; spathe ovate, flat; spadix covered with ovaries intermixed with stamens.—A fine plant, growing in shallow water, Mid. States, N. Eng. N. to Are. Am. Rhizoma creeping, rooting at the joints. Leaves 2—3’ long, 3 as wide, on long stalks, involute at the acuminate point, smooth and entire. Scape smooth, green, roundish, thick, 4—6’ high. Spathe clasping at the base, spreading, recurved, with an involute point, greenish-yellow without, white and soft within. Spadix 1’ in length. The root-stock is acrid, but Linneus tells us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome bread stuff from it. July. 2. C. #rniopica. Ethiopian Calla—Lws. sagittate-cordate; spathe cucul- late ; spadiz with the sterile flowers above the fertile—A magnificent plant from Cape Good Hope, often met with in green-houses and parlors. The leaves are very large, smooth and entire, on long, sheathing, radical footstalks. Scape smooth, round, arising a little above the leaves, 3—5f high. ~Spathe very large, white, involute at base, reflexed and roan e abruptly in a long acumination. Spadix yellowish-white, about half the length of the spathe. Flowers from Jan. to May. a Lemna. CXKXV. LEMNACEZ. 521 3. ORONTIUM. The ancient Gr. name of a plant, so called from its growing by the Orontes, a tiver in Asia Minot. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers; perianth 4—6-sepaled ; stamens 4—6; ovary free; stigma sessile; fruit a dry berry or utri- cle.—% acaulescent, aquatic. ls. yellow, at the swmmit of the scape. ~ Spathe radical. ; OQ. aquaticum. Golden Club. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; spike or spadix cylindric, on a clavate scape.—T his interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, U.S., but not very common. The leaves are large Eso becoming 10—12’ long and 3—3 as wide), smooth, of a deep green, ve vet-like surface above, paler beneath, on long, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely invested by the short spathe at base, and ending in a spadix of a rich yellow color, covered with small, perfect, yellow flowers of an offensive odor,—the up- per ones often tetramerous. May. 4. ACORUS. Gr. a, privative, and xopn, the pupil of the eye; supposed to cure maladies of the eye. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers; perianth 6-sepaled ; ovary free; stigma sessile, minute; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded.— U herbs, with a fleshy rhizoma. Laws. radical, ensiform. Scape foliaceous. A. catAmus. Sweet Flag. Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like—Grows in wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizoma is highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long, sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3’ long and 3” diam., covered with small, green flowers, and bursting from the side of the leaf-like scape in June and July. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salish. Gr. cvptdoxn, connection, kagros, fruit. Spathe ventricose; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers ; perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate, cuneate, truncate, per- sistent, becoming thick and spongy; berries globose, 2-seeded, im- bedded in the spadix.— 2 Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. S. ra@ripus. Nutt. (Pothos foetida. Michz. Ictodes. Bw.) Skunk Cabbage. Laws. cordate-oval, acute ; spadiz subglobose, preceding the leaves.—A com- mon plant, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of the animal whose name it bears. Early in spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incurved. It encloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming very large (often 20’ by 12’.) Orver CXXXV. LEMNACEA.—Ducxmears. Plants mostly floating, cellwar, annual, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf in one). Fis. bursting from the margin of the fronds, 2 or 3, achlamydeous, enclosed in a spathe. Sterile fls.—Sta. definite. often monadelphous. Fertile fls.—Ova. 1-celled, with 1 or more erect ovules, Sty.short. Szig. simple. Fr.—Utricle 1—several-seeded. Sds. with a fungous testa. Genera 6, species 26, widely diffused. They are almost entirely destitute of spiral vessels. Some ot them may be regarded as the simplest of Pheenogamous plants. LEMNA. Gr. Xenpa, a scale or husk ; ftom the resemblance of the frond. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 col- . A \ 522 CXXXVI. TYPHACEZ. TyYpPHa. lateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stigma—® Herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded) sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely im the water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. 1. L. rrisutca. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. . Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at the other; roots solitary.—F loating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly 3’ in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June—Sept. 2. L. minor. Lesser Duck-meat. Fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary.—This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, pro- perly fronds, adhere 2—3 together, 1’ in length, rather thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the mar- gin of the fronds, near the base. Jn.—Sept. 3. L. aippa. Gibbous Duck-meat. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above; root solitary. —Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June—Sept. 4. L. potyrHiza. (Spirodela. Schleiden.) Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous.—Floatin in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2—4” long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8—10 black fibres from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. June—Sept. Orpver CXXXVI. TYPHACEA.—Tyrnaps. Herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints. Lvs. rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. __ Fis. monecious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe. Cal.—Sepals 3 or 0. olla 0. 2 Sta. 3—6. Filaments long and slender. Amthers cuneiform, erect. , Ova. 1, free; 1-celled, with a solitary, pendulous ovule. Styles short. Stig. 1—2. Fr.—Utricle with an albuminous seed. Genera 2, species 13, in ditches and marshes throughout the world. Genera. ie and cylindrical. See ee ee Ee OS 1 Spadix of flowers¢globose. . . . o* 0° val et SF Rae os ee eeeesrenes, ed Ak Gr. rvgos, a marsh; where all the species grow. Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense. ¢ Stamens about 3 toge- ther, united into a common filament. @ flowers below the sterile ; ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus.—Root UW. Spadiz terminal. F'ls. very numerous. 1. T. vatiroia (and angustifolia. Linn.) Cat-tail. Reed Mace. Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile and fertile spikes close together, or a little remote——A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water in muddy Is and ditches, U. S., Can. The stem arises from 3 to 5f, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes.- Spikes of a brown color, 6—10’ in length, composed of slender, downy flowers so compact, particularly the fertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat sword- shaped, erect, 2—4f long and nearly 1’ wide. They are called flags, and made useful for weaving the seats of chairs, &e. July. y B. angustifolia. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (}—2’).—Found in ee ee the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differi only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 2, SPARGANIUM. Gr. oexapyavoy, a band or fillet; in reference to the long, ribbon4like leaves. ~Spadix of flowers globose. ¢ Calyx 3—6-sepaled. 9 Calyx 3—6- sepaled ; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1—2-seeded—Root 4. Fis. collected an several dense, roundish heads, the sterile heads above the fertile. 1. S.frecrum. (S.ramosum. Smith.) Burr Reed. Les. triangular at base, their sides concave; common flower-stalks branth- ed; stig. 2, linear—Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowers. Stem 1—2f high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves 4—2f long, 4—8” wide, lmear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green; fertile ones 2—5, the low- est generally raised on a short, axillary stalk; sterile ones above, more numer- ous, smaller, sessile. Aug. 2. S. smmptex. Smith. (S. Americanum. Nutt. Lower lvs. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple, Floral ones ‘concave at base and erect; stig. always ea, ovate oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style—Ponds and lakes. Stem 1—2f high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1—2#f by 3”, carinate at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones, with the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. 3. S. narans. Michx. Floating Burr Reed. Lvs. floating, flat; common P sciapitmnen simple; stig. ovate, very short; head of sterile fis. subsolitary —L and pools, U.S. and Brit. Am. Stem long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. Orpver CXXXVII NATADACE—Naumps. Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Fis. perfect or monecious. Calyz 2—4-sepaled or 0. Sta. definite. Ovaries 1, or 2—4, free, 1-ovuled. i simple, often sessile. ¥r. dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, iseeded. Seed MS omy Aibumen 0. Geneta 9, species 16, in waters and marshes, salt and fresh, in nearly all ‘countries. Conspectus of the Genera. solitary, diclinous, monandrous. wa) Sn, che. T-pep) some 2 0. Flowers axillary, $8 together, a sterile and fertileone. . . ti Me '? Bee 2S short, 2-flowered, borne on along, tortuous peduncle, . . . . . «« Ruppia- 4 linear, bearing the monecious flowers in a double row. Sia? > a ot ae 1 Spike (cylindric, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers. . . + 2 | ° Potamogeton. 5 1 ZOSTERA. Gr. {wernp, agirdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves. = Spadix linear, bearing the separated flowers in 2 rows on one side; perianth 0. & Anther ovoid, sessile, parallel to the ovary. Q Ova- ries 2, ovoid; style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded. Z. marina, Sea Wrack-grass. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints; branches floating, simple; /vs. alternate, sired entire, sheathing at base, arab <2 feet in length ; receptacle or spadiz linear, flat, pale green, 2’ long, issuing from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a Roahie series of naked flowers.—2 Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered formanure. Aug. 2. NAJAS. Gr. vaw, to flow; hence Nas, or Nacdes, Nymph of the waters; from the habitat. Flowers often d 2. of Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft ; stamen 1 (rarely 524 CXXXVII. NAIADACEZ. - PoramoGETon. more) ; filament slender, often elongated; anther 4-valved, valves spreading. @ Perianth 0; style filiform; stigma 2—3-fid; capsule l-seeded—Fls. axillary. N. Canapensis. Michx. (Caulinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis. Pers.) Water Nymph.—St. filiform, ceespitose, dichotomously branching ; lvs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticu- late, spreading, 1-veined.—A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted stems 6—12’ long. Leaves 4—1’ long, }” wide, sessile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2—3 stigmas at summit. _ Aug. 8. (Caulinia tragilis. Willd.) St. and lvs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. Flowers .—c Stamen 1; filament elongated. 9 Calyx mono- phyllous; corolla 0; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. Z. PaLusTRIS. Horn Pond-weed. St. filiform, floating; dvs. opposite, linear; anth. 4-celled; stig. entire; ach. toothed on the back.—In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem round, smooth, 1—2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2—3’ long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4—6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2—3-toothed calyx. Jl. Aug. S2U PPI In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. Flowers %, 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheath- ing base of the leaves; perianth 0; stamens 4, sessile; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia.— Root U. R. MARITIMA. A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, fili- form, branched, floating. Leaves 1—2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOGETON. Gr. rorapos, ariver, yetrwy, near. Flowers %, on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe; calyx 4- sepaled; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals; ovaries 4; achenia 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides.— Mostly 4, aquatic and sub- mersed, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3—10-flowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, lower alternate, the upper (mostly) opposite. Fils. small, greenish. § 1. Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 1, P. NaTans? (P. pulcher. Tuckerman.) Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Floating; dvs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cor- date at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membrana- ceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles, all ss: Shomer spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles; fr. somewhat semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back.—A very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng.! to Wisc., Lapham! Stem slender, PoTAMOGETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACEZ. 525 1—3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 2—4’ by 8—16”, petioles 2—8’, submersed about 4 as wide. Spike 1—2/ long, 20—40-flowered. Jl. Aug.—Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to peti- oles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely cari- nate but not lunate. 2. P. Cuayronu. Tuckerman. (P. fluitans? Ph., Bw., Torr., §c.) Floating ; /vs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering to long petioles (sometimes on short petioles, E. T.), scarcely coriaceous, submersed leaves long, narrowly linear, membranaceous, acute, l-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base; spikes rather loose, on long peduncles; fr. compressed, suborbicular.—Ponds and slow waters, frequent. Stems round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower leaves 3—6’ by 14’, remote, upper about 2—3’ by 3’. Spikes 1’ long, pedun- cles 2—4’ “B1 (P. heterophyllus. Torr.) Lower lws. approximate, lowest slightly petio- late ; ped. shorter—Uxbridge, Mass., Rickard! Probably common. A beauti- ful variety. Fruit not seen. 3. P. piversiFo.ius. Bart. (P.setaceum. Ph.) Setaceous-leaved Pond-weed. Upper lvs. lanceolate, opposite, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones sub- merged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary—Common in pools and ‘ ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper leaves arising to the surface. These are 6—10” by 2—4”, acute at each end, on hair-like peti- oles 5—6"' long. Spadices dense, short, 5—6 flowered. July. @. Submersed leaves few, not fascicled in the axils. § 2. Leaves all submersed, uniform. 4. P. tucens. Shining Pond-weed. Tvs. lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick mid- vein; spzkes long, cylindric, many-flowered.—2| Can., N. Eng., &c. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, shining above, beautifully veined, 3—5’ long, acuminate, 3—1’ wide, each with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2’ long, of numerous, green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June. 5. P. oprotus. Wood. Lyndon Pond-weed. Lvs. glossy, linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein con- spicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stipules wanting; spikes long-pedun- culate; achenia inflated, subhemispherical, margined on the back, beak incurved both sides, conspicuously umbilicate——Passumpsic river, Lyndon, Vt.! A remarkable species, differing widely from any other with which I am acquainted. Stem round, slender, simple. Leaves uniform, 3—4’ by 2’, tapering to the slightly clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, 14/ long, peduncle 3’ in length. Fruit with 2 little pits. 6. P. preLoncus. Wolff. Long-stalked Pond-weed. Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many-veined, with 3 stronger veins, all reticu- lately connected, base amplexicaul; ped. very long; spike cylindrical, many- flowered; fr. ventricose, lunate, acutely carinate on the back—Ponds and rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. I have gathered it in Niagara river, growing in depths of 6 or 8f. July, Aug. 7. P. perFouiAtus. Perfoliate ur Clasping Pond-weed. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, allimmersed; syrkes terminal; fs. alternate.—A common species growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6—10/ Jong. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 13’ long, 4 as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (1—2’), few flowered. Jl. 8. P. Ropginsu. Oakes. Robbins’ Pond-weed. . Tvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adnate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered; ped. shorter than the leaves.—First discovered by Dr. Robbins! in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since found in many other Oe ant te ee ee ‘ 526 CXXXVIIIL ALISMACEZ:, SAGITTaRIA, ponds in N. H. and Mass. Stem long, branched, almost wholly enclosed’ in the sheaths. Leaves 2—4’ by 2—3”, very acute, somewhat crowded. 9. P. paucirtorus. Pursh. (P. gramineum. Michz.) Grassy Pond-weed. St. round, dichotomous, filiform ; dvs. linear, alternate, sessile; fis. few in a spadix.—A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering to the stipulate base, 2—3/ long, a line wide, 1-veined, of a bright green color. Peduncle an inch long; terminal, bearing 3—5 greenish fis. above the water, but ripening the seeds below. 10. P. compressus. (P. zosterifolium. Schwm. St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous; /vs. broad-linear, obtuse; spike short, peduncle elongated.— A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1—2f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes, Leaves 3—4/ in length, 2” wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, 3—1’long, ona peduncle —2/ long, and bearing 5—25 flowers. Jl. . 11. P. pectinATus (and P. marinus. Linn.) Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous; dvs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical, the lower fils. remote; ped. filiform, long.—Plant submersed in deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng.? Middle States! W.to Wis. Lapham! Leaves 4—T7 by (less. than) 1”, thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 12. P. pustttus. Linn.? (P. pectinatum. Clark, MS.) Puny Pond-weed. St. filiform, flexuous, branched; dvs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, ver acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules; spzkes. capitate, few-flowered; fr, ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each. side.—Shallow waters, about Cincinnati, Clark! A very. delicate species, wholly submersed, Leaves. 1—2’ by. 3”, a lit- tle longer than the internodes. Spikes 3—5-flowered, the peduncles }/ long; Fruit with distinct pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. Orver CXXXVIII ALISMACE A—Arismaps. Herbs, aquatic. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fs. racemose or paniculate. Fis, perfect or mone cious, regular, not on a spadix. } Perianth.—Cal. 3-sepaled, green. Cor. 3-petaled, colored (green in the suborder). Sta: definite-or indefinite, hypogynous. Ova.—Carpels several, 1-celled and 1-seeded, Styles and pt eee several. : Fr. dry,.indehiscent. Seeds straight or curved, destitute of albumen.——Genera 5, species 16% Conspectus of the Genera. peinwer all perfect. Stamens6, . . « « Alisma, 1 ‘eolored, sepals green, ?Flowers monecious. Stamens indefinite. . . Sagittaria, 2 ; ee thick, short. Leaves cauline. . . . Zvriglochin. 3 Petals ( green, like the calyx. ¢ Anthers linear. Leaves all:radical. - «© «+ Steheuchzeria. 4 1 ALISMA. Geltic alis, water; the place it inhabits. Flowers © ; stamens 6; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated, becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia.—% caules- cent. Lws. radical. Fils. paniculate. A. Puantico. (A. parviflora. Ph.) Water Plantain. Lvs. oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate; ach. obtusely 3- cornered.—A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4—6! long, as wide, ending in a short, abrupt point, 7—9-veined, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape 1—2f high. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers numerous. Petals 3, tinged with pore, roundish, deciduous, larger than the green, ovate, persistent sepals. July. B. parviflora. Torr. Lws. oval, acuminate, 5—7-veined; fls.small. ~~ a SAGIT PART A, Lat. sagitta, an-arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. Flowers ¢; & with about 24 stamens; 2 with numerous ovaries - SAGITYARIA. CXXXVII. ALISMACE. 527 Me * aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined achenia collected into a globose head.—% acaulescent. Lvs. radical, generally sagittate. ls. in verticids of 3, the sterile ones near the swm- mit of the scape, fertile below them. 1. S. saGitTironia. Arrowhead, ; Lvs. lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute ——A curious aquatic plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and U.8. Root fleshy and farinaceous. Leaves 3—10/ long including the lobes which are nearly half this length, 3—4 or 5’ wide, smooth ahd entire. Scape 1—2f high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, white and very delicate. July, Aug.—The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr. Torrey has appended the following, as varieties: B. latifolia. Ls. broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly acuminate lobes. y. hastata. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long, acuminate lobes; ls. mostly dicecious. 6. gracilis. Lws. linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes. e. pubescens. Plant distinctly pubescent, in all its parts; dvs. and their lobes ovate. 2. S. ricipa. Pursh. Brittle-leaved Arrowhead. Tvs. narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends; scape branching —N. York. Growing In water even to the depth of 7 feet, accord- ing to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing spe- cies, /—6’ in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles, prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large, with 3, white, rounded petals; fertile ones on short peduncles. July. 3. S. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. Various-leaved Arrowhead. Iws. smooth, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them elliptical and sagittate, with lobes-tinear and divaricate; scape simple, few-flow- ered, fertile flowers subsessile—Muddy shores, Middle States. Leaves 2—4/ long, 4 as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot high. Flowers few, the three lower ones fertile and very nearly sessile, all with roundish bracts at base. July. 4, S. sIMPLEX, (acutifolia and graminifolia. Pursh.) Linear Sagittaria. Lvs. erect, simple, linear and lance-linear, sheathing, hyaline and cellular at base, attenuated to a long, acute point; scape simple, longer than the leaves; jis. & or # Q, in whorls of 3, 4 or 5, subterminal and terminal ; séa. in the bar- ren flowers 12—15; bracts minute.—Muddy shores of ponds and rivers, Me.! to N. J., N. ¥.! W. to Ill. Aspecies almost as variable as S. sagittifolia, to which it is indeed appended by Hooker as another class of varieties. Leaves 4—7’ high, usually very narrow. Scape 5—8’ high. Flowers 9—18, 8—9” diam. Petals roundish, white. 5. S. ostusa. Willd. Blunt Arrowhead. Ivs. broad-ovate, sagittate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, lobes ob- long, obliquely acuminate, approximate and not spreading; fls. g\Q: scape simple, the sterile branched at the base; bracts ovate, acute.—Ditches, ponds and marshes, Penn. to Va. W.toOhio. Juice milky, exuding from the wounded stem or leaves, and hardening into a pellucid gum. Scape 1—2f high. Leaves on long, radical, channeled petioles, lamina 3—5/ by 2—3/. Flowers white, showy. 6. S. pusttya. Nutt. Puny Arrowhead. Petioles (leaves?) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous; scape simple, shorter than the leaves; fis. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed; sta. mostly 7.—A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely subu- late, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2—4’ high. Flowers 4—7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. 7. S. natans. Michx. Floating Sagittaria. — Las. Ta oval-lanceolate., shines 3-veined, tapering to the base, lower 528 CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACEZ. ones subcordate; scape simple, few-flowered; lower ped. elongated.—In water, Penn. (Muhlenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3—6’ long. Leaves 1—2’ long. Flowers few, small. the upper sterile. Eliot. 8. S. panciroiia. Willd. (S. falcata. Ph.) Lance-leaved Sagittaria. Lvs. broad-lanceolate or ovate, acute. at each end, glabrous, coriaceous, and somewhat perennial ; scape simple; ach. compressed, subfaleate —This re- markable species (but unknown to me) has been found along the shores of the Connecticut river, Mass. and Ct, Stem 2—3f high. Susorper. JUNCAGINESE. Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1—2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 3. TRIGLOCHIN. Gr. Tots, three, yrAwxts, a corner; on account of the 3-angled fruit. Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little below the latter; stamens 6, very short; anthers large, extrorse ; ovaries l-ovuled; stigmas adnate; fruit clavate, composed of 3—6 united, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels—% Lvs. grass-lke, all radical. 1. T. maritimum. (T. elatum. Nuit.) Sea Arrow-grass. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels; scape longer than the leaves.—A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at Salina, N. Y., also lake shores, Wisc.! Leaves linear, semicylindric, smooth, thick, 6—12’ long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9—18/ jong, bearing a long raceme of 30—40 green flowers on pedicels 1—2” long. Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. July. 2. T. paLusTrReE. Marsh Arrow-grass. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels; scape scarcely longer than the leaves. —In marshes, Salina, N. Y.! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape 6—12’ high, ending in araceme with rather remote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2—3” long. The slender fruit is attenu- ated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slen- der carpels. July. 4,.SCHEUCHZERIA. In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists. Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent; sta. 6, with linear an- thers ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; ovaries 1—2-ovuled ; capsules inflated, compressed, 2-valved, 1—2-seeded.—% Lws. cauline, linear, sheathing at base. S. PALUSTRIS. A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt.! to Penn. Rare. Root-stock horizontal, fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semicylindric, 4—6’ long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 5—8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. Orver CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACE M.—Hyorocnarads. Plants aquatic, floating, with parallel-veined leaves. Fis. die-cious or perfect, issuing from a spathe. Perianth.—Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petais 3, colored. Sta. definite or indefinite, epigynous. Ova. adherent to the perianth, single. Stigmas3~—6. Ovules indefinite. Fr. dry or succulent, indehiscent, 1 or more celled. Seeds without albumen. Genera 12, species 20, native of Europe, N. America, and the East Indies. Of ng important yse. CXL. ORCHIDACE ZX. 529 Conspectus of the Genera. cordate, petiolate, “2 Oe ee Be } shor and verticillate, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary. . : , «6 SORT et eaves ( long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on long scapes. ‘ .« « « . Vallioneria. 2 Br 1 HYDROCHARIS. Gr. tdwp, water, yaow, to rejoice ; as water is its own element. Flowers ¢ 2.—Spathe 2-leaved; calyx 3-parted; corolla of 3 pe- tals ; styles 3, abortive in the @; sta. 10—12, infertile in 9; stig. 6—8, bifid, with several barren filaments and 3 nectariferous glands ; caps. inferior, 6-celled, 00-seeded.— Floating aquatics. H. sponcidsa. Bose. (H. cordifolia. Nutt.) Frogbit. Lvs. roundish-cordate; 3 fis.on long peduncles, Q on short ones; anth. linear ; stig. 6—7, 2-parted nearly to the base; segments lanceolate-subulate.—2 Braddock’s bay, L. Ontario, Sartwell. Stems jointed, producing offsets from which new plants arise. Root somewhat fibrous. Leaves petiolate, 5-veined, purplish beneath. peduncles about 3’ long. Sepals oval, green. Q pedun- cles 1—13’ long, thick. Ovary oblong. Seeds hirsute, Petals white. Aug. 2,.UDORA. Nutt. Gr. idwoe, water; from its aquatic habits. Flowers o' 2; spathe bifid ; spadix 1-flowered. of Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. Y Tube of the perianth very long ; abortive filaments 3; capsule véntricose, 3-seeded—Creeping. Lvs. verticillate. U. Canapensis. Nutt: (Elodea. Michz. Sepicula verticillata. Mudl.) Ditch Moss.—Lvs. verticillate, in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear, serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform.—Resembling a coarse moss, in still waters. Stem filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leafy, submersed. Leaves 3—6” by (less than) 1”, thin and diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute, of a dingy white, the slender, hair-like tube 2—3’ long (4—6! according to Nuttall), the lower part (pedicel?)2-margined. Stigmas recurved between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. 3. VALLISNERIA. ’ In honor of Anthony Vallisner, a French botanist. Flowers 32; spathe ovate, 2—4-parted. o Spadix covered with minute flowers; corolla 0. @ Spathe bifid, 1-flowered; perianth elongated ; sepals linear; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.—% Submersed. Lvs. all radical. Scape spiral, very long. V. Americana. Michx. Tupe Grass. | Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the ‘base, floating ; peduncle of the fertile flower long, of the sterile short, erect—A curious plant, in slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1—2f long, about 4/ wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2—4f long when extended, thread-like, thickened at top, bearing each a single, white flower at or near the surface. ite and petals crowning the (1’) long, narrow, incurved ovary, which is half cencealed in the spathe. July, Aug. 4 LOrver CXL. ORCHIDACEAlL—Orcums., Pol. either powdery, or cehering in waxy masses (pollinia), which are either eonstantly edhering toe & gland, or becoming loose in their cells. . 530 ~ CXL. ORCHIDACEZ. Liparis. Ova. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placente. Ovwies indefinite. Sty. consolidated with the stamens Stig. a viscid cavity in front of the column. Fy.—-Capsule 3-ribbed, 3-valved. Sds. many, without albumen. Genera 394, species 30002 ‘They are among the most interesting and curious of plants, almost always remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the fragrance, brilliancy and odd structure of the flowers. h : , The Orchidacee are natives of every partof the world. Inthe tropics multitudes of them are epiph- ytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. " é ; . This order is remarkable for those qualities only which please the eye. Many of its species are culti- vated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The salep oi commerce is a nutritive mucilaginous substance afforded by the roots of some Asiatic Orchis. The aromatic va- nilla, used to flavor chocolate, &c., is the fruit of the West Indian Vanilla cleviculata. Et Conspectus of the Genera. cauline. - Microstylis. I fovale, radical. Aplectrum. 4 Leaf solitary, ensiform (rarely 2). . Calopogon. 10 near base of stem. . . Liparis. 2 Leaves2only, near middleofstem.. . Listera. 13 radical, § ringent. ‘ « Goodyera. 12 Flowers Sepals 2 erect. . . Spiranthes. ll several. | Leaves several, (cauline. Fls.30r4.. . Calopogon. 10 Spur 0. ( Flower solitary, lip bearded within. - 2 6 % Povonia. 9 } ’ } Foltinia 2. Fils. bracteate - Orchis. 7 Fertile : arc Pollinia 4. Fis. bractless. . . Tipwiaria. 6 Leaves 1 ¢ anth. 1. | Lip spurred at base, ? ventricose. Flower and leaf solitary. . Calypso. 5 or more. ( Anthers 2 fertile, mid_le one sterile, petaloid. Lip saccate. y > . Cypripediwm. 14 oes areen. Flowers sulitary. Lip bearded within. o *. Te 2 Arethusa. Leaves 0. ? Plants destitute of green herbage. Flowers racemose. a . 5 . Corallorhiza. 3 Section 1. Pollen cohering in grains which finally become waxy, and are definite in number. 1 MICROSTYLIS. Nutt. Gr. ptxpos, little, crvXos, style; alluding to the slender column. Segments of the perianth distinct, petals filiform; lip sessile, concave, erect, truncate and bidentate at summit; column minute; pollinia 4, loose. 1. M. opuiociosséipes. Nutt. (Malaxis orph. Willd. M. unifolia. Michz.)—Lf. solitary, ovate, amplexicaul ; s¢.5-angled; rac. short, obtuse, capitate ; pedicels much longer than the flowers.—A small plant, in woods, &c., Can. and N. States. Stem 5—9’ high, with a single leaf a little below the middle. This leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 23’ in length, t in width. At the base of the stem is an abrupt sheath. Flowers whitish, minute, numerous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at top. Bracts minute. Pedicels about 4” long. June. 2. M. monopuyuuos. Lindl. (M. brachypoda. Gray. Malaxis mon. Willd.)—Leaf solitary, ovate, sheathing at base; rac. elongated, with numerous flowers on short pedicels; bracts minute; sep. acute, spreading; late- ral pet. reflexed, linear; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acuminate with a recurved point—In shady swamps, N. Y., rare. Prof. Hadley, Dr. Gray. Stem Q2—6’ high, 3-angled, with a subspicate raceme of 20—40 small, greenish flowers. July. 9, LIPARIS. Rich. Gr. Aurapos, elegant, shining ; a term characteristic of these plants. Segments of the perianth distinct, sublinear, spreading or deflex- ed; lip spreading, flat, ascending, often exterior; column winged ; pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without pedicels or glands. 1. L. uivirouia. Rich. (Malaxis lilifolia. Sw.) Tway-blade. Lws. 2, ovate-lanceolate ; scape triangular; inner pet. filiform, reflexed; lip concave, obovate, acute at the tip—In wet woods, Can. to Car., Ohio. Leaves radical, 3—6’ long, }—4 as wide, rather acute, tapering into.a sheath- mg base. Scape about 6’ high. Flowers 10—20, in a terminal, rather showy raceme. Pedicels near an inch in length. The 3 sepals greenish-white, linear. 2 upper petals capillary, yellowish-white. Lip much larger than the other petals, white. June. Catyrso. CXL. ORCHIDACEZ:. 631 2. L. Laser. Rich. (L. Correana. Spr. Malaxis Leselii. Sw.) Lvs. 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse, plicate, shorter than the few-flowered racemes; scape angular; lip ovate, entire; sep. and pet. linear, subequal.