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MARTIN, is Agronomist, Western Wheat Investigations, and CARLETON R. BALL, Cerealist in Charge, Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS : Page | Necessity for a Classification of Wheat. 1 | Classification of the Genus Triticum . . || Previous Investigations Key to the Species or Subspecies Foreign Classifications Common Wheat Améeérican Classifications Summary of Previous Classifications . Present Investigations Classification Nurseries _ Preparing Descriptions, Histories, and Polish Wheat . . Distributions Einkorn .... Unidentified Varieties The Wheat Plant Estimated Acreage of Varieties Morphological Characters Literature Cited Physiological Characters WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 OWashington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 8, 1922 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT “a VARIETIES, i ; By J. Avten OrarK, Agronomist in Charge, JoHN H. Martin, Agronomist, ooo Western Wheat Investigations, and CARLETON R. Batu, Cerealist in Charge, Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. CONTENTS. Page. Page. Necessity for a classification of wheat_ 1 | Classification of the genus Triticum_ 48 Previous investigations__—_____--_- 2 Key to the species or subspecies_ 50 Foreign classifications________- 3 Common iwiteat we red eo 50 American classifications _______ 7 Club wihnealth Bes x ON ks 172 Summary of previous classifica- Poulardtywihealte. 2). eae ob 180 OIG) ie SS a Se ane ee 9 Durum wheat ye 183 Present investigations ________-_--- 10 NITE Ts EN A hn 0 NiO heey 193 Classification nurseries_______~_ 11 SSO eh pe ale ey rh Ep hota a dl 195 Preparing descriptions, histories, OUST orn atin Woe SE oe Re 197 and distributions ___________ 15 Hak ores’ ek AAR 198 Varietal nomenclature _______~- 17 Unidentified varieties _________ 199 Pee neat .plamt, —~2 2-2 2 ee 22 | Estimated acreage of varieties _____ 207 Morphological characters ____~~ 25h SLipera tire ented. ort: 4. Felgh yd ies Ei 219 Physiological characters_____-- 47 | Index to varieties and synonyms___ Da NECESSITY FOR A CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT. The varieties of wheat grown in the United States show a great diversity of type. This diversity is natural, as wheat is produced commercially in all of the 48 States of the Union, under a wide range of environmental conditions. More than 200 distinct varieties are grown. Many of these are adapted only locally, while others are well adapted to a wide range of varying conditions. This adapta- tion of a variety is an important factor, as it affects the yield and profitableness of the crop. The choice of varieties for given condi- tions and purposes, therefore, usually is given careful consideration by growers. The choice, however, is dependent upon the determina- tion of identity. soma wi a 95539°—22—Bull. 1074 —1 EMITHSON Ay, MAY 2 9 1987 LIBRARIES, 2” BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The identification of varieties requires some knowledge of the appearance of plant and kernel and is assisted by information regard- ing its history or distribution. Wheat varieties are most generally designated by names, which are established through publication and usage. The association of a name with a recognized type of wheat enables identification. Confusion in names is frequent, especially in America, where the number of actual varieties is very large. This confusion occurs in two principal ways: (1) The same name is ap- plied to very different varieties in different parts of the country, and (2) the same variety is grown under several different names in dif- ferent parts of the country or even in the same part. Identification is difficult in cases of similar or closely related varieties and is con- fused by the multiplicity of names. There is need, therefore, for a practical and usable system of classi- fication which will standardize the varietal nomenclature and enable growers to identify varieties with which they are concerned. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide such a classification of the wheat varieties that are grown commercially in the United States or may be grown soon. The classification has been made by using only such characters as can be distinguished by the naked eye, no instrument other than a measuring rule having been used in the investigations. The names of varieties have been standardized in accordance with a code of nomenclature prepared by Ball and Clark (43)! and adopted with slight changes by the American Society of Agronomy. This bulletin is written in response to a demand for varietal infor- mation from farmers, agronomists, plant breeders, and members of the grain trade. It should form the basis for future work in wheat improvement, save the time and expense of breeding for combina- tions of characters which are already in existence, prevent much duplication of work in conducting varietal experiments, and aid in preventing the fraudulent or unknown exploitation of old varieties of wheat under new names. Its greatest value, however, should be in providing a compendium of the wheats of North America for all workers in the wheat industry, especially those who have only a - limited or local knowledge of the varieties which are grown. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. Most of the systematic study of wheat varieties has been done by foreign investigators. Comparatively little work of this nature has heretofore been done in America. 1The numbers (italic) in parentheses refer to ‘“‘ Literature cited,” at the end of this bulletin. Pees CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 3 FOREIGN CLASSIFICATIONS.* The existence of many different varieties of wheat has been recog- nized for more than 2,300 years. Theophrastus (189), a pupil of Plato, in his “ Enquiry into Plants,” written about 300 B. C., states: There are many kinds of wheat which take their names simply from the places where they grow, as Libyan, Pontic, Thracian, Assyrian, Hgyptian, Sicilian. They show differences in color, size, form, and individual character, and also as regards their capacities in general and especially their value as food. Theophrastus mentioned many of the differences between these kinds of wheat. In the writings of Varro, Pliny, and Columella, in the first century B. C. and the first century A. D., the observations of Theophrastus were repeated, rearranged, and amplified. Columella, who wrote about 55 A. D. (74, trans. 1745), presents these previous observations and his own, as follows: Triticum, common bare wheat which has little husk upon it, was, according to Varro, a name given formerly to all sorts of grain beaten or bruised out of ears by trituration or thrashing; but afterwards it was given to a peculiar species of grain, of which there are many sorts, which take their name from the Places where they grow; as African, Pontic, Assyrian, Thracian, Egyptian, Silician, etc., which differ from one another in color, bigness, and other prop- erties too tedious to relate. One sort has its ears without beards and is either of winter or summer. Another sort is armed with long beards and grows up sometimes with one, sometimes with more ears. Of these the grains are of dif- ferent sorts; some of them are white, some reddish, some round, others oblong, some large, others small. Some sorts are early ripe, others late in ripening; some yield a great increase, some are hungry and yield little; some put forth a great ear,othersa small. One sort stays long in the hose; another frees itself very soon out of it. Some have a small stalk or straw; others have a thick one as the African. Some are clothed with few coats, some with many, as the Thracian. Some grains put forth only one stalk, some many stalks. Some require more, some less time to bring them to maturity. For which reason some are called trimestrian, some bimestrian; and they say that in Euboea there is a sort which may be brought to perfection in 40 days; but most of these sorts which ripen in a short time are light, unfruitful, and yield very little, though they are sweet and agreeable to the taste and of easy digestion. In the early Roman literature mentioned reference is found to two. eroups of wheat, namely, triticum and adorewm, or far. Columella referred to the far as bearded wheat. The grain of triticum was * NotTe.—Since this manuscript was completed, two excellent publications on wheat classification have appeared: (a) Australia. Institute of science and industry. A classification and detailed de- scription of some of the wheats of Australia. Australia. Inst. Sci. and Indus., Bul. 18, 48 p., 4 pl. (1 col.). 1920. Forty-eight of the leading wheats of Australia are classified and described in a manner similar to that used by the writers. (b) Percival, John. The Wheat Plant. x, 463 p., 228 fig. (in text and on pl.). (1921.) Bibliography, p. 441-453. A large number of wheat varieties of the world are described and classified and the morphology of the wheat plant discussed fully. In addition to the publications reviewed here, extensive botanical treatises on the taxonomy of wheat forms have been published in Russia by Flacksberger, the most important one being Flacksberger, C., Determination of wheats. In Bul. Appl. Bot., v. 8, no, 1/2, p. 9-210 (1-202), 43 fig., 1 col. pl., 1915. In Russian. English sum- mary, p. 188-210 (175-202). = BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. separated from the chaff in thrashing, while that of the far was not, indicating that the former consisted of true wheats, while the latter Was emmer or spelt. | Columella himself recognized three types of Triticum, robus (red), siligo (white), and trimestrian (spring), and in addition four types of bearded wheat (spelt or emmer), viz: Clusinian, of a shining, bright, white colour; a bearded wheat, which is called venunculum. One sort of it is of a fiery-red colour and another sort of it is white; the trimestrian seed, or that of 83 months’ growth, which is called halicastrum. It is evident from these quotations that many of the leading char- acters of the wheat plant were recognized in this early period. What attention was given to studies of wheat during the Dark Ages no one can say. With the revival of learning the botanists and medical men began the publication of the folio and royal octavo herbals, many of them illustrated with woodcuts. In these, wheat species were included, the forms mostly being those described by Theophras- tus, Pliny, and Varro, but from time to time new ones were added. There is little advantage in trying to guess what particular form of common wheat each so-called species represented. More recent botanical writers described species which can now be recognized. Principal among these writers was Tournefort (794), who in 1719 listed 14 species of Triticum. The classification of wheat practically began with the work of Linné in 1753. In his Species Plantarum (740) he described seven species of Triticum, viz: 7. aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T. spelta, T. monococcum, T. repens, and T. caninum. The two latter species have since been included in another genus. In the second edi- tion of the Species Plantarum, published in 1764, he describes six species which are still included in the genus Triticum, viz: 7. aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T. polonicum, T. spelta, and T. monococcum, the species 7. polonicum having been added. Linnzeus divided the common wheat, 7. vulgare, into two species, 7. aestivum, awned spring, and 7. hybernum, awnless winter, appar- ently believing that all spring wheats were awned and all winter wheats awnless. Writers who followed him usually have not recog- nized these distinctions. Lamarck, in 1786 (734), created the species 7'riticum sativum to include both the species 7. aestivum and T. hybernum which Lin- neus had adopted. Each species and subspecies was described ac- cording to the presence or absence of awns, the color and covering of the glumes, the color, size, and density of the kernels, the solidity of the stem, and several other characters. - CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 9) Villars, in 1787 (198), divided the common wheats into two species, Triticum vulgare and T. touzelle. The latter consisted of awnless wheat having white kernels. Destontaines, in 1800 (79), established the species Triticum durum for the group of wheats having long awns and long vitreous kernels. Host, in 1805 (1/79), described and named the species Z'riticum compactum to include the club wheats and in addition recognized 10 other species of the genus 7'riticum. Seringe, in 1819 (774), arranged the common and club wheats together into 10 groups based on lax or dense and awned or awnless spikes, white or brownish kernels, and glabrous or pubescent glumes. He listed varieties from Switzerland, France, Germany, and Eng- land. _ Metzger, in 1824 (143), at Heidelberg, followed essentially the same system as Seringe, but in addition considered winter or spring habit of growth. The 10 groups of Seringe were further subdivided, making 18 groups. The kernels were described as white, yellow, and reddish. Metzger, in 1841 (744), reedited his classification of 1824, making some changes and adding more varieties. Seringe, in 1841 (775), published a revision of his previous work of 1818, in which he classified and partly described a large number of varieties of wheat. Alefeld, in 1866 (35), classified the wheats into two genera and species, Zriticum vulgare and Deina polonica. The latter con- tained four subspecies or varieties of Polish wheats, 7. polonicum, while the former was divided into many subspecies and varietal groups containing all other species of Triticum. Each of these was described in detail. Heuzé, in 1872 (111), grouped the wheats into 7 species. He listed (00 varietal names of wheat, 602 of which belonged to the ‘species 7’rzticum sativum, which included both common and club wheats. He described 47 varieties in this species, while the remain- ing 555 names were considered as synonyms. Koernicke, in 1873 (132), and Koernicke and Werner, in 1885 (133), prepared the most complete classification of wheat yet pub- lished. They followed Alefeld’s system of applying Latin names to the botanical groups. The groups keyed by them included 22 of vulgare, 21 of compactum, 26 of turgidum, 24 of durum, 12 of spelta, 20 of dicoccum, 21 of polonicum, and 4 of monococcum. Named. varieties included in each botanical group were described in detail, and the history, synonyms, and source of each were given. Much of this latter information had been published in the works of Alefeld and Heuzé, 6 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Harz, in 1885 (104), classified and described a large number of wheats in a manner similar to that of Koernicke and Werner. The common and club wheats were considered as a single species. Hackel, in 1887 (701), classified the genus 7riticwm according to a key very similar to the one adopted by Koernicke and Werner. Hackel recognized three species, satzvwm Lam., monococcum L., and polonicum L.; and three races of satwwum, namely, spelta, dicoccwm, and tenax. In the latter he included vulgare, compactum, twrgidum, and durum. as subraces. Vilmorin, in 1889 (199), grouped the wheats into 50 sections, according to their leading characters. Each section was briefly de- scribed and the synonyms were given. ‘The common and club wheats were considered as one species. Eriksson, in 1895 (88), subdivided the botanical groups of Koernicke and Werner into smaller groups which he called subvarie- ties, based chiefly on the density of the spike, the thickness of the kernel, and the length of the rachis. He also gives an excellent re- view of the literature on wheat classification. : Heuzé, in 1896 (772), published a second edition of his “ Les Plantes Céréales,” in which were included rather complete histories and descriptions of the varieties of wheat. Cobb, in 1896 (69), keyed 54 varieties of wheat which he was growing in New South Wales, Australia, using the leading plant, spike, and kernel characters. In 1905 (72) he proposed to classify wheat varieties by a microscopic examination of the aleurone layer. This method, however, is impracticable for classification purposes in the field, or even with certainty in the laboratory, when closely re- lated varieties are considered. Howard and Howard, in 1909 (727), classified the wheats of India largely according to the methods of Koernicke and Werner and of Eriksson. They (720) also consider in detail the characters used in classification. Richardson, in 1913 (158), described many of the wheats of Aus- tralia and gave the history of each variety. He did not arrange them in a classified order. The Union of South Africa in 1919 (187) published descriptions and synonyms of the wheat varieties of South Africa which also designated the areas where the varieties should be grown in that country. Ducellier, in 1920 (&2), published a classification and descriptions of the wheats of the Hoggar and oasis regions of Algeria. Only a few varieties were fully described. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 7 AMERICAN CLASSIFICATIONS. - Harmon, in 1844 (103), published descriptions and histories of about 30 varieties of wheat which he had grown in Monroe County, NG 3, Klippart, in 1858 (737), described a large number of wheat varie- ties grown in Ohio and grouped them into a partly classified order. Todd, in 1868 (193), described a number of wheat varieties, most of the descriptions, however, being obtained from agricultural litera- ture of the time. He suggested that the Government “take hold of this subject [the nomenclature of wheat] in a proper manner and establish a common standard of merit and an intelligible description of each variety . . .” Killebrew, in 1877 (730), described a number of American wheats, most of which had been described previously by Klppart or Todd. He grouped the varieties into two families, winter wheats and spring wheats. The winter wheats were divided into six classes based upon their kernel characters, white, amber, and red, and upon the awned or awnless character. The spring wheats, which were all regarded as being awned, were placed in three classes, with white, amber, or red kernels. Tracy, in 1881 (195), listed a number of wheat varieties grown by him at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. The varieties _ were partly described, showing the “bearded” or “smooth” heads and the color and size of the kernels. He mentions several varietal names as being synonymous. Devol, in 1887 (80) and in 1888 (87), published a classification of the wheat varieties being grown at the Ohio Agricultura] Exper:- ment Station. This classification was further developed by Hick- man (113), who in 1889 divided the varieties into eight morphologi- cal groups. Plumb, in 1889 (753), described a large number of wheat varieties, chiefly American, and gave the histories of many of them. Blount, in 1892 (47), listed 478 varieties of wheat which he was ‘growing experimentally in New Mexico. Histories of some of these were given. Carleton, in 1900 (48), summarized the varietal information of that time, listed about 350 varieties, gave their source by countries and their principal characters, and grouped them by districts of the United States to which they are best adapted. Scofield, in 1902 (172), classified and described a large number of durum wheats grown in Algeria, many of which were introduced into the United States about 1901. He also described the characters used in classification. In 1903 Scofield (773) prepared a detailed list of characters to be used in the description of wheat varieties. He 8 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. did not publish the descriptions of any varieties at that time. The application of the terminology was partly illustrated by plates ac- companying the article. Willams, in 1905 (204), listed and eae, described about 60 varieties A wheat which were under experiment at the Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station at that time. Hume, Center, and Hegnauer, in 1908 (1/22), briefly classified the wheat varieties grown in experiments in Illinois, and gave the history and partial descriptions of some of the ies on and Ameracon varieties. Scherffius and Woosley, in 1908 (177), published illustrations of 36 varieties of wheat grown by the Kentucky Agricultural Experi- ment Station. Noll, in 1913 (749), presented a tabular description of varieties grown by the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. Leighty, in 1914 (138), gave a list of the leading varieties of wheat grown in the eastern half of the United States, arranging them in classified groups by kernel and spike characters. Schafer and Gaines, in 1915 (170), recorded brief descriptions of the principal wheat varieties of Washington, together with their histories. Nelson and Osborn, in 1915 (748), gave a brief tabular description of the wheat varieties grown at the Arkansas Agricultural Experi- ment Station during the period from 1908 to 1914. Reisner,? in 1915, compiled much valuable information on the description and history of New York varieties. Ball and Clark, in 1915 (39), presented keys to the groups of hard red spring wheat and the durum wheats grown in the United States and described and gave the histories of the more important varieties. Carleton, in 1916 (67), listed the leading wheat varieties of the world, including American varieties. They were grouped into the botanical groups used by Koernicke and Werner. No attempt was made to distinguish between the closely related agricultural varieties. Stanton, in 1916 (7/85), grouped a large collection of wheat vari- eties grown in experiments in Maryland and Virginia, in accordance with some of the most obvious taxonomic characters. Jones, in 1916 (729), presented a brief key to the groups of common spring and durum wheats grown in experiments in Wyoming. Ball and Clark, in 1918 (42), published a key to the groups and varieties of durum wheat grown in the United States. Grantham, in 1918 (99), listed a large number of varieties which were being grown at the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station ?Reisner, John H. Wheat in New®York. 1915. Unpublished thesis, Cornell Univer- sity. The writers wish to here acknowledge the use of this manuscript, credit being due to both the author and the Farm-Crops Department of Cornell University, CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 9 and stated whether they were bearded or smooth, and also the color of the grain and chaff, the height of the plant, and the weight of the kernels. | Clark, Stephens, and Florell, in 1920 (67), gave a tabular descrip- tion of over 150 samples of Australian wheat varieties grown in ex- periments in the Pacific coast area of the United States. Clark, Martin, and Smith, in 1920 (66), keyed the groups of com- mon spring and durum wheat grown in experiments in the northern Great Plains area of the United States, and gave the histories of the principal varieties. Stewart, in 1920 (187), presented keys and brief descriptions of the commercial wheat varieties grown in Utah. