D H

^ Marine Biological Laboratory Library

II Woods Hole, Mass. d

1 c

G

j Presented by j

J

2 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

J) Jul/ 20, 1962

I

3B3^^^^^^^^^^^^^SE

0

A CLASSIFICATION OF
LIVING ANIMALS

QJL.

^7S

A CLASSIFICATION OF
LIVING ANIMALS

LORD ROTHSCHILD

G.M., Sc.D., F.R.S.

JOHN WILEY AND SONS INC,
New York, N.Y.

PUBLISHED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, EXCEPT THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY LONGMANS GREEN AND CO LTD

© LORD ROTHSCHILD 1961
FIRST PUBLISHED 1961

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO LTD, THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

page VII

I. SCOPE

11. SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

III. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

APPENDIX I: FURTHER READING

47

APPENDIX II: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

50

APPENDIX III: REFERENCES

52

ANIMAL AND GROUP INDEX

57

79960

INTRODUCTION

The following notes may be helpful:

(1) Chapter I explains the purpose of the book and how to use it.

(2) Chapter 1 1 is a summarized classification of living animals.

(3) Chapter IH is a classification of living animals, with examples of genera
in each class, order, sub-order, etc.

(4) Appendix I provides references for further reading.

(5) Appendix II is a list of the authorities consulted on the classifications.

(6) Some 4,000 examples of 'better known' genera are mentioned in
Chapter III and the Index, which also gives the order or sub-order to
which each genus belongs.

(7) The Index contains more examples than the text. The reader who wishes
to see whether a particular animal is classified should refer to the Index
and not to the order, in Chapter III, to which he believes the animal
belongs.

(8) Only a certain number of English names are recorded and some of these
might be questioned by the purist. Innumerable examples could be given
of the confusion caused by the use of vernacular as opposed to Latin
names. Where I live, the hedgehog, Erinaceus, is sometimes called an
urchin. Where I often work, an urchin is called Echinus. But members of
the order Echinoida (sea urchins), to which Echinus belongs, are also
called sea hedgehogs, egg urchins, sea eggs, egg-fish, buttonfish, sea
thistles, needle shells, chestnuts, burrs, spikes, zarts, porcupines and
whore's eggs.

(9) No species are given, only genera. The English names of some better
known animals are, therefore, missing, because they refer to a species
and not the genus: for example, the herring gull (Larus argentatus) and
the crested newt (Triton cristatus). The reader will not find herring gull
or crested newt in the Index, but will find gull, newt, Larus and Triton.

R.

I. SCOPE

During my studies of spermatozoa, I have often been frustrated by having to consult a
number of books, instead of one, to find an up-to-date classification of the animal kingdom:
and it occurred to me that other scientists might have the same difficulty. Classifications of the
animal kingdom are available; but the only comprehensive ones of which I am aware are that
of my first biology teacher. D. M. Reid (1925), which is out of print and now out-of-date, and
that prepared in 1949 for Section F of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Zoological Names, a List of Phyla, Classes and Orders. Apart from having no table
of contents, index or examples, this pamphlet, which is reproduced in Specter's Handbook of
Biological Data (1956), was clearly written for zoologists and not for physiologists, bio-
chemists, biophysicists and those biologists who are not familiar with the classification of
animals, for whom this book is intended.

The book and its Index can be used to find out how the animal kingdom, or parts of it,
are classified, which are the eutherian mammals, what phasmids and Homoptera are, etc.
Neither the book nor its Index can necessarily provide answers to questions about the
systematic positions of individual genera, because there are some two hundred thousand
genera in the animal kingdom.' Nevertheless, the Latin and some English names of a number
of better known genera have been included. A genus may be well known to one person and
unknown to another; any selection of 'better known genera' is bound, therefore, to be
arbitrary. The reader is, therefore, almost certain to find that some genera, which are well
known to him, are absent. Similarly, the English names of some better known animals are
missing, because no species, only genera, are mentioned.

No extinct groups are mentioned, although from time to time members of such groups
turn out not to be extinct at all, as in the case of the coelacanth (Actinistia) and the mollusc
Neopilina (Tryblidiacea). The omission of extinct orders may give the misleading impression
that a system of classification is top-heavy. In classifications of recent birds (Class Aves), for
example, one sub-class, Neomithes, is sometimes included; this may seem unnecessary. But if
the classification includes extinct birds, Neornithes is seen to be one of two sub-classes, the
other, extinct, one being Archaeornithes.

Alternative classifications are given of the Parazoa ( = Porifera), Platyhelminthes and
Nematoda. The nematode classification of Chitwood & Chitwood (1950) is preferred to that
of Hyman, which is well known because her treatise The Invertebrates (1940-1959) is so well
known. A classification of the Parazoa by Dr. Maurice Burton is preferred to that of Hyman.
Professor Jean Baer's classification of the Platyhelminthes, as yet unpublished, is preferred to
that of Dr. Ben Dawes, but in this case, the decision was a personal one. The preferred
classification is given first in each case. The same genera are cited as examples in the alterna-
tive classifications, but in the Index, genera are referred to the preferred classification.
Alternative classifications of several other groups could have been given, e.g. the class
Echinoidea, because systematics is a dynamic subject about which zoologists often disagree.
But only the Parazoa, Platyhelminthes and Nematoda seemed to require this treatment in a
book of this size and detail.

If an English name applies to a particular genus, as in the case of 'whelk', it will be found

in the singular after the generic name, Buccinum. But if the same English name applies to two

or more genera, it will be found, in the plural, after the genera to which it applies, for example

Cavolina, Limacina (sea-butterflies). When English names are available for higher groupings,

such as sponges (Parazoa), these will be found after the Latin names. No attempt has been

made to give a comprehensive list of English or vernacular names, interesting as it may be to

know that everyone in the Barbados is familiar with sea eggs, but no one with sea urchins.

Such information is outside the scope of this book. Whenever possible, therefore, Latin and

not English names should be looked up in the Index. In a few cases where an animal causes a

disease which has an English name, it has been put in brackets after the generic name of the

animal, for example Entamoeba (amoebic dysentery).

' If a genus is not in this book, the most likely place to find it is in Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus
(1939-1950).

SCOPE

When a synonym exists for a phylum, class, order, etc. and is worth mentioning, it is put
in brackets after the preferred name, e.g.

DISCOCEPHALI ( = Echeneiformes)

If the group represented by the synonym is approximately equal to the group represented
by the preferred name, the sign for 'approximately equal' is used :

PLECTOGNATHI (= Tetraodontiformes)

If there are two synonyms, they are recorded as follows :

OLIGONEOPTERA ( = Endopterygota, Holometabola)

When the relationship between a preferred name and certain synonyms or near-synonyms
is simple, the relationship is recorded as follows, sometimes as a footnote:

MESOGASTROPODA ( = Monotocardia, Pectinibranchia, - Stenoglossa)

This means that the order Mesogastropoda is the same as the order Monotocardia or
Pectinibranchia, minus Stenoglossa. A plus sign between two synonyms would have the
analogous meaning.

Synonyms of genera have only been given where there was good reason to do so.
To attempt more would make several entries under orders and sub-orders cumbersome.
For example, the palmate newt Triturus helveticus (Caudata) is, or has been, known as
Diemictyhis palmatiis, Molge palmata and Triton palmatus, so that the inclusion of these
synonyms would be entered as follows :

Triturus ( = Diemictyhis, Molge, Triton) (newt)

Even if such an entry were desirable in principle, it would be unacceptable in practice, because
the synonyms apply to the palmate newt and not necessarily to all newts. This question, of a
synonym often applying to one species and not to the whole genus, is another reason for
avoiding synonyms except when they serve a special purpose.

Some synonyms, such as Troglodytes for Pan (the chimpanzee), Auchenia for Lama (the
llama) and a few others, may be thought surprising or unnecessary. They have been included
because some physiologists or biochemists used these synonyms instead of the preferred
names.

To avoid possible confusion, I have occasionally put a warning footnote when the name
of a group, such as Decapoda, is used in more than one part of the animal kingdom. Attention
has not been drawn to cases of two different animals having, or having had, the same names.
A casual glance at Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus (1939-1950) shows that homonyms are
far more common than many biologists realize. Aricia, for example, is cited in Neave as a
mollusc, a polychaete, a fly and a moth. There seemed no point in trying to record all
homonyms, irrespective of their importance for readers of this book.

Apart from 'phylum', 'class', 'order', etc., the Index contains all the words in Chapters II
and III. If the reader wishes to look up Mammalia, or Prototheria, or Simiae in the
Index, no difficulties arise and the appropriate page numbers will be found after these words,
for example, Prototheria, 43. But if the reader wishes to know the systematic position of
Phascolarctos, a. page number would provide insufficient information because there are about
seventy-five Latin or English generic names per page. In the Index, therefore, the generic name
of an animal, or the English name of a genus, is followed by the order or sub-order (when these
exist) to which the animal belongs, and then the page number, as in the following examples:

Phascolarctos, Marsupialia, 44
three-toed sloth (Bradypus), Edentata, 44

SCOPE 3

It is hardly necessary to mention that if two page numbers occur after a word in the Index,
as in

Acoela, 1 3, 22

the Acoela will be found on both pages. This is because Acoela is an order within the class
Turbellaria (phylum Platyhelminthes) and within the class Gastropoda (phylum Mollusca).
I referred on page 2 to the inclusion in the Index of animals mentioned in a number
of textbooks of physiology and biochemistry. The format of this book prevents all of these
being referred to in the text, even if this were desirable, and a number have, therefore, been
mentioned only in the Index. In such cases the entry is of the form

*Eiiocheir, Reptantia, 31

The entry shows to which sub-order Eriocheir belongs, while reference to p. 31 shows that
Eriocheir is a crustacean and not a mollusc.^ If, therefore, a reader wants to look up a particu-
lar genus in this book, reference must, in the first instance, be made to the Index and not to
the text, as more animals are mentioned in the former than the latter. No English names are
given of genera which are only mentioned in the Index.

All the classifications have been discussed with specialists on the group or groups in
question. To avoid cluttering up this chapter with innumerable acknowledgements to the
many scientists who have had the kindness and patience to help me, an Acknowledgement
Appendix is included at the end of this book. In fairness to those who have helped me, I should
own that I have not always taken their advice. Any errors^ are, therefore, my responsibility
and due to ignorance of a diverting branch of natural science which is neglected by many
'modern' biologists.

Since my book is, in a sense, a dictionary, I will conclude this chapter with some observa-
tions made by a previous lexicographer (Johnson, 1755, AJ).

'It is the fate of those who toil at the lower employments of Hfe, to be rather driven by the
fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good ; to be exposed to censure, without hope of
praise ; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have
been without applause, and diligence without reward.

'Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have con-
sidered, not as the pupil, but the slave of science, the pionier of literature, doomed only to
remove rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths of Learning and Genius, who press
forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that
facilitates their progress. Every other authour may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only
hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.'

' Reptantia Is a sub-order of Decapoda (Crustacea); but Decapoda is also a sub-order of Dibranchia
(Mollusca).

- This book is certain to contain errors and misprints. I should be most grateful if readers would let mc
know when they detect them.

II. SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

The approximate number of described species in each group is given in the second column.
Numbers followed by an asterisk diflFer greatly from those given by Mayr, Linsley & Usinger
(1953).

Phylum PROTOZOA

30,000

page 6

MESOZOA

50

9

PARAZOA

4,200

9

CNIDARIA

9,600

11

CTENOPHORA

80

12

PLATYHELMINTHES

15,000*

13

NEMERTINA

550

16

ASCHELMINTHES

Class Rotifera

1,500

17

Gastrotricha

140

17

Echinoderida

100

17

Priapulida

5

17

Nematomorpha

250

17

Nematoda

10,000

17

Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA

300

20

ENTOPROCTA

60

20

POLYZOA

4,000

20

PHORONIDA

15*

20

BRACHIOPODA

260

21

MOLLUSCA

100,000

21

SIPUNCULOIDEA

275

23

ECHIUROIDEA

80

23

ANNELIDA

7,000

24

ARTHROPODA

Class Onychophora

73

24

Pauropoda 1

24

Diplopoda 1

9,400

24

Chilopoda f

25

Symphyla J

25

Insecta

700,000

25

Crustacea

25,000

29

Merostomata

4

31

Arachnida

30,000

31

Pycnogonida

440 ■

31

Pentastomida

60

32

Tardigrada

280

32

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA

50*

32

POGONOPHORA

43*

32

ECHINODERMATA

5,700

32

CHORDATA

Sub-phylum Hemichordata

91

34

Urochordata

1,600

34

Cephalochordata

13

35

SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

Vertebrata

Class Marsipobranchii ]

35

Selachii
Bradyodonti

1

23,000

35
36

Pisces

36

Amphibia

2,000

40

Reptilia

5,000

41

Aves

8,590

41

Mammalia

4,500

43

III. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

Phylum PROTOZOA

Class MASTIGOPHORA

( = Flagellata)

Sub-class PHYTOMASTIGINA

( =Phytoflagellata)

Sub-class ZOOMASTIGINA

( =Zooflagellata)

Order PHYTOMONADINA

( = Volvocina)

Carteria; Chlorogonium; Chlamydomonas;

Haematococciis; Eudorina; Pandorina; Vol vox;

Polytoma
Order XANTHOMONADEVA

Chloramoeba; Myxochloris: Rhizochloris
Order CHLOROMONADINA

Gonyostomum; Vaciiolaria
Order EUGLENOIDINA

Euglena; Trachelomonas; Phacus; Peranenui
Order CRYPTOMONADINA

Chilomonas ; Cryptomonas; Cyathomouas
Order DINOFLAGELLATA
( = Peridineae)

Haplodinhim; Blastodiniitm ; Ceratium;

Dinamoebidium; Gymnodiniurn; Noctiluca;

Peridinium
Order EBRHDEAE

(=Ebriaceae)

Ebria; Hermesinum
Order SILICOFLAGELLATA

Dictyocha
Order COCCOLITHOPHORIDA

Calyptwsphaera ; Acanthosolenia
Order CHRYSOMONADINA

Chromulina; Mallomonas; Oicomonas; Uroglena;

Chrysamoeba; Dinobryon; Hydrurus;

Dendroinonos ; Ochromona.s

Order PROTOMONADINA

Monosiga; Leptomonas; Crithidia; Leishmania
(kala-azar, oriental sore); Trypanosoma (sleeping-
sickness, nagana, etc.); Schizotrypanum (Chagas'
disease, etc.); Bodo
Order METAMONADINA

( =POLYMASTIGINA + HYPERMASTIGINA)

Enteromonas; Monocercomonas ( = Eutrichomastix);
Hexawastix ; Devescovina; Trichomonas;
Embadomonas; Chilomastix; Lophomonas;
Trimastix; Trichonympha

PROTOZOA

Class RHIZOPODA
( = Sarcodina)

Class ACTINOPODA

Class SPOROZOA
( =Telosporidia)

Sub-class GREGARINOMORPHA

Order DISTOMATINA

( ^Diplomonadida)
Hexamita; Giardia
Order OPALININA

Cepedea; Opalina; Zelleiiella

Order RHIZOMASTIGINA

( = Pantostomatida)

Mastigamoeba; Histomonos (blackhead of poultry);

Dientainoeba
Order AMOEBINA

Amoeba; Chaos; Vahlkampfia; Endamoeba;

Entamoeba (amoebic dysentery); Endolimax;

lodamoeba
Order TESTACEA

Arcella; Centropyxis; Cochliopodiiim; Difflugia;

Nebela; Penardia; AssuUna; Chlamydophrys;

Euglypha; Gromia; Araclvuda; Biomyxa;

A Uogromia ; Microgromia
Order FORAMINIFERA

Discorbis; Elphidium ( ^Polystomella); Globigerina;

Connispira; Penerup/is; Textularia; Nummulites;

Planorbidina; Rot alia

Order RADIOLARIA

Acanthometra; Sphaerocapsa; Acanthosphaera;

Collozoum; Sphaeiozoum; Thalassicola;

Aulacantha; Coelodendnim
Order HELIOZOA

A ctinophrys ; A ctinospliaerium ; A ctinolophus ;

Astrodiscidus; Acaiithocystis; Raphidiopbrys;

Actinomonas; Vampyrella; Clathndina;

Hediiocystis; Monomastigocystis

Sub-class COCCIDIOMORPHA

Order ARCHIGREGARINA

Merogregariua ; Selcnidiiim ; Selenocystis
Order EUGREGARINA

Gonospora; Gregarina; Lecudina; Monocystis;

Porospora; Stylocephalns
Order SCHIZOGREGARINA

Caul/eryel/a; Lipotiopha; Machadoella;

Ophryocystis; Schizocystis; Syncystis

Order PROCOCCIDIA

Selenococcidium
Order EUCOCCIDIA
Sub-order Adeleidea

Adelina; Klossia; Karyolysus; Hepatozoon;
Haemogregarina
Sub-order Eimeriidea

Cyc/ospora; Isospora; Eimeria ( = Coccidium);
Globidium; Merocystis

PROTOZOA

Sub-order Haemosporidia

Haemoproteus; Leucocytozoon; Plasmodium (mal-
aria); Babesia (=Piroplasma) (Texas cattle fever,
etc.) ; Theileria (African East Coast cattle fever)

SPOROZOA whose systematic position is uncertain

Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis); Sarcocystis (sarco-
sporidiosis) ; HeUcosporidium
Class CNIDOSPORIDIA

( — Nematocystida, Neosporidia, Amoebosporidia)

Order MYXOSPORIDIA

Ceratomyxa; Leptotheca; Chloromyxum;
Sphaerospora; Coccomyxa; Henneguya; Myxidium;
Myxobolus; Myxosoma
Order MICROSPORIDIA
(=Cryptocysta)
Nosema; Glugea; Thelohania; Plistophora;
Mrazekia; Telomyxa
Order ACTINOMYXIDIA

Guyenotia ; Tetractinomyxon
Order HAPLOSPORIDLA
Haplosporidium
Class CHJATA
(=Ciliophora)

Sub-class HOLOTRICHA

Order GYMNOSTOMATIDA

Sub-order Rhabdophorina

Holophrya; Amphileptus ; Dileptus
Sub-order Cyrtophorina

Chilodonella; Nassula; Prorodon
Order SUCTORIDA

( = ACINETA, TeNTACULIFERA)

Podophrya; Acineta
Order CHONOTRICHTOA

(=Peritricha)
Spirochona
Order TRICHOSTOMATmA

Coelosomides; Tillina; Colpoda; Balantidium
(dysentery)
Order HYMENOSTOMATIDA
Sub-order Tetrahymenina

Tetrahymena; Glaucoma: Ichthyophthirius
Sub-order Peniculina
Frontonia; Paramecium (slipper animalcule) ;
Urocentrum
Sub-order Pleuronematina
Pleuronema ; Cyclidium
Order ASTOMATmA

( = Anoplophryinea)
Anoplophrya; Radiophrya; Haptophrya
Order APOSTOMATIDA

Foettingeria; Gymnodinioides ; Ophiuraespira;
Spirophrya

PROTOZOA-PARAZOA

Sub-class SPIROTRICHA

Order THIGMOTRICHTOA

Thigmophrya ; Conchophthirus ; Ancistrum; Boveria;
Ancistrocoma; Hypocomella; Hypocoma
Order PERITRICHIDA
( = Stomatoda)
Vorticella; Epistylis; Zoothamnium; Trichodina;
Urceolaria

Order HETEROTRICHIDA

Sub-order Heterotrichina

Climacostomum; Condylostoma; Spirostomum;

Stentor
Sub-order Licnophorina

Licnophora
Order GLIGOTRICHTOA

Strombidium; Halteria; Strombilidiitm
Order TINTINNIDA

Tintirmopsis; Tintiimus
Order ENTODINIOMORPHIDA

Epidinium; Entodinium; Ophryoscolex;

Cycloposthium
Order CTENOSTOMAXroA
( = Odontostomatida)

Epalxis; Saprodinium; Discomorpha
Order HYPOTRICHTOA

Diophrys; Euplotes; Oxytricha; Uroleptus

Phylum MESOZOAi

Order DICYEMIDA

( = Rhombozoa)
Dicyema; Microcyema
Order ORTHONECXroA

Rhopalura

Phylum PARAZOA ( = Porifera, Spongiida) (sponges)^

Class NUDA»

Order CALCAREA

( = Calcispongiae)
Sub-order Homocoela (ascon sponges)

Leucosolenia { = Ascute) ; Clathrina
Sub-order Heterocoela
Leucilla; Scypha ( = Sycon); Leuconia
( =Leiicandrd); Grantia (=Sycandra)

* Members of this phylum are often considered to be degenerate members of phylum PlatyhelmintheSf
pp. 13-14.

* Classification by Burton.

' Sometimes considered as a phylum, in which case phylum Parazoa becomes a sub-kingdom Class Nuda
also occurs in phylum Ctenophora, p. 13.

B R.C.L.A.

10 PARAZOA

Order HEXACTINELLIDA (glass sponges)
(=Triaxonida, Hyalospongiae)
Sub-order Hexasterophora
Euplectella (Venus's flower basket); Farrea;
Aphrocallistes
Sub-order Amphidiscophora

Hyalonema ; Pheronema; Monoraphis

Class GELATINOSA'

Order TETRAXONIDA

Sub-order Homosclerophora

(=Carnosa, Microsclerophora)

Plakina; O scare I la; Bajulus; Hexadella; Thrombus
Sub-order Streptastrosclerophora

Thenea
Sub-order Astrosclerophora

Stelletta; Tethya; Chondrosia; Geodia; Tetilla

( — Craniella); Cliona; Spheciospongia (loggerhead

sponge); Suberites
Sub-order Sigmatosclerophora

My X ilia; Halichondria; Haliclona ( = Chalina,

Halina); Microciona; Esperiopsis; Adocia

( = Remera); Cladorhiza; Spongilla
Order KERATOSA* (horny sponges)

Spongia i—Euspongia) (bath sponge); Halisarca;

Hircinia; Aplysina; Aplysilla

Phylum PORIFERA ( = Spongiida, Parazoa) (sponges)^

Class CALCAREA

( = Calcispongiae) Order ASCONOSA (ascon sponges)

( = Homocoela)
Leucosolenia{—Ascute); Clathrina
Order SYCONOSA

( = Heterocoela)
Leucilla; Scypha ( = Sycon); Leuconia
( =Leucandra); Grant la (=Sycandra)
Class HEXACTEVELLroA (glass sponges)
( =Triaxonida, Hyalospongiae)

Order HEXASTEROPHORA

Euplectella (Venus's flower basket) ; Farrea;
Aphrocallistes
Order AMPHIDISCOPHORA

Hyalonema ; Pheronema ; Monoraphis
Class DEMOSPONGIAE

Sub-class TETRACTINELLIDA

Order MYXOSPONGIDA

Halisarca; Oscarella; Bajulus; Hexadella; Thenea

' Sometimes considered as a phylum, in which case phylum Parazoa becomes a sub-kingdom.

* The systematics of this order requires revision. ^ Alternative classification by Hyman (1940).

(PORIFERA)-CNroARIA

11

Sub-class MONAXONIDA

Order CARNOSA

( = HOMOSCLEROPHORA, MiCROSCLEROPHORA)

Plakina; Thrombus; Chondrosia; Haliclona
( = Chalina, Halina)
Order CHORISXroA

Stelletta ; Geodia; Tetilla ( = Cranielld)

Order HADROMERINA

( = Astromonaxonellida)

Cliona; Spheciospongia Ooggerhead sponge);

Suberites
Order HALICHONDRINA

Halichondria
Order POECILOSCLERINA

Microciona; Myxilla; Esperiopsis; Cladorhiza
Order HAPLOSCLERINA

Adocia ( = Reniera); Spongilla
Order EPIPOLASIDA

Tethya
Sub-class KERATOSA (horny sponges)

Spongia ( = Euspongia) (bath sponge); Hircinia;

Aplysina; Aplysilla

Phylum CNIDARIA ( = Coelenterata - Ctenophora)

Class HYDROZOA (hydroids, medusae)

( = H YDROMEDUS AE)

Class SCYPHOZOA (jelly fish)
( = Scyphomedusae)

Order ATHECATA

(=Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae)

Hydra: Tubularia; Sarsia: Coryne; Velella (by-the-

wind-sailor) ; Millepora; Hydractinia;

Bougainvillia; Stylaster; Spirocodon
Order THECATA

(=Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae)

Phialidium ; Obelia; Aequorea; Halecium;

Sertularia; Plumularia
Order LEMNOMEDUSAE

Gonionemus; Craspedacusta; Olindias; Limtwcnida
Order TRACHYMEDUSAE

Geryonia ( = Carmarind); Liriope; Aglantha
Order NARCOMEDUSAE

Solmissus; Aegina; Cunina
Order SIPHONOPHORA

Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war); Halistemma;

Lensia; Muggiaea; Agalma

Order STAUROMEDUSAE

Lucernaria; Haliclystus
Order CUBOMEDUSAE

Carybdea; Chirodropus
Order CORONATAE

AtoUa; Linuche; Nausithoe; Periphylla

12 CNIDARIA-CTENOPHORA

Order SEMAEOSTOMAE

Pelagia; Chrysaora; Cyanea; Aurelia { = Aurellia) ;
Dactylometra
Order RHIZOSTOMAE

Cassiopea; Rhizostoma; Cotylorhiza

Class ANTHOZOA

Sub-class CERIANTIPATHARIA

Order ANTIPATHARIA (black corals)

Antipathes
Order CERIANTHARIA

Cerianthus
Sub-class OCTOCORALLIA (soft corals)

Order ALCYONACEA

Alcyonium (dead men's fingers)
Order GORGONACEA

Eunicella (sea fan) ; Gorgonia
Order PENNATULACEA

Pennatula (sea pen) ; Virgiilaria

Sub-class ZOANTHARIA

Order ZOANTHINIARIA (zoanthids)

Zoanthus; Epizoanthus; Palythoa
Order CORALLEMORPHARIA

Corynactis
Order ACTINIARIA (sea anemones)

Anemonia ( = Anthea); Actinia; Tealia; Metridium

( = Actinolobd) : Calliactis; Adamsia; Peachia
Order PTYCHODACTIARIA

Ptychodactis
Order SCLERACTINIA (true corals, stony corals)

Fungia; Pontes; Acropora; Caryophyllia;

Meandrina

Phylum CTENOPHORA
( = CoELENTERATA - Cnidaria) (comb jcUies)

Class TENTACULATA

Order CYDIPPIDA

Pleurobrachia (sea gooseberry) ; Hormiphora
Order LOBATA

Leucothea ( =Euchans); Bolinopsis ( = Bolina);

Mnemiopsis (comb jelly)
Order CESTIDA

( = Cestoidea)

Cesium ( = Cestus) (Venus's girdle) ; Velamen

( = Vexillum, Folia)
Order PLATYCTENEA
( = Ctenoplana)

Ctenoplana; Coeloplana; Tjalfiella; Gastrodes

CTENOPHORA-PLATYHELMINTHES 13

Class NUDA^

Order BEROIDA
Beroe

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)^

Class TURBELLARIA (turbellarians)

Order ACOELA'

Aphanostoma; Convoluta
Order RHABDOCOELA

Catenula; Macrostomum; Dalyellia; Gyratrix;
Paravortex
Order ALLOEOCOELA

Hofstenia; Plagiostomum; Otomesostoma;
Monocelis
Order TRICLADIDA
Sub-order Maricola

Bdelloura; Uteriporus; Procerodes ( = Gunda)
Sub-order Paludicola

Planaha; Dugesia {= Euplanaria) ; Dendrocoelum
Sub-order Terricola

Geoplana; Rhynchodemus; Bipalium
Order POLYCLADIDA
Sub-order Acotylea

Stylochus; Notoplana; Cestoplana
Sub-order Cotylea

Thysanozoon; Eurylepta; Prosthiostomum

Class TEMNOCEPHALOroEA

Class MONOGENEA
( =Heterocotylea)

Order TEMNOCEPHALIDEA

( = Dactylifera, Dactyloda)
Temnocephala

Sub-class MONOPISTHOCOTYLEA

Order CAPSALOIDEA

Tristoma; Capsala
Order UDONELLOIDEA

Udonella
Order GYRODACTYLOroEA

Gyrodactylus ; Dactylogyrus
Order ACANTHOCOTYLOroEA

Acanthocotyle
Order PROTOGYRODACTYLOroEA

Protogyrodactylus
Sub-class POLYOPISTHOCOTYLEA

Order CHIMAEROCOLOIDEA

Callorhynchicola
Order DICLroOPHOROIDEA

Diplozoon; Hexostoma; Mazocraes; Microcotyte;

Gastrocotyle ; DicUdophora; Discocotyle
* Sec Parazoa, p. 9. * Classification by Baer. ^ See Opisthobranchia, p. 22.

14

PLATYHELMESTHES

Class CESTODARIA

Class CESTODA (tapeworms)

Order DICLYBOTHROIDEA

Diclybothrium
Order POLYSTOMATOIDEA

Poly stoma; Hexabothrium

Order AMPHILINIDEA

Amphilina
Order GYROCOTYLIDEA

Gyrocotyle

Sub-class DroESMIDA

Sub-class TETRADESMIDA

Class TREMATODA (flukes)

Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA

( - Bothriocephaloidea)
Diphyllobothrium ( = Dibothriocephalus) ; Ligula;
Schistocephalus ; Caryophyllaeus ; Wenyonia

Order HAPLOBOTHRIOIDEA

Haplobothrium
Order TETRARHYNCHOIDEA

( = Trypanorhynch a)

Tetrarhynchus; Floriceps; Tentacularia; Grillotia;

Hepatoxylon; Aporhynchus
Order DIPHYLLIDEA

Echinobothrium
Order TETRAPHYLLIDEA

( - Phyllobothrioidea)

Phyllobothrium; Acanthobothrium;

Echeneibothrium; Discocephalum
Order LECANICEPHALOmEA

Lecanicephalum; Parataenia
Order TETRABOTHRIOIDEA

Tetrabothrius
Order PROTEOCEPHALOmEA

Proteocephalus
Order NIPPOTAENOmEA

Nippotaenia
Order CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
( = Taenioidea)

Bertiella; Raillietina; Dipylidium; Hymenolepis;

Taenia i = Cysticercus); Echinococcus ;

Mesocestoides

Sub-class ASProOGASTREA

(=ASPIDOCOTYLEA, AsPIDOBOTHRIA)

Sub-class DIGENEA
( = Malacocotylea)

Aspidogaster

Schistosoma ( = Bilharzia); Bilharziella; Fasciola
( = Distoma, Distomum), Dicrocoelium (liver flukes,
cattle & sheep) ; Parorchis; Paragonimus (lung
fluke); Bucephalus; Clonorchis (Chinese liver fluke
disease); Heterophyes; Paramphistomum (cattle
rumen fluke); Strigea; Diplostomum; Echinostoma

(PLATYHELMTNTHES) 15

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)^

Class TURBELLARIA (turbellarians)

Order ACOELA

Class TREMATODA (flukes)

Aphanostoma; Convoluta
Order RHABDOCOELA

Catenula; Macrostomum; Dalyellia; Gyratrix;
Temnocephala; Paravortex
Order ALLOEOCOELA

Hofstenia; Plagiostomum; Otomesostoma;
Monocelis
Order TRICLADmA
Sub-order Maricola

Bdelloura; Uteriporus; Procerodes ( = Gunda)
Sub-order Paludicola

Planaria; Dugesia { = Euphnaria) ; Dendrocoelum
Sub-order Terricola

Geoplana; Rhynchodemus ; Bipalium
Order POLYCLADroA
Sub-order Acotylea

Stylochus; Notoplana; Cestoplana
Sub-order Cotylea

Thysanozoon; Eurylepta; Prosthiostomum

Order MONOGENEA

( = Heterocotylea)
Sub-order Monopisthocotylea

Gyrodactylus: Dactylogyrus; Protogyrodactylus;
Udonella; Tristoma; Capsala; Acanthocotyle
Sub-order Polyopisthocotylea
Hexabothrium; Polystoma; Mazocraes;
Discocotyle; Diclybothrium; Microcotyle;
Gastrocotyle; Callorhynchicola; Diclidophora;
Hexostoma; Diploz.oon
Order ASPIDOGASTREA

( = Aspidocotylea, Aspidobothria)
Aspidogaster
Order DIGENEA

( = Malacocotylea)
Sub-order Gasterostomata

Bucephalus
Sub-order Prosostomata

Dicrocoelium, Fasciola ( = Distoma, Distomum)
(liver flukes, cattle & sheep); Clonorchis (Chinese
liver fluke disease); Heterophyes; Paragonimus
(lung fluke) ; Paramphistotnum (cattle rumen fluke) ;
Strigea: Diplostomum; Echinostoma; Parorchis;
Schistosoma ( = Bilharzia); Bilharziella

Alternative classification by Dawes.