— About half as large as the preceding, in moist meadows and fields, Can., Ohio, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Leaves 2—3' long, about 1’ wide, obtuse or acute, sheathing at base. Scape 3—5/ high. Flowers about 6, appressed to the rachis, ina thin raceme. Pedicels about 2’ in length. Sepals and petals greenish-white. Ovaries clavate, as long as the pedicels. Jn. 3. CORALLORHIZA. Brown. Gr. xopaddzov, coral, piéa, root ; its branched roots much resemble coral. af Segments of the perianth nearly equal, converging ; lip produced behind ; spur short and adnate to the ovary ; column free; pollinia 4, oblique (not parallel).— Plants leafless. 1. C. opontorHiza. Nutt. (C. verna. Nuit. C. innata. Br.) Dra- gon’s-claw. Coral-root.—Lip undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted ; spur obsolete, adnate to the ovary; capsule oblong or subglobose.—A singular plant, with no leaves or green herbage, inhabiting old woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. The root is a collection of small, fleshy tubers, articulated and branched much like coral. Scape 9—14’ high, rather. fieshy, striate, smooth, invested with a few long, purplish-brown sheaths. Flowers 10—20, in a long spike, of a brdwnish-green. Lip white, generally with purple spots. Capsules large, reflexed, strongly ribbed. July, Aug. 8. verna.—Lip white, without spots, minutely toothed each side.—More deli- cate and slender than the variety a. Flowers fewer (7—10). 2. C. muLTirLorA. Nutt. Flowering Coral-root. Scape many-flowered; lip cuneaie-oval, spotted, 3-parted; the middle lobe recurved, lateral ones short and tooth-like ; spur conspicuous, adnate; cap. elliptic-obovoid——In woods, growing on the roots of trees, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Root coralline. Scape 10—15’ high, leafless, brownish-purple, sheath- ed with a few bracts. Flowers larger than in the other species, 15—20, erect- spreading, in a long raceme. Lip showy, 3—4” long, white, sprinkled with purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnate to the ovary. Ji. 4, APLECTRUM. Nutt. Gr. a, privative, AnkTpov, a spur; the lip being without a spur. iy Segments of the perianth distinct, nearly equal, converging ; lip unguiculate, not produced at base; column free; anther a little below the apex; pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular. A. HYEMALE. (Cymbidium hyemale. Willd.) Adam-and-Eve. Putty- root.—Lf. solitary, radical, petiolate, ovate, striate; lip. trifid, obtuse, with the palate ridged.—A fine plant, in woods, Can., Ghio! to N. Eng. (rare) and Flor. Root bearing large, roundish, mucilaginous tubers. Leaf rather elliptic than ovate, 4—5’ long, 3—4 as wide, twice as long as the petiole, which arises from the summit of the tuber a short distance from the scape. Scape arising from beneath the tuber, about if high, invested with 2—3 sheaths. Flowers resembling those of Corallorhiza, brownish-purple, erect, in a terminal raceme. Lip dilated near the end. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. May, Jn. 5. CALYPSO. Salisb. Named for the goddess Calypso ( G7. - KaAUTTY, to conceal ). Segments of the perianth ascending, secund; lip ventricose, spurred beneath near the end; column petaloid ; pollinia 4. C. putposa. Salisb. (C. Americana. Br. C. borealis. Ph. Cypripe- dium. Linn.)—Jf. solitary, radical, broad-ovate, veined ; ip narrowed and subunguiculate at base; spur bifid, longer than the lip, with acute teeth; ped. longer than the ovary.—This rare and beautiful plant is found in Vt., (Carey) Nova Scotia, Mich., W. to Oreg. Scape 6—8’ high, sheathed, bearing a sin- 45* 533. CXL. ORCHIDACEE. Oncts. le, purplish flower at top, as large as that of a Cypripedium. Leaf petiolate, ‘in diameter, subcordate at base. 6 TIPULARIA. Nutt. Tipula, the crane-fly ; from the fancied resemblance of the flowers. Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading; lip entire, sessile, conspicuously spurred at base ; column wingless, free ; anther oper- culate, persistent ; pollinia 4, parallel. T. piscétor. Nutt. (Orchis. Ph. Limodorum uniflorum. Muh.) A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhiza, growing in pine woods, Vt., Mid. States to Car. Root bulbous. Leaf solitary, petiolate, ovate, plaited, smooth, and longitudinally veined. Flowers minute, greenish- white, nodding, in a terminal raceme destitute of bracts. Jl. Section 2. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, which are pedicellate, with glands at the base of the pedicels. Anthers of 2 distinct, vertical cells. 7, ORCHIS. The Greek name of these plants. Perianth ringent, the upper sepal vaulted; lip entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur which is distinct from the ovary ; anther terminal ; pollinia 2, adnate, pedicellate—F'/s. racemose or spicate. § 1. Orcuis vera. Lip broad, entire. Glands of the pedicels of the pollinta enclosed. 1. O. spectaBitis. Showy Orchis. Lvs. about 2, nearly as long as the scape; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse ; segments of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary, dracts longer than the flower.—This pretty little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, &c., U. S. and Can, Root fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3—6’ long,3—4as wide. Scape 4—6/ nigh, acutely-angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3—5 large, showy flowers. Segments of the perianth-purpte, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur white or whitish, each about 8” long. May, Jn. § 2. Pratantuera. Lip narrow, entire. Cells of the anther widely sepa- rated at base by the broad, interposed stigma. Glands of the pedicels of the pollinia naked. 2. O. orBicuLATA. Pursh, (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.) Iws. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy; scape bracteate; upper sep. orbicular, lateral ones ovate; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as long as the ovary.—A re- markable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in thickets, Penn. to Can. and W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3—6/ diam., rather inclining to oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1—2f high, sheathed with a few bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish-white flowers. Lip }—1’ by 4—1". Spur 14—2’ long. Jl. 3. O. Hooxertina. Wood. (Platanthera. Lindl. WHabenaria. Torr.) — Las. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape naked; bracts lance- olate, nearly as long as the flowers ; wpper sepal ovate, erect, lateral ones deflexed and meeting behind; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting, acuminate, a little longer than the sepals; spur subulate, arcuate, about twice longer than the ovary.— Woods, Can., N. Eng.! to Wis., Lapham! rare. Resembles O. orbicu- lata, but is very distinct. Scape 8—12’ high, without a bract below the flow- ers. Leaves 4—5’ long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 12—18, in a straight raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9—12” in length. Jn. Jl. 4. O. nypersorea. Willd. (Habenaria hyp. & Huronensis. Spr. ‘Pla- tanth. Lindl.)—St. leafy; ivs. very erect, acute; spike somewhat secund- Orcas. CXL. ORCHIDACEH:. 633° bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower; sep. deflexed; pet. and lip linear, obtuse, subequal, (the latter dilated at base!) and about as long as the pendulous, obtuse spur.—A tall, leafy, variable species, found in mountainous” woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Mich. and Can. Stems thick, 2 or 3, or even 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 4—7’ by 1—1}/. Flowers greenish in _ shades, nearly white in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense spike. July. ; 8. Huronensis. More slender; vs. lance-oblong and lance-linear, obtuse or acute; spike rather loose, often long.—Vt., Dr. Phelps! W. to Mich. 5. O. piuaTATa. Pursh. (Habenaria. Hook. Platanth. Lindl.) St. stender; lvs. lanceolate and linear, acute; spike loose; bracts lance- linear, about as long as the flowers; wpper sepal ovate, obtuse, the lateral nar- rower and spreading; Jip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated at the base, about equal- ing the petals and a little shorter than the obtuse, incurved spur, which is longer than the ovary—Swamps, Northern States! (rare) and Can. It is a slender and delicate species, with pure white flowers. Stem 10—15’ high. Leaves often narrow and grass-like, the lower lanceoiate. Flowers 10—20, spur about 4” long. July. 6. O. optusitTa. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Rich.) Lf. solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse; st. bearing the leaf near its base; spike loose; wpper sep. broadest; pet. subtriangular; /ip linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur.—Found in muddy ponds and ditches, N. H., Storrs! N.to Lab. Stem slender, angular, 6—8’ high, ter- minating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish-white flowers. Leaf tapering at base, and usually obtuse at the summit, 2—3/ in length, and 1 in breadth, issuing with the stem from 2—3 radical, sheathing bracts. July. 7. O. InTEGRA. Nutt. (Habenaria. oe) St. leafy ; lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts shorter than the flowers ; lip oblong, entire, longer than the petals; spur subulate, longer than the ovary. —Swamps, N. J., Nuttall. A species very nearly allied to O. ciliaris, appa- rently differing only in the flowers being smaller; and with the lip entire, not fringed. Flowers orange-yellow. Jl. § 3. Hapenarra. Lip dilated, variously divided. Glands of the pedi- cels of the pollinia naked, distinct. * Lip toothed or 3-parted, not fimbriate. 8. O. FLava. (Habenaria herbiola. Br. Platanthera. Lindl.) St. leafy; lower lvs. oblong, acute, upper lanceolate, acuminate; spike rather dense, cylindric; dracts longer than the flowers; lip oblong, obtuse, den- tate at base ; palate with 1 tuberculate tooth; spur filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary.—A small-flowered orchis found in alluvial soil. Stem flexu- ous, 12—18' high. Leaves about 3, with long sheaths, 3—6 or 7’ by 3—2’, taper- ing to an acute summit. Flowers in a long, thin spike. Sepals short, ovate, green. Petalsyellowish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower ones 2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of the lip isa remarkable character. June. 9. O. viripis. Swtz. (O. bracteata. Muhl. Peristylus bracteatus. Lindl.) _ St. leafy; Ws. oblong, obtuse, upper ones acute; spike lax; bracts 2—3 times as long as the flowers; sep. connivent, ovate; pet. linear, erect; lip linear- cuneate, truncate, 3-toothed at the end, the middle tooth small or obsolete; spur short, inflated, obtuse.—A small, green-flowered orchis, in shades. Stem 6—9/ high. Leaves about 3, 18—30” by 6—12”, upper bracis as short as the flower. Spikes 2—3’ long. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary, 3 times as long as the spur. Can. to Va. W. toll. July, Aug. . 10, O. rRmenTATA. Willd. (Habenaria. Hook. Gymnadenia. Lindl.) Radical if. solitary, oblong, obtuse, cauline 2—3, much smaller; sep. cam- panulate, obtuse, converging ; /ip lanceolate, 3-toothed, at the extremity; spur filiform, curved, clavate, longer than the ovary.—Grows in woods and swamps, Can., Mich., Penn., Va. Stem slender, 1—2f high, with small, greenish-white flowers in a short and rather loose spike, appearing in July. 584 CXL. ORCHIDACEZ. Orcuis. 11. O. RoTUNDIFoLIA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl. Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate; scape naked; spike few-flowered; bracts o tuse, shorter than the ovary; sep. and pet. obtuse; lip 3-lobed, lateral, lobes sub- falcate, middle one obcordate; spur as long as the lip.—Ct., Penn., Eaton, Can. Scape about a foot high, slender, without a bract. Leaf 2—4’ long, 2 as wide, spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a greenish-white, remark- able for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendant lip. ** Lip fimbriate. Stem leafy. 12. O. cinidgis. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.) Yellow Fringed Orchis—Lawer lvs. linear-lanceolate; spike oblong, dense; bracts shorter than the ovary; lip oblong-lanceolate, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the petals; spur longer than the ovary.—A delicately beautiful orchis, with bright orange- colored flowers, in swamps, Can. to Ga, and Ky., rare. Stem about 2f high. Leaves sheathing at base; lower ones 3—5’ long, rapidly diminishing upwards. Sepals roundish, obtuse, concave. 2 petals linear, very small, incised at the summit; the lip narrow, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4” long. Spur 1’ in length. July, Aug. 13. O. cristata. Michx. (Habenaria. Brown. Platanthera. Lindl. Iws. lanceolate and lance-linear; spike somewhat crowded, many-flow- ered ; segments of the perianth rounded, the two lateral petals toothed, lip oblong, pinnately ciliate, spur shorter than the ovary.—Swamps, N. J., Penn. to Car. A small species, distinguished from the foregoing by smaller and more crowded flowers which are of a bright orange-yellow, and by its shorter spur, &c. Jn. Jl. 14. O. Bueruariciortis. Willd. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindi.) White Fringed Orchis—Lower lvs. lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong, dense; éracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the flowers; dp lanceolate, ciliate, as long as the upper sepal; spwr much longer than the long-beaked ovary.—A delicate orchis, in swamps, (N. Y.! to Car.,) resembling the last species, but distinguished at least, by the color of its flowers which are of ‘a pure white. Stem 1—2f high. Flowers fewer than in the last. Sepals round- ish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Petals spatulate, dentate. Lip fringed in the mid- dle, 2” long. June, July. 15. O. rissa. Willd. (Habenaria. Br.) . St. tall, leafy; vs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts nearly equaling the ovary; sep. roundish-ovate; lateral petals denticulate; lip 3-parted, divisions cuneiform, dentate, middle one 2-lobed; spur filiform, clavate at end, curved, Jonger than the ovary.— Wet grounds and marshes, Penn. to Va., W. to Ind. ! A truly beautiful species 2—4f high. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4—6/’ long. Flowers violet-purple, large, 20—50, in a terminal spike, Ovary 1’, and spur 1}’ long. June, July. 16. O. tacEra. Michx. (O. Psycodes. Spr. Habenaria. Br. Platan- thera. Lindl.) Ragged Orchis.—Lower lvs. oblong, obtuse, wpper ones narrow, acuminate; bracis longer than the flowers; sep. retuse; pet. emargi- nate; lip 3-parted, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid ; spur filiform, cla- vate, as long as the ovary.—Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1—2f high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3—6’ by 4—l’, mostly acute. Flowers numerous, in a long, loose spike, of a greenish-white, not showy. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-linear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily dis- tinguished from the following by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and the entire (not-fringed) petals. July. AT. O.. Pyscépes. (O. fimbriata. Br. Habenaria. Rich, Platanthera. Lindl:) Purple Fringed Orchis.—Lower lvs. lanceolate, diminishing up- wards ; lip. 3-parted, scarcely longer than the petals, the segments cuneiform, ciliate-fimbriate ; /ateral pet. ovate, fimbriate-dentate; spur filiform, clavate, longer than the ovary.—A beautiful plant, common in meadows, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States. Stem 14—2sf high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3—6’ long. Flowers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip of the nectary somewhat longer than the petals, its 3, fan-like, spreading segments, as well as the petals, beautifully fringed. Spur an inch in length. July. Pogonia, CXL. ORCHIDACE. 535 B. (O. incisa. Willd.) Lateral petals subdentate, terminal one incisely den- tate ; spur subulate. ’ 18. O. LEucoPHEA. Nutt. Wiite-flowered or Prairie Orchis. St. leaty; dvs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled; 6racis shorter than the overies; rac. oblong; sep. roundish-oblong, acutish ; ~ laierad peials obovate, denticulate; /’p 3-parted, flabelliform, segments deeply fimbriate ; spur subulate-clavate, curved, twice as long as the ovary—Wet prairies, Ohio, Ind.! lll. Stem 1—3i high. Leaves 2—6/ long. Raceme about 12-flowered. Sepals and spur yellowish, petals white. Ovary curved, 1’ long. 19. O. GRANDIFLORA. Bw. (Habenaria. Tvrr. Platanthera fimbriata. Lindl.) Large-flowering Orchis—WlLower lvs. oblong, oval, obtuse, wpper ones very narrow; bracts shorter than the ovary; rac. oblong; lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments cuneiform and fimbriate, the middle one largest, with connivent fimbrize ; /ateral pet. fimbriate ; spur ascend- ing, clavate, longer than the ovary.—A superb plant, considered the most beau- titul of the genus, in wet meadows, N. H.! Can. Stem 2—3f high, thick, hol- low, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones, 4—7’ by 1—2’, upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers very large, purple, in a terminal raceme, 3—6’ long. Middle seg. of the lip nearly semicircular, twice as long as the lateral ones. June. Section 3. Pollen powdery, or consisting of loosely cohering granules. 8. ARETHUSA. Switz. Arethusa was a fabulous nymph of Diana, who was transformed into a fountain. Perianth with its segments cohering at base; lip spurless, adnate to the column at base, deflected at the end and bearded inside ; pollen angular.— Small plants, inhabiting wet places. A. BuLBOsa. Bulbous Arethusa. Leafless; 7¢t. producing a globular tuber; scape sheathed, 1-flowered.— This beautiful and interesting plant isfound only in wet meadows and swamps, Can. to Va. Stem 6—12’ high, invested with about 3, long, loose sheathes with lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short, linear- spatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple color. A little below the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal bracts. June. ; 9. POGONIA. Brown. Gr. twywy, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip. Perianth with its leaflets distinct; lip sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, bearded inside ; pollen farinaceous. 1. P.-opHioGLosséipes. Br. (Arethusa. Linn.) Rt. fibrous ; st. furnished with an oval-lanceolate leaf and a foliaceous bract near the flower; lip fimbriate—An interesting plant, much taller than the bulbous Arethusa, found in swamps and muddy shores, Can., N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. The stem is very slender, 9—16’ high, with 2 remote leaves, the one placed about midway, 2—3’ long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base; the other (a bract?) much smaller, situated near the flower. Flower large, nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (?/). June. 2. P. verticiuLAta. Nutt. (Arethusa. Willd.) Iws. 5, oblong-lanceolate, verticillate ; fs. solitary, the 3 outer petals very long, linear, inner ones shorter, lanceolate, obtuse; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobes undulate—Swamps. Stem 8—12’ high, with a whorl of leaves near the top and a flower 1—2’ above it. Leaves 14’ long, }as wide, abruptly acuminate. The flower is remarkable for its sepals being about 2’ long, very narrow, and of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in the middle. July. 3. P. penpULa. Lind]. (Triphora. Nutt. Arethusa. Willd.) _ Rt. tuberous; st. leafy, about 3-flowered at the top; luvs. clasping, ovate, alternate; fs, axillary, nodding; lip entire, scabrous, not bearded; fr. pendu 536 CXL. ORCHIDACES. GoopYERa. lous.—A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mid. W.! and 8. States. Stem scarcely 6’ high, slightly angled, with about 3 flowers, which from their singu- lar form suggest the common name. Leaves 3—6, 3—3’ long, 4 as wide, purplish. Flowers white or greenish, the segments of the perianth equal, con- verging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug. 10. CALOPOGON. Brown. Gr. xados, beautiful, twywyv, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip. Segments of the perianth distinct; lip on the upper side of the flowers, unguiculate, bearded; column free, winged at the summit ; pollen angular. C. putcuettus. Br. (Cymbidium. Willd.) Grass Pink. Rt. tuberous; /f. radical, ensiform, veined; scape tew-flowered ; liperect, nar- rowed at base, with an expanded border, and a concave, hairy disk.—A truly beau- tiful plant, in swamps and moist meadows, U.S. and Can, Scape slender, 10—20’ high, furnished with a single, long leaf (8—12’ by 4’), sheathing its base. Flow- ers 3—8, large, purple, remarkable for their inverted position; lip expanded at the end and fimbriate on the upper side of the flower, while the column 1s below. Petals and sepals expanded. July. 11,.SPIRANTHES. Rich. Gr. cre.pa, a cord; in reference to the twisted spike. Flowers in a spiral spike; petals connivent; lip unguiculate, parallel with the column, entire, with 2 callous processes at base ; column free, clavate, bidentate at summit; ovary oblique; stigma rostrate. 1. S. Gracinis. Beck. pcr os Bw.) Ladies’ Tresses. Lvs. radical, ovate, caducous; scape sheathed, fls. in a spiral row; lip obovaie, curled.—-A very delicate plant, not uncommon in old woods, N. Eng., Can. Scape leafless, with several remote, sheathing scales, very slender, and 8—12’ high. Leaves 3—4, close to the ground, 1—2’ long, 4 as wide, on short petioles, mostly withering and falling away before the flowers expand. Flow- ers small, white, arranged in arow which winds once or twice around the stem. July. 2. S. tortinis. Sw. (Ophrys. Mz. S. estivalis. Mz.) Radical ivs. linear; scape sheathed; fls. spirally secund ; lip somewhat 3- lobed, the middle lobe larger, crenulate.—A plant mostly similar to the last, in woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Car. Leaves 3—6’ by 2—4” commonly dis- appearing before flowering. Scape slender, a foot or more high, with a spiral row of oblique, small, white flowers, forming a twisted spike 2—4/ long. July. 3. S. cernua. Rich. (Neottia. Willd.) Lvs. radical, linear-lanceolate, veined; stem sheathed; spike dense; ae re- curved, drooping ; sep. and pet. cohering ; lip oblong, entire or crenulate, dilated at the apex.—In moist grounds, N. Eng. to Ga. Scape 4—1#f high, rather stout, pubescent above, with a dense, twisted spike at summit 1—2’ long. Leaves 3 or more, nearly or quite radical, 3—8 or 10’ long, }—1' wide. Bracts ovate, acuminate, as long as the greenish flowers. Aug. Oct. — 12. GOODYERA. Brown. Named for John Goodyer, an obscure English botanist. Perianth ringent; calyx herbaceous, upper sepal vaulted, the 2 lower ones beneath the saccate and entire lip; column free, pollen angular ; stigma prominent, roundish. G. pubescens. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Lws. radical, ovate, petiolate, reticulate; scape sheathed, and with the flowers, pubescent; /ip ovate, acuminate ; pet. ovate.—A plant found in woods, Can. and U. S. remarkably distinguished for its leaves which are all radical CYPRIPEDIUM. CXL. ORCHIDACEZ. : 537 and of a dark green, reticulated above with white veins. They are ovate, 1—2/ in length, contracted at base into winged petioles scarcely half as long. Scape erect, 6—12’ high. Flowers white, in a terminal, oblong, cylindric spike. Lip toundish, saceate, inflated. July, Aug. ; 8. repens. (G. repens. Br.) Lvs. less conspicuously reticulated; spike some- what unilateral—A reduced form of G. pubescens, certainly unworthy of being exalted into a species. Stem 6—8/ high. Flowers in one row, which is more or less spiral. 13. LISTERA. Brown. Named for Dr. Martin Lister, an English naturalist, died 1711. Lip 2-lobed, pendant, with no callous processes; column wingless, minute; anther fixed by its base, persistent. 1. L. corpata. Br. (Ophris. Mz.) Tway-blade. St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, deltoid-subcordate, acute; rac. few-flow- ered; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, with divaricate and acute seg- ments; column very short.—Root fibrous. Stem 4—8’ high, furrowed. Leaves 3—3’ diam., sessile, about half way up the stem. Flowers minute, greenish- purple, 10—15, ina short raceme. A delicate little — in woods and sphag- nous swamps, among mountains, &c., N. States and Brit. Am. July, Aug. 2. L. convaLLaRiOipes. Nutt. (Epipactis. Sw.) St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, roundish-ovate; rac. few-flowered, loose, pubescent; sep. ovate-lanceolate; lip oblong, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex ; column elongated.—Car. to Arc. Am. Root fibrous. Stem very slender, 5—10’ high, sheathed with a few bracts bearing the 2 leaves near the middle. Leaves near an inch long, 3 as wide. Flowers small, the broad, obcordate lip twice as long asthe sepals. May. Section 4, Lateral anthers fertile; the middle one sterile and pe- taloid. (14. CYPRIPEDIUM. Gr. Kozots, Venus, todtov, aslipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip. The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely, distinct ; lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse; column terminated by a peta- loid lobe (barren stamen).—Fs. large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip. 1. C. canpipum. Willd. White-flowered Ladies’-slipper. St. leafy; lvs. oblong-lanceolate; fl. terminal, solitary; sep. elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex; pet. lance-linear, longer than the compressed lip; lube of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse.—Borders of woods, prairies, Penn. to Ind. Plummer! Resembles the next in foliage, but remarkably distinguished by the white flower. Stem about 1f high, simple. Leaves 3—6’ by 1—1}’, sheathing the stem, acute. Ovary pedicellate. Lip 1’ in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2’. May. 2. C. acaute. Ait. (C. humile. Sw.?) Acaulescent Ladies’-slipper. Scape leafless, 1-flowered; Ivs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ; lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed; pet. lanceolate; lip \onger than the petals, cleft before.—A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10—14’ high, with a single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals 3’ long, the two lower completely united into a broad lanéeolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2’ by 1’, purple, forming the most showy part of the flower. May, June. 3. C. pARVIFLORUM. Salisb. Yellow Ladies’-slipper. St. Leafy ; lvs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lobe of the column triangular- oblong, acute; sep. ovate, oblong, acuminate; pet. long, linear, contorted ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed—Woods and meadows, Newf. to Car. Stems usually several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 36 538 CXLVI. AMARYLLIDACEZ. AMARYLLIS, by 2—3’, veined, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Seg- ments 4, greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the two lateral ones 2—3’ by 3’, waved and twisted. Lip a large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture above. May, June. ; 8. pubescens. Leaves lanceolate; lobe of the column obtuse. The flowers somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. H. 4. C. specTaBiLE. Sw. Showy Ladies’-slipper. ; St. leafy; /vs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column elliptic- cordate, obtuse ; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. —A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6—10’ by 2—4’, veined, plaited, hairy. Flowers 2—3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2’ long, 1} broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. July. 5. C. arietinum. Ait. (Arietinum Americanum. Beck.) Ram’s-head. S!. leaty ; lvs. elliptical, striate-veined ; sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet. linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic.—In damp woods, Can., Maine, Vt. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8—12’ high, lower part sheath- ed. Leaves 3—5, 2—3’ by 4—1’, sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leaty bract at base. Segments about equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. May. Orver CXLVIT. AMARYLLIDACE A—Amarytiims. Herbs, perennial. Leaves parallel-veined. : ; Fis. showy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and with spathaceous bracts. Perianth mostly regular, adherent to the ovary, colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Sta. 6, arising trom the perianth segments. _Am7thers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled (sometimes 1—2-ovuled). Style1. Stig. 3-lobed. Fr. a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Genera 68, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few are found in our climate. : Properties.—A few of the Amaryllidacee possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the bulbs of Hemanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and other species,are emetic. The fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating palgueof the Mexicans. Many are highly orna- mental, ak are therefore cultivated. Conspectus of the Genera. as tall, with numerous flowers. arse De tie 5 Sue 4 Corona 0. ¢ Scape bearing 3—5 small, yellow flowers. : E - « Hypozis. 5 } Corona of 3 emarg:nate segments. Galanthus. 3 Flowers regular. ( Corona monoyhyllous. = : - Narcissus 2 Flowers irregular. Stamens declined. 3 - - Amaryilis. 1 1 AMARYLLIS. Lat. Amaryllis, the name of a nymph, from apagvecw, to shine with splendor. Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding ; filaments declined, arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction ; seeds flat, numerous—A splendid genus, with a few native and many foreign species. 1. A. ATamasco. Atamasco Lily. . Spathe 2-cleit, acute; fl. pedicelled; cor. campanulate, with nearly equal petals, suberect.—A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometimes cultivated. Leaves linear; a foot long. Scape round, 6’ high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals acuminate. June. . 2. A. Formosissima. Jacobea Lily.—Lvs. radical; fis. nodding, very ringent, tube fringed; s/a. included in the involute lower segments.—A splendid flower, from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loamy soil. Root bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, diss closing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn.—Aug. i: alle Acave. CXLVH. AMARYLLIDACER. 639 . 2, NARCISSUS. Grr. vapxn, stupor ; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species which are poisonous, Perianth regular ; corona monophyllous, funnel-form, consisting of a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are inserted. Obs.—A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them very fragrant and beautiful: ‘They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, com- pressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous. 1. N. Jonquitta.—Scape 1—3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup eo) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate.— ative of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a few flowers of a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. . 2. N. poeticus. Poet's Narcissus.—Scape 1-flowered ; segments imbricate at base, reflexed; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate; 3 anth. shorter than the tube.—Native of S. Europe. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. 3. N. Psevpo-Narcissus. Daffodil.—Scape 2-edged, straight, striated ; seg- ments sulphur color ; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice —Native of England. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high, healing a! the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. April, May. ; ’ ’ j ’ . 4, N. Tazerta.—Spathe many-flowered ; corona campanulate, truncate, shorter than the petals; vs. flati—Native of Spain. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, sword-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10—12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. 3. GALANTHUS. Gr. yaha, milk, avSos; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower. Flowers spathaceous ; sepals 3, concave ; corona formed of 3 small, emarginate segments; stigma simple.— Ornamental, bulbous exotics. G. niviuis. Snow-drop.—Luvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-flowered. —-Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is a small] plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, nar- row leaves towards the top. 4. AGAVE. Gr. ayavos, admirable; a term eminently applicable. . Perianth tubular, funnel-form, adherent to the ovary, 6-parted ; sta- mens 6, exserted; anthers versatile ; capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, many-seeded.—A splendid Ameri- can genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly radical, rigid, channeled, often spiny. Panicle large, pyramidal. 1. A. Virainica. False Aloe. Acaulescent, herbaceous; dvs. linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous, with car- tilaginous serratures on the margin; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile flowers.—Rocky banks, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long, acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the acute seg- ments. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed, 3-valved, 3-celled. Sept. 2. A. AmericAns. American Aloe. Century Plant.—Acaulescent; lvs. spi- nose-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy ; scape branched, lofty and arbo- rescent; cor. tube contracted in the middle; pedicel as long as the corolla—The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, thiek, 3—6 or 8f long, 4—i2’ wide. The scape arises from the centre of the 46 is. ¢ 540 CXLVIIL HA MODORACEZ. LoprHiota. mass of leaves, to the height of 15—25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle. Flowers yellow. There isa variety with striped leaves. 5. HY POXIS. Gr. irw, under, ofvs, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit. Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth persistent ; capsule elongated, narrowed at the base; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous in- tegument.—Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow flowers. Lvs. radical, linear. yas H. erecta. Star-grass. Pilose ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves, —In woods and meadows, Can.and U.S. Leaves all radical, 6—12’ by 3—5”, very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6—8’, divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3—5 peduncles having each a minute, subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within; segments oval, rather obtuse. June. Orpver CXLVIIL HAHMODORACEA.—Bvtooproots. Herbs with fibrous, perennial roots and perfect flowers. Lvs. permanent, ensiform, equitant, usually in 2 ranks. pret’ 4 [cylindrical tube Periunth more or less woolly. adherent. the sepals and petals often indistinguishable, and united into t Sta. arising trom the perianth, either 3 and opposite the sepals, or 6. Ova. 1 or 3-celled, cells 1, 2, or many-ovuled. Szy and stzg. simple. Fr.--Capsule covered with the withered perianth, valvular, seldom indehiscent. Sds. definite or indefinite. Ewnbryo short, straight, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of Lacnanthes tinctoria abounds in a red coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Aletris osa. Conspectus of the Genera. 