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS. From the beginning of botanical classification there was a tendency to regard the different forms of wheat as distinct species. Toward the end of the eighteenth century there became evident a tendency toward the more reasonable view that comparatively few species were involved and that the evident major groups were mostly to be re- garded as subdivisions of the species sativum of Lamarck or vulgare of Villars. The making of botanic species of wheat. was carried to great lengths by the botanists of 100 to 200 years ago, who did not recognize that the characters sufficient to separate species of wild plants were suffi- cient to separate only agronomic and horticultural varieties of domes- ticated plants. Before this fact was recognized and botanists very largely had ceased to deal with the forms of cultivated plants, some 50 or 60 supposed species of wheat had been described. In the works of most of the botanists there was little effort to study and describe the farm varieties of wheat. However, Heuzé, Koer- nicke and Werner, Eriksson, Richardson, and others described many varieties, and some of their descriptions were fairly complete. No attempt has been made, however, previous to the present work, to show by detailed keys and by uniform descriptions the minor differ- ences which separate closely related varieties. There has been wide diversity among botanists in the taxonomic use of the various morphological characters of the wheat plant and seed. Only a few authors have given attention to the winter or spring habit of growth in wheat varieties. Some, as Eriksson, have placed undue importance on differences in spike density. Many writers have made no use of the colors of the seed coat in separating varieties. The classification of Koernicke and Werner is the most extensive and the only one which made a definite attempt to describe and classify foreign and domestic farm varieties. While conservative 10 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to the extent of reduction of the number of species, these authors still maintained a complete Latin nomenclature for forms as far as the fifth rank. In their discussions, these authors, as well as other investigators named, were handicapped through making their studies in only one locality. In the present work, the varietal de- scriptions are based on the expression of each variety under the widely varying conditions of environment found in different parts of the United States. PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS. The present investigations were started in 1915? with the object of making a classification of the wheats of the world. During the first two years much time was devoted to a study of foreign varieties, and several hundred introductions were added to the large collection of foreign wheats previously obtained. In the third year the study was devoted largely to diverse. botanical types obtained from hy- brids or distinct types found as mixtures in wheat fields in the west- ern United States. It was soon determined, however, that if the studies were to be of economic value, they must be limited to the principal cultivated varieties. The World War prevented the com- pletion of the introduction of foreign wheats, so it was finally de- cided to limit the present publication to the commercial American varieties. In the spring of 1919, a “ Preliminary classification of American wheat varieties,” * containing a key to varieties and index, was prepared in mimeograph form, and about 100 copies distributed to agronomic workers. Suggestions and corrections were invited. Several changes which were suggested have been incorporated. Hundreds of foreign and domestic varieties have been grown, studied, described, and classified, and herbarium specimens have been preserved in a classified order. Many of these varieties, however, are not included in this bulletin. During the past three years the ®°>The plan to classify wheat varieties was evolved by Carleton R. Ball, agronomist in charge of Western Wheat Investigations, in the summer of 1914, while studying a large number of foreign and domestic varieties in breeding nurseries at experiment stations in the western United States. In July of that year J. Allen Clark became his assistant, and the classification was carried on jointly until April, 1918, when Mr. Ball was pro- moted to the position of cerealist in charge. Since that time the classification has been continued by Mr. Clark, who was placed in charge of Western Wheat Investigations, and by John H. Martin, who became his assistant in February, 1919. During the entire investigation the fullest cooperation has been received from Dr, C. EB. Leighty, agronomist in charge of Eastern Wheat Investigations, who has furnished numer- ous varieties, much information on varietal history and synonymy, and some assistance with the nurseries in the Eastern States. In the preparation of the manuscript of this classification C. W. Warburton has rendered valuable editorial assistance. The drawings were made by Mrs. R. E. Gamble and the photographs, unless otherwise indicated, were taken by E. L. Crandall. These services are all gratefully acknowledged. * Clark, J. Allen, Ball, Carleton R., et al. Preliminary classification of American wheat varieties, 20 p. 1919. (U.S. Dept. Agr., Off. Cereal Invest. Mimeographed circ.) CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. hig commercial varieties have been given the most careful study. Many varieties not previously known were obtained and grown. Each year the varieties studied during the preceding season, with all new material obtained, were grown in the classified order presented herein. Each year, therefore, the classification became more definite and complete. There still remains much to be learned about the Ameri- can varieties, but it is thought that publication of the information compiled to date should no longer be delayed. CLASSIFICATION NURSERIES. Classification nurseries have been grown in several widely sepa- rated sections of the United States. This was necessary in order to determine the expression of varieties under different environments and thus embrace a scheme of classification which would be workable wherever the varieties happened to be grown. It also guarded against the loss of certain types, which often results if wheat is grown at only one place. In Table 1 is shown the location of 18 experiment stations where classification nurseries have been sown, as well as the annual and total number of sowings which were made. TABLE 1.— Annual and total number of rows sown in the classification nurseries of fall and spring wheat at one or more of 18 experiment stations in the United States during the 6-year period from 1915 to 1920, inclusive. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 [Sq | |W Bes = ~— . Station. ad ab ap ap ab Satta oe mean | cs a=! a Rs ee a Bs A af Sa 5, a] 6 3 A 3S 5 rr) 8 a a oe a, |p a Behera al vme ory Weer Iomy Foe) tier | a ey. | ge eh Chico; Calif... ....:-.. 14G)8 3: So, COO Seanad G02) hs: Oa eeee 720| 720! 1,419)...... 5, 647 WowmyalisnOnee ess) s eee Soeee|eaascinla ceees|seccealls ce ts OM epetita rites el be A ven” Rupert’s Giant. Revita PRR SUS SoS ye ere es ae ee ee Currell’s Prolific. APO lw SOM = eet ae ee ee een eee Early Red Clawson. Lae ER Pie 2S i OG Ee ot Ee ee 2 ee oe ea Rochester Red. Pegs (CT a5 eae A ee ON We OSE Oe Se ee ee ee Early Red Chief. rea TIRE pt ee a . Rimpau’s Red Schlanstedter Sommerweizen. 22 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. List of simplified names used in this classification—Continued. New name. Original name, Resacajeie 6 i a ee ee ee LA Lee Red Resaca. SILVelCOIM a, inc a eek Sa a es ee Silver Coin. Jones Wiese 2 2 PAA AEN Eee EE CU ed Jones Winter Fife. Grandprize 2... fly... Boe Se ys EE ee eS SD Coe ey Bee Missing Link. Genesee: Giahts__ te res 8 ae ER ee Early Genesee Giant. Read. 5 Sao a ee eo Sa ee ee Read’s Vermont Winter. Longhberry” (Noga ee ore eee aes Jones Longberry No. 1. Pen quites ties eey Se td ceeg ers 8 ee ee Penquite’s Velvet Chaff. Br) Too a ee eel A aie aS a Po eee a ee Jenkin’s Club. Redchath 227 Sata) Aes Aa as eh Ae i aoe ee Red Chaff Club. Wilbur: sez = thie eon. ceo A a a ce Early Wilbur. Blue Chae eee oe See ee ee eee ee Blue Chaff Calvert Club. Date! Bt. ee ee aE See ee eee Dale Gloria. Clackamas22s 2222222 cee ee ee eee Clackamas Wonder. SYNONYMY OF VARIETIES. Many varieties are known by several names. The names here used for the recognized varieties are the original names or the name now most commonly used or are the new or simplified names, as pro- vided for by the code of nomenclature. All other names used for the varieties here described are considered synonyms. THE WHEAT PLANT. The different cultivated varieties of wheat vary greatly in their habit, form, and structure, but all are annual grasses. The principal parts are the roots, culms, leaves, and spikes. There are two sets of roots, the first or seminal or seed roots and the second or coronal roots, the latter arising from the crown of the stem. The culm is a hollow, jointed cylinder comprising three to six nodes and internodes. The upper internode of the culm, which bears the spike, is called the peduncle. The leaves are composed of the sheath, blade, ligule, and auricle. The spike is made up of the rachis and spikelets, the latter in turn comprising the rachillas, glumes, lemmas, paleas, and the sexual organs, or the three stamens, and the single ovary with its style and stigma. Each of these parts may show distinct characters in different varieties. Those characters that do not vary or are not readily ob- served are of little value in classification. The root characters, for example, which are not apparent, can not be conveniently used, and no attention has been given to them in this work. Other characters, such as those of the sheaths, ligules, and auricles, are not generally used because they show very slight differences in different varieties. 5 See x Bi CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. yoga) The keys and descriptions which are used here to distinguish and identify varieties are based on characters which show considerable variation and therefore are of value. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS. The following pages present in detail such morphological char- acters of the wheat plant as have been found in the present study to be of the most taxonomic value. The characters used to distin- guish the different species, subspecies, and lesser groups’ in the genus Triticum are often of no higher rank than the characters used to distinguish the cultivated varieties. In the preparation of the key certain primary characters have been used in a regular sequence. ‘These characters are designated as major characters, and in the key they are printed in capitals. Certain other characters are used in the key to separate further the closely related varieties. For this purpose any character is used which serves to distinguish the varieties under discussion. The same characters may not be used in two successive cases and they are not used in any definite order. ‘These secondary characters are printed in ordinary type and are designated as minor -charac- ters. The general principle followed in the choice of characters in the key was to progress from those most easily observed and most often occurring to those least easily observed or least often occur- ring. The principle governing the sequence of characters in the key is to progress from the absence of the character, as awnlessness, to the presence of the character and from the smaller size to the greater. The descriptions of the wheat varieties are arranged in a logical order of plant development. The major and minor characters used in the key are included in their proper places in the descriptions, as are many minor characters not used in the keys. All of the taxonomic characters which are used in the keys and descriptions of cultivated varieties are considered below in the order of their appearance in the descriptions. PLANT CHARACTERS. Certain plant factors which are genetically different in the several varieties are of value for classification purposes. These are the habit of growth, the period of growth, and the height of the plant. HABIT OF GROWTH. All wheat varieties are here classified as having winter habit or spring habit of growth. These characters are shown in Plate II. In the keys to the cultivated varieties they occupy the seventh and last major position. Varro (in Columella, 74) writing before 24 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the beginning of the Christian era called the spring wheats trimes- trian, because they matured in three months from sowing. Linné (140) treated them as separate species in his Species Plantarum, but combined the awned factor with the spring habit in his species aestivum and .the winter habit with the awnless factor in his species hybernum. Few writers have since recognized these spe- cies, but the placing of both spring and winter forms of common wheat in one species, Z'riticum vulgare, by Villars in 1787 (198) has been almost universally accepted. The existence of winter and spring forms has been recognized by most authors but has not re- cently been used as a character for separating species or even as an important character for separating varieties. The writers consider these distinctions to be of less value for classification purposes than several spike and kernel characters, when the whole country is con- sidered, although it is a very important separation in some areas. In the southern United States, both in the east and west, several varieties of spring wheat are fall sown, and growers do not know whether they have a spring wheat or a fall wheat. The Purplestraw variety of the Southeastern States has a true spring habit, although it has been grown from fall sowing in that section for more than 100 years. Nearly all of the varieties grown in Arizona and California are spring wheats, but are fall sown. Hunt (123, p. 54) and others have pointed out that winter and spring wheats can be changed from one form to the other. These are factors which limit the value of the characters in classification. To use the winter and spring habit as the first separating characters also would widely separate otherwise very closely related varieties and in practice would result in a double classification. The winter and spring habits are shown as the first characters in the descriptions, as those characters are the first apparent in the growth of the plant. In the key the wheats having a winter habit are listed before those having a spring habit, because there are more fall wheats than spring wheats and because fall wheat is of much greater importance in this country than spring wheat. A few varieties of winter wheat are somewhat intermediate or facultative in their habit of growth. This is mentioned in the de- scriptions of such varieties, but in the key only the two classes are recognized. The intermediate types retain their prostrate habit of growth for only a short time or else they are semierect instead of | prostrate. Early varieties of winter wheat have a short prostrate or dormant period, and when spring sown they begin heading only a few weeks after the spring wheats have headed, thus giving an appear- ance of intermediate habit at the later stages of growth. There are CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 25 also certain varieties of wheat which are not homozygous as to winter or spring habit. The habit of growth is determined by sowing the wheat in the spring and observing its behavior. A winter wheat is one which usually produces no seed when sown at the normal date of seeding for spring wheat. All varieties classed as winter wheats in the key can be successfully produced only from fall sowing. When spring sown they usually remain prostrate on the ground throughout the erowing season and produce no culms or spikes. In some sections, or in some years, or when sown very early, winter-wheat varieties when spring sown will head and produce seed, but this usually occurs very late in the season. All varieties of wheat classified as spring wheats can be success- fully grown from fall sowing only in mild climates, such as the southern parts of the United States and along the Pacific coast. In parts of this territory they will sometimes winterkill. When spring sown their early growth is erect and culms and spikes are produced during the early part of the growing season. TIME OF MATURITY. The time between emergence and maturity is often an important economic factor in wheat production. The duration of the growing period is indicated by classing varieties as early or midseason or late. These are considered secondary characters, but nevertheless are im- portant economically and also in classification. Winter wheats and _ spring wheats require periods for growth which can not be directly compared in number of days. Fall-sown spring wheats may mature as late as or later than many of the true winter wheats. The above separation, however, into three classes can be used for both fall and spring wheats, or for all wheats when sown in the fall. No definite unit of time is used, therefore, in defining these separations. It is simply a relative measurement to be used in comparing varieties with those of which the normal time of maturity is known. Spring varieties grown in the northern Great Plains area would be classi- fied as early when maturing in 85 to 95 days after emergence, as mid- season when maturing in 90 to 100 days, and as late when maturing in 95 to 105 days. These variations are so small and such differences between the varieties are apparent during so short a period that these factors are of minor value in classification and are used only to separate closely related varieties. TILLERING. The tillering or stooling of wheat also is of little taxonomic value in separating varieties. Koernicke and Werner (733) recorded the number of plants and culms obtained from definite quantities of seed. 26 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Grantham (98) showed that tillering is a varietal characteristic to a limited extent. He also showed that— Since the number of tillers a wheat plant produces is dependent upon so many environmental conditions a number of observations must be made in order to establish in which degree this tendency is exhibited. For this reason it is difficult to classify varieties closely as to their tillering habit. The degree of tillering, therefore, is of little value for classification purposes and is not used in the descriptions. A few varieties, such as Turkey, usually have a large number of culms per plant, while durum varieties have comparatively few. HEIGHT OF THE PLANT. The height of the plant also is often an important economic factor in wheat production, because it may determine the method or ease of harvesting. Height-is measured from the surface of the ground to the tip of the spike, not including the awns of awned varieties. In regard to height, all varieties of wheat have been placed in the three classes—short, midtall, and tall. These are characters of minor ' value for classification and are used only for separating or dis- tinguishing otherwise closely related varieties. The principles gov- erning the grouping of varieties as early, midseason, and late apply here also. As an example, under California conditions wheats from 12 to 36 inches in height would be classed as short; wheats from 24 to 48 inches in height would be called midtall, and wheats from 36 to 60 inches high would be considered tall. In most other sections of the country these differences would not be as great. In order to use the height of the plant as a character, the height of certain varieties must be determined and used for comparison. STEM CHARACTERS. There are three characters in the stem of wheat varieties which are useful in classification, namely, height, color, and strength. Height already has been considered as a plant character. COLOR OF THE STEM. All varieties of wheat are here classified as having white or purple stems. The colors of the stem and the variations that exist are shown in Plate ITI, Figure 1,a@ and 6. These characters are of minor,im- portance in classification, for in many localities and in some seasons the purple color common to a large number of wheat varieties does not become apparent. This often is the case under conditions of ex- treme drought and also under conditions of excessive moisture. Un- der favorable conditions, however, this stem color is very apparent during a week or 10 days in the ripening period. When apparent, the color differences are very useful in distinguishing varieties. The Bul. 1074, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. AHnen’.Co Baitimore. WHEAT STEMS AND GLUMES. Fira. 1.