16

(PLATYHELMINTHES)-NEMERTINA

Class CESTODA (tapeworms)
Sub-class CESTODARIA

Sub-class EUCESTODA

Order AMPHILINIDEA

Atnphilina
Order GYROCOTYLIDEA

Gyrocotyle

Order PROTEOCEPHALA

Proteocephalus
Order TETRAPHYLLIDEA

( = Phyllobothrioidea)
Phyllobothrium ; Acanthobothrium; Echeneibothrium
Order LECANICEPHALA

Parataenia; Lecanicephalum
Order DISCULICEPITIDEA

Discocephalum
Order DIPHYLLIDEA

Echinobothrium
Order TRYPANORHYNCHA
( =Tetrarhynchoidea)

Tetrarhynchus ; Floriceps; Tentacularia ; Grillotia;

Hepatoxylon; Aporhynchus
Order CYCLOPHYLLmEA
(=Taenioidea)

Bertiella; Raillietina; Dipylidium; Hymenolepis;

Taenia ( = Cysticercus); Echinococcus ;

Mesocestoides; Tetrabothrius
Order CARYOPHYLLIDEA

Wenyonia; Caryophyllaeus
Order NIPPOTAENnDEA

Nippotaenia
Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA

Ligula; Diphyllobothrium { = Dibothriocephalus) ;

Schistocephalus; Haplobothrium

Phylum NEMERTINA ( = Rhynchocoela) (ribbon worms)

Class ANOPLA

Class ENOPLA

Order PALAEONEMERTINA

( = Mesonemertina)
Cephalothrix; Tubulanus
Order HETERONEMERTINA

Cerebratulus; Lineus (boot-lace worm)

Order HOPLONEMERTINA

Sub-order Monostylifera

Carcinonemertes; Amphipoms; Tetrastemma;

Geonemertes
Sub-order Polystylifera

Drepanophorus ; Pelagonemertes; Nectonemertes

NEMERTINA-ASCHELMINTHES

17

Order BDELLONEMERTINA

( = Bdellomorpha)
Malacobdella

Phylum ASCHELMINTHESi

Class ROTIFERA (wheel animalcules)

( = Rotatoria)

Class GASTROTRICHA

Class ECHINODERIDA

( = Kinorhyncha)

Order SEISONIDEA

Seison
Order BDELLOIDEA

Habrotrocha; Philodina; Rot aria ( = Rotifer);

Adineta; Philodinavus ( = Microdina)
Order MONOGONONTA
Sub-order Ploima

Brachionus; Keratella (=Anuraea); Epiphanes

(=Hydatina); Euchlanis; Lepadella {= Metopidia) ,

Lecane i = Cathypna, Distyla); Monostyla;

Notommata; Asplanchna
Sub-order Flosculariacea

Testudinella (=Pterodina); Filinia { — Triarthra);

Hexarthra (=Pedalia, Pedalion); Trochosphaera;

Floscularia ( = Melicerta); Conochilus
Sub-order Collothecacea

Collotheca {= Floscularia) ; Stephanoceros

Order MACRODASYOffiEA

Cephalodasys
Order CHAETONOTOIDEA

Neodasys; Chaetonotus

Centroderes; Echinoderes; Pycnophyes

Class PRIAPULIDA^

Priapulus; Halicryptus

Class NEMATOMORPHA (horse-hair worms)

( - GoRDiACEA) Order NECTONEMATOIDEA

Nectonema
Order GORDIOIDEA
Chordodes; Gordius
Class NEMATODA (roundworms)^
(=Nemata)

Sub-class PHASMIDIA

Order RHABDITmA
Sub-order Rhabditina

Rhabditis; Diplogaster; Cephalobus; Panagrellus
(sour paste eelworm); Turbatrix (vinegar eelworm);
Rhabdias (lung ntrndLiodo); Strongyloides

^ Nemathelminthes, sometimes used as a synonym for Aschelminthes, only applies to Nematomorpha and
Nematoda.

^ The Priapulida may equally well be considered as a phylum. They have also been grouped with the
Echiuroidea, p. 23 and Sipunculoidea, p. 23 as Gephyrea.

' Classification by Chitwood & Chitwood (1950) and Thorne (1949).

18 ASCHELMINTHES

Sub-order Strongylina

Strongylus {= Sclerostomum) : Oesophagostomum
(nodular worm); Ancylostoma, Necator (hook-
worms); Syngamus (gape worm); Haemonchus,
Cooperia, Ostertagia (trichostrongyles) ;
Metastrongylus, Dictyocaulus, Muellerius (lung-
worms)
Sub-order Ascaridina
Ascaris (large roundworm); Parascaris (horse
roundworm); Ascaridia (poultry roundworm);
Porrocaecum; Heterakis (poultry caecal worm);
Subulura; Enterobius (threadworm, pin worm);
Aspiculuris (mouse threadworm or pinworm)

Order TYLENCHTOA

Ditylenchus (stem-and-bulb eelworm) ; Anguina
(wheat gall eelworm); Heterodera (cyst eelworm);
Meloidogyne (root- knot eelworm); Aphelenchoides
(leaf eelworm) ; Sphaerularia

Order SPIRURmA

Dracunculus (guinea worm); Wuchereria (filarial
worm); Loa; Onchocerca; Diwfilaria (dog heart
worm); Set aria; Thelazia (eye worm); Gongylonema
(gullet worm) ; Habronema (horse stomach worm) ;
Gnathostoma; Philometra; Micropleura; Tetrameres
( = Tropisurus) (poultry stomach worm)

Sub-class APHASMIDIA

Order CHROMADORTOA

Plectus; Monhystera; Paracanthonchus ;

Cylindrolaimus ; Desmoscolex
Order ENOPLmA
Sub-order Enoplina

Enoplus; Tripyla; Mononchus
Sub-order Dorylaimina

Dorylaimus; Xiphinema; Mermis; Trichuris

( = Trichocephalus) (whipworm) ; Trichinella

( = Trichina) (trichina worm) ; Capillaria
Sub-order Dioctophymatina

Dioctophyme (dog kidney worm) ; Hystrichis

Phylum ASCHELMINTHES

Class NEMATODA (roundworms)^

Order ENOPLOIDEA

Enoplus; Tripyla; Mononchus
Order DORYLAJMOmEA

Dorylaimus; Xiphinema
Order MERMITHOIDEA

Mermis
Order CHROMADOROroEA

Paracanthonchus
» Alternative classification by Hyman (19516).

(ASCHELMINTHES)

19

Order ARAEOLAIMOIDEA

Plectus
Order MONHYSTEROIDEA

Cylindrolaimus; Monhystera
Order DESMOSCOLECOIDEA

Desmoscolex
Order RHABDITOIDEA

( = Anguilluloidea)
Rhabditis; Diphgaster; Panagrellus (sour paste eel-
worm); Cephalobus; Turbatrix (vinegar eelworm);
Heterodera (cyst eelworm); Ditylenchus (stem-and-
bulb eelworm); Anguina (wheat gall eelworm);
Meloidogyne (root-knot eelworm); Aphelenchoides
(leaf eelworm); Sphaerularia
Order RHABDIASOIDEA

Rhabdias (lung nematode); Strongyloides
Order OXYUROIDEA

Enterobius (threadworm, pinworm); Aspiculuris
(mouse threadworm or pinworm)
Order ASCAROIDEA

Ascaris (large roundworm) ; Parascaris (horse
roundworm); Ascaridia (poultry roundworm);
Porrocaecum; Heterakis (poultry caecal worm);
Subulura
Order STRONGYLOroEA

Strongylus i=Sclerostomum); Oesophagostomum
(nodular worm); Ancylostoma, Necator (hook-
worms); Syngamus (gape worm); Metastrongylus,
Dictyocaulus, Muellerius (lungworms) ;
Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia (tricho-
strongyles)
Order SPmUROffiEA

Thelazia (eye worm); Gongylonema (gullet worm);
Habronema (horse stomach worm); Gnathostoma]
Tetrameres (poultry stomach worm)
Order DRACUNCULOmEA

Dracunculus (guinea worm); Philometra;
Micropleura
Order FILARIOIDEA

Setaria; Wuchereria (filarial worm); Loa;
Onchocerca; Dirofilaria (dog heart worm)
Order TRICHUROmEA

( = Trichinelloidea)
Trichuris ( = Trichocephalus) (whipworm) ;
Capillaria; Trichinella ( = Trichina) (trichina worm)
Order DIOCTOPHYMOIDEA

Dioctophyme (dog kidney worm); Hystrichis

20 ACANTHOCEPHALA-PHORONIDA

Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA (thorny-headed worms)

Order ARCHIACANTHOCEPHALA

Macracanthorhynchus ; Gigantorhynchus ; Oncicola;

Moniliformis
Order PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA

Polymorphus; Filicollis; Gorgorhynchus;

Echinorhynchus
Order EO ACANTHOCEPHALA

Quadrigynis; Neoechinorhynchus; Octospinifer

Phylum ENTOPROCTA
(=Endoprocta, Calyssozoa, Kamptozoa,
PoLYZOA Endoprocta, Polyzoa Entoprocta)

Family LOXOSOMATIDAE

Loxosoma; Loxocalyx
Family PEDICELLEVTOAE

Pedicellina; Myosoma; Barentsia
Family URNATELLIDAE

Urnatella

Phylum POLYZOA
( = Bryozoa, Polyzoa Ectoprocta, Ectoprocta)

Class PHYLACTOLAEMATA

( = LoPHOPOD a) Cristatella ; PI urnatella (=A Icyonella)

Class GYMNOLAEMATA

( = Stelmatopoda) Order CYCLOSTOMATA^

( = Stenolaemata, Stenostomata, - Trepostomata*)
Crisia; Diplosolen; Hornera; Lichenopora;
Tubulipora
Order CHEILOSTOMATA

Bugiila; Caber ea; Cryptosula; Flustra;
( = Eurystomata) -! Membranipora ; Schizoporella ; Scrupocellaria

Order CTENOSTOMATA
L Alcyonidium; Bowerbankia; Triticella

Phylum PHORONroA

Phoronis; Phoronopsis

" See Marsipobranchii, p. 35.
' The Trepostomata are extinct.

BRACHIOPODA-MOLLUSCA

21

Phylum BRACfflOPODA

Class INARTICULATA

Class ARTICULATA^

Order ATREMATA

Lingula; Glottidia
Order NEOTREMATA

Crania; Discinisca

Sub-order Thecideoidea

Lacazella
Sub-order Rhynchonelloidea

Hemithyris; Cryptopora
Sub-order Terebratuloidea

Gryphits; Terebratulina
Sub-order Terebratelloidea

Argyrotheca; Dallina; Terebratella; Magellania

Phylum MOLLUSCA

Class POLYPLACOPHORA*

( = Loricata)

Class APLACOPHORA*

( = SOLENOGASTRES)

Class MONOPLACOPHORA

Class GASTROPODA

Order LEPmOPLEURIDA

Lepidopleurus
Order CHITONIDA

Chiton (coat of mail shell); Cryptochiton;
Lepidochiton ( =Lepidochitona)

Order NEOMENIOMORPHA

Ne omenta; Proneomenia
Order CHAETODERMOMORPHA

Chaetoderma

Order TRYBLIDIACEA

Neopilina

Sub-class PROSOBRANCHIA

( = Streptoneura)

Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA

( = Diotocardia, Aspidobranchia)
Acmaea (limpet); Megathura (keyhole limpet);
Haliotis (ear-shell, ormer, abalone) ; Patella
(limpet); Nerita; Pleurotomaria; Trochus (top-shell)

' The Articulata (see also Crinoidea, p. 32) used to be divided into two orders, Protremata and Telo-
tremata. Tliese overlap and have therefore been discarded. They have not so far been replaced, though the
ordinal classification of the Articulata is under review.

' These two classes are sometimes grouped together as Amphineura.

22

MOLLUSCA

Sub-class OPISTHOBRANCHIA

Sub-class PULMONATA

Order MESOGASTROPODA

( = MONOTOCARDIA, PeCTINIBRANCHIA, - StENOGLOSSA)

Littorina (periwinkle); Strombus, Natica (necklace-
shells); Cv/^raea (cowrie) ; Carinaria; Viviparus
( =Paludina) (river-snail); Aponhais (pelican's foot-
shell) ; Crepidula (slipper limpet) ; Charonia
( = Tritoma) (trumpet-shell); Cassis (helmet-shell);
Pterotrachea; Bithynia (=Bulimus)
Order STENOGLOSSA

( = Neogastropoda)
Buccinum (whelk) ; Busy con ( = Sycotypus)
(American whelk) ; Nassa ( —Ilyanassa) (dog-
whelk); Murex, Ocenebra (sting-winkles); Terebra,
Conus (arrow-tooth shells)

Order PLEUROCOELA

( = Tectibranchia)
Actaeon (actaeon shell); Aplysia (sea-hare); Bulla
(bubble shell)
Order PTEROPODA

Cavolina, Limacina (sea-butterflies) ; Clione
Order SACOGLOSSA
(=Ascoglossa)
Elysia, Limapontia (sea-slugs)
Order ACOELA^
Sub-order Notaspidea

Umbraculum; Pleurobranchus ( = Oscanius) (sea-
slug)
Sub-order Nudibranchia
Onchidoris; Glaucus; Pleurophyllidea; Doris (sea-
lemon) ; Eolis (sea-slug)

Order BASOMMATOPHORA

Lymnaea ( =Limnaea) (pond snail) ; Planorbis
(ram's horn snail); Ancylus {= Ancylastrum) (fresh-
water limpet)
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA

Helix (land snail); Testacella (shell-bearing slug);
Limax, Arion (land-slugs)

Class SCAPHOPODA Cadulus, Dentalium, Siphodentalium, Pulsellum

(tusk-shells)

Class BIVALVIA

( = Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda)

Order PROTOBRANCHIA

Nucula (nut-shell); Yoldia; Solenomya
Order FILmRANCHIA
( = Anisom yaria)
Area (Noah's ark shell) ; /4«ow/a (saddle-oyster);
Modiolus (horse-mussel); Mytilus (mussel); Pecten
(scallop)

' SeeTurbellaria, p. 13.

MOLLUSCA-ECHIUROIDEA 23

Order EULAMELLIBRANCHIA

Cardium (cockle); Ostrea (oyster); Mya (gaper);
Anodonta ( = Anodori) (swan-mussel) ; Unio (pearl-
mussel); Tellina (ieWin); Pholas (piddock); Teredo
(ship-worm)
Order SEPTIBRANCHIA

Poromya (gaper) ; Cuspidaria

Class CEPHALOPODA

( = SiPHONOPODA) Order TETRABRANCfflA

Nautilus (pearly-nautilus)
Order DIBRANCHIA

Sub-order Decapoda*

Architeuthis: Sepia ( = Eusepia) (cuttle-fish); Loligo
(squid); Spirula

Sub-order Vampyromorpha
Vampyroteuthis (vampire squid)

Sub-order Octopoda
Octopus i= Polypus) (octopus); Argonauta (paper-
nautilus); Eledone (lesser octopus)

Phylum SIPUNCULOIDEA2

Golfingia ( = PhascolosomaY ; Phascolosoma
( =Physcosoma, PhymosomaY ; Sipunculus;
Dendrostomum; Aspidosiphon; Phascolion

Phylum ECfflUROroEA^^

Order ECHIUROINEA

Bonellia; Echiurus; Thalassema; Ochetostoma
Order XENOPNEUSTA

Urechis
Order HETEROMYOTA

Ikeda

* See Eucarida, p. 31.

* The Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea have also been grouped with the Priapulida, p. 17, as Gephyrea.

» Golfingia LankesteT=Phascolosoma (auct.). Phascolosoma F. S. Leuckan= Physcosoma Selenka, see
Fisher (1950).

« Poeobius is sometimes put in this phylum and sometimes in phylum Poeobioidea. In all probability,
however, it is an aberrant polychaete, p. 24.

24

ANNELroA-ARTHROPODA

Phylum ANNELIDA (=Annulata)

Class POLYCHAETA^

Amphinome ; Aphrodite ; Phyllodoce ; Tomopteris;
Syllis; Nereis; Nephthys; Glycera ( = Rhynchobolus) ;
Eunice; Scoloplos; Polydora; Magelona;
Chaetopterus; Ophelia; Arenicola (lugworm) ;
Cirratidus; Capitella; Maldane; Owenia; Pectinaria;
Ampharete; Terebella; Sabella {= Spirographis)
(peacock fan worm) ; Serpida

Class MYZOSTOMARIA
Class OLIGOCHAETA''

Class HIRUDINEA (leeches)

Myzostoma

Tubifex; Clitellio; Stylaria; Chaetogaster ;
Enchytraeus (white worm); Pelo scale x; Lumbricus,
Pheretima, Allolobophora, Eisenia (earthworms)

Order ACANTHOBDELLIDA

Acanthobdella
Order RHYNCHOBDELLroA

Glossiphonia; Helobdella; Piscicola; Pontobdella;
Branchellion
Order GNATHOBDELLIDA

Hirudo; Haemopis (=Aulastoma); Macrobdella;
Haemadipsa; Erpobdella {= Herpobdella, Nephelis);
Trocheta (amphibious leech); Dina

Class ARCfflANNELroA

Saccocirrus; Dinophilus; Polygordius; Protodrilus;
Nerilla

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Class ONYCHOPHORA
Class PAUROPODA

Peripatus; Peripatopsis
Pauropus

Class DIPLOPODA (millipedes)

Sub-class PSELAPHOGNATHA

Order POLYXENIDA

( = SCHIZOCEPHALA, PeNICILLATA)

Polyxenus; Lophoproctus

The Polychaeta, for which no acceptable ordinal classification exists, are sometimes divided for con-
venience into sub-classes Errantia (the first nine genera) and Sedentaria (the last fifteen genera).

* No satisfactory ordinal classification is available for the Oligochaeta, though the first six genera are
sometimes assigned to order Limicolae and the last four to order Terricolae.

ARTHROPODA

25

Sub-class CHILOGNATHA

Super-order PENTAZONIA
( = Opisthandria)

Order GLOMERIDA

( = Oniscomorpha)
Glomeris; Sphaerotherium; Castanotherium
Order GLOMERmESMIDA
( = Limacomorpha)
Glomeridesmus
Super-order HELMINTHOMORPHA

( = Eugnatha, Proterandria)

Order NEMATOPHORA
( =Chordeumida)
Chordeuma f Microchordeuma ; Callipus
Order STEMMIULroA

Stemmatoiuhts
Order POLYDESMTOA

Polydesmus; Oxidiis; Platyrrhacus ; Orthomorpha
Order JULIDA

Julus; Bkmiulus; Cylindroiulus; Pachyiulus
Order SPIROBOLmA

Spiroboliis ; Trigoniuhis; Rhinocrkus ; Pachybolus
(=Juliformia) \ Order SPIROSTREPXroA

Spirostreptus; Odontopyge; Scaphiostreptus;
Thyropygus
Order CAMBALmA
[ Cambala; Cambalopsis; Cambalomorpha
Super-order COLOBOGNATHA

Polyzonium; Platydesmus
Class CHELOPODA (centipedes)

Sub-class EPIMORPHA

Order GEOPHILOMORPHA

Geophilus; Mecistocephalus; Himantarium; Orya
Order SCOLOPENDROMORPHA

Scolopendra; Ethmostigmiis ; Otostigmus; Cryptops

Sub-class ANAMORPHA

Class SYMPHYLA

Class INSECTA
(= Hex APOD a)

Sub-class APTERYGOTA
( = Ametabola)

Order HETEROSTIGMATA

Sub-order Lithobiomorpha
Lithobius; Polybothrus; Henicops

Sub-order Craterostigmomorpha
Craterostigmus
Order SCUTIGEROMORPHA
Scutigera

Scutigerella ; Hanseniella; Symphylella

Order COLLEMBOLA (spring-tails)
Sub-order Arthropleona

Podura; Or che sella
Sub-order Symphypleona
Sminthurus (lucerne flea) ; Neelus

26 ARTHROPODA

Order PROTURA

( = Myrientomata)
Eosentomon; Acerentulus
Order DIPLURA

(= After a)
Campodea; Japyx
Order THYSANURA (bristle-tails)

Machilis; Petrobius; Lepisma (silver fish) ;
Thermobia (fire brat)

Sub-class PTERYGOTA
(=Metabola)

Division Palaeoptera

( =Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Polyneoptera + Paraneoptera])
Order EPHEMEROPTERA (may-flies)
( = Plectoptera)
Ephemera: Baetis
Order ODONATA

( = Paraneuroptera)
Sub-order Zygoptera (damsel flies)

Agrion; Coenagrion; Lestes
Sub-order Anisozygoptera

Epiophlebia
Sub-order Anisoptera (true dragonflies)
Aeshna; Anax; Gomphus; Petalura; Cordulegaster ;
Libelhda
Division Neoptera
Section Polyneoptera

( = Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Paraneoptera + Palaeoptera])
Order DICTYOPTERA
Sub-order Blattodea (cockroaches)

Blatta; Periplaneta; Blaberus; Ectobius
Sub-order Mantodea (mantids)
Chaetessa; Mantis; Empusa
Order ISOPTERA (termites, white ants)

Mastotermes; Kalotermes; Neotermes; Hodotertnes
Order ZORAPTERA

Zorotypus
Order PLECOPTERA (stone-flies)
(=Perlaria)
Eusthenia; Per la; Nemoura
Order GRYLLOBLATTODEA
(=Notoptera)
Grylloblatta
Order PHASMIDA

( = Cheleutoptera)
Carausius ( = Dixippus) (stick-insect) ; Phyllium
(leaf-insect)
Order ORTHOPTERA
( = Saltatori a)
Sub-order Ensifera (longhorned grasshoppers)
Tettigonia ( —Phasgonura) (bush cricket);
Gryllotalpa (mole cricket) ; Ache t a ( = Gryllus)
(cricket) ; Nemobius; Oecanthus (snowy cricket)

ARTHROPODA

27

Sub-order Caelifera (shorthorned grasshoppers)
Schistocerca, Locusta (locusts); Chorthippiis (grass-
hopper) ; Tetrix (grouse locust) ; Pneumora
Order EMBIOPTERA (web-spinners)

Embia; Oligotonia
Order DERMAPTERA

Sub-order Forficulina (earwigs)

Labidura; Forficula: Labia
Sub-order Arixeniina

Arixenia
Sub-order Hemimerina

( = Diploglossata)
Hemimerus

Section Paraneoptera

(=Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Polyneoptera + Palaeoptera])
Order PSOCOPTERA (book lice)

(=C0PE0GNATHA, CoRRODENTIA)

Peripsocits; Psocus
Order PHTHIRAPTERA (lice)
Sub-order Anoplura (sucking lice)
( = Siphunculata)
Pediculus (human \ouse): Phthirus ( =Phthirws)
(crab louse); Haeinatopiims (hog louse);
Linognathus
Sub-order Mallophaga (biting lice)

Menopon (shaft louse); Goniodes; Lipeurus (fowl
louse) ; Trichodectes
Sub-order Rhynchophthirina
Haematomyzus (elephant louse)
Order THYSANOPTERA (thrips)
( = Physopoda)
Thrips; Heliothrips
Order HEMIPTERA

( = Rhynchota)
Sub-order Homoptera

Oiphysa; Magicicada (cicada); Cercopis, Philaenus
(frog hoppers) ; Centrotus (tree-hopper) ;
Perkinsiella (sugar-cane leaf-hopper); Empoasca
(leaf-hopper) ; Phenax (lantern fly) ; Psylla (jumping
plant \oviSQ); Aphis (greenfly, plant louse);
Phylloxera (vine pest) ; Coccus (scale insect)
Sub-order Heteroptera
Cimex (bed-bug); Dysdercus (cotton stainer);
Rhodnius (assassin bug); Blissus (chinch bug);
Notonecta (backswimmer) ; Corixa (water boat-
man)

Section Oligoneoptera

(^Endopterygota, Holometabola)

Order NEUROPTERA
Sub-order Megaloptera

Sialis (alder fly); Raphidia (snake fly); Corydalis
(Dobson fly)

28 ARTHROPODA

Sub-order Planipennia
Chrysopa (green lacewing); Hemewbius (brown
lacewing) ; Myrmeleon (ant lion fly) ; Ithone;
Mantispa
Order COLEOPTERA (beetles)
Sub-order Adephaga
Cicindela (tiger beetle); Carabus (ground beetle);
Dytiscus (water beetle) ; Gyrinus (whirligig)
Sub-order Archostemata

Cupes
Sub-order Polyphaga
Hydrophilus (= Hydro us); Hister; Sphaerius;
Lucanus (stag beetle) ; Cetonia (rose chafer) ;
Stigmodera; Agriotes (wire wormO ; Coccinella
(lady bird) ; Tenebrio (mealworm^) ; Tribolium (flour
beetle); Chrysolina; Leptinotarsa (Colorado beetle);
Dendroctonus
Order STREPSIPTERA (stylopids)

Stylops
Order MECOPTERA (scorpion flies)
( = Panorpatae)
Panorpa; Bittacus; Boreus
Order TRICHOPTERA (caddis flies)
( = Phryg ANOroEA)
Limnephilus
Order ZEUGLOPTERA

Micropteryx (=^Eriocephala)
Order LEPIDOPTERA
Sub-order Monotrysia
Eriocrania; Hepialiis (ghost moth); Stigmella;
Incurvaria
Sub-order Ditrysia
Sitotroga; Depressaria; Cossus (goat moth); Psyche
(bag-worm moth); Castnia; Evetria (pine shoot
moth); Tortrix; Galleria (wax moth); Ephestia
(flour moths); Tinea (clothes moth); Attacus (atlas
moth); Papilio (swallow-tail); Pieris (cabbage
butterfly); Acherontia (death's head hawk moth);
Lymantria (gipsy moth) ; Bombyx (silk moth)
Order DIPTERA (two-winged flies, true flies)
Sub-order Nematocera

Tipula (daddy-long legs); Phlebotomus (sand fly);
Culex, Anopheles (mosquitoes); Contarinia (pear
midge); Sciara (fungus gnat); Simiilhim (black
fly); Chironomus
Sub-order Brachycera

Rhagio; Tabanus (horse fly)
Sub-order Cyclorrhapha

Eristalis (drone fly); Drosophila (small fruit fly);
Oscinella (frit fly) ; Calliphora (bluebottle, blowfly) ;
Musca (house fly); Lucilia (greenbottle) ; Glossina
(tse-tse fly) ; Melophagus (sheep tick)

' Larva.

ARTHROPODA

29

Order SIPHONAPTERA (fleas)

( = Aphaniptera, Suctoria)
Xenopsylla; Tunga Gigger); Pulex;
Ctenocephalides ; Echidnophaga (sticktight)
Order HYMENOPTERA
Sub-order Symphyta

( = Chalastogastra)
Cephus (stem sawfly); Nematus (sawfly); Sirex
(giant wood wasp)
Sub-order Apocrita

( = Clistogastra)
Ichneumon, Nemeritis (ichneumon flies); Chalcis
(chalcid fly); Blastophaga (fig-insect);
Trichogramma ; Formica (ant); Vespa (hornet);
Vespula (wasp) ; Bombus (bumble bee) ; Apis (honey
bee)

Class CRUSTACEA

Sub-class OSTRACODA

Sub-class BRANCHIOPODA

Order ANOSTRACA

Chirocephalus; Branchipus; Artemia
Order NOTOSTRACA

Triops (=Apus); Lepidums
Order CONCHOSTRACA

Cyzicus (^Estheria); Limnadia
Order CLADOCERA (water fleas)

Sida; Daphnia; Simocephalus ; Moina; Leptodora;

Podon; Evadne
Order CEPHALOCARIDA

Hutchinsoniella

Order MYODOCOPA

Cypridina; Pyrocypris
Order CLADOCOPA

Polycope
Order PODOCOPA

Cypris; Cy there; Candona
Order PLATYCOPA

Cytherella

Order CALANOIDA

Calaniis; Diaptomus
Order MONSTRILLOIDA

Monstrilla
Order CYCLOPOIDA

Cyclops; Lernaea ( =Lernaeocerd)^
Order HARPACTICOIDA

Tigriopus; Harpacticus
Order NOTODELPHYOIDA

Ascidicola
Order CALIGOIDA

Caligus; Lernaeocera ( =Lernaeay

» Lernaeocera is the Lernaea of textbooks and classrooms. The fresh-water genus Lernaea used to be called
Lernaeocera (Gurney, 1933, p. 336).