2 Re he . ae ¢ Perianth woolly, 6-parted. Lophiola. 2 Stamens (6. 2? Perianth mealy, 6-toothed. Aletris. 3 1. LACNANTHES. Elliot. Gr. ayn, soft hair, aySos; in allusion to the woolly corollas. Perianth woolly, tube adherent; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals; stam. 3, equaling the sepals, and opposite to them; stig. minutely 2-lobed ; caps. 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded.—Lws. lanceolate-linear. ls. corymbose. L. tincroria. Ell. (Dilatris. Pursh.) Red-reot. . Swamps and borders of ponds, R. I., Olney! N. J. to Flor. An interest- ing plant, with rush-like leaves. Stem erect, strict, 18—24’ high, clothed with white wool above. Leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 3—4’ wide and nearly as high as the stem. Cauline leaves remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, close, 15—30-flowered. Flowers densely clothed with white wool outside, gla- brous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow. Jl—The root is said to be employed in dyeing. 2, LOPHIOLA. Ker. Gr. dowWos, a crest; alluding to the crested petals. Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, woolly ; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat interior; sta. 6; filament naked ; anthers erect; style conical, 3-partible; stigma simple; capsule opening at the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded—Lwvs. ensiform. ls. corymbose. L. Americana, Wood. (L, aurea. Ker. Conostyles. Br.) Golden Crest- : fl-wer—Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. Stem 1—2f high, erect, hoary-tomentose when young. Leaves glaucous, narrowly linear, two-edged, glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally mueh expanded, many-flowered. Corolla weelly and yellow within, segments Iris. CXLIX. IRIDACEZ. 541 reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the centre of each valve. Seeds white. July, Aug._ 3. ALETRIS. Gr. (aderrp) aXetarpos, meal; from the powdery dust with which the plant is covered. Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugose, persistent ; stamens issuing at the top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible; capsule opening at top, many-seeded.— Lvs. radical, rosulate. Scape many-flowered. 1. A. FarINOsa. (A. alba. Mz.) Star-grass. Colic Root. Iws. broad-lanceolate ; fls. oblong-tubular, pedicelled; perianth in fruit rugose or mealy in appearance.—Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. Root premorse, intensely bitter. Scape 20—30’ high, with remote scales or bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These are 3—4’ long, } as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme. Perianth white, }’ long, on very short pedicels, rugose without when oid. Medicinal. July. 2. A. aurea. Walt. Yellow Aletris. Lvs. lanceolate ; fis. subsessile ; perianth short, tubular-campanulate, yel- low, finally rugose and very scabrous.—In the pine barrens of N. J. to Car., abundant. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Torrey. Scape 2—3f high, with few, yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Leaves all radical. Jl., Aug. -Orver CXLIX. IRIDACE#.—Irms. Herbs perennial, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots. Lvs. equitant, mostly distichous. Fis. with spathaceous bracts. ’ Per.—Tube adherent to the ovary, limb 6-parted, colored, in 2 often unequal series. N/a. 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Amnzhers 2-celled, extrorse. : Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style 1. Stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. ; {albumen, Fr.—Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeas numerous, with hardened, fleshy Genera 52, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Amer. Properties —More remarkable for their beauty than their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Irir tuberosa. The aromatic orris root is the dried rhizoma ot Iris fiorentina of S. Europe. Saffron consists of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus. Conspectus of the Genera. Shee distinct. 0 peat, coh rig 1 Petals smaller than the sepals. ? Stamens united. a. Poe ae ee 4 Tube short. . Iza. 2 pic can Tube very long. .) o— Crocus, 6 ete & Petals and sepals subequal, ? spreading,fiat. Tube short. - «+ Sisyrinchium. 5 Flowers 0irregular. Seeds winged. . . +. + + «© «© « « « » Gladiolus. 3 Lt His: Named from the Greek, signifying rainbow ; on account of the varied color of the flowers. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals; stamens dis- tinct ; style short or 0; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens.— Lvs. mostly ensiform. ~ 1. E. versicétor. - Blue Fvag. ‘St. terete, flexuous; lvs. ensiform; fls. beardless; ova. triangular, with concave sides and roundish angles.—Grows in wet grounds, (U.S. and Can.,) where its large, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rhizoma large, horizontal, acrid. Stem 2—3f high, acute on one side, often branched and bear- ing several flowers. Leaves a foot long, }—1’ wide, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatulate, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3 petaloid stigmas which are reflexed and bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong; seeds flat. June. 8. sulca'a (Turr.) St. nearly straight; pet. longer than the stigmas; angles of the ovary sulcate. 2. I. prismatica. Pursh. (I. Virginica. Torr.) Boston Iris. ‘ St. round, slender, few-flowered ; lvs. linear, long ; fis. beardless; ova. tri- angular, the side doubly grooved.—In similar situations with the last, readily B42 CXLIX. IRIDACEZ. Tierra. distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass,! to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stém smooth, 1—2” in diam., 1—2f high, branching at top and bearing 2—6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grass- like, 6—10’ long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. June. 3. 1. vacusrris. Nutt. . Lvs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scapes seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested; caps. turbinate, 3-sided, margined.—Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, Nuttall, Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2—5’ by 3—4”, those of the om bract-like. Scape 1—2’high. Flowers pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 4. lL. sampucina. Flower-de-Lnce. Fr., Fleur-de-lis.—St, many-flowered, longer than the leaves; segments of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat; Jus. bent inwards at the point; spathe membranaceous at the apex; fis. beardless, lower ones pedunculate ; stg. with acute, serrate divisions.—Native of the South ‘of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light blue, often fading to white. May. f M nab 5. 1. rumita. Dwarf Iris,—Scape very short (3—6’), 1-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals.—A small species from Hungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Leaves numerous, broad-ensiform, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, appearing in early spring.t 6. l. ocHko_evca.—Beardless ; Jvs. ensiform, depressed, striate ; scape subte- rete ; ova. 6-angled.—A tall species from Levant. Stem 3—4f high. Flowers ochroleucous or sulphur-yellow. July. t af) 7. I. Cainensis. China Iris.—Scape compressed, many-flowered ; stigmas lacerated. A small species from China. Flowers elegantly striped. “A few other species are rarely cultivated in gardens. T 2 IXIA. : GT. 10s, sticky ; alludiig to the glutinous juice of some species. aa Spathe of 2 or 3, ovate, short bracts; petals and sepals distinct or slightly united, similar, regular; sta. 3; filaments filiform; stigma straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform. 1. Cuinensis.—S’. terete, flexudtis, leafy; vs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymbose ; perianth campanulate, segments 6, lance-linear.—Native of S. Africa, frequent in gardens, Western and South- ern States. Whole plant smooth, 3—5f high. Leaves erect, tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red inside, about 1’ long. Jl., Aug. f 3. GLADIOLUS. P j Lat. gladius, a sword; in reference to the form ofthe leaves. _ Spathe 2-leaved; perianth irregular; stamens distinct, ascending ; stigmas 3; seeds winged —A large genus of bulbous plants, with large and showy flowers. None native. G. communis.—Spike unilateral; upper segment of the perianth covered by the jateral ones, 3 lower marked by a white, linear-lanceolate spot, lowest very large.—A fine border flower, from S. Europe. Stem 2—3f high, with the flow- ers arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row uponit. Perianth large, deep Tred, variegated with white. Its colors are liable to considerable variation. Jl. + 4. TIGRIDIA. si Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. . Spathe 2-leaved ; the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals; stamens monadelphous ; filaments united into a long tube. T. Pavonia. Tiger Flower —sSt. simple, flexuous; lvs. ensiform, veined ; segments flat; pet. panduriform.—A superb, bulbous plant, with large, beautiful fiowers, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2fhigh or more, erect, a healy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower i s, DioscorEa. CL. DIOSCOREACEZ. 543 5—6’ broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks. Itripensseeds, trom which, or from offsets, it may be increased. J].—Sept.t 5. SISYRINCHIUM. Gr. cvs, a hog, and puyyxos, a snout; alluding to the singular spathe. Spathe 2-leaved; segments of the perianth flat, equal ; stamens monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft—% Gtrass-like plants, with compressed, ancipital scapes. 1. S. anceps. (S. gramineum. Lam.) Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, winged; valves of the spaihe unequal, the longer scarcely equaling the flowers; pet. mucronate.—A delicate littie plant, with blue flowers, common in low grass-lands,Can. and U.S. Stem or scape 10—12' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2—5-flowered, the longer valve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. Jl. 2. S. mucronatum. Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, subsetaceous; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point.—-Middle States, W. to Ky. Found in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. Leaves radical, a line wide. Scape 6—10’ high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very unequal valves, 3—4-flowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. 6. CROCUS. Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower. Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested—Spathe radical, 1—2- leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite ses- sile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1. C. sativus. Saffron.—Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-parted, as long as the corolla, reflexed—From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower nearly or quite sessile on the bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept.—A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. + 2. C. vernus. Spring Crocus.—Stig. included within the flower, with 3, short, wedge-shaped segments.—Native of the Alps. Stembulbous. Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yel- low or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propa- gated in gardens chiefly by bulbs. + Orver CL. DIOSCOREACE A.—Yam Roots. Shrubs, twining. Lvs. usually alternate and reticulate-veined. : ; 3 Fis. diecious. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; segments of limb 6, in 2 series. Sterile.—Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. ire Fertile.—Ova. 3-celled, cells 1—2-ovuled. Styces and stigmas nearly distinct. Fr.—Capsule 3-winged, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. Sds. flat, compressed. Embryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 6, species 110. The only remarkable or useful product of this order is yams, an important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea sativa, &c. DIOSCOREA. In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero. Flowers 0 Q; styles of the fertile flowers 3; cells of the capsule : A6* : 544 CLI. SMILACEZ. — 2- ee — ' Fisk 2 ee eh pe HEMEROCALLIS. CLI. LILIACEZA. 549 . 6. L. Japonicum.—Lvs. scattered, lanceolate; fls. cernuous, campanulate.— Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high. t 7. L. tTiGRinum. Tger-spotted Lily—WLws. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the upper cordate-ovate; peFianth revolute, papillose inside.—Native of China, very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange- culored, spoited flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous, Aug. t 3. FRITILLARIA. Lat. fritillus, a chess-board ; alluding to the checkered petals. Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment; stamens as long as the petals—%4 1. F. mperiAuis. Crown Imperial—Rac. comose, naked below ; lvs. entire.— Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves ; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves at the base of each pedicel. May. t 2. F. maueacris. Checkered Fritillary—kLvs. alternate, linear, channeled; st. 1-flowered.—Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. f 4. ERYTHRONIUM. Gr. epvSpos, red; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species. Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones (petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a groove in the middle; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate.—2% Leaves 2, subradical. Scape \-flowered. F'ls. nodding, liliaceous. 1. E. Americanum. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michz.) Yellow Erythroni- um.—Scape naked ; /vs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point; seg- ments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; sty. clavate; stig. undivided—A_ beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 3—4’ high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5’), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in the sunshine. May. 2. E. atBipum. Nutt. White Erythronium. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed.—_About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y., Storrs! to Wisc., Lapham! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equa] length including the petiole (4—5’), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments 1}’ long. April, May. 3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bracted Erythronium. Scape bracted ; lvs. lanceolate, very unequal.—An alpine species, found in Vt. Boott. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the ‘leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves with a narrow, lanceolate bract 13/ long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9’ long, gibbous at base. Jn. Trizs 2. HEMEROCALLIDEX.—Bulbous. Sepals and petals united into atube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale, 5. HEMEROCALLIS. 3 . Gr. hepa, the day, and kados, beautiful : wen beautiful but lasting only a day, Perianth campanulate, with a eylindrie tube; stamens deelined ; ‘ 550 CLUL LILIACEZE. ALLIVM. stigma simple, villous, small—% An ornamental genus, natives of the ald world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose. | 1. H. purva. Common Day Lily.—Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. ob- tuse, wavy ; veins of sep. branched.—Native of the Levant, naturalized in some parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very nu- merous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July. + 2. H. rrava. Yellow Day Lily.—Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, acute ; veins of the sepals wndivided.—Native of Siberia. A foothigh. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl. + 3. H. Japonica. White Day Lily.—Lwvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; fls. in- fundibuliform.—A fine species from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very auoerh, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. une. t 6. POLYANTHES. G7. rodve, many, avSos ; the flowers of the plant being numerous, Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; filaments inserted into the throat ; eyary at the bottom of the tube.—% P. tuBerosa. Tuberose.—Lws. linear-lanceolate; pet. oblong.—aA fine parlor plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2—3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. f — Trize 3, SCILLEX.—Bulbous, Flowers usually smaller than in the preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle, - 7 ALLIUM. Celtic a/], hot or burning. * Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leayed spathe ; perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller; ovary angular; stigma acute; capsule 3- lobed.—Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel en a. scape. 1. A. TRIcoccum. Ait. LEance-leaved Garlic. Scape terete ; lvs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth ; wmbel globose; seed soli- tary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule.—2 A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va.andtolll. Bulb oblong,acuminate. Leaves 5—8’ long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10—12 white flowers. June, July. 2. A. CANADENSE. Canadian Garlic. Scape terete ; lvs. linear ; wmbel capitate, bulbiferous.—2 In woods. Leaves radical, 3 as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 12—18' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract be- neath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. 3. A. VINEALE. Crow Garlic. St. slender, with a few leaves; cauline lvs. terete, fistulous ; wmbel bulbi- ferous; sia. exsert; fil. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther.—2| Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves 6—12/long. Scape 1—2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. § 4, A. cernuum. Roth.. Nodding Garlic. we, Scape angular; évs. linear, flat, very long; wmbcl eernuous; sta. simple. . — Hyacintavs. - CLI. LILIACEA. 551 —Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock! and Wis., Lapham! Bulb 6—8’ diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15—24/ high, recurved at top. Umbel 12—20-flowered. Pedicels 7—8’’ long. Flowers rose-colored. Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July. 5. A. TRIFLORUM. Pursh. Few-flowered Leek.. Mountain Leek. Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves; vs. lanceolate, veined ; wm- bel few-flowered.—In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. May, June. 6. A. scHENOPRAsUM. Cives.—Scape equaling the round, subulate leavesi— Gr. sxowos, a rush, and zpacov, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn. 7. A. Ascatonicum. Shallot.—Scape terete; lvs. subulate; wmbel globose; sta. tricuspidate—Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has asoboliferous bulb, small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July. 8. A. porrum. Leek.—St. compressed, leafy ; vs. sheathing at base; sta. tri- cuspidate—Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top, a large umbel of small, white flowers. July. 9. A. sativum. Common Garlic—Bulb compound; st. leafy, bulbiferous ; sta. tricuspidate-—Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem Qf high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medi- eine, July. 10. A. PROLIFERUM.—Scape fistulous, twisted ; lvs. fistulous; wmbels bulbifer- ous and proliferous; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous.—A curi- ous species, native of the W. Indies. Scape 2—3f high, producing several bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July. 11. A. Cepa. Common Onion.—Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete, fistulous leaves.—@) Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head. Wative of Hungary. The root bears a tunicated bulb, compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3—4f high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish-white flowers. Universally cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced nu- merous varieties. 8. ORNITHOGALUM. Gr. opviSos, a bird, yaa, milk; why so called is not obvious. _Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle; filaments dilated at the base ; capsule roundish, angular.—Lws. radical. Scape naked, racemose or corymbose. QO. UMBELLATUM. Star-of-Bethlehkem—Fls. corymbose; ped. longer than bracts; ji. subulate—9| From England, but naturalized in many parts of this country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as the scape. Scape near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May. 7 AY ABIN DEUS, Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower. Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-cleft; 3 nectarifer- ous pores at the top of the ovary; stamens issuing from the middle of the segments ; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded.— Natives of the Levant. H. orienTALIs.—Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventriccse at the base.—2|. The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cul- tivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 3—5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, thyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers. A plant peculiarly adapted ta parlor cultivation in bulb glasses. cd f _~ «v Can., N. Eng., W. 552 CLIT. LILIACEZ. CoONVALLARIA. Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. BorryoIDEs, grape hyacinth, with globose flowers; H. comosus, purple grape hyacinth, with pris- matic flowers; and H. racemosus, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers. Triss 4. ANTHERICE &.—Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Root fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent. 10. ASPHODELUS. Gr. a, privative, epadXw, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary ; sta. issuing from the valves.— Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe. 1. A. LuTeus. King’s Spear. Yellow Asphodel.—St. leafy ; lws. 3-cornered, —2 Native of Sicily. A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 3f high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a tong spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June. 2. A. RaMOsus. Branching Asphodel.—St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate, longer than bract; dvs. ensiform, carinate, smooth.—2| Native of S. Europe. Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June. 11. PHALANGIUM. Tourn. Gr. padavé, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading ; filaments 4, smooth ; caps. free from the perianth, ovoid; seeds angular.— Iwvs. flat, linear. F'ls. small, white or bluish. P. escuLentum. Nutt. Esculent Phalangiwm. Quamash. St. bulbous; Jvs. all radical, linear, carinate at base; sta. subexserted ; stig. minutely 3-cleft—Wet prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham! Ml. Jenney! Ind. Skinner! &c. An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass, Bulb I—12’ diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1—2f high. Leaves nearly as long as the scape, grass-like, 3’ wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedi- cels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals pale blue, about 3” long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. Seeds black. May. Trips 5. CONVALLARINEX.—Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma or tuber. +12. CONVALLARIA. Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species. Perianth 4—6-parted, segments spreading; stamens 4—6, diver- gent, arising from the base of the segments; berry globose, 2—3- celled.— Plants somewhat various in habit, with simple stems and alternate leaves. F'ls. in terminal racemes or umbels, reddish or green- ish-white. § 1. Masanruemum. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Berry 2-celled. 1. C. BIFOLIA. pa cay Desf. Styrandra. Raf.) Two-leaved Solo- mon’s Seal.—Lws. 2—3, cordate, ovate; fls.in a terminal raceme; /fts. of the perianth pe yee small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands, to Wis.! Stem angular, about 6’ high. Leaves 2, rarely 3, about 2’ long, 4 as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12—20 white flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep red. May. § 2. Smmactva. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Berry 3-celled. 2. C. rrirowiita. (Smilacina. Desf.) Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Lvs. 3—4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, amplexicaul; rac. termi- nal, simple.—2| A delicate little species in mountain swamps, Can. N. Eng. (rare), W. to Wis.! Stem 3—5’ high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2-34’ Uvuwaria. CLUI. LILIACEE. - 553 long, $ as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4—8, white, 6-parted, the segments spreading. May. 3. C. steLLaTa. (Smilacina. Desf.) Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal. St. erect; vs. numerous, 3-veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute; fls. few, in a simple, terminal raceme.—2| Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. Stem 10—20’ high, round and smooth. Leaves 8—10, smooth, glaucous beneath, 4—6' by 9—12”, tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about 8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn. 4, C. racemosa. (Smilacina. Desf.) Clustered Solomon’s Seal. St. recurved ; lvs. oval, acuminate, subsessile; rac. compound.—2 A lar- ger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem 14—2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4—6! long, about 4 as wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Peti- oles 0—2’ long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, ter- minal raceme. § 3 Crintronta. Pertanth subcampanulate, 6-parted. Berry 2-celled. 5. C.. BorEALIs. (C. umbellulata. Miche. Dracena. Ait. Clintonia. Raf.) Wild Lily of the Valley—-Scape umbellate ; lvs. broad-oval-lance- olate ; fis. cernuous; berries blue.—2| Mountainous or hilly woods, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves 47’ long, 4 as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8—13' high, bearing at top a beauti- ful umbel of 3—6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of arich amethystine blue. Jn. 6. C. masiuis. Lily of the Valley—Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric ; Wws. nearly radical, ovate; rac. simple, 1-sided_—2 An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabi- tant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6’ high, with white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 13. POLYGONATUM. _ Gr. 70)vs, many, yovv, knee; from the many-jointed rhizoma. Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft; stamens inserted near the summit of the tube; berry globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.—sS¢. simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axill@@y. P. mutTirLoruM. Desf. (P. latifolium, angustifolium, biflorum, pubes- cens and canaliculatum, of P/., &c.)—St. recurved, smooth; lws. distich- ous, lanceolate, amplexicau], smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1—4-flowered. —1| in woods, free States and Can. Stem 1—3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2—6’ by 1—23’, veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5—8” long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn. a. Is. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined; lower pedun- cles 4-flowered.—Plant 2—3f high. In rich, damp soils. 8. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, slightly clasping; sé. 1—2f high— This variety is most common in New England. y- bifora. Lvs. smooth both sides, } as wide as long, sessile; fls. greenish- white, 4—5” long; st. round, 1—14f high. 6. canaliculata. St. channeled on the upper side. é. mr Iws. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous.—Stem angled, 4—5f high—Middle States. 14. UVULARIA. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each; filaments very short ; 554 CLIT. LILIACE/ZE. STREPTOPUS. anthers linear, half as long as the petals; style trifid; capsule 3- celled, many-seeded, seeds with an aril—Lwvs. alternate. ls. soli- tary, terminal and axillary. 1. U. sessmirouia. Bellwort. Wild Oats. Lws. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath; caps. stiped, ovate.—2| Can. and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem smooth, slender, 6—10’ high, dividing at the top into 2 branches, one bearing leaves only, the other, leaves and a flower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark green above, paler beneath, 1—13’ long. 'The flower is cylindric, near an inch long, yellowish-white, of 6, long, linear petals. May. 2. U. perrouiita. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwort. ea: Lws. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth subcampanulate, tubercu- late-scabrous within; anths. cuspidate ; caps. truncate—2 Can. and U.S. A handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10—14’ high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2—3/ by 3—1’, rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pen- dulous from the end of one of the branches. Segments linear-lanceolate, 13’ long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers 3’ long. May. 3. U. GranpirLora. Large-flowered Bellwort. ; Lws. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute; fl. terminal, solitary, pendulous; segments acuminate, smooth within and without; anth. obtuse.—? Can. and U.S. Larger than either of the foregcing. In woods, Stem 12—15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at top, one of which hears the large, yellow, pendulous flower. Leaves almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers 3’ long. May.—Readily distin- guished by the smooth petals. 4. U. panocinosa. Pers. (Streptotus. Michz.) ee Las. ovate, acuminate, sessile, without dots, ciliate, the lower a xice pubescent beneath when young; ped. terminal, pubescent; fls. in pairs; peri- anth acute at base, /fts. linear-lanceolate; sty. glabrous.—2 Mountains, Penn. to Car. and L. Winipeg to Oreg. Leaves with an abrupt and long acumina- tion. Flowers greenish. Berry with the cells by abortion 1—2-seeded. May. 15. STREPTOPUS. Michx. Gr. -oTpepe, to turn, 7ovs, a foot; a twisted footstalk or peduncle. Perianth 6-parted, campanulage; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each; anthers longer than the filaments; stigma very short; berry roundish, 3-celled ; seeds few, hilum without an aril.— St. branched. ls. axillary, solitary, generally with the peduncle distorted. i | 1, S. roseus. Michx. (Uvularia. Linn.) Rose Twist-foot. Smooth ; dvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate, under sur- face green like the upper; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle; segments spreading at apex; anth. short, 2-horned; stig. trifid——| Can. to Car, and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2—4’ long, 4 as wide, ending in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flow- ers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 2. S. amptexirouius. DC. (S. distortus. Michx. Uvularia. Linn.) Smooth ; dvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed ; anth. very acute, entire; stig. truncate.—2 Can. and Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves 2—3’ .ong, 4 ag wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a long, subulate point. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. June. — La < - LEpraNnTHUs. CLIV. PONTEDERIACEZ. 555 Trize 6. ASPARAGEZ.—Stem usually fully developed, or if not, the leaves are coriaceous and permanent. 16. ASPARAGUS. GY. oTrapacow, to tear; some of the species are armed with strong prickles. Perianth 6-parted, erect; ovary turbinate; stamens erect; style _very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. A. OFFICINALIS. Asparagus. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect; lvs. setaceous, flexible, fasciculate—2 Native of England, and other parts of Europe, naturalized on rocky shores. Stem 2—4f high. Leaves filiform, 3—13/ long, pale pea-green. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globose, red. It is one of the oldest and most delicate of culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. Jl. Orver CLIV. PONTEDERACEA®.—Ponrteperaps. Plants aquatic or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly cordate or dilated at base. Inflorescence various, often spathaceous. Agel ; Ore z Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circinate in estivation. Sta. 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. 2 AG Qt Ova. free or sometimes adherent to the perianth at base, 3-celled. Style1. Stig. simple. Fr.—Capsule 3 (sometimes 1)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. _ Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. Genera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies and Tropical Africa. They are of no own use. Conspectus of the Genera. r poegue ee : ‘ 2 3 » 3 ‘ = : . Leptanthus. 2 peal, 2—4togetherinaspathe.. . . . .«- . «. . . «. Heteranthera. 3 Flow unequal, in a terminal spike. Basie Seete tay Oe Sh Aree NG 1st bikaces eane Ieaer ae bh op oe 1. PONTEDERIA. ’ In honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720. Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perfo- rated with 3 longitudinal clefts, the lower part persistent; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube; utricle 1-seeded.—F'ls. blue, mostly spicate. P. corpata. Pickerel-weed. Iws. subradical, cordate-oblong; fis. spiked—? Can. and U.S. A fine conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 1—2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4—7 by 13—3’, very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. 8. angustifolia. Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2 LEPTANTHUS. Michx. Gr. XeTros, slender, avSos}; in reference to the long tube of the perianth. Spathe 1-flowered ; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal; anthers of 2 forms; capsule !-celled, many- seeded.— Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. L. craminea. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schred.) St. floating, rooting at the lower joints; /vs. linear—A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1—2f long. Leaves 3—6’ long, 1—2” wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (1’) spathe. Tube 14/ long, limb in 6, linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors); filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl. Aug. - 47* 556 CLY. MELANTHACE. MELANTHIUM. 3. HETERANTHERA. R. & P. Gr. ireoa, otherwise, avn; the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. Spathe several-flowered; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal; stamens 3; anthers of 2 forms; capsule 3- celled, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary. H. renirormis. R. & P.. (Leptanthus. tigen St. prostrate or floating ; dvs. suborbicular, reniform or auriculate at base ; spalhe acuminate, few-flowered.—On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. States. Stem 4’ to a foot or more in length. Leaves 3/ by 3, on petioles 1—2/ long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. ‘Tube of the peri- anth 3’ long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl. Aug. Orpver CLV. MELANTHACE AL—MeEtantus. Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots. St. simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fis. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous. Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base. generally involute Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. TS : {in estivation. Ova. 3-celled, 9—many-ovuled. Styles distinct or 0. Stigmas undivided. Fr.—Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. Properties.—T he order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most power- ful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found inthis genus, as well as in most of the others. Conspectus of the Genera. 4 ed and petals sessile. y 2 A with 2 glands at base. ? Sepals and petals unguiculate. : si 2 ; ; Es cat calyculate. . Leaves linear. ? Perianth naked. Flowers perfect; Leaves setaceous, dry. 3 Sepals and . or diceecious. . . ( Leaves dilated... é P ; petalseach | without glands. ( Flowers polygamous. Racemescompound. . . . Veratrum. 3 1 ZIGADENUS. Michx. Gr. Zevyos, a pair, adnv, a gland; alluding to the glands of the segment. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands above its contracted base; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. 1. Z. Guaperrimus. Michx. Zigadene. Rt. bulbous; st. leafy; dvs. linear, channeled, recurved; bracts ovate, acu- minate ; segments of the perianth acuminate-—Wet meadows, N. York. Found near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2—3f high. Lower leaves © about 10’ long; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish-white flowers. Sepals yvate-lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each listinct and conspicuous. June. 2. Z. auaucus. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium. Nutt.) St. bulbous, nearly naked; lvs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather ob- mse; rac. subsimple ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet. aval or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland.—Sandy shores, Can. to Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nuttall. Stem 10—15/ high. Leaves glaucous, up- per gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little com- pound at base. Flowers few (10—20), greenish-white, on pedicels 1’ long, the segments with the 2 glands united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apex, 6—8-seeded. July, Aug. 2 MELANTHIUM. G7. peas, black, avSos ; alluding to the dark color of the flower. : Flowers moneecious-polygamous; perianth rotate, 6-parted, seg: VERATRUM. CLY. MELANTHACEA. 557, ments unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the sta- - mens; ovary often abortive ; capsule exserted, subovoid, summit tri- . fid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles; seeds margined.—St, erect, puberulent above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. . 1, M. Virernicum. (Leimanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.) Tvs. linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal; segments of the perianth sub- orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base—Native of wet meadows and margins . of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3—4f high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, and an inch wide, sessile ona contracted and subclasping base. Flowers green- ish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10—15’ in length. Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug. 2. M. nysripum. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem. ¢ Sch.) Iws. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones few and short; panicle long, of simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers; segments of the perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundish-rhomboidal; glands connivent; claws channeled, stameniferous below the middle-—Woods, Penn. to Ga.! Stem 2— 4f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate, the lowest contracted to the base or subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Periapth very open, yellowish-green, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to and involving the filaments. June, July. — B. robustior. Gray. Lower ls. lanceolate-oval; lower branches paniculate, compound. 3. VERATRUM. Lat. vere, atrum, truly black; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root. Flowers by abortion &% 2; segments of the perianth united at __ base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands; sta. 6, shorter than the perianth and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base, _ often abortive; styles short; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded. —Lws. alternate, broad and plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fls. paniculate. 1. Y. viripe. (V.album. Michz.) Poke. White Hellebore. Lws. broad-oval, acuminate ; panicle compound, racemose ; bracts oblong- lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels.—Can. to Ga.—A large- leaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numerous long fibres. Stem 2—4f high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined and plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July. The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with cau- tion.- When powdered it causes violent sneezing. 2. V. Woopu. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum. Lws. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, - many-flowered; fis, gf’ §, subsessile; segments of perianth oblanceolate, dark brownish-purple within.—Woods, Linton, Green Co., Ia.! Root fasciculate. Leaves 10—16’ long (including the 4—8’ petiole), 2—4/ wide. Bracts 1—3’/ long. Scape 3—6f high, paniculate } its length. Flowers 3! diam., nearly black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad, loose, membranous testa. July. 3. VY. ANGUSTIFOLIUM..Pursh. Grass-leaved Veratrum. Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminish- ing to subulate bracts; /ls. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the termi- nal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mostly sterile ; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate —A 558 CLV. MELANTHACE. Hetontas. very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid, erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish-white flowers. Leaves 1—2f by 2—3”, half-clasping. Panicle 1}f long, the lateral racemes 1—3’, the terminal one much longer; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. 4. AMIANTHIUM. A. Gr. . Gr. apwavros, pure, immaculate ; avSos ; alluding to the white flowers. Flowers © ; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands; stam. 6, inserted with the segments ; anthers reniform; ovaries 3, more or less united; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; carpels follicular, 1—4-seeded ; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy— Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves and numerous white flowers. A. muscrroxicum. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma. — Michz.) Fly-poison.—St. bulbous; lvs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, upper reduced to bracts; rac. simple; segments oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform ; carpels distinct above ; sty. divergent; seeds ovoid, red—Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1—2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about 1f long. Raceme 3—9/ long, dense-flowered, pedicels 6—9” long. Peri- anth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red when ripe. June, July. 2. A. LEIMANTHOIDES. Gray. Rt. fibrous; lvs. linear, flat; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated ; segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compressed.—N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2—4f high, the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on fili- form pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary filaments. July. ; 5. XEROPHYLLUM. Gr. Engos, dry, pvAdov, leaf. Flowers %; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile and without glands; stam. 6; filaments dilated and contiguous at base; ovary subglobose; styles 3, linear, revolute ; caps. subglobose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.— Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers. X. ASPHODELOIDES. Nutt. (X. setifolium. Michx. Helonias asph. Linn.) Lvs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above; pedicels with 2 alter- nate bracteoles, bractless at base; filaments at length equaling the segments of the perianthSandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3—5f high, very leafy. Radi- cal leaves 1f long, very narrow, crowded and cespitose. Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little longer. June. 6. HELONIAS. Gr. é\os, a marsh; where some species grow. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessile, and without glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned; cells many-seeded.— Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fs. in a terminal, simple raceme. 1, H. puuvata. (H. latifolia. Ph.) Lws. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate; scape simple, hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked; rac. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense ; anth. blue.—N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 10—18’ high, rather thick and fleshy. Leaves about as long as the scape, 1—13/ wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May. ae >| “« Juncus. : CLYI. JUNCACEZ. 559 2. H. pioica. Ph. (Veratrum luteum. Linn.) Unicorn Root. ) _ St. leafy; dvs. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rac. spiked, nodding, dicecious; ped. short, without bracts; sta. exserted; segments linear—In low grounds, Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12—30/ high, furrowed. Radical leaves 4—8’ by 4—1’, in a sort of whorl at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish-white, in long, terminal, spi- cate racemes which are more slender and weak on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, taper- ing to the base, opening at the top. ‘The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. June. 7 TOFIELDIA. Hudson. In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster. Flowers %, calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; lfts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts; sta. 6 ; anth. roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united; styles distinct, short ; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule 00-seeded—Lws. equitant, subradi- cal. Scape not bulbous. Els. spicate or racemose. T. euutinosa. Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple; dvs. shorter than the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps. longer than the perianth— Woods, Ohio, Sullivant! to Wis. Lapham! WN. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1—14f high, dotted with its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3—6’ by 3—6”, conduplicate. Spicate raceme 1—12’ long, 9—18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long asthe flowers. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, ob- lanceolate, less than 2’ long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice - longer than the perianth. Orver CLVI. JUNCACEAL.—Rwsues. Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Injlorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals) , Sta. 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celled. ‘ t Ova. 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre 1)-celled. Styles united into.l. Stigmas 3. 3 . Fr.—Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds tew or many, with a fleshy albumen. : Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant. Conspectus of the Genera. § Capsule mostly 3-celled. Seedsnumerous. . . . . . . Juncus. 1 ates Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell. P : - Luzula. 2 Perianth ? colored, yellow. s , - = : ‘ - Narthecium. 3 1 TAT DEC DS. Lat. jungo, to join; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. Perianth persistent ; stamens 6; capsule mostly 3-celled; seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. * Leaves none. Cymes apparently lateral. 1. J. Bauricus. Willd. Baltic Rush. Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, opaque, terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute; panicle small, short, lateral; perianth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate capsule—Sandy shores, Milwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the Saskatchawan and Labrador. Scape leafless, 12—18’ high, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3//—3’ long. Panicle 2—3/ be- low the apex of the scape, 1’ long. Flowers 20—40, reddish-brown. 2. J. actrus. Cespitose; scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base; panicle . 560 CLV1. JUNCACE. "Juncus. with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts ; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy sea- coasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 2— 3f high. Panicle 2—3/ long. Involucre with one of the bracts longer, the other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acumi- nate, reflexed at apex. July. 3. J. errusus. Soft Rush. Bull-rush. Scape straight, not rigid ; panicle lateral, loose, decompound ; caps. obovate, obtuse.— Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2—-3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white an- thers and yellowish seeds. June, July. 4. J. seraceus. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michz.) Bristly Rush. Scape filiform, striate; wmbel lateral, compound, few-flowered ; ped. com- pressed, several-flowered ; perianth segments very acute.—Swamps, Can. and U.S. Avery slender species, growing in tufts about2f high. Scapes sheathed at base. Panicle small, 20—30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the summit. July. 5. J. riuirormis. Linn. (not Michz.) Thread Rush Creeping, leafless; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid; pani- cle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. White Hills, N. H., Green. Scape a few inches in length. * * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete. 6. J. mimiraris. Bw. Bayonet Rush. Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; panicle terminal, proliferous ; hds. about 5-flowered ; st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high.—Ponds, N. Eng. ! Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2—3f long, inserted below the middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, ccm- posed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4—6 sessile flowers. 7. J. noposus. (J. polycephalus. Michz. J. echinatus. Muhl.) St. leaves subcompressed; panicle terminal, decompound; Ads. globose, dense, 10—15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid, very acute, about equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule; segments 3—6.—In boggy meadows, U.S. and Can. Stem 14—2f high. Leaves thick, jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp orawn. Aug. Sept. a. major. St. and lvs. thick, the latter longer, compressed ; hds. few, 6/’ diam. B. altior. St. (2f high) and lws. terete, very slender; Ads. 5—9, 4” diam. y. minor. Lws. almost filiform; Ads. 1—3, as large as in ~. 8. J. acuminatus. Michx. (J. acutiflorus. Hook ?) St. erect; lvs. terete; panicle terminal, compound; hds. 3—6-fiowered, both pedunculate and sessile; leaflets of the perianth \inear-lanceolate, mucro- nate, shorter than the acute capsule-—Very common in boggy meadows, U. S. Stem 12—18’ high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot-like joints. Panicle erect. Aug. > 9. J. supverticiLLATus. Willd. (J. fluitans. Micha.) St. few-leaved, compressed ; dvs. compressed, fistulous, articulate ; panicle subcorymbose, elongated ; fls. in dense, capitate fascicles; Ads. many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate cap- sules ; sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis., Lapham! Stem 18’/—2f high, slender, Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4—8’ in length, the branches subverticillate, diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins. 3 10. J. conrApi. Tuckerman, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. II. p. 328, imedit. St. leafy; dvs. few, terete, subfiliform, obscurely articulate, shorter than the stem; fs. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches LUZULA. CLVI. JUNCACE. 561 of the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth segments lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsule. R.I. Olney! toN. Y., Torrey. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6—9’ high, wiry. Bracts much shorter than the rather diffuse, thin panicle. ** * Leaves not articulate, radical. 11. J. Greenu. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Mul. ?) Scape tall, subterete, striate; dvs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; panicle subumbellate, 5-rayed; bracts setaceous, one of them very long; fs. single, approximate ; sep. and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular-acute, shining capsule.— Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Rickard! The handsomest of the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical, 1f or more high. Panicle 2—3/ long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Capsule 2” long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong, 12. J. renuis. Willd. Slender Rush. St. scape-like, slender, erect; dvs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; bracts 2—3, much longer than the panicle; fs. single, approximate, subsessile; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular capsule.—A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U.S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6—24’ high. Leaves very narrow, 3—8’ long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5—10-flowered, varying to subumbellate and 20—30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July. _ *** * Leaves flattish, channeled, cauline and radical. | 13. J. Buronius. Toad Rush. St. dichotomous above; lvs. grooved, subsetaceous; jis. oblong, subsoli- tary, sessile, unilateral—A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3—8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle at top. Leaves few,2—3/long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary. July, Aug. 14. J. BuLBosus. (J. uliginosus. Szbthorp. St. leafy, very slender, compressed; Jvs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than the bracts; fls. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobose, obtuse capsule.—A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Stems tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about 1f in length, tough and wiry. Leaves 3—8’ long. Bracts 6—12”. Flowers 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. July, Aug.—It makes good hay. 15. J. rriripus. Twree-leaved Rush. St. sheathed at base; /f solitary, linear-setaceous near the top; sheaths ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved.—Heads about 3-flowered, terminal. White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stems crowded, thread-like, 4f high. Radical leaves 1—2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparentlv forming With them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July. 16. J. Maricinatus. Rostkow. St. compressed ; Jvs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, proliferous ; fs. in capitate clusters, triandrous; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned.—In low grounds, Mass.! N. Y. toCar. Stems 1—3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing; cau- line 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3—6-flowered heads both pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged with dark purple, unequal. Aug. 2 LAL Blea De Italian Zwcciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. ‘ Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule 1- celled, 3-seeded; seeds fixed to.the bottom.—Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. flat, grass-like, generally pilose. F'ls. terminal. 562 CLVIL. COMMELYNACE. ComMELYNA. 1. L. campestris. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.) Field Rush. Lvs. hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; /fts. of the perianth ,anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule—In meadows, U.S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3—12/ high, according to the moisture. Leaves grass-like, 2—6/ long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. An early species, flowering in May. 2. L. prrosa. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.) Hairy Wood Rush. Lws. pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; jis. solitary ; caps. obtuse—Com- mon in woods and groves, Free States. Stem 4—10/ high. Radical leaves numerous, 2—4/ long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long, white hairs. Panicle 8—12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5—10” long, finally de- flexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. 3. L. MeLANocaRPA. Desy. (Juncus. Michz.) St. elongated; dvs. sublanceolate, glabrous; corymb decompound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3—5 pedicellate flowers; sep. ovate, acuminate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule.—Native of the White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stem 12—18’ high. Radical leaves 8—10’ by 3—5”, those of the stem much shorter, all verysmooth. Panicle large, nodding, many- flowered. Capsule black. June. 4. L. sprcAta. DC. (Juncus. Willd.) Lws. linear, hairy at the base; spike cernuous, compound; sep. acuminate- awned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule—White Hills, N. H., Boott. Stem 8—10’ high, slender, simple. Leaves 2—3’ long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. 3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr. Gr. vapSné, a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence. Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent; stam. 6; fila- ments hairy; caps. prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appen- daged at each extremity—% Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. F'ls. yellow. N. Americanum. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Mu/i.) Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform ; scape simple, bracted; rac. lax, in- terrupted; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower.—An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle States. Scapes 10—15’ high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nume- rous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3—7’ long. Perianth greenish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. Orver CLVIIL. COMMELYN ACT2R Sipmaeaedeuae Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals. Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ova. 2—3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one. 4 Fr.—Capsule 2—3-celled, 2—3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America. They are of little importance to man. Genera. 8 or 4 of them sterile. Commelyna. 1 Stamens 6, 2 all perfect. : . Tradescantia. 2 1 COMMELYNA. Dill. ; 1n honor of the brothers Commelyn, two German botanists. Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3—4 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive.—Lws. lance-linear, with sheaths at base. F's. en- folded in a conduplicate, persistent, spathaceous bract. Kinkte. CLVII. XYRIDACER. 563 1, C. ancustirotia. Michx.? (C. erecta. Willd.) Day Flower. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate; vs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, en- folding 2 peduncles and several flowers; pedicels contorted; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate; sta. 2, perfect—Dry soils, Middle! Southern and Western States! Plant nearly smooth, 12—18’ high, glabrous. Leaves 3—5’ by 8—14”, varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3—5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug. 2. C. Vireinica. Linn.? (C. longifolia. Michz.) Sf. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; vs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal; sta. 3, perfect.—Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (MuAl.) Harper’s Ferry! to Ga. A more slender, but erect species, 1—2f high. Leaves 3—5’ by 6—12”, usually narrow-lanceolate, pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1’ long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Pe- tals blue. July, Aug—WNeither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in the books, ; 2, TRADESCANTIA. Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Sepals persistent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments clothed with jointed hairs; anthers reniform—% Fs. an terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. 1. T. Viretnica. (Spider-wort. St. erect, simple or branched ; /vs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile, glabrous; fs. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent.—Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle! and Western States! common. Stem thick, round, jointed,2—3f high. Leaves numerous, subpilose, 12—18’ by 6—12”, the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May—Aug.—The juice of the plant is viscid and spins into thread; hence the common name. B.%>(T. subaspera. Sims.?) ws. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs; wmbels both axillary and terminal; fls. small, rose-colored.—Shady river banks, Ia.! 2. T. rosea. Michx. St. erect, simple; Jvs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul; ped. elongated ; cal. glabrous.——Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8—12/ high. Leaves 6—8’ by 2—3’. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1’ long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species. Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. Orver CLVIII. XYRIDACEA.—Xyros. Herbs, sedge-like, with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, giumaceous, petals 3, unguiculate. “he. (ments. Sta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petals, the other 3 abortive fila~ Ova. single. Style trifid. Stigmuas obtuse, lobed. : Fr.—Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placente, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyris extending into the United States. Of no important use. ; ¢ Y ao x= YRIS. Gr. évpos, acute-pointed ; in allusion to the form of the leaves. Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric; sepals cartilaginous; petals equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals; cap- sule 1-celled, with parietal placente.—Lws. narrowly linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the base of the scape. ls. in a terminal, dense head, petals yellow. 1. X. CarouiniAna. Lam. (X. Jupacai. Mz. X. flexuosa. Ell.) Yel- low-eyed a aoe slender, compressed and ancipitous above; lvs. 8 5b4 CLIX. ERICAULONACEZ. ERIOCAULON. linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the scape; head oblong-globose, obtuse; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, concave, scarious and yellowish at edge; lower ones empty; sep. not exserted; claws of petals as long as the scales.—2| Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. 8. not un- common. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1—2f high, 1’ diam. Leaves few, flat, 6—12’ by 2—3,” clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow, limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug. B. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. Mz.) ws. linear-subulate, short, much twisted.—Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species. y.? Olneyi. Wood. ILws. larger, nearly as long as the scape; strongly equi- tant-clasping at base; scales rather loosely imbricated ; sep. a little exserted; filaments hairy.—Cumberland, R. L, Olney! Scape 18—24’ high. Leaves 3— 4” wide.—Perhaps distinct, but its claims cannot now be satisfactorily deter- mined. , e 2. X. rimpriatus. Ell. Fringed Xyris. Scape tall, erect; lvs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape; head ob- long, with the scales loosely imbricated; sepals much exserted, briate—A large species, found in N. J. (Darlington) 8. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2—3f high. —I have never seen this species. Orpver CLIX. ERICAULONACEA.—Preworrts. Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves-sheathing at base. Fis. monecious or dicecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2—6-parted, or wanting. Sta. 6,some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1-celled. Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. Theyare of no known use. ERIOCAULON. Gr. ep.ov, wool, kavdos, stem; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose. Flowers £, collected into an imbricated head; involucre many- leaved. cin the disk; perianth single, 3-cleft, the 2 inner seg- ments united nearly to their summit; stamens 4—6. @ in the margin ; perianth single, deeply 4-parted; style 1; stigmas 2 or 3; capsule 2—3-celled, 2—3-lobed ; cells 1-seeded. 1. E. sepranGuLare. With. (E. pellucidum. Michz.) Pipewort. Smooth ; scape slender, about 7-furrowed ; Jvs. linear-subulate, pellucid, channeled, 5-veined; Ad. small, globose; scales of the involucre obtuse—A small plant of simple structure, in water, only the scape arising above the sur- face.. Leaves radical, submersed, in a small tuft at the bottom, 1—3’ by 1—2”, tapering to a point, transparent at base. Stem simple, erect, 4—12/ high, with a small, terminal, hemispherical head of close, white flowers. Jn. 2. E. pecaNGULARE. Michx. Tall Pipewort. ) Scape 10-furrowed ; /vs. ensiform, glabrous; ids. large, depressed-globose ; invol. scales oval, acute, those of the receptacle mucronate.—Ponds, N. J. to Car. Scape 2—3f high. Flowers very white. Aug. 3. E. GNapHALOIDEs. Michx. (E. decangulare. Walt.) Scape somewhat compressed, with 10 furrows; dvs. short, subulate, ensi- form, glabrous; hds. hemispheric-convex; invol. of shining, scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales.—In still waters, Scape 10—14/ high. July. : CLASS IV. GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Fiowers with glumes; or floral organs enclosed in imbricated bracts, and arranged in spikelets, having no proper perianth (calyx or corolla). Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule and becoming a one-seeded fruit (achenium or caryopsis). Orver CLX. CYPERACE2®.—Sences. Herbs mostly perennial, coarse, grass-like, cespitose. Root fibrous or rarely tuberous. Stems (culms) usually solid with pith, generally without joints or nodes, and triangular. Lvé. with their sheaths entire. Injlorescence mostly capitate or spicate. Fis. perfect or monecious, solitary in the axil of each bract (glume, scale). Per. wanting, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles, or a cup-shaped or saccate perigyniwm. Sta. definite (1—12), mostly 3.. Anthers fixed by their base, entire, 2-celled. Ova. generally either surrounded by bristles, or invested in the saceate perigynium. Ovule erect. Sty. 2or 3, more or less united. Szigmas undivided, rarely bifid. | Fr.anachenium. Embryo in the end of the albumen next the hilum. Genera 112, species 2000. The sedges abound in almost all countries and climes of the globe, and in all localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 25 genera and 340 species are known in North America. Properties.—They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms of chairs. Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subserve many highly important ends in the economy of nature. . Conspectus of the Genera. Flowers in axillary, racemose spikelets. . . . |. |. « Dulichium. 1 ibis Spikelets linear, many-flowered, distinct, loose. Cyperus. 2 distichously : - Ach. triangular. Mariscus. 3 imbricated. (Fis. all terminal. ( Spikelets 1—2-flowered, inhds. ¢ Ach lenticular. Kyllingia: 4 Perigynium of3 ovate, unguiculate petals, with 3bristles. Fuirena. 5 Leaves 0. Spike solitary, terminal. . Eleocharis. 6 Bristles 3—6. .... . .« .. »,Seirpus. 7 Bristles numerous, long. . Eriophorum. 8 Fis. all | Leaves Style 2-cleft. . Fimbristylis. 9 .termin. (present. . Bristles 0. ¢Style 3-cleft. . Trichelostylis. 10 Bristles 3—6. Sty. deciduous. Scirpus. 7 Flowers all lateral. ?@Bristles 0. Leavesradical. . Hemicarpha. 11 Style short, bulbous at base. Rhynchospora. 13 none. Flowers ( Brist. 8—6. ¢Style very long, horn-like. . Ceratoschenus.14 2 F | oth Spikelets 20—30-flowered. . Psilocarya. 12 =| aly or (Ach. not | 3|axiland) Spikelets re corky, brown. Cladium. 15 = | irregularly 4 enclosed. (a \termin. | Bristles 0. ( few fiwrd. ? Ach. bony, white. Scleria. 16 © Uimbricated. ( Achenium enclosed in a saccate perigynium. Fis. declinous. - Carex. 17 Trizel. CYPEREZ.—Flowers $. Spikelets distichously imbrieated. 1 DULICHIUM. Gr. dum, two, Aetynv, scale ; alluding w the glumes in two rows? Spikelets linear-lanceolate, subcompressed; glumes sheathing, closely imbricated in 2 rows; style long, bifid, the persistent base crowning the compressed achenium; ovary invested with sete.— Stem leafy. Spikes axillary, racemose. D. spatHaceum. Pers. (Cyperus. Linn. Scirpus. Michz. S¢. round, leafy and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below; Jvs. alternate, pointing 3 ways, 2—4’ by 3”; sheaths tubular, shorter than the inter- nodes; spikes axillary from within the sheaths and terminal, each consisting of 8—10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikelets in 2 rows; spikelets 5—7-flowered, nearly an inch in length; giwmes linear-lanceolate—2 Marshes, borders of streams, U.S. and Can. Aug. 2. CYPERUS. Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbricated in two, opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed ; ovary generally without setee.—Mostly %4. Stem simple, leafy at base, mostly triangu- lar, bearing an involucrate, simple or compound wmbel at top. 566 CLX. CYP RACE. CYPERus. §. 1. Style 2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 1. C. ruavescens. Yellow Sedge. St. leafy, triquetrous ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 15—20-flowered, in fasei- cles of 3 or 4; invol. of 3, unequal leaves, longer than the spikes ; glwmes ovate, obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; ach. mucronate, somewhat rugose, dark brown.—2 Marshy grounds, U.8., not common. Stems and leaves about 8’ high, the former with yellowish-green spikes in a terminal umbel with unequal rays. 47. C. strictior. Dew. d' Spikes 1—2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes; Q spikes 2—3, cylindric, g above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute glume; st. a foot and more high, trique- trous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves towards the base; Jus. erect, close; whole plant glaucous except the spikes.— Wet places, common. 48. C. stricta. 3 Spikes 1—2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and obtuse; Q spikes 2—3, long-cylindric, upper half 3’, lower longer, short-peduncu- late, loosely-flowered below ; perig. ovate-acuminate or elliptic, compressed, at the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than the perigynia; st. 2f high, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves, Boott—Wet places, as bogs, common. 49. C. acora. Spikes long and slender; g'2—3; 9 3—4, long, slender, cylindric, short- pedunculate, nodding towards maturity, remotish, bracteate ; perig. oval or ob- long, obtuse, orifice protended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong, acute glume; s¢. acute, triquetrous, lax; the stamens at the summit of the pistillate spikes render them acute-—Common. B. erecta. Dew. (Schk. fig. 85,.c.) Spikes shorter, 2 of each; 9 nearly erect, oblong, close-flowered; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume.—Evi- dently misplaced by Schkusr. y. sparsiflora. Dew. (Schk. fig. 92, 6.) Q Spikes very long, recurved, very sparsely flowered below.—Common. : 50. C. aquarTitis. Wahl. do Spikes 1—4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, ob- tusish; Q spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1—2’ long, sub- erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate, acutish glume; st. 20—30’ high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous.— In marshes and wet places, common. 51. C. crinira. Lam. 3 Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers; 2 spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often § at summit; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-ros- trate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about } as long as the oblong, obtusish, scabrous-awned glume ; s/. 12—24’ high, rough, triquetrous—Common in wet places. B. gynandra. Dew. (C. gynandra. Schw.) Q Spikes pendulous, thicker in the midst; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia. 52. C. paueacea. Schreb. Schk., fig. 125. Q Spikes about 4, long-cylindric, densely-flowered, recurved, with a long, reclined peduncle; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginate at the ori- fice, convex both sides ; g/wmes terminated by a long, serrate point more than thrice the length of the perigynia; s/. 20—42’ high, recurved, rough-edged, pale green.—Common in dry grounds. bas Carex. CLX. CYPERACEZ. 583 II, Stigmas three, D. Spikes androgynous. Monecious. iL. Stamens at the summit. ae Spike single. 53. C. potyTricHéipes. Muhl. (C. microstachya. Mz.) Spike oblong, terminal; perig. 3—8, oblong, alternate, subtriquetrous, gla- brous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucro- nate glume; st. 4—12’ high, very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves. —Common in wet and cold grounds, 54. C. LENEOGLOCHIN. Ehrh. -(C. pauciflora. Lightfoot.) Spike about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 f flowers at the apex; perig. lanceo- late, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reflexed, twice longer than the oblong- lanceolate glume; st. 3—8’ high, with subradical and linear leaves.—In Ashfield and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh, Porler. be One or more radical peduncles with a single spike. 55. C. pepuncuLAétTa. Muhl. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate; perig. obo- vate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; st. 4—12’ high, triangular, rather procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from the 9 spike—Common in woods. Flowers early in the spring. 56. C. WitipEnowm. Schk. Sts. or radical ped. 1—3; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or the stamens removed a little; perig. 3—6, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above; Q glumes ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaf-like, much surpassing the stem.—On dry grounds, common throughout the U. S.—One variety has the g\ spike distinct; another is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Flor. 57. C. Stenpeii. Kth. Sts. or radical ped. 1—8' long; spike commonly single, stameniferous above; perig. 1—4, subglobose or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete and conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice; Q glumes usually long and leafy ; /vs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the stems.—Jefferson Co., N. Y and in Ohio and the Western States. 58. C. Bacxtr. Boott. Ped. radical, 1—4f high, stiff, thick or large; spike single, commonly sta- meniferous above, short; perig. ovate, globose, smooth, conic-rostrate, entire at the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit; 2 glwmes usually long and leaf-like, enclosing the fruit; lvs. radical, flat, thick, rough or scabrous and short.—Jefferson Co., N. Y.and Arctic Am.—The three preceding species are closely related, and yet look very different. 2. Spikes staminate at the base. Ce Spikes one, often more. 59. C. sQUARROSA. Spikes 1—4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first by the decurrent,¥ flowers, all very densely flowered ; perig. ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 1—2f high, slender for the large spike or spikes ; lower spikes pedunculate.—Large and fine. I[t is C. typhirea Mx. when only one spike is present. B. (C. typhinoides. Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. E. Spikes diacious. 60. C. scrrPéipEA. Mz. Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish; § glume oblong, obtusish ; perig. ovate, (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, scarious on the edge; st. 4—10/ high, erect ; lvs. flat and long.— White Mts., N. H., Oakes. 584 CLX. CYPERACEZ. Carex. F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the summit ; the other pis- tallate. 61. C. virescens. Muhl. Spikes 2—4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate ; wpper spike very rarely wholly ¢; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about equal to it; s¢. 1—2f high, rather slender; Jvs. towards the base——Whole plant pubescent and light green. 8. costata. Schw. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown ; ls. numerous and larger.—Both are common in open woods and hedges. 62. C. nirsvTa. Spikes 3, short-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, the lower subsessile and long- bracteate, all approximate and densely flowered; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, obtuse, entire at the orifice, glabrous in maturity, about equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous glume; st. 12—20’ high; lvs. and sheaths retrorsely pubescent ; upper spike very rarely all ¢.—Moist upland meadows. Common. B. pedunculata. Torr. Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate; Jvs. slightly pubescent.—Common. C. Triceps (Mz.) much resembles this,—is not pubes- cent but glabrous. E 63. Buxpaumu. Wahl. Spikes about 4, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly 3’, and sometimes Q' above and below; pistiliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile, bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mu- cronate glume; st. 10—18’ high, leafy towards the base—Common in wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed by Schk., Wahl., &c., in the division having 3. . 64. C. GraciLLima. Schw. Spikes 3—4, long, graceful, sub-loose-flowered, distant, long-pedicellate, recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one rarely all ¢; perig. oblong, trique- trous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-lobed, longer than the oblong and obtuse and short-awned glume; st. often 2f high, reddish towards the base, leafy and subprocumbent, pale green.—Common in damp meadows. _-65. C. rormosa. Dew. Spikes 3—4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slen- der peduncle, recurved; perig. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lubed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and acute glume; st. 1—2f high, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish bright green—Common in wet meadows. 66. C. Davisu. Torr. (C. Torreyana. Dew.) . . Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pedicellate, pen- dulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume; st. 1—2f high, triquetrous, sca- brous above, with leaves equaling it; dvs. and sheaths pubescent, sometimes but very little, light green.—First found on the alluvial meadows of the Housa- tonic in Mass., Dewey. Sometimes nearly pubescent. G. Staminate spike single. ’ 1. Pistillate spikes short and sessile or nearly sessile. Peryginia radiating or diverging. 67. C. varia. Muhl. 3’ Spike erect, short or subelongated; Q spikes 3, ovate, sessile, rather near, bracteate, few-flowered; perig. ovate or sub-globose, subtriquetrous, acu- minate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acuminate glume; st. 6—15’ high, erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green.— Dry woods and hedges; common. ; B. pedicellata. Dew, has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate, erect, loose-flowered ; perig. more numerous.—Grows in the same situations. | 4 : i | } CaREX. CLX. CYPERACEZ. 585 68. C. peNNsyLvaNica. Lam. (C. marginata. Mud.) Oo Spike erect, pedunculate, subtriquetrous, with an obtuse glume; 92 spikes 1—3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flowered; perig. ovate-glo- bose, tomentose, short-rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to the ovate- acuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume; st. 4—12’ high, erect, stiff, with short leaves.—Open woods and hedges, common—much resembles the preceding, but larger in all its parts, and readily distinguished by its differ- ent aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales. 69. C. Emmonsi. Dew. 3’ Spike sessile, short; Q spikes 2—3, approximate, sessile, few-flowered, often one long radical peduncle; perig. globose-triquetrcus, attenuated at the base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to the ovate glume; st. decumbent, 6—10’ high, leafy at the base, pale ash-green—On dry fields and hills; common. : 70. C. Novz-ancuiz. Schw. & Spike short, slender, oblong; 9 spikes 2—3, ovate, alternate, sessile, remotish, few-flowered, bracteate; perig. 3—6, oval-triquetrous, rostrate, cos- tate, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucronate glume; st. 48’ high, slender, subdecumbent, longer than the leaves.—Pale green. Open woods in high grounds. B. collecta. Dew. (C. collecta. Dew.) St. 10—16’ high, very slender erect; Q spikes 2—4, lower short-pedunculate; perig. more tapering into a beak, slightly bidentate—High lands of Mass.; not abundant. 71. C. umpBeLuAtTa. Schk. 3 Spike short, erect; 2 spikes several, each on its radical peduncle, ovate, subumbellate ; perig. ovate or globose, 5—8, acutish at either end, rostrate, short-bidentate, pubescent, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 44’ high, with very long leaves. B. vicina. Dew. 1 or 2 9 spikes close to the J’, sessile ; the other g spikes on their own stems or radical peduncles.—In small tufts on dry hills. Both varie- ties grow on the same root, but Schk. saw and figured only the first. 72. C. pre=cox. Jacq. 3’ Spike erect, subclavate; 9 spikes 1—3, ovate, bracteate, approximate, lower one short-pedunculate; perig. 6—12, ovate and subglobose, triquetrous, pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume; sf. 2—6! high, leafy at the base.—On rocky hills, Salem, Mass., Pickering, Ips- wich, Mass., Oakes. 2. Pistillate spikes with nearly inclosed peduncles. 73. C. vestira. Willd. 3 Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric, oblong; Q spikes 2, ovate-oblong, ses- sile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above ; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume; st. 18—30’ high, acutely triangu- lar and leafy below.—Common in wet places over the country. 74. C. pupescens. Muhl. Q Spikes 2—3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest pedunculate; perig. ovate-triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubes- cent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume; st. 10—20’ high, and with the leaves, pubescent—Moist woods and meadows; common. 75. C. ruava. LD. Q Spikes 2—4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous; perig. ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, reflexed with a long, curved beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10—20’ high, rather obtusely angled or triquetrous; glabrous; yellowish-greenWet and cold soils; com- mon. 6. C. LEPIDOCARPA. T'aush. » y_Spikes 1—3, short and round-ovate, often aggregated, sessile, dense- dowere., the lowest sometimes remote and pedunculate; perig. ovate, trique- 586 CLX. CYPERACEA. Carex. trous, inflated, nerved, rostrate, and at last recurved, 2-toothed, diverging, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse glumes; plant yellowish-green.—Mass., N. Y., Mich—Formerly confounded with C. flava. . 77. C. ALDERI. Spikes sometimes androgynous; Q about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes ¢' above or below, bracteate; perig. rather obovate, subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate glume; st. 2—10/ high, leafy.—Pale yellow. Mass. and N. Y. —abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 78. C. trenracutatTa. Muhl. Q Spikes 2—4, oblong, cylindric, bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearly sessile, densely flowered; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabro- mucronate glume; st. 1—2f high, often large, triquetrous; vs. linear-lanceo- late, longer than the stem.—In clusters in wet or marshy places; common. 79. C. rostrata. Michx. 3’ Spike short and small; Q spikes 2—3, sub-globose, or capitate, bracte- ate; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate- oblong, acutish glume; st. 8—16’ high, few-leaved, erect, stiff—Pale yellow. At the base of the White Mts., N. H., Oakes; also in Canada, where Mx. found it. Has been called a variety of C. Xanthophysa Wahl. 80. C. 1ntumescens. Rudge. (C. folliculata. Schk. fig. 52. 3 Spike oblong, pedunculate; 9 spikes 1—3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly pedunculate; perig. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer than the ovate-cuspi- date glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very glabrous.—Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes; common. B. globularis. Gray. Q spikes large, globular, many-fruited—_Grows in the same situations. 81. C. rotuicuLATa. (C. Xanthophysa. Wahi.) Q Spikes 2—4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often ¢ at the apex, long brac- teate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, twice longer than the oblong-ovate, acute glume; st. 2—5f high, leafy; lws. linear-lanceolate, long and flat.—Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places; com- mon. 82. C. nuputina. Muhl. (C. lurida. Wadi.) ‘wi Spike erect, slender, subsessile; Q spikes 2—4, ovate-oblong, large and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant; perig. ovate-conic, ventricose, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 1—3f high, tri- quetrous, leafy ; /vs..and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge.— Bright green. Finely named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about ponds, common. B. polystachya. 'Torr. Q Spikes about 5, very long-cylindric, the lowest re- mote and very long-pedunculate; perig. less inflated—Swamps, in Phillips- town, N. Y., on the Highlands, Barratt. 3. Pistillate spikes exsertly pedunculate. 83. C. pranracinea. Lam. Schk., fig. '70. (C. latifolia. Wahl.) Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes; 9 spikes 3—5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-peduncu- late, the lower ones exsertly-pedunculate, with subulate bracts; perig. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex, and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. 8—18’ high, erect, triquetrous, with dark brown sheaths; /vs. radical, broad, ensiform, strongly AREX. CLX. CYPERACE. 587 3-nerved.—Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the first appearing species in the spring. 84, C. CarbyAna. & Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes; Q spikes 2—3, evate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper subsessile, all bracteate; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume; st. 1—2f high, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base; lwvs. linear-lanceolate.— Pale green. ‘Woods, Auburn; N. Y., Carey, and in various places in Ohio; closely related to C. plantaginea, and to C. F’raseri of the Southern States. 85. C. anceps. Schk, (C. plantaginea. Mul.) Spikes 2—4, subfiliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote, with a 2-edged peduncle, leafy-bracteate, upper one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glume; st. 6—12’ high, acutely triquettous; Jvs. radical, of medium width—Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, common. . B. patulifolia. Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, many- veined, narrower at the base; sheaths with long and leafy bracts ; perig. longer- rostrate. y. angustifolia. Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high; dvs. narrow, striate, long; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 86. C. BLhanDAa. Dew. (C. conoidea. MuAl.) Q Spikes 2—4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, approxi- mate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle; perig. obovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume; st. 8—12’ high, trique- trous, leafy towards the base; /vs. long as the stem.—Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. 87. C. conorpea. Schk. (C. granularioides. Schw.) od Spikes 2—3, oblong, or ovate-oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate-subulate glume; st. 8—12’ high; Jws.- towards the base, shorter than the stem.—Bright green. Moist, upland mea- dows, common. 88. C. TeTanica. Schk., fig. 207. Q Spikes 2—3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote; perig. obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike; st. 6—10’ high, triquetrous, longer than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves.—Light green. Upland meadows, rare. 89. C. piciratis. Willd. Q Spikes about 3, 4d—10-flowered, oblong, distant, loose-flowered, lax and recurved ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 4—12! high, triquetrous, shorter than the long, decumbent leaves.—Pale green. 8. Van Weckii. Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller.—Open, moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oligocarpa, Schk. g Muh. 90. C. rETROCURVA. Dew. Q Spikes 2—4, on long, filiform and recurved peduncles, bracteate, sub- dense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, ob- tusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 6—12’ high, prostrate; dvs. radical and wide.—Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digitalis, Wilid., but is different. 91. C. onicocarpa. Schk. a Q Spikes 2—3, erect, 3—4-flowered, bracteate ; perig. obovate, roundish- triquetrous, short-rostrate, entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucro- nate glume; st. 6—12’ high; dvs. flat and shorter towards the base; plant light green.—Open woods or hedges, rare. Differs from the following species in its fruit and pubescence. 50 o 688 CLX. CYPERACEZ. Carex. 92. C. Hircucockiana. Dew. wi ov Spike erect, pedunculate; 9 spikes 2—3, erect, few-flowered, lowest dis- tant; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or shorter than the oblong or ovate, mucronate glume; st. 10—24’ high, erect, stiff, scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts; st. lvs. and bracts scabrous and sub- pubescent.—Borders of woods. Cannot be the C. oligocarpa figured by Schkuhr. 93. C. LaAxirLora. Lam. do Spike oblong, slender; Q spike 2—4, oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, erect, remote; perig. Ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro- mucronate glume; st. 10—18’ high, triquetrous, leafy—Bright to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common. 94. C. GranuLaris. Muhl. Q Spikes 2—4, cylindric, oblong, dense-flowered, suberect ; perig. round- ish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume; st. 8—16/ high, erect or subdecum- bent, smooth, leafy.—Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. 95. C. PANICEA. Q Spikes 2—3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-pedunculate; perig. subglobose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; lvs. shorter than the stem. —Light green. Near Boston, Pickering. 96. C. BINERVIs. Smith. Q Spikes 3, oblong, cylindric, subdense-flowered ; perig. ovate, round, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, sub- acute glume; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the base.— Pale green. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. 97. C. Greentina. Dew. 3 Spike one and erect, sometimes 2; Q spikes 2—3, oblong, bracteate, pedunculate; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, ‘subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 1—2f high, scabrous above, leafy towards the base—Light green. Resembles C. fulva, Good, but differs in its fruit and glume. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. Rare. 98. C. Grayina. Dew. 3 Spike oblong; Q spikes 2—3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-flowered ; perig. ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the obtuse, oblong glume; s¢. 6—16/ high, erect, triquetrous, striate, with leaves about its own length—Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near Utica, N. Y., Gray; cedar swamp, N. J., Torrey. Has been supposed to be C. livida, Wahl., trom which it differs in several respects. 99. C. Hatseyana. Dew. 3’ Spike oblong, erect, sessile, often 2, approximate ; Q spzkes 1—2, oblong- cylindric, erect, loose-flowered, sometimes ¢' above; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, subtriquetrous, inflated, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, subacute glume; s¢. 1—2f high, acutely triquetrous; lvs. linear-lanceo- late, shorter towards the base.— Dark green.—Upland meadows, Westfield, Ms., Davis; plains of N. J., Kneiskern. 100. C. CAPILLARIS. o Spike small; Q spikes 2—3, ovate, oblong, about 6-flowered, loose- flowered, long and recurved pedunculate; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume; st. 2—7’ high, leafy at the base ; lvs. narrow, long.—Grows in tufts. Palegreen. Alpine regions of the White Mts., J2obtins. 101. C. esurnes. Booit. (C. alba. 8. setifolia. Dew.) Q Spikes 2—3, erect, 3—6-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the ¢ spike ; perig. ovate-globose, rostrate or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, ¢ : Carex. CLX. CYPERACER. 589 hyaline glume ; st. 4—10’ high, erect, with subradical and bristle-form leaves.— Pale green, common. Abundant along the banks of the Genesee. 102. C. peBitis. Michx. (C. flexuosa. Schk.) 3 Spike erect, filiform; Q spikes 3—4, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous, nodding, remotish, 1—2’ long; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alter- nate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-lanceo- late glume; st. 1—2{ high, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the base.—Bright green. Moist woods and meadows, common. 103. C. arcrara. Boott. (C. sylvatica. Dew.) Q Spikes 3—4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricose, bifid, gla- brous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume; st. 10— 20’ high, scabrous above and leafy below.—Pale green, In the same situations as the preceding, common. 104. C. rtexitis. Rudge. (C. castanea. Wahl. C. blephoriphora. Gray.) Q Spikes 2—4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume; st. 12—18’ high, erect, striate ; lvs. short, and shorter below; Jwvs. and éracts ciliate. —Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y., Gray. 105. C. WasuineTonrina. Dew. do Spike erect, with oblong and obtuse black glumes; spikes 2—5, oblong, cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, black or dark brown, sub- distant, upper sessile ; perzg. oval, acutish at both ends, glabrous, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate-oblong, subacute, blackish glume with a white edge; st. a foot or more high, triquetrous, subscabrous above.— Light green. Seed distinctly triquetrous. Near summit of Mt. Washington, N. H., Barratt. Is distinct from C. sazatilis, L., already described as found on the White Mts. . : 106. C. SULLIVANTII. Q Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracteate, and the lowest long-pedunculate and sparsely flowered below; perig. ovate, acute and subrostrate, subtriquetrous and 2-toothed, equaling the ovate-oblong and mucronate glume; plant light green.—Ohio. 107. C. Knieiskernu. Dew. Q Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-flowered, with recurved peduncles; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2- toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume, which is obtusish and short-mucronate. 108. C. Woop. Dew. Q Spikes 1—3, ovate-oblong, loose-flowered, erect, lower long-peduncu- late, recurved; perig. obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, closed at the orifice, tapering below, twice longer than the ovate and acutish glume; Jws. narrow as a and with the stem closely and slightly pubescent.—Jefferson Co., 4. Pistillate spikes scarcely sheathed. 109. C. paLLEscens. L. Q Spikes 2—3, oblong, short, cylindric, distant, nodding towards maturity ; perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate glume; st. 6—16’ high, hardly erect; bracts sometimes transversely rugose.— Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common. 110. C. unpuLAtTa. Kunze. Q Spikes 2, erect, ovate-oblong; perig. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse, striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucro- nate glume; st. 12—18’ high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous; lower bract trans- versely waved-plicate ; /vs. pubescent.—In the same situation as the preceding, and scarcely to be distinguished from it. 111. C. Torrevi. Tuckerman, od Spike oblong, short pedunculate; © spikes 2—3, short, oblong, subses- 590 CLX. CYPERACE. Carex. ~wmnane sile, erect; yerig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume; st. 12—18' high, erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pubescent leaves.—Pale green. N. Y. Tuckerman. 112. C. mmuiacea. Muhl. o Spike erect, slender; 9 spikes 2—3, long-cylindric, slender, loose-flowered below, nodding; perig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, awned glume; sé. 12—24' high, slender, scabrous ; dvs. linear-lanceolate—Yellowish-green. Wet meadows; common. 113. C. Limésa. Spikes 1—3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, smoothish, pendulous; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate glume; sé. 8—16' high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow leaves.—Glaucous green. Marshes; common. 114. C. RarirLora. Smith. (C. limosa. @. rariflora. Wahi. Q Spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; perig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, brown glume; s¢. 10’ high.—Glaucous. White Mountains, N. H., Barratt. 115. C. mricua. Smith. (C. limosa. @. irrigua. Wohl.) Q Spikes 2—3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red-brown glume; st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves; glau- cous.—( Spike rarely Q at the summit, or 9 spikes with stamens at the base. Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y., Gray; also in marshes in Mass, and Mich., Cooley. Rare. 116. C. nystericina. Willd. 3’ Spike rarely pistillate at the summit; 9 spikes 24, oblong, cylindric, attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; perig. ovate, inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submucronate glume; st. 12—24’ high, scabrous above, with long, linear-lanceolate leaves.—Yellowish green. Wet places; very common. 117. C. Psreupo-cypPeErus. o Spike cylindric and elongated; Q spikes 3—4, cylindric, long-peduncu- late, rather remote, recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate, lanceolate, bidentate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-Jance- olate or setaceous glume.—Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in all its parts than C. comosa, Boott; and, besides, the fruit of the latter is deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have been confounded in our country, though long known. 118. C. comosa. (C. furcata. Ell. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 1st edit.) 3 Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above; Q spikes 2—5, long- cylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-forked, reflexed, triquetrous, gla- brous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate, setaceous glume; st. 18—30' high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts.—Plant very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches; common. 119. C. Cooteyi. Dew. 3 Spike short and small, with oblong-lancelate glumes; © spikes 2—4, cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, wpper sessile, lower on very long, recurved peduncles; perig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate, bifureate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous glume; sé. filiform and scabrous, subrostrate, a foot or more high, much shorter than the subradi- cal, narrow leaves.—Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich., Cooley. 120. C. scaprata. Schw. Q Spikes 3—6, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the CaREx. CLX. CYPERACEX. 591 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate glume; st. 1—2f high, acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards the base.— Bright green. Along brooks and streams; common. 121. C. Crawer. Dew. Q Spikes 3—6, cylindric, short and thick, densely flowered, sometimes aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-peduncu- late; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and obtusish glume; spike with one or two small ones at its base. 122. C. pouyMorPHA. Muhl. do Spikes long cylindric, upper one pedunculate, with oblong and ovate scales; Q spikes 2, oblong, cylindric, close-fruited, erect, nearly sessile, upper one staminate at the apex, with nearly enclosed peduncles; perig. ovate, acu- minate, bilobate, scarcely rostrate, striate, longer than the ovate glume.—N. J. and the Southern States. Differs from D. Halseyana in its g\ spikes and obtuse glume, in its acuminate, not rostrate fruit, and its larger, fertile spikes. H. Staminate spikes usually two or more. 123. C. Scuwenirzi. Dew. o Spikes 2, rarely 1, wpper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia at the base; Q spikes 2—4, oblong, cylindric, subapproximate, subrecurved, subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, subsetaceous glume; st. 6—12’ high, scabrous above, very leafy.— Pale yellowish-green. Wet sandy grounds. . Not abundant. 124. C. rETRoRSA. Schw. do Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base; & spikes 4—6, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, with long and leafy bracts, the lowest often remote and long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-inflated, sub- globose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 15—30’ high, scabrous above, large, stiff and leafy—Bright green. In clusters, about pools of water, common. ‘The lower spikes sometimes have 1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 125. C. aristata. R. Br. Spikes 2—4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-rostrate, longer than the oblong, awned glume; Jvs. and sheaths villose on the under side; st. a foot or more high.—Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., Torr. g Gray. Is not this very closely related to the following species ? 126. C. tricHocarpa. Muhl. 3 Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or 9 above, cylindric, lower shorter; 9 spikes 2—4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose-flowered ; perig. ovate, conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice lon- ger than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 15—30’ high, scabrous above, and with pubescent leaves and sheaths.—Light green. In wet and marshy places; common. B. turbinata. Dew. Q Spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, dense- flowered; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate- oblong, mucronate glume; st. 2—3f high—Glaucous green. In a pond in Beckman, N. Y., there abundant. 127. C. Lonetrostris. Torr. & Spikes 3, short; Q spikes 2—3, cylindric, quite loose-flowered, pendu- lous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles; perig. ovate, globose, inflated, gla- brous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspi- date glume; st. 15—30’ high, rather slender, stiff, leafy below.—Bright green. On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common. 128. C. tanuainosa. Michx. _ (C. pellita. Muh.) 3 Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect; 9 spikes 2—3, cylindric, erect, dense- flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate; perig. ovate, short- rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling 50* 592 CLX. CYPERACEZ. CarRpx. the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume; st. 12—24’ high, erp pa below, with flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts.—Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and marshes. Common. ; 129. C. ritirormis. Gooden. ms & Spikes 2—3, with oblong glumes; 9 spikes 2—3, ovate, oblong, short- cylindric, close-flowered, remotish, erect; perig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume; st. 20—30’ high, erect, slen- der stiff, with convolute leaves and bracts.—Pale green. Marshes. Common, 130. C. tacustris. Willd. 3 Spikes 3—4, erect, sessile; Q spikes 2—3, erect, oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, gla- brous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume; st. 2—3f high, sca- brous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts.—Light green. Marshes. Common. 131. C. riparia. Gooden. + 3 Spike 3—5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile; Q spikes 2—3, erect, oblong, often long-cylindric;- perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a short, bifurcate beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucronate, or oblong- lanceolate glume; st. 2—3f high, scabrous above, leafy below.—Bright green. 132. C. oticosPperMA. Michx. (Oakesiana.. Dew.) ‘ do Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cylindric, with an oblong obtusish glume; Q spikes 1—3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant; perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 1—2f high, sca- brous above, leafy below; Jvs. involute and rush-like.—Light green. About the lakes of N. Eng. and N. Y. Abundant in the marshes of Micu. 9 133. C. VESICARIA. o Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; Q spikes 2—3, cylindric, erect, dense- flowered, alternate, long-bracteate; perig. ovate, oblong-conie, terete, inflated, rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; st. about 2f high, shorter than the leaves.—Bright green. Marshes. Not common. - B. utriculata. Dew. (C. utriculata. Boott.) Perig. oblong-elliptic, nerved, cylindric-rostrate, bicuspidate, more or less longer than the lanceolate, sca- brous-awned glume.—Marshes, with the other. 134. C. aMPULLACEA. Gooden. on 3 Spikes 2—4, oblong, cylindric, erect; Q spikes 2—3, long-cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate, sometimes ¢ above; perzig. subglobose, inflated, diverging, nerved, glabrous, setaceous, rostrate, bifurcate; little longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 2—3f high, obtusely triquetrous, leafy —Light green. Marshes. Common. . 135. C. MoniLE. Tuckerman. 3 Spikes 2—4, long, slender, cylindric, with a long, lanceolate glume; 9Q spikes 2, long, cylindric, short-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, long-conic, subtriquetrous, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, more than twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; st. 15—30’ high, erect, with long leaves and bracts.