—Portions of wheat stems showing color, (a) white, (6) purple; and awns showing k colors, (c) white, (d) yellowish, (¢) brown, (f) black. Fig. 2.—Glumes of wheat varieties showing the colors, (a) and (b) different shades of white, (c) white with black-stviped margins, (d) yellowish, (e) and (jf) different shades of brown, (9) bluish brown, (f) black. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. Saati color is usually most apparent on the peduncle, or uppermost inter- node supporting the spikes, but often continues downward to the sheaths of the lower leaves. Those varieties here described as having white stems may have a stem color ranging from a cream to a golden yellow. Few, if any, have stems which are truly white or with an absence of color. The varieties classed as having purple stems may have a stem rang- ing in color from a pale violet to a dark purple. In some varieties this coloring may occur only in a short portion of the peduncle. It sometimes does not occur in the peduncle and is present only in the sheaths. As previously stated, under some conditions it may not appear at all in a variety where it normally is present. The exact cause and nature of this coloring have not been worked out by the writers. It is probable that different quantities of moisture, heat, and light influence the color development. Koernicke and Werner used color differences in describing many of the varieties with which they worked. Heuzé (172, p. 54) pointed out the two contrasting charac- ters, which he called white and reddish. Color always has been con- sidered of minor importance in classification, however. STRENGTH OF THE STEM. The strength of the stem usually is an important economic factor. In many localities it is one of the most serious problems in wheat production, as many varieties are likely to lodge under conditions of excessive moisture. All varieties here discussed are classified into three groups, having weak, midstrong, or strong stems, respectively. Stems classed as weak are also usually slender, with very thin walls. Varieties with such stems have a greater tendency to lodge, which in turn causes harvest losses and increases the cost of harvest- ing. The successful cultivation of weak-stemmed varieties usually is limited to semiarid or arid regions. The varieties classed as having midstrong stems will not lodge under conditions favorable for wheat production. In this class are included the greater number of American varieties. A considerable variation exists within this group, and in humid sections varieties here described as having midstrong stems might more properly be classed as weak. In arid sections certain of these stems might more properly be classed as strong. : The varieties here described as having strong stems are those that will not lodge readily under excessively humid conditions. Only by a severe rain, hail, or wind storm can the stems of these varieties be bent or broken down. Comparatively few of the cultivated American wheats come in this class. Of these, the club wheats are of most importance. 28 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LEAF CHARACTERS. The principal parts of the leaves of wheat plants are the sheath, blade, ligule, and auricle. None of these parts usually show differ- ences which are of even minor value for distinguishing cultivated varieties. The blades of wheat varieties vary considerably in their dimen- sions, in the shade of green color, and in the angle to the culm main- tained during the successive periods of plant growth. These differ- ences, however, are apparent during only a short period. As the plant matures, the blades dry and frequently break off. Practically all cultivated varieties normally have three leaves, although this sometimes varies under unfavorable or very favorable conditions. ~ In this bulletin very little use is made of leaf characters. A few varieties are noted as having especially broad or narrow blades or as being pubescent. Koernicke and Werner (7/33) and others have described the color of the blades of both the seedlings and the partly grown plants. This also was attempted in the present studies, but the differences were found to be so slight and undependable that no definite classes could be established by using the character. No two persons can agree as to the various shades of green shown by the blades of wheat, even when a standard color chart is used. The color varies with the condition of the plant as affected by the temperature, the soil mois- ture, and the soil solution. The appearance of the color is changed by the character of the venation and of the blade surface. The plants appear to have a different color in the sunlight than in the shade, and the value changes also according to the position of the observer with regard to the direction of the rays of the sun. In general, the Crimean wheats have dark-green blades, while all durum varieties have blades with a light-green color. The blade widths are mentioned in describing only a few varieties, because nearly all varieties are very much alike in this character. The Crimean wheats are distinctly narrow leaved, while varieties like Sol and Red Russian have wide leaf blades. In America the winter varieties having the narrowest blades usually are most winter hardy. The length of the blade has not shown sufficient constant differences for taxonomic purposes. The terminal leaf of different varieties of wheat is sometimes quite erect and sometimes drooping at various angles. These differences are greatest just previous to the heading period, but frequently are not apparent a few days later. Chiefly because of the instability of this character, it is not used in this classification. The sheaths normally inclose about the lower two-thirds of the culm, although in dry seasons the spike sometimes is not entirely — CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 29 exserted. The edges of the sheath overlap on the side opposite the blade. The sheaths may be either white or purple. During early growth they usually are quite scabrous, but become smoother at maturity. There are some differences in these characters in the cul- tivated varieties, but they are few and minute. After a careful study the writers decided not to include any sheath characters in the de- scriptions. The same decision was reached in regard to the minute differences observed in the ligules and auricles. The ligules usually are short, varying from 1 to 2 mm. long, and becoming lacerate as the plant matures. Auricles always are present on wheat leaves. They are narrow to midwide, usually strongly curved, with a few long strigose hairs on the outer margin. The auricles often are purple in the young stage, sometimes changing to white as the plant matures. SPIKE CHARACTERS. The entire inflorescence on one culm is called the spike. It is made up of separate groups of flowers known as spikelets. These are borne singly on alternate sides of a zigzag, flattened, channeled, jointed rachis, parallel to its flat surface. At the base of each spike- let, on the apex of each rachis joint, a tuft of short hairs usually occurs. These hairs may be white or brown in color, but the differ- ences are difficult to distinguish, partly because the hairs frequently are discolored. Spikes differ greatly in form and degree of compactness. Club wheats (Triticum sativum compactum) have been separated from common wheats (7. s. vulgare) principally because of their distinctly compact or dense spikes. In distinguishing the cultivated varieties, four spike characters are used. These are the awns, the shape, the density, and the erect- ness of the spikes. AWNS. All varieties of wheat are classed here as awnless or awned. Spikes of awnless and awned varieties, showing some of the varia- tions that exist, are shown in Plate IV. The awns are important agriculturally and usually are the character most readily apparent. For these reasons this character has been given precedence over all others in preparing the keys. Some early writers, as previously stated, used this character for separating so-called species. Awnless varieties may have short or intermediate or no apical awns, that is, awns near the apex of the spike. Whether the awns are wanting or present, the varieties classed as awnless can be distin- guished easily from varieties that are awned throughout. Apical awns on varieties classed as awnless occur only on few to several of the uppermost spikelets, except in a few varieties, and seldom, if ever, 30 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. exceed 5 cm. in length. From a genetic standpoint there probably are at least three distinct kinds of awnlessness. For the present classification, however, they are all classed as awnless, but in the descriptions the average extreme lengths of the apical awns are recorded. Awned varieties are those that have an awn or beard which termi- nates the lemmas on all spikelets. These awns usually increase in length from the basal part of the spike upward. In the common wheats, awns seldom, if ever, exceed 10 cm. in length. In durum and poulard wheats, however, they usually range from 10 to 20 cm. in length. SHAPE OF THE SPIKE. Spikes differ greatly in shape, length, and width. They may be flattened parallel to or at right angles to the plane of the face of the spikelets. Those flattened parallel to this plane are widest when seen in face view and can be said to be dorsoventrally compressed. All varieties of common wheat have spikes thus formed, except those that are clubbed at the tip, in which case they are only partly so. Spikes that are flattened at right angles to the plane of the face of the spikelets are narrow when seen in face view and may be described as laterally compressed. The club, durum, and poulard wheats are separated from the common wheats partly on the basis of having such spikes. In general, spikes vary in length from 5 to 15 cm., but are usually 8 to 12 cm. long. ‘They vary in width or thickness from 1 to 3 cm. The differences in length and width are not used in themselves but are often combined with the spike shape in a compound descriptive word. Whether dorsoventrally or laterally compressed, whether long or short, or narrow or wide, spikes are classified in the keys as having the following four general shapes—fusiform, oblong, clavate, and elliptical. These shapes are shown in Plate V. For all common wheats these shapes are determined from a face view of the spikelets and for all club, durum, and poulard wheats from an edge view of the spikelets. | Heuzé (172) used several different spike shapes as the leading characters in separating varieties within the species. The shapes mentioned, however, are here considered only as minor characters, though nevertheless very useful in distinguishing varieties. Spikes classed as fusiform taper toward the apex or from the middle toward both base and apex. The larger number of varieties of common wheat have spikes of this shape. Spikes described as oblong are usually quite uniform in width and thickness throughout the length of the spike, but are always several times longer than wide. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 31 Varieties classed as having clavate spikes are clubbed, that is, dis- tinctly larger and more dense at the apex. This is due to a shorten- ing of the rachis internodes in that part of the spike, which results in a change from dorsoventral to lateral flattening and a broadening of the upper portion of the spike. Elliptical spikes are short and quite uniformly rounded at both the base and apex, but are flattened on the sides.. Most varieties of club wheat have spikes of this shape. ; In the descriptions of varieties these designations of spike shapes have sometimes been modified to take into account the length and width of the spikes and the overlapping of shapes which occurs in some varieties. Spikes that are unusually long are described as linear-fusiform, linear-clavate, etc. If spikes are unusually short that fact is in- cluded in the description. Broad spikes may be described as broadly fusiform or broadly oblong and narrow spikes as narrowly fusi- form, etc. Varieties that are nearly intermediate between any of the shapes are sometimes described as oblong-fusiform or oblong to subclavate. By the use of these compound descriptive terms spike shapes are more accurately presented in the description than they can be in the keys, where brevity is imperative. DENSITY OF THE SPIKE. The differences in shape of spikes shown above are due in part to differences in density. All spikes are described as of three density classes, viz, lax, middense, and dense. These differences are shown in Plate VI. These are minor differences which are used to advan- tage in distinguishing varieties. Seringe (174) separated the com- mon wheats into two groups, having lax and dense spikes, respec- tively. Koernicke and Werner (133) described the spikes of many varieties according to different degrees of density. Neergaard (747) suggested a formula for use in measuring the density of the spike. Eriksson (88) subdivided the botanical groups of Koernicke and Werner on the basis of density into subvarieties called laxum, den- sum, and capitatum. He measured the density of spikes by de- termining the number of spikelets in 100 mm. of rachis length. Heuzé (1/72) used the spike density along with spike shape as the leading character in separating varieties. Boshnakian (48) de- scribed means of measuring density and suggested the name Z'riticum compacto-capitatum for varieties of club wheat having clavate heads. Many measurements have been made by the writers to determine the difference in density of the spikes of the varieties here described. The most definite were found comparable at one station for one year, but otherwise were of little value. It was found necessary to estab- | ~ 82 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lish density classes of rather indefinite limits. In this way allow-_ ance was made for the varying conditions. The density classes were finally fixed as lax, middense, and dense by determining the number of millimeters occupied by 10 internodes of the rachis measured in the center of the spikes. By this method spikes are classed as lax when 10 internodes occupy from 50 to 75 mm., as middense when 10 internodes occupy from 35 to 60 mm., and as dense when 10 inter- nodes occupy from 20 to 45 mm. The greater number of varieties are included in the middense class, which, according to the above measurements, overlaps both the dense and lax classes by two-fifths of their entire range. POSITION OF THE SPIKE. The position of the spike at maturity is often distinctly different in different varieties. All spikes are here described as erect, inclined, or nodding. Heuzé (1/2) used essentially these same distinctions in describing his varieties. i Those varieties described as having erect spikes mature with the spike in an approximately vertical position. The spikes of these varieties seldom, if ever, are inclined more than 15 degrees from the vertical at maturity. Spikes of varieties which are described as inclined usually mature at an angle of approximately 15 to 45 de- grees from the vertical, but sometimes are nearly erect, and under some conditions will become slightly nodding. The majority of wheat varieties come within this class. Varieties which are described as having nodding spikes usually mature with the spike in a droop- ing position, the apex of the spike being lower than the base. Spikes — of such varieties sometimes are only inclined if they are not well filled with grain when ripe. GLUME CHARACTERS. The unit of the spike is the spikelet. It consists of several flowers or florets attached alternately to opposite sides of a central axis or rachilla. These flowers, three to five in number, are subtended by two empty scales, called the glumes, the keel of which terminates in a tooth or beak. Each floret consists of a flowering glume, called the lemma, and a thin 2-keeled glume called the palea. These two glumes inclose the sexual organs. The lemma incloses the back, dorsal, or outer portion, of the mature kernel and in the awned va- - rieties terminates in an awn. The lemma itself is of little or no use in classification. The palea protects the inner or crease side of the kernel. It differs from the lemmas in having its back, instead of its face, toward the rachilla or axis of the spikelet. Like the lemmas, it is not used in distinguishing varieties. The glumes, how- ever, are much used. : PLATE IV iculture. of Agr Bul. 1074, U. S. Dept (9) eyueqnyy “suo, suMe {(¢) AoyINY, ‘SuoOTpTUr SUMS ‘(F) Jury ‘Auvur sume [eorde {(¢) WoTRysteg “[erAoOS SUMB [VoIde {(Z) OJIY OIA ‘Moy SUMB TeoIde {(7) Sqog ‘SuMUeM suUMe [eoIdy HLONAT NI SNOILVIYVA DSNIMOHS ‘LVSHAA SO SSILSINVA GANMY GNV SSSAINMY JO SAxXIdS Bul. 1074, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V. SPIKE SHAPES OF WHEAT VARIETIES. Fusiform, Ghirka (1), Rink (2); oblong, White Winter (3), Poole (4); clavate, Satisfaction (5), Arcadian (6); elliptical, Hybrid 128 (7). Bul. 1074, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI. SPIKE DENSITY OF WHEAT VARIETIES. Lax, Chul (1), Martin (2); middense, Power (3), Regenerated Defiance (4); dense, Pacific Bluestem (5), Gypsum (6). vat ¢ CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 33 The covering and coloring of the glumes are major characters of the second and third place, respectively. The length and width of the glumes also are used, but are of only minor importance. COVERING OF THE GLUMES. Glumes of all varieties here discussed are described as glabrous or pubescent (Fig. 2). Host (1/9) placed the pubescent-glumed wheats in a separate species called 7'riticum villosum. Several later authors also considered pubescent wheats as different species. ‘This character is used here, however, only as a major one in separating varieties, but is given the second place in the keys because of the definite and striking contrast between absence and presence. This action is in ac- cordance with the usage of Koernicke and Werner. Glumes described as glabrous are without any covering of hairs. Those described as pubescent are more or less covered with hairs of varying length. Pubescence usually is readily apparent. The degree of pubescence varies in the different varieties. On some the : Fig. 2.