Sub-class COPEPODA

30 ARTHROPODA

Sub-class MYSTACOCARIDA

Order LERNAEOPODOIDA

Chondracanthus ; Sphaeronella

Order DEROCHEILOCARroA

Derocheilocaris
Sub-class BRANCHIURA Argulus; Dolops

Sub-class CIRRIPEDIA

Order THORACICA (barnacles)

Lepas (goose barnacle) ; Balanus; Chthamalus;

Elminius
Order ACROTHORACICA

Alcippe
Order RHIZOCEPHALA

Sacculina
Order ASCOTHORACICA

Laura
Sub-class MALACOSTRACA

Super-order LEPTOSTRACA
( =Phyllocarida)

Order NEBALIACEA

Nebalia
Super-order SYNCAREDA

Order ANASPffiACEA

Anaspides
Order BATHYNELLACEA

Bathynella
Super-order PERACARIDA

Order MYSIDACEA (opossum-shrimps)

Lophogaster ; Gnathophausia ; Mysis; Hemimysis;

Siriella; Gastrosaccus
Order CUMACEA

Diastylis; Iphinoe; Pseudocuma
Order TANATOACEA

Apseudes; Tanais; Leptochelia; Syraphus
Order GNATHIIDEA

Gnathia
Order ISOPODA

Ligia, Armadillidium (woodlice); Asellus; Idotea;

Limnoria {gvibhXt); Bopyr us; lone; Cymothoa;

Port union; Entoniscus
Order SPELAEOGRIPHACEA

Spelaeogriphus
Order AMPHIPODA

Ganmiarus (fresh-water shrimp); Talitms (shore

hopper) ; Caprella (ghost shrimp) ; Hyperia; Cyamus

(whale louse) ; Corophium; Jassa
Super-order HOPLOCARIDA

Order STOMATOPODA (mantis shrimps)

Squilla; Gonodactylus
Super-order PANCARIDA

Order THERMOSBAENACEA

Thermosbaena; Monodella
Super-order EUCARIDA

Order EUPHAUSIACEA (krill, whale feed)

Euphausia; hanes

ARTHROPODA

31

Class MEROSTOMATA*

Class ARACHNTOA*

Order DECAPODA^

Sub-order Natantia
Penaeiis, Pandalus, Palaemon ( =Leander) (prawns);
Crangon ( = Crago), Hippolyte (shrimps) ;
Maaobrachium ( = Palaemon) (river prawn)

Sub-order Reptantia
Cambarus, Astacus (=Potamobius) (fresh- water
crayfish); Homarus Oobster); Nephrops (Norway
lobster) ; Jasus (kreef ) ; Palinurus Oangouste, craw-
fish) ; Panulirus (rock lobster) ; Cancer (edible crab) ;
Pagurus {=Eupagurus), Dardanus (=Pagurus)
(hermit crabs); Lithodes (stone crab); Carcinus
(shore crab) ; Maia (spider crab) ; Callinectes (blue
crab); Potamon ( = Telphusa) (river crab); Uca
(fiddler crab)

Order XIPHOSURA (king crabs)
( = Limulida)
Limulus; Tachypleus

( = Pedipalpi)

Order SCORPIONES (scorpions)

Scorpio; Apistobuthus ; Buthus; Tityus ; Pandinus

Order PSEUDOSCORPIONES (false scorpions)

( = Chelonethi, Chernetes)

Microbisium; Chelifer; Garypus; Chthonius

f Order UROPYGI (whip scorpions)

( = Thelyphonida, Schizomida, Tartaridae)

Mastigoproctus; Schizomus

Order AMBLYPYGI

( = Phrynicida)

Damon; Phrynichus; Charinus

Order PALPIGRADI (micro-whip scorpions)

( = Microthelyphonida)

Koenenia

Order RICINULEI

( = Podogonata)

Ricinoides

Order SOLIFUGAE (false spiders, sun spiders, wind

scorpions)

( = Solpugida)

Galeodes

Order OPILIONES (phalangids, harvest spiders, har-

vestmen)

( = Phalangida)

Phalangium; Oligolophus

Order ARANEAE (spiders)

Araneus; { = Epeira); Atrax; Latrodectus; Pholcus

Order ACARI

A car us, Dermanyssus, Py emotes, Trombicula

(mites); Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros (ticks)

Class PYCNOGONroA^ (sea spiders)

( = Pantopoda) Order COLOSSENDEOMORPHA

Dodecolopoda; Colossendeis

' See also Dibranchia, p. 23.

• These three classes may be considered as members of sub-phylum Chelicerata.

32 ARTHROPODA-ECHINODERMATA

Order NYMPHONOMORPHA

Nytnphon
Order ASCORHYNCHOMORPHA

Ascorhynchus
Order PYCNOGONOMORPHA

Pycnogonum

Class PENTASTOMTOA

Order CEPHALOBAENTOA

Cephalobaena; Reighardia
Order POROCEPHALroA

Sebekia; Lingua tula
Class TARDIGRADA (water-bears)

Order HETEROTARDIGRADA

Echiniscus; Tetrakentron
Order EUTARDIGRADA

Macrobiotus ; Hypsibius; Milnesium

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA (arrow worms)

Sagitta; Spadella; Eukrohnia; Ptewsagitta;
Heterokrohnia

Phylum POGONOPHORA ( = Brachiata) (beard worms)

Order ATHECANEPHRIA

Oligobrachia; Siboglinum
Order THECANEPHRIA

Heptabrachia ; Zenkevitchiana; Lamellisabella;
Spirobrachia

Phylum ECfflNODERMATA

Sub-phylum PELMATOZOA

Class CRINOIDEA

Order ARTICULATA^

Antedon, Tropiometra (feather stars) ; Rhizocrinus,
Metacrinus (sea lilies)
Sub-phylum ELEUTHEROZOA

Class HOLOTHUROIDEA (sea cucumbers)

Order ASPIDOCfflROTA

Holothuria; Stichopus; Mesothuria
Order ELASIPODA

Deima; Kolga; Elpidia; Pelagothuria

^ See Brachiopoda, p. 21.

ECHINODERMATA 33

Order DENDROCHIROTA

Cucumaria; Thyone; Echinocucumis; Psolus;

Phyllophorus
Order MOLPADONIA

Molpadia
Order APODA^

Synapta; Leptosynapta; Labidoplax

Class ECHINOroEA

Sub-class PERISCHOECHINOroEA

Order CIDAROIDA (sea urchins)
Cidaris
Sub-class EUECHINOIDEA

Super-order DIADEMATACEA (sea urchins)

Order DIADEMATOIDA

Diadema; Centrostephaims
Order ECHINOTHURIOIDA

Phormosoma; Areosoma
Super-order ECHINACEA (sea urchins)

Order HEMICroAROmA

Salenia
Order PHYMOSOMATOIDA

Stomopneustes
Order ARBACIOIDA

Arbacia
Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA

Temnopleunis ; Tripneustes (=Hipponoe);

Toxopneustes; Mespilia; Sphaerechinus; Lytechinus;

Pseudocentrotus
Order ECHINOroA

Echinus; Echiiwmetra; Strongylocentrotus ;

Psammechinus; Paracentrotus; Hemicentrotus:

Anthocidaris ; Heliocidaris

Super-order GNATHOSTOMATA

Order HOLECTYPOIDA

Sub-order Echinoneina

Echinoneus
Order CLYPEASTEROIDA (sand-dollars, cake
urchins)
Sub-order Clypeasterina

Clypeaster
Sub-order Laganina

Laganum; Echinocyamus
Sub-order Scutellina

Me Hit a; Echinarachnius ; Dendraster
Sub-order Rotulina

Rotula

Super-order ATELOSTOMATA

Order NUCLEOLITOIDA

Neolampas
Order CASSIDULOIDA

Cassidulus

' See Gymnophiona, p,41.

34 ECHINODERMATA-UROCHORDATA

Order HOLASTEROmA

Pourtalesia
Order SPATANGOroA (heart urchins)

Spatangus; Echinocardium; Brissopsis
Class ASTEROroEA (starfishes)

Order PHANEROZONA

Astropecten; Porcellanaster; Luidia
Order SPINULOSA

Asterina; Patiria; Anseropoda ( =Palmipes);

Henricia; So/aster
Order FORCIPULATA

Marthasterias ; Asterias; Leptasterias;

Stichastrella; Pisaster; Brisinga
Class OPHIUROIDEA (brittle stars)

Order OPHIURAE (serpent stars)

Ophiura; Ophiothrix; Ophiocomina; Ophiopsila;

Ophiactis; Ophiopholis; Acrocnida; Amphiura;

Amphipholis
Order EURYALAE

Aster onyx; Gorgonocephalus

Phylum CHORDATA

Sub-phylum HEMICHORDATA

( = Stomochordata, Branchiotremata)

Class ENTEROPNEUSTA (acorn worms)

Protoglossus ( —Protobalamis); Saccoglossus

{ = Dolichoglossus); Harrimania; Glossobalanus ;

Balanoglossus ; Ptychodera; Schizocardium;

Glandiceps
Class PTEROBRANCHIA

Order RHABDOPLEURIDA

Rhabdopleura
Order CEPHALODISCIDA

Cephalodiscus : Atubaria
Class PLANCTOSPHAEROIDEAi

Planctosphaera

Sub-phylum UROCHORDATA (=Tunicata)

Class ASCIDIACEA (sea squirts)

Order ENTEROGONA
Sub-order Aplousobranchiata

Clavelina; Polyclinum; Aplidium { — Amaroucium);
Didemnum
Sub-order Phlebobranchiata

Ciona; Ascidia; Phallusia; Ascidiella; Perophora

1 This class only contains a few larvae of unknown parentage.

UROCHORDATA-VERTEBRATA

35

Class THALIACEA

Class LARVACEA

Order PLEUROGONA

Sub-order Stolidobranchiata

Styela; Polycarpa: Botryllus; Boltenia; Pyura;

Molgula
Sub-order Aspiriculata

Hexacrobyhis

Order PYROSOMIDA

Pyrosoma
Order DOLIOLIDA

( = Cyclomyaria)
Doliolum
Order SALPIDA

( = Desmomyaria)
Salpa

Order COPELATA

Oikopleiira; Appendicularia: Fritillaria

Sub-phylum CEPHALOCHORDATA ( = Acrania, Leptocardii)

Branchiostoina { — Amphioxiis) (lancelet);
Asymmetron

Sub-phylum VERTEBRATA

Class MARSIPOBRANCHn

( = Agnatha)

Sub-class CYCLOSTOMATAi

Order HYPEROARTU (lampreys)
( = Petromyzones)
Petromyzon; Lampetra; Ichthyomyzon
Order HYPEROTRETI (hagfishes)
( - Myxini)
Heptatretus ( = Bdellostoma); Myxine

Class SELACHH
( = Chondropterygii, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)

Sub-class EUSELACHU

Order PLEUROTREMATA (sharks, dogfishes,
angel-fishes)
( = Selachoidei)
Sub-order Notidanoidea

( - Hexanchiformes)
Heptranchias : Notidanus

' See Gymnolaemata, p. 20.

36 VERTEBRATA

Sub-order Galeoidea

( = Lamniformes)
Orectolobus; Odontaspis ( = Carcharias);
Scyliorhinus { = Scyllium) (dogfish) ; MM5/e/w5;
Galeorhinus ( = Galeus, Eugaleus) (tope) ; Sphyrna
(hammerhead) ; Carcharhinus
Sub-order Squaloidea

( =Tectospondyli)
Squalus (^Acanthias); Echinorhinus ; Heterodontus
( = Cestracion); Pristiophonis ; Squat ina (angel-fish)
Order HYPOTREMATA (rays)
Sub-order Narcobatoidea

( = Torpedinif ormes)
Torpedo ( = Narcobatus, Narcacion)
Sub-order Batoidea
Raja (ray); Pristis (saw-fish); Dasyatis ( = Trygon)
(sting ray)
Class BRADYODONTI

Sub-class HOLOCEPHALI (rabbit-fishes)

Rhinochimaera; Callorhinchus; Chimaera; Harriott a

Class PISCES (bony fishes)

( = OSTEICHTHYES)

Sub-class PALAEOPTERYGU

Order CHONDROSTEI

( = ACIPENSERIFORMES)

Acipenser (sturgeon) ; Polyodon (paddle-fish)
Order CLADISTIA

( = POLYPTERIFORMES)

Polypterus (bichir) ; Calamoichthys
{=Erpetoichthys) (reed-fish)

Sub-class NEGPTERYCn

( = TeLEOSTEI + HOLOSTEl) ^

rOrder PROTOSPONDYLI (bow-fins)
( = Holostei)< Amia

lorder GINGLYMODI (gar-pikes)
( = Lepisosteiformes)
Lepisosteus ( =Lepidosteus)
Order ISOSPONDYLI

( = Malacopterygii, Clupeiformes)
Sub-order Clupeoidea

Clupea (herring) ; Sardina (sardine, pilchard) ;
Megalops (tarpon); Alepocephalus
Sub-order Stomiatoidea

Stomias
Sub-order Salmonoidea
Salmo ( = Trutta) (salmon, trout) ; Salveliniis (char) ;
Osmerus (smelt)
Sub-order Osteoglossoidea
Arapaiina

* i.e., Teleostei{=Neopterygii-Holostei.

VERTEBRATA 37

Sub-order Notopteroidea

Notopterus
Sub-order Mormyroidea

Gymnarchus
Sub-order Gonorhynchoidea

Gonorhynchus
Order HAPLOMI

( = ESOCOIDEl)

Esox (pike) ; Dallia (black-fish) ; Umbra (mud-
minnow)
Order INIOMI

( = SCOPELIFORMES)

Sub-order Myctophoidea
( = Scopelidae)
Myctophum, Lampanyctus (lantern-fishes) ; Synodus
Oizard-fish)
Sub-order Alepisauroidea
Alepisaurus; Paralepis
Order CHONDROBRACHn

Ateleopus
Order CETUNCULI

Cetomimus ( =Pelecinomimus)
Order MIRIPINNATI

Eutaeniophorus
Order GIGANTUROIDEA

Gigantura
Order LYOMERI (gulper eels)

( = Saccopharyngiformes)
Saccopharynx ; Eurypharynx
Order OSTARIOPHYSI
Sub-order Cyprinoidea

( = Eventognathi)
Copeina; Electrophorus (electric eel) ; Rutilus
(roach) ; Phoxinus ( =Phonixus) (minnow) ; Cyprinus
(carp)
Sub-order Siluroidea (catfishes)
( =Nematognathi)
Silurus; Diplomystes; Malapterurus (electric cat-
fish)
Order HETEROMI

( =Notacanthiformes)
Halosaurus; Notacanthus
Order APODES (eels)

( - Anguilliformes)
Anguilla: Conger; Muraena (moray)
Order SYNENTOGNATHI

( = SCOMBRESOCES, BELONIFORMES)

Sub-order Scombresocoidea

Scombresox (skipper) ; Belone (garfish)
Sub-order Exocoetoidea
Exocoetus (flying fish)
Order SALMOPERCAE

( = Percopsiformes)
Aphredoderus (pirate-perch) ; Percopsis (sand-roller)

38 VERTEBRATA

Order MICROCYPRINI

( = Cyprinodontes, Cyprinodontiformes)
Fundulus (killifish); Oryzias (medaka, killifish);
Lebistes (guppy); Platypoecilus (platyfish, sword-
tail) ; Anableps (four-eyed fish)
Order SOLENICHTHYES

( = SVNGNATHIFORMES + AULOSTOMIFORMES)

Macrorhamphosus (snipe-fish); Hippocampus (sea-
horse)
Order ANACANTHINI

( = Gadiformes + Macruriformes)
Gadus (cod, whiting); Merluccius (hake);
Macrourus
Order ALLOTRIOGNATHI
( = Lampridiformes)
Lampris (moon-fish) ; Trachypterus (ribbon-fish)
Order BERYCOMORPHI

Beryx; Monocentris
Order ZEOMORPHI

Zeus (John Dory) ; Capros (boar-fish)
Order PERCOMORPffli
Sub-order Percoidea

Perca (perch) ; Morone (bass)
Sub-order TEUTHrooroEA
( = Siganoidei)
Teuthis
Sub-order Acanthuroidea
Acanthurus (surgeon-fish)
Sub-order Kurtoidea

Kurtus
Sub-order TRicrauROiDEA

Lepidopus (frost fish) ; Aphanopus (scabbard fish)
Sub-order Scombroidea

Scomber (mackerel) ; Thunnus (tunny)
Sub-order Gobioidea

Gobius (goby) ; Periophthalmus (mud-skipper)
Sub-order Callionymoidea (dragonets)

Callionymus
Sub-order Blennioidea
Blennius (blenny); Anarhichas (sea catfish, wolf-
fish)
Sub-order Ophidioidea (cusk eels)

Genypterus
Sub-order Stromateoidea

Lirus (rudder-fish) ; Nomeus
Sub-order Channoidea

( = Ophicephaloidea)
Channa ( = Ophicephalus)
Sub-order Anabantoidea
Anabas (climbing perch)
Sub-order Mugiloidea (grey mullets)
( = Percesoces)
Mugil; Atherina; Sphyraena (barracuda)

^ Acanthopterygii which, inter alia, includes the Percomorphi, is obsolete.

VERTEBRATA 39

Sub-order Polynemoidea
( = Rhegnopteri)
Polynemus
Order SCLEROPAREI (mail-cheeked fishes)
(=:Cataphracti, Loricati)
Sub-order Scorpaenoidea

Sebastes; Trigla (gurnard); Cottus (bullhead,
miller's thumb)
Sub-order Cephalacanthoidea (flying gurnards)
( = Dactylopteroidea)
Cephalacanthus ( = Dactylopterus)
Order THORACOSTEI (sticklebacks)
( = G asterostoidea)
Gasterosteus; Spinachia
Order HYPOSTOMIDES (dragon-fishes)
( = Pegasiformes)
Pegasus
Order HETEROSOMATA (flat-fishes)
( =Pleuronectiformes)
Bothus; Pleuronectes; Psettodes; Limanda
(flounder) ; Solea
Order DISCOCEPHALI (sucker-fishes)
( = Echeneiformes)
Echeneis; Re mora
Order PLECTOGNATHI (trigger-fishes, globe-fishes)
( = Tetraodontiformes)
Sub-order Balistoidea

( = Sclerodermi)
Balistes
Sub-order Tetraodontoidea
( = Gymnodontes)
Tetraodon (puffer); Mola ( = Orthagoriscus) (sun-
fish)
Order MALACICHTHYES (rag-fishes)
( =Icosteiformes)
Icosteus; Acrotus
Order XENOPTERYGII (Cornish suckers, cling-fishes)

( = GOBIESOCIFORMES)

Lepadogaster
Order HAPLODOCI (toad-fishes)
( ==Batrachoidiformes)

Opsanus; Thalassophryne
Order PEDICULATI

( = LOPHIIFORMES)

Sub-order Lophioidea

Lophiiis (angler)
Sub-order Antennarioidea (sea toads, frog fishes)

Pterophryne; Antennarius
Sub-order Ceratioidea (deep-sea anglerfishes)
Melanocetus
Order OPISTHOMI (spiny eels)
( = Mastacembeliformes)
Mastacembelus; Macrognathus ( = Rhynchobdella)

40 VERTEBRATA

Order SYNBRANCHH
Sub-order Alabetoidea

Alabes (shore eel)
Sub-order Synbranchoidea
Synbranchus ; Amphipnous
Sub-class CROSSOPTERYGn

Order ACTINISTIA

( = COELACANTHINl)

Latimeria (coelacanth)
Order DIPNOI (lung-fishes)

(=DiPNEUSTi, Ceratodiformes)
Protopteriis; Lepidosiren ; Neoceratodiis
( = Ceratodus)
Class AMPHIBIA

Order CAUDATA

( = Urodela)

Sub-order Cryptobranchoidea

Hynobius; Pachypalaminus ; Megalobatrachus (giant
salamander) ; Cryptobranchits (hellbender)

Sub-order Ambystomoidea
Amby stoma {= Amblystomd) (mole salamander,
'axolotl'^); Siredon (axolotl); Dicamptodon (Pacific
giant salamander); Rhyacotriton (Olympic sala-
mander)

Sub-order Salamandroidea
Salamandra (fire salamander, etc.); Triturus
( = Tnton) (newt); Diemictylus (eastern newt);
Desmognathus (dusky salamander); Plethodon
(woodland salamander); Pleiirodeles (pleurodele
newt) ; Amphiuma (Congo eel)

Sub-order Proteida
Proteus (olm) ; Nectiims (mud-puppy, waterdog)

Sub-order Meantes
Siren (siren, mud-eel) ; Pseudobranchus (dwarf siren)
Order SALIENTIA
( = Anura)

Sub-order Amphicoela

Leiopelma {^Liopelma) (New Zealand frog);
Ascaphus (tailed frog)

Sub-order Opisthocoela

Discoglossus (painted frog) ; Alytes (midwife toad) ;
Bonibina {= Bombinator) (fire bellied toad) ; Xenopus
(clawed toad) ; Pipa (Surinam toad)

Sub-order Anomocoela
Megophrys (bull toad) ; Pelobates (European spade
foot)

Sub-order Procoela

Biifo (toad, true toad) ; Hyla (tree frog) ; Gastrotheca
( = Nototrema) (marsupial frog); Eleutherodactylus
( — Hy lodes) (robber frog) ; Rhinophrymis (Mexican
digger toad); Dendrobates (poison frog)

1 Some three years ago the late Dr. Karl P. Schmidt proposed to the Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature that the name Siredon should be suppressed. He saw no reason to believe that the axolotl, Siredon
mexicanum, belonged to a different genus from Ambystoma. Until the Commission reaches a decision, the
axolotl is Siredon mexicanum, while mole salamanders are species oi Ambystoma.

VERTEBRATA 41

Sub-order Diplasiocoela

Rana (frog, true frog); Astylosternus (hairy frog);
Rhacophorus ( = Polypedates) (tree frog) ; Microhyla,
Callulina
Order GYMNOPfflONA (caecilians)
( = Apoda^)
Caecilia; Scolecomorphus; Hypogeophis;
Ichthyophis ; Gymnopis

Class REPTILIA (reptiles)

Class AVES (birds)

Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA

Sphenodon ( = Hatteria) (tuatara)
Order TESTUDINES
( = Chelonia)
Sub-order Cryptodira

Testudo (Greek tortoise, etc.); Chelone (green
turtle); Dermochelys (leathery turtle); Chrysemys
(terrapin) ; Trionyx (soft-shelled turtle)
Sub-order Pleurodira

Chelus (matamata) ; Chelodina (long necked turtle)
Order CROCODYLIA
( = Loricata)
Crocodylus^ (crocodile) ; Gavialis (Indian 'gharial') ;
Tomistoma (Malayan gavial) ; Caiman (South
American caiman) ; Alligator (alligator)
Order SQUAMATA
Sub-order Sauria (lizards)
( = Lacertilia)
Hemidactylus (gecko); Iguana (iguana); Anguis
(slow-worm); Heloderma (Gila monster); Lacerta
(green lizard, wall lizard, etc.); Chamaeleo
(chamaeleon)
Sub-order Serpentes (snakes)
( = Ophidia)
Constrictor (boa); Python (python); Matrix
( = Tropidonotus) (grass snake, water snake, etc.);
Naja (cobra); Vipera (=Pelias) (viper, adder);
Crotalus (rattle snake)

Order STRUTHIONIFORMES (ostriches)

Struthio
Order RHEIFORMES (rheas)

Rhea
Order CASUARUFORMES

Dromiceius (emu) ; Casuarius (cassowary)
Order APTERYGIFORMES (kiwis)

Apteryx
Order TK^AMIFORMES (tinamous)
( = Crypturi)

Rhynchotus; Crypturelliis; Nothura; Nothoprocta

1 See Holothuroidea, p. 33.

- This is the original and, therefore, correct spelling, by Laurenti in 1 768.

42 VERTEBRATA

Order GAVIIFORMES (divers)

(=Pygopodes, Colymbiformes)

Gavia ( = Colymbus)

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES (grebes)

( = Pygopodes, Colymbiformes)

Podiceps; Aechmophorus ; Podilymbus

Order SPHENISCIFORMES (penguins)

Spheniscus ; Aptenodytes; Eudyptes
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

(=TUBINARES)

Hydrobates (storm petrel) ; Procellaria (shear-
water);^ Diomedea (alhatross) ; Pelecanoides (diving
petrel)

Order PELECANIFORMES
( = Steganopodes)
Phaethon (tropic bird) ; Pelecanus (pelican) ;
Phalacrocorax (cormorant) ; Sula (gannet) ; Fregata
(frigate bird)

Order CICONIIFORMES

(=Ardeiformes, Gressores)
Ardea (heron); Balaeniceps (whale-headed stork);
Ciconia (stork) ; Threskiornis (ibis) ; Scopus
(hammerhead) ; Platalea (spoonbill)

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES (flamingos)
Phoenicopterus

Order ANSERIFORMES

Anhima (screamer); Anas (duck); Anser (goose);
Cygnus (swan)

Order FALCONIFORMES

(=:ACCIPITRES)

Cathartes (turkey vulture); Sagittarius (secretary
bird); Aegypius (black vulture); Accipiter ( —Astur)
(goshawk, sparrow hawk) ; Falco ( = Cerchneis)
(kestrel, falcon, etc.) ; Pondion (osprey)

Order GALLIFORMES

Crax (curassow) ; Megapodius (megapode) ;
Phasianus (pheasant) ; G alius (fowl) ; Numida
(guinea fowl) ; Meleagris (turkey) ; Opisthocomus
(hoatzin)

Order GRUIFORMES

Mesoenas (xoa.iQ\o)\ Turnix (button-quail); Grus
(crane); Aramus (limpkin) ; Psophia (trumpeter);
Rallus (rail); Heliornis (sun-grebe); Rhynochetos
(kagu); Eurypyga (sun-bittern); Cariania (cariama);
Otis (bustard)

Order CHARADRHFORMES
( = Laro-Limicolae)
Jacana (lily trotter); Charadrius (ringed plover,
sand plover, etc.); Stercorarius (=Lestris) (skua);
Larus (gull) ; Sterna (tern) ; Alca (razorbill) ;
Fraterculo (puffin)

» The correct Latin name of the Manx shearwater (formerly Puffinus puffinus) is Procellaria puffinus.

VERTEBRATA

43

Class MAMMALIA
Sub-class PROTOTHERIA

Order COLUMBIFORMES

Treron (green pigeon) ; Columba (pigeon) ; Goura

(crowned pigeon) ; Pterocles (sand-grouse)
Order PSITTACIFORMES (parrots)

Psittaciis; Nestor; Eos ; Poicephalus ; Agapornis;

Melopsittacus (budgerigar)
Order CUCULIFORMES

Cuculus (cuckoo) ; Crotophaga (ani) ; Geococcyx

(road-runner) ; Centropus (coucal) ; Musophaga

(plantain-eater)
Order STRIGIFORMES (owls)

Tyto; Bubo
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Steatornis (oil bird) ; Podargus (frogmouth) ;

Caprimulgus (nightjar)
Order APODIFORMES

( = MiCROPODIFORMES, MaCROCHIRES)

Apus ( = Micropus) (swift); Trochilus (humming-
bird)

Order COLUFORMES (mouse birds)
Coliits

Order TROGONIFORMES (trogons)
Pharomachrus (quetzal) ; Apaloderma

Order CORACIIFORMES

Alcedo (kingfisher); Todus (tody); Momotus (mot-
mot) ; Merops (bee-eater) ; Coracias (roller) ; Upupa
(hoopoe) ; Buceros (horn-bill)

Order PICIFORMES

Bucco (puff bird); Galbula (jacamar); Capita (bar-
bet) ; Indicator (honey guide) ; Ramphastos (toucan) ;
Picus (woodpecker)

Order PASSERIFORMES
Sub-order Eurylaimi (broadbills)

Smithornis
Sub-order Tyranni
Formicarius (antbird); Furnarius (ovenbird);
Cotinga (cotinga)
Sub-order Menurae
Meimra (lyre-bird)
Sub-order Passeres (songbirds)
(=Oscines)
Alauda (lark); Hirimdo (swallow); Turdiis (thrush,
blackbird); Fringilla (chaffinch, etc.); Sturnus
(starling); Corviis (raven, crow, etc.)