—Bright green. Marshes. Not common. More loose- flowered and fruit longer than that of C. visicaria. L. 136. C. sutiata. Schk. o Spikes 3, erect, slender, cylindric, with oblong-lanceolate glumes; © spikes 2—3, rather long, cylindric, nearly erect; perig. ovoid-globose, inflated, glabrous, costate, with a Jong, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lance- olate glume ; st. 20—30’ high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy and shorter than the leaves.—Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Com- mon. 137. C. Tuckermini. Dew 3 Spikes 2—3, cylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong, acutish glume; 9 spikes 2—3, oblong, cylindric, thick and large, pedunculate, subloose-flowered ; perig. inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, gla- CLXI. GRAMINEZ. 593 brous, nerved, twice longer than: the ovate-lanceolate glume; s¢. about 2f high, erect, scarcely scabrous; bracts and lvs. long, not wide; light green.—Wet places in meadows, common, and. has been ranked under C. bullata. 138. C. mirata. Dew. (C. arista. Dew. noi of R. Br.) 3 Spikes 2 or more, long-cylindric; Q spikes about 2, long-cylindric, pe- dunculate, subdense-flowered, suberect ; perig. ovate, conic, long rostrate, cos- tate, bifureate, glabrous, subinflated at the base, about equaling the ovate, long-setaceous or long-awned glume; st. about 2f high, rough; lvs. and bracts longer than the stem; light gréen—Shores of lake Ontario, N. Y. Sartwell. Also found'in the State of Georgia. FIG. 55.—1. Carex ; a single, fertile flower; a, the glume ; 8, the perigynium, containing the ovary with (c) the three'stigmas. 2. Scirpus.lacustris; the inflorescence. 3. A single (magnified) flower, showing the 6 hypogynous bristles of the perigynium, ovary with three stigmas, and thethree stamens. Orpver CLXI GRAMINE#.—Grasszs. Herbs perennial, with fibrous or bulbous rhizomas, or often annual or biennial, ._ 2 Stems (culms) cylindrical, fistular, closed at the nodes, covered witha coat of silex, often solid. Lvs. narrow and undivided, napa rel meno alternate, with a sheath split down to the nodes, and a mem- branous ligula or stipule at the juncture of the blade and sheath. Inflorescence arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. xp ibe, ‘ _ Fis. generally perfect, in little spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2rows. Glumes.—Outer bracts (calyt, Linn.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes Ll only. a. Palege.—inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (exterior) one simple, the upper (interior) often doubly carinate, being composed of 2 pieces united by their edges. : Scales.—Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn. rudimentary petals) 1—3, distinct or united; membranous, hy- Sta. 1—6, commonly 3. -Anthers versatile. : [pogynous. Ova. simple, with 2:styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis. J Seed with the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albumen, at the base, next the hilum. Genera 291, species about 3800, universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely different in dif- ferent climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion:of the earth’s surface with a com- pact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the ’ larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader prabes become eaves and more showy flowers. Properties.—This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen of the seed andin the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception.of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal ergot or spurred rye is only a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the mazze and sugar-cane. Silex is also a frequent ingredient. To this order belong the common grains, maize, wheat, rye, rice, barley, oats, &c. The most important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, &c. ~ 594 ‘ CLXI. GRAMINEZ. Conspectus of the Genera, : ; with awns. . § in panicles, {withoutawns. § : 3 , with awns. . § 1-fruited, . . Cin spikes, without awns. § : r with awns. . § f : fin panicles, (without awns. § Spikelets (\2—00-fruited,?@inspikes. . . . . § i Fr. white. Oryzopsis. 4 eieiD sessile. } Fr. black.Piptatherum. 3 cartilaginous, me gad Fr. black. Stipa. 2 naked. Stam. 1. Cinna. 10 , herbaceous, igen Stam. 3. Calamagrostis. 13 Dey lawn, \membranaceous, 1-keeled. . Agrostis. 5 Phe 2, (the lower with 3 awns, often twisted. . Aristida. 1 Glumes § 1-flowered. ¢ Palez 3, upper one with an awn. Flowers polygamous. Sorghum. 57 large, 22-flowered (one flower abortive), longer than the palee. . . . Holcus. 25 ( unequal, one of them hardly percene A - « «. Muhienbergia. 9 Glumes minute, (subequal,one ofthemawned.. . . . .« «© «© t 11 §1, \Glumes0. Aquaticgrasses. . .. . «© « «© “© «© ,s «6 «, AteGnig. 59 : ; Fr. coated. Agrostis. 5 5 Ste. 2. (Fr. naked. Sporobolus. 6 §membran’ous. @Stigmas3.. . Psamma. 12 Palee2,?coriaceous. . . . . « Miliwm. 19 Glumes2. ?Palew 1. Panicle mostly capillary. . . Trichodium. 8 Spikelets 1-flowered. {Glumes 0. Leaves retrorsely scabrous... . . .. Leersia. 58 Glumes 2, very unequal, resembling the outer abortive palee. Panicum. 21 Spikelets 2-flowered. ? Glumes 2, equal, longer than the palez. 5. Pe aeneuarim 24 § 2. Spikelets 3-flowered, 2 of the flowers staminate, the other perfect. . _. . Hierochioa. 26 Pal. with awns 1—3 times their length. Alopecurus. 14 Involucre 0. ? Palee with awns 5 times their length. Hordewm. 53 Spikelets with an involucre of 2 or more bristles. taria. 22 subsimple. ( Spikelets with a burr-like involucre. - . Cenchrus. 23 x ; x ; Both glumes and palee awned. . . Polypogon. 7 Spike solitary, ( paniculate or lobed. ¢ Glumes awnless, palee awned. . . Anthoxzanthum. 27 Spikes 00, not bearded, unilateral, panicled. Palew cartilaginous. . - «+ Oplismenus. 20 § 3. ( Spikes 2—09, polygamous. Sterile flowers plumosely bearded. - «+ « Andropogon. 56 ! ee: solitary, terminal. .. . _. Phleum. 16 Spikes cylindrical, ? several, terminal and lateral. Crypsis. 15 1—00; spikelets suborbicular. Paspalum. 17 digitate or verticillate, linear. Digitaria. 18 : , pedunculate in a 2-sided panicle. Spartina. 49 Fls. perfect or polygamous. | Spikes unilateral, (sessile in a unilateral panicle. Lepturus. 60 . all terminal, sterile above, fertileat base. . . Tvripsacum. 61 § 4.( Spikes monecious, . . ¢ fertile ones lateral, sterile ones terminal, panicled. hy 62 Apex bifid. Awnbent. . Avena. 30 {near the base. (Apex multifid. , =. . Aira. 28 which has two bristly teeth. Trisetwm. 29 } ; which is merely bifi - Bromus. - 84 Lower palea awnec onthe back (near the apex ( which is entire. . . . Gymmnopogon. 48 whichis entire. Fruitcoated. . . . Festuca. 36 with a cusp each side ofit. . .. . . Uralepis. 32 § 5. \Lower palea awned at the apex ( between the two teeth: awn twisted. Palez entire, not mucronate, bristly at base. . Palee bidentate, outer one mucronate... Palew entire, outerone mucronate... . . | Palee cartilaginous, outer cuspidate, coating rruit. Diarrhena. 37 oF Outer palea bifid and tricuspidate. . : 39 : Outer palea erose-denticulate. Spikelets terete. . Glyceria. 40 Spikelets | Palez not mucronate, inner one bifid. . . . Poa. 41 Terminal fl. ; not cordate. ( Outer palea truncate-mucronate, inner bifid. . . Uniola. 43 perfect. . . ( Spikelets cordate at base, tumid, pendulous. E ‘ . Briza. 42 3 ‘ Panicle contracted. . . .. Koeleria. 38 § 6. (Terminal flower abortive or a mere pedicel. ? Panicle large, diffuse. - « Melica. 44 one (in the top spikelet2). . . Lolium. 54 Glumes broad,. . ¢@twoineachspikelet. . . . . Triticum. 51 collateral: spikelets in 2s,&c. . Elymus 55 Spikes 2-ranked, ( Glumes subulate, ? opposite: spikelets solitary... . ~. Secale. 52 ae . Spikelets in two rows. - «+ Eleusine, 46 digitate (rarely solitary). ? Spikelets in one row. . - « Cynodon. 47 remote, short, forming a long, slender raceme. - « Atheropogon. 50 § 7. \Spikes unilateral, (conglomevate or paniculate. . . . . . «. « Dactylis. 45 FIG. 56.—1. Agrostis alba ; a 1-flowered spikelet; a, the two glumes 2. A flower, with the twopalee, three stamens and two plumose stigmas. 3. Leersia oryzoides; a flower removed from its glumes, showing its 2 hypogynous scales, three stamens and ovary with the two stigmas. 4. Phleum pratense; a 1-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; 3, truncate palew; &c. 5. Polyparosy a 1-flowered spikelet ; glumes and lower palea awned. 6. Holcus Janatus; a two-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; b, the two flowers (upper staminate). 7. Poa pratensis; a 4-flowered spikelet ; a, the two glumes; 4, a single flower, with two palew, &c. 8. Festuca duriuscula; a 5-flowered spikelet: a, two glumes; b,asingleflower. 9. The caryopsis of Hordeum, showing the embryo at the base of the copious albumen. 7 CLXI, GRAMINEAE, 6 3 \ aa é is Trize 1. STIPACEZ.—Infloresence panicled, Spikelets solitary, 1-flower- ed. Glumes membranaceous. Paleex mostly two, lower one coriaceous, involute, awned. 1, ARISTIDA. Lat. arista, an awn; characteristic of the genus. Panicle contracted or racemose; glumes 2, unequal; palex pedi- cellate, lower one with 3 long awns at the tip, upper one very minute or obsolete. 1. A. picHoTéma. Michx. Poverty Grass. Cespitose ; st. dichotomously branching; panicle contracted-racemose ; lateral awns very short, the intermediate one nearly as long as the palew, con- torted.—A slender grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Stems 8—12 high, branching at each joint. Leaves very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 2. A. PURPURASCENS. Poir. St. erect, simple, filiform, 2—3f high; lws. very narrow, flat, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths; panicle long, loosely spicate ; spikelets on short, clavate, appressed pedicels; awns nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the paler; palee often dark purple—. Sandy woods, Northern States. Sept. 3. A. GRacitis. Ell. St. very slender, a foot or more high; lvs. setaceous, erect, with short sheaths, pilose at the throat; panicle very slender; spikeletssomewhat remote, ap- pressed ; lateral awns short, erect, intermediate one longer, spreading. - -2| Mass. and S. States. A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus. 4. A. TuBERcULOsA. Nutt. Long-awned Poverty Grass. St. erect (declinate at base), 8—20/ high, rigid, with small tubercles in the axils of the numerous branches; nodes tumid; ls. long and narrow-linear ; panicle large, loose, simple ; spikelets pedicellate; glumes nearly 1’ long, linear, awned ; upper palee involute, the awns 2’ long, hispid upwards, twisted together to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate—2 A very singular species, in dry prairies, Hl., Mead! July, Aug. 596 CLXIL GRAMINER. Acrostis. 5. A. stricta. Michx. Upright Aristida. St. strictly erect, cespitose, branched, 2—3f high; lvs. straight, erect,* pubescent, linear, convolute above ; panicle long, loosely racemose ; spikelets ap- pressed ; glumes unequal, very acute ; lower pale@ hairy at base; awns twice as long as the pale, spreading, the middle one the longest.—2| Penn. to Car. W. to Mich. 2. STIPA. Lat. stipa, a foot-stalk ; alluding to the stipitate fruit of some of the species. Glumes 2; palez mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower with a long awn at the apex, the upper entire; awn jointed at the base, deciduous ; caryopsis striate. 1. S. avenacea. Feather Grass. St. naked above; 2—3f high; vs. smooth, striate, setaceous, chiefly radi- cal; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4—6’ long, at length diffuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs; glwmes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the dark brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate; dwn twisted, 2—3/ in length.— 2 N. Y. to Car. 2. S. suncea. Pursh. Rush-leaved Feather Grass. St. 2—3f high ; lws. convolute-filiform, smooth inside, long; panicle loose; glumes loose, filiformly acuminated to more than twice the length of the fruit ; jr. attenuated at base into a stipe which is a third of its length, stipe acute, pubescent; palee obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and slender, scarcely contorted and 4—6/ in length.—2 Prairies, Ill., Mo. When in fruit, the pungent stipe adheres to everything that comes in its way. Aug. 3. S. Canapensis. Lam. Lvs. setaceous; panicle small; glumes smooth, ovate-obtuse, as long as the pubescent fruit ; awn thick and short.—2 Amherst, Mass. Dewey. Neither this nor the preceding species is common or of much value in agriculture. 3. PIPTATHERUM. Palis. Gr. mitTw, to fall, Sepos, harvest. Panicle racemed ; glumes membranaceous, longer than the ellipti- cal, cartilaginous palez ; lower palea awned at the tip; scales ovate, entire ; caryopsis coated. : P. nigrum. Torr. Soe loge om: melanocarpa. Muhl.) Black-seeded Millet. St. erect, simple, leafy, 18—24’ high; panicle simple, flexuous, few- flowered; spikelets racemose, ovoid-lanceolate ; glumes acuminate, mucronate, 5—6” in length, smooth; pale hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one tipped with an awn an inch in length; fruit black.—2 Rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ky., frequent. Aug. 4,.ORYZOPSIS. Rich. Named for its resemblance (ors) to the genus Oryza. Panicle racemed ; glumes 2, subequal, loose, obovate, awnless ; palez 2, cylindric-ovate, hairy at base ;- scales linear-elongated. O. asperrFoLia. Michx. Mountain Rice. St. nearly naked, purple at base, 10—20’ high; lws. subradical, erect, rigid, pangent at the point, nearly as long as the stem, cauline ones few and very short; spikelets in a racemose, simple, flexuous panicle, 1—2 upon each branch; glwmes coy: td acuminate; palee white, the lower one with a long bent awn.— Woods, Free States, N. to Subarctic Am: Leaves green through the winter. Caryopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May. Trize 2. AGROSTIDEZ.—Inflorescence panicled, rarely spiked. Spike- lets solitary, 1-flowered. Glumes and palez of nearly similar texture, usu- ally carinate. 5. AGROSTIS. Gr. aypos, a field; it being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures. Inflorescence paniculate ; glumes 2, acute, subequal, the lower one Acrostis. CLX1 GRAMINEZ. 597 larger, sometimes longer, often shorter than the palex; pales 2, unequal, lower one larger, awnless or awned, larger than the glumes, coating the caryopsis. § 1. Glumes longer than the palee. 1. A. vuLGARIs. Smith. (A. polymorpha. Gray.) Red-top. Bent Grass. St. erect, 1—2f high ; panicle spreading, with the branches finally divari- cate; lvs. linear-lanceolate, veined, scabrous, with smooth, striate sheaths, and short, truncate stipules; lower palea twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the lanceolate, acute glumes.—2| U.S. A common and very valuable grass, spread over hills, vales, and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Flow- ers very numerous, purplish. July. 2. A. aLBA. (A. decumbens. Muhl.) White-top. Florin Grass. St. decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints, sending out stolons; Ws. linear-lanceolate, smooth, those of the stolons erect and subulate; sheaths smooth, with a long, membranaceous stipule; panicle dense, narrow, at length spreading, whitish, sometimes purplish; lower palea 5-veined, rarely awned.— @ N. Eng. to Ohio, in meadows, or in dry soils; hence its characters are vari- able, being often nearly erect. June. § : 3. A. stricta. Willd. Bent Grass. St. erect, smooth, with black nodes; dvs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin, with cleft, white stipules; panicle elongated, strict, the branches about 5, flexuous, scabrous, erect; glumes equal, lanceolate; palee unequal, smaller than the glumes, with an awn at the base of the outer one twice longer than the flower.—2| Fields, N. Eng., N. Y. June. 4. A. canina. Dog’s Bent Grass. St. prostrate, somewhat branched, rooting at the lower nodes, about 2f long ; panicle at length spreading, with angular, rough branches; glwmes elon- gated ; lower palee furnished with an incurved awn upon the beak twice its length.—2| Introduced and common in wet meadows. July. § 5. A. Pickxerincu. Tuckm. -(A. canina, f. alpina. Oakes.) j St. erect; ls. flat, linear; pan. ovate, diffuse, branches verticillate, rather erect, scabrous; gi. subequal, keel of the lower mucronate at tip, upper acute, smoothish ; lower palee ovate-lanceolate, acute or erose, veined, upper ovate, veinless; awn from the middle of the back, contorted, twice longer than the fis— White Mts. B. rupicola. Tuckm. Smaller; pan. contracted, smoothish, often purplish._— Mountains, Vermont. § 2. Vitra. Glumes not longer than the subequal, awnless palee. 6. A. Vireinica. (Vilfa vaginiflora. Gray. Sts. numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, nearly simple, about a foot long; lvs. somewhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2—3/ long with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the en. closed panicles ; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones con- cealed; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the subequal palee.—@ Sandy soils, Middle States. Sept., Oct. 7. A. compressa. Torr. (Vilfa compressa. Tvinius.) Flat-stemmed Agrostis.—Glabrous ; st. erect, compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base, 1—2f high; dvs. narrowly linear, compressed, scarcely shorter than the stem; keel prolonged into the open sheath; stip. very short; panicle purple, subsimple, contracted, the branches few and erect; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the palez, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate; palee ovate, obtuse, smooth, sometimes deeply cleft; stig. purple.—Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 8. A. sEroTina. Torr. (Vilfa serotina. ejusdem.) St. 12—18' high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often viviparous at the nodes; lvs. 2—3’ by 3”, keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3—10’ long, capillary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alter- nate ; spikelets elliptical, scarcely 4’’ long ; glwme ovate, 1-veined, unequal, half a ae ay 598 CLXI. GRAMINEZ. AGROSTIS. the length of the pales; palee smooth, the lower one shorter; sta. 3—Long Island, Kneiskern. July. 9. A. HETEROLEPIS. Wood. (Vilfa heterolepis. Gray.) St. 1—2f high, smooth; lvs. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on the margins; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth; panicle spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered; glwmes purplish, outer one subuliform, inner one ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, l-veined; valves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, inferior valve veined, apiculate, superior valve 2-veined, shorter than the outer one; sta. 3; anth. linear, reddish; stig. 2; sty. short; fr. roundish, smooth.—W atertown, N. Y. Crawe. « «+ « Asplenium. Frond entire, ? apex acute, not rooting. Sori linear, scattered. . a Te - «+ Scolopendrium. Frond pedate, on a black, polished, bifurcate stipe. - 5 4 Pes Gees . Adin Trizel. POLYPODIACEZ.—Thece furnished with a vertical, jointed, elastic, and usually incomplete ring, and bursting transversely and irregu- larly. 1POLYPODIUM. Gr. modvs, many, Tovs, foot; from the multitude of its roots. Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the under surface of the frond ; indusium none. 1. P. 1ncAnum. Pursh. (P. ceteraccinum. Mz. Acrostichum polypodoi- des. Linn.)—F'ronds deeply pinnatifid; segments alternate, linear, very entire, obtuse, scaly beneath, the upper ones gradually smaller; stipe scaly, bearing the fertile segments near the apex; sori solitary and distinct.—A para- sitic fern, 3—6/ high, growing on the inclined, moss-clad trunks of living trees, particularly of the huge sycamores, to the height of 10—20 feet. In the damp forests along rivers, Western States! and also Southern. — 2. P. vuteare. (P. Virginianum. Willd.) Common Polypod. Frond deeply pinnatifid, smooth; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenu- late, the upper ones gradually smaller; sori large, distinct-—Rather common on shady rocks and in woods, forming tangled patches with their roots which are clothed with membranous scales. Fronds nearly a foot high, divided into alternate segments nearly to the midvein. Stipe naked and smooth. Segments parallel, a little curved, about 3’ wide. Fruit in Jarge, golden dots in a double row, at length brownish. July. 3. P. Puecopreris. (P.connectile. Mz.) Triangular Polypod. Frond bipinnatifid, sightly pubescent and ciliate, of a triangular outline, the 2 lower leaflets or pinne deflexed; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, the upper ones entire, lower incisely crenate, lowest adnate-decurrent ; sovz minute, distinct, solitary —A fern in low woodlands, remarkable for the broad triangu- lar outline of its fronds. These are about a foot in height, and rendered a little hastate by the lower leaflets (which are broadest) being defiexed. Divisions acuminate, connected at base by the lowersegments. Stipessmooth. Aug. B. connectile. (P. connectile. Mz.) Somewhat rigid; segments of the lower ‘divisions all subentire; veins nearly simple. | _y. hexagonopterum. (P. hexagonopterum. Mz.) ‘Texture more delicate ; segments of the lower divisions pinnatifid ; veins much forked. 4. P. DryortTeris. Ternate Polypod. . Frond ternate, bipinnate ; branches of the frond spreading, deflexed, seg- ments obtuse, subcrenate; sovi marginal; root filiform, creeping.—This beauti- ful fern grows in shady places and mountainous woods. Rare. Root black and very slender. Stipe slender and delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, divid- ing into 3 light green, drooping, compound leaflets of a very delicate texture. Jl. B. calcareum. (P.caleareum. Sm.) Branches of the frond erect, rather rigid. 2, ASPIDIUM. Swartz. Gr. aomts, asmall shield; from the form and position of the indusia. Sori roundish or elliptical, scattered ; indusium orbicular and um- bilicate (fastened at the centre and opening all around), or reniform, fastened on one side and opening on the other. - AspipiuM. CLXIV. FILICES. 629 * Frond pinnate. 1. A. acrosTicHéipes. Willd. (Nephrodium. Michz.)- Leaflets of the frond distinct, alternate, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, auri- culate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile; sori at length confluent; stipe chaffy—Common in rocky shades. Frond 15—18/ high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales. Leaflets numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1—2/ in length, the terminal ones, which alone are fruitful, are contracted in size, the under side becoming overspread “with the sori. June—Aug. Y _ B. imcisum. Gray. (A. Schwenitzii. Beck.) Pinne irregularly and incisel dentate ; sori mostly distinct —N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Passes insensibly into a. * * Frond pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets, 2. A. THELYpPrERA. Willd. (A. Noveboracense. ejusd.) Shield-Fern. Leaflets of the frond \inear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, distinct, subses- sile; segments oblong, obtuse or acute, subentire, ciliate ; sori marginal, small, at length confluent; stipe smooth and naked.—Damp woods. Fronds pale green, thin and delicate, about a foot long and 3 as wide, acuminate at apex. Leaflets acuminate, becoming entire above, sometimes crossing (decussating) at base. Rachis pubescent. Stipe slender, channeled on the upper side. Sori = 2 poe rows.on each segment, finally nearly covering their under sur- ace. July. B. Noveboracensc. Rather paler and more delicate in texture; leaflets more narrow and remote. 3. A. crisTatuM. Willd. (Nephrodium, Mz.) Crested Shield-Fern. Frond nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-ovate ; leaflets subcordate, oblong-pin- natifid, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate-serrate ; stipe scaly —Moist woods and meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States, rather rare. Frond 12—18’ high, pale green, remarkable for its broad, ovate-lanceolate outline. Segments of the leaflets some- times almost distinct, broad and obtuse, with sharp teeth. Sori large, in double rows, tawny when mature, chiefly on the upper half of the frond. July. 4. A. LancasTRIENSE. Spreng. (A. cristatum. 8. 1st. edit.) Lancaster Shield-Fern.—Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base ; frond narrowly lanceolate ; leaflets subopposite, remote, short-petiolulate, broad- est at base, the lower triangular-ovate; sori large, in a single row each side the midvein of each dentate segment; imdusiwm fixed near one side—Woods, Meriden, N. H., Rickard! to N. Y. and N.J. A beautiful fern, quite distinct from the preceding, 24—30’ high. Frond dark green, 15—18’ by 5—8’. Leaf- lets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1—25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets fruitless). July. 5. A. Gotpianum. Hook. (A. Filix mas. Pursh.) Goldie’s Fern. Leaflets of the frond lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, subacute, subfalcate, mucronate-serrate; sori in 2 rows, each side of the vein of each segment. A tall species, 2—3f high, in rocky woods. Fronds numerous, bright green, scaly upon the stipe and rachis, 5—10’ wide. Leaflets 3—6’ long, not widening at base, with elongated, narrow segments. July: * * * Frond bipinnate. 6. A. MARGINALE. Sw. (Nephrodium. Mz.) Marginal Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand at base, lower ones almost pinnatifid; sort marginal; stipe chaffy.—A large, handsome fern, in rocky woods, common. Frond 12—18’ high, very smooth etre a little chaffy), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets istinct, near an inch long, } as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, form- ing a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral sinus. July. 7. A. Tenve. Sw. (A. fragile. Willd. Cistopteris. Bernh.) Brittle Shield-Fern.—Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse or acute, incisely ser- rate, approaching to pinnatifid, its serratures subentire; rachis winged by the 630 CLXIV. FILICES. ASPLENIUM. decurrent leaflets; stipe chafty at base——A delicate fern, on moist rocks, fre- quent. Fronds 6—12’ high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori large and numerous, near the margins of the segments. June, July. 8, A. acuLEAtuM. Sw. Prickly Shield-Fern. . Segments of the leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, aculeate-serrate, upper ones truncate at base, lower cuneate at base; only the upper leaflets fertile ; stipe and rachis chafty.—Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y., Macrae. Fronds dark green, in tufts 1—2f high. Segments of the leaflets on very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate, each serrature tipped with a short spinose bristle. Sori brown, in single rows, distinct. Indusium reniform. Aug. 9. A. pinatatum. Sw. (A. spinulosum. Willd.?) Broad Shield-Fern. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, incisely pinnatifid ; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chaffy ; indusiwm umbilicate—Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1—2f high, nearly tripin- nate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all distinct at base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe with large, tawny scales. Sori rather large, somewhat in 2 rows. Jl. 10. A. BULBIFERUM. Sw. (Cistopteris. Bernh.) Bulbiferous Shield-Fern. Frond bipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments opposite, oblong, serrate, the lower one pinnatifid ; rachis bulbiferous ; sori roundish, the indusium attached to one side.—In damp woods, frequent. Frond 12—18’ high, remarkable for the little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acuminate summit. Stipesmooth. Jl. : 3. ASPLENIUM. Gr. a, privation, ony, the spleen; from its supposed medicinal virtues. Sori linear, oblique, or somewhat transverse, scattered; indusium arising from the lateral veins and opening longitudinally, usually towards the midvein. 1. A. RHIZOPHYLLUM. Willd. Walking Fern. ‘ . Frond mostly undivided, lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, cordate-auricu- late at base, the apex attenuated into a long, slender acumination, rooting at the point.—This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very common. The frond is 4—8’ long; the long, slender, linear point bending over backwards, reaches the earth, and there strikes root, giving rise to a new plant. Though usually with slightly crenate margins, the plant varies by imperceptible degrees, becoming sometimes so deeply crenate as to form a well-marked variety with pinnatifid fronds. July. 2. EBENEUM. Willd. Ebony Spleenwort. Frond pinnate ; /fts. lanceolate, subfalcate, serrate, auriculate at base on the upper side; stiye smooth and polished.—A beautiful fern, in dry woods, hills, &c. Fronds 8—14’ high, on a slender stipe of a shining brown or black color. Foliage 5—9’ long, 1—1’ wide, linear-lanceolate in outline. Leaflets near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex, dilated at base on the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit arranged in short lines on each side the midrib. July. 3. A. ancustiroLium. Michx. Swamp Spleenwort. . Frond pinnate; /fts. alternate, upper ones subopposite, linear-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex, somewhat repand, the base truncate on the upper side and rounded on the lower.—In low woods, frequent. Fronds 1—2f high, in tufts, the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib, parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July. 4. A. Trichomines. (A. melanocaulon. MuAl.) Dwarf Spleenwort. — Frond pinnate ; /fts. roundish, subsessile, small, roundish-oboyvate, res cuneate and entire at base, crenate above; stipe black and polished—A small and delicate fern. forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3— 6’ high, lance-linear ‘ Woopsta. CLXIV. FILICES. 631 in outline, with 8—12 pairs of roundish, sessile leaflets, 3—4” long. Fruit in several linear-oblong, finally roundish sori on each leaflet, placed oblique to the midvein. July. 5. A. THELIPTEROIDES. Michx. Silvery Spleenwort. Frond bipinnatifid ; /fts. pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; ségments oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate; sorz in parallel, oblique lines.—A fine, large fern, on shady banks of streams. Fronds 143—3f high, of an ovate-acuminate outline, on a slightly chaffy, pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and rather remote, narrow, 4—6’ long. Segments rounded atthe end, near }/long. Sori arranged in 2 rows on each segment, one on each side the midvein, convergent below, with shining, silvery indusia when young. July. 6. A. Finrx-r@mina. Bernh. (Aspidium Filix-feemina and asplenoides. Sw. A. angustum. W.)—Frrond bipinnate ; /fis. lanceolate, acuminate ; seg. ob- long-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifid ; ultimate seg. 2—3-toothed ; sori reniform or lunate, arranged near the veins; sézpe smooth.—A delicate, finely-divided fern in moist woods. Fronds 1—2f high, with subopposite divisions, These are sub- divided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2—3 teeth at the summit. Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a dark brown hue. July. 7. A. Ruta-muraria. Wall-rue Spleenwort. . _ Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above; /fts. small, petiolate, cu- neate, obtusely dentate above.—An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry, rocky places. Frond 2—3’ high, 4 as wide, smooth, growing in tufts, somewhat coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, less than 4’ long. Stipe flat and smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty-brown color, finally ‘confluent. July. 8. A. montainum. Willd. (A. Adiantum-nigrum. Michz.) Frond glabrous, bipinnate ; /fts. oblong-ovate, pinnatifid ; seg. 2—3-toothed at the apex; sovz linear, finally confluent——Mountain rocks, Bethlehem, Penn. Schwenitz (fide Beck), S. to Car., W.to Ky. Fronds growing in tufts, 4—8’ high, narrowly oblong-lanceolate in outline, mostly bipinnate, but more or less divided according to the size. Segments more obtuse than in the foreign A. Adiantum-nigrum. July. 4,.WOODSIA. Brown. In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent English botanist. Sori roundish, scattered ; indusium beneath the sorus, open, with a eee or fringed margin, including the pedicellate thece, like a calyx. 3 1. W. ILvensis. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.) ? Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate; segments ovate-oblong, ob- tuse ; sori near the margin, at length confluent ; rachis and stipe chaffy—Grow- ing in tufts,on rocks and in dry woods. Fronds 5 or 6’ high, on chaffy and woolly stipes, most chaffy at base. Foliage 3 or 4’ long, } as wide, oblong- lanceolate in outline, woolly or chaffy beneath, with opposite and alternate leat- lets about an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones wavy on the margin or entire. June. 2. W. Perrinidna. Hook. & Grev. (Hypopeltis obtusa. Tur.) Frond subbipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; segments of the leaflets pin- natifid ; wtimate segments roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate ; sori submarginal: stipe somewhat chaffy.— About a foot high, among and on rocks. Fronds lance oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate- serrate, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Sori orbicular, becoming nearly confluent, each subtended by a half round indusium notched into little teeth on the margin. July. 3. W. HyperRBorEA. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.) Flower-cup Fern. Frond pinnate ; /fts. suborbicular, subcordate, 3-parted or incisely pinnati- fid, cuneate at base, rough pilose beneath.—A very small species, much resem- ~ 632 CLXIV. FILICES. Preris, ~ ~ bling the last, forming tufts on rocks. Plant 2—4’ high. Fronds lance-linear in outline, on very scaly stipes. Leaflets 8 or 10 pairs, subopposite, nearly round, 2 or 3’ in diam., the margins only crenate above, deeply pinnatifid in the lowest pairs. July. 4. W. rvuripita. Beck. (W. ilvensis and Aspidium rufidulum. Pursh. Frond bipinnate; segments of the leaflets hairy, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, with obtuse, ultimate segments; sori at length confluent; stipe and rachis hairy. —Grows on rocks. Fern 6—8’ high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with woolly hairs. Frond hairy both sides, its leaflets 4—8” long, lower ones dis- tinctly pinnate, upper pinnatifid. July. ‘ 5. WOODWARDIA. Smith. In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, a distinguished English botanist. ‘Sori oblong, straight, parallel with the ribs on either side of them ; indusium superficial, arched or vaulted, opening inwardly. 1. W. onocredipes. Willd. (W. angustifolia. an Sterile fronds pinnatifid ; /fts. lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile ‘onds pinnate, the leaflets entire, linear, acute——In swamps, not common. Fern about a foot high, growing in tufts. Barren frondsnumerous, of a narrow- lanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases. Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori }’ in length. Aug. 2. W. Virainica. Willd. Frond pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, sessile; sori in interrupted lines near the midvein of the leaflets and segments.