—Glume covering: a, hairs are much longer and more numerous than = abrous: 0, pubescent. on others. Glumes of some durum varieties (Natural size and en- are partly glabrous and partly pubescent, but larged 3 diameters.) _ are classed as pubescent. In such varieties the pubescence-is most often found on the edge of the glumes. COLOR OF THE GLUMES. Differences in glume color were early recognized. Lamarck (134) used these distinctions in classifying varieties. Glume color is here used as a major character and occupies third position in the key be- cause of the distinct differences which are readily apparent when the plants are mature. This is also in accordance with the usage of Koernicke and Werner (133). All glumes are classed as white, yellowish, brown, or black. These colors are shown in Plate III, Figure 2. Glumes classed as white may vary in color from a cream or pale- straw color to a dark yellow (PI. III, Fig. 2,a@and 6). Practically no glumes are without color. Within the class, however, there are two rather distinct shades. Some taxonomists have classified them separately as white and yellowish. In the present bulletin, however, both shades are placed in the same class and described only by the one term “ white,” except in the case of the durums, which are classed _ separately as white and yellowish. In the descriptions the glumes of some varieties of common wheat are described as being yellowish 95539°—22—Bull. 10743 _ 34 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. white, indicating a darker glume than those described as white. A few varieties have white or yellowish glumes with brown or black nerves, or the glumes are sometimes tinged on the edges with brown or black. Such varieties are placed in the white-glumed class and the peculiar markings are indicated in the descriptions. The Black- hull variety has glumes which usually are tinged with black, but sometimes are almost entirely black. The Rudy. variety has black stripes along the edges of the glumes. Glumes of durum varieties classed as yellowish are much darker than those of any of the common wheats classed as white or de- scribed as yellowish white (PI. ITI, Fig. 2,d). This yellowish class, therefore, is quite distinct. It may range in color from a buff to bronze. : The brown-glumed class usually is still darker than this yellowish class and may vary in shade from light to dark brown and bluish brown, and in some varieties there is a reddish or mahogany tinge (PI. Ill, Fig. 2, e, f, and g). -For the latter reason most taxonomists have used the term “ red,” but in the pres- ent. work the writers prefer the term “brown,” as it more accurately de- scribes the glume color of the Be as a whole. Black-glumed wheats are rare in America. With two exceptions, and these only among the durums (Kahla, PL. ITI, Fig. 2, 2) and emmers (Black FG: /3<:Ginine) length':! a, Shorts it, ¥¥iDter),). there, axe no ;commennias midlong; c, long. (Natural size and varieties having black glumes. The Si were Ngan a color of the glumes of these varieties varies considerably. Under very dry conditions they may be only faintly tinged and may be more of a blue than a black. LENGTH OF THE GLUMES. Glume lengths are described as short, midlong, and long and are used as minor characters in the varietal descriptions. These length differences are illustrated in Figure 3. Usually small-kerneled va- rieties have short glumes and large-kerneled varieties long glumes, but there are exceptions to this. The glumes are usually about three- fourths the length of the lemmas, although in some long-glumed varieties the glumes and lemmas more nearly approach the same length. Polish wheat, Z'viticum polonicum, has glumes as long or CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 35 longer than the lemmas and is separated from the other species prin- cipally on this distinction. The length of the glume is here de- scribed as short, midlong, or long. Heuzé (112) and Scofield (773) used essentially these same terms. Most varieties of wheat have midlong glumes. A few varieties, however, are distinct in having either short or long glumes. Short glumes may have lengths vary- ing from 6 to 10 mm. Midlong glumes may vary from 8.5 to 12.5 mm., and long glumes from 11 to 15 mm. The glumes of Polish wheat exceed this latter measurement and are described as very long. WIDTH OF THE GLUMES. The width of glumes is used in the same manner as the length. All glumes are described as being narrow, midwide, or wide (Fig. 4). These differences were pointed out by Scofield (773). The width of the glume is here determined across its center from the keel to the margin of the outer side. Narrow glumes may vary in width from 2 to 4mm., midwide ones from 3 to 5 mm., and wide ones from 4 to 6 mm. The differences are small, and much over- lapping of the classes is inescapable. Wide glumes nearly cover the lemma at the point of measurement, while nar- row glumes usually cover less than a third of if. TENACITY OF THE GLUMES. Glumes of different varieties vary in tenacity or the firmness of attachment fe thewrachis,. The glumes of most_(\") jacides wine \ (Natural varieties, especially of the durums and size and enlarged 3 diameters.) clubs, are persistent. Some varieties of common wheat, however, have glumes which are easily deciduous, causing the spikes to shatter. This character is mentioned only for such varieties, SHOULDER CHARACTERS. The shoulder as here considered is the more or less rounded end of the glume from the beak to the lateral margin, including the part referred to by Koernicke and Werner (133), Hackel (101), and others as side teeth. Scofield (173) applied the name shoulder to this portion of the glumes. Considerable variation exists in shoulder width and shape in dif- ferent varieties and also in different spikes of the same variety and even among the glumes on a single spike. Although variable, they are of considerable minor value in classification, 36 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. The shoulder widths often differ from the glume widths. For this reason they are described separately, but on the same basis of meas- urement and by the use of the same terms, narrow, midwide, and wide (Fig. 5). SHAPE OF THE SHOULDER. Shoulder shapes are described in overlapping terms which allow for a considerable variation, which is nearly always present in the Fig. 5.—Shoulder widths: a, Nar- row; b, midwide; c, wide. (Nat- ural size and enlarged 3 diame- ters.) same spike. The terms used are want- ing, oblique, rounded, square, elevated, and apiculate. These shapes are shown in Figure 6. BEAK CHARACTERS. The word “beak” is used here for the short projection which terminates the keel of the glume. In some varie- ties it aproaches an awn in appearance. Scofield (173) first used the term beak, previous authors having referred to it as a tooth or point. The beaks vary in width, shape, and length. These char- acters are of considerable minor im- portance in identification and are used in the descriptions of the varieties. Fic. 6.—Shoulder shapes: a, Wanting; 0b, oblique; c, rounded; d, square; é, elevated ; f, apiculate. (Natural size and enlarged 3 diameters.) WIDTH OF THE BEAK. Beak widths are described as narrow, midwide, and wide (Fig. 7). The average beak is only about 1 mm. wide, so the variations are very CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 37 small, and general observation is the only basis for describing them. Those that are wider than the average are called wide, and those that are narrower are called narrow. SHAPE OF THE BEAK. The apex of the beak varies considerably in shape. It is described as obtuse, acute, and acuminate. Obtuse beaks are blunt at the apex. > 7 . ee a Fig. 7.—Beak widths: a, Narrow; Fig. §.—Beak shapes: a, Obtuse; BD, b, midwide; ec, wide. (Natural acute; Gc, acuminate. (Natural size size and enlarged 3 diameters.) and enlarged 3 diameters.) Acute beaks come to a point at the apex. Acuminate beaks are nar- rowly and very sharply pointed. All awned spikes have acuminate beaks. These shapes are shown in Figure 8. LENGTH OF THE BEAK. Beak lengths are quite variable, especially in the awned varieties, and are considerably influenced by environment. In general, condi- tions which increase or decrease the length of the beak affect nearly all varieties to a similar degree. In the awnless wheats the differences in length are not great, but in many va- rieties they are quite distinct. The length of the beak is measured from the shoulder of the glume upward. On most awned wheats the length increases from the base of the spike ut - to its apex. The range of differ- Fic. 9—Beak lengths, showing seven ence varies greatly with the variety. eae eR For this reason no definite measurements are used in describing the lengths, but instead the average maximum and minimum lengths are recorded in millimeters. None of the awnless varieties here de- 38 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. scribed have beaks longer than 3 mm. Variations in beak lengths are Shown in Figure 9. AWN CHARACTERS. Certain characters of the awn are distinct. Some of these are of some importance in classification, while others are not. The diver- gence of the awn from the vertical is one of the latter. The awns of some varieties are all nearly vertical or appressed, while others — are spreading. These characters are affected by drought or other abnormal conditions and usually are not sufficiently constant for classification purposes. The awns of some varieties sometimes are deciduous, dropping off at maturity. This occurs so rarely, however, . that it is of little or no use in classification. The color and length of the awns, however, are factors of some importance in this classification. | COLOR OF THE AWN. In the key to the varieties of durum wheat the awn color is used as the fourth major character. This method was followed by Koer- nicke and Werner. For the other species and subspecies the awn color is used only as a minor character. All awns are described as white or black. The awn colors and variations in color are shown in Plate III, Figure 1, ¢, d, e, and f. The white class may include yellowish cnadee and the piace class may include shades of brown and blue. Few anes of common wheat have really black awns. LENGTH OF THE AWN. The length of the awn in awned varieties or of the apical awns of varieties described as awnless is of slight value in classification. No attempt has been made in these studies to separate the varieties into classes with respect to awn length. In all descriptions, however, the average extreme lengths are recorded in centimeters. KERNEL CHARACTERS. The kernel color, length, and texture are the most constant of all the kernel characters. These are used as major distinctions. The shape of the kernel is considered only of minor importance, as are certain differences of the germ, crease, cheeks, and brush. COLOR OF THE KERNELS. Kernel colors were early recognized as important characters in separating varieties. Most varieties were observed to have either white or red kernels, but were sometimes regarded as being yellow or brown. The kernel color was used by Koernicke and Werner a. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 39 (133) and by Vilmorin (199) as one of the leading taxonomic char- acters of wheat. Heuzé and Koernicke and Werner have indicated various shades of white or yellow and of red in the descriptions of the kernel color. Eriksson (88) believed that white wheat becomes red and states that the color of grain is useless in distinguishing a _ variety. Cobb (69) arranged the wheats he was growing according to the color tint from lightest to darkest. Howard and Howard (121, p. 288) regard the wheat kernel as being either white or red. They state that “the particular tone or color depends partly on the consistency of the grain.” Hayes, Bailey, Arny, and Olson (105) proposed the use of the terms “red” and “ white” in describ- ing the presence and absence of a brownish red pigment in the bran layer. The use of the modification “light red” was suggested where the degree of pigmentation was less than usual in the red wheats. Three varieties of Abyssinian wheat having violet-colored kernels were mentioned by Koernicke and Werner. (133). . The writers have grown some purple-kerneled wheats from Abyssinia, but they are not considered in the present classification of the American varieties. Kernels of all varieties are here grouped into two classes, described as white and red. Here,asin the glume colors, many different shades are present. In general, however, the two classes distinctly separate all wheats. Kernels showing the two colors and some of the varia- tions that are found in normal and starchy samples are illustrated in Plate VII, Figure 1. Kernels of the white class may vary from cream to yellowish, or they may be white, without pigment. White or faintly pigmented kernels may appear to have different shades of yellow color, because of differences in texture of the endosperm. Different textures of en- dosperm, ranging from starchiness to horniness, result in different color shades varying from white to yellow. Kernels of the red class may vary from light brown to the darker shades of red. The variations are due to varietal. differences and environment. Differences in texture, due to varying conditions, may cause “ yellow berries,” which sometimes gives the kernels a mottled appearance. Many American writers have classed some varieties as “ amber.” This usually refers to a white kernel having a translucent or vitreous endosperm. The term “amber” is used to designate a certain sub- class of durum wheat in the U. S. Official Grain Standards. Hard red kernels frequently have been referred to as amber colored. The word “ amber” also has been used as a part of a varietal name, such as Martin Amber, which is a soft white wheat, and Michigan Amber, which is a soft red wheat. Because of this ambiguity and because all American wheats are either red or white, the word “ amber” should not be used in describing wheat kernels. 40 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | LENGTH OF THE KERNEL. The length of the kernel is used here as a major character in dis- tinguishing varieties of common and club wheat. Koernicke and Werner (733), in their descriptions of wheat varie- ties, indicated the average length and width of the kernels in milh- meters and the average number of kernels in 10 grams. The kernels were described as very small, small, large, and long. Heuzé (172) described the kernels as short, medium, or long. The size of the kernels of any variety varies slightly when grown in different sec- tions or in different years in the same section. From necessity, there- fore, the limits of the classes in which varieties are placed must be overlapping. A kernel of wheat reaches its maximum length several days before ripen- ing. The length, therefore, is fairly con- stant, even when it isconsiderably shrunken, and, is the most valuahle of the kernel dimen- sions for taxonomic purposes. In mak- ing measurements only the normal kernels should be used. The kernels from the tip spikelets on a spike and from the upper florets in the spikelet are below normal in Fig. 10.—Kernel lengths: «a length. Short;"b, midlong: ¢, long, In the keys two classes are made, namely, (Natural size and enlarged 3 kernels short to midlong and kernels mid- diameters. ) 4 long to long. In the descriptions three classes—short, midlong, and long—sometimes are mentioned sepa- rately. ‘These kernel lengths are shown in Figure 10. The short to midlong class includes varieties whose kernels meas- ure within the limits of 4 to 7.5 mm. in length. The midlong to long class includes varieties whose kernels come within the limits of 6.5 to 10 mm. For individual samples more definite limitation is pos- sible. For this purpose the term “ short” is used for kernels varying from 4 to 6 mm. in length; “ midlong” for those varying from 6 to 8 mm., and “long” for those varying from 8 to 10 mm. These latter measurements are considered as minor characters and are occasionally used in descriptions either alone or usually following the adjective. The measurements, enlarged ten times, are illustrated in Figure 11. TEXTURE OF THE KERNEL. The texture of wheat kernels is an important character in classi- fication. It has an economic value in America, as most wheat is mar- keted in commercial classes, which are fixed largely on a basis of texture, because hard wheats generally are better for milling and bread making than soft wheats. | Bul. 1074, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. AHoen& Co Baltimore. KERNELS AND CROSS SECTIONS OF WHEAT KERNELS. Fie. 1.—Kernels of wheat varieties showing the colors: (a) White, 1, Goldcoin ; 2, Baart ; 3, Kubanka ; (b) red, 1, Fultz; 2, Turkey; 3, Pentad. The lower row shows “‘yellow- berry’”’ kernels of these varieties. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) Fie. 2.—Cross sections of wheat kernels of varieties having different textures: Soft, (a) Kofod, (b) Zimmerman; semihard, (c) Jones Fife, (d@) Champlain; hard, (¢) Marquis, (/) Kubanka ; a, 6, and ¢ are classed as soft to semihard, and d, e, and f as semihard to hard. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, Al The texture classes used here are two—kernels soft to semihard and kernels semihard to hard. Here, as with size, overlapping class limits were found to be necessary. In general, all wheat varieties can _be classed readily in one or the other of these two groupings. In de- scribing specific samples and in individual description of varieties, three classes are used separately, as soft, semihard, and hard. A soft wheat is one which, when normally developed, has an endosperm en- tirely soft, mealy, or starchy. A hard kernel, when normally devel- oped, has a corneous, horny, or vitreous endosperm throughout. A semihard kernel has an endosperm which is intermediate between the two. Cross sections of kernels showing differences in texture in both normal and yellow-berry kernels are shown in Plate VII, Figure 2. The upper series of kernels shows normal development and the lower series the yellow-berry condition. In Figure 2 a, (1) and (2) represent different degrees of softness and (3) the semihard con- SHORT TO MIDLONG MIDLONG TO LONG 4 TO 75mm. 6.5 TO ‘oie. 3 4 5 6 7 8 S) 10 1h SHORT MIDLONG LONG 4TO S6mm. 6 TO 8mm. 8TO 1Omm. Fig. 11.—Diagram showing measurements of kernel lengths: Above, major characters ; below, minor characters. (Enlarged 10 diameters.) dition in the soft class. In Figure 2,6, (4) shows the semihard cond1- tion and (5) and (6) different degrees of hardness. The species 77iticum durum was so named by Desfontaines (79) because of the hardness of the kernels. Metzger (743) divided the white-kerneled wheats into two groups on the basis of texture, the starchy ones being considered as yellow. Koernicke and Werner (733) described the wheat kernels of different varieties as being entirely _mealy, nearly entirely mealy, mostly mealy, partly mealy, partly glassy, mostly glassy, nearly entirely glassy, and entirely glassy. The texture of the same variety varied in different seasons. These authors, as well as Eriksson (88), Fruwirth (92), and Howard and Howard (121, p. 232), conclude that kernel texture is useless as a varietal character and that it depends on environment. Hayes, Bailey, Arny, and Olson (/05) suggest the terms corneous, subcorneous, substarchy, and starchy for describing the texture of the wheat kernel. The writers have concluded that because of the variability in texture under different environments one can separate varieties of wheat accurately into only two classes-and fairly accurately into three classes. Soft-kerneled varieties grown under very dry conditions will sometimes become brittle and slightly subcorneous. When hard- kerneled varieties are grown under humid conditions or in soil de- ficient in nitrogen they sometimes become starchy, semistarchy, or 42 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mottled, the condition being designated as “ yellow berry,” and are then rather soft. | The difficulty of the numerous investigators in determining the kernel texture has been due to the failure to dissociate softness from - starchiness or yellow berry.’ Freeman (97) has shown the nature of hardness in the wheat kernel. The following is quoted from his conclusions: 1. The hardness of a wheat is determined by the solidity of the grain, and this, in turn, by the nature and relative proportions of gluten and starch in the endosperm. 2. When the ratio of gluten to starch is sufficiently high, the entire cell contents are cemented together solidly as the grain dries out in ripening. It, therefore, takes on a hard, glassy, semitranslucent texture. In the ab- sence of a sufficient proportion of gluten to hold the cell contents together, the shrinkage in drying does not fully compensate for the loss of water, and air spaces appear within the cells. These open spaces render the grain soft and, also, since they serve as refracting surfaces, make it opaque. We are, therefore, accustomed to associate softness, opaqueness, and low gluten con- tent in wheats. 