Order MONOTREMATA

Tachyglossiis ( = Echidna) (spiny anteater);
Ornithorhynchiis ( ^Platypus) (duck-bill)

44

VERTEBRATA

Sub-class THERIA

Infra-class METATHERIA

Infra-class EUTHERIA

Order MARSUPIALIA

Didelphis (American opossum) ; Antechinomys
(jerboa pouched mouse) ; Dasyurus ('native cat') ;
Perameles (bandicoot) ; Trichosurus (common
phalanger); Vombatus {=Phascolomis) (wombat);
Phascolarctos (koala) ; Macropus, Bettongia
(kangaroos) ; Setonyx (quokka) ; Potorous (rat-
kangaroo)

Order INSECTIVORA

Tenrec ( — Centetes) (tenrec) ; Erinaceus (hedgehog) ;
Echinosorex ( — Gymnurd) (moon rat) ; Sorex
(shrew) ; Crocidura (white-toothed shrew) ; Scalopus
(eastern mole) ; Talpa (common old world mole) ;
Chrysochloris (golden mole) ; Macroscelides
(elephant shrew)

Order DERMOPTERA

Cytwcephalus ( = Galeopitheciis, Galeopterus) (flying
lemur, cobego, colugo)

Order CHIROPTERA
Sub-order Megachiroptera
Pteropus (flying fox); Cynopterus, Epomophorus
(fruit bats)
Sub-order Microchiroptera

Rhinolophus (horseshoe bat); Pipistrellus (pipi-
strelle) ; Myotis (brown bat, etc.) ; Desmodus (vam-
pire)

Order PRIMATES
Sub-order Prosimii

( = Lemuroidea)
Tupaia (tree shrew); Loris (loris); Perodicticus
(potto); Galago (bush baby); Lemur (common
lemur)
Sub-order Tarsii
Tarsius (tarsier)
Sub-order Simiae

( = Anthropoidea)
Hapale ( = Callithrix) (marmoset); Cebus (ca-
puchin); Saimiri (squirrel monkey); A teles (spider
monkey); Macaco (macaque); Cercocebus (mang-
abey) ; Papio (baboon) ; Cercopithecus (African tree
monkeys) ; Presbytis (langur) ; Hylobates (gibbon) ;
Pongo ( = Simia) (orang); Pan { — Anthropopithecus,
Troglodytes) (chimpanzee) ; Gorilla (gorilla) ; Homo
(man)

Order EDENTATA

Bradypus (three-toed sloth); Dasypus (armadillo);
Priodontes (giant armadillo); Myrmecophaga (giant
anteater) ; Tamandua (lesser anteater)

Order PHOLIDOTA

Manis (pangolin, scaly anteater)

VERTEBRATA 45

Order LAGOMORPHA

Ochotona (pika) ; Lepus (hare) ; Oryctolagus
( =Lepus) (rabbit) ; Sylvilagus (cottontail)

Order RODENTIA

Sub-order Sciuromorpha

Sciurus (squirrel); Marmota ( = Arctomys) (mar-
mot, woodchuck); Tamias (chipmunk); Castor
(beaver); Aplodontia (sewellel, mountain beaver);
Xerus (African ground squirrel); Citellus ( = Sperm-
ophilus) (American ground squirrel, gopher);
Glaucomys (American flying squirrel); Geomys
(pocket gopher); Anomahuiis (scale-tailed flying
squirrel)

Sub-order Myomorpha
Peromyscus (deer mouse); Sigmodon (cotton rat);
Cricetus (hamster) ; Mesocricetus (golden hamster) ;
Mystromys (mole mouse) ; Lophiotnys (maned rat) ;
Lemmus (lemming) ; Microtus (vole) ; Clethrionomys
( = Evotomys) (bank vole) ; Arvicola (water vole) ;
Ondatra (muskrat) ; Rattus ( = Epimys) (rat) ;
Mastomys (multimammate rat, coucha rat);
Apodennis (wood mouse) ; Miis (house mouse) ;
Gerbillus (gerbii); Meriones{]\vd); Spalax (mole
rat) ; Glis {=Myoxus), Muscardimis (dormice) ;
Zapus (jumping mouse) ; Dipus (jerboa) ; Pedetes
(jumping hare)

Sub-order Hystricomorpha
Cavia (guinea pig); Hydrochoerus (capybara);
Chinchilla (chinchilla); Myocastor (coypu); Hystrix
(porcupine)

Order CETACEA

Sub-order Odontoceti

Mesoplodon (beaked whale); Physeter (sperm
whale); Delphinus (dolphin); Tursiops ( = Tursio)
(bottle-nosed dolphin); Orcinus (killer whale);
Phocaena (porpoise)

Sub-order Mysticeti

Rhachianectes (grey whale); Balaenoptera (ror-
qual) ; Sibbaldiis (blue whale)

Order CARNIVORA
Sub-order Fissipeda

Canis (wolf, dog, jackal); Vulpes (fox); Ursus
(bear) ; Thalarctos (polar bear) ; Procyon (raccoon) ;
Potos (kinkajou); Ailurus (panda); Ailuropoda
(giant panda); Miistela (=Putorius) (ferret, weasel,
mink, ermine, polecat, stoat); Martes (marten,
sable) ; Meles (badger) ; Tb.v/f/f'a (American badger) ;
Spilogale (spotted skunk); Lutra (otter); Herpestes
(mongoose); //meoa (striped hyaena) ; Viverra
(civet); Felis (cat); Felis (=Puma) (mountain lion,
cougar) ; Panthera ( =Leo) (lion) ; Panthera
( = Tigris) (tiger) ; Panthera ( =Jaguarius) (jaguar) ;
Panthera (panther, leopard); Acinonyx (cheetah)

46 VERTEBRATA

Order PINNIPEDIA

Otaria (sea lion); Zalophiis (Calif omian sea lion);

Odobetnis (walrus) ; Phoca (seal) ; Halichoerus (grey

seal, Atlantic seal) ; Mirounga (elephant seal)
Order TUBULIDENTATA

Orycteropus (aardvark)
Order PROBOSCIDEA

Loxodonta (African elephant) ; Elephas (Asiatic

elephant)
Order HYRACOmEA

Dendrohyrax (tree hyrax) ; Procavia (coney)
Order SIRENIA

Dugong (dugong) ; Trichechus (manatee)
Order PERISSODACTYLA
Sub-order Hippomorpha

Equus (horse, donkey, zebra)
Sub-order Ceratomorpha

Tapirus (tapir) ; Rhinoceros, Diceros, Ceratotherium

(rhinoceroses)
Order ARTIODACTYLA
Sub-order Suiformes

Sus (pig); Tayassu (peccary); Phacochoerus (wart

hog) ; Hippopotamus (hippopotamus)
Sub-order Tylopoda

Lama ( =Auchenia) (llama, alpaca, vicuna,

guanaco) ; Camelus (camel, dromedary)
Sub-order Ruminantia

Tragulus (chevrotain) ; Moschus (musk deer) ; Dama

(fallow deer); Cervus (red deer, wapiti, American

'elk'); Alces (European elk, moose); Rangifer

(reindeer, caribou) ; Okapia (okapi) ; Giraffa

(giraffe); Taurotragus (eland); Bubalus (buflFalo);

Bos (cattle); Bison (bison, American 'buffalo');

Hippotragus (roan antelope); Antilope (Indian

antelope); Gazella (gazelle); Rupicapra (chamois);

Ovibos (musk ox) ; Capra (goat) ; Ovis (sheep)

APPENDIX I. FURTHER READING

The classifications in Chapter III are based on the references given below, except in two cases,
the Parazoa (by Burton) and the Platyhelminthes (by Baer and Dawes). The references, which
also contain detailed information about the systematics of the various groups, were compiled
in consultation with the specialists mentioned in Appendix II. They differed in their approach,
which explains why the list is, in some respects, heterogeneous. Another, but unimportant,
cause of heterogeneity is the method of referring to articles in general text-books such as
Grasse's Traite de Zoologie. In the first two volumes (actually fascicules) of this work, there
are articles on the Protozoa by nine authors. These are referred to as Grasse (1952, 1953),
and the same policy has been adopted in analogous cases. When one or only a few authors
were concerned with a group, as in the case of the Onychophora, the reference is given as
Cuenot (1949a) and not Grasse (1949).

Further references will be found in the books and papers listed below. The Zoological
Record and Smart & Taylor (1 953) are additional and invaluable sources of information.

PROTOZOA
General

Ciliata
MESOZOA
PARAZOA
CNIDARIA

General
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Anthozoa

CTENOPHORA
PLATYHELMINTHES

General

Turbellaria

Cestoda

Trematoda
NEMERTINA
ASCHELMINTHES

Rotifera

Gastrotricha

Echinoderida

Priapulida

Nematomorpha

Nematoda

ACANTHOCEPHALA

ENTOPROCTA

POLYZOA

PHORONIDA

BRACHIOPODA

MOLLUSCA

General
Polyplacophora

Grasse (1952, 1953); Kudo (1954); Smart & Taylor (1953, pp.

4-16)

Corliss(1956, 1957, 1959)

Hyman (1940); Stunkard (1954)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Jewell (1959)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Moore (1956)

Eraser (1937, 1944); Russell (1953); Totton (1954)

Mayer (1910)

Carlgren (1949); Stephenson (1928, 1935); Vaughan & Wells

(1943)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Mayer (1912)

Baer (1951); Hyman (1951a, 1959)

Ferguson (1954); Luther (1955)

Wardle & McLeod (1952); Yamaguti (1960)

Dawes (1946); Sproston (1946); Yamaguti (1958)

Coe (1943); Hyman (1951o)

Edmondson (1959); Harring (1913); Hudson & Gosse (1886);

Hyman (19516, 1959); Voigt (1957)

Brunson (1950, 1959); Hyman (19516, 1959)

Hyman (19516, 1959); Lang (1949); Zelinka (1928)

Cuenot ( 1 922a) ; Dawy doff ( 1 959r) ; Hyman (1 95 1 6, 1 959)

Chitwood (1959); Hyman (19516, 1959)

Chitwood & Allen (1959); Chitwood & Chitwood (1950);

Goff"art(1951);Goodey(1951);Thornen949)

Hyman (19516, 1959)

Brien ( 1 959) ; Hyman (1 95 1 6, 1 959)

Bassler (1953); Brien (1960); Hyman (1959); Rogick (1959)

Dawydoff& Grasse (1959); Forneris (1957); Hyman (1959)

de Beauchamp (1960a); Hyman (1959); Muir-Wood (1955);

Roger (1 952) ; Williams (1 956)

Grasse(1960); Morton (1958); Thiele (1931, 1935)
Fischer-Piette & Franc (19606); Hoffmann (1929-1930);
Tryon & Pilsbry (1892-1893)

47

48

FURTHER READING

Aplacophora
M onoplacophora
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda

SIPUNCULOIDEA
ECHIUROIDEA
ANNELIDA
General
Polychaeta
Myzostomaria
Oligochaeta

Hirudinea

Archiannelida
ARTHROPODA

Onychophora

Pauropoda

Diplopoda

Chilopoda

Symphyla

Insecta

Crustacea
General
Cephalocarida
Copepoda
Mystacocarida
Cirripedia
Malacostraca

Merostomata

Arachnida

Pycnogonida

Pentastomida

Tardigrada
CHAETOGNATHA
POGONOPHORA
ECHINODERMATA

General

Echinoidea
CHORDATA

Hemichordata

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

Vertebrata

Marsipobranchii
Selachii

Bradyodonti

Fischer-Piette «& Franc (1960a); Hoffmann (1929)

Lemche & Wingstrand (1960)

Hoffmann (1932-1940); Lemche (1948); Tesch (1946-1949)

Franc (1960)

Adam (1952); Chun (1908, 1910); Robson (1929-1932);

Sasaki (1929)

Hyman (1959); Tetry (1959)

Cuenot (19226); Dawydoff (1959Z>)

Grasse(1959)

Dawydoff( 1959a); Fauvel(1923, 1927, 1959)

Prenant (1959); von Stummer-Traunfels (1926)

Avel (1959); Cemosvitov & Evans (1947); Dawydoff (1959a);

Goodnight (1959); Stephenson (1930)

Dawydoff (1959a); Harant & Grasse (1959); Harding (1910);

Harding & Moore (1927); Mann & Watson (1954); Moore

(1959)

de Beauchamp (1959)

Bouvier (1905); Cuenot (1949a)

Attems (19266); Verhoeff( 1934)

Attems (1926c, 1937-1940)

Attems (1 926 J-1 930)

Attems (1926a); Edwards (1959); Verhoeff( 1933)

Imms (1957) ; Smart & Taylor (1953, pp. 42-73)

Caiman (1909); Kiikenthal & Krumbach (1927)

Sanders (1957)

Wilson (1932)

Delamare Deboutteville (1953)

Kruger(1940)

Bronn's (1940-1959)

Fage (1949a)

Baker & Wharton (1952); Grasse (1949); Hughes (1959);

Kaston & Kaston (1953); Locket & Millidge (1951, 1953);

Nuttall et al. (1908-1926); Petrunkevitch (1928, 1949); Vachon

(1952)

Fage (19496); Hedgpeth (1947); Heifer & Schlottke (1935)

Cuenot (1949c); Heymons (1935)

Cuenot (19496); Marcus (1936, 1959)

de Beauchamp (19606); Eraser (1957); Hyman (1959)

Hartman (1954); Hyman (1959); Ivanov (1960)

Cuenot (1948); Hyman (1955)

Durham & Melville (1957); Mortensen (1928-1951)

Burdon- Jones (1956); Dawydoff (1948); Hyman (1959)
Berrill (1950); Harant (1948)
Drach (1948); Franz (1922)

Berg (1947); Fontaine (1958); Regan (1936)

Arambourg & Bertin (1958a); Berg (1947); Regan (19296,

1936)

Arambourg & Bertin (19586); Berg (1947)

FURTHER READING

49

Pisces
Amphibia

General

Salientia

Gymnophiona
Reptilia

General

Rhynchocephalia

Testudines

Crocodylia

Squamata

Aves
Mammalia

Berg (1947); Grasse (1958); Regan (1929a, 1936)

Boulenger (1882); Noble (1931)
Griffiths (1959)
Nieden(1913)

Bellairs(1957); Schmidt .dinger (1957)

von Wettstein (1931-1937)

Carr (1952); Loveridge & Williams (1957); Pope (1935)

Mertens & Wermuth (1955)

Bellairs & Underwood (1951); Bogert & del Campo (1956);

Boulenger (1920-1921); McDowell & Bogert (1954)

Mayr &. Amadon (1951); Peters (1931-1951); Stresemann

(1959); Wetmore (1951)

Grasse (1955); Simpson (1945)

APPENDIX 11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I AM most grateful to those scientists, mentioned below, who have been good enough to help
me. R. B. Freeman gave invaluable help with Chapter III, as did Dr. J. Smart with the
Insecta. In addition, I am indebted to George Rylands for advice about Chapter I and to
Mrs. J. N. Thomson, who typed this book with exemplary patience and efficiency. I wish also
to thank the Agricultural Research Council for support.

Ch. I
Ch. Ill

PROTOZOA

PARAZOA

CNIDARIA

CTENOPHORA
PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMERTINA
ASCHELMINTHES

Rotifera

G astro tricha

Echinoderida

Priapulida

Nematoda

Nematomorpha

ACANTHOCEPHALA

ENTOPROCTA

POLYZOA

BRACHIOPODA

MOLLUSCA

SIPUNCULOIDEA
ECHIUROIDEA

ANNELIDA

ARTHROPODA

Onychophora
Pauropoda
Diplopoda
Chilopoda

Symphyla
Insecta

Crustacea
Merostomata
Arachnida
Pycnogonida
Pentastomida
Tardigrada
CHAETOGNATHA

Prof. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S.; Dr. K. A. Joysey.

Dr.C.A.Hoare,F.R.S.

Dr. Maurice Burton, D.Sc.

Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc; Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.; Prof.

T. A. Stephenson, F.R.S.

Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc. ; Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.

Prof. J. G. Baer; Dr. B. Dawes; Mr. S. Prudhoe; Dr. F. G.

Rees.

Prof. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S.; Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Miss A. Edwards; Mr. A. L. Galliford.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe; Dr. A. C. Stephen.

Prof. B. G. Peters; Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Dr. A. B. Hastings.

Dr. A. B. Hastings.

Dr. G. Owen, D.Sc; Dr. H. M. Muir-Wood, D.Sc.

Prof. A. Graham, D.Sc; Dr. D. Parry; Dr. W. J. Rees,

D.Sc ; Prof. C. M. Yonge, F.R.S.

Dr. A. C. Stephen ; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. A. C. Stephen; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. R. Phillips Dales; Miss A. Edwards; Dr. K. H. Mann;

Dr. B. I. Roots; Mr. N. Tebble; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. G. O. Evans; Dr. S. M. Manton, F.R.S.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans; Dr. S. M. Manton,

F.R.S.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. W. E. China, C.B.E., ScD., and the staff of the

Entomology Department, the British Museum (Natural

History); Dr. H. E. Hinton; Prof. O. W. Richards, F.R.S.;

the Hon. Miriam Rothschild; Dr. G. Salt, F.R.S.;

Dr. J. Smart, D.Sc.

Dr. I. Gordon, D.Sc. ; Dr. J. Green; Dr. J. P. Harding.

Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson ; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson ; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.

50

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

51

ECHINODER M ATA

CHORDATA

Hemichordata
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Vertebrata

Marsipobranchii

Selachii

Bradyodonti

Pisces

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

Miss A. M. Clark; Prof. J. E. Smith, F.R.S.; Dr. H. G.
Vevers, M.B.E.

Dr. C. Burdon-Jones.

Prof. J. Berrill, F.R.S. ; Dr. R. H. Millar.

Dr. J. E. Webb, D.Sc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.Sc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.Sc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.bc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.Sc.

Miss A. G. C. Grandison.

Mr. J. C. Battersby, B.E.M.

Dr. T. Clay, D.Sc; Dr. W. H. Thorpe, F.R.S.

Dr. P. Crowcroft; Dr. W. C. Osman Hill, M.D., F.R.S.E.;

Mr. G. B. Stratton, M.B.E., A.L.S.

APPENDIX III. REFERENCES

Adam, W. (1952) Cephalopodes. Expedition Oceanographique Beige dam les Eaux Cotieres

Africaines de VAtlantique Sud {1948-1949), 3, Fasc. 3.
Arambourg, C. & Bertin, L. (1958a) Traite de Zoologie,"^ 13, Fasc. 3, 2016-2056.

(19586) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fasc. 3, 2057-2067.

Attems, C.

(1926a) Handb. ZooL, Bed., 4, 1, 1 1-19.

(19266) Handb. ZooL, Berl, 4, 1, 20-28.

(1926c) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 4, 1 , 29-238.

(1926^) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 4, 1, 239-402.

(1929) Das Tierreich,^ Lief. 52.

(1930) Das Tierreich, Lief. 54.

(1937-1940) Das Tierreich, Liefn. 68, 69 Sl 70.

AvEL, M. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 224-470.

Baer, J. G. (1951) Ecology of Animal Parasites. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Baker, E. W. & Wharton, G. W. (1952) An Introduction to Acarology. Macmiilan, New

York.
Bassler, R. S. (1953) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,^ Part G, Bryozoa.
DE Beauchamp, p. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 197-223.

(1960a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1380-1430.

(19606) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1500-1520.

Bellairs, a. d'A. (1957) Reptiles. Hutchinson, London.

Bellairs, a. d'A. & Underwood, G. (1951) The Origin of Snakes. Biol. Rev., 26, 193-237.

Berg, L. S. (1947) Classification of Fishes, both Recent and Fossil. J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor,

Michigan.
Berrill, N. J. (1950) The Tunicata. London, printed for the Ray Society.
BoGERT, C. M. & Campo, R. M. del (1956) The Gila-monster and its Allies. The Relation-
ships, Habits and Behaviour of the Lizards of the Family Helodermatidae. Bull. Amer.

Mus. nat. Hist., 109, 1-238.
BouLENGER, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia S. Caudata and Batrachia

Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum, 2nd edition. London, printed for the

Trustees of the British Museum.
(1920-1921) Monograph of the Lacertidae, Vols. I & IL London, printed for the Trustees

of the British Museum.
BouviER, E. (1905) Monographic des Onychophores. Ann. Sci. nat., ZooL, (9), 2.
Brien, p. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 927-1007.

(1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1053-1335.

Bronn's Klassen (1940-1959) 5, Abt. 1, B. 4-7.

Brunson, R. B. (1950) An Introduction to the Taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a Study of

Eighteen Species from Michigan. Trans. Amer. micr. Soc, 69, 325-352.

(1959) Fresh-water Biology,^ 406-419.

Burdon-Jones, C. (1956) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 3 (2, Supp.) 57-78.

Calman, W. T. (1909) A Treatise on Zoology (ed. Sir Ray Lankester), Part 7, Crustacea.

Adam & Charles Black, London.
Carlgren, O. (1949) A Survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria.

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (4), 1, 1.
Carr, a. (1952) Handbook of Turtles. The Turtles of the United States, Canada and Baja

California. Comstock Publishing Associates, New York.
Cernosvitov, L. & Evans, A. C. (1947) Lumbricidae (Annelida). The Linnaean Society of

London, Synopses of the British Fauna, No. 6.

' i.e. Grasse, P. -P. Traite de Zoologie. Masson, Paris.
^ i.e. Das Tierreich. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig.

^ i.e. Moore, R. C. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of
Kansas Press.
* i.e. Edmondson, W. T. Fresh-water Biology. (Ward & Whipple). John Wiley, New York.

52

REFERENCES 53

Chitwood, B. G. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 402-405.

Chitwood, B. G. & Allen, M. W. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 368-401.

Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1950) An Introduction to Nematology. Monumental

Printing Company.
Chun, C. (1908) tJber Cephalopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zool. Anz., 33,

86-89.

(1910) Die Cephalopoden. I. Oegopsida. Wiss. Ergebn. ^Valdivia, 18, 1-402.

CoE, W. R. (1943) Biology of the Nemerteans of the Atlantic Coast of North America. Trans.

Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 35, 129-328.
Corliss, J. O. (1956) On the Evolution & Systematics of Ciliated Protozoa. Systematic

Zootogy,5, 68-91, l2\-\40.
(1957) Nomenclatural History of the Higher Taxa in the Sub phylum Ciliophora. Arch.

Protistenk., 102, 113-146.
(1959) An Illustrated Key to the Higher Groups of the Ciliated Protozoa with Definition

of Terms. J. Protozoology, 6, 265-284.
CuENOT, L. (1922a) Faiine de France,^ 4, 25.

(1 922b) Faune de France, 4, 1 8-24.

(1 948) Traite de Zoologie, 1 1 , 3-363 .

(1949fl) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 3-37.

{\949b) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 39-59.

(1949c) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 61-75.

Dawes, B. (1946) The Trematoda. Cambridge University Press.
Dawydoff, C. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 367-499.

(1959a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 594-686.

(19596) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 855-907.

(1959c) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 908-926.

Dawydoff, C. & Grasse, P.-P. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 1008-1053.

Delamare Deboutteville, Cl. (1953) Recherches sur I'ecologie et la repartition du Mysta-

cocaride Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare et Chappuis, en Mediterranee. Vie et Milieu,

4,321-380.
Drach, P. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 931-1037.
Durham, J. W. & Melville, R. V. (1957) A Classification of Echinoids. /. Paleont., 31,

242-272.
Edmondson, W. T. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 420-494.
Edwards, C. A. (1959) A Revision of the British Symphyla. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 132,

403-439.
Page, L. (1949o) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 219-262.

(1 949b) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 906-941 .

Fauvel. p. (1923) Faune de France, 5.

(1927) Faune de France, 16.

(1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 13-196.

Ferguson, F. F. (1954) Monograph of the Macrostomine worms [sic] of Turbellaria. Trans.

Anier. micr. Soc, 73, 137-164.
Fischer-Piette, E. & Franc, A. (1960a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1655-1700.

(19606) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1701-1785.

Fisher, W. K. (1950) The Sipunculid Genus Phascolosoma. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 3,

547-552.
Fontaine, M. (1958) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fasc. 1, 13-172.
Forneris, L. (1957) Phoronidea. Fiches d' identification du zooplancton. Sheet 69. Conseil

international pour I'exploration de la mer.
Franc, A. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1845-2133.
Franz, V. (1922) Kurzer Bericht iiber systematische Acranierstudien. Zool. Anz., 54, 241-249.

' i.e. Faune de France. Paul Lechevalier, Paris.

^4 ^^ REFERENCES

Fraser, C. McL. (1937) Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States.
University of Toronto Press.

(1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North America. University of Toronto Press.

Fraser, J. H. (1957) Chaetognatha. Fiches d" identification du zooplancton. Sheet 1 (1st
revision). Conseil international pour I'exploration de la mer.

GoFFART, H. (1951) Nematoden der Kulturpflanzen Europas. Paul Parey, Berlin.

GooDEY, T. (1951) Soil and Freshwater Nematodes. Methuen, London.

Goodnight, C. J. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 522-537.

Grasse, P.-P. (1949) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 263-892.

(1952, 1953) Traite de Zoologie, 1, Fascs. 1-2.

(1955) Traite de Zoologie, 17, Fascs. 1-2.

(1958) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fascs. 1-3.

(1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 1-686.

(1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1623-2164.

Griffiths, I. (1959) The Phylogeny of Sminthillus limbatus and the Status of the Brachy-
cephalidae (Amphibia Salientia). Proc. zool. Soc. Land., 132, 457-487.

GuRNEY, R. (1933) British Fresh-water Copepoda, Vol. 3. London, printed for the Ray Society.

Harant, H. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 895-919.

Harant, H. &. Grasse, P.-P. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 471-593.

Harding, W. A. (1910) A Revision of the British Leeches. Parasitology, 3, 130-201 .

Harding, W. A. & Moore, J. P. (1927) The Fauna of British India. Hirudinea. Taylor &

Francis, London.
Harring, H. K. (1913) Synopsis of the Rotatoria. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 81.
Hartman, O. (1954) Pogonophora Johansson, 1938. Systematic Zoology, 3, 183-185.
Hedgpeth, J. W. (1947) On the Evolutionary Significance of the Pycnogonida. Smithson. misc.

Coll., 106, 18.
Helfer, H. & ScHLOTTKE, E. (1935) Bronn's KJassen, 5, Abt. 4, B.2, 1-314.
Heymons, R. (1935) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 4, B.l.
Hoffmann, H. (1929) BromfsKlassen, 3, Abt. 1, 1-134.

(1 929-1 930) Bronn's Klassen, 3, Abt. 1 , 1 35-382.

(1932-1940) Bronn's Klassen, 3, Abt. 2, B.3.

Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H. (1886) The Rotifera. Longmans, Green, London.
Hughes, T. E. (1959) Mites, or the Acari. University of London, The Athlone Press.
Hyman, L. H. (1940) The Invertebrates.^ Vol. L Protozoa through Ctenophora.

(1951a) The Invertebrates. Vol. IL Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela.

(19516) The Invertebrates. Vol. IIL Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes and Entoprocta.

(1955) The Invertebrates. Vol. IV. Echinodermata.

(1959) The Invertebrates. Vol. V. Smaller Coelomate Groups.

Imms, a. D. (1957) A General Textbook of Entomology. Methuen, London.

IVANOV, A. V. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1521-1622.

Jewell, M. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 298-312.

Johnson, S. (1755) A Dictionary of the English Language. W. Strahan, London.

Kaston, B. J. «& Kaston, E. (1953) How to know the Spiders. W. C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa.

Kruger, p. (1940) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 1 , B.3, 1-560.

Kudo, R. R. (1954) Protozoology. C. C. Thomas, U.S.A.

Kukenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (1927) Handb. Zool., Beri, 3, 1, 277-1 158.

Lang, K. (1949) Echinoderida. Further zool. Res. Swed. Antarct. Exp., 4, Part 2.

Lemche, H. (1948) Northern and Arctic Tectibranch Gastropods. L The Larval Shells.

IL A Revision of the Cephalaspid Species. K. danske vidensk. Selsk., biol, 5, 3.
Lemche, H. & Wingstrand, K. G. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1787-1821.
Locket, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. (1951, 1953) British Spiders. London, printed for the Ray
Society.

' i.e. Hyman, L. H. The Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill, New York.

REFERENCES

55

LovERiDGE, A. & Williams, E. E. (1957) Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the

Sub order Cryptodira. Bull. Mits. comp. Zool. Harv., 115, 163-557.
Luther, A. (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographic.

Acta zool.fenn., 87.
Mann, K. H. & Watson, E. V. (1954) A Key to the British Freshwater Leeches. Freshwater

Biological Association Scientific Publication'Ho. 14.
Marcus, E. (1936) Das Tierreich. Lief. 66.

(1959) Fresh-water Biology, 508-521 .

Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World. The Scyphomedusae. Publ. Carneg. Instn., No.

109,3,499-735.
— (1912) Ctenophores of the Atlantic Coast of North America. Publ. Carneg. Instn.,

No. 162.
Mayr, E. & Amadon, D. (1951) a Classification of Recent Birds. Amer. Mus. Novit., No.

1496.
Mayr, E., Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1953) Methods and Principles of Systematic

Zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
McDowell, S. B. & Bogert, C. M. (1954) The Systematic Position of Lanthanotus and the

Affinities of the Anguinomorphan Lizards. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 105, 1,

1-142.
Mertens, R. &. Wermuth, H. (1955) Die rezenten SchUdkroten, Krokodile und Bruckenech-

sen, eine kritische Liste der heute lebenden Arten und Rassen. Zool. Jb., 83, 323-440.
Moore, J. P. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 542-557.

Moore, R. C. (1956) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata.
Mortensen, Th. (1928-1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
Morton, J. E. (1958) Molluscs. Hutchinson, London.
MuiR-WooD, H. M. (1955) A History of the Classification of the Phylum Brachiopoda.

London, printed for the Trustees of the British Museum.
Neave, S. a. (1939-1950) Nomenclator Zoologicus. The Zoological Society of London.
Nieden, Fr. (1913) Das Tierreich, Lief. 37.

Noble, G. K. (1931) The Biology of the Amphibia. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C, Cooper, W. F. & Robinson, L. E. (1908-1926) Ticks.

A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Cambridge University Press.
Peters, J. L. (1931-1951) Check-list of Birds of the World. Harvard University Printing

Office, Cambridge, U.S.A.
Petrunkevitch, a. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 29, 1-270.

(1949) A Study of Palaeozoic Arachnida. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 37, 69-31 5.

Pope, C. H. (1935) The Reptiles of China, Turtles, Crocodilians, Snakes, Lizards. Nat. Hist.

Centr. Asia, 10.
Prenant, M. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 714-784.
Regan, C. T. (1929a) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition (actual), London, 9, 305-328.

(1929/?) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition, London, 20, 292-295.

(1936) Natural History. Ward, Lock, London.

Reid, D. M. (1925) Animal Classification and Distribution. Charles Griffin, London.

RoBSON, G. C. (1929-1932) A Monograph of the Recent Cephalopoda, Parts I & II. London,

printed for the Trustees of the British Museum.
Roger, J. (1952) Traite de Paleontologie (ed. J. Piveteau), 2, 3-160. Masson, Paris.
ROGICK, M. D. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 495-507.

Russell, F. S. (1953) The Medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
Sanders, H. L. (1957) The Cephalocarida and Crustacean Phylogeny. Systematic Zoology, 6,

112-128.
Sasaki, M. (1929) A Monograph of the Dibranchiate Cephalopods of the Japanese and

Adjacent Waters. J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ., Suppl. to Vol. 20, 1928.
Schmidt, K. P. & Inger, R. F. (1957) Living Reptiles of the World. Hamish Hamilton,

London.

56 REFERENCES

Simpson, G. G. (1945) The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals.

Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 85.
Smart, J. & Taylor, G. (1953) Bibliography of Key Works for the Identification of British

Fauna and Flora. The Systematics Association, London.
Spector, W. S. (1956) Handbook of Biological Data. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia & London.,
Sproston, N. G. (1946) A Synopsis of the Monogenetic Trematodes. Trans, zool. Sac. Lond.,

25, 185-600.
Stephenson, J. (1930) The Oligochaeta. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press.
Stephenson, T. A. (1928, 1935) The British Sea Anemones. London, printed for the Ray

Society.
Stresemann, E. (1959) The Status of Avian Systematics and its Unsolved Problems. Auk, 76,

269-280.
Stummer-Traunfels, R. von (1926) Handb. Zool, Berl., 3, 1 (2), 132-210.
Stunkard, H. W. (1954) Life-history and Systematic Relations of the Mesozoa. Quart. Rev.

Biol, 29, 230-244.
Tesch, J. J. (1946) The Thecosomatous Pteropods. L The Atlantic. Dana Rep., 28.

(1948) The Thecosomatous Pteropods. XL The Indo-Pacific. Dana Rep., 30.

(1 949) Heteropoda. Dana Rep., 34.

Tetry, a. (1959) Traite deZoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 785-854; mlxviii-mlxxxi.

Thiele, J. (1931, 1935) Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Thorne, G. (1949) On the Classification of the Tylenchida, new order (Nematoda, Phasmidia).

Proc. helm. Soc. Wash., 16, 37-73.
ToTTON, A. K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean, together with Systematic and

Biological Notes on Related Specimens from other Oceans. 'Discovery'' Rep., 11, 7-162.
Tryon, G. W. & PiLSBRY, H. A. (1892-1893) Monograph of the Polyplacophora. Manual

Conch., 14, 15.
Vachon, M. (1952) Etudes sur les Scorpions. Institut Pasteur d' Algeria, Alger.
Vaughan, T. W. & Wells, J. W. (1943) Revision of the Sub orders, Families, and Genera of

the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 44.
Verhoeff, K. W. (1933) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 2, B.3 (1).
VoiGT, M. (1957) Rotatoria. Gebriider Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolassee.
Wardle, R. a. & McLeod, J. A. (1952) The Zoology of Tapeworms. University of Minnesota

Press, Minneapolis.
Wetmore, a. (1951) a Revised Classification for the Birds of the World. Smithson. misc. Coll.,

117, No. 4.
Wettstein, O. von (1931-1937) Handb. Zool., Berl., 7, 1 (2), 1-235.
Williams, A. (1956) The Calcareous Shell of the Brachiopoda and its Importance to their

Classification. Biol. Rev., 31, 243-287.
Wilson, C. B. (1932) The Copepods of the Woods Hole Region, Massachusetts. Bull. U.S.

nat. Mus., No. 158.
Yamaguti, S. (1958) Systema Helminthum. Vol. I. The Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates.