—In low woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in out- line, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with numerous, spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each side of the midveins, both of the segments and leafiets. July, Aug. 6. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith. Gr. cxodo7evdpa, the centipede ; from the number of its roots? Sori linear, transverse, scattered ; indusium double, occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, finally opening lengthwise. S. ofFicinAaruM. Willd. (Asplenium Scolopendrium. Linn.) Hart’s-tongue. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base—Shady rocks, Chi- tenango, N. Y., Sartwell. Stipe rather short (3—5/ long), chaffy, bearing the frond suberect, 8—15’ high, 2—3’ wide, bright green, paler beneath. Sori oblique to the midvein, 6—9” in length. Rhizoma large, creeping. July.—This curi- ous fern appears to be confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where it was first detected by Pursh, unless the true plant has also been found in Ky. by M Murt. 7 PTERIS. Gr. rrepov, OF mrepvé, a wing; from the general resemblance of the frond. Sori in a continuous, marginal line; involucre formed of the in- flected margin of the frond, opening inwardly. 1. P. aquirina. Common Brake. Frond 3-parted; branches bipinnate; Jfts. linear-lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse.—Abundant in woods, pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2—5f in height, upon a smooth, dark purple, erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, consisting of 3 primary di- visions, which are again’ subdivided into obtusely pointed, sessile leaflets. These _are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards the base of each subdi- vision. Sori covered by the folding back of the margins of the segments. July, Aug. 2. P. arropurPpures. Rock Brake. Frond pinnate ; lower ifts. ternate or pinnate, segments lanceolate, obtuse, obliquely truncate or subcordate at base—Fern 6—10’ high, growing on rocks. ONOCLEA. CLXIV. FILICES. 633 Frond. twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divisions con- sisting of 1—3 pairs of leaflets with a large, terminal segment. All the seg- ments lance-linear, distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Stipe and rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous hairs at base. June—Aug. . 3. P. eracitis. Michx. (Cheilanthes. Spreng.) Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments broad-ovate, obtuse ; fertile bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate; stipe dark brown.—A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4—6! high, smooth and shining in all its parts. Aug. 8. CHEILANTHES. Swartz. Gr. xevkos, lip; avSos; from the form of its indusia. Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the fronds; in- dusium of membranous, distinct, inflexed scales, opening inwardly, sometimes continuous with the frond. C. vestira. Swartz. (Nephrodium lanosum. Mz.) Hairy Cheilanthes. Stipe and rachis hairy ; frond bipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, hairy on both sides ; leaflets alternate ; segments oblong, alternate, sessile, distinct, crenately pinnatifid; the ultimate segment very entire; sora finally continuous along the margin.—Rocky. banks, Mid. and W. States, frequent. Stipe slender, rigid, 2—3’ long, dark brown. Fronds 3—6’ by 1—2’. Leaflets lance-ovate in out- line, 6—12/’ long. Sori marginal, distinct when young, finally crowded. July. 9. ADIANTUM. G7, a, privation, dtatv, to moisten; as the rain slides off without wetting it. Sori oblong or roundish, marginal; indusia membranaceous, aris- ing from the reflexed margins of distinct portions of the frond and opening inwardly, A. PEDATUM. Maidenhair. Frond pedate; divisions pinnate; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex; sori oblong, subulate-——This is, doubt- less, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods. Stipe 8—14’ high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black. At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives off, at regular intervals, 6—8 simply pinnate leaflets from the outer side, giving the whole frond the form of the crescent: Ultimate segments dimidiate, the lower margin being bounded by the midvein and the veinlets all unilateral.. July. 10. DICKSONIA. L’Her. In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished English cryptogamist. Sori marginal, roundish, distinct ; indusium double, one superficial, opening outwards, the other marginal and opening inwards. D. prtosiusctLa. Willd. Fine-haired Mountain Fern. _ Frond bipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, sessile; segments pinnatifid, decurrent, oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed ; stipe a little hairy —A large and deli- cate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2—3f high, in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe: and rachis smooth, with the exception of a few, soft, scattered hairs. Leaflets alternate, approximate ; segments deeply divided into 4-toothed, ultimate seg- ments. Sori minute, solitary, on the upper margin of the segments. July. 11. ONOCLEA. Gr. ovos, a kind of vessel, «ew, to close; alluding to the contracted thece. Thee covering the whole lower surface of the frond ; indusia formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revolute and contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expanding. QO. sensrBitis. Sensitive fern. Sterile fronds pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, laciniate, the upper ones 634 CLXIV. FILICES. OsMUNDA. united; fertile fronds bipinnate, with recurved and globular contracted seg- ments.—Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren ones broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuate divisions, the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound spike, enclosing the fruit in the globular segments of its short divisions. Colo dark brown. July. 8. obtusilobata. Torr. (O. obtusilobata. Schk.) Lfls. opposite; segm. rounded. 12 STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd. Gr. orpovSos, the ostrich, trepov, wing, or plume; from the resemblance. Thecz densely covering the back of the frond; indusia scaly, marginal, opening internally. S. Germanica. Willd. (S. Pennsylvanica. Willd.) Ostrich Fern. Sterile fronds pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, sessile; segments entire, rather acute, the lower ones somewhat elongated.—A fern of noble size and appear- ance, growing in low woods and swamps. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f high, commonly about 3, numerous, in circular clumps. Stipes smooth, chan- neled; leaflets pinnatifid, with numerous segments, the lower of which are the more narrow and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fronds few, in the midst of the sterile, much smaller, the leaflets with numerous, brown- ish, contracted segments, densely covered by the fruit beneath. Aug. Trize 2. OSMUNDIACEX.—Thece destitute of a ring, reticulated, stri- ated with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. . 13. OSMUNDA. Thecz subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate, half-2-valved, collect- ed on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or less contracted into the form of a panicle. * Fertile fronds distinct from the sterile. 1. O. CinnaMoMEs. Cinnamon-colored Fern. Sterile frond pinnate, leaflets elongated, pinnatifid, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire; fertile frond bipinnate, leaflets contracted, paniculate, sub- opposite, lanuginous; stipe lanuginous.—This is among the largest of our ferns, growing in swamps and Iow grounds. Fronds numerous, growing in clumps, 3—5f high, most of them barren, the stipe and rachis invested with a loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble spikes, 1—2f long, an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments covered with fruit in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a microscope, half- 2-cleft. June. * * Portions of each frond fertile. 2. O. REGALIs. Michx. (O. spectabilis. Willd.) Royal Flowering-Fern. Fronds bipinnate, fructiferous at the summit; segments of the leaflets lance- oblong, distinct, serrulate, subsessile ; raceme large, terminal, decompound.—A large and beautiful fern, in swamps and meadows. The fronds are 3—4f high, smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinne opposite, remote, each with 6—9 pairs of leaves with an odd one. These are an inch or more long, } as wide, obtuse, the petioles 0—%/’ long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample bipinnate raceme of a deep fulvous hue, with innumerable, small, globular, 2-valved thece entirely covering the segments. June. 3. O. CLAYTONIANA. Frond pinnate ; leaflets or pinne pinnatifid, the upper ones contracted and fertile—Smaller than either of the foregoing, found in swamps, Cambridge, N. Y., Dr. Beck, W., to Wisc., Dr. Lapham! Fronds 1—2f high. Pinnz ob-. long, obtuse, 2—-4’ long, tomentose in the axils. Segments entire. Each frond bears a terminal, bipinnate, rust-colored, erect panicle, covered with fruit. May. 4. O. INTERRUPTA. Michx. Frond pinnate, smooth; leaflets nearly opposite, pinnatifid; segments ob- a il BorrycHiuM. CLXIV. FILICES. 635 long, rather acute, entire; some of the intermediate leaflets fertile—A iarge fern in low grounds. Fronds 2—3f high, light green, interrupted near the mid- dle by 2—4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so much contracted in size as to resemble dense, compound racemes, and densely covered with small reddish- brown thecz. Stipe channeled, smooth above, chaffy at base. June. — 14. LYGODIUM. Swartz. Gr. Avywées, flexible, slender; fromthe slender, climbing habit. Thecz sessile, arranged in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the margin of the frond, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit; indusitim a scale-like veil covering each theca. L. patmatum. Sw. Climbing Fern. Stem flexuous, climbing ; fronds conjugate, palmate, 5-lobed, lobes entire, _ obtuse; spikelets oblong-linear, from the upper fronds, which are divided and contracted into a compound spike.—This is one of the few ferns with climbing stems, and the only one found in the U. S. Plant of a slender and delicate structure, smooth. Stem 3—4f long. Stipes alternate on the stem, forked, supporting a pair of fronds which are palmately divided into 5—9 segments. Fertile fronds terminal, numerously subdivided into linear-oblong segments or spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. Mass.! to Penn., &c. July. 1s. SCHIZ AA. Smith. Gr. oxfa, to cut, cleave ; alluding to the many-cleft spikes. Spikes unilateral, flabelliform, aggregate ; thecze roundish, radiate at top, sessile, bursting laterally ; indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of the spikes. S. pusitya. Pursh. (S. tortuosa. Muhil. Frond simple, linear, tortuous; spikes few, crowded at the top of a long, slender stipe or scape.—A very delicate fern, found in the pine barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J., also in Western N.Y. by Mr. Timothy Westmore! Fronds nu- merous, czspitose, 2—3/ long, 3—1” wide. Fertile stipes several, 3—6’ high, filiform, with a few short, unilateral spikelets at top arranged in 2 rows, Thece somewhat turbinate, in 2 rows on the inner side of each spikelet. Aug. Trise 3. OPHIOGLOSSE Z.—Thecz 1-celled, adnate at base, subglobose, coriaceous, opaque, half-2-valved, not cellular, and destitute of a ring. 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Gr. ogts, a serpent, yAooca, tongue; from the resemblance. Thecee roundish, opening transversely, connate, arranged in a 2-ranked, articulated spike. O. vuteatum. Adder’s Tongue. Frond simple, oblong-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulated; spike cauline—A curious little plant in low grounds. Fronds solitary, 2—3’ long, 3 as wide, amplexicaul, entire, smooth, without a midvein, situated upon the stem or stipe a little below the middle. Stipe 6—10’ high, terminating in a lance-linear, compressed spike, 1—2’ long, with the thece arranged in 2, close, marginal ranks. Thecz opening outwards and horizontally, becoming lunate, distinct, straw-colored. Vernation straight, not circinate. June. 17. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz. Gr. Boros, a cluster of grapes; from the resemblance of the fructification. Thee subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, adnate to the compound rachis of a racemose panicle ; valves open- ing transversely. 1. B. NecLectum. Wood. Meriden Botrychiwm. Stipe bearing the frond near the top; frond simply pinnate, very short, with subentire or subpinnatifid segments ; spokes paniculate—A singular species, 54 636 LXV. MARSILEACEZ. y AZOLLA. growing in woods, Meriden, N. H.! It bears a general resemblance to B. Lu- naria of Europe, but is quite distinct from that species. Height 5—8’. Frond 920” long, } as wide; segments 3—4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, erosely or incisely dentate. Panicle subsimple, often larger than the fronds. Thece 2-valved. Jl. B. simpLex. Hitchcock. Stipe bearing the frond above; frond ternate, pinnatifid; segments cune- ate-obovate, incised, unequal; spike subcompound, unilateral, interrupted— | Grows in dry, hilly pastures, Ms. f Frond sheathed at base, with a lacerate membrane, nearly simple, divided into3 or more segments which are 1—2’ long, often much dissected. Stipe or scape 3—6’ high. Thece sessile. Jn. 3. B. Vircinicum. (B. gracile. P.) Rattlesnake Ferm p Stipe with a single frond in the middle; frond twice and thrice pinnate, the lowest pair of pinne springing from the base; ultimate segments obtuse, somewhat 3-toothed ; spikes decompound; plant subpilose—A beautiful fern, the largest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or scape 1—2f high, bearing the frond about halfway up. This is apparently ternate, the lower pair of divi- sions arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate, the ultimate segments being decurrent and more or less confluent at base, with 3—5 cut serratures. Panicle terminal, 3—6/ long, reddish-tawny. June, July. 4. B. rumariéipes. Willd. (B. obliquum. Dee Scape bearing the frond near the base; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divisions ; segments obliquely lanceolate, crenulate; spikes bipinnate.—Native of shady woods and pastures. Frond almost radical; of a triangular outline, 3—5’ long and wide, of a stouter texture than the last, distinctly petiolate. Scape thick, 8—12’ high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2—4’ in length, composed of numerous little 2-ranked spikes. Aug. B. dissectum. Oakes. (B. dissectum. Willd.) Frond near the base of the scape, more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. Orver CLXV. MARSILEACE Al.—Peprerworts. Plants stemless, creeping or floating. —_ , : yeas : Leaves veiny, usually petiolate, often sessile and scale-like, sometimes destitute of a lamina. _ Reproductive organs of two kinds; the one compound, the other simple, oval, radical bodies separate from or mixed with the first, with many cells. Genera 4, species 20? inhabiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all countries, but chiefly in temperate latitudes. ; 1 SALVINIA. Micheli. In honor of Salvini, professor of Greek at Florence. Stamens? jointed hairs on the stalks of the ovary; ovary nearly sessile, among the roots, hairy, 1—5, opening at top; fruit capsular, covered with bristly hairs, containing reproductive bodies of two kinds, one kind globular, the other oblong. S. natans. Willd. (Marsilea natans. Linn. Leaves opposite, arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, elliptical, entire, subcordate at base, obtuse at apex, clothed with fascicles of hairs above; ova- ries or fruit nearly globose, aggregated in subsessile clusters on the rhizoma, submersed.—Q) Floating, like a Lemna, in lakes and other still waters, West- ern N. Y. and Can. Leaves nearly an inch long, of fine green. The plant is quite rare. 2, AZOLULA. Lam. Gr. a2, tomake dry, od vpt, to kill; as the plants speedily die when taken from the water. Stamens? capillary; reproductive organs in pairs or numerous, of two kinds, the one of two transverse cells, the upper containing seve- ral angular, stalked bodies, the other stipitate, numerous, globose, 1- celled, enclosed in an ovate, close inyolucre, and containing several angular spores. oe Cuara. CLXVI. CHARACEZ. 637 A. Caroxiniana. Willd. . Leaves arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, imbricated, oblong-subu- late, obtusish, spreading, fleshy, the floating ones reddish beneath.—@ A small plant, resembling some of the mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters, North- - ern and Western States. It has been found in Lake Ontario, and in Cayuga Marsh (Eaton), also in the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. (Z’Murt,) and other western rivers. Orpver CLXVI. CHARACEA).—Cuaraps. Plant aquatic, submersed; axis consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transparent, or encrusted with carbonate of lime, furnished with leaves or branches consisting of verticillate tubes. : Organs of reproduction consisting of round, succulent globules, containing filaments and a fluid; and — — les formed of a few short tubes twisted spirally around a centre, endowed with the power of germination. 3 These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, in the fluid of each tube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured. CHARA. Gr. xXatpw, to rejoice; because it delights in the water? Globules minute, round, reddish, dehiscent, filled with a mass of elastic filaments; nucules (thecze?) sessile, oval, solitary, membrana- ceous, spirally striated, the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 valves, the interior filled with minute spores. 1. C. vutGiris. Feather-beds. Sts. and branches naked at base ; branches terete, leafy at the joints ; Jus. (or branchlets?) oblong-subulate; dracts shorter than the fruit—A slender, flexile plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stagnant. It appears in dense tufts, like a-soft bed, undulating with the motion of the water. When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Stems slender, a foot or more long, with a verticil of about 8 filiform branchlets at each joint. June. 2. C. FLEXILIS. St. translucent, naked; branches jointless, leafless, compressed; nucules lateral, naked.—Found in ponds, Stockbridge, Ms., in company with Najas. Resembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug. 3. C. Fotiésa. Willd. (C. squamosa. Desf.) St. solitary, 8—10’ high, calearious and brittle, scabrous, striate, with 2 or. 3 branches, the younger parts bearing numerous whorls of minute, leaf- like scales ; branchlets about 13 in a whorl, 6—9” long, involucrate at their ori- gin by a dense whorl of subulate scales; each branchlet with 4—7 whorls of nearly obsolete scales; thece 2—4, on the inner side and lower half of each branchlet.—@ Rivers, Ohio, Riddell, Ind.! Aug. 4. C. numiuis. Riddell. © St. inerusted, solitary and branching, scabrous, not sulcate, 2—3/ high; branchlets 8—10 in a whorl, without an involucre, generally equaling the inter- nodes ogee thece 1—2 on each of the branchlets in the upper whorls.— @ In shallow water, rivers, Ohio, Riddell. Color deep green. Resembles the last. Aug. 5. C. saputosa. Riddell. Stone-wort. St. 18’ high, thickly encrusted and very brittle, with a few erect branches, subsulcate, papillose ; branchlets generally 10, sometimes 8, in each whorl, with- out an involucre, nearly 6” long, (about half as long as the internodes,) each with 2—4 verticils of scales; thece on the inner side of the branchlets, in the axils of the scales.—() Pools of clear water, 2 or 3 feet deep, Ohio, Ind.! Color light pea-green. Aug. B. spiralis. Riddell. Stems spirally sulcate ; branchlets longer. ADDENDA. Page 142, next after R. aporrivus, insert, R. RHOMBOIDEUS. Goldie. Hirsutely pubescent; st. much branched from the base; rad. ivs, entire, rhomboid-ovate, crenate-dentate, on long petioles, cauline lvs. palmate, floral deeply laciniate; sep..spreading; hds. of carpels (large) globose; ach. smooth, with very short beaks.—Wisc. Lapham! and Can. W. A low, bushy, hairy species, 6—10’ high. Root leaves about 1’ by 3’, often roundish or elliptical, the petioles about 2’ long. Segments of the stem leaves linear-oblong, obtuse oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, exceeding the calyx. Page 166, next after A. LaviearTa, insert, AraBis Patrens. Sullivant. aes Erect, everywhere clothed with rigid, simple or forked hairs; radicat lws. rosulate, petiolate, middle ones oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, auriculate-am- plexicaul, wpper ones linear-oblong, subentire; pedicels longer than the rather large white flowers; siligues spreading and curved upwards, beaked with the conspicuous style.—Rocky banks of the Scioto river, Columbus, O., Sullivant. Page 378, next after P. rorunpiFoLra, insert, Pyrota vLicinésa. Torr. & Gray. _ Lws. nearly round, sometimes inclining to ovate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole, decurrent, with a few prominent veins; scape somewhat angular, with lanceolate bracts; rac. 8—12-flowered; cal. } the length of the petals; pet. ovate-oblong; stam. ascending; fil. smooth; ova. depressed; sty. declined, cla- vate——Sphagnous swamps, Galen, N. Y., Sartwell. Scape 4—8/ high, many- flowered. Petals reddish-purple. Stigma toothed. June. (Dr. Sart. comm, Page 397, next after V. (VerBascum) Licuniris, insert, B. hybrida. St. simple, erect, tomentose ; lvs. ovate-oblong, subcordate, woolly on both surfaces; /ls.in a terminal, somewhat leafy spike, yellow—Rome, N. Y., Vasey. Apparently a hybrid between V. lychnitis and V. Thapsus. Page 420, next after P. prLosum, insert, PycnantHEemMuM Torreyi. Benth, St. pubescent, slender, moderately branched ; dvs. linear-lanceolate, smooth- ish, acute, denticulate, margin ciliate, under surface downy; cymose heads con- tracted hemispherical ; ca/. with lanceolate acuminate teeth with bristly hairs at the summit; stam. exserted—York Island, Carey. Stem purplish, strict, about 2f high. Leaves 2—3' by 4”. Corolla two-lipped, white. Ovary naked at the summit. Aug. (Dr. Sartwell comm.) Page 474, next after P. mIre, insert, PotyGconum Careyi. Olney. St. erect, hirsute, much branched; dvs. lanceolate, with scattered and ap- pressed hairs; stip. scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy; spikes axillary and ter- minal, on very long, nodding peduncles, thickly beset with glandular hairs; stam. shorter than perianth: sty. 2; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate.—Swamps, H.! to R. L. Olmey. Plant 3—5f high. Leaves 3—6! by 4—1’, midvein and margins hairy. Calyx greenish-purple tinged with white, small. Resem- bles P. Pennsylvanicum. Jl. * INDEX OF THE NATURAL ORDERS AND GENERA. x* The names of the Orders are in Capitals.—Suborders are marked with the (+), and Sections with the (*).—The Tribes are in Roman spaced,—the Genera in Roman,—and the Synonyms in Italic. The figures after Syn. refer to the Synonyms of the Genus next above. Abies, . . . 515)Amphicarpza, . 223) Arundo. - _ . 610|Brachystemum, . 420 Abietiner. - 514|Amphiotis, . . 306 Syn. 601|Brasenia, aisle shin Mees eri : ° + 209] Amsonia, F . 457) Asarum 465 | Brassica, 171 Acalyp - 488|/t Amygdalee, : 240| ASCLEPIADACES. 458|Briza, . 616 ACANTHACER, | 395|Amygdalus, . . 242|Asclepias, 458 ” syn. 615, 616 Acer, Vane 212 Syn. 242 Syn. 461|Bromus, 5 ote Oa Syn. 214 ANACARDIACE, 202} Ascyrum, - 182 ; Syn. 619 ACERACES, - 212) Anagallis, 387|AsparageeR, 555| Broussonetia, . oa -Acerates, : . 460] Anchusa, ; - 431 AsDaRAeUs, : . 555|Bryophyllum. . Li Acetosa, . : eVatt Syn. 433|Asphodelus, . . 552}Buchnera, é . 407 Achillea,. . . 342/Andromeda, . . 371|Aspidium, . 6283)|Buchneree, . 407 Achyranthes, . . 185 Syn. 373 Syn. 631|Bunias, . . . Ii Acnida, . - - 467| Andropogon, . 621|Asplenium, . 630|Bupleurum, - 286 _ Aconitum, - . 1464/Andropogonege, 621 Sy nm. 632|Buxus, . 489 Acorus, . z . 521]/Anemone, & . 139] Aster, z 2 318-395 CABOMBACEE. 3 Acrostichum, . . 628 Syn. 141, 148 Syn. 325, 326, 327, 329|Cacalia, . > 348 Actea, . . . 146|Anethwm, . , 290|Asteroidee. 318 CACTACE, - 274 Syn. 147| Angelica, 290, 291] Astragalus, 229| Cactus, : «, 20 Actinomeris, . . 344)Anona, . 151| Atheropogon, . 618|}+ Cesalpine, . 236 Syn. 347 ANONACE, 151| Atragene, 139}Cakile, . ot yo SL Adenarium, . - 189| Anonymus, 484| Atriplex, 467| Caladium, : - 520 Adiantum, . 633) Antennaria, 351| Atropa, Z . 449|Calam “A - 60L Adlumia, . 158|Anthemis, . . 342 Syn. 446|Calend +25 ee BOS Adonis, . M1 Syn. 342} AURANTIACE, 204|Calla, : Z . 520 Aeschynomene, . 230|/|Anthericee, . 552}/Avena, - 609 Calliopsis, 345, 346 ZEsculus, é . 214)Anthoxanthum. . 608 Syn. 609, 610|Callistephus. . wu, Bee Z£thusa, A - 289) Anthropogon, . 6lsj;A veneer, . 608}|\CALLITRICHA- Agathyrsus, . . 359/Antirrhinee, 398| Avicularia, - 474, CES, .. > 484 Agave, . . 539] Antirrhinum, . . 398|Azalea,_ . . 374 Callitriche, 484 Agrimonia, = 255 Syn. 398 Syn. 375, 376, 377| Calopogon, eae Agropyron, . 619| Anychia, . . 185|Azolla, : . 636/Caltha, . - 143 Agrostemma, . 191,192|Apargia,. . . 358|Baccharis, apo CALYCANTHA- Agrostidee, 596] Apios, : 222 Syn. 334} CEA, . é « 28 Agrostis, A s . 596; Apium, EB . 288] Ballota, - 428 Calycanthus, 3 fee Syn. 599, 600, 601 cays 289 BALSAMIFLU &, 507|Calypso, . : - Sal Ailanthus, F . 202) Aplectrum, 531 BALSAMINACES, 199|Calystegia, . - 443 i : i 608 APOCYNACES, 456|Baptisia, . 235|Camelina, - 163 Syn. 609, 613|Apocynum, . 456| Barbarea, - 165|Camellia, - 205 Ajugoidege, - 429 AQUIFOLIACER, 381| Bartonia, 268, 454|Campanula, . 365 _ 7 e : 208} Aquilegia, 145| Bartsia, . . 409, 410 Syn. 366, 367 Aletris, . ~ 541| Arabis, 1466| Batatas, . 442, 443} CAMPANULACES, 365 Alchemilla, 257 Syn. 162, 169| Batschia, 433|t Campylosperme, 292 isma, . 526;ARACEX, . . 519] Bezonia, 270|* Cannabiee, . F a ALISMACE. | 526|Aralia, 294] BEGONIACE, 269| Cannabis, Allium, .. 550|/ ARALIACES. a94|Bellis, . . 327|CAPPARIDACEE, if Alnus, . . 499| Arbutus, . 3 371|Benzoin, . - 478) Capraria, 402 opecurus, 601| Archangelica, . 290 BERBERIDACE®, 152| CAPRIFOLIACER, 298 Alsine, . 187| Archemora, 291| Berberis, . 152| Caprifoliwm, 298, 299 Alsinee, 187| Arctium, 357| Beta, 470|Capsella, . aeul6L Althea, 207| Arctostaphylos, 371 Betula, . 498|Capsicum, 447 Alyssum, - _. 163|Arenaria, . - 188 Syn. 499|Cardamine, . . 167 . 162 Syn. 186,189} BETULACEM, . 497 Syn. 169 AMARANTHA.” Arethusa, ‘ . 535] Bidens, - 346|/Cardiospermum, 215 CEX, . 470 Syn. 535| Bigelovia, 334| Cardwus, 356, 357 Amaranthus, ‘ - 470) Argemone, . 156| Bignonia, . 394, 399|Carex, . 576 ee ADS Aristida, | 595 BIGNONIACER, 393;Cariceer, 576 CE - 538] Aristolochia, . 465| Bistorta, 475 |Carpinus, P . 497 yeni : 538 ARISTOLOCHIA- Blephilia, 418|Carthamus, . . 354 Amberboa, 354] CER. . 465|Blitum, 468|Carum, . . . 238 Ambrosia, - » 2353) Aritenewm, 538| Bebera, 347|Carya, . 491 Amelanchier, . 245|Armeniaca, 242 Behmeria, 511 CARYOPHYLLA- Amellus, . 333! Armeria, 390| Boltonia, 328] CEA, . Amianthum, 558| Arnica, 335] Bootsia, 252 Cassandra, 372 Ammannia, . pos Aronia, F 245, 246|Borrage®e, . . 430) Cassia, ; . 236 Ammi, . 286|Arrhenatherum, . 609})BORRAGINACES, 429) Cassiope, : Posy | aig z < pL Artemisia, P . 349] Borrago, . 431|/Castanea, ‘ . 495 5 ed ; 225| Arum, 519| Botrychium, 635| Castilleja, A . 409 elopsis, . 212 Syn. 520| Brachyelytrum, 600'Catalpa, . . 394 54* INDEX. 640 Catananche, . 358]Commelyna, . _. 562/Desmodium, . . 231|+ Escallonem, . . 281 Caulinia, ; 524] COMMELYNACEE,562|Dianthera, . . 895) Eschcholtzia, . 157 Caulophyllum, 153} COMPOSIT, . 310/Dianthus, . . 192|Euchroma, . 409, 410 se tee Lgl i + 217|}Comptonia, . . 500] Diapensia, 441;/Eupatoriaces, 313 Celas . 215|CONIFER®, 513 DIAPENSIACEE, 441/Eupatorium, . . 314 CELASTRACEE, 215 Conioselinum, | - 290)Diarrhena, . 612 Syn. 317 Celosia, . 472)Conium, .. =~ +=-293|Dicksonia, +» « 633|Euphorbia, . 486 Celtis, . * - 483|/Conobea, . - 402/Dicliptera, , - 395 EUPHORBIACES, 485 Cenchrus, é 607) Conoclineum, . 816)Dictamnus, . - 204;Euphrasiew, . 409 Centaurea, . - 854] Conostyles, 540|Dielytra,. . . 158) Eurybia, . 318,319 Syn. 354|Conval “We fe §52|Diervilla, . : - 800) Eutoca, . 4 - 437 Centaurella, : 454|Convallarinesw, 552 Digitales, - + 404) Exacum, oh) "452 Centunculus, . . 387|};CONVOLVULA- Digitalis,. «+ 404) Faz site nares ANB Cephalanthus, 307; CE, At 441} Digitaria, . +. 603 Ct en - 220 Cerastium, . . 187|t Convolvulee, 441 Syn. 618|Fagus, . . . 496 Cerasus, . ; - 240/Convolvulus, . 441| Dilatris, . 540 Syn. 496 Syn. 241 Syn. 443, 444|Diodia, . A - 807|Fedia, . - 308 Ceratochloa, . . 611|Conyza, - 325, 334/Dionea, . o M80 Festucacer, - 610 CERATOPHYLLA- Coptis, ‘ 144|Dioscorea, 543! Festuca, so. 5 . 611 TER, . ~~ 484/Corallorhiza, . 531 DIOSCOREACES:, 543] Syn. 632, 613, 61 Ceratophyllum, . 484|Corchorus, . 257|Diospyros, 3 382/Ficus, “. . . SI Ceratoschenus, . 575|Coreopsis, f . 344|Diploclinium, 270) Fila; os BB2 Cersis, . < . 235 Syn. 344, 347 Diplopappus, . - 325/FIL CES, s + 627 Cereus, . 275|Coriandrum, , 294 Syn. ~~ Fimbristylis, 2 Lo PSs Cherophyllum, 292) CORNACES, 296 DIPSACEE, o he n. 873 Chara 637| Cornucopia, 599|Dipsacus, < tth 309 Flerkea,. . 200 CHARACER, 637/Cornus, -) . +. 296|Dirca, . «. «+ 480) Fiwvialis, . +. 524 Cheilanthes, 633] Coronilla, - « 230/Discopleura, . «+ 286 Feniculum, pie fei) Syn. 633 Corydalis, . _. 158}Dodecatheon,. . 385|Fragaria,. . +: 252 Cheiranthus, . _. 169 Syn. 158|Draba, AT ane aot Franklinia, Bate, | 205 ‘ Syn. 170 Corylus, » «4 496] Dracena,. - + 553/Prasera, . 5 . 455 Chelidonium, . 156 Cosmanthus, 3 437|Dracocephalum, 425|Fraxinus,. . . 463 a Syn. 156| Crantzia, 285 Syn. 426) Fritillaria, s . 3649 Chelone, - 400 CRASSULACER, 276|Drosera, . + 179/Fuchsia, . - - 65 Syn. 400, 401| Crategus, 243 DROSERACER, - 179/Fuirena, . erg a Cheloneer, .' 399|Crocus, . 5 - 543|Dryas, . os 257/Fumaria,. . . 1 CHEN OPODIACE, 466 Crossopetalum, - 453}Dulichium, . . 569 Syn. 158, 159 Chenopodium, 468 Crotalaria, . 234]Dyosodia, « S47 FUMARIACEH, Vv 157 Chimaphila, . 379| Croton, 488) EBENACEX, - 382) Galactia, . Pay eB Chiogenes, 570 | Crotonopsis, . 488}Echinacea,, - 338/Galanthus, . .. 539 Chionanthus, . . 463 Syn. 489|Echinocystis, . - 270|Galega, . + - 23 Chironia, : 450, 451] CRUCIFERAE, 159|Echinospermum, . 435) Galeopsis, ~ 427 Chloree, . 617|Crypsis, - 602 Syn. 435!Galium, . . . 304 Chondrilla, . 362|Crypta, . . ° « 195/Echium, . ©. *1430 Gaultheria, en try Chrysanthemum, 343] Cryptotenia, 287|Eclipta, . 788s Syn. 371 Syn. 328, 343] Cucubalus, 190 ELATINACE®, - 194/Gaura, . . ‘Hi 265 Chrysus, + 157|Cucumis, 271| Elatine, + 195|Genista, . * zt ye Chrysocoma, 334| Cucurbita, 272| Elatinella, 306/ Gentiana, Chrysopsis, 333 YN. 272 ELEAGNACES, . - 481 GENTIANACES, 460 Syn. 324 CUCURBITACE®. 270|Bleagnus, - 481/GERANIACES, - + 196 Chrysosplenium, 281] Cunila, } . 421 Eleocharis, ees ae Geranium, ; . 196 Chrysostemma, . 345 Syn. 422|Elephantopus, 03 Syn. 197 Cicendia, - « 452}Cuphea, - 261)Bleusine,. . . 617|/Gerardia,. _. *°\' 407 Cichoracee, 257| Cupressus, 516|Ellisia, . . 437 Syn. 408, 409 Cichorium, 857;C upressinee#,. 516|Blodea, . . .. 184 gererdie sy 407 @icuta, 2; 286} CUPULIFER, . 492 Syn. 529|Geum, . ¢ 283 Cimicifuga, . 147|Cuscuta, . «+ 4441Elymus,. . - 620 Gilia,” oS egg Syn. 147|t Cuscutee, : 444| Emilia, 349/Gillenia, . . -. 257 + Cinchonee, . ~.' 305|Cydonia, . . 245 EMPETRACES, . 489] Gladiolus, - 542 Cinna, st. 600| Cymbidium, 531, ye Empetrum, 489|Glaux, «. . « 386 Cireewa, . 266| Cynanchium, Syn. 490|Glechoma, . . an Circea, 266| Cynara, pa Enandromeda, 372 Gleditschia, vi FR Cirsium, . : 356]C ynaree, 353 | Enemion, ‘ - 145 Glyceria, ’ . - 613 CISTACEX, . - 180}Cynodon, 618;|Enonyme®R, 215| Glycine, . « 222, 228 Cistopteris, 629, 630| Cynoglossum, - 435/Enonymus, . > ale euenie alae all> 2 | Cistus, * 181 Syn. 435|Enslenia, ? - 461)/Gnapha ~ S50 Citrus, J 204| Cynthia, . 358/Epigea, . , 373 Syn. 351, 352 Cladium, ; 575 Syn. 358|Epilobium, 262|Gomphrena, ~ { 472 Clarkia, . 264)CYPERACES, 565 | Epipactis, 4 537|Gonolobus, . . 461 Claytonia, » Id;/Cyperee 565|Epiphegus, _. 393| Goodyera, : - 536 Clematis, 138| Cyperus, ee et 3) > PQUISETACES, . 624) Gordonia, TANG 4 Cleome, . 172 Syn, 565, 568|Equisetum, 624|Gossypium, . . 20 Syn. 172, 173|Cypripedium, ._. 537 Erechtites, 352} GRAMINEA, . 593 Clethra, . —. 373 Syn. 531| Erica, 377|Gratiola, . . 403 Clinopodium, 419, 422| Dactylis, 617 ERICACES, . 367 Syn. 403 Clintonia, 365] Dahlia, 327!+ Hricinee, 371/Gratiolee, . 401 Sum, 553] Dalea, - 226)Erigeron,. . . 826 GROSSULACES, 273 Clitoria, 223 Syn. 226|Eriocaulon, . . 564|Gymnadenia,. . 533 Cnicus, . 855] Daliborda, . 253 PecavLOn Gymnandria, . . 404 Syn. 35€, 357 CER, - . 564|/Gymnocladus, . 237 Cnidiwm, 4 Danthonia, : - 162/Gymnopogon, . 618 Cochlearea, 163] Daphne, ~. - 572|Gynandropsis,. . 172 Celestina, 317] Darlingtonia, . 197] Gyromia, ¢ Loe t Colosperme, 293| Dasystoma, 221| Habenaria, Collinsia, 399] Datura, 293) HESODORACESE stn Collinsonia, 421| Daucus, 285|Halenia, . Colurea 224] Decodon, . - . 16) Hatesia,. A We oa8 Comandra, . + 479)Delphinium, Syn. 165, 168) tHalorag’ ‘ psd Comaropis, . . 2%3|Dentaria, a 4G3 HAMAMELACER, Comarum, . 252| Desmanthus, 549|Hamamelis, . “y 982 INDEX. 641 Hamiltonia, . . 479 ED ECER, a) ae RE Liquidambar, - _ . 508]Mitella, She ca QRO Harpalyce, . 361, 362{Iris, . <> eerntid® Syn. 500| Moluccella, op hnarnn$29 Hedeoma, . _ . 422|Isanthus,: :. : 416|Liriodendron,.. 150|Mollugo, . : | 190 gis Syn. 422}Iscetes;” .. .. . 164/Eastera, . ~s » (637 ordica, » «» 272 Hedera, . . .° 295|Ismardia,. . . 266|Lithospermum, . 432 Syn. 271 Hedyotis, . - « 805/Iscetis, . hs = AGRT; Syn. 432, 433, 434|Monarda,. . . 417 Hedysarum, . . 280 Isolepis, ‘ ° - 573}|LOASACEA,. + 268 Syn. 418 ; . 230—233 | Isopyrum, - 145}/Lobelia, - 363})Monardeer,. ~. 417 Helenium, . _. 342jItea, at a. Sf S8e LOBELIACES, » 363|Moneses,.~ . . 379 Syn. 344 4 : ; 4 - 353)Lotseleuria, . . 375| Monneria, 3 - Helianthemum, .° 181|Ixi . 542|Lolium, . : . 620 MONOPETALE, é Helianthus, a - 339 JASMINACEE, - 462|*Lomentacer, + 171|Monotropa, . , - Syn. 337|Jasminum, . . 462)Lonicera, . ‘ - 298) Syn. — Heliastrum, - \« 824/Jeffersonia, . s 152 Syn. 301} tMonotropee, , . B80 Heliopsis; - 337)JUGLANDACEXR, 440|/Loniceree,. . 298\*Moree,. . . 509 Heliotropea, + 435/Juglans, . A . 490|Lophanthus, . . 425)/Morus, . . . 509 Heliotropium, . - 435) Syn. 491|Lophiola, 540|Mulgedium, . . 859 Helleborus, . . 144/JUNCACE, . 559 LORANTHAGER, 297) Muh enbereia, - 600 Helonias, P 3 558] * Juncaginee, . - 528|)Ludwigia, : + 265 Syn. 598, 600 nye Se . 557, 558 Juncus, -» » . 6, 659j)Lunana, , «4 . 164) Myagrym; * Epes Hemeroca idew, 549 Hemerocallis, . . 549] Juniperus, Syn. 562)Lupinus,. . . 235|Myosotis,. . . 434 Hemianthus, . . 403|Justicia, . 517|Luzula, . : - 562 395 prchnis, Ns H : it Mroayrns, Pate |: Hemicarpha, . . 573}/Kalmia, . . . 874 . 500 Hepatica, : - 141)Kerria, . 7). ee LYCOPODIACER, a MYRICACER, - 499 Heracleum, . . 291 Keleria, - «+ + 612|Lycopodium, . ; 625|Myriophyllum, ey 4 Herpestis, ° - 402 Krigia, é : . 357|Lycopsis;.* . $, 43% MYRTACES, . 258 . 404 Syn. 358|Lycopus, . - - 416)/Myrtus, . *. . 258 Hesperis,. . °°. 168|Kuhnia,. . ~*. 315|Lygodium, . . 635|Nabulus, . . 360 Saar Syn. 169| Kyllingia, é - 568|Lyonia, . ort) lee ae NAIADACER, . 523 Heteranthera, . - 556;|LABIATA, . + 413|Lysimachia, . - 886] Najas, Z é . 