3. There are two types of soft grains among the wheats included in these experiments. (a) A type designated by the writer as “true softness,’ in which the air spaces in the endosperm are diffuse and finely scattered. This type of softness is only slightly affected by environic conditions. (bo) A type commonly called ‘‘ yellow berry,” in which the air spaces within the endosperm occur in flakelike groups with quite definite margins. The opaqueness thus arising may be confined to a small spot only or may include the entire endosperm. This type of softness is very sensitive of environic conditions. In this bulletin soft texture refers to the condition designated above as “ true softness ” and must not be confused with yellow berry. True kernel texture, therefore, can not be determined on yellow- berry kernels, because they always are soft. It usually is possible, however, to select from a sample a few kernels which are not wholly starchy and which can be accurately used for texture determinations. Roberts (159) has attempted to measure hardness mechancially by determining the crushing strength. This is not entirely accurate, as the shape of the kernel influences its crushing strength and, in addition, soft-wheat varieties grown under dry-land conditions are quite brittle and difficult to crush. Texture is determined by cutting kernels which are not affected by yellow berry and examining the endosperm. SHAPE OF THE KERNEL. The shape of kernel outline is described as ovate, elliptical, or oval. These terms refer only to the outline of the kernel as viewed from the dorsal surface, and not to the kernel as a whole. When egg-shaped in outline, the germ end being the broader, it is described CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 43 as ovate. An elliptical kernel outline is one the length of which is more than twice the width and which has sides somewhat curved and both ends rounded. An oval kernel outline is broader, like the ovate, but with both ends of nearly equal width. The three shapes, ovate, elliptical, and oval, are shown in Figure 12, a, b, and e. Modifications of these shapes are indicated by describing kernels as narrowly or broadly elliptical, ovate, or oval, as the case may be. A few varieties, as Baart, show other characteristic shapes, which are given in the descriptions of these varieties. Most kernels are classified as ovate, but in a few varieties a consid- erable portion of the kernels may have one or the other of the shapes just noted. The shape of the wheat kernel is influenced by the posi- tion in the spikelet, the position in the spike, and the degree of plumpness. Boshnakian (49) has shown that spikelet characters which affect the shape of the wheat ker- nel are mainly: “(1) The stiffness of the glumes, (2) the size and shape of the space in which the grain develops, (3) the number of grains in the spikelet and their position, (4) the density of the head, (5) the pressure caused by the growth of different parts of the head, and (6) the species which produces the kernel.” The kernels from the base or tip spikelets on the spike are shorter in i : Fig, 12.—Kernel shapes: a, Ovate ; proportion to width than the others. », elliptical; c, oval. (Natural The kernels from club wheat or from “2° 224 enlarged 3 diameters.) the tip spikelets of clavate spikes of common wheats are usually laterally compressed or “ pinched.” Shrunken kernels usually have an elliptical shape because of being narrow. As the width of a kernel of wheat depends largely upon the degree of re Ga neg of _ plumpness, this character has very little taxonomic value. The tip or brush end of nearly all varieties is rounded, but the kernels of a few varieties, in which the tips are square rather than rounded, as seen from the dorsal view, are described as truncate. Kernels of a few varieties have acute or pointed tips, as seen in both dorsal and lateral views, and such tips are described as acute. The shape of the kernel as seen in the lateral view is important in only a few varieties. Many varieties, especially durums and emmers, are more or less keeled on the dorsal surface. Normally the kernels of wheat, in dorso-ventral diameter, are thickest near the base, just above the germ. In a few varieties the kernels are strongly elevated on the dorsal side of this basal portion and then are popularly known as “humped.” That term is used in deseribing such kernels. 44 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. When the dorsal portion is less keeled than normal the kernel is de- scribed as flattened. Where only the tip of the kernel is thus flattened it is described as having a flattened tip. i The shape of the kernel has been used as a distinguishing char- acter by only a few authors. Koernicke and Werner (733) recorded the lengths and widths of the kernels and referred to some as round- ish or elongated. Eriksson (SS) used the number of kernels in 100 mm., placed side by side, to indicate the width of the kernel. This character is, however, of value only in comparing varieties grown under identical conditions. Heuzé (772) described the shape of kernels of each variety, using such terms as elongated, short, angu- lar, compressed, ovoid, oblong, and swollen. Scofield (773) sug- gested 16 descriptive terms to be applied to the shape of wheat kernels. Wheat kernels can not be accurately described according to shape unless they are nearly normally developed, that is, neither shrunken nor excessively plump. GERM CHARACTERS. The size and shape of the germ or embryo of the wheat kernel have seldom been used as characters in classification. After examining thousands of samples, the writers have concluded that the size the puting ecvlaee tat, ee of the germ is one of the most constant of midsized; ¢, large. (Natural minor kernel characters. There is con- size and enlarged 3 diameters.) IMeHOCUCCUMIMn ess srcterr seis ciSect ot Einkorn. Only three of these divisions were considered by Hackel as valid and distinct species, namely, sat¢evum, polonicum, and monococcum. The other divisions he called races and subraces. The term race is now more properly used for a pure line within a variety, and these ranks probably would be better designated as subspecies and varieties. As previously pointed out, other authors have considered these divi- sions as distinct species or subspecies. The present writers have not yet given sufficient study to the question of their botanical relation- ships to express a positive opinion. In the present work it seems best to maintain these well-estab- lished divisions, but at the same time to rearrange them in the order of their agricultural value. The writers make no attempt to assign definite rank to the different divisions, as they have not made a genetic study of crosses between the different divisions nor have they made an exhaustive morphological study of existing varieties or strains which are of a type intermediate between any of the eight di- visions. Such studies were not projected as a part of these investi- gations. The divisions which have been established or recognized as species or subspecies by different authors, however, may be dis- tinguished by the accompanying key. 95539°—22—Bull, 10744 50 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KEY TO THE SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES. la. Terminal spikelets fertile; palea remaining entire at maturity; spikelets with 2 to 5 fertile florets. 2a. Glumes shorter than the lemmas, firm; palea as long as the lemmas. (Triticum sativum Lam.) 3a. Rachis tenacious; kernels separating from the chaff when thrashed. 4a. Glumes distinctly keeled only in the upper half; lemmas awnless or awns less than 10 cm. long; straw hollow. 5a. Spikes usually long, dense tolax, somewhat dorsally Page. compressed. (7.aestivum L., T. vulgare Vill.)....COMMON WHEAT........-.- 50 5b. Spikes short, dense, laterally compressed. (7. compactum Host.)\ eta aS 288 ok SEI CLUB WHEAT.............- 172 4b. Glumes sharply keeled at the base; lemmas usually awned; awns 10 to 20 cm. long; straw usually solid. 5a. Glumes and kernels short; kernels ovate, with truncate tips. (7.turgidwm L.)..-....-.--0. «...-POULARD WHEAT..:....--. 180 5b. Glumes and kernels longer; kernels usually ellipti- call ( B. durum Dest.) S, 12 320003;. 2S DuRUM WHEAT......... =, S188 3b. Rachis fragile; kernels inclosed in glumes when thrashed. 4a. Spikes dense, laterally compressed; pedicel short, slender, usually attached to base of spikelet; shoulders wanting to narrow, usually oblique. (7. dicoccum 4b. Spikes lax, narrow; pedicel long, wide, attached to face - of spikelet below; shoulders wide, square. (T. Speliarls.). ve. 5c aeteeis cepa tae bse ie roe as eee SPELT... 02 -beis-a eee eC rere 195 2b. Glumes as long as or longer than the lemmas, papery, lanceolate; palea of lower flowers half as long as their lemmas. ( T. DOLONICUAN Ti) Bi. Lats aca msi eel MORSE EERE ES SES ee Ee et ee POLISH” W HEAT! ae eee 197 1b. Terminal spikelets sterile, often scarcely visible; palea falling into two parts at maturity; spikelets usually with only one fertile floret. 2a. -( TiMongcoce tans. ) ~ 2.2 SQUAREHEADS MASTER.... 110 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Plant early to midseason. Spikeinclined, narrow......... CURRELL.... <2). sasee eee 110 Spike nodding, wide. Plant short... teeeeee seas. WINTER CHIER: oo c2e2eeeee 111 Plant midtall. : Beaks 0.5mm. long. Stem midstrong..POOLE............ccecceee 113 Stem strong.-..... PORTAGE. 2.2. 2 eee 113 Beaks 1-1.5mm. long. RUSSIAN RED ....-...-. as 112 Plantlate, tallc.-assnc2k seen sete ces CHINAS Sidi se ceceeeee eee 114 Spike oblong, erect. Shoulders wanting to narrow, ObDILGQUC Seo. nc ores eee ee WHEEDLING. ........-..--- 115 Shoulders wide, square. Plant midseason.............-- RED: MAY. ..55= 3555 115) Plant late: so-2 5s. esa eee ILLINI CHIEF....... erence eee 117 Spike clavate. Spike middense, inclined........... RED CLAWSON -.2cc seee ees 118 Spike dense, erect.......-.-.------- ROCHESTER... .5¢< s0ceeeaee 119 RED CHEERS 25.0 cccctooeeee 119 SPRING HAsit. Stem-whites ssststsssccsssezs ete cee SCHLANSTEDT. --.........-- 119 Stem purple: ¢...2:cjcenen ce aso oe IRESACA. «oun -adocaeeeeee 120 KERNELS SEMIHARD TO HARD. SPRING HABIT. Stem white, spike fusiform................- STANLEY. 2t5.decnceeee avant 2b. GLUMES PUBESCENT. 3a. GLUMES WHITE. 4a. KERNELS WHITE ( T. v. leucospermum Keke.) KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG. ; KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. WINTER Hasir. Spike clavate. ......c.sseessevs wrasse en SILVERCOIN: 222.-c-c=--s0on5e CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 55 la. SPIKES AWNLESS—Continued. 2b. GLUMES PUBESCENT—Continued. 3a. GLUMES WHITE—Continued. 4a. KERNELS WHITE—Continued. KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG—Continued. KERNELS Sort To SEMIHARD—Continued. SPRING HABIT. Spike oblong. Page. Beaks 0.5 mm. long, obtuse. .......---. PUWMEBW CR sxc sraiac sizinsie'sn weve 121 Beaks 1-2 mm. long, acuminate........ DNIDIAIN Dacron coca Ss viverciare 121 4b. KERNELS RED ( 7. v. villosum Al.). KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG. KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. Z WINTER HABIT. Spikeinclined; kernels semihard. Germ small; cheeks rounding........... TR RIPUBT Se ae sascisreisrie isis ase 121 Germ midlarge; cheeks angular..-....... NTA eee 8 oes i a Soe a cyclers 122 Spike nodding; kernels soft............----- JONES: WINDS... ec acia esis 123 KERNELS SEMIHARD TO HARD. SIBRENG (EAB ED ers ose ceca aralcid ie lafste eater sii aesnreipyerace HAYNES BLUESTEM........ 124 AVRO TIA 2 gee es ee Ne ee 126 3b. GLUMES BROWN. 4a. KERNELS WHITE ( 7’. v. delfii Kcke.). KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG. KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. SPRING HABIT. Spike fusiform, beaks obtuse..............- GALGALOS! 0 Gucnaee dnedics 126 Spike oblong, beaks acuminate............. SONORSG So. e heen eee 126 4b. KERNELS RED (7. v. pyrothriz Al.). KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG. KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. WINTER HABIT; spikeclavate..........-..-..-. GRANDPRIZE ws ie ciwccaceccee 127 Ib. SPIKE AWNED. 2a. GLUMES GLABROUS. 3a. GLUMES WHITE. 4a. KERNELS WHITE (7.0. graecum Kceke.). KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG. KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. WINTER HABIT. Stem white. SPUKewUSMOLMe ae ae < haee ela eto siees DEMOCRAT. 2.6 sedeeeesee dee 128 Spike clavate. Kernels small; beaks 3-20 mm. WON Peer oe eames os eRe coe ake SENECA CHIEF............. 128 Kernels midsize; beaks 2-10 mm. Haag etal waka sa = appa Ag ie ag OATIKACHIBR toes cceco sasce 128 Stem purple; spike clavate................. MAMMOTH AMBER......... 129 SPRING HABIT. StOmBvwbe = jh se ee ee es (AVIS Bie acon ceiacie eee ees 129 SCOMmBDUnMION 6 8 ee See Boe ee J PAEHOS 210 RON? enone Sela Peace Si 130 KERNELS MIDLONG TO LONG. “7ERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. WV UNNEIRE RUN Seg es ccc cae Ook omen eace we RDM DIG MEE sl au) Sao Le 130 SPRING WEDABID ware ieee oe APSAVAURTN Gra abn la wate a, Sk ee 131 KERNELS SEMIHARD TO HARD. SSUES GG & 7.00531 asa a a a cea a a STDAS TINTING eh eoncyevSe nrc e wiare 132 4b. KERNELS RED ( T. v. erythrospermum Kcke.). KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD. WINTER HABIT. Stem white. la miigeanly sewer ys see eee sew eet oaks NEBRASKA NO, 28......... 132 Plant midseason. Plant midtall. i Beaks 1-3 mm. long............ GLADDENHER.. ..sccccec ce 133 Beaks 2-10 mm. long......... SAGIBSNUI. - < cicasicccsaccdses 133 56 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1b. SPIKE AWNED—Continued. 2a. GLUMES GLABROUS—Continued. 3a. GLUMES WHITE—Continued. 4b. KERNELS RED—Continued. KERNELS SHORT TO MIDLONG—Continued. KERNELS SOFT TO SEMIHARD—Continued. WINTER HaAsit—Continued. Stem white—Continued. Plant midseason—Continued. lsat tale eee ace ree eee ce MALLEY.....coes55- eee WISCONSIN PEDIGREE No.40 Planigd@ate te 1) Ne eee eee NIBLEY . . 2... pee eee Stem purple. Spilkefastionm. 8. Sone eee sees oe FULCASTER. 2526. MAMMOTH Repie 2-2 -oee Spike Gliv ale. tcc eee ee nee DIAMOND GRIT............ : GOLDEN: CROSS!-- eee SPRING HABIT. ~ Beaksi—Janii MON ee. 5 hoe cores CHAM PLAIN. | 2 ae eee Beaks 1-15 mm MONG. 2s. oo sacenn oe eee ee A 9. 4 apa TE Beaks 3-25 mm. long. Plant Sherk, early? asott qc. 52 2cs eee ERIVAN. «....-52-- 5p Plant tall, midseasons3 0 ee CONVERSE «8 ae ee KERNELS SEMIHARD TO HARD. WINTER HABIT. Kernels semihard. Glumes white to yellowish. Beaks 1-3 mm. long. Plantanidseason. - 2 eee MINTURKT. 20 eee Plant late:...22.- 262 eee HLUSSAR. 8 ee Beaks 2-8 mm. long........ eee = PESTERRODEN, 2055s Glumes often black striped............- BLACK AUILL « a ce ee eee Kernels hard. Beaks 2-8 am. longo 2s ees. Sees ee es TURKEY. 20: -caeepae eee lowa No. 404.) eee LOWA. NO; 19462326 ie MONTANA NO. 36.......... NEBRASKA NO. 60......... WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO.2 Beaks 3-25 MM-One: Sosceck osc esa ae ee KANRED. ..) 0.5 5eeeee eee : EELOGLINA® 5.2 eee RACSKA |... .... asc eee SPRING HABIT. tem white; plant midseason. Beaks l—2 mma Ong = aso s Sos ee PRESTON. 3.22 ce ecee eee Beaks: 2-20 mm slong. 2 45... asec en ee KOTA <55305 50500 ee eee Stem purple; plant early; beaks 1-5 mm. TOn pe ora ee ta ss ee an see eee PIONEER... - .. > 5 e 4TG. was distributed under the name Alberta Red. Argentine is a name under which a strain of Turkey wheat has been grown at the Sherman County branch station, Moro, Oreg., for a number of years. In the experiments there it has proved to be one of the highest yielding strains of Crimean wheat. The wheat was obtained on the stock exchange, Marseilles, France, in 1900, by W. T. Swingle, of the Department of Agriculture (197, S. P. I. No. 53854). It is recorded as being one of a collection of different types of macaroni wheat, but this particular lot proved to be common wheat of the Turkey type. Bulgarian is a hame under which a sample of Turkey wheat was obtained from the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1913. Crimean is the name properly used for this whole group of hard red winter wheats. It also has been used as a varietal name for separate introductions. The first introduction of the wheat under this name is thought to have been made by Carleton in 1900 (197, S. P. I. No. 5635) from Kurman-Kemelchi, Cen- tral Crimea, Russia. Defiance is a name under which a lot of Turkey wheat was distributed by the Iowa Seed Co., of Des Moines, Iowa. It was advertised as their novelty of 1900, which was the first year the name was applied to a hard red winter wheat. Egyptian is a name sometimes used for Turkey, as well as other varieties. A sample of Turkey under this name was obtained 95539 ° —22—Bull, 107410 146 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. from Dumbell, Wyo., in 1919. In a letter dated July 8, 1919, accompanying the above sample, C. A. Smith states: “ This wheat was brought direct from Egypt by a missionary and is the same wheat my father used to grow in Michigan.” Egyptian was reported in 1919 from Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Wyo- ming, and Wisconsin. ution of Kanred tained by M. A. Carleton in 1900 from Rostov on Don, nee es o eae Russia (197, S. P. I. No. 6012), where it was claimed acres. ohne _to have been one of the most hardy red winter wheats known. It was grown near Beloglinskaya, in the northern portion of the Stavropol Government, a region of great extremes of temperature and moisture. This wheat has proved somewhat more winter hardy than commercial strains of Turkey and Kharkof, but not enough so to make it become an important variety. Distribution.—This variety is not known to be grown commercially, but is grown at many experiment stations in the western United States. BACSKA. . Descriptiomn—The Bacska wheat grown in Wisconsin is very similar to Kanred, except that it is slightly taller and later and does not have the resistance of Kanred to stem and leaf rust. History—tThe original Bacska wheat (197, S. P. I. No. 5498) was introduced from Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1900 by the United States Department of Agriculture. A pure-line selection made from the original introduction by K. J. Delwiche, of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station at Ashland, Wis., is the only Bacska wheat now known to be commercially grown. It is sometimes called Wisconsin Pedigree No. 408. Distribution—This variety was reported in 1919 from Bayfield and Price Counties, Wis., where it made up 17 and 2 per cent of the wheat acreage, respectively. Synonym.—Wisconsin Pedigree No. 408. 150 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PRESTON (VELVET CHAFF). Description.—Plant spring habit, midseason, midtall; stem white, sometimes faintly purple, especially on lower internodes, midstrong; spike awned, fusi- form, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midwide, easily deciduous; shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique; beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 2 to 7 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease nar- row to midwide, shallow to middeep, triangular; cheeks angular; brush mid-- sized, midlong. The kernels of Preston are distinguished from other hard red wheats by the dull seed coat and the rather narrow triangular crease. Ss gee Ch a a RED WINTER ___~~_ 197 SPIKE AWNED. GLUMES GLABROUS; WHITE (ZT. s. ardwinii Al.). W LCER, SLAB) Spe Bee Oe ee BEARDED ___~_~ 197 DESCRIPTIONS, HISTORY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPELT VARIETIES. WHITE SPRING. Description—Plant spring habit, late, midtall; stem white, strong; spike awnless, linear-fusiform, lax, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, wide; shoulders wide, square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awns few, 1 to 8 mm. long; kernels red, long, semihard, elliptical, humped, curved, inclosed in glumes; germ small; crease wide, shallow, pitted; cheeks angular; brush mid- sized, long. A spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernels of White Spring spelt are shown in Plate LIX, A. History.—Obtained by the Department of Agriculture from J. M. Thorburn & Co., seedsmen, of New York City, in 1904. Distribution.—Grown in experiments in North Dakota, but not known to be grown commercially. ALSTROUM. Description—Plant winter habit, late, midtall; stem faintly purple, strong; spike awnless, linear-fusiform, lax, inclined to nodding; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; shoulders midwide, square; beaks obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; apical awns usually wanting; kernels red, long, semihard, elliptical, humped, curved, inclosed in glumes; germ small; crease wide, shallow; cheeks angular; brush midsized, long. Alstroum differs from White Spring spelt chiefly in having a winter habit. History.—Alstroum spelt was obtained by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1901 from the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pull- man, Wash. Its further history is undetermined. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 197 Distribution.—Grown in experiments at Arlington Experimental Farm, Va., and by the Washington station, Pullman, Wash. It is ‘known to be com- mercially grown to a slight extent. RED WINTER. Description.