Interscience Publishers, New York.

(1960) Systema Helminthum. Vol. II. The Cestodes of Vertebrates. Interscience

IHiblishers, New York.

Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

ANIMAL AND GROUP INDEX

Although this Section should be used as an Index, it also provides an abbreviated classifica-
tion of all genera mentioned. When there are sub-orders in Chapter III, sub-orders and not
orders are given after genera in the Index, to help the reader find the genus in which he is
interested. Normally, for example in papers, the order and not the sub-order is mentioned
when referring to an animal which is not well known.

Starred genera occur in the Index and not in Chapter III. When such entries have synonyms
worth mentioning, they follow the preferred name, e.g.

* Caret ta { = Thallassochelys), Cryptodira, 41

because there is no other way of finding out that the synonym exists. This does not apply to
unstarred entries, as these will also be found in Chapter III, in which some synonyms are
mentioned.

aardvark (Orycteropus), Tubulidentata, 46

abalone (Ha Hot is), Archaeogastropoda, 21
*Acanthanweba, Amoebina, 7
*Acanthephyra, Natantia, 31

Acanthias, see Squalus
* Acanthi's, Passeres, 43

Acanthobdella, Acanthobdellida, 24

Acanthobdellida, 24

Acanthobothriinn, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Acanthocephala, 20

Acanthocotyle, Acanthocotyloidea, 1 3

Acanthocotyloidea, 13

Acanthocystis, Heliozoa, 7

Acanthometra, Radiolaria, 7

Acanthopterygii. 38 (footnote)

Acanthosotenia, Coccolithophorida, 6

Acanthosphaera, Radiolaria, 7

Acanthuroidea, 38

Acanthurus, Acanthuroidea, 38
*Acara, see Aeqiiidens

Acari, 31

Acariis, Acari, 3 1

Accipiter, Falconiformes, 42

Accipitres, see Falconiformes

Acerentiiliis, Protura, 26
*Acerina, Percoidea, 38
*Achatina, Stylommatophora, 22

Acheron tia, Ditrysia, 28

Acheta, Ensifera, 26
*Acholoe, Polychaeta, 24
*Achroia, Ditrysia, 28
*Acidaha, see Argyreiis
* — , see Scoptila
*Acilius, Adephaga, 28

Acineta. Suctorida, 8

Acineta, see Suctorida

Acinonyx, Fissipeda, 45

Acipenser, Chondrostei, 36

Acipenseriformes, see Chondrostei

Acmaea, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Acoela, 13, 22

acorn worms (Enteropneusta), 34

Acotylea, 13

Acrania, see Cephalochordata
*Acricotopus, see Cricotopus
*Acris, Procoela, 40
*Acrocephalus, Passeres, 43

Acrocnida, Ophiurae, 34
*Acronicta, Ditrysia, 28

Acropora, Scleractinia, 12

Acrothoracica, 30

Acrotus, Malacichthyes, 39

Actaeon, Pleurocoela, 22

actaeon shell (Actaeon), Pleurocoela, 22

/Ic/m/fl, Actiniaria, 12

Actiniaria, 12

Actinistia, 40

Actinoloba, see Metridium

Actinolophus, Heliozoa, 7

Actinomonas, Heliozoa, 7

Actinomyxidia, 8

Actinophrys, Heliozoa, 7

Actinopoda, 7

Actinosphaerium, Heliozoa, 7
*Actitis, Charadriiformes, 42

Adamsia, Actiniaria, 12

adder (Vipera), Serpentes, 41

Adeleidea, 7
*Adelges, Homoptera, 27

Adelina, Adeleidea, 7

Adephaga, 28

Adineta, Bdelloidea, 1 7

Adocia, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Aechmophorus, Podicipediformes, 42
*Aedes, Nematocera, 28

Aegina, Narcomedusae, 1 1

57 R.C.L.A.

AEGYPIUS

58

AMPHITRITE

Aegypius, Falconiformes, 42
*Aequidens (-Acara), Percoidea, 38
Aequorea, Thecata, 1 1
Aeshna, Anisoptera, 26
African East Coast cattle fever (Theileiid),

Haemosporidia, 8
African elephant (Loxodonta),

Proboscidea, 46
African ground squirrel (^Xerus),

Sciuromorpha, 45
African tree monkeys (Cercopithecus),

Simiae, 44
Agalma, Siphonophora, 1 1
Agapornis, Psittaciformes, 43
*Agelaioides, see Molothrus
*Agelastica, Polyphaga, 28
Aglantha, Trachymedusae, 1 1
Agnatha, see Marsipobranchii
*Agnolimax, Stylommatophora, 22
Agrion, Zygoptera, 26
Agriotes, Polyphaga, 28
Ailuropoda, Fissipeda, 45
Ailurus, Fissipeda, 45
Alabes, Alabetoidea, 40
Alabetoidea, 40
Alauda, Passeres, 43
albatross (Diomedea),

Procellariiformes, 42
Alca, Charadriiformes, 42
Alcedo, Coraciiformes, 43
Alces, Ruminantia, 46
Alcippe, Acrothoracica, 30
Alcyonacea, 12
Alcyonella, see Plumatella
Alcyonidium, Ctenostomata, 20
Alcyonium, Alcyonacea, 12
alder fly (Sialis), Megaloptera, 27
*Alectn'on, Stenoglossa, 22
Alepisauroidea, 37
Alepisaurus, Alepisauroidea, 37
Alepocephalus, Clupeoidea, 36
Alligator, Crocodylia, 41
alligator {Alligator), Crocodylia, 41
Alloeocoela, 13
Allogromia, Testacea, 7
Allolobophora, Oligochaeta, 24
*AUoteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Allotriognathi, 38
*Alosa, Clupeoidea, 36
alpaca (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

Alytes, Opisthocoela, 40
Amaroucium, see Aplidium
*Amazilia, Apodiformes, 43
Amblypygi, 3 1
Amblystoma, see Ambystoma
Ambystoma, Ambystomoidea, 40
Ambystomoidea, 40
*Ameiurus, Siluroidea, 37
American badger (Taxidea),

Fissipeda, 45
American 'buffalo' (Bison),

Ruminantia, 46
American 'elk' (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46
American flying squirrel (Glaucomys),

Sciuromorpha, 45
American ground squirrel (Citellus),

Sciuromorpha, 45
American opossum (Didelphis),

Marsupialia, 44
American whelk (Busycon), Stenoglossa, 22
Ametabola, see Apterygota
Amia, Protospondyli, 36
*Ammocoetes, Hyperoartii, 35
Amoeba, Amoebina, 7
amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba),

Amoebina, 7
Amoebina, 7

Amoebosporidia, see Cnidosporidia
*Amorpha, Ditrysia, 28

Ampharete, Polychaeta, 24
* Amphelocheirus,^ see Aphelocheirus
Amphibia, 40-41
amphibious leech (Trocheta),

Gnathobdellida, 24
Amphicoela. 40
Amphidiscophora, 10
*Amphidromus, Stylommatophora. 22
Amphileptus, Rhabdophorina, 8
Amphilina, Amphilinidea, 14
Amphilinidea, 14
Amphineura, 21 (footnote)
Amphinome, Polychaeta, 24
Amphioxus, see Branchiostoma
Amphipholis, Ophiurae, 34
Amphipnous, Synbranchoidea, 40
Amphipoda, 30
Amphiporus, Monostylifera, 16
* Amphisbetia, Thecata, 1 1
*Amphitrite, Polychaeta, 24
* — , see Portunus

' Amphelocheirus is a misprint for Aphelocheirus, not a synonym. As synonyms, preceded by an equals
sign, are put in brackets after the correct name, misprints such as Amphelocheirus are not mentioned after
the correct name.

AMPHIUMA

59

APHIS

Amphiuma, Salamandroidea, 40
Amphiura, Ophiurae, 34

*Ampullaria, see Pila
Anabantoidea, 38

Anabas, Anabantoidea, 38

Anableps. Microcyprini, 38

*Anabrus, Ensifera, 26

Anacanthini, 38

Anamorpha, 25

Anarhichas, Blennioidea, 38

Anas, Anseriformes, 42
*Anasa, Heteroptera, 27

Anaspidacea, 30

Anaspides, Anaspidacea, 30

Anax, Anisoptera, 26
'''Anchistioides, Natantia, 3 1

Ancistrocoma, Thigmotrichida, 9

Ancistrunu Thigmotrichida, 9
*Ancistrus, Siluroidea, 37
*Ancula, Nudibranchia, 22

Ancylastrum, see Ancylus
*Ancylis, Ditrysia, 28

Ancylostoma, Strongylina, 18

Ancylus, Basommatophora, 22

anemones, sea (Actiniaria), 12

Ammonia, Actiniaria, 1 2

angel-fish (Squatina), Squaloidea, 36

angel-fishes (Pleurotremata), 35-36

2ix\g\tv (Lophius), Lophioidea, 39

anglerfishes, deep-sea (Ceratioidea), 39

Anguilla, Apodes, 37

Anguilliformes, see Apodes
*Anguillula, Rhabditina, 17

Anguilluloidea, see Rhabditoidea

Anguina, Tylenchida, 18

Anguis, Sauria, 41

Anhima, Anseriformes, 42
*Anhinga, Pelecaniformes, 42

ani (Crotophaga), Cuculiformes, 43
*Anilocra, Isopoda, 30
*Anisolabis, Forficulina, 27

Anisomyaria, see Filibranchia
*Amsoplia, Polyphaga, 28

Anisoptera, 26

Anisozygoptera, 26

Annelida, 24

Annulata, see Annelida

Anodon, see Anodonta

Anodonta, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Anolis, Sauria, 41
*Anomalops, Berycomorphi, 38

Anomalurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Anomia, Filibranchia, 22

Anomocoela, 40

Anopheles, Nematocera, 28

Anopla, 16
*Anoplodactylus, Nymphonomorpha, 32

Anoplophrya, Astomatida, 8

Anoplophryinea, see Astomatida

Anoplura, 27
*Anoptichthys, Cyprinoidea, 37
*Anosia, see Danaus

Anostraca, 29

Anser, Anseriformes, 42

Anseriformes, 42

Anseropoda, Spinulosa, 34

ant {Formica), Apocrita, 29

ant lion fly (Myrmeleon), Planipennia, 28

antbird (Formicarius), Tyranni, 43

anteater, giant (Myrmecophaga),
Edentata, 44

— , lesser (Tamandua), Edentata, 44

— , scaly (Mam's), Pholidota, 44

— , spiny (Tachyglossus), Monotremata, 43

Antechinomys, Marsupialia, 44

Antedon, Articulata, 32

antelope, Indian (Antilope), Ruminantia, 46

— , roan (Hippotragus), Ruminantia, 46

Antennarioidea, 39

Antennarius, Antennarioidea, 39

Anthea, see Anemonia
*Antheiaea, Ditrysia, 28

Anthocidaris, Echinoida, 33

Anthomedusae, see Athecata

Anthozoa, 12
*Anthrenus, Polyphaga, 28

Anthropoidea, see Simiae

Anthropopithecus, see Pan
*Anthus, Passeres, 43

Antilope, Ruminantia, 46

Antipatharia, 12

Antipathes, Antipatharia, 12

ants, white (Isoptera), 26

Anura, see Salientia

Anuraea, see Keratella
*Anuraphis, Homoptera, 27

Apaloderma, Trogoniformes, 43
*Aphaenogaster, Apocrita, 29

Aphaniptera, see Siphonaptera

Aphanopus, Trichiuroidea, 38

Aphanostoma, Acoela, 1 3

Aphasmidia, 18

Aphelenchoides, Tylenchida, 1 8
*Aphelocheirus, Heteroptera, 27
*Aphidius ( =Lysiphlebus), Apocrita, 29

Aphis, Homoptera, 27

APHREDODERUS

60

ASCORHYNCHOMORPHA

Aphredoderus, Salmopercae, 37

Aphrocallistes, Hexasterophora, 10

Aphrodite, Polychaeta, 24
*Aphrophora, Homoptera, 27

Apis, Apocrita, 29

Apistobuthus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Aplacophora, 21

Aplidium, Aplousobranchiata, 34
*Aplodinotus, Percoidea, 38

Aplodontia, Sciuromorpha, 45

Aplousobranchiata, 34

Aplysia, Pleurocoela, 22

Aplysilla, Keratosa, 10

Aplysino, Keratosa, 10

Apocrita, 29

Apoda, 33

— , see Gymnophiona

Apodemus, Myomorpha, 45

Apodes, 37

Apodiformes, 43

Aporhynchiis, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14
*Aporia, Ditrysia, 28

Aponhais, Mesogastropoda, 22

Apostomatida, 8
*Apotettix, Caelifera, 27

Appendicularia, Copelata, 35

Apseudes, Tanaidacea, 30

Aptenodytes, Sphenisciformes, 42

Aptera, see Diplura

Apterygiformes, 41

Apterygota, 25-26

Apteryx, Apterygiformes, 41

Apiis, Apodiformes, 43

— , see Triops
*Aquila, Falcon iformes, 42

Arachnida, 3 1
* Arachnomorpha, Polyphaga, 28

Arachmda, Testacea, 7

Araeolaimoidea, 19

Aramus, Gruiformes, 42

Araneae, 3 1

Araneus, Araneae, 31

Arapaima, Osteoglossoidea, 36

Arbacia, Arbacioida, 33

Arbacioida, 33

Area, Filibranchia, 22

Areella, Testacea, 7

Archaeogastropoda, 21

Archiacanthocephala, 20

Archiannelida, 24
*Arehidoris, Nudibranchia, 22

Archigregarina, 7
*Arehiloehus, Apodiformes, 43

Arehiteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Archostemata, 28
*Aretia, Ditrysia, 28
*Aretoeebus, Prosimii, 44
*Aretoeephalus, Pinnipedia, 46

Aretomys, see Marmota

Ardea, Ciconiiformes, 42

Ardeiformes, see Ciconiiformes

Arenieola, Polychaeta, 24

Areosoma, Echinothurioida, 33

Argas, Acari, 31

Argonauta, Octopoda, 23

Argulus, Branchiura, 30
*Argyreus ( = Acidalia), Ditrysia, 28
*Argyroneta, Araneae, 3 1

Argyrotheea, Terebratelloidea, 21
*Arieia, Ditrysia, 28
* — , see Helina
*■ — , see Monetaria
* — , see Orbinia
*Ariolimax, Stylommatophora, 22

Avion, Stylommatophora, 22
*Arius, Siluroidea, 37

Arixenia, Arixeniina, 27

Arixeniina, 27

Armadillidium, Isopoda, 30

armadillo (Dasypus), Edentata, 44

— , giant (Priodontes), Edentata, 44
*Arphia, Caelifera, 27

arrow worms (Chaetognatha), 32

arrow-tooth shell (Conus), Stenoglossa, 22

— — (Terebra), Stenoglossa, 22

Artemia, Anostraca, 29

Arthropleona, 25

Arthropoda, 24-32
*Artibeus, Microchiroptera, 44

Articulata, 21,32

Artiodactyla, 46

Arvieola, Myomorpha, 45

Ascaphus, Amphicoela, 40

Asearidia, Ascaridina, 18

Ascaridina, 18

Asearis, Ascaridina, 18

Ascaroidea, 19

Aschelminthes, 17-18

Ascidia, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Ascidiacea, 34-35

Aseidieola, Notodelphyoida, 29

Ascidiella, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Ascoglossa, see Sacoglossa

ascon sponges (Homocoela), 9

Asconosa, 10

Ascorhynchomorpha, 32

ASCORHYNCHUS

61

BATH SPONGE

Ascorhynchus, Ascorhynchomorpha, 32

Ascothoracica, 30

Ascute, see Leucosolenia

AseUiis, Isopoda, 30

Asiatic elephant (Elephas), Proboscidea, 46
*Asio, Strigiformes, 43

Aspiculuris, Ascaridina, 18

Aspidobothria, see Aspidogastrea

Aspidobranchia, see Archaeogastropoda

Aspidochirota, 32

Aspidocotylea, see Aspidogastrea

Aspidogaster, Aspidogastrea, 14

Aspidogastrea, 14

Aspidosiphon, Sipunculoidea, 23

Aspiriculata, 35

Asplanchna, Ploima, 1 7
*Aspredo, Siluroidea, 37

assassin bug (Rhodnius), Heteroptera, 27

Assulina, Testacea, 7

Astacus, Reptantia, 3 1
* Astasia, Euglenoidina, 6

Asterias, Forcipulata, 34

Asterina, Spinulosa, 34

Asteroidea, 34
* Asterolecanium, Homoptera, 27

Asteronyx, Euryalae, 34

Astomatida, 8

Astrodisculus, Heliozoa, 7

Astromonaxonellida, see Hadromerina
*Astronesthes, Stomiatoidea, 36

Astiopecten, Phanerozona, 34

Astrosclerophora, 10
*Astroscopus, Percoidea, 38

Astur, see Accipiter

Astylosternus, Diplasiocoela, 41

Asymmetron, Cephalochordata, 35

Ateleopus, Chondrobrachii, 37

Ateles, Simiae, 44

Atelostomata, 33-34

Athecanephria, 32

Athecata, 1 1
*Athelges, Isopoda, 30

Atherina, Mugiloidea, 38

Atlantic seal (Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46

atlas moth (Attacus), Ditrysia, 28

Atolla, Coronatae, 1 1

At rax, Araneae, 31

Atremata, 21

Attacus, Ditrysia, 28
*Attagenus, Polyphaga, 28

Atubaria, Cephalodiscida, 34
*Atypus, Araneae, 31

Auchenia, see Lama

Aulacantha, Radiolaria, 7

Aulastoma, see Haemopis

Aulostomiformes, see Solenichthyes

Aurelia, Semaeostomae, 12

Aurellia, see Aurelia

Aves, 41-43
*Axinella, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

axolotl (Siredon), Ambystomoidea, 40

' — ' (Ambystoma), Ambystomoidea, 40
*Aythya { = Fuligula, Nyroca),
Anseriformes, 42

B

Babesia, Haemosporidia, 8
*Babirusa, see Babyrousa

baboon (Papio), Simiae, 44
* Babyrousa ( = Babirusa), Suiformes, 46

backswimmer (Notonecta), Heteroptera, 27
* Bactrurus, see Eucrangonyx

badger (Meles), Fissipeda, 45

— , American (Taxidea), Fissipeda, 45

Baetis, Ephemeroptera, 26
*Bagrus, Siluroidea, 37

bag-worm moth (Psyche), Ditrysia, 28

Bajulus, Homosclerophora, 10
*Balaena, Mysticeti, 45

Balaeniceps, Ciconiiformes, 42

Balaenoptera, Mysticeti, 45

Balanoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34

Balantidium, Trichostomatida, 8

Balanus, Thoracica, 30

Balistes, Balistoidea, 39

Balistoidea, 39
*Banasa, Heteroptera, 27

bandicoot (Perameles), Marsupialia, 44

bank vole (Clethriono mys), Myomorpha, 45

barbet (Capita), Piciformes, 43
*Barbulanympha, Metamonadina, 6
'''Barbus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Barentsia, Pedicellinidae, 20

barnacle, goose (Lepas), Thoracica, 30

barnacles (Thoracica), 30
*Barnea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

barracuda (Sphyraena), Mugiloidea, 38
* Baseodiscus (^ PoUa), Heteronemertina, 16

Basommatophora, 22

bass (Morone), Percoidea, 38

bat, brown (Myotis), Microchiroptera, 44

— , fruit (Cynopterus), Megachiroptera, 44

— , — (Epomophorus), Megachiroptera, 44

— , horseshoe (Rhinolophus),
Microchiroptera, 44

bath sponge (Spongia), Keratosa, 10

BATHYNELLA

62

BRACHIATA

Bathynella, Bathynellacea, 30

Bathynellacea, 30

Batoidea, 36

Batrachoidiformes, see Haplodoci
*Bdellocephala, Paludicola, 13

Bdelloidea, 17

Bdellomorpha, see Bdellonemertina

Bdellonemertina, 17

Bdellostoma, see Heptatretus

Bdelloura, Maricola, 1 3

beaked whale (Mesoplodon), Odontoceti, 45

bear (Ursus), Fissipeda, 45

— , polar (Thalarctos), Fissipeda, 45

beard worms (Pogonophora), 32

beaver {Castor), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , mouniamiAplodontid), Sciuromorpha,45

bed-bug (Cimex), Heteroptera, 27

bee, bumble (Bonibus), Apocrita, 29

— , honey (Apis), Apocrita, 29

bee-eater (Merops), Coraciiformes, 43

beetles (Coleoptera), 28

Belone, Scombresocoidea, 37

Beloniformes, see Synentognathi
*Belostotna, Heteroptera, 27

Beroe, Beroida, 13

Beroida, 13

Bertiella, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Berycomorphi, 38

Beryx, Berycomorphi, 38
*Betta, Anabantoidea, 38

Bettongia, Marsupialia, 44

bichir (Polypterus), Cladistia, 36

Bilharzia, see Schistosoma

Bilharziella, Digenea, 14
*Bimastus, Oligochaeta, 24

Biomyxa, Testacea, 7

Bipalium, Terricola, 1 3

birds (A ves), 41-43

Bison, Ruminantia, 46

bison (Bison), Ruminantia, 46
*Bispira, Polychaeta, 24

Bithynia, Mesogastropoda, 22

biting lice (Mallophaga), 27

Bittacus, Mecoptera, 28

Bivalvia, 22-23

Blaberus, Blattodea, 26

black corals (Antipatharia), 12

black fly (Simulium), Nematocera, 28

black vulture (Aegypius), Falconiformes, 42

blackbird (Turdus), Passeres, 43

black-fish (Dallia), Haplomi, 37

blackhead of poultry (Histomonas),
Rhizomastigina, 7

Blaniulus, Julida, 25
*Blanna, Insectivora, 44

Blastodinium, Dinoflagellata, 6

Blastophaga, Apocrita, 29

Blatta, Blattodea, 26
*BlatteUa, Blattodea, 26

Blattodea, 26

Blennioidea, 38

Blennius, Blennioidea, 38

blenny (Blennius), Blennioidea, 38
'''Blephanpoda, Reptantia, 31
* Blepharisma, Heterotrichina, 9

Blissus, Heteroptera, 27
*Blitophaga, Polyphaga, 28

blowfly (Calliphora), Cyclorrhapha, 28

bluebottle (Calliphora), Cyclorrhapha, 28

blue crab (Callinectes), Reptantia, 31

blue whale (Sibbaldits), Mysticeti, 45

boa (Constrictor), Serpentes, 41

boar-fish (Capros), Zeomorphi, 38

Bodo, Protomonadina, 6
*Boiga ( = Dipsadomorphus), Serpentes, 41

Bolina, see Bolinopsis

Bolinopsis, Lobata, 12
* Bolitophila, Nematocera, 28

Bol tenia, Stohdobranchiata, 35
* — , see Laevoleacina
*Bolteria, Heteroptera, 27

Bombina, Opisthocoela, 40

Bonibinator, see Bombina

Bombus, Apocrita, 29

Bombyx, Ditrysia, 28

Bonellia, Echiuroinea, 23

bony fishes (Pisces), 36-40

book lice (Psocoptera), 27

boot-lace worm (Lineus),
Heteronemertina, 16

Bopyrus, Isopoda, 30
*Borborodes, see Scymnorhinus

Boreus, Mecoptera, 28

Bos, Ruminantia, 46
*Botai4rus, Ciconiiformes, 42

Bothriocephaloidea, see Pseudophyllidea
*Bothriocephalus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Bothus, Heterosomata, 39

Botryllus, Stohdobranchiata, 35

bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops),
Odontoceti, 45

Boiigainvillea, Athecata, 1 1

Boveria, Thigmotrichida, 9

Bowerbankia, Ctenostomata, 20

bow-fins (Protospondyli), 36

Brachiata, see Pogonophora

BRACHIONUS

63

CAMBALOMORPHA

Brachionits, Ploima, 17

Brachiopoda, 21

Brachycera, 28
*Brachydanio, Cyprinoidea, 37
*Bracon, see Habrobracon

Bradyodonti, 36

Bradypus, Edentata, 44

Branchellion, Rhynchobdellida, 24
* Branchiomma, Polychaeta, 24

Branchiopoda, 29

Branchiostoma, Cephalochordata, 35

Branchiotremata, see Hemichordata

Branchipus, Anostraca, 29

Branchiura, 30

Brisinga, Forcipulata, 34

Brissopsis, Spatangoida, 34

bristle-tails (Thysanura), 26

brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), 34

broadbills (Eurylaimi), 43
*Brosmius, Anacanthini, 38

brown bat (Myotis), Microchiroptera, 44

brown lacewing (Hemerobius),
Planipennia, 28
*Bruchus, Polyphaga, 28

Bryozoa, see Polyzoa

Bubalus, Ruminantia, 46

bubble shell {Bulla), Pleurocoela, 22

Bubo, Strigiformes, 43

Buccinum, Stenoglossa, 22

Bucco, Piciformes, 43

Bucephalus, Digenea, 14

Buceros, Coraciiformes, 43

budgerigar (Melopsittacus),
Psittaciformes, 43

buffalo {Bubalus), Ruminantia, 46

' — ', American (Bison), Ruminantia, 46

Bufo, Procoela, 40

bug, assassin (Rhodnius),
Heteroptera, 27

— , bed- (Cimex), Heteroptera, 27

— , chinch (Blissus), Heteroptera, 27

Bugula, Cheilostomata, 20

Bulimus, see Bithynia

bull toad (Megophrys), Anomocoela, 40

Bulla, Pleurocoela, 22

bullhead (Cottus), Scorpaenoidea, 39

bumble bee (Bombus), Apocrita, 29

bush baby (Galago), Prosimii, 44

bush cricket (Tettigonia), Ensifera, 26

bustard {Otis), Gruiformes, 42

Busycon, Stenoglossa, 22
*Buteo, Falcon iformes, 42

Buthus, Scorpiones, 3 1

button-quail (Turnix), Gruiformes, 42
by-the-wind-sailor {Velelld), Athecata, 1 1

C

cabbage butterfly {Pieris), Ditrysia, 28

Caberea, Cheilostomata, 20

caddis flies (Trichoptera), 28

Cadulus, Scaphopoda, 22

Caecilia, Gymnophiona, 41

caecilians (Gymnophiona), 41

Caelifera, 27
*Caems, Ephemeroptera, 26
*Caenolestes, Marsupialia, 44

Caiman, Crocodylia, 41

caiman, South American {Caiman),
Crocodylia, 41

cake urchins (Clypeasteroida), 33

Calamoichthys, Cladistia, 36
*Calandra, see Sitophilus

Calanoida, 29

Calanus, Calanoida, 29
*Calappa, Reptantia, 31

Calcarea, 9

Calcispongiae, see Calcarea

Califomian sea lion {Zalophus),
Pinnipedia, 46

Caligoida, 29

Caligus, Caligoida, 29
*Caliphylla, Sacoglossa, 22

Calliactis, Actiniaria, 1 2
*Callianassa, Reptantia, 31
*Callichthys, Siluroidea, 37
*Calligrapha, Polyphaga, 28

Callinectes, Reptantia, 31

Callionymoidea, 38

Callionymus, Callionymoidea, 38

Calliphora, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Callipus, Nematophora, 25

Callithhx, see Hapale

Callorhinchus, Holocephali, 36
*Callorhinus, Pinnipedia, 46

Callorhynchicola, Chimaerocoloidea, 1 3
*Callosciurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Callulina, Diplasiocoela, 41
*Calotermes, Isoptera, 26
*Calotes, Sauria, 41

Calyptoblastea, see Thecata

Calyptrosphaera, Coccolithophorida, 6

Calyssozoa, see Entoprocta
*Camallanus, Spirurida, 1 8

Cambala, Cambalida, 25

Cambalida, 25

Cambalomorpha, Cambalida, 25

CAMBALOPSIS

64

CEPHALODASYS

Cambalopsis, Cambalida, 25

Cambarus, Reptantia, 3 1

camel (Camelus), Tylopoda, 46

Camelus, Tylopoda, 46
*Camnula, Caelifera, 27

Campodea, Diplura, 26
*Camponotus, Apocrita, 29

Cancer, Reptantia, 3 1

Candona, Podocopa, 29

Canis, Fissipeda, 45

Capillaria, Dorylaimina, 1 8

Capitella, Polychaeta, 24

Capita, Piciformes, 43

Capra, Ruminantia, 46

Caprella, Amphipoda, 30

Caprimulgiformes, 43

Caprimulgus, Caprimulgiformes, 43

Capros, Zeomorphi, 38

Capsala, Capsaloidea, 1 3

Capsaloidea, 13

capuchin (Cebus), Simiae, 44

capybara (Hydrochoerus),
Hystricomorpha, 45

Carabus, Adephaga, 28
*Carassius, Cyprinoidea, 37

Carausius, Phasmida, 26

Carcharhinus, Galeoidea, 36

Carcharias, see Odontaspis
*Carchesium, Peritrichida, 9

Carcinonemertes, Monostylifera, 16

Carcinus, Reptantia, 3 1
*Cardita, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Cardium, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Carduelis, Passeres, 43
*Carebara, Apocrita, 29
'''Caretta ( = Thalassochelys), Cryptodira, 41

Cariama, Gruiformes, 42

cariama {Cariama), Gruiformes, 42

caribou (Rangifer), Ruminantia, 46

Carinaria, Mesogastropoda, 22

Carmarina, see Geryonia

Carnivora, 45

Carnosa, see Homosclerophora

carp (Cyprinus), Cyprinoidea, 37
*Carpocapsa, see Laspeyresia

Carteria, Phytomonadina, 6

Carybdea, Cubomedusae, 1 1

Caryophyllaeus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Caryophyllia, Scleractinia, 1 2

Caryophyllidea, 16

Cassiduloida, 33

Cassidulus, Cassiduloida, 33

Cassiopea, Rhizostomae, 12

Cassis, Mesogastropoda, 22

cassowary (Casuarius),
Casuariiformes, 41

Castanotherium, Glomerida, 25

Castnia, Ditrysia, 28

Castor, Sciuromorpha, 45

Casuariiformes, 41

Casuarius, Casuariiformes, 41

cat (Felis), Fissipeda, 45

' — , native' (Dasyurus), Marsupialia, 44

Cataphracti, see Scleroparei

Catenula, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

catfish, electric (Malapterurus),
Siluroidea, 37

— , sea (Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38

catfishes (Siluroidea), 37

Cathartes, Falconiformes, 42

Cathypna, see Lecane
*Catocala, Ditrysia, 28

cattle (Bos), Ruminantia, 46

cattle fever, African East Coast (Theileria),
Haemosporidia, 8

, Texas (Babesia), Haemosporidia, 8

cattle rumen fluke (Paramphistomum),
Digenea, 14

Caudata, 40
*Caudina, Molpadonia, 33

Caulleryella, Schizogregarina, 7

Cavia, Hystricomorpha, 45

Cavolina, Pteropoda, 22

Cebus, Simiae, 44
*''cecropia\ see Samia
*Celaenia, Araneae, 31
*Celerio, Ditrysia, 28

Centetes, see Tenrec

centipedes (Chilopoda), 25
*Centrina, see Oxynotus

Centroderes, Echinoderida, 1 7
*Centrophorus ( =Lepidorhinus),
Squaloidea, 36

Centropus, Cuculiformes, 43

Centropyxis, Testacea, 7

Centrostephanus, Diadematoida, 33

Centrotus, Homoptera, 27

Cepedea, Opalinina, 7

Cephalacanthoidea, 39

Cephalacanthus, Cephalacanthoidea, 39

Cephalobaena, Cephalobaenida, 32

Cephalobaenida, 32

Cephalobus, Rhabditina, 17

Cephalocarida, 29

Cephalochordata, 35

Cephalodasys, Macrodasyoidea, 1 7

CEPHALODELLA

65

CHIRODROPUS

*Cephalodella ( = Diaschiza), Ploima, 1 7

Cephalodiscida, 34

Cephalodisciis, Cephalodiscida, 34
*Cephalophus, Ruminantia, 46

Cephalopoda, 23
*Cephalopterus, Tyranni, 43

Cephalothrix, Palaeonemertina, 1 6

Cephus, Symphyta, 29

Ceratioidea, 39

Ceratiiim, Dinoflagellata, 6
*Ceratocephale, Polychaeta, 24

Ceratodi formes, see Dipnoi

Ceratodus, see Neoceratodus

Ceratomorpha, 46

Ceratomyxa, Myxosporidia, 8
*Ceratophyllus, Siphonaptera, 29
*Ceiatoplana, Acotylea, 13

Ceratotherium, Ceratomorpha, 46

Cerchneis, see Falco

Cercocebus, Simiae, 44

Cercopis, Homoptera, 27

Cercopithecus, Simiae, 44

Cerebratulus, Heteronemertina, 1 6

Ceresa, Homoptera, 27

Ceriantharia, 12
*Cerianthus, Ceriantharia, 12

Ceriantipatharia, 12
*Ceriodaphnia, Cladocera, 29
*Cerna, see Epinephelus
*Cerura, Ditrysia, 28

Cervus, Ruminantia, 46

Cestida, 12

Cestoda, 14

Cestodaria, 14

Cestoidea, see Cestida

Cestoplana, Acotylea, 1 3

Cestracion, see Heterodontus

Cestum, Cestida, 1 2

Cestus, see Cestum

Cetacea, 45

Cetominuis, Cetunculi, 37

Cetonia, Polyphaga, 28
*Cetorhinus, Galeoidea, 36

Cetunculi, 37

Chaetessa, Mantodea, 26

Chaetodenna, Chaetodermomorpha, 2!