523 Heteromeris, . : 181|)Laburnum, .. . 235 Syn. 386|Nap@a, . : 209, 210 Heuchera, oe TS - . 485/LYTHRACE, . 259) Narcissus, av tgs BG Hibiscus, . : - 208 Lacnanthes, a . 540|Lythrum,. : - 260|Nardosmia, . <5 338 Hieracium, . . 359]/Lactuca, . 5 » 859 Syn. 261|Narthecium, . . 562 Hierochloa, 608|Lagenaria, . . 272|Maclura,. . . 509|Nasturtium, . . 164 HIPPOCASTANA- Lamium,. . . 426|/Macrotys, ay, ates sisumnbureta, : 386 CER, 3 214|Lapathum, . - 476|Magnolia, 150| Neg 213 Hippophe, . - 481t;/Lappa, . 2 tUS57 MAGNOLIACER, 149 NELUMBIACES, 153 Hippuris,. . . 268/Lathyrus,. . . 219|Majorana, - 420)Nelumbium, .- . 153 Holcus, . S : 608|Lavandula, . .» 415|Malazis, 530, 531} Nemopanthus, S3t Syn. 613, 617}, LAURACEX, 478 Malope, 209|Nemophila, . . 436 Honckenya, .- . 189|Laurus, . 478, 479| Malus, » 244| Neotzia, ee es Hordez, . . 619|Lavatera,, . 207|Malva 206| Nepeta, . 424 Hordeum, ~ - 620|Lechea, : - 180 MALVACER, « 206 Syn. 419 Hottonia, . : - 384/Lecontia, . = . 520}Mariscus, fe - 567)Nepeter, . . 424 Houstonia, . 306] Le a. . +. 877/Marrubium, . . 428)Nephrodium, . . 629 Hudsonia, 5 181} Lee - 622|Marsilea, 636 Syn. 633 Humulus, * 2 $2 LEGUMINOSS, Pape Wy ( MARSILEACER, 636|Nerium, . - ls 467 Hyacinthus, . - 551) Leimanthium, . 557|Martynia, - - 394) Nesea. : - 261 Hydrangea, - 281/Leiophyllum, . . 377|Maruta, - 342 Nicandra, of oh 4s bn Rar - +s. 28¢}emna, .. Rap iit SD Matthiola, - « 170}Nicotiana, Pe ae ae dras 148) LEMNACER, 521/Meconopsis, . . 156|Nigella, . . «. 149 HYDROGHARIDA- LENTIBULACES, 390/Medeola,. . . 547}Nuphar, . . . 154 CER. . -') 35.528 Leontices . *™ 153 Medicago, ao oes Syn. 155 Hydrocharis, . . 529/Leontodon, . . 358|/Melampyrum, . oe 4p NYCTAGINACER, 472 Hydrocochloa, - 6233 Syn. 362; MELANTHACES, ae Nympheza, . 154 Hydrocotyle," - _. 284]/Leonurus, « tran 487 ae stead Syn. 154, 7s Syn. 285, 294| Lepachys, 4 . 338 mn, 556, a NYMPHEACE., y Hydropeltis, .- '. 153)Lepidanche, . - 444 MELASTOMAGER, 259|Nyssa, . z ye HYDROPHYLLA- Lepidium, ? . 161}Melica, . £ . 617|Oakesia, . f CEX, . .. 436|Leptandra, . . 405|Melilotus, + « 228|QObeliscaria, . . ee ohyum, . 436|}Leptanthus, . . 555|Melissa, . . . 422/Obolaria,. . . 452 ydropyrum, Syn.556|Melissinew, . 422;}0cimoidee, . Hymenopappus, 344|Melocactus, °. . 275|Ocimum, . - 348/Leptopoda, . Hyoscyamus, . . 446])Lepturus, « . 623|Melothria, . 271|Gnanthe, . 291 Hyoseris - 358|Lespedeza, . . 233;MENISPERMA- (nothera, F - 263 HYPERICACES, 182|Leucanthemum, . 343} CE, . - IS1JOLEACEA, . - 462 Hypericum, . 182|Lewcospora, . .« 402 Menispermum, - 151};ONAGRACER, . 261 . 184] Lewcothoe, “ . 872|Mentha, . ™ - 415/Onagrea, - 262 Hypobrichia, . . 261jLiatris, . . . 317 Me nthoidea, . 415/Onoclea, . . .« 633 Hypolytree, . 568 tLiguliflore, . . 357|Mentrelia, ° . 268 Onopordon, - 355 Hypopeltis, . . 631}Ligusticum, . . 289 Menyan thee, - 455|Onosmodium, . - 432 Hypopitys, . - 380] _ Syn. 289|Menyanthes, . . 455}0phioglossex, 635 Hypoporum, . . 576 oabum, = + 463|/Menziesa, A . 373|Ophioglossum, - 635 Hypoxis, . a - 540)Liliacee, . - . 547|Mertensia, 433} Ophrys, . 3 - 636 Hyssopus, ‘ 421| Lilium, . 548 MESEMBRY ACE, 276 Syn. 537 “i Syn. 425 LIMNANTHA- Mesembryanthemum,276|Oplismenus, . . 604 Iberis, 5 - - 164) CHA, - 200 Mespilus, 243, ait 245 qplothecas = . £ee Ictodes, . é sue Limnanthemum, . 455|/Micromeria, . 422} O . 274 lex, * «©. « 381|Limnetis, :. 618|Micropetalon,. . 187 ORCHIDACEHE, - §29 ‘yn. 381|Limodorum, . . 532|Microstylis, . . 530/Orchis, ~~. . 532 FLLICEBRACERY” 185] Limosella, é . 404}Mikania, . ; - 316 * Syn. 532 Ilysanthus, . . 403|Lindernia, . . 403)Milium, . 3 . 603] Origanum, s Impatiens, . . I99/LINACE®, . . 195|Mimosa, . . . 238/Ornithogalum, 551 Inula, é 334|/Linnea, . 3 » 301 Syn. 238 OROBANCHACEE, 392 ” Syn. 333|Linaria, . . . 398|/tMimosee, . . 238|Orobanche, 392 Ipomea,, . . sey 443)Linum, . . . 195|Mimulus, . . 401/Orontium, + a Ipomopsis, . 440|Liparis, . - . 530| Mirabilis, . . 472\tOrthospermee, . pat Iresine, . . . 471|Lippia, . . . 413}|Mitchella, - .« 30|Oryzee, Te 642 INDEX. s ~ Oryzopsis ! hyllum . 152\Rubus, - . 249|Sisymbrium, . . 168 areas Syn. Be OO SO ST EMACER, 485|Rudbeckia, . 337 165, 166 Osmorhiza, - 293:Podostemum, . 485 Syn. ms Sisyrinchium,. . 543 Osmunda, - 634|Pogonia, . . 535|/Ruellia, . 95|Sium, 3 . 287 Osmundiace@,. 634! Polanisia,. 172)}Rumex, . : a os SMILACER, . - ig 644 Ostrya, . ’ 497;/POLEMONIACES, 438 Syn. 473|Smilacina, '. 52, 553 Otophylla, i 408)Polemonium, . . 440|Ruppia, . . 624/Smilax, . 5 544 OXALIDACE, 200| Polyanthes, 550] Ruta : - 204) Smyrniwm, 287, 288, 289 Oxalis, ’ 200|Polygala, . . Mae RUTACER, “ + 24|SOLANACER, . 444 Oxycoccus, . 370 POLYGALACER, 173| Sabbatia, 450|Solanum, 5 las ees Oxydendron, 372|POLYGONACEE, 473 Sagina, 189\Selea,.- ... dua mals Oxyria, . 473| Polygonatum, . 553| Sagittaria, . 526|Solidago, . - 328—333 Peonia, . E 149| Polygonella, 475|SALICACER, - 600)Sonchus, . ‘ . 363 Panax, . « 295)Polygonum, 473) Salicornia, rip” ae 359, 361 Panicee, 602) Polymnia, . 335|Salix, 3 . 501|Sophora, vies Reeeee Panicum, . . 604;/Polypodiace#x, 628 Salpiglossee, 397| Sorbus, . . . 245 Syn. 603, 604, ons Polypodium, . 628/Salsola, . . . 467|Sorghum, . . 622 Papaver, . Syn. 631|Salvia, . 6 418|Sparganium, . Bae 3 PAPAVERACES, 18 Polypogon, . 599 Salvinia, - > « ,» 1636) Spare Neer a, < ere tPapilionucee, 219) Polytenia, ; 292;|Sambucee, 301 Surables, . 618 Parietaria, ‘ 511|tPomee, . . 2%43|Sambucus, ‘ + 301)Specu ote . 366 Parnassia, 180| PONTEDERACE®, 555 Samolus, - 388)Spergula, ° ute! 8D Paronychia, 185|Pontederia, . . 555|Sanguinaria, - 155 Syn. 189 Parthenium, . 336/Populus, . H 506|Sanguisorba, . . 255|Spermacoce, . . 306 Paspalum, : - 602) Portulaca, i 193} Sanicula, + 285 . 307 Passiflora * 269| PORTULACACES, 193|SANTALACER, . 479 Spigelia,. . . 307 PASSIFLORACE, 269|Potamogeton, . . 524)SAPINDACEX, 215|t Spigeliee, . s O07 Pastinaca, : 291 Syn. 267|Saponaria, A - 192|Spinacia, . 4 - 467 ga 399) Potentilla, . 251|Sarothra, 184|Spirea, . ; - 255 Pav : 214|Poterium, 255| Sarracenia, 155 Syn. 257 PEDALIACES, 394|Pothos, . 521 SARRACENIA- Spiranthes, . - 536 Pedicularis, . . 410 Prenanthes, 361, 362} CEA, . . 155|Spirodela, 3 - 522 Pelargonium, . . 197|Primula, . 384| Sassafras, . 478|Sporobolus, . 599 Peltandra, ¢ - 520 PRIMULACEE, 333] Satureja, _ - - 421IStachydeea, - 426 Pentalophus, . 433] Prinos, 381;|Satureinew, . 409|Stachys, . ¢ - 427 Penthorum, 278| Priva, . 413}SAURACEA, 484|Staphylea, . . 215 Pentstemon, . 400} Proserpinaca, . 267|Saururus, = 484 Staphylee, - 215 Peplys, 195, 261] Prunella, . . 424|/Saxifraga, 278|\Statice, . : - 390 Periploca, : 461|Prunus, . Qa SAXIFRAGACES, 278 390 Persica, . . 242 Syn. 240, 242|+ Saxifragee, . 278|Stellaria, . . 187 Peristylus, 533) Psamma, . - 600|Scabiosa, - . 310/+ Stellate, on Persicaria, . 474| Psilostemon, 431|Scandig, . . 292) Stipa, 5 . . 596 Petalostemon,. . 226/Psoralea, . . 225|Scheuchzeria, 528 Syn. 600 ; Syn. 226) Psylocarya, . 574|Schizea, . 5 . 635/Stipacea, . - 595 Petroselinum, . . 288] Ptelea, . 201|/Schizanthus, . 397|Streptopus, . . 554 Petunia, . 445| Pteris, - 632] Schoenus, 574, 575 Syn. 554 Phaca 229| Pterospora, . 380] Schollera, .' 55 Struthiopteris, - 634 Phacelia, . : - 438]Pulmonaria, . 434|/Schrankia, 238| Stylipus, . - 254 Syn. 437 Syn. 434|Schwalbea,_. 410|Stylisma, Z - 443 Phalangium, . 552] Punica, - 28/Scillee, 550| Stylophorum, -) 156 Syn. 562 Pycnanthemum, . 419\Scirpee, 569 Btrlocauthes, . 229 Phalaree, . 607| Pyrethrum, . 343)Scirpus, . is . 570)STYRACACES, 383 Phalaris, . ‘ 607 Syn. 343) Syn. 565, 568, 569, 570,573|Styrandra, . 552 Phalerocarpus, 371|Pyrola, . ... . 378 SCLERANTHA- Subula ularia, 7 163 Pharbitis, .. 442 Syn. 379} CE, 5 - 470 Sullyvantia, 279 Phaseolus, . 221|+ Pyrolee, . 378 Scleranthus, i . 470|Swertia, . 454 tPhiladelphee, 282| Pyrularia, 479|\Scleree, 575 Syn. 450, 453, 454 Philadelphus,. . 282/Pyrus, 244|Scleria, 575| Symphoria, 300, 301 Phleoidee,. - 601 Syn. 245, 246| Sclerolepis, 313 Semophoresyiii - 300 Phleum, . : 602| Pyzidanthera, - 441 Scolopendrium, é po Symphitum, . . 431 Phlox, : 438] Quamoclit, 443| Scrophularia, 99] Symplocarpus, 5 spel Phragmites, : 610] Quercus, . 492|SCROPHULARIA- Synandra, i i 6 Phryma, . : - 413) Queria, . 185) CEA, 2 396 Synthyrus, 5 . Phyllanthus, . . 489} RANUNCULA- Scutellaria, 2 . 423|Syringa, . -. . 462 Phyllodoce, . 373} CE, 137;|Scutellarinew, 423)Tagetes, . 5 - 341 Physalis, . s 447 Ranunculus, 141| Secale, . 619)Talinum, . ¢ - 194 / Physostegia, . 426) Raphanus, 171;Sedum, . 3 276|Tanacetum, . . 350 Phytolacea, . 478|Reseda, . 173| Selinwm, 290 Syn. 347 PHY TOLACCA- RESEDACES, 173 EemDerNAyAin,, 277| Taraxacum, . 362 CE, 3 477| Renssel@eria, . 520] Senicio, - 347/Taxus, . e . 518 Pimpinella, 3 . 288}RHAMNACES, 216 " Syn. 352)Taxinee, . . 518 Pinguicula, . - 390)}Rhamnus, 216;Senecionidew, 335 Tecoma, a - 393 Pinus, . - 514/Rheum, . 473| Sepicula, 529|'Tephrosia, - 224 Syn. 515, 516/Rhexia, . - 259|Sericocarpus, . 325| TER NSTRCEMIA- Piptatherum, . . 596|Rhinanthus, . - 410)/Sesamum, J - 395) CER, . a 205 Pisum, ai rs Rhododendron, 5 375|Setaria, . ey Epa i se re yn. 219 yn. 375|Seymeria, 5 » 407|Thalictrum, . « wa7 PLANTAGINA- Rhodora,, . . 375|Shepherdia, 481|Thapsia,.’ . . 289 CE, ’ - 388/Rhus, ‘é ¢ . 202) Sibbaldia, 257| Thaspium, " - 289 Plantago, 338} Rhyncospora, .« . 574/Sibthorper, 404 Syn. 287, 296 PLATANACES, 508 Syn. 575|Sicyos, . . . 270) Thesiwm, . ganas Platanus,. . . 508|/Ribes, . . . 273 Bum 271|Thlaspi, . . . 160 Platanthera, . 532—535| Ricinus, 488] Sida, ‘ 209 161 Plectranthus, . 415|Robinia, . 224| Silene, 190) Thuja 517 Pluchea, . 334| Rochelia, 435|Silenee, 190 THYMELACER, * 480 PLUMBAGINA- Rosa, " 246|* Siliculose, ~ 160) Thymus, . . . «420 CEE, ‘ - 389}ROSACEX, . 238!* Siliquose, . - 164 Tiarella, ? - 280 Poa, >> ee 614|/t Rosacee proper, . 246|Silphium, . . 335)|Tigridia, ot seni Syn. 613|Rosmarinus, . 419|Sinapis, - 170)Tilia, - a -uelO Podalyria, 225|RUBIACES, . 303! Sison, 287, 294) TILIACEE. . 210 INDEX. 643 illea, *. ©. 4 (878 faced » © 200!Vaccinium, . 368}VITACEM, . . 2 Tipularia, « + 632/Troxin os Se Syn. 370, Vitis, «heen ae Tofieldia, » « 659/Tubul bite, . 313] Valeriana, 3 Waldstenia, sh OSes ‘Trachysperma, . 455 eae, . 490 VALERIANACER, 308 Winsoria, on EBS Tradescantia,. . 363|t Tulipa, . 547|Valerianella,. . 309|Wistaria,. . . 22 Tragopogon, . 358/Tulipace z, - 547|Vallisneria, . . 529/Woodsia,. . . 631 Syn. 358|Turritis, - . 165| Veratrum, A 557] Woodwardia, . . 632 _Trautvetteria, . 147 Syn. 166 Syn. 557, 559|Xanthium, |. . 352 Tricochloa, . . 600/Tussilago, . . . 318|/Verbasceer, . 397)Xeranthemum, . 355 Trichodium, pod Syn. 318 pba ios, ; nA Xerophyllum, . 658 horum, « 572 . 522|Verben . 411|Xylosteum, . . 299 Trichestema, 4 - 429 TYPHacks, + ‘B22 VERBENACER, ~ A ME Spates pana ~ 363 Trichelostylis,. . 573|Udora . 529|Verbesina, . 347|Xyris, . . 363 Tricuspis, s ° Meer GIS ULMACER, | 2... 482 Syn. 344/Zahnichellia, . . 524 ‘Prientalis, - . 385/Ulmus . 482] Vernonia, . 313|Zanthorhiza,.. . 148 oo we pe UMBELLIFERE, 283 Vernoniacer, - 313}ZANTHOXYLA- Syn. 228, 230|Uniola, . . 616] Veronica, $ . 405) CEA, - 201 Trigloc . 528|Uralepis, . «. 610/Veronicee, > 405|Zanthoxylum, . 201 TRILLIACEA:, - 545 praeeermuass, - 293)Viburnum,~ . : sr Zapania, - 412, 413 Trillium, . é : a4 Urtica, . - 510] Vicia, _ : 220] Zea, : - 623 Triosteum, . . (syn. 511| Vilfa, . P 597, 598 Zenobia, . PI Ss Triphora, o RN 238 URTICACER, . 508] Villarsia, . . 455|Zigadenus, . . 556 Tripsacum, . . 623|* Urticee, w? Sameagiwineca, - . 4. jo Mapi@anna, (2S) eer ees Trisetum, - «+ 609/Utricularia, . . iE Viola, - « ._ + 1%5)Zizania, pies Pes 2 I Fe a - 619)Uvaria, . ‘ ‘ Syn. 178) Zizia, A r - 287 x 144)Uvularia,. ._. 583 VIOLACER,. . 175|Ziziphora, . 421, 422 TROP BOLAGER:, 199 a ae Viscum, . «» .. - w97j/Zostéra,’. .. . fad t Vaccinee, . Syn. 386 ENGLISH INDEX. Adam-and-Eve, . 631{Basil, . Ne 4; ee Blue-curls, . 424, 429|Cabbage, «aaa Adder’s-tongue, . — Basswood, + + 210|Blue-eyed Grass, . 543] Calabash, -. scam = ag . 2%5|Bath Flower, . . 58 Blue Grass, . . 614/Cale, Mire, ere | | any Beech-drops, 380|Bayberry, . «+ 500|Blue Flag, ni rp USA Calico-bush, «> inoeee Rin teu, Oe 1,492)/Beach Plum, . . 241|Blue-hearts, . . 407/Campion, © i» 90 Alexanders, : ” .’ 987|Beach Pea, . . 219/Blue Tangles, . 370|Canary Grass,. . 607 spice, °s) 7% 258 | Bean 220, 221, 222)Bog Rush, . 574,575|Cancer-weed,. . 418 Almond, . Z 242, 243| Bear ehcanys é 371|Boneset is . 316/Can 4 *- ye dit oe, ; : - 539|Beard-tongue, 400, 401|Borrage, :. ». £3t caraway, ; + 348 Alum-root, . . 280|/Beard Grass, . . 622|Bottle Grass, . > Cardinal Flower, 363, 364 Amaranth, . _ 471, 472 Beaver-wood, - . 483|Bowman’s Reot, . 257)/Cardoon,. . =. 355 American ‘Cowslip, 385|Bedstraw, : . 804}Box, . - « .» 489}Carnation, wi! RB. aes Angelica, . 290,291/Beech, . . 496 Boxberry, . 871, 378|Carrot, - 20% >a here Tree, . 205|Beech- ‘drops, . 380, 393/Brake, . « » 632 Garpet-weed, - 190 Anise 288 | Beet, rey 470|Broccoli, . . . 4171|Castor Oil Bean, 488 Annual Spear Grass, 614 Bell-flower, : 365, = Broome Grass, © 611, 621|Catch-fly,. . 190, 191 App . 244|Bell-wort, , . 564/Brooklime, . . 405/Cat-gut, . ‘ « 225 ‘apple ‘of Peru, ; aan Bengal Grass, ¥ : pe Broomrape, . 393)Catnep, . o. » 485 Apricot, . - 242)Bent Grass, . . 597/Broom Corn, . » 622)Cattail, . p » 522 Arbor Vite, . . 517|Berberry, 3 . 152|Buek-bean, . . 455|Cauliflower, . Pe Atrow-grass, . . 526}Bilberry 368|Buck-eye, Shey oa. E@edar, «.. <~ »\ Blb; O87 Arrow- sol soeelS eRe Bindwood:; 442, 443, 476|Buck-thorn, . 216;217|Celandme, . . 156 Arrow-w 5 - 803} Bird’s- nest, F 380}Buck-wheat, . .- 476|Celery, . . « 288 Artichoke, - . $41, 355| Birch, P = 498, 499|}Bugle-weed, . 416] Century Plant, . 539 ees ; ” ,’ 465}Bishop’s es a - . 280/Bugloss, . . . 481/Chaff-seed, . . 410 ‘Ash, - 463, seep = Bishop-weed, - 286/Bullrush,. . . 571)/Chamomi ae 2?) Asp 1 ae 5|Bistort, . ‘ . 475)Burdock, s . 357|/Cheat, ‘ - 611 Asphodel, ; 52 Bittersweet, . . 448|/Bumet,§. . . 255 Checkerberry,. . 373 Atamasco Lily, 538|/Blackberry, . . 249/Burning Bush, . - 216)Cherry, . « « 940 Austrian Eglantine, 247\Black Haw, . 303/Burr Flower, . 4361Chess, . « « Gil Avens, . . (252, 254/Black Snake- root, . - 147|Burr Grass, __.. . 607|Chestnut, 496 Awlwort, . . 163/Black Thorn, . 241|Burr Marigold, . 346 Chickweed, 185, 187, 188 Bachelor’s Button, . 354/Bladder-nut, . . 215|/Burr-reed, ¢ : 523|Chickweed Winter- gees * . 215|Bladder Senna, . 224)Burr-seed, . » 435} green, . eer B 422, 429|Bladderwort, . 391, 392|Buttercups, . . 142/China Aster, . «~ 327 Balm of Gilead, . 607|Blazing Star, . . 317|Butterfly-weed, . 460|/Chinquapin, . + 496 Balsam Apple, 271|Blessed Thistle, . 355|Butternut, - « 490/Choke Berry, .._.. 245 Balsam Spruce, . 516|Blood-root, . . 156|Butterwort, . . 890/Cinquefoil, . 251,252 Baneberry, . 146,147|Blueberry, - 369, 370|Button-bush, . . 307|Citron’ Tree, . + 205 Barley, . . . 620|Blue-bottle, +: . 354/Button- wood, . . 508\Gives, . . « ‘ol : 644 INDEX. ~ | Clarry, . .» 418|EnglishIvy, . . 295|Hart’s-to . 632|Leaf-cup » . 835 ‘Cleavers + + 804|English Moss, . 277|/Hawkweed, . 358, 360 Leather Hower, + 139 Clotw mm, . . 352/Eternal Flower, . 355|Hawthorn, 5 . 243|Leather- wood, . 480 Cloudberry, F 250| Eyebright, . 487|Hazel, . . 496, 497|Leek, - s 650, 551 Cipver, ~ 227, 298, 233|False Flax, - 163 Heartsease, : . ' 178|Lemon Tree, . + 204 Club Moss, . 625—627|False Mermaid, . 200)/Hedge Hyssop, - 403)Lettuce, . 859,361 Club Rush, . 569, 570|False Red-top, . 613|Hedge Mustard, . 168 Lever-wood, a ap eee, Cock’s-comb, . . 472/False WallFlower, 169|Hedgehog, . . 228|Life- everlasting, . 351 Cock’s-foot Grass, . 604|Feather-beds,. . 637|Hedgehog Grass, . 621|Lilac, P 463 Coffee Tree, . . 237|Feather Grass, . 596|/Heliotrope, . 436|Lily, i 548, 549 Colic Root, . . 541/Felwort, . . 454|Hellebore, : 144, 557 Ey. ‘of the-Valley, Colocynth, . . 272|Fennel, - 290|Hemlock, 286, 515,518|}Lime Tree, . 205, 210 Colt’s- -foot, . : 318|Fennel. Flower, . 149|Hemp . . 512|Lime Grass, . 620, 621 Columbine, + . 145|Fern, . 629—636 ey Nettle, : 427) Linden Tree, . rae Columbo, . 455)Fescue Grass, 611, 612) Henbane, . 446, 447)Lion’s-heart, . . 426 Comfrey, . . . 431)Fever-bush, . . 478|}Henbit, . . . 426|Lion’s-foot, . «© 361 Cone-flower . 337, 338|Feverfew, . . 343]|Herb Robert, : 396|Live-forever, . . 277 Coral-root, . . 531|/Feverwort, . . 300|Herd’s Grass, . 602|Liverwort, | 141 Coriander, - . 294|/Field Mint, . - 416|Hickory, . - 491, 492 ae taal, = 2.474 Corn Cockle, . . 191|/Fig,. . ~. . 510)/High Cranberry, . 302|Locus 224, 237 Corn Mint. Se eee Figwort, - . 399|High-water Shrub, 353 Loosestrité90 25, ~ va Cor Salad, : : 309|Finger Grass, . . 603|Hoarhound, 315, 416, 428|Lopseed, . 413 Corn Spurry, . . 186|Fir Balsam, ©. . 516|Hobble-bush, . . 302 Lousewort, 3 .- All Cornel, _.. . 296|Fire-weed, . . 352|)Hogweed, . 853, 469|Lo : 289 Cotton Plant . 207|\Flax -..»* J95}Holly, «. <« “co "S8iiieve- ica -bleedaiees 471 Cotton Pint, >. SnD Fleabane, - 326,327|Hollyhock, . . 208)Lungwort, » Les Cotton Tree, . . 507|Florin Grass, «. . 597|Honesty, . 164|Lupine, . , 3 Cotton Grass, . 572, 573)Flower-of-an-hour, 209|Honewort, . 287, 289|Lychnidea, 438, 439, 440 Cowbane, . 286, 291|Fly-poison, : - 558 Honeysuckle, 298, 299, 300) Madwort, : - 163 Cowslips, r . 143]Fly-trap, . 5 - 192}Hoop Ash, ~ - 483 Maidenhair, 4 - 633 Cow Wheat, . . 411|Fog-fruit, - « 413/Hop, . «© 6ig Miao: 9. o> sera Coxcomb, : : 470|Fool’s Parsley, - 289|Hornbeam, . | 497|Mallow, | 206—209 Crab Grass, . . 603|Forbed Spike, . - 621]/Horn Poppy, . » 156 Mangel-Wurtzel, - 470 Cranberry, . 302, 370|Forked Chickweed, 185|Hornwort, : . 484|Man-of-the-Earth, . 442 Crane’s-bill, . 196, 197|Forget-me-not, . 434|Horse Balm, . . 421|Maple, . 212, 213, 214 Crowberry, 489, 490|Fou Meadow, . 615|Horse Chestnut, . 214|Mare’s-tail, . 268 Crowfoot, 141, 142, 143] Four-o’clock, 472, 473|Horsemint, . 415, 417) Marigold, d 143, 341 Crownbeard, : 347|Foxglove. -. 404, 405|Horse Nettle, ke ore Marjoram, : - 420 Crown Imperial, . 549|Fox-tail Grass, . 602|Horse Radish, . 163|Marsh Rosemary, . 390 Cucumber, 270, 271, 272|Franklinia, ©. . 205|Horsetail, . 624, 625|Marvel-of-Peru, . 472 Cucumber-root, . 547|Fraxinella, - 204|Hound’s- ‘tongue, - 435|Mat Grass, s - 601 Cucumber Tree, . 150|Frin es Tree, . - 463|Houseleek, . 277|Matrimony Vine, . 449 Cudweed, : . 352|Fritill 549 Huckleberry, . . 368}May Apple, . : ee Culver’s Physic, . 405 Froabit., : . 529|Hyacinth; Q . 551/May Flower, . . 374 Cup-plant, , . 3836|Frost- te : . 181 Hydrangea, . 281, 282|May-weed, . . B42 Currant, . . 273|Fumitory, E . 159|Hyssop, . 3 . 421|/Meadow Beauty, . 259 Currant-leaf, . . 280|Galingale, : - 566|Ice-plant, * . 276|Meadow Grass, . 614 Cut Grass, - « 622|/Garget, . 2 - 478|Indian Cress, . . 200}Meadow Rue, ‘1147, 148 Cypress, . : . 517|Garlic, . - 550, 551|Indian Grass, . 622|Meadow-sweet, 256, 257 { Cypress Vine,. . 443|Gay Feather, . . 317|Indian Hemp, . 456|Medick, . a oe SB Daffodil, . . 539|Gem-fruit, . 280|Indian Millet,. . 622|/Melilot, . . . 28 Daisy, . 326, 327, 343|Gentian, . 416, 453, 454|Indian Physic, 257 Mercury . 488 Dandelion, 358, 362|Geranium, . 196—198|Indian Pipe, . . 380 Mermaid-weed, . - 267 Darel Grass, . . 620/Gill over the-ground, 425|Indian Rice, . . 622|Miami Mist, . . 437 Day flower, . . 563|Ginseng 5 . 295|indian Tobacco, . 364|Mignionette, . os 3738 Day Lily, 550| Globe Flower, 144,257|Ink-berry, . . -382/Milfoil, . | 267, 268, 342 Dexdly Nightsliade, 449|Goat’s Beard, . 256|Innocence, : 306|Milk-weed, -. . 359 Deerberry, : 369}Goat’s Rue, . . 225|Iron-weed, . 313|Milkwert, . . 174 DeerGrass, . . 259|Golden Chain, - 25 Iron-wood, . 497|Millet, . - 596, 607 Devil’s-bit, . . 310|Golden Club, : §21|Jack-in-the- Pulpit, 519| Millet’ Grass, . 602, 604 Dewberry, » . 249|Golden Cress- flower, 540 Jacobea, .. . 348]Missletoe, Pt Oey f Ditch Moss, . . 529|/Goldenrod . 328—333|Jacobea Lily, . . « 538|/Mitrewort, . . 280 Dittany, . . 421\Gold-of-pleasure, . 163|Jalap, . . . 478|Modesty,. . . 286 Dock, +./- "2 476, 477|Goldthread, . . 144|Japan Rose, . . 206|/Moneywort, . 387 Dockmackie, . 302|Gooseberry, . 273, 274|Jasmine, . 443, 462) Monkey Sloat 401, 402 der, . ; 444|Goose-grass, . 252,304|Jersey Tea, . . 217)Monk’s-hood,. . 146 Dog’s-bane, _. 456, 457|Goose-foot, . . 469|Jerusalem Cherry,. 448|Moonseed, . . 151 Dog’s-couch Grass, 619]Gourd, . . . 272|Jewel-weed, . . 199/Morning Glory, *, 442 Dogwood, 203, 296,297;Grape, . - . 2ll|Judas Tree, . . 236|MossPink, . . 440 Dorp-seed Grass, . 600/Grass, _ . . 595—623|July Flower, . . 170 Motherwort, Jo: A Dragon’s-claw, . 531|Grass-of-Parnassus, 180|June Berry, . . 245|Mountain Ash, . 245 Dragon-head, 425, 426| Grass . .. + 536|Juniper, . . . 517|Mountain Fringe, . 158 Dragon-root, . . 519|Grass-pol af % - 260|King'’s Set ; . 552|Mountain Heath, . 373 Dropwort, . .« 291|Greek Valerian, 440|Knapweed, . 354) Mountain Laurel, : 374 Duckmeat, . 522|/Green per . . 544/Knawell, } . 470|Mountain Mint, 417, 419 Dutchman’ s Breeches, 158|Green D . 520|/Knot Grass, 474, 475, 476| Mountain Rice, . 596 Dutchman’s Pipe, . 466|Green-head, . . 306|Knot-weed, . 474, 475|Mourning Bride, . 310 Dwarf Cassia,. . 337/|Gromwell, . 432, 433|Labrador Tea, . 377|Mouse-ear, . «. 435 Dwarf Pink, . 306/Ground Cherry, . 447|Ladies’ Ear-drop, . 265|Mouse-tail, . 148, 286 Dyer’s- broom, . 234/GroundIvy, . . 425|Ladies’ Slipper, 537, 538) Mudwort, » « 404 Dyer’s-weed, . 173}Ground Nut, . 222, 295)Ladies’ Thumb, . 474|Mu ort, : e Egz-plant, ’ ! 448|/Ground Pine, . ~. 625|Ladies’ Tresses, . 536|Mulberry, 249, 250, 509 Eglantine, ; . 247|Groundsel, A . 347|Lake Flower, . 455|Mullein, . . . tian Wheat, . 619|Groundsel Tree, . 335|Lamb Lettuce, . 309|Mullein Pink, Soh eae Elder, . 295, 301, 353] Guelder Rose, . 802|/Larch, . * . 516|Muskmelon, . onal Elecampane, . . 834/Gum Tree, 3 . 480]Larkspur, . 145, 146| Mustard, . 166—170 oo ‘ 482, 483]Hackberry, . . 483/Laurel, . . 374,481/Myrtle, . . 258, 357| Hair Bell, - . 365)Laurestine, . . 303)Narcissus, . . 539 Enchant Night- Hair Grass, , . 599|Lavender, J . 415|Nasturtion, . . 200 Gi. . 266| Hardhack, . . 26|Lead-plant, . . 226\Neckweed, . «~ 406 INDEX. 645 Nectarine, 242| Primrose, 263, 264,384,385/Snake-head, . . 400 Trumpet-weed, . 314 Nettle, . 133, 510, 511| Prince’s Feather, 471, 475| Snake Cactus, . 275|'Tuberose, < ne, SP Nettle Tree, . 483|Prince’s Pine,. . 379|Snake-root,147,174,285,465/Tulepo, . . + 480 Nightshade, . 448|Privet, . , . 463|Snap-dragon, 398, 399] Tulip, ¥ ‘ - 547 Nine-bark, 3 . 256|Puccoon, . = . 433|Sneezewort, 342, 343}Tulip Tree, . 150 Nonesuch, . 228|Pumpkin, . 272)Snowball, . 302|/Turk’s Cap, . 275, 548 Nutmeg Flower, - 149)/Pum pEin. wood, . 210|Snow- berry, : . 300|Turmeric-root, . 148 . 492—495| Purslain, 193, 194, 195, 266| Snowdrop, ; . 539|Turnip . ah Oak-of. Jerusalem, . 469 Putty-root, : . 531)Snowdrop Tree, . 383)Tway- blade, - 530, 537 Oat, . . 609, 610) Quamash, . . 552|Soapwort, . . 192/Twin-flower, . . 301 © Oilnut, Z 479| Queen-of-the-Mea- Soft Grass, . . 608|T'wist-foot, . . 554 Oily-seed, . 395} dow, . . - 256|Solomon’s "Seal, 552, 553| Umbrella Tree, - 150 Okro, a ate - 209) Quillwort, i . 627|Sorrel, 200, 201, 473, 477| Unicorn Plant, . 394 Oleander, : » 458)Quince, . . . 245/Sorrel Tree, . 372\Unicorn-root, . . 559 Oleaster, - + 482) Radish . 172|Southernwood, . 350] Valerian - 308 (eo Sees: = | Ragged Robin, - 192)Sow Thistle, - 363 Vegetable’ Oyster, . 358 Orache, . . 467,468|Ram’s-head, . . 538/Spanish Needles, . 346|Venus’ Fly- - 180 Orange Tree, . 205|Raspberry, . 249,250|Spear Grass, . . 614| Venus’ Looki lake 367 Orchard Grass, - 617|Rattle-box, . 234|Spearmint, . 416|Vernal Grass, . . 608 Orpine, . - 277|Red-bud, . ‘. . 236|Spearwort, . . 141}Vervain, : - 412 Osage Orange, - 509|Red Osier, . . 296|Speedwell, . 406,407|/Vetch, . 220, 221, 229 Osier, 3 - 504] Red-root, - 217,540 Spicewood, ee iy Violet, - 175—178, 253 Ostrich Fem, . ‘ - 634] Red-top, 597, 613, 614 Spiderwort, oe lz — wer sBugloss, . 430 Ox-eye, . : - 337)Reed Grass, . . 601|Spikenard, 5 bs Bower, - 139 Ox-tongue, . . 431)Reed Mace, . . 522 Sateer ap - ; ier Ww: Robin, . . 546 Peony, . . 149|Resin-weed, . . 336/Spindle Tree,. . 216|Wall Flower, . . 170 Painted-cup, . 409, 410/ Rhubarb, . . 473|Spleenwort, 275,630, 631|Wall Pepper, . . 277 Palma ee, -. 488] Ribwort, - . 388/Spring Beauty, . 194|Walnut, . - 490, 491 Panic, - - 606| Rice, . 204|Spruce, . 2 . 515| Water Carpet, A - il Pansey... 6.2... ¥78 Robin’s Plantain, +, SRISDUTZE, — 21. s = 487|Water Cress, . . 165 Parsley, . - . 289|RockBrake, . . 632|Squash 272|Water Feather, . 384 Parsnep, .- 287, 291|Rock Rose, . . 181 Squirrel-tail Grass, om Water soe. - :.. oie Partridge- berry, - 305|Rocket, . . 168,171|Staff Tree, . . 215| Water-leaf, - 436 Passion Flower, . 269] Rose, . 246—248, 250|Star Flower, . . 451|Water Lily, : - 154 Pawnee Lettuce, . 309|Rose Acacia, . 224|Star-Grass, . 540,541)|Water-melon,. . 272 Pawpan,. - . 151|Rose-bay, : 262, 376|Star-of-Bethlem, . 551|Water Nymph, - 524 Pea, - 219, 220, 221) Rose-bay Tree, . 458|St. John’s-wort, 183, 184) Water Pepper, - 474 Peach; - . - . 242|Rosemary, . 372, 419)St Peter’s-w ort, . 182|Water-target,. . 153 Pear E - « 244)/Rosin-weed, . . 336|St. Peter’s Wreath, 256|Wayfaring Tree, . 302 Peariwort, = +) .” 189! Rue, - « « 204|Stone-crop, . 277,278;Wheat, . . . 619 Pea Vine, - « 223|Rush, _559—562, 571, 624|Stonewort, . . 637| Wheat- ‘thief, . 433 Pellitory. - 511|Rutland Beauty, . 444 Strawberry, : . 253|Whip Grass, . . 576 Pencil Flower, + 230) Rye, - . 619, 620|Strawberry Blite, . = Whistle: wood, - 213 Penny Cress, . - 160|)Rye Grass, . . 621|/Succory, . : F White Bay, - 150 Pennyroyal, . . 422/Saffron, 355,543;Sumach, . . 202, aa White Grass, . . 622 Pennywort, . 284, 452|Sazge. . 418|Summer Savory, . 421}White-top, . . 597 Pepper, . . 447|\Sage Geranium, | 415|Sundew, . . 179|White-weed, . 326, 343 Peppergrass, . - 161|Salt-rheum-weed, 400|Sunflower, 339, 340 341,345 White- wood, = . 150 Pepperidge, - « 480|Saltwort, . 386, 466|Swamp a 375, 376 Whitlow Grass, . 162 Peppermint, . - 416 Samphire, . 466, 467| Sweet Basil, . 415|Whortleberry, 368, 369 Pepper-root, . . 168|Sandwort, . 188, 189} Sweet Brier, . . 247|Wild Basil, 419, 422 Periwinkle, - . 457|Sanicle, . . 285|Sweet Cicely,. . . 293) Wild Ber: amot, - Aug Persimmon Tree, 382 Sarsaparilla, . 294,544|Sweet Fern, . . 500} Wild Bullace Tree, 241 Pettymorrel, . 294|Satin Flower, . 164|Sweet Flag, . . 521)Wild Germander, . 429 Pheasant’s Eye, 141, 193 Saxifrage, 255, 278, 279|Sweet Gum, . 508|Wild Ginger, . . 465 Pickerel-weed, . 555|Scabish, < 263| Sweet-pepper Bush, 373| Wild Indigo, - 235 Pigmy- -weed, . _. 276 Scarcity, - «. « 470|Sweet Potato, 443] Wild Mandrake, - 152 Pimpemell, *. 387, 388|Scorpion Grass, .. 434|Sweet-scented Grass, 603|Wild Oats, . 554 Pine, - . 514,515|Scorpion Senna, . 230|Sweet-scented Shrub,258 _— Peppergrass, . 161 Pine Sap, . 380|Scratch Grass, . 475|Sweet Sultan, . 354|Wild Potato, . 442 Pink, . 192, 193, 400|Screw-stem, . . 454|Sweet William, 192, 193] Wild Service-berry, 245 Pink‘root, - + 308|Scurvy Grass,. . 163|Sycamore, . 213, 508}Wild Timothy, - 606 Pinweed, . oa = os Wrack Grass, : 523|Syringa, . . . 282|/Willow, . . 501—506 ee edge, . . 566,567|\Tansey, . . . 350|Willow-herb, . . 262 Pipewort, ae Oe set “a box, . ... 265|Tape Grass, . . 529|Winter Berry, . 381, 382 Pipsissiwa, . . 379|Self-heal, . . 424) Tares . 220|Winter Cherry, . 447 Plantain, 388, 389, 526,536|Seneca Grass, . 608|Tassel Flower, . 349|Winter Cress,. . 165 Plum, - 241/Senna, . . 236|Tea Plant, - .. 206) Wintergreen,373,378-9,385 Poison Hemlock, | 293|\Sensitive Brier, | 238|Teasel, . 309)Wire Grass, . . 617 PoisonIvy, . . 203|Sensitive Plant, 237, 238|'Ten-weeks’ Stock, 170|Witch Hazel, «+ ~282 Poison Oak, 203] Sensitive Pea, . 337| Thimble-berry, . 250|Withe Rod, . - 302 Poisonous Darne iL 620| Sesame Grass, . °623|Thistle, . 275, 356,363}Woad, . . . 164 Poke, ., 478,557|Shad-berry, '. . 245|/Thorn, . . 243,244|/Wolf-berry, . . 300 Polar-plant, . . 336|Shaddock bog . 205/Thorn Apple,. . 446|Wolf’s-bane, . . 146 Polypod, . .« 628/Shallot, . . 551) Thoroughwax, . 286|Wood Sorrel, . 200, 201 Pomegranate, . 259|Sheep-poison, . 374 Threedioot, . 316)Wood-waxen,. . Pond Lily, © . 154, 155|Shell Flower,. . 429|)Thre . . 485)Worm Grass, . . 308 Pond-weed, . 524—526|/Shepherd’s Purse, . 161) Thrift. a . 390|Worm-seed, . - 469 Poor-man’s Weather- Shield Fern, . 629, 630 Thyme, * ! 5 491/Wormwood, . 349, 350 glass, . . 387]Short-styled Cicely, 293) Tickseed, . 344, 346 Woundwort, > ee Poplar, | 150, 506, 507!Sicklepod 166| Tiger Flower,. . 542|WrackGrass,. . 523 Poppoose-root, . 153|Side-saddle Flower, 155) Timothy Grass, . 602|Yam-root, a . 544 Poppy, . . 156, 157|Silkweed, . 458, 459|Toad Flax, . 398,479|Yarrow, . 342 Potato, . . 448|Silver-weed, . . 252|Tobacco,. . . 445|Yellow-eyed Gtass, 564 Pot Marigold, . . 354)Simpler’s Joy, . 412|'Tomato, . : . 449) Yellow Phlox, . 169 pore Grass, | 595|Skull-cap, . 406, 423|Touch-me-not, . 199| Yellow Rattle, - 410 e Burdock, . 336|Shamrock, : . 227\Trailing Arbutus, . 374|/Yellow-seed, . . 161 Prickly eee - . 201|/Skunk Cabbage, . 521|)Tree-of-Heaven, . 202 an ein « 142 Prickly P’ 275| Slender “ines » «+ 468)Trefoil, 202, 227, 228, 331 — okra ee Pride-of- the. ‘Meadow,257| Sloe, . 241|'Trumpet Flower, . 394|Ziga ene, . . 556 Prim, ° p . 463 Snail, : 229 Lee + big ht) cies ope bleed ig CNP POI sk ERA 31)? Cg RO pei) pan oo Ct annie ale RRR ES iy 1 ee - Ue ie 2, rout Ae > les 52 < o Ses = se ee) a vi wal Tee Atanas THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers. Percival. | At the request of many of our readers, we insert the following article, regarding itas by no means an unsuitable appendix to the Flora, although it might not be en- — titled to a place in the body of a scientific work. The species are arranged alpha- betically, as usual, according to the names by which they are best known. For their true characters and nomenclature, reference is made to the Flora, thus; Acacia (Rose). XLVII (order), 11 (genus) ; 3 (species).] Acacia (Rose). XUVIT, 11; 3. Friendship. Adonis (Flos). 1,4. Sad remembrances. Almond (Flowering). XUVIII,5; 3. Hope. Aloe. CXLVII, 4. Superstition. Alysswm (sweet). XIII,8; 2. Merit before beauty. Amaranth (Pot, &c). CVIII, 1;.3, &e. Immortality. Amaranth (Globe). CVIII,4; 1. I change not. . Amaryllis. CXLVII,1;2. Affectation ; coquetry, Andromeda (Marsh) UXXVIII,5; 3. A cruel fate has fixed me Anemone nemorosa. 1,2; 1. Anticipation. [here. Angelica. UXVII,20. These are idle dreams. Apocynum. CI,1. Falsehood. Arbor vita. CXXXI,4. Thy friend till death. Arethusa. OXUL,8. I could weep for thee, Asclepias. CII, 1. Conquer your love. Aspen. OCXXVII, 2; 1. Excessive sensibility, Asphodel. CULIII,10; 1. My thoughts will follow thee be- yond the grave. ’ Aster. LUXXV,10. Cheerfulness in age. Auricula. UXXXII,1; 3. You are proud. Bachelor's Bution. UXXV, 62; 2. Single blessedness. Balm. XCIII, 7; 1. 20; 1. Sympathy. Balm of Gilead. CXXVII, 2; 7. You have cured my pain. Balsamine. XXVIII,1; 3. Approach not. Basil (sweet). XCIII,1. Good wishes. Beech. CXXIV,3. There let us meet. Berberry. VI, 1. A sour temper is no slight evil. Box. CXXI1,7. Constancy. I change not. Broom. XUVII,29. Humility. Broom-corn, CUXI, 57; 1. Industry. Bulrush, CUX,7; 5,7. Indecision. Butier-cups. I,5; 8. I cannot trust thee. Burdock. UXXV, 70. Don’t come near me. Cactus. LXI, 1,2. You terrify me. Calla A&thopica. CXXXIV,3; 2. Modesty. Calycanthus. XUIX. _ Benevolence. Camellia Japonica (red). XXXVI,2. Pity may change to love. Camellia Japonica (white). Perfected loveliness. Canterbury-bells5 UXXVII,1; 6. Gratitude. Catchfly. XXIII,7; 11, Lam a willing prisoner. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS i Carnation. XXIII, 10; 5. A haughty spirit ae a fall. Cedar. CXXXT, 5 2.’ T live for thee. Chamomile. LXXV, 37; 2. Fortitude. China Aster (single). LXXV, 14. ll think of 1: China Aster (double). I partake your sentiments. Chrysanthemum (red). LXXV, 42; 3. I love. Chrysanthemum (white). Truth needs no flowers of ipeich. Chrysanthemum (yellow). Slighted love. Circaa. LV,7. I shall beware of your enchantments. Clover. XLVIL, 16) 'S. Industry. Cock’s-comb. CVILL, 1; 1,o0r5,1. You are a fop. Columbine. I, 11; e: cannot give thee up. Columbine. i LL: a “Flopes and fears. Convolvulus. XOVIIL, 1; 5. You love darkness. Corn Cockle. XXITI,8; 1. ' Thou hast more beauty than worth. Cornus. LXIX. False lt Cowslip (American). UXXXII, 3. Unconscious beauty. Crocus. CXLIX, 6; 2. What an enigma thou art. Cypress. CXXXI,3. Bereavement. Despair. Daffodil. CXLVII,2; 3. Self-esteem. Dahlia. UXXV,16. Forever thine. Dandelion. LXXV, 82. You intrude. Eglantine Rose. XLVIII, 10; 6. I wound to heal. Fig. OXXX, 4. Iti is a secret. Flax. XXVI, 1:3. Domestic industry. Foxglove. XCI, 18; 1. My heart acknowledges your influence. Geranium maculatum. XXVII, 1; 1. You burn with envy. “ Robertianwm. XXVII, 1; 2. Aversion. “ (Oak-leaved). XX VII, 3; 17. There’s nothing in a name. “ (Rose). XXVIII, 3: 15. Thou art my choice. “ (fey). XXVITI,3; 12. A bridal decoration. _ Goldenrod. LXXV,18. Encouragement. Hazel. CXXIV,4. Reconciliation. Hleart’s-ease. XVII.1; 21. Forget me not. Hibiscus Trionum. XX XVII, 5; 8. Thy beauty soon will fade. “ Syriacus. XXXVILI, 5: 7. L would not be unreasonable. Heliotrope. XCIV, 14. Devotion. Flellebore. 1, 8. It is a scandal. lolly. ix XIX: 1. Am TI forgotten ? Hollyhock. XXXVII,4;2. Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle. UXXI,1. Seek nota hasty answer. Hop. CXXX,9. You do me injustice. Houstonia. LXXII,3; 1. Unaspiring beauty. Hyacinth. CULIII,9. Jealousy. Hydrangea. UXV,8; 3. Vain boasting ! Ice-plant. XII. Your very looks are freezing. Tris. CXULIX. I bring you a message. © Ivy. LXVIII,3. Nothing can part us. Jasmine. CIIL Thy gentle grace hath won me, THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. in Jonquil. CXLVII, 2; 1. Requited love. Judas-tree. XUVII, 34. Unbelief. Juniper. CXXXI,5; 1. I will protect thee. Ladies’-slipper. CXL, 14. Caprice. Lark-spur. 1,12. Fickleness. Laure. UXXVITII,10. O falsehood! treachery. Lavender. XCIII, 2. Owning her love, she sent him lavender. Lemon. XXXV,1;1. Discretion. [ Shaks. Lilac. CIV, 1. My first love. Lily (white). CUIII, 2; 4. Purity and sweetness. Lobelia. UXXVI,1;2. Away with your quackery. Locust (the green leaves). XUVII, 11;1. My heart is buried. Iupine. XUVII, 31; 1. Indignation. Magnolia grandiflora. I1,1; 4. Thou hast magnanimity. Magnolia glauca. I1,1; 1. He lives in fame who dies in vir- Marigold. UXXV, 61 and 35. Cruelty. [tue’s cause. Mignionette. XV,1; 2. Moral worth superior to beauty. Mirabilis. CIX. Timidity. Misletoe. UXX. Meanness. Indolence. Mock-orange. UXVI,9; 2. Deceit. I cannot trust thee. Monk’s-hood I, 13; 2. Deceit. Your words are poison. Myrtle (Myrtus). LL, 1. Love’s offering. Myrtle (Myrica). CXXVI,1. Thine is the beauty of holiness, Nigella. I,22; 1. love-in-a-mist. Perplexity. . Narcissus (Poet’s Tazetta). CXLVII, 2; 3,4. Hgotists are agreeable only to themselves. WNasturtion. XXIX. Honor to the brave. Nettle CXXX,5. Thou art a slanderer. Night-shade. XCIX,8; 2. Skepticism. Night-shade (Atropa). XCIX,9. Death. Oak. OCXXIV,1. Thou art honored above all. Oat. CLXI,30; 4. Thy music charms me. Oleander. CI,4. Beware. The better part of valor is discretion. Olive (or Ash). CIV,4. The emblem of peace. Orange flowers. XXXV,1; 3. Bridal festivity. Ox-eye Daisy. LXXV, 40. Be patient. Parsley. UXVII, 14. Thy presence is desired. Passion-flower. UVII. Let love to God precede all other love. Pea. XULVII,4. Grant me an interview. Peach blossom. XUVIII,4; 1. Preference. _Pennyroyal. XCIII, 18. Flee temptation. Paony. 1,21: 1.