—Plant winter habit, late, midtall; stem faintly purple, strong; spike awnless, linear-fusiform, lax, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, midlong to long, wide; shoulders wide, square; beaks obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; apical awns few, 3 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, long, soft, humped, curved, usually in- closed in glumes; germ small; crease wide, shallow; cheeks angular; brush midsized, long. This variety differs from Alstroum spelt in having brown glumes. A spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernels of Red Winter spelt are shown in Plate LIX, B. History.Red Winter spelt was first obtained by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1901 from the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. Its further history is undetermined. Many samples of this and other spelt varieties doubtless have been introduced into the United States from time to time. A sample of spelt practically identical with the above was introduced from Switzerland about 1913 by Paul Scheddiger, of Spear- fish, S. Dak., and was distributed by him in 1915. Most of this winterkilled during the next two winters, which were unusually severe. Distribution—Formerly grown to a small extent in South Dakota and Wyoming. Now grown only by experiment stations. BEARDED. Description.—Plant winter habit, late, midtall; stem faintly purple, strong; spike awned, linear fusiform, lax, erect; glumes glabrous, yellowish, midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, apiculate; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm, long; awns yellowish, 2 to 10 cm. long; kernels red, large, soft, curved, humped, usually inclosed in glumes; germ small; crease wide, shallow. pitted; cheeks angular; brush midsized, long. History.—Same as Alstroum. Distribution.—Grown in experiments at. Arlington Experimental Farm, Va. Not known to be commercially grown. POLISH WHEAT. Polish wheat has a spring habit, tall stems, and a pithy peduncle. The spike is awned, large, and lax. The glumes are papery, an inch or more long, and narrow. The length of the glume equals or exceeds the length of the lemmas. The kernel is long and narrow, sometimes nearly a half inch long, hard, and has a shape somewhat similar to that of a kernel of rye. Polish wheat usually yields less than other adapted varieties. It also is of inferior value for bread or macaroni manufacture. Under other names it is frequently sold at a high price for seed by un- scrupulous seedsmen. Only one variety of Polish wheat is grown in the United States. The characters of this variety are shown in the following key: 198 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KEY TO POLISH WHEAT. SPIKE AWNED. GLUMES GLABROUS; WHITE. KERNELS WHITE (Triticum polonicum levissimum Haller.). IKERNELS Lone To VERY LONG; Harp. Page. SPRING. Ea Aces sa he oy ee WHITE PoLiIsH___-_—« 198 DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND SYNONYMY OF POLISH WHEAT. WHITE POLISH. Description.—Plant spring habit, early, tall; stem white, weak; spike awned, linear-oblong, lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, paperish, very long, narrow; shoulders usually wanting; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awns black, usually deciduous, 4 to 10 cm. long; kernels white (amber) very long, hard, elliptical, acute; germ midsized; crease narrow, shallow to middeep; cheeks usually rounded; brush large, midlong.. A spike, glumes, and kernels of White Polish wheat are shown in Plate LX, A. History.—This wheat is not definitely known to be of Polish origin, as the name implies. It has been grown in England and other European countries for many years, and was early introduced into the United States. It is known to have been grown in Maryland as early as 1845 (180, p. 413). From that time until the present frequent references can be found concerning the variety. It has often been used for exploitation by unscrupulous growers or seedsmen, the seed often being sold for as much as $1 a pound. It has been tried in most sections of the United States, but has never become established anywhere for more than a year or two. It is usually a poor yielder, although it has produced large yields in some sections. It is difficult to market this wheat in the United States for purposes other than for feed. Distribution.—Polish wheat was reported in 1919 only from New Mexico and Wyoming. It is known, however, to be grown sparingly in Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and is doubtless grown to a slight extent in many other States. Synonyms.—Belgian rye, Corn wheat, German rye, Giant rye, Goose wheat, Jerusalem rye, Rice wheat, Siberian Cow, and Wild Goose. Belgian rye, German rye, Giant rye, and Jerusalem rye are names used by exploiters of Polish wheat because the spikes and kernels have a general] resemblance to those of rye. Corn wheat is the name applied to Polish wheat by W. J. Shields & Co., of Moscow, Idaho, about 1900, the reason stated for so naming it being that it makes the same kind of meal as corn. The exploitation of Polish wheat under this name was continued a number of years, and the wheat is still grown in Idaho under that name. ; Goose and Wild Goose are names sometimes applied to Polish wheat, as well as to durum and poulard wheats. Rice wheat is a name used for Polish wheat by many men in the grain trade. Siberian Cow is the name applied to Polish wheat in Nebraska, according to a report by Walter Fowler, grain supervisor of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture at Omaha, Nebr. EINKORN. Kinkorn, or 1-grained wheat, has no English name, but is called einkorn in German and that name has become fairly well known in America. The spikes are awned, narrow, slender, and laterally com- ~ oe ae Pe ee ae. ip Sains - 8 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 199 pressed. The spikelets usually contain only one fertile floret, for which reason it is called i-grained wheat. ‘The terminal spikelets are aborted. The palea splits into two parts at maturity. The ker- nels, which remain in the spikelets after thrashing, are pale red, slender, and very much compressed. The kernel crease is almost wanting. EKinkorn is not commercially grown in America, and the species itself has no economic importance. The form most commonly grown experimentally is distinguished by the following key: KEY TO EINKORN. SPIKE AWNED. 2 GLUMES GLABROUS. GLUMES WHITE (Triticum monococcum vulgare Kcke.). Page. ENTER, EAA DS a ee ees oo MENKORN 2. =. 199 DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIETY. EINKORN. Description—Plant winter habit, although usually it will mature seed from spring sowing, late, short; stem white, fine, strong; spike awned, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes glabrous, yellowish, long, narrow; shoulders narrow, apiculate; beaks narrow, acuminate, 1 to 2 mm. long; awns 8 to 10 cm. long; kernels red, midsized, soft, elliptical, acute, humped, compressed, usually inclosed in glumes; germ small; crease narrow, nearly wanting, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush small, short. : This variety of einkorn is described as having a winter habit because the plant remains prostrate during most of the growing season. It usually will produce seed late in the season when sown in the spring and frequently has been grown as spring einkorn. A spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernels of einkorn are shown in Plate LX, B. History—kEinkorn apparently originated in southern Europe in prehistoric times. Seed of this cereal has been introduced into the United States several times, one of the earliest introductions by the department having been received from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Paris, France, in 1901, but it is known to have been grown in the United States previous to that time. The strain here described was obtained from Erfurt, Germany, in 1904. Distribution.—Grown by many experiment stations throughout the United States, but not known to be grown commercially. UNIDENTIFIED VARIETIES. Among the wheat varieties grown in the United States are a few which have not yet been identified. Nearly 300 names were reported in the varietal survey, of which no material has been obtained and grown. Seed of many of these was requested, but not received. Ob- viously, some of the names reported were not properly applied to wheat. Others are probably local names used by only a few growers, but not published or generally established. The names of varieties which were reported but not grown or identified by the writers are 900 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. shown in the following list, together with the State or States from which they were reported: List oF UNIDENTIFIED VARIETIES OF WHEAT, SHOWING THE STATES FROM WHICH THEY WERE REPORTED. [The history of each variety marked with a star (*) is recorded at the end of the list.] Name of variety. State or States where grown. Amber, Kang. «<< -+24564 509k ah New York. Aunber, Red ..( > c. «2... it en oe Pennsylvania. Ande ye Fe ee ee eer see Alabama. . PC CTSOT oo, Se So eee ee eee Missouri. td COR, Fe oe oie ee ee eee Indiana. Baltic. .. sseareass - agen: aay cerergur aes Oklahoma, Tennessee. Bald = p50. sae ae sao gee Indiana, Kansas, West Virginia. Bartlette so... e950 2 See eae eee Alabama. Beardsley... ets a oe eee Ohio. erkchedd 2 an a ee Texas. aT eT ae ce ee ei North Carolina. Se WUE oe ee eee np eee ee Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina. E3020 § Meee og Rain” tebe oe eat Sp ler naae l gee Missouri. IOCNCY: | A9e eet - Meeee rote aeewe eras ‘Pennsylvania. *Boughton....-. en ar ee ne Virginia. Bowden’. 22). DURE TOnee ae eee! Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia. Box. Seco os. MAT. Bhan ves sen eee Tennessee. Broadhead. IG. eae Fr OSM En 22 Oregon. Brubaker. ~ 3-0. eee eee Michigan, Pennsylvania. Basi t7, A BGO Pos Tllinois. Bidliteads214. 1202 90s _ OU Dyob ine Kentucky. Pome’ 790 Slt wl FUE OD eT y Kentucky. WamielT LOR el ot Te PUG L O Se is Pennsylvania. Canada Ohibsil...S/01, Tes. Ob ey Colorado, Missouri, New York, Idaho. Canadian Wonder..--.-....2/2i.02_ 4am Pennsylvania. Cap iOhiells. tlosyaiei €or aie IaaeE Wisconsin. Carson oe oss ace et Soe Naa ao SO Washington. ACASNOMES sce... ee eee Oo ee South Dakota. Centennial... 2.2 22 LOS Indiana. Chamberlain o.- 02 2 Oe a ee oe ee Tilinois. Clarks Nar 200 veo Spee ee oe oe New York. CollemeING. Bis Ti SATU PISA. Michigan. Comnion;Redc-s cast ess leresiade 3 Missouri. Caneresst sada ey eee Pea Pennsylvania. Capperiitends a7.) 3. vie ee See ge Arkansas, Net Sie Missouri. ya a | Mpa a ee nein aN 5, es Texas. Graniord abypord 2* SS oe eee New York. Crooked Finger...........-.-- ‘2. ORR Oregon. Doablasssieres- ods - vil best eed b vez Georgia. Welaware, Neds Qo. oe ee ae Delaware. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. List OF UNIDENTIFIED VARIETIES OF WHEAT—Continued. Name of variety. State or States where grown. eRe ae te es oo eee) Vermont. MeCerOErOthC 2.2. - ated. Sitio) Ohio. Perley teld s)i5..-... 2. 0d ond! Kentucky. Ie i OS eee Tllinois. Karly Champion................ Nae fate! Towa. Pemertnes eo sk... Lege ia. Tennessee. PremennG Ms is. 2 es eb Oregon. Ss ee ee Sem Tye? Kentucky, Tennessee. LL” so A Es ee Tee Idaho. Econimus.....- eth ol. ui eye: Texas. RIE eo iy oe IO Indiana. Pambone Prolific... J..0.3....nemidal, Virginia. irene 8 ek de ws eI DE Illinois, Michigan, Ohio. Manton di Payortie. ........-...-.---arxte Indiana. co)” C101 1 ee ee Indiana. Perper os. to. dogo Pennsylvania. Peemem tsteeil..._.. ..24...5.+-.-+- .anlst South Carolina. SOnMEMG atte) ee bl. glares South Carolina. Pautve-Olawson.....-....-.ancherg} stim Pennsylvania. Genesee Golden Chaff............2..--- Pennsylvania. Bemesee es Fo... eGatke Indiana, Michigan. Dette ee .. edapiass California. Rete ee Ss Seek North Carolina. RMU . eesaze California. Pepe Oates Go eas ee Bb Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia. amees er eer, ok. Remeiel North Carolina. Selden Amber.............aieeyl vans Illinois. been. 2... ss. 2.22.5. -enaihe Tennessee. iretdemtlorvest. 2.0... 2. . cane gens Michigan, Pennsylvania. reimemir Win. 52. 5...-...--... nebo Illinois. Reem so ck of 95) North Carolina. bratmemebv@ele 2). 2 sce6 2. ssl. oe wlagilk Indiana. Golden Ragiric A... sone. 7. onielf. ees Ohio, West Virginia. eplden tweet)... 2 eesagasur Tsp oei Towa. Rep SCN oo. eee be oe CEE Missouri. treme Quality 22.-.....-.-.-- «aseglilsi Ohio. CeenCM I Peet. above. . Bernal North Carolina. I So Se See eee, S Pf South Carolina. eewernOrses 4... teaemnee Phin fara. Tllinois. rm arr so oes ery tt Nebraska. Renae oe vee echo Kentucky. Rea eM ee a oo a oe ag sw « SERS Olio. ianiepele sits. owe. se hkdlone 3 dew Tllinois. ME CSHAMA PE oi we 2 o's 2 Pennsylvania. I ee a ae be 2 RO EE Indiana. age a SOS) la sds vee ob REE Tllinois. PpIeCRNONG Sot 25 Saeco sods eRe Tennessee. Peybtid Woead:. 2.2.2 .c->-- -a. ohne neta Michigan. Pewtie’ Nowa Asa. 2s 55350292. e os al New York. Tey OriG EV@MGC oie: os ess once ss ah Michigan. Euiptoved No: 72: 2... ssdQqeein). Rows Michigan. 201 202 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. List oF UNIDENTIFIED VARIETIES OF WHEAT—Continued. Name of variety. State or States where grown. Improved Red« . ........02..<. SO: Missouri. diag <0 os ss Cie ee re Maine, Ohio. Indian Reds) 22) GH Se Se eee Missouri, Ohio. Tndiana Specialws 2.2.2. . 222) eee Indiana. Jersey: Ned iyi. ss ee 2 Tennessee. Jones’ Choff>..2-......-....+. oe Kentucky. Jones’ Prolific... 22.5...'......./. eee Indiana. JUNEZ.4_....+.... Aaa]. wane. Oregon. Kansas Clubhead................- . 4086 Texas. Kay7s. Prolific. 5.205042. or. Jt. Maryland. Keener 220 os. ck cao son ee Tennessee. Kentucky Blue Joint. ..........-dae9e Michigan. Kentucky Clayground.......--......-. Indiana. Kentucky Hillarde......:.-.....-.8662¢ Ohio. Kentucky Red _. .....2....:...... 6O5He Ohio. Kentucky White... ..... ... uae Kentucky. Keystone... .........-...-Seiomgy atige Ohio. King o.: 2.252... 22.2. Ra So Viet MKIVEb ao -. 1 cons - Ben J ee ee North Carolina. Keifesc... 22.24... 5.2... 2. ene Colorado. La Crosse:...2.......- ASS, Bea Indiana. bamond.o0 6.04... i a Kentucky. Lhandflash. .-.2.....2. 2... See eS Idaho. Landreth’s Longberry..-.-....--.-...-- Tennessee. Late. ...... #UG09Y. Pat) ond paging Georgia. Late Big Grain -.-....... -S8e! 2h Alabama. Weadete 2 os sh SORE ec ee Pennsylvania. Lite Blood 22) 05.>- 22. ae Indiana. Little Spring. ....8:0SYs¥eiiio 1 _Seetioe Tennessee. Little White... 2222. 222.2222 25... Oe Georgia. Log Cabin... 2.2.32. 4. 5. SORE? Be New York. hone Saeko. o..5050 Fae ee Illinois. Lost Nation ....... @PESEE¢ a7 ent Iowa, Maine, Vermont, Wisconsin. iMeGee.s 83 ah aS 2 eg a Missouri, Tennessee. Mackey. 1246652225 ee Idaho. Mammoth Bald... 2245 S255: 25 Se Michigan. Mammoth Bearded. ....../2..2../..20: Alabama. Manchuria.........-. =... #BMOIa 2 Ao Ohio. Meamitobae. 3 suc 3.2. ee eo a New York, Tennessee. Marblehead.....----:1-.2.:...-. 5220S. Minnesota. Maryland 0.02.55... 5-02 oo oe Georgia. May Weaie sy oe 5 oss So ao Gee ok, aS Kansas. Meadow ‘Kang ?.2... 4.22. le ee North Carolina. Michigan Gold Standard .............2. Ohio. Midleniton? ).. 22.23.22. eae Tennessee. *Minnesota Wonder.:._...-....-.-#i08u. Oregon. Minnesota, Chief............... @@Resas Indiana. Missourt Red.........:--2-..- - .3 LISTED RGD 8 ee a 600 1.7 Others and not reported........ 942 2.2 Area, grown. State and variety. Per Acres cent. COLORADO (253). UNOS nS as Oo ee ear PAT NSUD KEAN G sac be wee owes Soe [SSAEG epee ee et one Scat ote 100: |sé.a2.........-..=<-- 300) | 25- vin. CLT ae tn MES SS ee 1,900 2 gab (varieties not reported)... 111,900 | 10.3 Renee eee CRS Hacc ccna ciel pagal Tees LG PACT: 2p eR a ee 26, 500 2.4 Durum (varieties not reported) . 600 al eaniy Dananpes s 16. nt es cl oes ees laferactere SEOLCSMeeaas ee ee ete eT. 1, 700 2 TA OS lid dee 18, 000 VBar/ wl ECL ee eR RS clap ln parser are Bederation. 232-2 %2.0 4.2. AIG 57) 010 (GF aa UP ae eae JOT GCL OR eeae eee ae 27, 100 2.5 Tk rae yas Bhs Sv ao 9, 300 .9 PMAROMISE ee =) oe eRe St nk ee 4,700 4 LOIS SRD) 5 a neleog Gare aa hep aa 2, 900 .3 Faeiie Sivestem: 22.5.2... 2. 441,400 | 40.5 “Feo: oo el Seay el deel gen SA Ee ioe ea Erepe 2 As ERE Seren oil ees 19, 400 1.8 ELL), eve Sopa ee aplasia amen PSone Sheen pi cl ANG IO a hk a alll ence a aan ea MS LUSLE eset eae leekale Ras as 190,600) 17.5 Ss 5 Ee SS eee 29,300] 2.7 ENE ie = ek toe St 7, 200 wl White Federation............2. White Wanter. 225i ost iet 2, 000 .2 Others and not reported........ 79, 614 6.9 Ls 1 ae ke pee D 1,091,314 | 100.0 95539 °—22—Bull. 107414 CONNECTICUT (18). Durum (varieties not reported).|............|...... COI COMM gas Sooke se oo ee ee NFA OUUIS janes = os ees ce ea ae ce UrOLCStnAWe soe se fen e sc ete see REG Mayeatae ods eek Se ReGen OCKes she hen cee ee beck UNTO Utes CN eee cae Re ES GLAM PIZG sso sescakes sake te Sask Leap.!... eS er ORE S22 5% 100} 3.6 1,000 | 36.0 300 | 10.8 100| 3.6 ame 400 | 14.4 876 | 31.6 2,776 | 100.0 1,100 9 18,800 | 14.9 14,100 | 11.2 400 Be, 1,700 | 1.4 12,700 | 10.1 TOO 6:1 1,300| 1.3 800 6 800 .6 66,340 | 52.6 125,740 | 100.0 ae Sees 10 | 38.0 16 | 62.0 26 | 100.0 aawias 1,000| 7 100 if nr a 17,700 | 12.4 2,100} 1.4 neni 2,300| 1.6 210. BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 2,—EH'stimate of actual and percentage acreages Of,wheat varieties grown in the several States in 1919—Continued. State and variety. GEORGIA—continued. Mealy Red Big Club. waess 24a bes aren oe Cae Club (varieties not reported).. Detance wee). OIA tiga Seen Eaton Se ee - Pee tee eee tee eee ee ee ee Diehl-Mediterranean........ Flint. (varieties not reported). int GLanGpliz@: o26 eee on ree Harvest Queen Haynes Biuestem....._........- Hun poyges ii22 SE FLT Se Se Tilini oni Shee Or ea ae beats warts Peay sees so sae SES Ne REN ES Area, grown. Per Acres. Coal 700 0.5 600 4 so 77,400 | 54.2 34,100 | 23.9 Tee 100 | 4 6,789] 4.7 142,889 | 100.0 103, 495 | 1,141,295 — cr : —_ Onmoc He» bo ee _ > = i=) 2,400 a 7, 400 a 22° 400 15 4,900 Rs LOU we 6, 209 i! 10,500 3 6,100 ail 105,200] 2.5 991,600 | 24.1 50,000} 1.2 4” 000 og | 3, 800 a 7A (sl eee 6,400} 1 94,900] 2.3 32, 600 .8 4,100} 1 60 ee 2, 600 se 126,400] 3.1 Boost Martine esr s a Si5 va eed oS 0: Sale ee ee eoeeree eee Area grown. State and variety. Per Acres cent { ILLINOIS—continued. Marquissco.. {) 52h. ee 464,800} 11.3 Mediterrdtiean. . 2. oe 261, 500 6.4 Nigcert- Ws... eee 29,700 ait Odessa, \V>_........ tae eee S00) eae Poole: 5 ees i eee 112, 900 2.8 Preston 20 .)......licetetee ieee 23, 800 -6 Fred Clawson... ~i21 ee 2, 500 ay! Hed Wite:\ =. .stpee ee 3, 400 ay! Red*May 5 6220 ye Loves ge aie, 138, 200 3.4 Hred Rocio? .. 0... cee ee 2, 500 ah Red Wave: ..2./..i-. 2a 142, 400 3.5 Woay . 572.002.) cee oe ee ee 15, 3C0 4 Russian" Redes 18 eae 23, 900 -6 Munkey. So Vale. see ee ee ae 1,106,200 | 27.0 Walley cfect ne ee). Ae eee 4, 800 Ait PW aK Cl nas 23, ee 3, 900 ul Others and not reported........ 281; 950 6.9 Rofala2,.....}-.42-4 eee 4,104,950 | 100.0 INDIANA (902) Oning.. UES lo oe Ee 2,000 0.1 Clisavermy SUF x... ese: Sa ae 1 SRO eo Curre.l: 3. <..5.. Ree ae 28, 200 1.0 Dawson 52 5s23..... ini tees TOO eee Diehl-Mediterranean........... S400" Durum (varieties not reported). 2,400 goal f eucestes Madea cols se eS eee , 000 1.2 BR Sich SA Bae occa r 410,700} 14.7 Wultzo Mediterranean st see 29, 000 1.0 EpSY . = ec dee tee ee 17, 500 6° Goens . bikes TL. iis: a ees 60, 800 2.1 Gold coint! } 23522. ...4. 22a eee 2,200 oat Grandprize «F-21142. eee 4, 500 2 Harvest Queen. -...........222) 4,700 «2 Jones hiresst te i.) eee 25, 200 9 DOU p's | FS... xin race = eee 2, 900 1 Maminotl Red T 3328. 16 Se ee (OOo Sees Marquise... 6 8 oe 11, 000 -4 Mealy ar. - sl 2b ee eee a oh bd Re a Meditetranean: <. l-o 3-5 ss eae 63,900} 2.3 INT Seer See 22 2 i ees 100, 600 3.6 Odessa) Vo. -- ese 1, 500 1 Poole: asst: Tyee eee 707,600 | 25.3 Prospeniey css soct ise seer = aie 1, 800 ra Red Wlawsemse. .-. ites eee 7, 500 3 ited Mayresio-. citSery see 147, 200 5.3 PRO Ri GOwort 5.2 12 Merk eeeeee 15, 200 5 Red W avexsatsten: LF* ae esas 369, 700 | 13.2 EMU, tare 8 tees fare oe 238, 100 8.5 IEVURSSIamEvede casos see eee eee 58, 500 Cre! SUN Fg] hf Sere Ae arte Ao 2 128, 100 4.6 Wa ey fee eee ae ee oe 2000 ees Withee d binge oo). ae a ee ae 10, 900 4 Others and not reported........ 308, 257 | 11.0 Wofal: sso. 25307 2e 7 Saee ee 2, 798, 657 | 100.0 IOWA (737). Durum (varieties not reported). 15, 400 pe TEE GZ a et a ines Se 5,300} —.4 Fultzo-Mediterranean.........-.- 900 1 Harvest Queen... 22.22 csc sce 400" Haynes Bluestem...........-... 96, 000 4.8 Tower: NOAA ses eae 13, 100 -9 MOM N Oskar ca eee eee BV Aish aeemetne seis cla/aaee Se ones 4, 800 2.8 Jones Haters < sine cece on eee 2004) sot Mar QUIS ae ec saa stereo eee 402, 800 | 28.0 Mpditemaneaic:>.. 25-556. -e se 2, 200 2 OX01S SRG Rahat aie ee gun pelea pigs 58 outa 5007 |e eaeee IP TOSL OME ses arg es bets a eee 65, 100 4.5 Wed Rite st ce wen ese eee © 14, 000 1.0 ~~ “7 . =“? =? 9 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. Dt ‘TABLE 2.—Estimate of actual and percentage acreages of wheat varieties grown in the several States in 1919—Continued. Area grown. | Area grown. State and variety. | State and variety. ; A Per Acres Per ao cent. cent. 1owA—continued KENTUCKY—continued LE yee ee 14, 000 DRIP (vib a ee 1, 200 0.1 MPIWaeee ieee "00 | = IO [1 ee oe ae 3,500| .4 “STOLEN Se 749,100 | 52.0 || Others and not reported.....-..- 86,532 | 10.8 Others and not reported......