Chaetodermomorpha, 21

Chaetogaster, Oligochaeta, 24

Chaetognatha, 32

Chaetonotoidea, 17

Chaetonotus, Chaetonotoidea, 1 7

Chaetopterus, Polychaeta, 24

chaffinch (Fringilla), Passeres, 43

Chagas' disease (Schizotrypanum),
Protomonadina, 6

Chalastogastra, see Symphyta

chalcid fly (Chalcis), Apocrita, 29

Chalcis, Apocrita, 29

Chalina, see Haliclona

Chamaeleo, Sauria, 41

chamaeleon {Chamaeleo), Sauria, 41

chamois (Rupicapra), Ruminantia, 46

Channa, Channoidea, 38

Channoidea, 38
*Chaoborus ( = Corethra), Nematocera, 28

Chaos, Amoebina, 7

char (Salvelinus), Salmonoidea, 36

Charadriiformes, 42

Charadrius, Charadriiformes, 42
*Charax, Cyprinoidea, 37
* — , see Puntazzo

Charinus, Amblypygi, 3 1

Charonia, Mesogastropoda, 22

cheetah (Acinonyx), Fissipeda, 45

Cheilostomata, 20

Cheleutoptera, see Phasmida

Chelicerata, 3 1 (footnote)

Chelifer, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1

Chelodina, Pleurodira, 41

Chelone, Cryptodira, 41

Chelonethi, see Pseudoscorpiones

Chelonia, see Testudines
*Chelonus, Apocrita, 29

Chelus, Pleurodira, 41
*Chelydra, Cryptodira, 41
*Chermes, Homoptera, 27

Chernetes, see Pseudoscorpiones

chevrotain {Tragidus), Ruminantia, 46

ChUodonella, Cyrtophorina, 8

Chilognatha, 25

Chilomastix, Metamonadina, 6

ChUomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

Chilopoda, 25
*Chiloscyllium, Galeoidea, 36

Chimaera, Holocephali, 36

Chimaerocoloidea, 13

chimpanzee (Pan), Simiae, 44

chinch bug (Blissus), Heteroptera, 27

Chinchilla, Hystricomorpha, 45

chinchilla {Chinchilla), Hystricomorpha, 45

Chinese liver fluke disease {Clonorchis),
Digenea, 14

chipmunk (Tamias), Sciuromorpha, 45
*Chiridota, Apoda, 33

Chirocephalus, Anostraca, 29

Chirodropus, Cubomedusae, 1 1

CHIROLEPTES

66

COBITIS

*Chiroleptes, see Cy dor ana

Chironomus, Nematocera, 28
*Chironys, see Daubentonia

Chiroptera, 44

Chiton, Chitonida, 21

Chitonida, 21
*Chlaeniiis, Adephaga, 28
*Chlamydodon, Cyrtophorina, 8

Chlamydomonas, Phytomonadina, 6

Chlamydophiys, Testacea, 7
*Chlamydoselachus, Notidanoidea, 35
*Chlamyphorus, Edentata, 44
*C/iheopsis, see Cloeon
*Ch/oraema, see Flabelligera

Chloramoeba, Xanthomonadina, 6
*Chlons, Passeres, 43

Chlorogonium, Phytomonadina, 6
*Chlorohydra, Athecata, 1 1

Chloromonadina, 6

Chloromyxum, Myxosporidia, 8
*Chologaster, Microcyprini, 38

Chondracanthus, Lernaeopodoida, 30

Chondrichthyes, see Selachii

Chondrobrachii, 37

Chondropterygii, see Selachii

CAow^ra^/a, Astrosclerophora, 10

Chondrostei, 36

Chonotrichida, 8

Chordata, 34-^6

Chordeuma, Nematophora, 25

Chordeumida, see Nematophora

Chordodes, Gordioidea, 1 7

Choristida, 1 1
*Chorophilus, see Pseudacris

Chorthippus, Caelifera, 27
*Chortophaga, Caelifera, 27

Chromadorida, 18

Chromadoroidea, 18

Chromulina, Chrysomonadina, 6

Chrysamoeba, Chrysomonadina, 6

Chry sacra, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Chrysemys, Cryptodira, 41

Chrysochloris, Insectivora, 44

Chrysolina, Polyphaga, 28

Chrysomonadina, 6

Chrysopa, Planipennia, 28

Chthamaliis, Thoracica, 30

Chthonius, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1
*Chydorus, Cladocera, 29

cicada (Magicicada), Homoptera, 27
*Cichla, Percoidea, 38

Cicindela, Adephaga, 28

Ciconia, Ciconiiformes, 42

Ciconiiformes, 42

Cidaris, Cidaroida, 33

Cidaroida, 33

Ciliata, 8-9

Ciliophora, see Ciliata

Citnex, Heteroptera, 27

Ciona, Phlebobranchiata, 34
*Circotettix, Caelifera, 27
*Circus, Falconiformes, 42
*Cirolana, Isopoda, 30

Cirratuliis, Polychaeta, 24

Cirripedia, 30
*Cistudo, Cryptodira, 41

Citellus, Sciuromorpha, 45

civet ( Viverra), Fissipeda, 45

Cladistia, 36

Cladocera, 29

Cladocopa, 29

Cladorhiza, Sigmatosclerophora, 10
*Clangula, Anseriformes, 42
*Clarias, Siluroidea, 37

Clathrina, Homocoela, 9

Clathrulina, Heliozoa, 7
*Clava, Athecata, 1 1

Clavelina, Aplousobranchiata, 34

clawed toad (Xenopus), Opisthocoela, 40
*Clenimys, Cryptodira, 41

Clethrionomys, Myomorpha, 45
*Clibanarius, Reptantia, 31

Climacostomum, Heterotrichina, 9

climbing perch (Anabas), Anabantoidea, 38

cling-fishes (Xenopterygii), 39

Cliona, Astrosclerophora, 10

Clione, Pteropoda, 22

Clistogastra, see Apocrita

ClitelHo, Oligochaeta, 24
* Cloeon ( - Chloeopsis), Ephemeroptera, 26

Clonorchis, Digenea, 14

clothes moth (Tinea), Ditrysia, 28

Clupea, Clupeoidea, 36

Clupeiformes, see Isospondyli

Clupeoidea, 36

Clypeaster, Clypeasterina, 33

Clypeasterina, 33

Clypeasteroida, 33
*Cnemidophorus, Sauria, 41
*Cnesterodon, Microcyprini, 38

Cnidaria, 11-12

— , see Ctenophora

Cnidosporidia, 8

coat of mail shell (Chiton), Chitonida, 21

cobego (Cynocephalus), Dermoptera, 44
*Cobitis, Cyprinoidea, 37

COBRA

67

COTURNK

cobra (Naja), Serpentes, 41

Coccidiomorpha, 7-8

Coccidium. see Eimeria

Coccinella, Polyphaga, 28

Coccolithophorida, 6

Coccomyxa, Myxosporidia, 8

Coccus. Homoptera, 27

Cochliopodium, Testacea, 7

cockle (Cardium), Eulamellibranchia, 23

cockroaches (Blattodea), 26

cod (Gadus), Anacanthini, 38

coelacanth (Latimeria), Actinistia, 40

Coelacanthini, see Actinistia

Coelenterata. see Cnidaria

— , see Ctenophora

Coelodendrum, Radiolaria, 7
*Coelogenys, see Cunicuhts

Coeloplana, Platyctenea, 1 2

Coelosomides, Trichostomatida, 8

Coenagrion, Zygoptera, 26
*Coenobita, Reptantia, 31

Coleoptera, 28
*Colias, Ditrysia, 28

Coliiformes, 43

Colius, Coliiformes, 43

Collembola, 25
*Collocalia. Apodiformes, 43

Collotheca, Collothecacea, 1 7

Collothecacea, 17

Collozoum, Radiolaria, 7

Colobognatha, 25

Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa),
Polyphaga, 28

Colossendeis, Colossendeomorpha, 3 1

Colossendeomorpha, 3 1
*Colpidium, Tetrahymenina, 8

Colpoda, Trichostomatida, 8

colugo iCynocephahis), Dermoptera, 44

Columba. Columbiformes, 43

Columbiformes, 43

Colymbiformes, see Gaviiformes

— , see Podicipediformes

Colymbus, see Gavia

comb jellies (Ctenophora), 12-13

comb jelly (Mnemiopsis), Lobata, 12

common lemur (Lemur), Prosimii, 44

common old world mole (Talpa),
Insectivora, 44

common phalanger (Trichosurus),
Marsupialia, 44
*Compsus, Polyphaga, 28

Conchophthirus, Thigmotrichida, 9

Conchostraca, 29

Condylostoma, Heterotrichina, 9
*Condylura, Insectivora, 44

coney (Procavia), Hyracoidea, 46

Conger, Apodes, 37

Congo eel {Amphiuma),
Salamandroidea, 40
* Congromuraena, Apodes, 37

Conochilus, Flosculariacea, 1 7
*Conotrachelus, Polyphaga, 28

Constrictor, Serpentes, 41

Contarinia, Nematocera, 28

Conus, Stenoglossa, 22

Convolute/, Acoela, 13

Cooperia, Strongylina, 1 8

Copeina, Cyprinoidea, 37

Copelata, 35

Copeognatha, see Psocoptera

Copepoda, 29-30

Coracias, Coraciiformes, 43

Coraciiformes, 43

Corallimorpharia, 12

corals, black (Antipatharia), 12

— , soft (Octocorallia), 12

— , stony (Scleractinia), 12

— , true (Scleractinia), 12

Cordulegaster, Anisoptera, 26
*Cordylobia, Cyclorrhapha, 28
*Coregonus, Salmonoidea, 36
*Corella, Phlebobranchiata, 34
*Corethra, see Chaoborus

Corixa, Heteroptera, 27

cormorant (Phalacrocorax),
Pelecaniformes, 42

Cornish suckers (Xenopterygii), 39

Cornuspira, Foraminifera, 7

Coronatae, 1 1

Corophium, Amphipoda, 30

Corrodentia, see Psocoptera

Corvus, Passeres, 43

Corydalis, Megaloptera, 27
*Corymorpha, Athecata, 1 1

Corynactis, Corallimorpharia, 12

Coryne, Athecata, 1 1

Cossus, Ditrysia, 28
*Cothurnia, Peritrichida, 9

Cotinga, Tyranni, 43

cotinga {Cotinga), Tyranni, 43
*Cotinis, Polyphaga, 28

cotton rat (Sigmodon), Myomorpha, 45

cotton stainer (Dysdercus), Heteroptera, 27

cottontail (Sylvilagus), Lagomorpha, 45

Cottus, Scorpaenoidea, 39
*Coturnix, Galliformes, 42

COTYLEA

68

CYCLOPH\ LLIDEA

Cotylea, 13

Cotylorhiza, Rhizostomae, 12
coucal {Centropus), Cuculiformes, 43
coucha rat (Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45
cougar (Felis), Fissipeda, 45
cowrie (Cypraea), Mesogastropoda, 22
coypu {Myocastor), Hystricomorpha, 45
crab, blue (Callinectes), Reptantia, 31
— , edible (Cancer), Reptantia, 3 1
— , fiddler {Uca), Reptantia, 31
— , hermit {Dardanus), Reptantia, 3 1
— , — (Pagurus), Reptantia, 31
— , river (Potamon), Reptantia, 3 1
— , shore (Carcinus), Reptantia, 31
— , spider (Maia), Reptantia, 31
— , stone {Lithodes), Reptantia, 31
crab louse (Phthirus), Anoplura, 27
crabs, king (Xiphosura), 3 1
Crago, see Crangon
crane {Gnis), Gruiformes, 42
Crangon, Natantia, 3 1
Crania, Neotremata, 21
Cranie/la, see TetilJa
Craspedacusta, Limnomedusae, 1 1
*Crassostrea ( = Gryphaea),
Eulamellibranchia, 23
Craterostigmomorpha, 25
Craterostigmus,

Craterostigmomorpha, 25
crawfish (Pa/mMn/5), Reptantia, 31
Crax, Galliformes, 42
crayfish, fresh-water {Astacus),

Reptantia, 3 1
— , — (Cambariis), Reptantia, 31
*Crenilabrus, Percoidea, 38
*Creophilus, Polyphaga, 28
Crepidula, Mesogastropoda, 22
Cricetus, Myomorpha, 45
cricket (Acheta), Ensifera, 26
— , bush (Tettigonia), Ensifera, 26
— , mole (Gryllotalpa), Ensifera, 26
— , snowy (Oecanthus), Ensifera, 26
*Cricotopus ( = Acricotopus),
Nematocera, 28
Crinoidea, 32
*Crioceris, Polyphaga, 28
Crista, Cyclostomata, 20
Cristatella, Phylactolaemata, 20
Crithidia, Protomonadina, 6
Crocidura, Insectivora, 44
crocodile {Crocodylus), Crocodylia, 41
Crocodylia, 41
Crocodylus, Crocodylia, 41

Crossopterygii, 40

Crotalus, Serpentes, 41

Crotophaga, Cuculiformes, 43

crow (Corvus), Passeres, 43

crowned pigeon (Goura),
Columbiformes, 43

Crustacea, 29-3 1

Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Cryptobranchus, Cryptobianchoidea, 40
*Cryptocercus, Blattodea, 26
*Cryptochaetum, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Cryptochiton, Chitonida, 21

Cryptocysta, see Microsporidia

Cryptodira, 41

Cryptomonadina, 6

Cryptomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

Cryptopora, Rhynchonelloidea, 21

Cryptops, Scolopendromorpha, 25

Cryptosula, Cheilostomata, 20
* Crypt Otis, Insectivora, 44

Crypturellus, Tinamiformes, 41

Crypturi, see Tinamiformes

Ctenocephalides, Siphonaptera, 29
*Ctenolabrus, Percoidea, 38

Ctenophora, 12-13

— , see Cnidaria

Ctenoplana, Platyctenea, 12

Ctenoplana, see Platyctenea

Ctenostomata, 20

Ctenostomatida, 9

Cubomedusae, 1 1

cuckoo (Cuculus), Cuculiformes, 43

Cuculiformes, 43

Cuculus, Cuculiformes, 43

Cucumaria, Dendrochirota, 33

Culex, Nematocera, 28

Cumacea, 30
*Cumingia, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Cunicuhis ( = Coelogenys),
Hystricomorpha, 45

Cunina, Narcomedusae, 1 1

Cupes, Archostemata, 28

curassow {Crax), Galliformes, 42

cusk eels (Ophidioidea), 38

Cuspidaria, Septibranchia, 23

cuttle-fish (Sepia), Decapoda, 23

Cyamus, Amphipoda, 30

Cyanea, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Cyathomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

*Cyathura, Isopoda, 30

Cyclidium, Pleuronematina, 8

Cyclomyaria, see Doliolida

Cyclophyllidea, 14

CYCLOPOroA

69

DIADEMA

Cyclopoida, 29

Cycloposthium, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Cyclops, Cyclopoida, 29
*Cycloptenis, Scorpaenoidea, 39
*Cyc/orana ( = Chiroleptes), Procoela, 40

Cyclorrhapha, 28

Cyclospora, Eimeriidea, 7
*Cyclostoma, see Pomatias

Cyclostomata, 20, 35

Cydippida, 12

Cygnus, Anseriformes, 42

Cylindroiuhis, Julida, 25

Cylindrolainms, Chromadorida, 1 8
*Cymbium, see Melo

Cymothoa, Isopoda, 30
*Cynips ( = Dryophanta), Apocrita, 29

Cynocephalus, Dermoptera, 44
*Cynomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Cynopterus, Megachiroptera, 44
*Cynoscion, Percoidea, 38
*Cyphoderia, Testacea, 7

Cypraea, Mesogastropoda, 22

Cypridina, Myodocopa, 29

Cyprinodontes, see Microcyprini

Cyprinodontiformes, see Microcyprini

Cyprinoidea, 37

Cyprimis, Cyprinoidea, 37

Cypris, Podocopa, 29

Cyrtophorina, 8

cyst eelworm (Heterodera), Tylenchida, 1 8

Cysticerciis, see Taenia
*Cystophora, Pinnipedia, 46

Cythere, Podocopa, 29

Cytherella, Platycopa, 29

Cyzicus, Conchostraca, 29

D

Dactylifera, see Temnocephalidea
Dactyloda, see Temnocephalidea
Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactyloidea, 13
Dactylonietra, Semaeostomae, 1 2
Dactylopteroidea, see Cephalacanthoidea
Dactylopterus, see Cephalacanthus

* Dacus, Cyclorrhapha, 28
daddy-long-legs (Tipula), Nematocera, 28
Dallia, Haplomi, 37
Dallina, Terebratelloidea, 21

* Dallingeria, Metamonadina, 6
Dalyellia, Rhabdocoela, 1 3
Dama, Ruminantia, 46
Damon, Amblypygi, 31
damsel flies (Zygoptera), 26

*Danaus ( = Anosia), Dilrysia, 28

*Danio, Cyprinoidea, 37

Daphnia, Cladocera, 29

Dardanus, Reptantia, 3 1

Dasyatis, Batoidea, 36
* Dasybranchus, Polychaeta, 24

Dasypus, Edentata, 44

Dasyurus, Marsupialia, 44
* Daiibentonia ( — Chironys), Prosimii, 44

dead men's fingers (Alcyoninm),
Alcyonacea, 12

death's head hawk moth (Acherontia),
Ditrysia, 28

Decapoda, 23, 3 1
*Decticus, Ensifera, 26

deep-sea anglerfishes (Ceratioidea), 39

deer, fallow (Dama), Ruminantia, 46

— , musk (Moschus), Ruminantia, 46

— , red (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46

deer mouse (Peromyscus), Myomorpha, 45
*Deilephila, Ditrysia, 28

Deima, Elasipoda, 32

Delphinus, Odontoceti, 45

Demospongiae, 10-11

Dendraster, Scutellina, 33

Dendrobates, Procoela, 40

Dendrochirota, 33

Dendrocoelum, Paludicola, 13

Dendroctonus, Polyphaga, 28
* Dendrodoa, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Dendrohyrax, Hyracoidea, 46

* Dendroides, Polyphaga, 28
* Dendrolinuis, Ditrysia, 28

Dendromonas, Chrysomonadina, 6
Dendrostomum, Sipunculoidea, 23

* Denisonia, Serpen tes, 41
Dentalium, Scaphopoda, 22
Depressaria, Ditrysia, 28
Dermanyssus, Acari, 31
Dermaptera, 27

* Dermestes, Polyphaga, 28
Dermochelys, Cryptodira, 41
Dermoptera, 44
Derocheilocarida, 30
Derocheilocaris, Derocheilocarida, 30

* Derostonuh Rhabdocoela, 13
Desmodus, Microchiroptera, 44
Desmognathus, Salamandroidea, 40
Desmomyaria, see Salpida
Desmoscolecoidea, 19
Desmoscolex, Chromadorida, 1 8
Devescovina, Metamonadina, 6

* Diacrisia, Ditrysia, 28
Diadema, Diadematoida, 33

DIADEMATACEA

70

DONUSA

Diadematacea, 33

Diadematoida, 33

Diaptomus, Calanoida, 29
* Diaschiza, see Cephalodella

Diastylis, Cumacea, 30
*Diazona, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Dibothriocephalus, see Diphyllobothrium

Dibranchia, 23

Dicamptodon, Ambystomoidea, 40
* Dicentrarchus ( =Labrax), Percoidea, 38

Diceros, Ceratomorpha, 46

Diclidophora, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Diclidophoroidea, 13

Diclybothrium, Diclybothroidea, 14

Diclybothroidea, 14
* Dicranophorus, Ploima, 17

Dicrocoelium, Digenea, 14

Dictyocaulus, Strongylina, 1 8

Dictyocha, Silicoflagellata, 6
*Dictyoploca, Embioptera, 27

Dictyoptera, 26

Dicyema, Dicyemida, 9

Dicyemida, 9

Didelphis, Marsupialia, 44

Didemnum, Aplousobranchiata, 34

Didesmida, 14
* Diediocephala, Homoptera, 27

Diemictylus, Salamandroidea, 40

Dientamoeba, Rhizomastigina, 7

Difflugia, Testacea, 7

Digenea, 14

Dileptus, Rhabdophorina, 8

Dina, Gnathobdellida, 24

Dinamoebidium, Dinoflagellata, 6

Dinobryon, Chrysomonadina, 6

Dinoflagellata, 6

Dinophilus, Archiannelida, 24

Dioctophymatina, 18

Dioctophyme, Dioctophymatina, 1 8

Dioctophymoidea, 19
*Diodon, Tetraodontoidea, 39
*Diodora, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Diomedea, Procellariiformes, 42

Diophrys, Hypotrichida, 9

Diotocardia, see Archaeogastropoda

Diphyllidea, 14

Diphyllobothrium, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Diplasiocoela, 41
* Diplodinium, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Diplogaster, Rhabditina, 1 7

Diploglossata, see Hemimerina
* Diplolepis ( = Rhodites), Apocrita, 29

Diplomonadida, see Distomatina

Diplomystes, Siluroidea, 37

Diplopoda, 24-25

Diplosolen, Cyclostomata, 20

Diplostomum, Digenea, 14

Diplozoon, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Diplura, 26

Dipneusti, see Dipnoi

Dipnoi, 40
* Dipodomys, Sciuromorpha, 45
* Dipsadomorphus, see Boiga

Diptera, 28

Dipus, Myomorpha, 45

Dipylidium, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Diwfilaria, Spirurida, 1 8

Discinisca, Neotremata, 21

Discocephali, 39

Discocephalum, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Discocotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Discoglossiis, Opisthocoela, 40

Discomorpha, Ctenostomatida, 9

Discorbis, Foraminifera, 7

Disculicepitidea, 16
* Dissosteira, Caelifera, 27

Distoma, see Fasciola

Distomatina, 7

Distomum, see Fasciola

Distyla, see Lecane
*Ditrema, Percoidea, 38

Ditrysia, 28

Ditylenchus, Tylenchida, 1 8
*Diurella, see Trichocerca

divers (Gaviiformes), 42

diving petrel (Pelecanoides),
Procellariiformes, 42

Dixippus, see Carausius

Dobson fly (Corydalis), Megaloptera, 27

Dodecolopoda, Colossendeomorpha, 31

dog {Canis), Fissipeda, 45

dog heart worm (DirofHaria), Spirurida, 1 8

dog kidney worm (Dioctophyme),
Dioctophymatina, 18

dogfish (Scyliorhinus), Galeoidea, 36

dogfishes (Pleurotremata), 35-36

dog-whelk (Nassa), Stenoglossa, 22

Dolichoglossus, see Saccoglossus

Doliolida, 35

Doliolum, Doliolida, 35
* Dolium, see Tonna

Dolops, Branchiura, 30

dolphin (Delphinus), Odontoceti, 45

— , bottle-nosed (7M/-5/o;j5'),Odontoceti, 45

donkey {Equus), Hippomorpha, 46
*Donusa, Phasmida, 26

DORIS

71

EEVIERIA

Doris, Nudibranchia, 22

dormouse {Glis), Myomorpha, 45

— (Muscardinus), Myomorpha, 45

Dorylaimina, 18

Dorylaimoidea, 18

Dorylaimus, Dorylaimina, 18

Dracunculoidea, 19

jDrafM/7fw/w5, Spirurida, 18

dragonets (Callionymoidea), 38

dragon-fishes (Hypostomides), 39

dragonflies, true (Anisoptera), 26

Drepanophorus, Polystylifera, 16
* Drilocrius, Oligochaeta, 24

dromedary {Camelus), Tylopoda, 46
*Dromia, Reptantia, 31

Dromiceius, Casuariiformes, 41

drone fly (Eristalis), Cyclorrhapha, 28

Drosophila, Cyclorrhapha, 28
* Dryocopus, Piciformes, 43
* Dryophanta, see Cynips

duck {Anas), Anseriformes, 42

duck-bill (Ornithorhynchus),
Monotremata, 43

Dugesia, Paludicola, 13

Dugong, Sirenia, 46

dugong (Dugong), Sirenia, 46

dusky salamander {Desmognathus),
Salamandroidea, 40

dwarf siren {Pseiidobranchus), Meantes, 40

Dysdercus, Heteroptera, 27

dysentery (Balantidiiim),
Trichostomatida, 8

— , amoebic (Entamoeba), Amoebina, 7

Dytiscus, Adephaga, 28

ear-shell (Haliotis), Archaeogastropoda, 2 1
earthworm (Allolobophora), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Eisenia), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Lumbricus), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Pheretima), Oligochaeta, 24
earwigs (Forficulina), 27

eastern mole (Scalopus), Insectivora, 44
eastern newt {Diemictylus),

Salamandroidea, 40
Ebria, Ebriideae, 6
Ebriaceae, see Ebriideae
Ebriideae, 6
'''Ecdyonurus, Ephemeroptera, 26
Echeneihothrium, Tetraphyllidea, 14
Echeneiformes, see Discocephali
Echeneis, Discocephali, 39
Echidna, see Tachyglossus

Echidnophaga, Siphonaptera, 29
Echinacea, 33

Echinarachniiis, Scutellina, 33
Echiniscus, Heterotardigrada, 32
Echinobothrium, Diphyllidea, 14
Echinocardium, Spatangoida, 34
Echinococcus, Cyclophyllidea, 14
Echinocucmnis, Dendrochirota, 33
Echinocyamus, Laganina, 33
Echinoderes, Echinoderida, 1 7
Echinoderida, 17
Echinodermata, 32-34
Echinoida, 33
Echinoidea, 33-34
Echinometra, Echinoida, 33
Echinoneina, 33
Echinoneus, Echinoneina, 33
Echinorhinus, Squaloidea, 36
Echinorhynchus, Palaeacanthocephala, 20
Echinosorex, Insectivora, 44
Echinostoma, Digenea, 14
Echinothurioida, 33
Echinus, Echinoida, 33
* Echiostoma, Stomiatoidea, 36
Echiuroidea, 23
Echiuroinea, 23
Echiurus, Echiuroinea, 23
Ectobius, Blattodea, 26
Ectoprocta, see Polyzoa
Edentata, 44

edible crab {Cancer), Reptantia, 31
eel, Congo (Amphiuma),

Salamandroidea, 40
— , electric {Electrophorus), Cyprinoidea, 37
— , mud- {Siren), Meantes, 40
— , shore {Alabes), Alabetoidea, 40
eels (Apodes), 37
— , cusk (Ophidioidea), 38
— , gulper (Lyomeri), 37
— , spiny (Opisthomi), 39
eelworm, cyst (Heterodera), Tylenchida, 1 8
— , leaf {Aphelenchoides), Tylenchida, 1 8
— , root-knot {Meloidogyne),

Tylenchida, 18
— , sour paste (Panagrellus),

Rhabditina, 17
— , stem-and-bulb (Ditylenchus),

Tylenchida, 18
— , vinegar {Turbatrix), Rhabditina, 1 7
— , wheat gall (Anguina), Tylenchida, 18
*Egernia, Sauria, 41
* Eidolon, Megachiroptera, 44
Eimeria, Eimeriidea, 7

EIMERHDEA

72

ESOCOroEI

Eimeriidea, 7

Eisenia, Oligochaeta, 24

eland (Taurotragus), Ruminantia, 46

Elasipoda, 32

Elasmobranchii, see Selachii

electric catfish (Malaptenirus),

Siluroidea, 37
electric eel (Electrophorus), Cyprinoidea, 37
Electrophonis, Cyprinoidea, 37
Eledone, Octopoda, 23
elephant, African (Loxodonta),

Proboscidea, 46
— , Asiatic (Elephas),

Proboscidea, 46
elephant louse (Haematomyzus),

Rhynchophthirina, 27
elephant seal (Mirounga), Pinnipedia, 46
elephant shrew (Macroscelides),

Insectivora, 44
*Elephantulus, Insectivora, 44
Elephas, Proboscidea, 46
Eleutherodactylus, Procoela, 40
Eleutherozoa, 32-34

'elk', American {Cervus), Ruminantia, 46
elk, European {Alces), Ruminantia, 46
Elminius, Thoracica, 30
Elphidiiim, Foraminifera, 7
Elpidia, Elasipoda, 32
Elysia, Sacoglossa, 22
Embadomonas, Metamonadina, 6
*Emberiza, Passeres, 43
Embia, Embioptera, 27
Embioptera, 27
*Emerita, Reptantia, 3 1
* Emplectonema, Monostylifera, 16
Empoasca, Homoptera, 27
Einpusa, Mantodea, 26
emu {Dromiceius), Casuariiformes, 41
*Emys, Cryptodira, 41
*Enallagma, Zygoptera, 26
*Enarmonia, Ditrysia, 28
Enchytraeus, Oligochaeta, 24
Endamoeba, Amoebina, 7
Endolimax, Amoebina, 7
Endoprocta, see Entoprocta
Endopterygota, see Oligoneoptera
*Engraulis, Clupeoidea, 36
Enopla, 39
Enoplida, 18
Enoplina, 18
Enoploidea, 18
Enoplus, Enoplina, 18
Ensifera, 26

*Ensis, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Entamoeba, Amoebina, 7

Enterobius, Ascaridina, 1 8

Enterogona, 34

Enteromonas, Metamonadina, 6

Enteropneusta, 34

Entodiniomorphida, 9

Entodiniiim, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Entoniscus, Isopoda, 30

Entoprocta, 20
*Entosphenus, Hyperoartii, 35
*Entylia, Homoptera, 27

Eoacanthocephala, 20

Eolis, Nudibranchia, 22

Eos, Psittaciformes, 43

Eosentomon, Protura, 26

Epalxis, Ctenostomatida, 9

Epeira, see Araneus

Ephemera, Ephemeroptera, 26
*Ephemerella, Ephemeroptera, 26

Ephemeroptera, 26

Ephestia, Ditrysia, 28

Epidinium, Entodiniomorphida, 9
*EpUachna, Polyphaga, 28

Epimorpha, 25

Epimys, see Rattus
*Epinephele, Ditrysia, 28
* Epinephelus { = Cerna), Percoidea, 38

Epiophlebia, Anisozygoptera, 26

Epiphanes, Ploima, 1 7

Epipolasida, 1 1

Epistylis, Peritrichida, 9

Epizoanthus, Zoanthiniaria, 1 2

Epomophorus, Megachiroptera, 44
*Eptesicus, Microchiroptera, 44
*Eqimla, Percoidea, 38

Eqiius, Hippomorpha, 46
*Erannis ( = Hybernia), Ditrysia., 28
*Encymba, Cyprinoidea, 37

Erinaceus, Insectivora, 44

Eiiocephala, see Micropteryx
*Eriocheir, Reptantia, 3 1

Eriocrania, Monotrysia, 28
*Enphia, Ditrysia, 28
* — , Reptantia, 31

Eristalis, Cyclorrhapha, 28
*Erithacus, Passeres, 43

ermine (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

Erpetoichthys, see Calamoichthys

Erpobdella, Gnathobdellida, 24

Errantia, 24 (footnote)
*Erythrimis, Cyprinoidea, 37

Esocoidei, see Haplomi

ESOX

73

FLEA, LUCERNE

Esox, Haplomi, 37
Esperiopsis, Sigmatosclerophora, 10
Estheria, see Cyzicus
Ethnwstigmus. Scolopendromorpha, 25
*Etmopterus, see Spinax
*Eubranchipus, Anostraca, 29
Eucarida, 30-31
Eucestoda, 16
Eucharis, see Leucothea
Euchlanis. Ploima, 1 7
Eucoccidia, 7-8
*Eucrangonyx ( — Bactrurus),

Amphipoda, 30
Eudorina, Phytomonadina, 6
Eudyptes, Sphenisciformes, 42
Euechinoidea, 33-34
Eugaleus, see Galeorhinus
Euglena, Euglenoidina, 6
Euglenoidina, 6
Eiiglypha, Testacea, 7
Eugnatha, see Helminthomorpha
Eugregarina, 7
Eukrohnia, Chaetognatha, 32
Eulamellibranchia, 23
Eunice, Polychaeta, 24
Eunicella, Gorgonacea, 1 2
Eupagunis, see Pagurus
Euphaiisia, Euphausiacea, 30
Euphausiacea, 30
Euplanaria, see Dugesia
Euplectella, Hexasterophora, 10
*Euplectes ( =Pyromeland), Passeres, 43

Euplotes, Hypotrichida, 9
*Eupolymma ( =Polymnia), Polychaeta, 24
*Euproctis, Ditrysia, 28
European elk (Alces), Ruminantia, 46
European spade foot (Pelobates),

Anomocoela, 40
Euryalae, 34
Eurylaimi, 43
Euiylepta, Cotylea, 1 3
Eurypharynx, Lyomeri, 37
Eurypyga, Gruiformes, 42
Eurystomata, 20
*Euscorpius, Scorpiones, 3 1
Euselachii, 35-36
Eusepia, see Sepia
Euspongia, see Spongia
Eusthenia, Plecoptera, 26
*Eustrongylides, Dioctophymatina, 18
Eutaeniophorus, Miripinnati, 37
Eutardigrada, 32
*Eutettix, Homoptera, 27

Eutheria, 44-46
*Eutonina, Thecata, 1 1

Eutrichomastix, see Monocercomonas
*Eutyphoeus, Oligochaeta, 24

Evadne, Cladocera, 29

Eventognathi, see Cyprinoidea

Evetria, Ditrysia, 28

Evotomys, see Clethriotwmys

Exocoetoidea, 37

Exocoetus, Exocoetoidea, 37

Exopterygota, see Palaeoptera

— , see Paraneoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

eye worm (Thelazia), Spirurida, 1 8

*Fabncia, Polychaeta, 24
Falco, Falconiformes, 42
falcon {Falco), Falconiformes, 42
Falconiformes, 42
fallow deer (Dama), Ruminantia, 46
false scorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), 3 1
false spiders (Solifugae), 3 1
*Fannia, Cyclorrhapha, 28
Farrea, Hexasterophora, 10
Fasciola, Digenea, 14
feather star (Antedon), Articulata, 32

(Tropiometra), Articulata, 32

Felis, Fissipeda, 45

ferret (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

fiddler crab (Uca), Reptantia, 31

fig-insect (Blastophaga), Apocrita, 29

filarial worm {Wuchererid), Spirurida, 18

Filarioidea, 19

Filibranchia, 22

Filicollis, Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Filinia, Flosculariacea, 1 7

fire bellied toad (Botnbina),

Opisthocoela, 40
fire brat (Thermobia), Thysanura, 26
fire salamander (Salamandra),

Salamandroidea, 40
fishes, bony (Pisces), 36-40
Fissipeda, 45
*Fissurella, Archaeogastropoda, 21
*Flabelligera ( = Chloraemci), Polychaeta, 24
*FlabelMa, Amoebina, 7
Flagellata, see Mastigophora
flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), 42
flat-fishes (Heterosomata), 39
flatworms (Platyhelminthes), 13-14
flea, lucerne {Sminthurus),

Symphypleona, 25

FLEAS

74

FURNARIUS

fleas (Siphonaptera), 29

— , water (Cladocera), 29

flies, caddis (Trichoptera), 28

— , damsel (Zygoptera), 26

— , may- (Ephemeroptera), 26

— , scorpion (Mecoptera), 28

— , stone- (Plecoptera), 26

— , true (Diptera), 28

— , two-winged (Diptera), 28

Floriceps, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Floscularia, Flosculariacea, 1 7

— , see C olio thee a

Flosculariacea, 17

flounder (Limanda), Heterosomata, 39

flour beetle (Tribolium), Polyphaga, 28

flour moths (Ephestia), Ditrysia, 28

fluke, cattle rumen (Paramphistomum),

Digenea, 14
— , liver, cattle and sheep (Dieroeoelium),

Digenea, 14
— , — (Faseiola), Digenea, 14
— , lung (Paragonimus), Digenea, 14
flukes (Trematoda), 14
Flustra, Cheilostomata, 20
fly, alder (Sialis), Megaloptera, 27
— , ant lion {Myrmeleon), Planipennia, 28
— , black (Simulium), Nematocera, 28
— , chalcid (Chalcis), Apocrita, 29
— , Dobson (Corydalis), Megaloptera, 27
— , drone (En'stalis), Cyclorrhapha, 28
— , frit (Oscinella), Cyclorrhapha, 28
— , horse (Tabanus), Brachycera, 28
— , house (Musca), Cyclorrhapha, 28
— , ichneumon (lehneumon), Apocrita, 29
— , — {Nemeritis), Apocrita, 29
— , lantern (Phenax), Homoptera, 27
— , sand (Phlebotomus), Nematocera, 28
— , small fruit {Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28
— , snake (Raphidia), Megaloptera, 27
— , tse-tse (Glossina), Cyclorrhapha, 28
flying fish (Exoeoetus), Exocoetoidea, 37
flying fox (Pteropus), Megachiroptera, 44
flying gurnards (Cephalacanthoidea), 39
flying lemur (Cynoeephalus),

Dermoptera, 44
flying squirrel, American (Glaueomys),

Sciuromorpha, 45
, scale-tailed {Anomalurus),

Sciuromorpha, 45
Foettingeria, Apostomatida, 8
Folia, see Velamen
Foraminifera, 7

Forcipulata, 34

Forfieula, Forficulina, 27

Forficulina, 27

Formiea, Apocrita, 29

Formiearius, Tyranni, 43

four-eyed fish {Anableps), Microcyprini, 38

fowl (Gallus), Galliformes, 42

■ — , guinea (Numida), Galliformes, 42

fowl louse (Lipeurus), Mallophaga, 27

fox (Vulpes), Fissipeda, 45

— , flying (Pteropus), Megachiroptera, 44

Fratercula, Charadriiformes, 42

Fregata, Pelecaniformes, 42

fresh-water crayfish {Astaeus),

Reptantia, 31
— - — (Cambarus), Reptantia, 3 1
fresh-water limpet {Ancylus),

Basommatophora, 22
fresh-water shrimp (Gammarus),

Amphipoda, 30
frigate bird (Fregata), Pelecaniformes, 42
Fringilla, Passeres, 43
frit fly (Oscinella), Cyclorrhapha, 28
Fritillaria, Copelata, 35
frog (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41
— , hairy (Astylostenms), Diplasiocoela, 41
— , marsupial (Gastrotheca), Procoela, 40
— , New Zealand (Leiopelma),

Amphicoela, 40
— , painted (Discoglossus), Opisthocoela, 40
— , poison (Dendrobates), Procoela, 40
— , robber (Eleutherodactyhis), Procoela, 40
— , tailed (Ascaplms), Amphicoela, 40
— , tree (Hyla), Procoela, 40
— , — (Rhacophorus), Diplasiocoela, 41
— , true (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41
frog fishes (Antennarioidea), 39
frog hopper (Cercopis), Homoptera, 27

(Philaenus), Homoptera, 27

frogmouth (Podargiis),

Caprimulgiformes, 43
Frontonia, Peniculina, 8
frost fish (Lepidopus), Trichiuroidea, 38
fruit bat (Cynopterus), Megachiroptera, 44

(Epomophorus), Megachiroptera, 44

fruit fly, small (Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28
*Fulica, Gruiformes, 42
*FuUgula, see Aythya
Fundulus, Microcyprini, 38
Fitngia, Scleractinia, 12
fungus gnat (Sciara), Nematocera, 28
Furnarius, Tyranni, 43

GADIFORMES

75

GLOSSIPHONIA

G

Gadiformes, see Anacanthini

Gadiis, Anacanthini, 38
*Gaidropsarus ( = Motella, Onos),
Anacanthini, 38

Galago, Prosimii, 44
*Galathea, Reptantia, 31

Galbula, Piciformes, 43

Galeodes, SoHfugae, 3 1

Galeoidea, 36

Galeopitheciis, see Cynocephalus

Gakopterus, see Cynocephalus

Galeorhinus, Galeoidea, 36
*Galerucella, Polyphaga, 28

Galeus, see Galeorhinus

Galleria, Ditrysia, 28

GalHformes, 42

GaUus, GalUformes, 42
*Gambusia, Microcyprini, 38

Gammarus, Amphipoda, 30

gannet (Sula), Pelecaniformes, 42

gape worm (Syngamus), StrongyHna, li

gaper (Mya), Eulamellibranchia, 23

— (Poroniya), Septibranchia, 23

garfish (Belone), Scombresocoidea, 37

gar-pikes (Ginglymodi), 36
*Gairulus, Passeres, 43

Garypus, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1
*GasterophUus, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Gasterosteus, Thoracostei, 39

Gasterostoidea, see Thoracostei

Gasterostomata, 15
*Gastnmargus, Caelifera, 27

Gastrocotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Gastrodes, Platyctenea, 12
*GastrophUus, see G aster ophUus

Gastropoda, 21-22

Gastrosaccus, Mysidacea, 30

Gastrotheca, Procoela, 40

Gastrotricha, 17

Gavia, Gaviiformes, 42

gavial, Malayan (Tomistoma),
Crocodylia, 41

Gavialis, Crocodylia, 41

Gaviiformes, 42

Gazella, Ruminantia, 46

gazelle (Gazella), Ruminantia,^46
*Gebia, Reptantia, 31
*Gecardnus, Reptantia, 31

gecko (Hemidactylus), Sauria, 41

Gelatinosa, 10
*Gelis, Apocrita, 29

Genypterus, Ophidioidea, 38

Geococcyx, Cuculiformes, 43

GeoJ/fl, Astrosclerophora, 10
*Geograpsus, Reptantia, 31

Geomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Geonemertes, Monostylifera, 1 6

Geophilomorpha, 25

Geophilus, Geophilomorpha, 25

Geoplana, Terricola, 1 3
*Geotrupes, Polyphaga, 28

Gephyrea, 17, 23 (footnotes)

gerbil (Gerbillus), Myomorpha, 45

Gerbillus, Myomorpha, 45

Geryonia, Trachymedusae, 1 1

'gharial', Indian (Gavialis), Crocodylia, 41

ghost moth (Hcpialus), Monotrysia, 28

ghost shrimp (Caprella), Amphipoda, 30

giant anteater (Myrmecophaga),
Edentata, 44

giant armadillo (Priodontes), Edentata, 44

giant panda (Ailuropoda), Fissipeda, 45

giant salamander (Megalobatrachus),
Cryptobranchoidea, 40

, Pacific (Dicamptodon),

Ambystomoidea, 40

giant wood wasp (Sirex), Symphyta, 29

Giardia, Distomatina, 7

gibbon (Hylobates), Simiae, 44
*Gibbula, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Gigantorhynchus, Archiacanthocephala, 20

Gigantura, Giganturoidea, 37

Giganturoidea, 37

Gila monster (Heloderma), Sauria, 41

Ginglymodi, 36

gipsy moth (Lymantria), Ditrysia, 28

Girajfa, Ruminantia, 46

giraffe (Girajfa), Ruminantia, 46
*Girardinus, Microcyprini, 38
*Girella, Percoidea, 38

Glandiceps, Enteropneusta, 34

glass sponges (Hexactinellida), 10

Glaucoma, Tetrahymenina, 8

Glaucomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Glaucus, Nudibranchia, 22

Glis, Myomorpha, 45

globe-fishes (Plectognathi), 39

Globidium, Eimeriidea, 7

Globigerina, Foraminifera, 7

Glomerida, 25

Glomeridesmida, 25

Glomeridesmus, Glomeridesmida, 25

Glomeris, Glomerida, 25

Glossina, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Glossiphonia, Rhynchobdellida, 24

GLOSSOBALANUS

76

GYMNOLAEMATA

Glossobalanus, Enteropneusta, 34

Glottidia, Atremata, 21

Glugea, Microsporidia, 8

Glycera, Polychaeta, 24
*Glycy men's (—Pectunciilus),
Eulamellibranchia, 23

gnat, fungus (Sciara), Nematocera, 28

Gnathia, Gnathiidea, 30

Gnathiidea, 30

Gnathobdellida, 24
*Gnathonetnus, Mormyroidea, 37

Gnathophaiisia, Mysidacea, 30

Gnathostoma, Spirurida, 18

Gnathostomata, 33

goat (Cap) a), Ruminantia, 46

goat moth (Cossus), Ditrysia, 28

Gobiesociformes, see Xenopterygii

Gobioidea, 38

Gobius, Gobioidea, 38

goby (Gobius), Gobioidea, 38

golden hamster (Mesocricetus),
Myomorpha, 45

golden mole (Chrysochloris), Insectivora, 44

Golfingia, Sipunculoidea, 23

Gomphiis, Anisoptera, 26
*Gonepteryx, Ditrysia, 28

Gongylonema, Spirurida, 18

Goniodes, Mallophaga, 27

Gomonemiis, Limnomedusae, 1 1

Gonodactylus, Stomatopoda, 30

Gonorhynchoidea, 37

Gonorhynchus, Gonorhynchoidea, 37

Gonospora, Eugregarina, 7

Gonyostonnirn, Chloromonadina, 6
*Goodea, Microcyprini, 38

goose (Anser), Anseriformes, 42

goose barnacle (Lepas), Thoracica, 30

gopher (CiteUus), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , pocket (Geomys), Sciuromorpha, 45

Gordiacea, see Nematomorpha

Gordioidea, 17

Go/y//»5, Gordioidea, 17

Gorgonacea, 12

Gorgonia, Gorgonacea, 12

Gorgonocephahis, Euryalae, 34

Gorgorhynchus, Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Gorilla, Simiae, 44

gorilla {Gorilla), Simiae, 44

goshawk (Accipiter), Falconiformes, 42
Goura, Columbiformes, 43
Grantia, Heterocoela, 9

*Grapsus, Reptantia, 31
grass snake (Matrix), Serpentes, 41

grasshopper (Chorthippus), Caelifera, 27

grasshoppers, longhorned (Ensifera), 26

— ; shorthorned (Caelifera), 27

grebes (Podicipediformes), 42

Greek tortoise (Testudo), Cryptodira, 41

green lacewing (Chrysopa), Planipennia, 28

green lizard (Lacerta), Sauria, 41

green pigeon (Treron), Columbiformes, 43

green turtle (Chelone), Cryptodira, 41

greenbottle (Lucilia), Cyclorrhapha, 28

greenfly (Aphis), Homoptera, 27

Gregarina, Eugregarina, 7

Gregarinomorpha, 7

Gressores, see Ciconiiformes

grey mullets (Mugiloidea), 38

grey seal (Halichoenis), Pinnipedia, 46

grey whale (Rhachianectes), Mysticeti, 45

gribble (Limnoria), Isopoda, 30

GnY/o^m, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Gromia, Testacea, 7

ground beetle (Carabiis), Adephaga, 28

ground squirrel, African (Xeriis),

Sciuromorpha, 45
, American (CiteUus),

Sciuromorpha, 45
grouse locust (Tetrix), Caelifera, 27
Gruiformes, 42
Grus, Gruiformes, 42
Grylloblatta, Grylloblattodea, 26
Grylloblattodea, 26
Gryllotalpa, Ensifera, 26
Gryllus, see Ache t a
*Gryphaea, see Crassostrea
Gryphus, Terebratuloidea, 2 1
guanaco (Lama), Tylopoda, 46
*Guerinia, Cyclorrhapha, 28
guinea fowl (Numida), Galliformes, 42
guinea pig (Cavia), Hystricomorpha, 45
guinea worm (Dracunculus), Spirurida, 1 8
gull (Larus), Charadriiformes, 42
gullet worm (Gongylonema), Spirurida, 18
gulper eels (Lyomeri), 37
Gunda, see Procerodes
guppy (Lebistes), Microcyprini, 38
gurnard (Trigla), Scorpaenoidea, 39
gurnards, flying (Cephalacanthoidea), 39
Guyenotia, Actinomyxidia, 8
Gymnarchus, Mormyroidea, 37
Gymnoblastea, see Athecata
Gymnodinioides, Apostomatida, 8
Gymnodinium, Dinoflagellata, 6
Gymnodontes, see Tetraodontoidea
Gymnolaemata, 20

GYMNOPHIONA

77

HEMIFUSUS

Gymnophiona, 41

Gymnopis, Gymnophiona, 41

Gymnostomatida, 8
*Gymtwtus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Gymnura, see Echinosorex
*Gypaetus, Falconiformes, 42
*Gyps, Falconiformes, 42

Gyratrix, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Gyrinus, Adephaga, 28

GvraroO'/^, Gyrocotylidea, 14

Gyrocotylidea, 14

Gyrodactyloidea, 13

Gyrodactylus, Gyrodactyloidea, 1 3

H

*Habrobracon ( = Bracon), Apocrita, 29

Habronema, Spirurida, 1 8

//oZ)ra/rac/?a, Bdelloidea, 17

Hadromerina, 1 1

Haemadipsa, Gnathobdellida, 24

Haematococcus, Phytomonadina, 6

Haematomyzus, Rhynchophthjrina, 27

Haematopinus, Anoplura, 27
*Haematopus, Charadriiformes, 42

Haemogregarina, A dele idea, 7

Haemonchus, Strongylina, 18

Haemopis, Gnathobdellida, 24

Haemoproteus, Haemosporidia, 8

Haemosporidia, 8

hagfishes (Hyperotreti), 35

hairy frog {Astylostenms), Diplasiocoela, 41

hake (Merluccius), Anacanthini, 38

Halecium, Thecata, 1 1

Halichoerus, Pinnipedia, 46

Holichondria, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Halichondrina, 1 1

Haliclona, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Haliclystus, Stauromedusae, 1 1

Halicryptus, Priapulida, 1 7

Halina, see Haliclona

Haliotis, Archaeogastropoda, 2 1

Halisarca, Keratosa, 10

Halistemma, Siphonophora, 1 1
*HaIla, Polychaeta, 24
* Halocordyle {-Pennaria), Athecata, 1 1

Halosaurus, Heteromi, 37
*Halosydna, Polychaeta, 24

Halteria, Oligotrichida, 9
*Haminea, Pleurocoela, 22

hammerhead (Scopus), Ciconiiformes, 42

— (Sphyrna), Galeoidea, 36

hamster (Cricetus), Myomorpha, 45

— , golden (Mesocricetus), Myomorpha, 45

Hanseniella, Symphyla, 25

Hapale, Simiae, 44
*Hapaleniur, Prosimii, 44

Haplobothrioidea, 14

Haplobothriunu Haplobothrioidea, 14

Haplodiniiim, Dinoflagellata, 6

Haplodoci, 39

Haplomi, 37

Haplosclerina, 1 1

Haplosporidia, 8

Haplosporidiuin, Haplosporidia, 8

Haptophrya, Astomatida, 8

hare (Lepus), Lagomorpha, 45

— , jumping (Pedetes), Myomorpha, 45

Harpacticoida, 29

Harpacticus, Harpacticoida, 29
*Harpahts, Adephaga, 28

Hanimania, Enteropneusta, 34

Harn'otta, Holocephali. 36
*Ha)tmanneUa, Amoebina, 7

harvest spiders (Opiliones), 31

harvestmen (Opiliones), 31

Hatteria, see Sphenodon

hawk, sparrow (Accipiter),
Falconiformes, 42

heart urchins (Spatangoida), 34

hedgehog {Erinaceus), Insectivora, 44

Hedn'ocystis, Heliozoa, 7
*Heleioporus, Procoela, 40
*Helicella, Basommatophora, 22

Helicosporidium, Sporozoa (end), 8
*Helina (-Aricia), Cyclorrhapha, 28

Heliocidaris, Echinoida, 33

Heliornis, Gruiformes, 42
*Heliothis, Ditrysia, 28

Heliothrips, Thysanoptera, 27

Heliozoa, 7

Helix, Stylommatophora. 22

htWocndtr (Cryptobranchus),
Cryptobranchoidea, 40

helmet-shell {Cassis), Mesogastropoda, 22

Helminthomorpha, 25

Helobdella, Rhynchobdelhda, 24

Heloderma, Sauria, 41
*Heloecius, Reptantia, 31

Hemerobius, Planipennia, 28

Hemicentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Hemichordata, 34
*Hemichromis, Percoidea, 38

Hemicidaroida, 33
*Hemiclepsis, Rhynchobdellida, 24

Hemidactylus, Sauria, 41
* Hemifusus, Stenoglossa, 22

HEMIGRAPSUS

78

HOOPOE

*Hemigropsus, Reptantia, 3 1
Hemimerina, 27
Hemimerus, Hemimerina, 27
Hemimetabola, see Palaeoptera
— , see Paraneoptera
— , see Polyneoptera
Hemimysis, Mysidacea, 30

*Hemiomscus, Isopoda, 30
Hemiptera, 27
Hemithyris, Rhynchonelloidea, 21

*Hemitripteriis, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Henicops, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Hennegitya, Myxosporidia, 8

Henrkia, Spinulosa, 34

Hepatoxylon, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Hepatozoon, Adeleidea, 7

Hepialiis, Monotrysia, 28

Heptabrachia, Thecanephria, 32

Heptatretus, Hyperotreti, 35

Heptranchias, Notidanoidea, 35
*Hermaea, Sacoglossa, 22

Hermesimim, Ebriideae, 6
*Hermione, Polychaeta, 24

hermit crab {Dardanus), Reptantia, 31

(Pagurus), Reptantia, 31

heron (Ardea), Ciconiiformes, 42

Herpestes, Fissipeda, 45

Herpobdella, see Erpobdella

herring (Cliipea), Clupeoidea, 36
*Hesperoctenes, Heteroptera, 27

Heterakis, Ascaridina, 1 8
*Heterandria, Microcyprini, 38

Heterocoela, 9

Heterocotylea, see Monogenea

Heterodera, Tylenchida, 1 8

Heterodontus, Squaloidea, 36

Heterokrohnia, Chaetognatha, 32

Heteromi, 37

Heteromyota, 23

Heteronemertina, 16

Heterophyes, Digenea, 14

Heteroptera, 27

Heterosomata, 39

Heterostigmata, 25

Heterotardigrada, 32
*Heteroteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Heterotrichida, 9

Heterotrichina, 9

Hexabothrium, Polystomatoidea, 14

Hexacrobylus, Aspiriculata, 35

Hexactinellida, 10

Hexadella, Homosclerophora, 10
*Hexagenia, Ephemeroptera, 26

* Hexagrammos ( =Labrax),

Scorpaenoidea, 39
Hexamastix, Metamonadina, 6
Hexamita, Distomatina, 7
Hexanchiformes, see Notidanoidea
Hexapoda, see Insecta
Hexarthra, Flosculariacea, 17
Hexasterophora, 10
Hexostoma, Diclidophoroidea, 13
*Hiatella ( = Saxicavd),

Eulamellibranchia, 23
Himantarium, Geophilomorpha, 25
Hippocampus, Solenichthyes, 38
*Hippodamia, Polyphaga, 28
Hippolyte, Natantia, 31
Hippomorpha, 46
Hipponoe, see Tripneustes
Hippopotamus, Suiformes, 46
hippopotamus (Hippopotamus),

Suiformes, 46
Hippotragus, Ruminantia, 46
Hircinia, Keratosa, 10
Hirudinea, 24

Hirudo, Gnathobdellida, 24
Hirundo, Passeres, 43
Hister, Polyphaga, 28
Histomonas, Rhizomastigina, 7
* Histriobdella, Polychaeta, 24
hoatzin {Opisthocomus), Galliformes, 42
Hodotermes, Isoptera, 26
Hofstenia, AUoeocoela, 1 3
hog louse (Haematopinus), Anoplura, 27
Holasteroida, 34
Holectypoida, 33
*Holocentrus, Berycomorphi, 38
Holocephali, 36

Holometabola, see Oligoneoptera
Holophrya, Rhabdophorina, 8
Holostei, 36
— , see Neopterygii
Holothuria, Aspidochirota, 32
Holothuroidea, 32-33
Holotricha, 8-9
Homarus, Reptantia, 3 1
Homo, Simiae, 44
Homocoela, 9
Homoptera, 27
Homosclerophora, 10
honey bee (Apis), Apocrita, 29
honey guide (Indicator), Piciformes, 43
hookworm (Ancylo stoma), Strongylina, 18
— (A^eca/or), Strongylina, 18
hoopoe (Upupa), Coraciiformes, 43

HOPLIAS

79

IPHINOE

*Hoplias, Cyprinoidea, 37

Hoplocarida, 30

Hoplonemertina, 16

*Hoplosternuni, Siluroidea, 37

Hormiphora, Cydippida, 1 2

horn-bill (Buceros), Coraciiformes, 43

Honiera, Cyclostomata, 20

hornet (Vespa), Apocrita, 29

horny sponges (Keratosa), 10

horse (Equus), Hippomorpha, 46

horse fly (Tabaniis), Brachycera, 28

horse roundworm (Parascaris),
Ascaridina, 18

horse stomach worm {Habronema),
Spirurida, 18

horse-hair worms (Nematomorpha), 17

horse-mussel {Modiolus), Filibranchia, 22

horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus),
Microchiroptera, 44

house fly (Mused), Cyclorrhapha, 28

house mouse (Mus), Myomorpha, 45

human louse (Pediculus), Anoplura, 27

humming-bird (Trochilus), Apodiformes, 43
*Huso, Chondrostei, 36

HutchinsonieUa, Cephalocarida, 29

Hyaena, Fissipeda, 45

hyaena, striped (Hyaena), Fissipeda, 45

Hy alone ma, Amphidiscophora, 10

Hyalospongiae, see Hexactinellida
*Hyas, Reptantia, 31
*Hybernia, see Erannis

Hydatina, see Epiphanes

Hydra, Athecata, 1 1

Hydractinia, Athecata, 1 1

Hydrobates, Procellariiformes, 42
*Hydrobia, Mesogastropoda, 22

Hydiochoerus, Hystricomorpha, 45
*Hydroides, Polychaeta, 24

hydroids (Hydrozoa), 1 1

Hydromedusae, see Hydrozoa

Hydrophilus, Polyphaga, 28
*Hydropotes, Ruminantia, 46
* Hydropsy che, Trichoptera, 28

Hydrous, see Hydrophilus

Hydrozoa, 1 1

Hydrurus, Chrysomonadina, 6
*Hyemoschus, Ruminantia, 46

Hyla, Procoela, 40
*Hylambates, Diplasiocoela, 41
*Hylecoetus, Polyphaga, 28
*Hylemyia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Hylobates, Simiae, 44

Hylodes, see Eleutherodactylus

Hymenolepis, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Hymenoptera, 29

Hymenostomatida, 8

Hynobius, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Hyperia, Amphipoda, 30

Hypermastigina, see Metamonadina

Hyperoartii, 35
*Hyperoodon, Odontoceti, 45

Hyperotreti, 35
*Hypnarce, see Hypnos
*Hypnos ( = Hypnarce), Narcobatoidea, 36

Hypocoma, Thigmotrichida, 9

Hypocomella, Thigmotrichida, 9

Hypogeophis, Gymnophiona, 41
*Hypomesus, Salmonoidea, 36
*Hypopomus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Hypostomides, 39