-- 53, 396 By. ——_——_— AM OIG |e = Sie ee ee eee een 830,732 | 100.0 Pears cr Se see oss: 1, 437, 796 | 100.0 LRTI CASS 5 oe oe ele ORR es sal STC Die. oe eee 8, 100 0.1 || Fultzo-Mediterranean..-..-..---- 200} 11.7 eee paar Seen MarquiS.......-----------------|--------2---|------ Black Winter (emmer)..-...-..-- Pp rCsbe aes ... 22-2 - = 4G | -- = MORI t tee. oS. oo 1, 700 do socks WIR SBS ocean oP eee 59, 300 677) PMfarquis. 35 25 to. eee 12, 800 0.3 Mariiniee oto... bo Se 2, 200 w2r |W EMECAI, Cts Sea G) ee A Se 2, 100.)F. Mediterranean: ..-2s:2- 22: sonar 8,500 1.0 |] Mediterrranean...............-- 341, 600 7.5 INI epersg lt 3 6 sabe le 27, 500 Oks | EN (ra 2) ME oP ert 6, 100 1 Poole-32 5235-66 Sb 2b eee 22, 200 Zion OGESSAs 12 Oo os ed te cee 7, 600 2 Prestontees sas 5 2 ok. es oe cee 10, 600 eR OOO S455. oo ee 172, 000 3.8 PPOSMERL YA: 220- 5< eee = oe eee 2, 000 wad) WEDSP ORGY... <2 1 eee 17, 100 4 Red Cla ysone ss see. 22-2 St 34, 300 3.94) dved Clawson. 2-0/7 22.1. ee 7, 100 52 Ned*Wifer >. ..-Se ee eee 7, 600 Oo atu feat a. 5) oe : 300: | ule ede May = 35°22 coat t See 9,800 Lol a bed Mb, os Sex > to Cee 443, 260 9.7 IReGROCKE © 0-33 22 See aoe 195, 400°| 22-1 || thassian Red... 2.2322 pascaeeee 11, 900 a3 gee WN ctv ON a3 eon ee 58, 700.) 6.6: 1 ed Wave. a::. 54.22). eee 78,000] 1.7 Lit nae Seal A eee er pobre eer 18, 500 PAC Rig BS teehee et ve ee ee 1, 800) |. 23h Riperiias<- sos eseet ee ee 100" |-- 3-2 PUEKCVS gunk o---~ 140 593,000 | 13.0 Russias Red = 2 -4~ 222 ee 3, 100 : ; Walker’ 4o 2 2 -... 5-422 eee 4, 900 mt Ge NG) Ee Eee Se ee 1,000 FAS UR L20 11125 | ee a eS 9, 600 a huarke yo Gos a he ease ee eee 7,400 Others and not reported .......- 493, 358 9.2 WHNASOL 2 ae ho kc some 100 rise 4c Others and not reported ..--.--- 176,960 | 20.0 Total. <~ 2. 4, 564, 458 | 100.0 ROCA S 5 fences oes 885, 460 | 100.0 MONTANA (246) MINNESOTA (1,008). Alaska J. qc is .225 Jen 2222 see ATNAUtKA ssi ic2 ce eee eee Bee ee, ee Armatitkacs s-<2-22 ee osacee eee Beart 2gaean tes <5 ses sees oes Oe DEXON: Ys 7- a < ee2gsscsesvaz22 Bie Cla pies 5 soon ee 1,500} 0.1 Durum (varieties not reported) - 137,300 3.62|| Cham plaiie-. 2.5.29... 2 seeeeee 3, 100 e2 Ghynd Ota oe 2 32 oe es ee Club (varieties not reported). ... 10,600} .6 Haynes Bluestem.....---.------ S61, 800} 1:9, 409 Dicklow seen is. -..2-~ scene eee GOD fT Ppmphack. eee ee 18, 400 -5 || Durum (varieties not reported)-| 269,300 | 15.7 rlbannikes perce oS S400 sea ee Wleming jac: cee 4-62 2 oc 5 eee eee eee MARES oe he coe oe reg 2,175, 3007) add fl Goldeoin.2 2. . 5... a. sen ee 100° | zat JU BUOCG (G fate SS SIE 2 Peau es ian Ft Haynes: Bluestem: 22 - 5c gacen ee 104, 100 6.1 Tui) 2) Meo ieee. SS PAE Ena 3 Jones Wifes, 4... ... -=-8)e eee eee Meditenaneai. 22/4005 .c.. 32 cn|- ote ee ee ROUSE 2 7 GE soos ces Sees eee 100. |. 222s RAED OSttaw. 2. -c))a san so 2,200.1; aataze urkey.. a0est 222 o5. 42 se aan 369,900 | 21.6 eds May: eon Ase IS. So waeiarce 2;400°|; 29277) Velvet Dome: Se aes oe 900) lis aee Bower 22020222222 ttre it tecimetiiess 3, 500 |" Prestoae? set Po Sibl = So srt agate eit 28st ? ee Bee a ey eee Beka ccc Ae 3,235,500 | 68.6 Vernal (emmer).....---..------ | Le ee daa ee | 1. 800 Peal. See 3 800 Iekens Wiiecen. oa eee Others and not reported 212.21. 404, 505 | 8.7 Others and not reported.......- aid i 4,717,905 | 100.0 Wstale 22 oe Aes ce eee | pS, OHIO (813) OREGON (161) ) | Corrales Se see teeta | SAG RGR RAIME Oe |. DAWSON O-~2 3 4ne- = nee AriCtiesgs202 2205 Last eA ee ! | Wemverates = <2. 3-252 aannmocee ipaarias . 2. eee 39,700 | 3.7 Diehl-Mediterranean........---- Big Cloke 4:4 ice se eee 3,600 | .3 Durum (varieties not reported) - iBinechate. +... 2 eee |. 22 ee idxsetc [iis (3 - Sea GOR & Barer eos = Clackamas? ._. .... ....... bs PEAGASEOE S- oem e nee Club (varieties not reported). . 58,200 | 5.4 [OGL Us © pecans tcp sepa oe ele Gem. * 39 36). - ob 2 eee 1, 000 re Fultzo-Mediterranean -.-.--...-- Dale seers! ee | 2, 200 .2 GIDSipa see tc etoh ck eae Defiance:......<- |... ee ee 18, 500 1.7 ‘Cp i (17 SaaS Gere aetin ds ele Durum (varieties not reported). 1,000 -1 MUCH Sota ot el Se ae leRaton Mee 6 ee 5, 200 “ti: ROMMCOM. 5g 5350 oat ee ROIS 9 252052 Seo eee 41, 300 3.8 GOIGGH CTOSS fa. 5 sane eee Hederation. 2)... oi... eee GLEAN PRO nae See es Galenlossss 545 See 16, 500 1.5 Planvest Queen. 24-52. ese oe Gelicoine 6... .-3- 5 See 155,500 | 14.4 ha CO hiGE os Sele cee. Hard Federation... ......-:..-- TONES PRUNE ee dee ee oe ae Huston: ¢ 2c. eee 22, 400 2.1 LET ss 5 ot senna iamemenmeer ee: S iybmdi6s...- -..- 3t0% 5 ee 17,600 1.6 SE cera 2 i Son sw ee iy DIGS | ho we 1, 200 wt WEAT (CLIN Seen eae esc o 52 Hoe By brides.) ge 103,300 | - 9.6 WEP AY Seca: See ee ee ee Herkinie sho 2 35 Sse. ee 4,500 4 Noeditermanean::- 572 (ls ee Reahla O00 ©. ou 2.) ed eee NOP CR eee 5 SS ere Me ye. oe See eee 23, 400 2.2 Per iiiee Seo. foto nyu s dace [be eee Latite Obtb.2. ieee 32, 100 3.0 POGOe eet 255 bk ee NOT SMartine 2c... 22 Cee Soe eee 5, 000 -5 Le) Nake Late eae ie ie area Bre 4,100 fl IMaArdHigw...c« £> 5-202 a eee 23, 700 2.2 IPEOSPCEILY Sac & Sige oe oe ee aoe ss 11, 400 /4)| Paeitie Bluestem __. _.--.-.-. er || Per Acres cent. | Acres. Lk | UTAH—continued. | WASHINGTON—continued. Dehanee:..- eee 2,500 0.91) Hybrid 123°"... 2-2: eee 26,900 { 1.1 ee ne Sg 3, 500 4, Si Eby arid $28 184,000; 7.4 Durum (varieties not reported). LAL Lg) tapeemce et By brid. 145.) ee 49, 500 2.0 Genesee Giant.......----------- 1,600 6.j| Senha G40 378 See / 40,700 | 1.6 Gohipeti se... 3555352 Socseese 22, 700 8.5 1) Jones Sie. 5... 235250 5-52 sae : 215, 900 8.7 are) oe et pres oS te eek 56 fee SE Little Chip... Ce 19, 200 .8 wR ee 3,100} 1.2 BIG THE © 2. os oe 7 231,700, 9.3 cu al ete tee tebe 7, Ol 2 Gt Warn 1 eee sree tid Be eae os es oe a Nee 1,800 Catt May WIGW...o. ..-.- Raa ee ; POHMGHSC rts.) ea ee 2,900 Lt || Mexican Bluestem... ... 2... ._-|- 2) AEST oe oe oo oe oe | Oe eee eee Pacific Bluestem. ....-.. --. 222. 620,500 24.9 WERSIS = eS 5 ee ae ee 15,600 5. Si {lt eed @han 2-0... °° oe ee 13,600 5 filesonhe oF eae | $500] 3.2 |] Red Russian................... 108,400 | 4.3 Pace Binestem . =. 2552-25. 5-2 | 11,700 4.4) peblgncpent._-.1- 222 eee R Cp eaoeioe SEER eT |: ee oe a Sel ce ee eee SO a SEMICE 2 Sr rete cece en eee 900 .3 |) Sonora.s.---.-. 5.5.22 ee eee SHLVEECGEM Soa aoe See 1,600 - 6.1) Squareheads Master - 2 -.2_2-_ 2 _2)|-=- 3 eee eee SL 2) ee ee a See ire Pa 8, 100 3.0°}) Surprise. ---.--.-:--<.--2.-- Sie ee SLs Sy eee ae & Sean aes ie 23, 400 S.WGi) Titaie.. 4. .-5-4.~ 555-6 OHS Ae apes ans Da See 18,600 Bo Orb, eriplets. 2. 2 ee pt: hp a eee ates S CEE | 33.200 1° Stl Torkey..°;.. 2... eee 190,400 | 7.6 Others and not reported-....... ca, ee 9.3) I: Winter Alaska: <2 See Winter Bluestem. -... 2. 2.2--2 2 ee .. - ee eeee | 268,457 | 100.0 |} Others and not reported--.....-- VERMONT (32) . pelea cue eee Ghirka 455225. 200 1.8 WEST VIRGINIA (307) Margins ie ook tae 5,600 | 49.7 Red Wie 222-34) ee SSS 400 3.5 || Ching... .0 1.22.22 2.222... 252 eee Others and not reported ...-...-.| 5,076 | 45; 0, |). Climax... 5. ...-..-_2.2..-22 2 5[e Carrell. & eee WeMES oo 52 aaa ee ee 11-276 Yee OL Diawsen. "5.2 tS er eee Demoerat=..: .:-...--- 2-2-2. 2 =| be VIRGINIA (548) Diehl-Mediterranean.........--.- Durum (varieties not reported) hinges occ bee eee eon 2,600 O: 31h Mlk aoe a5) * Se oe eee Cifercte ei Sy a St Skee eo ee 15,700 16 ill,-# leaster-< -.¢.- Pe ee PIAWSOHS =~ os5 Ro eS see eee 800 eh ll Weiltz 2 32 * Ao See poe eee a See ee ae 1,400 .1 || Fultzo-Mediterranean.........-.- Sone ete ee eee 41,500 A; 2A GUPSY = 328-2 Se ee eee Falacbe 2 Rp ase ARR ape 378,300, 1) a8 01). Goideem.. 0-27 S -S5 ee bo 0 apne ae Sa SARE epee | 103,800 | . 10.5 || Harvest Queen........-....-.-- Fultzo-Mediterranean........-.-| 6,400 =6:1| Jones Wife. 22-2: =56:2 1 eee sere GEPS Y= oe een eee 1,700 2 RDA 2.2. eas See Seca eee SCONE, oe 2 Se | 700 - Si Migraguts—: 22. ost = oe ees eee JONES. Briere oe) Ses eee 21 in| Peers Wealy <= >. Ses See See ee Poe eee = 226,600 | 22.7 || Mediterranean. -.............--.- Mammoth ited $< 2502) 353 oe oe se eee eo Soe WNieperes.! *2222..322= eee Meditemanenn ©: 5522525522222 61, 500 GSil LOO’: 2 SU 2eso et sea: see ee Pagle wes cok StS ae So a eioee 4,700 zallin ELOSPCELY =... 2. 25.22552.55 525232 Purplestraws:- 2 22a ee 3,100 zoil| ed Clawson. ~ 2225222: s2aee Red’ Mages = 5 -< Fee 1,700 =2i| Red: May... =: ... ss5=2eeeses sae Red’ Wiawereo =. tas pec acee ee 11,500 122 eS WNVAVO. <2 5 S22 See eee ee (ivigr Sete Ds Sep eee Eee ZOO | 52 = yl paRdOO 4. pia ws St ee see eee eee g EEG seh soge eines piel alee eet 1,200 zi Rady Seach eo 22 2 ees Se ee eee | Raisstar fee 532 one ssa 1,400 vi}. Rassian- Re@ sc: 22.252 + sSstsess | Sitversheat fs SoS eee al ee ee Sil Vcrsheaives 323232 22 sSsaeeeasee pITKG yet ph. 9 eos eee 1,100 fl | ba KOgper ges. 22) Lessee Pee ey Others and not reported. .....-- 126, 168) 22-7 }|- White Wonder |. 2-2-5222 2-s2255 ——_—____—. Others not reported....-....--.. 7 Ee ane, pitts 992,261 | 100.0 == | ea & a ee gee ec e WASHINGTON (257) WISCONSIN (50) Aenea ein aoe aoe eee cal 13, 400 O-54| Bacska 6 iss bse Saas Arendiane ee? = 4232S | Dew sipepen. /.. 452.07 oe Baar tee ns £2 Pee ees 305, 000). 1252\\| Dixon. — 5s ee 12 | eee Baie Cle Oe noo ee 3,700 -1 || Durum (varieties not reported) Black Winter (emmer)........-. J 1 hc. + eee, Mees Sete aso Club (varieties not reported).-..) | 112,500 4.34) Gone eas #072 823 2-3 eee Coppels gee oe Sern Se Sa see 4,800 -2 || Ha a Sinestem’=-.-- 22 SS (3 |S et IE icp ra = = [nme head eee iam plack 3. -~ <1 cbaseseiers bop Durum (varieties not reported). 1,300 4 owas IN@s408: 22.2! 0e22- Se ee Se Goldeom®=. 225-2 soses-- acest ce 225, 500 9.0 DVASooc~5 5-26 ot hae) he ee ale ee Hybrids. ee tS | 15,600 of ‘|| Marquis: 04508 oe Ply PridlOsre so. . 2.5 cb aseeeee | 4,800 s2 lly OdesSigss: 2. Scans: aoe - i Gi ta td tin aie Oi el CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, in the several States in 1919—Continued. 217 Taste 2.—Estimate of actual and percentage acreages of wheat varieties grown State and variety. Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2 -....- Others not reported............- Bodum 1 No. iy (Sie 6 eens sprain cies Club (varieties not reported)... MOV ETSOe rn Sasa ab sos ssceee Area grown. 1, 200 1, 600 3,300 700 an he ee ease DW NOU Fe On —_ earrerns iy iahe Ab 100.0 rite bk a hy moO Onl WYOMING—continued. Durum (varieties not reported) - Erivan Leese 2 See ee Haynes Bluestem. . Soh BEOwgt. 2. -1 02... «a> -ns- Sonora ot) Gee eh ene ae ale 9 AE MRIS ore ee a Verual(emmer) -" ~~. 2..---.+-- Area grown Per Acres cent. 42,500 | 24.0 4,900 2.8 3, 400 1.9 61,100 | 34.5 100 500 £3) 1,300 vf 2, 100 2 400 2 100 27,800 | 15.7 25,967 | 14.8 | 176, 967 | 100.0 TABLE 3.—EHstimated actual and percentage acreages of wheat varieties as shown by 18,539 reports for the entire United States. Variety. 1. RA. RS See ae Bearded ST Le: Bearded Winter Fife. .......... (oP SE eS leaner Area grown. CEES DRS we Co ene Ey 2 ae Oe et ee Ss ares PEC HANI ere eRe es tahoe ns ole ance sam canara ite oe Black Winter (emmer).-....-.... Bluechaff Club (varieties not feporied)... f Colorado No. Variety. Dickow EAE a. eee See ea (varieties not reported). ‘Harly; Defianee. . 20.20. seis. a8 Hattyt Red PMC. 666 oe ois cine Batom peers. oat ae eek HOISy 35 WEES eb. Shen ssn ROLOS Enea eee ees pee Se oye MUL CASLEINE Io 8 ee ec ee Fultz Gioke sad Ry. eae Ber, ha cceh ed Golden Gross. s.c..c2c dacsea ssc Grand przers 2.500 52 ses. eS Greesnnboe © . = 33. 8 Sayecs cuss Area grown. Per Acres. contt 125,500 | 0.17 194, 400 o27 6, 100 -01 164,600 | .23 114,700} .16 “4,201,400 | 5.77 9, 500 O01 want 97,200| 13 41, 300 - 06 1, 200) |PS5e-% 2,576,500 | 3.54 4,801,100 | 6.59 287, 900 . 40 34,500 | .05 if GOO: [Aeris 2 800 |.....- 122,500| .17 7, 700 01 23000} 222522 132,600 | .18 947,100} 1.30 b G00 3 Aa Cs = 900" 2538 2 34, 100 -05 5, 100 O01 9, 600 -O1 218 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 3.—Estimated actual and percentage acreage of wheat varieties as shown by 18,539 reports for the entire United States—Continued. | Variety. Hard Federation..........---.-- | Pre ) Harvest Queen.........222:5.22. | Pride of Genesee..........------ rh Me Haynes Bluestem...........---- Proubition-2_ 3. £. See ! 24 fHemerssc... Jn U. S. Comr. Agr. Rpt., 1863, p. 464-525. MERKEL, FRIEDRICH. 1912. Berichte tiber Sortenversuche, Jahrg. 1911, Teil I. Sommer- saaten. Jn Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., Heft 223, 319 p. MeEtzceEr, J. ; [1824]. Europaeische Cerealien. viii, 74, p.. 20 pl. Mannheim. 1841. Die Getreidearten und Wiesengraiser in botanischer und 6konomischer Hinsicht bearbeitet. iv, 256 p. Heidelberg. (Not seen.) Morton, W.-S. 1850. [Wheat. Letter from Cumberland County, Va.] in U. 58S._~ Comr. Patents Rpt., 1849, pt. 2 Agr., p. 131-136. MumForp, F. B. 1912. Report of the Director [1910]/11. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 101, p. 203—236, illus. NEERGAARD, TH. VON. 1887. Normalsystem fér beddmande af axets morfologiska sammnian- sittning hos- vera sidesslag. All. Svenska Utsadesfor., ar- berattelse 1887, p. 37. (Not seen.) NELSON, MARTIN, and OssBorn, L. W. 1915. Report of cultural and variety tests with wheat. Ark. Agr. Nxp. Sta. Bul. 128 3si ps: NOLL, CHARLES F. : 1913. Variety tests of wheat. Penn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 125, p 43-66. P., M. F. 1883. New varieties of wheat. [Letter.] | Jm Cult. and Country Gent., v. 48, no. 1594, p. 657. Parsons, T. S. 1918. Spring wheats in Wyoming. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 119, — p. 31-50, map. ’ (152) (153) (154) (155) (156) (157) (158 ) (159) (160) (161) (162) (163) (164) (165) (166) (167) CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, 227 PERCEY, HENRY. 1883. The origin of the Landreth wheat. In Rural New Yorker, v. 42, no. 1759, p. 670. PLuMB, C. 8. 1889. The wheats of the world. In Trans, N. Y. State Agr. Soe. v. 34, 1883/86, p. 308-314. PRIDHAM, J. T. 1916. The proportion of grain to straw in varieties of wheat. Jn Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, v. 27, pt. 4, p. 229-231. RAYNBIRD & Co. n. d. Descriptive Catalog of Seed Corn and Farm Seeds. 42 p. Basingstoke, (Eng.). REED, CHARLES F. : 1879. Proper and Pride of Butte wheats. Jn Pac. Rural Press, vy. 18, no. 18, p. 280. REID, GEORGE. 1866. Spring wheats. Jn U. S. Comr. Agr. Rpt. 1865, p. 27. RicHARDSON, A. E. V. 1912-13. Wheat and its cultivation. In Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, v. 10, p. 91-101, 181-191, 201-208, 265-274, 829-338, 457-465, 5438-552, 694-707; v. 11, p. 38-56, 65-83, 129-141, 193-205, 414-431, illus. Reprinted as Dept. Agr. Victoria Bul. 22, n. s., 160 p., illus. [1918]. Roserts, H. F. 1910. A quantitative method for the determination of hardness in wheat. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 167, p. 371-890, illus. Roeers, C. A. [1920]. Honor wheat. [8] p. Bergen, N. Y. RUFFIN, EDMUND. 1851. Management of wheat harvest. Jn Amer. Farmer, v. 6, no. 12, p. 453-460. Reprinted in U. S. Comr. Patents Rpt., 1850, pt. 2, Agr., p. 102-113. Satmon, S. C. 1919. Establishing Kanred wheat in Kansas. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 74, 16 p., 7 fig. Sauzer, JOHN A., SEED Co. 1897-1900. Catalogue of Plants and Seeds. 1897, 1900, illus. La Crosse, Wis. SAUNDERS, CHARLES E. 1904. Report of the experimentalist. Jn [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts. 19038, p. 217-2388. 1907. The origin of Red Fife wheat. Jn Jour. House of Commons, Canada, 1905, pt. 3, v. 40, Appx., p. 216-217. 1909. Report of the cerealist. Jn [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts. [1908]/09, p. 199-223, 1 pl. 1912. Report of the Dominion cerealist. In [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts., [1911]/12, p. 113-137. 928 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (168) SAUNDERS, WILLIAM. ; 1893. Ladoga wheat. Canada Cent. Exp. Farm. Bul. 18, 14 p. (169) 1904. Report of the Director. In [Canada] Exp. Farms Rpts., 1903, p. 5-55. = (170) ScHarer, E. G., and GAINES, E. F. 1915. Washington wheats. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 121, 16 p., 2 fig. (171) ScHeERFFIus, W. H., and Woostry, H. 1908. Wheat. 1. Test of varieties. 2. Chemical study of varieties. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 135, p. 325-340, 11 pl. (172) ScoFIELD, Cart S. 1902. The Algerian durum wheats: A classified list, with descrip-. tions. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 7, 48 p., 18 pl. (173) 1908. The description of wheat varieties. U.S Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 47, 19 p. 7 pl. (174) SeRiInGE, N. C. 1819. Monographie des Céréales de la Suisse. vi, 244 p.,1 pl. Berne, Leipsic. . (175) 1841-42. Descriptions. et figures des céréales européennes. Jn Ann, Sci. Phys. et Nat. Soc. Roy. d’Agr. Lyon, t. 4, p. 321-884, pl. 1-9, 1841; t. 5, livr. 2, p. 103-196, pl. 2—10, 1842. (176) SHaw, G. W., and GAUMNITZ, A. J. 1911. California white wheats. Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 212, p. 315-394, 18 fig. (177) SHaw, THOMAS, and ZAviTz, C. A. 1892. Experiments with winter wheat. Ontario Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. Bul. 79, 11 p. (178) 1893. Experiments with winter wheat. Ontario Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. Bul. 90, 13 p. (179) SHowRps, THOMAS. 1853. [Wheat. Letter from Salem County, N. J.] Jn U. S. Comr. Patents Rpt., 1852, pt. 2 Agr., p. 175-178. (180) SMELTZER, H. R. 1846. [Wheat. Letter from New Middleton, Frederick County, Mary- land.] Jn U. S. Comr. Patents Rpt., 1845, p. 412-414. (181) SourH ArFrica, UNIon. Department of Agriculture. 1919. Nomenclature of wheats grown in South Africa. Bul. 1, Union So. Africa Dept. Agr., 15 p. (182) SPILLMAN, W. J. 1909. Application of some of the principles of heredity to plant — breeding. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 165, 74 p., 6 fig. (183) 1909. The hybrid wheats. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 89, 27 p., 6 fig. (184) Sprace, F. A., and CiarK, A. J. = 1916. Red Rock wheat. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 31, 7 p., 3 fig. | CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 229 (185) Stanton, T. R. (186) (187) (188) (189) (190) (191) (192) (193) (194) (195) (196) (197) (198) (199) (200) (201) 1916. Cereal experiments in Maryland and Virginia. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 336, 52 p., 6 fig. STEWART, GEORGE. 1919. The varieties of small grains and the market classes of wheat in Utah. Jn Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., v. 11, no. 4, p. 163-169. 1920. A variety survey and descriptive key of small grains in Utah. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 174, 35 p., 11 fig. SuTTon, GEORGE L. 1910. Varieties of wheat recommended by the Department of Agri- culture. In Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, v. 21, pt. 3, p. 183-193; pt. 4, p. 282-288; pt. 7, p. 593-598, 25 fig. THEOPHRASTUS. 1916. Enquiry into Plants ... with an English Translation by Sir Arthur Hort. v. 2. London, New York. THOMAS, Levi M. 1916. The origin, characteristics, and quality of Humpback wheat. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 478, 4 p., 1 fig., 1 pl. THORBURN, JAs. M., & Co. 1889-1908. [Seed Catalogue], 1889, 1903, 1908. illus. New York. THORNE, C. E. 1881. Velvet Chaff wheat. Jn Rural New Yorker, v. 40, no. 1650, p. 618. Topp, S. E. 1868. The American Wheat Culturist. 482 p., 80 fig. New York. TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTS. 1719. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. t. 1. Parisiis. Tracy, S. M. 1881. Varieties of wheat. Jn 15th Ann. Rpt. Mo. State Bd. Agr., 1880-1881, p. 393-426. TROWBRIDGE, P. F. 1920. Report of the Director, July 1, 1917 to June 30, 1919. N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 136, 23 p., illus. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 1900-1920. Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction ... [1898]-—June 30, 1916. No. 1-47. [S. P. I.] Numbers 1—43012. VILLARS, -_DOMINIQUE. 1787. Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. t.2. Grenoble. VitmMorin, H. L. de. 1889. Catalogue Méthodique et Synonymique des Froments . %6-p., 10 pl. ‘Paris. WaALpkon, L. R., and CrLArK, J. A. 1919. Kota, a rust-resisting variety of common spring wheat. In Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., v. 11, no. 5, p. 187-195, pl. 7. WELLMAN, D. L. 1886. The Saskatchewan Fife Wheat... 16 p. Detroit, Minn. 230 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (202) WHEELER, SEAGER. 1916. Improving crops by seed selection. How the world’s best wheat has been developed... Jn Grain Growers’ Guide [Winnipeg], v. 9, no. 7, p. 8-9 (244-245), 5 fig. (203) WHEELER, W. A., and BALZ, SYLVESTER. 1906. Forage plants and cereals at Highmore substation 1904-5. S. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 96, p. 23-60, 4 fig. (204) WiLitAms, C. G. 1905. Experiments with winter wheat. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 165, p. 37-65, illus. (205) 1916. Wheat experiments. .Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 298, p. 447- 484, 18 fig. (206) 1920. The Gladden and other varieties of wheat. In Ohio Farmer, v. 146, no. 6, p. 3 (181). INDEX TO VARIETIES AND SYNONYMS. Recognized varieties are in capitals and synonyms are in lower case. Of the two page references given for recognized varieties, the first refers to the key and the second to the description, history, etc. Each page reference given for a synonym is to the recognized variety for which the name isasynonym. Where two or more page numbers “are given, therefore, the name is a synonym of more than one variety. Botanical names are in italic type and the page references following them refer only to the keys. Name. Page. Pee pee eo 101 eG cme 184, 186 4 DEL 5. ayuda lod 9 nent ain lenterte pea 136, 167 Premio eee at ee 186 PRCWUAMICE ST en aes ee 106 Avapama Piuestem — a ee 88 ut SS Con eee tale 181, 182 Be Demirad ReU eee 145 ie. OI U7 hin, ep ee eae oa ee eS 53, 108 Seo Roum (spelt). as 196 Avid Gal io So nee ena aE 53, 89 ul” Ei 2 nie eae eaten eae 58 Paneer maiiner es 101 PeiMCrIOaTL esEONZe. ye egy 79 Ais) U0) Sarena ar ae Las PO UN We eg eee 53, 99 Sit aul Fi) ieee algae eine ter eae aaa 145 Pe aee ose 57, 166 v2.4 1700) 0030 252 16 [2 in aa a 131 PREIAGMD INOs oo Oees 71. PRISE ee 58 eyoou]e 0 isl SG ina antares eae 184, 187 PEAY) ee 58, 85 2) J | pct eee ean TP I 160 (20) Sais le ai ea ee aaa 157, 166 Prine 2s lw 66, 155 Psa lip 68, 81, 110 MUR ee ey | Dia beset eR PMI A sce ee eee 56, 149 2S LO Sify 9 peeled i ny he PS 163 Per eee eee es 165 2 Poin Santee age eae a 68 Bearded Bluestem____._—____ 136, 171 Pe ATOCO WTC oop ee 150 Bearded Purplestraw __________ 136 Serre) (Spelt) sere 196, 197 BEARDED WINTER FIFE__. 57,168 MRCCIIW OO. so 112, 116 Beechwood Hybrid __-_________ 112 \ Name. Page. Belgian Ty 62 eee erg exer 198 BHBOGRINAL. 56, 149 beloturkal 28 (oe. re. ay te 28th 189 era es fee pegs 84 iRermard Hite? 5 or 92 1S Et BD) OG) a le av 173, 175 j2feom 01024 6 S| | ae nn 2 es meer oe 81 ESTO TNG TN: Sts Bet Se 160, 175 GB beA WEB ae 52, 74 les Mei) ee ea ee ae 160 Bishop’s Pride___ cy eye 60 Black-Bearded durum ~~~ ~~ 186 blacks (Chet svete 144. iBliiele: Don. owe. ire 192 Pehi@lke rp OUPUMR He 192 Peele WMIMeEE SO ett 192 Pe AC WWE Wada he ie ete 56, 143 Blaek Mediterranean __________ 153 (ENCYCLO Ser a Ea ees ae 8 78 Joel Swamp. 192 ‘Bd ayaa Noe: hae oe ee RO es 141 BLACK WINTER (emmer)_—— 194, 195 Blankenship. 2 apa pi bes 186 Blount’s Lambrigg. 2 sex og: 67 BEWHOHAHE eT 173, 178 Blue Chaff Calvert Club _____-— 179 PIG eT OOOM fee A 150 Ppiti@reiOSe 136; 160 PMeStemay: Leese ie 66, 84, 88, 112, 115, 125, 186; 167 mluestem ~WultZ tenet t— 84 ALES eee 52, 69 alton: = bluestem. 2 125 PAO TOR i828 116; 205 Brown Squarehead_u+—-~-_-._- 110 BGA pESh 228. 22 . 148 Buffum’s Improved Winter em- CPUS: EAE EAT NEE er $e oh aa 195 232 BULLETIN 1074, Name. Page BUFORD: 2 2) = beeiay ee 184, 190 Buleariah-.- sae ee 89, 145 Bull Meese) See 2. eee 128 BUIN YEE fee enero oe. ee 51, 64 Barbank’s “Supers 2) 2 ho Eset 123 ‘Burrhead’ 4.4 Se ae 86 Burtaker <2 (6-3 ee ee 109 Caltfornia “Chub. ere 68 Chitrornia: ;iGem * eo) 6S 68 California - Reds. 28 oy ak 112 Canada Clitbe. ee eee a 78, 136 Canadian: fie 2.220) peters toast 78, 92 Canadian Hybrids 02/2. 116, 123 GANA BDTAN. RED - 3. 57, 158 Canidian Spring SS 159 @astillione=!it Goma o2nin eas 205 Celebrated. K...B.. No, 2: x4 =: 97 CHALLENGE == 7 51, 60 Champion oe ect OFO jo Org 8 136 CHAMPT ARN 2 3. sf ee 56, 139 Ce nn ae veh eae ee 66 Chile Clup_o 0919'S? Saeed os 175 TERENAS ea es 54, 114 Ching Peat. 22) Sere gk See 141 CERO Y Qh Se ee eee ee 56, 156 CIAO K ARMAG TE Seo ye Se ees >. hee Clackamas Wonder____________ 181 G@lanfield.. ..-.—-+~-—--— -- & +44 81 Clark’s Black Hulled__------ 143 Cla WSon.= =< 2 -—<---=~--== 5 101, 118 AGE TEM AX. «eos me ee AO 53, 97 CGHmax w_-2 .--+---=- = 150 Clipperd’s Bearded_-__________ 155 hupod.. 3 + eX oe ae A 86 Clit -Head._---—---——— 5 ee 86 Weffee -..--+-) + ~-~+---< - 2 155 COLORADO -NO-; 502200" * * = * 51, 62 Colorado -Speeiabis Uh ee est 67 Selumbia=-- + - - ee BE 86, 131 CONVERSE —.--- eS 56, 142 COPPELL -°.- =--— se Ee 173, 179 Worn .2-= +--+. -5- =~ ee 136 Goer wheat. -- 2-2 = i ee 198 ROO) X. sa 2 = = AIR 57, 163 Cox Red-Crown---=--- 2-872 164 nail Pife -..-.- ----- -Ge oe 125 Grimean—~=—--<--~-~>==--—— > 145 Geookneck. ‘Crapo! 43 4 78 fe 4 17 Cumberland Valley____________ 136 Cummings: —22=.<----aaieen’ & 163 CUBRRELL,.~ =-—-~~-=+--> 3 Sets 54, 110 Gurrell’s-Proelihe 2 ster e? atee. * EY IDA K OW A.-2 2 = Ane =O iy TSG WARD 2... 2 -- eS rao ee 173, 179 Wale Gloria- = -—= ---- ><.) +3 BES 179 IPA WE: Gah CLE web h OG Wot aes 2 2 GG Part’s -Imperial- -~-—-* {3 09 66 Pla Vidsen: ~ 2~--==-2s-=e=2"-+<>= 162 IMAVIS ~<<--252-555-2 Eee 155 NA WHON. - = --—-- = 2. = ON 53, 98 Dawson Golden Chaff__________ ~ 98 PHEETANCHE.—-=—=--=+=--->- #9 51, 63 Defiance ?_ 2701 Tess 134, 145 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Name. Page. DEMOCRAT #225. 2 22a 55, 128 Del Se Be eee 187 D5. 220 185 D-fife —__-_.5) 5 185 DIAMOND. GREP ee 56, 139 DICKLOW) 2:2. “haha 52, 68 131 Dietz ~i2.i-. 2+). By ae Dietz Longberry Dietz Longberry Red__________ 136 DIXON ...... >) ae 56, 156 Double Head) (47) 29st ae 86 Duck Bill... -93 .44 36 86 Dunlap, eee 163 Dunlop | {5 _ 292 904 a eae 163 Duteh 222.5 22 --s ee es ee meré!) Karly Arcadian... 3333 99 Harly -Baart._ >) 516 Sid See 138 Karly Carlyle _c<3%.:514 See 118 BHARLY DEFIANCE_____. 51, 62 Early Genesee Giant___________ 159 Harly - Harvest =} olan sata 116 Karly lowa 2.2) eee 141 Karly Java_J_2 =s3s2 eee 140, 141 Eatly Jowa 3 eee 141 Karly May eee 83, 116 Harty ‘Oakley --- eee 82 Harly Ontario oe 86 Marly Purplesiraw 88 Harly Red Chief = ee 119 Early Red Clawson__________ == 118 HARLY RED FIER 2 eee Harly Rice: eee 73 Narly Ripe. eee 116 Warly: Rudy_-*2 > eee 153 Harly Russian eee 96 HRarly Spring -- "3S eee 157 Marly Sunrise eee 81 Early White Leader___________- 207 arly Wilbur ee 180 Rarity Wonder... — eee 89, 207 EATON SS eee 51, 61 EKierstle eee 136 Nelipse = =~ ~2* > eee 160 Hcnny eee 84, 86 den .-- 2-3 eee 136 Hevypian 2: 2 es ___. 134, 145, 182 Keyptian. Amber = eee BEN KORN: 2°22. >a 199 Eiversdle 2.00 eee 136 Hiderade 2 eee 101, 182 PMERALD —=-->- oS eee 56, 157 English Squarehead___________- 81 Hniterprise -=-- =e =, Lie REY AN=2 = eee 56, 141 Everitt’s High Grade__________ 84 Hx celsior 2 2 eee 68 © fixtra Darly Oakley___-—- 82 Extra Early Windsor ——-~——--_ 100 Ramine 2 = =. <-> en 136 © Farmers friend ee 134, 136 © Farmers Pre eee 86 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES, Name. Page. Farmers Trust —--~~-:_= 158, 162, 167 BMRA TION: screen et 54, 103 0 iad ate eres PD 92, 123 22 ey eS 2 ac a 118 Maeenead es rete 123 | Sle tS eS ess eee 8 86 oie) Pe ne 2 54, 106 a 1 bet Eee eee oe fe SASS. SS ei eer eee ers mm 54, 103 Tat) 0 i a ieee es 101 MieGiy-LO-ONe = = = 136 ig teed) eres 52, 80 Moms iow Wultz—- =... rare 86 Sp DN DS ee eee ce 5G. 155 So i Us oe BD) re 56, 135 Os de a SS ee ees 53, 83 FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN__ 53, 85 fA be ALOS.2 22 pe 5a, 126 REMC =

173, 178 jenkin’s Club... _spitey 178 Brreevit aban |e ee 84 Terucsdiem: oad) jai 182 derusalem rye... te 198 Maw Oy oh 69 234 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Name. Page. Name. Page. JOHN BROWN -~.--~-=-_ =. -L. 58/102 | MAMMOTH RED-W 56, 138 Thhnsenie. =... ee 150, 156,188 | Many Headed__ "182 Johnson’s Early Fife_____--_-_ 150) |Maxy Spiked ------. +. 230s 489 Jones Climax... 97)“ MAROUANL—-.--—--— =~ 184. 190 JONES WIFE LOPPAGAGN 4 55/1293) | oSLA RQUIS =~ + ae 53. 90 Jones Longberry _-------__---- 116 | Martha Washington. 4136 Jones Longberry No. 1-------_- 159) | MEAGUIIN, t= Oo 51, 58 Jones Mammoth Amber____--__ 129) |~Martin Amber: + -~--------> © i 58 Jones Red Wave___---- 2 106). | Marvel: Bluestem +--+ =s2= - 125 Jones Silver Sheaf Longberry Marvelous-. +--+ +--+ DEE 136 eda. iee oe PSO) VOM View J ave gemenas Sees 83, 116 Jones Winter Fife... 123) \UMey Queenie <---> habs ae "78 SUMBUCK 22 e0i Ae) bbe. Ah Db Ai] hWVITACY V VW. 22 Se 173, 180 Junior No. 6______-- LOT? 2 101: |’ MecKendry Fife .--------- St ; 92 KAHDLA. 26222. s5i2)..- SUP ASHiAG2 |} MicKienn on +> > 84 iT ANRED os ote wle HS 948 (| Mek issick—Fife-------s-=eee 92 Be Nos-2.. 22-52 =424-3- SDE G7 |) CNLMIA EY t-t! (isn BAe 55, 122 Kansas Queen. . 2.52... sie 78 | MEDITERRANEAN... 57, 166 Kansas Mortgage Litter... 220? 136 | MEXICAN BLUESTHM_______ 51, 66 Nathiawar- oo =—=-.... 4IIAa 194 | Michigan Amber=_ 22-8) 416 Kentucky Bluestem___-___ | 12 )| “Michigan Bronze —-497s90 se) ae 160 Kentucky Giant. ~_. ~_--_ 136, 153 Michigan Brown 22-22 23a 160 Kentucky Wonder ______-- | 136) |* Michigan Red--:-2- 100054 Ms 79 Key's! Prolific... ..-....--.. -. GUIS 167 | Michigan Red Line__-_-_______ 136 © KHAPLI (emmer)._— 24! 194 | Michigan Wonder _~___--______ 116 Riiaiot!- 2 145 | |‘ Millennium: == ------------"avou 136 CPN NG Ybor ats 53, 87 | Millennium Dawn____------__- 136 so ee LOTTIE EE 0 5a. 961| (Miller.-- 32-...----~ =~ a 167 (Kivorrson 2 ae ee its %995 || Miiller’s -Chaices-=—.-- 1230. Be 160 Kiondike..32..s2-ain OF MIke 101 || (Miller’s-Pride=_---~-----~s9¥ 163, 167 1431 70)! 6 en a a ie Sa 98 || “MINDU Mese-22s)s 289097 Rais 184, 188 EIR RO ONL aaa Ce 53 98 |-MINHARDE =. -22--=----e ee 52,73 KOTA. 2225-22 2--2-- tel G16 1150) | Minnesota No. 1634.2. -—ee 94 KUBANKA _ eave lS (11184 Ago | Minnesota No: 169. as 125 KUBANKA No. 82 -s2~—- I OTS 184,190 | Minnesota No. 188__---~-- +--+ 2 150 Wadd Duruwm-.—-.-.---.. DT | 185 | Minnesota No. 1505__.- > 74 LA DOGA....---<<-2-— 141) t 57,165 | Minnesota No. 1507_____________ 142 Lancaster_____ SIVA CAL 96 || Minnesota Red Cross... 20a 145 Lancaster-Fuleaster _--_-_--__ 136 | Minnesota Reliable _______--_=_ 145 haneaster-Red.~---— (09% boy 167 | Minnesota Wonder ___~-~-----~- 205 Hmandreth 22 --- oni h, 581| MAN DORE Lee ee __1. 56, 142 WAR AMIE... odark. bye 57165 || ‘Miracle._....2.2.-.-._. _. 7 ae Wars Peterson. == “@URiiel 119% 106 (| ‘Missing Link 22... As 157 HVA oar ee I OT 52,75 | Missouri Bluestem__-_~--_--_---_ 167 iWap’s: Prolific... 0.04 _ Dov 75 HU MONAD:. 2. eee 184, 187 Bébanon= 22424 Vsti Der 4234 || Montana Deali_cv_____. Di 81 Eebanon_V alley._>—---- 2. FS 115 | MONTANA No. 36 -2=_---2-~- 56, 148 Hehigh.i-.. 2 97 DON en 167 | Montezuma-.Club-___..._._ #07 Fo 175 imcoln ~~~. al. HRW en 136 | ‘Moore's -Prolific _..______.(Ovir= 136 PRN ie Seg ot afi. 1s _ 56,157 | Mortgage Lifter___._112, 115, 167, 182 GITTLE: CLUB..U% 04 isiioi 173,174 | Mountain Purplestraw_------_- 88 intie Man... 42. a 83 | Multiple Headed ___------+-~_~ 182 ittis) Red > ” 101 Probie tI CF Sk Bs Pn 59 BRORLB UTES Nee 51, 59 Prolifie__.- —---+.—-... 9st Pus ls 111 120 ee ee a re See 130 1 TO 0 ea eee eee ems 2s Se Tee 55, 130 PTS BBR ACD Von oe ro ne 52, 79 furpie... URW Me 192 PU RPLESTRA.W.—-= == == RU teh 53, 87 PO ZIGIA EE GL ey 2 DOE 149 i abOG Gee a> SOLOW Lots 149 SP FORE eae Pees oe 149 ND AY go Se ee ETE 52, 69 Queen_of New York__~—~------~- 153 Happahannock.___....._2tvl 1 & 83, 117 Wattle wack tk FE IIA 160 Re os, ROU pte ee 5 SD 152 1 2 0. 0B Reeeenwe ns eiemneemees | oR SEETER 57, 168 Read’s Vermont Winter________ 168 LESS 0) Fe 3 eS Be 103 Hed , Amberew22: SOF) iro 112,116 LB 2-1 6) SS eee ee 58, 89 megcor: California... 112 "51 1 S018 0.4 a ees mene 173, 178 Red Chaff __ 104, 106, 112, 127, 163, 167 med} Chaft_Bearded_....—-.-- 4! 163 PEGE Sel ae Ga Ol | nor rae 178 Redchaff Red Russian___--____ 110 He) CRETE... Lh 54, 119 RED CLAWSON. __ 54, 118 Red, Crossl¥_ sities vi tvs 78, 116 A ee ct re en, SEE 83 ek, Drum... TOMO At 185 Pree lew...» 53, 92 Legs ee ae ee ceererareae |e 150 (CEH Ze eo FO A 10 112 Wie, bias oe ee GUL PD 163 Wen. Haske 4) 2. JOT ae 109 Madtihassel oss on ad eS 109 ed. Ta ssar< es EN 109, 142 me iyo 6 ee SOOT 177 Pepa VOrvens nee A 106 Bed. King: a 112 tp MAY. awit) Tuva) 54/115 Pe cM ee pein 83 deed. Odessa. gach gjasiytt pp! 111 Heg@ayrolific : ti seyoda 111 edz Republic. ___=_. ZOory" ss a 116 ied Mesaca___._. ee tt 120 ‘2S R89 Cl: ee iene cee Seem, 73 236 BULLETIN Name. Page. Bed; Busselh:-.2 8 Ee Seek 12 Hiv b: RUSSIAN . 2. ave 52, 81 Red. Russian _ a= 114, 142, 145 Red. Sea... ES aghne Pe 167 Red - Spring... _- nigeryt it ot Vie 89 Red. Swamp... rei Fyee th Fee 192 Red-T op... “4a ea as WO 167 Hed . Victory. —— 3 spam anid de 79 Bed. Water... all F adtta 106 Red. Walla. 42 webperaell i a 81, 177 BRED WAV H_ —__«ieleuied’\ a* 54, 105 Red. Winter_-... ee nal 9'al 145 RED WINTER (spelt)-—-—- —- 196, 197 ed Wonder real 136 SYS eee ee 182 REGENERATED DEFIANCE ~_ 52, 72 Helsple =... Fear 134 MeputCay TOG = 2 =e ee 116 eISSN Ae ew ee ae ee 54, 120 mestsant Wie ee eee 185 eG 6 ae 52, 73 Bice wheat... = repepegeet Fe 198 diekenbrode _._.._ "FF 4. Pee 59 Rimpau’s Red Schlanstedter Sommerweizen, ee 119 EN Lt ee SAR a am Sa a 51, 64 iiensarande.-. 205 fipley yo len F ure Ya- 88 ROCHESTER =. aanure 54,119 Bechester No, 6... -#seb 3 101 mechester Red =... = FS 119 faeeker, Mountain. 5 = <+ Ss 167 Momanella ste Ts ipecprepey Fes 145 meosevele ee ee 84 Royal Red Clawson —___— sss 112 Pate 106 BBY «phen tiie Ves 53, 96 ag a 72 Bucks: Ser ort HOY bHr Traci 109 BUDDY =~. ___hafveaett He 54, 108 Pepi) st A 56, 153 RYPHERE ___weivgss(t hot _F 54, 108 FRepert’s.Giant__--.___._ “fr 108 RURAL NEW YORKER NO. 6 54, 109 RURAL NEW YORKER NO.57 57, 169 dpussellite .... 2. ie 136 Russell’s Wonder_________ 136 SS LAN S22 ee ee 57, 161 SSC an Ne 2, Se 96, 145 Russian Amber. = wal: 134, 160 Sarssitin Cl. = 106 Russian. Wife. Hei 96 mUSSIAN RED_...-__— ~ fees 54,113 nussam Red... eee 126 Prest |} Proek. = 84, 106, 134, 185 eS PING. =. 2 53, 94 Wystnsis Wife. ee 94 St. Louis Grand Prize______+-— + 127 Salt Lake-Club.=. ===... == £85 175 Shizer’s Prizetaker ....-=—B¢f0"% 78 Saskatchewan Fife ____________ 92, 95 SATISFACTION... --—— ns 51, 61 Satisfaction... = + ===. B99 58 Ba Ui. =. a ee es 132 SGHILANSTHD? W..---=-2+-4 54,119 SCHONAGCH HI... 35 ee 53, 99 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Name. Page Scoteh. Wife. suon:? Jo. eyes 92 Scott’s Squarehead________-_ 86 sea Island. = Sain 205 Select Bluestem ___-_-__-_ 126 SENECA CHINE = aaa 55, 128 Seven Headed____________ aus 182 Seven Headed Sinner__________ 182 SEVP eae 57.,, 159 mRamrock > eee 84 Shelby Red Chaff___(siiyii #¥ 163 Shepherd’s Perfection________ __ 160 Shepherd’s Prolific __._-._ basin= 160 Shepherd’s Tennessee Fultz____ 119 Shot Club ee 176 Siberian,__ Hi ov> ipa 141 Siberian Cow. eee 198 SERHEY., = - > os eee 56, 135 Sibley New Golden____________ 135. Silver Chait eee 58, 68, 79 Silver Club... eee 68 SEILVERCOIN __ Es 54, 120 Sifver King _ = eee 123 SELVERSHEAE ee 56, 155 Sickhead... - eee 84 Spat eee 192 Small Club __. S:4¢tASr ee a 175 sauth Club. ea 68 Smith’s Rust Proof___..._ da 4 61 Smooth Humpback ____--_ | 156 Smyrna ____________S nas 182 SOL... eee 52, 81 SONORA! "Ta eee 55, 126 Soules. 101 Spade __.- . ee 160 ““Speliz”’ _.___ _ i i Pea ae 195 Spring Turkey _.. -.. = aaeee 165 SQUAREHEAD: ____ 9250 T Se 52, 80 Squarehead + —~--. -—- — Jee 81 Square Head.--:----—=+> = 86 SQUAREHEADS MASTER____ 54, 110 Syuate. Top... >>> ee 86 Standby. ...-.-------==>s eee 167 SPANLEY...— ~~ 101-0 es Reaaiee 54, 120 station Ne.- 66.0153 ss 93 SLONCY -— = --=--=---=--=== See 136 sooing.-.-~ USl! 136 Stab Head_.~- ¢++.-> ae . 86 WEDD 2 on 3 82 SIO? 22 2 nt Se 123 superlative _--=.-=-> 5! ae 101 SURPRISE: (20232 "eee 52. G7. Surprise ico -- —— eee 87 Swallip -- eee _ 89, 167 Seredish = ----->-0 >" eee 141 Sweet Water Valley__--- 112 Syrian: pre) = 182 Pa canrog = — +> oo * eee eee 189 WATLIMKA-=tocki > ee 5 ie MAG ce = ee no ee pameagtiat F 182 ‘Tappahannock:- >=! >t sees 116, 205 Panranian. ont ee _ 145 Vea: eafsac- > = ee eee 141 ‘Tenhessee: Faltz_- >= - "> oe 84 Tennessee Prolific __-_________~- 111 WhEISGl+ = 2233 eee 145 Three Peck = eee 136. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. Name, Page ‘Thiton Rede. of. soto Gis 84 NA ee IO 181, 182 DRO Bec a NS A TT 148 OE io ei ence TIO 51, 62 WEE ADWHLL2.W 55, 130 2D eS ane ee tee Ss Vb Metrum... -- DUIOTs. 50 a | an ere 50 ii compactum__$.._._-. 9 BY 50, 51 cretisum.___. LOUDD RL 173 erinaceum 1A 173 humboldtii_______-_____ 173 rfl Ise IO B Uy 63) wernerianum_§___-_-—-— 193 wittmackianum ~~ ~~ 173 dteoccum_..._..) Weiiie } 50 atratum..._ BATOUI Es) 194 RUG ao SESS 194 So SE ME eae fe oe. 0 TE 50 ONE Sp re ee NO) 184 porderjorme_..- = 184 teucometan_.-. 184 MeELONOpUs _. = 185 PUGERTOGENSE..- 185 Monecoccwm —._— 4. -_ 3 50 mere. oe 199 CO Aor 5 ec ae 50 TEBISStINGT | 198 OER I es he ae 50 SEG ae ei DS ban ae nee, 50 CATH A ie SS a 196 SD CL, aes 196 LR ce a ae 196 une a 50 WOMUUUMNG 181 linnaeanum __..--- 181 METEMODTC Coe eS os 181 Of OE" GS a ee 50 SOTA M ihe 2 51 aiborubrum —_ SS 53 barbaross@_— 57 Geri ok MOUI Hany? 55 erythroleucon ________- 56 erythrospermum_______— 55 ferruginewm ____--_-_ 57 (FOC CUNY, Re oe 55 leucospermum_________ 54 PRLESCCNS. 0 Oe 52 meridionale _.___.___._ 57 THIER I we 54 PYPOCNTIT 2. 55 WENELTIVU AY = te 57 WiIOSUIM 22 eo 55 Me ris da 58, 85 LoS 5 peer 56, 144 omnmey ied. 144, 145 Morkion Amber... 136 ene HCG 145 @usean ‘Island 2.8. 136 Twentieth Century _______ 79, 101, 109 Name. : Page: Two Peck. +». BIG 136 WGaGG bo en 145 University: Gem-_--/> 74.1 436 68 WG ENTS BY co nn AEE OR DR 56, 134 Velvet Bluestem .— = 125 Vetvet Chafi—.---..-- ---- (4b? TA, 128, 126, 150, 169, 172 PRELVEE-DON- = tt 185, 191 Velvet -Head—---- 2 122, 128 Werden Pife..2)). —~ 92 VERNAL eee) Ses ELSE MA 194 VERGUEINEA-—» 3 57, 170 Wirsinig. Reel- s+. + tS 78 Wreasmepe.2 2 es oA OY 112 WS Eon AED AR es 106 Wer KR. 2 Ok OM RES 52 CE Washington Hybrid No. 128____ 174 IRE WB Yao eo ee 106 Webb’s: Challenge White__:____ 60 Wheissenb ures ee 143 UWS Te Nice oid sos ea 53, 94 NACE SP Gee) i 94 Wiest of Miracle. 2g oS 182 Wheat 3,000 Years Old_________ 182 W HHP DLING... 122 VCE Die Wy MONG 8 51, 60 Ge NV Mabe ye 99 WRT DH WONDER. 22 51, 61 “INT ULES) So 8 5 i a 2 193, 180 -Wilcox Fife eo ene SARIN gt AN, 92 Wid “Goose. 203 oe 182, 188, 198 SS USS a A a a a aa eae erate 97 *The Latin names are indexed here for the convenience of those familiar with the classifications of Alefeld, Koernicke and Werner, and others, and not as representing the conclusions of the writers, 238 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Name. Page. | Name. Page. Walson Special... 97 Wisconsin Pedigree No. 408_.__ 149 WHiNDSOR MEAG 2 ooo hein aS 53,400; |, Wascensin Wonder... 171 WINTER ALASKA____uu. 181,183: | Wold’s White Winter_______ ss; 60 WINTER BLUESTEM_ ____-¥-= 5ly 5S 1} Wolf-Hybrid > = eae 103 WINTER CHIEF. 2222s: iM AA 1] Wonderful__- sea “7 ACISG Weanter Ou.) os ly ty AOG: |i Veioods oo ~~ 109 Wantern Wifec ner oor 123 |} Woods Prolific 4") aaa 16 Wanter (-Greén_. 5 er ye 1o47 |) Woolf’) > ee 76 Wanter rJobn. ye A54 | World Beater_-_ =~ sas MMOL Winter King _______ — 101, 1124136;,154 | Worlds Champion. ~-swetiwe= 145 Winter La Salle___-+.-=--4-12 14 }\ Worlds Fair_______ stwssnniea 106 Wanter Wellis..02.0 o> See “74 | WYANDOTTE_—__ s:t hig = 53, 82 Winter Pearl.- .-_ -_ __ 4.4eF = 84 | Wyandotte Red ee 82 Winter Queen_.—_—____-__-__—s "S|: Yantagbay_-.-_ -seuynioaegans 157 Winter Saskatchewan__________ 139 |, YAROSLAY -_ 22s ani geeeitine 57, 164 Waseonsin No: 182 6 5 oo * oft 145 | Yaroslav (emmer)____ ee 195 WISCONSIN PEDIGREE Yellow Gharnovka____ 2-4 se). | 189 ONG ae ES ne ener sae pete ad 56; 148°| Zeller’s Valley _____-__ seen 118 WISCONSIN PEDIGREE ZEMMERMAN _-) 2 pea 52,76 TSC Reet: | AE RS reer = 56,135 | Zimn’s Golden___________ see 79 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 65 CENTS PER COPY V ore 4 ? ] : a / i : sey i ( i 13 y } : R ‘ . 1 F ian ay 7 i) ; NVINOSHLINS S31YVUYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLE & ul Zz tw ; 2 tw “Sil 2 Z 4 : Ly, z = _< c < Ae as a = cae ra > a ca = a = = 2 m n m 7) m 7 | = on = ” . £ n _ff y pst dWudIT_LIBRAR! 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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI Saluvudi] LIBRAI as a = # z= aes = | - ‘ow = wo ° ow = a = po) = a % > ra > ra a | Ei i re = i = Ny = ae ae Z 3 ne: oe NVINOSHLINS SAlYVYEITLLIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILADE = z er eu = <. 2 Z =. ti fy = S YS = Z WW as if of 5 oe Re oO YY : = oO S Wy =E . Ka 4 z g ZY 2X 2B : 5 Og = 2 “iy * 2 = 2 YY - itd A His = . > = SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOLLNLILSNI_NVINOSHIINS Satuvadi7_ LIB RARE é = ACS o Oe oP Fad a, eae yes —— Fas ce § Y) gb: m— Ww Faery Be = 7) “te VINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. NOILNLILS k ” = ” S Hid | a ” a 7 pe S no = oc a ee oc se INV = = < tf a » Sa : i eae 2 — - Zz ie , = a MITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNIT NVINOSHLIWS Sdluvagi7 LIBRARIE a = - z id me) = wo ° ow 0] > > 0] -— 0) 3 = = = > ee iE a ra a MINOSHLINS, SA1YVUAIT_LIBRARI ES. _ INSTITUTION, NOILNLILS ee = Bis ” = bes = = NS = soa 2 5 NSE: 9 GY a5 O 2 o ce = 2 = 2 > cael = > s > q a, w », Zz Ww) a. 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