Hypotremata, 36

Hypotrichida, 9

Hypsibius, Eutardigrada, 32
* Hypsiprynmodon, Marsupialia, 44

Hyracoidea, 46

hyrax, tree (Dendrohyrax), Hyracoidea, 46

/f>'5//-/c/?/j', Dioctophymatina, 18

Hystricomorpha, 45

Hystrix, Hystricomorpha, 45

I

ibis (Threskiornis), Ciconiiformes, 42

Ichneumon, Apocrita, 29

ichneumon fly {Ichneumon), Apocrita, 29

{Nemeritis), Apocrita, 29

Ichthyomyzon, Hyperoartii, 35

Ichthyophis, Gymnophiona, 41

Ichthyophthirius, Tetrahymenina, 8

Icosteiformes, see Malacichthyes

Icosteus, Malacichthyes, 39

Idotea, Isopoda, 30

Iguana, Sauria, 41

iguana (Iguana), Sauria, 41

Ikeda, Heteromyota, 23

Ilyanassa, see Nassa

Inarticulata, 21

Incurvaria, Monotrysia, 28

Indian antelope (Antilope), Ruminantia, 46

Indian 'gharial' (Gavialis), Crocodylia, 41

Indicator, Piciformes, 43

Iniomi, 37

Insecta, 25-29

Insectivora, 44

lodamoeba, Amoebina, 7

lone, Isopoda, 30

Iphinoe, Cumacea, 30

IPHITA

80

LANGOUSTE

*Iphita, Heteroptera, 27

*Jps ( = Tomicits), Polyphaga, 28

Isopoda, 30

Isoptera, 26

Isospondyli, 36-37

Isospora, Eimeriidea, 7
*Isotoma, Arthropleona, 25

Ithone, Planipennia, 28

Ixodes, Acari, 3 1

jacamar (Galbula), Piciformes, 43

Jacana, Charadriiformes, 42

jackal (Canis), Fissipeda, 45

jaguar (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Jaguarius, see Panthera

Japyx, Diplura, 26

Jassa, Amphipoda, 30

Jasus, Reptantia, 3 1

jelly fish (Scyphozoa), 1 1-12

jerboa (Dipiis), Myomorpha, 45

jerboa pouched mouse (Antechmomys),

Marsupialia, 44
jigger (Tunga), Siphonaptera, 29
jird {Meriones), Myomorpha, 45
John Dory {Zeus), Zeomorphi, 38
Julida, 25
Juliformia, 25
Julus, Julida, 25

jumping hare (Pedetes), Myomorpha, 45
jumping mouse (Zapus), Myomorpha, 45
jumping plant louse (Psylla), Homoptera, 27

K

kagu (Rhynochetos), Gruiformes, 42
kala-azar (Leishmania), Protomonadina, 6
Kalotermes, Isoptera, 26
*Kaloula, Diplasiocoela, 41
Kamptozoa, see Entoprocta
kangaroo (Bettongia), Marsupialia, 44

— (Macropus), Marsupialia, 44
Karyolysus, Adeleidea, 7
Keratella, Ploima, 1 7
Keratosa, 10

kestrel (Falco), Falconiformes, 42
keyhole limpet (Megathura),

Archaeogastropoda, 21
kidney worm, dog (Dioctophyme),

Dioctophymatina, 18
killer whale (Orcinus), Odontoceti, 45
killifish (Fundulus), Microcyprini, 38

— (Oryzias), Microcyprini, 38
king crabs (Xiphosura), 31

kingfisher (Alcedo), Coraciiformes, 43

kinkajou (Potos), Fissipeda, 45

Kinorhyncha, see Echinoderida

kiwis (Apterygiformes), 41

Klossia, Adeleidea, 7

koala (P/iascolarctos), Marsupialia, 44

Koenenia, Palpigradi, 3 1

Kolga, Elasipoda, 32

kreef (ya5W5), Reptantia, 31

krill (Euphausiacea), 30

Kurtoidea, 38

Kurt us, Kurtoidea, 38

Labia, Forficulina, 27

Labidoplax, Apoda, 33

Labidura, Forficulina, 27
*Labrax, see Dicentrarchus
* — , see Hexagrammos
*Labriis, Percoidea, 38

Lacazella, Thecideoidea, 21

Lacerta, Sauria, 41

Lacertilia, see Sauria

lacewing, brown (Hemerobius),
Planipennia, 28

— , green (Chrysopa), Planipennia, 28
*Lacuna, Mesogastropoda, 22

lady bird (Coccinella), Polyphaga, 28
*Laevo!eacifia ( = Boltenia),
Stylommatophora, 22

Laganina, 33

Lagamnn, Laganina, 33
*Lagidium ( = Viscaccia),
Hystricomorpha, 45

Lagomorpha, 45
*Lagopus, Galliformes, 42

Lama, Tylopoda, 46

Lamellibranchia, see Bivalvia

Lamellisabella, Thecanephria, 32
*Lamna, Galeoidea, 36

Lamniformes, see Galeoidea

Lampanyctus, Myctophoidea, 37

Lampetra, Hyperoartii, 35

lampreys (Hyperoartii), 35

Lampridiformes, see AUotriognathi

Lampris, AUotriognathi, 38
*Lampyris, Polyphaga, 28

lancelet (Branchiostomd),
Cephalochordata, 35

land snail (Helix), Stylommatophora, 22

land-slug (Arion), Stylommatophora, 22

— (Limax), Stylommatophora, 22

langouste (Palinurus), Reptantia, 31

LANGUR

81

UCE

langur (Presbytis), Simiae, 44

lantern fly (Phenax), Homoptera, 27

lantern-fish (Lampanyctiis),
Myctophoidea, 37

— (Myctophian), Myctophoidea, 37

large roundworm (Ascaris), Ascaridina, 1 8

lark (Alauda), Passeres, 43

Laro-Limicolae, see Charadriiformes

Larus, Charadriiformes, 42

Larvacea, 35
*Lascoderma, see Lasiodenna
*Lasioderma, Polyphaga, 28
*Lasius, Apocrita, 29
*Laspeyresia ( = Carpocapsa), Ditrysia, 28
*Lateolabrax, Percoidea, 38

Latimeria, Actinistia, 40
*Latreutes, Natantia, 3 1

Lati'odectus, Araneae, 3 1

Laura, Ascothoracica, 30

leaf eelworm (Aphelenchoides),
Tylenchida, 18

leaf-hopper (Empoasca), Homoptera,[27

— , sugar cane (Perkinsiella),
Homoptera, 27

leaf-insect (Phyllium), Phasmida, 26

Leander, see Palaemoii

leathery turtle (Dermochelys),
Cryptodira, 41

Lebistes, Microcyprini, 38

Lecane, Ploima, 1 7

Lecanicephala, 16

Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Lecanicephalum, Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Lecudina, Eugregarina, 7

leech, amphibious (Trocheta),
Gnathobdellida, 24

leeches (Hirudinea), 24
*Leifnonia { = Limonia), Ditrysia, 28

Leiopebna, Amphicoela, 40
*Leipoa ( =Lipoa), Galliformes, 42

Leishmania, Protomonadina, 6

lemming (Lemmus), Myomorpha, 45

Lemmus, Myomorpha, 45

Lemur, Prosimii, 44

lemur, common (Lemur), Prosimii, 44

— , flying (Cynocephalus), Dermoptera, 44

Lemuroidea, see Prosimii

Lensia, Siphonophora, 1 1

Leo, see Panthera

leopard (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Lepadella, Ploima, 1 7

Lepadogaster, Xenopterygii, 39

Lepas, Thoracica, 30

Lepidochiton, Chitonida, 21
Lepidochitona, see Lepidochiton
*Lepidononotus, Polychaeta, 24
Lepidopleurida, 21
Lepidopleurus, Lepidopleurida, 21
Lepidoptera, 28
Lepidopus, Trichiuroidea, 38
*Lepidorhim(s, see Centrophorus
Lepidosiren, Dipnoi, 40
Lepidosteus, see Lepisosteus
Lepidurus, Notostraca, 29
Lepisma, Thysanura, 26
Lepisosteiformes, see Ginglymodi
Lepisosteus, Ginglymodi, 36
Leptasterias, Forcipulata, 34
Leptinotarsa, Polyphaga, 28
Leptocardii, see Cephalochordata
Leptochelia, Tanaidacea, 30
*Leptodius, Reptantia, 3 1
Leptodora, Cladocera, 29
*Leptograpsus, Reptantia, 3 1
Leptomedusae, see Thecata
Leptomonas, Protomonadina, 6
*Leptophlebia, Ephemeroptera, 26
Leptostraca, 30
Leptosynapta, Apoda, 33
Leptotheca, Myxosporidia, 8
Lepus, Lagomorpha, 45
— , see Oryctolagus
Lernaea, Cyclopoida, 29
— , see Lernaeocera
Lernaeocera, Caligoida, 29
— , see Lernaea
*Lernaeodiscus, Rhizocephala, 30
Lernaeopodoida, 30
lesser anteater (Tamandua), Edentata, 44
lesser octopus (Eledone), Octopoda, 23
Lestes, Zygoptera, 26
Lestris, see Stercorarius
Leucandra, see Leuconia
*Leucichthys, Salmonoidea, 36
Leucilla, Heterocoela, 9
*Leuciscus, Cyprinoidea, 37
*Leuckartiara ( = Turris), Athecata, 1 1
Leucocytozoon, Haemosporidia, 8
Leuconia, Heterocoela, 9
*Leucophaea, Blattodea, 26
*Leucorrhinia, Anisoptera, 26
Leucosolenia, Homocoela, 9
Leucothea, Lobata, 1 2
LiheUuhi, Anisoptera, 26
*Libinia, Reptantia, 31
lice (Phthiraptera), 27

LICE, BITING

82

LOUSE, ELEPHANT

lice, biting (Mallophaga), 27

— , book (Psocoptera), 27

— , sucking (Anoplura), 27

Lichenopora, Cyclostomata, 20

Licnophora, Licnophorina, 9

Licnophorina, 9

Ligia, Isopoda, 30

Ligiila, Pseudophyllidea, 14

lily trotter (Jacana), Charadriiformes, 42

Limacitm, Pteropoda, 22

Limacomorpha, see Glomeridesmida

Limanda, Heterosomata, 39

LUnapontia, Sacoglossa, 22

Umax, Stylommatophora, 22

Limicolae, 24 (footnote)

Limtmdia, Conchostraca, 29

Linmaea, see Lymnaea

Linmephilus, Trichoptera, 28

Limnocnida, Limnomedusae, 1 1
*Limnodnlus, Oligochaeta, 24
*Lmmodynastes, Procoela, 40

Limnomedusae, 1 1

Limnoha, Isopoda, 30
*Limonia, Nematocera, 28
* — , see Leimonia
*Limosa, Charadriiformes, 42

limpet (Acmaea), Archaeogastropoda, 21

— (Patella), Archaeogastropoda, 21

— , fresh-water (Ancylus),
Basommatophora, 22

— , keyhole (Megathura),
Archaeogastropoda, 21

— , slipper (Crepidula), Mesogastropoda, 22

limpkin (Aramiis), Gruiformes, 42

Limulida, see Xiphosura

Linmlus, Xiphosura, 3 1
*Lina, see Melasoma

Linens, Heteronemertina, 1 6

Linguatula, Porocephalida, 32

Lingula, Atremata, 21
Linogriathus, Anoplura, 27
Linuche, Coronatae, 1 1

lion (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45
— , Californian sea (Zalophus),

Pinnipedia, 46
— , mountain (Felis), Fissipeda, 45
— , sea (Otaria), Pinnipedia, 46
Liopelma, see Leiopelma
*Liopeltis, Serpen tes, 41
Lipeurus, Mallophaga, 27
*Lipoa, see Leipoa
Lipotropha, Schizogregarina, 7
Liriope, Trachymedusae, 1 1

Lirus, Stromateoidea, 38

Lithobiomorpha, 25

Lithobius, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Lithodes, Reptantia, 3 1

*Litomastix, Apocrita, 29

Littorina, Mesogastropoda, 22

liver fluke, cattle and sheep (Dicrocoelium),
Digenea, 14

(Fasciola), Digenea, 14

lizard, green (Lacerta), Sauria. 41

— , wall (Lacerta), Sauria, 41

lizard-fish (Synodus), Myctophoidea, 37

lizards (Sauria), 41

llama (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

Loa, Spirurida, 18

Lobata, 12

lobster (Homarus), Reptantia, 3 1

— , Norway (Nephrops), Reptantia, 31

— , rock (Panulims), Reptantia, 3 1

locust (Locusta), Caelifera, 27

— (Schistocerca), Caelifera, 27

— , grouse (Tetrix), Caelifera, 27

Locusta, Caelifera, 27

loggerhead sponge (Spheciospongia),
Astrosclerophora, 10

Loligo, Decapoda, 23
*Lomechusa, Polyphaga, 28

long necked turtle (Chelodina),
Pleurodira, 41

longhorned grasshoppers (Ensifera), 26

Lophiiformes, see Pediculati

Lophioidea, 39

Lophiomys, Myomorpha, 45

Lophius, Lophioidea, 39

Lophogaster, Mysidacea, 30
*Lophohelia, Scleractinia, 12

Lophomonas, Metamonadina, 6
*Lophopanopeus, Reptantia, 3 1

Lophopoda, see Phylactolaemata

Lophoproctus, Polyxenida, 24
*Lophortyx, Galliformes, 42
*Lophosaura, see Microsaiira
*Loricaria, Siluroidea, 37

Loricata, see Crocodylia

— , see Polyplacophora

Loricati, see Scleroparei

Loris, Prosimii, 44

loris (Loris), Prosimii, 44
'''Lota, Anacanthini, 38
*Lottia, Archaeogastropoda, 21

louse, crab (Phthirus), Anoplura, 27

— , elephant (Haematomyzus),
Rhynchophthirina, 27

LOUSE, FOWL

83

MARGARODES

louse, fowl (Lipeurus), Mallophaga, 27
— , hog (Haematopinus), Anoplura, 27
— , human (Pediculus), Anoplura, 27
— , jumping plant (Psylla), Homoptera, 27
— , plant (Aphis), Homoptera, 27
— , shaft (Menopon), Mallophaga, 27
— , whale (Cyamus), Amphipoda, 30

*Loxia, Passeres, 43
Loxocalyx, Loxosomatidae, 20
Loxodonta, Proboscidea, 46
Loxosotna, Loxosomatidae, 20
Loxosomatidae, 20

*Loxostege, Ditrysia, 28
Lucaniis, Polyphaga, 28
Lucernaria, Stauromedusae, 1 1
lucerne flea {Sminthunts),
Symphypleona, 25

*Lucifuga, Ophidioidea, 38
Lucilia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

*Luciola, Polyphaga, 28

*LuciopimeIodiis, Siluroidea, 37
lugworm (Arenicola), Polychaeta, 24
Luidia, Phanerozona, 34

*Lumbriciilus, Oligochaeta, 24
Lumbricus, OUgochaeta, 24
lung fluke {Paragoninms), Digenea, 14
lung nematode (7?/?oW/fl5), Rhabditina, 17
lung-fishes (Dipnoi), 40
lungworm {Dictyocaulus), Strongylina, 1 8

— (Metastrongylus), Strongylina, 18

— (Miiellerius), Strongylina, 18
Lutra, Fissipeda, 45

*Lycoteuthis, Decapoda, 23
*Lygaeus, Heteroptera, 27
*Lygosoma, Sauria, 41
*Lygus, Heteroptera, 27

Lyniantn'a, Ditrysia, 28

Lymnaea, Basommatophora, 22

Lyomeri, 37

lyre-bird (Menura), Menurae, 43
*Lysiphlebus, see Aphidius

Lytechiniis, Temnopleuroida, 33

M

Macaca, Simiae, 44

macaque {Macaco), Simiae, 44

Machadoella, Schizogregarina, 7

Machilis, Thysanura, 26

mackerel {Scomber), Scombroidea, 38

Macracanthorhynchiis,

Archiacanthocephala, 20
Macrobdella, Gnathobdellida, 24
Macrobiotus, Eutardigrada, 32

Macrobrachium, Natantia, 3 1
* Macrocentrus, Apocrita, 29
* Macrocephalon { = Megacephalum),
Galliformes, 42

Macrochires, see Apodiformes

Macrodasyoidea, 17
*Macroglossa, Ditrysia, 28

Macrognathiis, Opisthomi, 39
*Macronema, Trichoptera, 28

Macropus, Marsupialia, 44

Macrorhamphosus, Solenichthyes, 38

Macroscelides, Insectivora, 44
*Macrosiphiim, Homoptera, 27

Macrostonnuu, Rhabdocoela, 13

Macrounis, Anacanthini, 38

Macruriformes, see Anacanthini
*Mactra, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Madrepora, Scleractinia, 12

Magellania, Terebratelloidea, 21

Magelona, Polychaeta, 24

Magicicada, Homoptera, 27

Maia, Reptantia, 3 1

mail-cheeked fishes (Scleroparei), 39

Malacichthyes, 39
*Malaclemys, Cryptodira, 41

Ma/acoMf/Za, Bdellonemertina, 17
*Malacocephalus, Anacanthini, 38

Malacocotylea, see Digenea

Malacopterygii, see Isospondyli
*Malacosoma, Ditrysia, 28

Malacostraca, 30-31

Malapterurus, Siluroidea, 37

malaria {Plasmodium), Haemosporidia, 8

Malayan gavial {Tomistoma),
Crocodylia, 41

Maldane, Polychaeta, 24

Mallomonas, Chrysomonadina, 6

Mallophaga, 27

Mammalia, 43-46

man {Homo), Simiae, 44

manatee {Trichechus), Sirenia, 46
*Mandrillus, Simiae, 44

maned rat {Lophiomys), Myomorpha, 45

mangabey {Cercocebus), Simiae, 44

Manis, Pholidota, 44

mantids (Mantodea), 26

Mantis, Mantodea, 26

mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda), 30

Mantispa, Planipennia, 28

Mantodea, 26

Manx shearwater, 42 (footnote)
*Margaritana, Eulamelhbranchia, 23
*Margarodes, Homoptera, 27

MARICOLA

84

MICROPODIFORMES

Maricola, 13

marmoset (Hapale), Simiae, 44

marmot (Marmota), Sciuromorpha, 45

Marmota, Sciuromorpha, 45
Marsipobranchii, 35

marsupial frog (Gastrotheca), Procoela, 40
Marsupialia, 44

marten {Mattes), Fissipeda, 45

Martes, Fissipeda, 45

Marthasterias, Forcipulata, 34

Mastacembeliformes, see Opisthomi

Mastacembelus, Opisthomi, 39

Mastigamoeba, Rhizomastigina, 7
*Mastigias, Rhizostomae, 12

Mastigophora, 6-7

Mastigoproctus, Uropygi, 3 1

Mastomys, Myomorpha, 45

Mastotermes, Isoptera, 26

matamata (Chelus), Pleurodira, 41

may-flies (Ephemeroptera), 26
*Mazama, Ruminantia, 46

Mazocraes, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

mealworm (Tenebn'o), Polyphaga, 28

Meandrina, Scleractinia, 1 2

Meantes, 40

Mecistocephahis, Geophilomorpha, 25

Mecoptera, 28

medaka {Oryzias), Microcyprini, 38

medusae (Hydrozoa), 1 1
*MegacephaIum, see Macrocephalon

Megachiroptera, 44

Megalobatrachiis, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Megalops, Clupeoidea, 36

Megaloptera, 27

Meganyctiphanes, Euphausiacea, 30

megapode (Megapodius), Galliformes, 42

Megapodius, Galliformes, 42
*Megaptera, Mysticeti, 45

Megathura, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Megophrys, Anomocoela, 40

Melanocetus, Ceratioidea, 39
*Melanoplus, Caelifera, 27
*Melanotus, Polyphaga, 28
* Melasoma {=Lina), Polyphaga, 28

Meleagn's, Galliformes, 42

Meles, Fissipeda, 45

Melicerta, see Floscularia
*Melittobia, Apocrita, 29

Mellita, Scutellina, 33
*Melo ( = Cymbium), Stenoglossa, 22

Meloidogyne, Tylenchida, 1 8
*Melolontha, Polyphaga, 28

Melophagus, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Melopsittacus, Psittaciformes, 43

Membranipora, Cheilostomata, 20
*Menippe, Reptantia, 3 1

Menopon, Mallophaga, 27

Menura, Menurae, 43

Menurae, 43
*Mergus, Anseriformes, 42

Meriones, Myomorpha, 45

Merluccius, Anacanthini, 38

Me/-w/5, Dorylaimina, 18

Mermithoidea, 18

Merocystis, Eimeriidea, 7

Merogregarina, Archigregarina, 7

Merops, Coraciiformes, 43

Merostomata, 31
*Mesidotea, Isopoda, 30

Mesocestoides, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Mesocricetus, Myomorpha, 45

Mesoenas, Gruiformes, 42

Mesogastropoda, 22

Mesonemertina, see Palaeonemertina

Mesoplodon, Odontoceti, 45

Mesothuria, Aspidochirota, 32

Mesozoa, 9

Mespilia, Temnopleuroida, 33
*Messor, Apocrita, 29

Metabola, see Pterygota
*Metachirus, Marsupialia, 44

Metacrinus, Articulata, 32

Metamonadina, 6

Metastrongylus, Strongylina, 1 8

Metatheria, 44

Metopidia, see Lepadella

Mf /nVZ/ww, Actiniaria, 12

Mexican digger toad (Rhinophrynus),
Procoela, 40

Micwbisium, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1

Microchiroptera, 44

Microchordeuma, Nematophora, 25

Microciona, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Microcotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Microcyema, Dicyemida, 9

Microcyprini, 38

Microdina, see Philodinavus
*Microdipodops, Sciuromorpha, 45

Microgromia, Testacea, 7

Microhyla, Diplasiocoela, 41
*Microt7}ys, Myomorpha, 45
*Micronecta, Heteroptera, 27
*Microneniatus, see Pristiphora
*Microphis, Solenichthyes, 38

Micropleura, Spirurida, 1 8

Micropodiformes, see Apodiformes

MICROPOGON

85

MOTMOT

*Micropogoii, Percoidea, 38
*Micropterus, Percoidea, 38

Micropteryx. Zeugloptera, 28

Micropus, see Apus
*Microsaura (—Lophosaura), Sauria, 41

Microsclerophora, see Homosclerophora

Microsporidia. 8
*Microsto/num, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Microthelyphonida. see Palpigradi

Microtiis, Myomorpha, 45

micro-whip scorpions (Palpigradi), 31

midge, pear (Contarinia), Nematocera, 28

midwife toad (Alytes), Opisthocoela, 40
' *Miliola, Foraminifera, 7

Millepora, Athecata, 1 1

miller's thumb (Cottus). Scorpaenoidea, 39

millipedes (Diplopoda), 24-25

Milnesium, Eutardigrada, 32

mink (Mustela). Fissipeda, 45
- minnow (Phoxif Ills). Cyprinoidea, 37

Miripinnati, 37

Mirounga, Pinnipedia, 46

mite (Acarus), Acari, 31

— (Dermanyssus), Acari, 3 1

— {Pyemotes), Acari, 3 1

— (Trombicula), Acari, 3 1
*Mithrax, Reptantia, 3 1

Mnemiopsis, Lobata, 12

Modiolus, Filibranchia, 22

Moina, Cladocera, 29

Mola, Tetraodontoidea, 39
*Molaima, Trichoptera, 28

mole, common old world (Talpa),
Insectivora. 44

— , eastern (Scalopus), Insectivora, 44

— , golden (Chrysochloris), Insectivora, 44

mole cricket (Gryl/otalpa), Ensifera, 26

mole mouse (Mystromys),
Myomorpha, 45

mole rat (Spalax), Myomorpha, 45

mole salamander (Ambystomd),
Ambystomoidea, 40

Molgula. Stolidobranchiata, 35

Mollusca. 21-23
*Molothrus ( = Agelaioides), Passeres, 43

Molpadia. Molpadonia, 33

Molpadonia, 33

Momotus. Coraciiformes, 43
*Monas, Protomonadina, 6

Monaxonida, 1 1
* Monetaria ( = Aricia),

Mesogastropoda, 22

mongoose (Heipestes), Fissipeda, 45

Monhystera, Chromadorida, 1 8
Monhysteroidea, 19
*Moniezia, Cyclophyllidea, 14
Moniliformis, Archiacanthocephala, 20
monkey, spider (A teles), Simiae, 44
— , squirrel (Saimiri), Simiae, 44
monkeys, African tree (Cercopitheciis),

Simiae, 44
Monocelis, AUoeocoela, 1 3
Monocentris, Berycomorphi, 38
Monocercomonas, Metamonadina, 6
Monocystis. Eugregarina, 7
Monodella, Thermosbaenacea, 30
Monogenea, 13-14
Monogononta, 17
Monomastigocystis, Heliozoa, 7
Mononchus, Enoplina, 1 8
Monopisthocotylea, 13
Monoplacophora, 21
Monoraphis, Amphidiscophora, 10
Monosiga, Protomonadina, 6
Monostyla, Ploima, 1 7
Monostylifera, 16

Monotocardia, see Mesogastropoda
Monotremata, 43
Monotrysia, 28
Monstrilla, Monstrilloida, 29
Monstrilloida, 29

moon rat (Echinosorex), Insectivora, 44
moon-fish (Lampris), AUotriognathi, 38
moose {Alces), Ruminantia, 46
moray (Muraena), Apodes, 37
*Mormoniella, Apocrita, 29
Mormyroidea, 37
Morone, Percoidea, 38
Moschus, Ruminantia, 46
mosquito (Anopheles), Nematocera, 28
— (Culex), Nematocera, 28
*Motacilla, Passeres, 43
*Motella, see Gaidropsarus
moth, atlas (Attacus), Ditrysia, 28
— , bag-worm (Pi>'c//e), Ditrysia, 28
— , clothes (Tinea), Ditrysia, 28
— , death's head hawk (Acherontia),

Ditrysia, 28
— , ghost (Hepialus), Monotrysia, 28
— , gipsy (Lymaniria), Ditrysia, 28
— , goat (Cossiis), Ditrysia, 28
— , pine shoot (Evetria), Ditrysia, 28
— , silk (Bombyx), Ditrysia, 28
— , wax (Gallerid), Ditrysia, 28
moths, flour (Ephestia), Ditrysia, 28
motmot (Momotus), Coraciiformes, 43

MOUNTAIN BEAVER

86

NECKLACE-SHELL

mountain beaver (Aplodontia),

Sciuromorpha, 45
mountain lion (Felis), Fissipeda, 45
mouse, deer (Peromyscus), Myomorpha, 45
— , house (Mus), Myomorpha, 45
— , jerboa pouched (Antechinomys),

MarsupiaUa, 44
— , jumping (Zapus), Myomorpha, 45
— , mole (Mystromys), Myomorpha, 45
— , wood (Apodemus), Myomorpha, 45
mouse birds (Coliiformes), 43
mouse pinworm (Aspiciiluris),

Ascaridina, 18
— threadworm (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 18
Mrazekia, Microsporidia, 8
mud-eel {Siren), Meantes, 40
mud-minnow {Umbra), Haplomi, 37
mud-puppy {Necturus), Proteida, 40
mwd-skx^^QY {Periophthalmus),

Gobioidea, 38
Muelleriiis, Strongylina, 1 8
Muggiaea, Siphon ophora, 1 1
Mugil, Mugiloidea, 38
Mugiloidea, 38
*MuUnia, Eulamellibranchia, 23
mullets, grey (Mugiloidea), 38
multimammate rat {Mastomys),
Myomorpha, 45
*Munida, Reptantia, 31
Muraena, Apodes, 37
Murex, Stenoglossa, 22
*Murgantia, Heteroptera, 27
Mus, Myomorpha, 45
Musca, Cyclorrhapha, 28
Muscardinus, Myomorpha, 45
musk deer (Moschus), Ruminantia, 46
musk ox (Ovibos), Ruminantia, 46
muskrat {Ondatra), Myomorpha, 45
Musophaga, Cuculiformes, 43
mussel {Mytihis), Filibranchia, 22
— , horse- {Modiolus), Filibranchia, 22
— , pearl- {Unio), Eulamellibranchia, 23
— , swan- {Anodonta), Eulamellibranchia, 23
Mustela, Fissipeda, 45
Mustelus, Galeoidea, 36
Mya, Eulamellibranchia, 23
Myctophoidea, 37
MyctopJwm, Myctophoidea, 37
*Myliobatis, Batoidea, 36
Myocastor, Hystricomorpha, 45
Myodocopa, 29
Myomorpha, 45
Myosoma, Pedicellinidae, 20

Myotis, Microchiroptera, 44
*Myoxocephalus, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Myoxus, see Glis

Myrientomata, see Protura

Myrmecophaga, Edentata, 44

Myrmeleon, Planipennia, 28
*Myrmica, Apocrita, 29

Mysidacea, 30

Mysis, Mysidacea, 30

Mystacocarida, 30

Mysticeti, 45

Mystromys, Myomorpha, 45

Mytilus, Filibranchia, 22

Myxidium, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxilla, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Myxine, Hyperotreti, 35

Myxini, see Hyperotreti

Myxobolus, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxochloris, Xanthomonadina, 6

Myxosoma, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxospongida, 10

Myxosporidia, 8

Myzostoma, Myzostomaria, 24

Myzostomaria, 24

N

nagana {Trypanosoma), Protomonadina, 6

Naja, Serpentes, 41

Narcacion, see Torpedo
*Narcine, Narcobatoidea, 36

Narcobatoidea, 36

Narcobatus, see Torpedo

Narcomedusae, 1 1

Nassa, Stenoglossa, 22
*Nassarius, Stenoglossa, 22

Nassula, Cyrtophorina, 8
*Nasua, Fissipeda, 45
* Natalobatraehus, see Phrynobatrachus

Natantia, 31

Natica, Mesogastropoda, 22

'native cat' {Dasywus), MarsupiaUa, 44

Matrix, Serpentes, 41

Nausithoe, Coronatae, 1 1

Nautilus, Tetrabranchia, 23

nautilus, paper- {Argonauta), Octopoda, 23

— , pearly- {Nautilus), Tetrabranchia, 23
*Neanthes, Polychaeta, 24

Nebalia, Nebaliacea, 30

Nebaliacea, 30

Nebela, Testacea, 7

Necator, Strongylina, 18

necklace-shell {Natica), Mesogastropoda, 22

— {Strombus), Mesogastropoda, 22

NECTONEMA

87

NYROCA

Nectonenia, Nectonematoidea, 1 7
Nectonematoidea, 17
Nectonemertes, Polystylifera, 1 6
*Nectophrynoides, Procoela, 40
Necturus, Proteida, 40
Neehis, Symphypleona, 25
Nemata, see Nematoda
Nemathelminthes, 17 (footnote)
Nematocera, 28

Nematocystida, see Cnidosporidia
Nematoda, 17-18
*Nematodimiim, Dinoflagellata, 6
Nematognathi, see Siluroidea
Nematomorpha, 17
Nematophora, 25
Nematus, Symphyta, 29
Nemeritis, Apocrita, 29
Nemertina, 16-17
Ne/riobii/s, Ensifera, 26
Nemoina, Plecoptera, 26
Neoceratodus, Dipnoi, 40
Neodasys, Chaetonotoidea, 1 7
Neoechinorhynchus, Eoacanthocephala, 20
Neogastropoda, see Stenoglossa
Neolampas, Nucleolitoida, 33
Neomenia, Neomeniomorpha, 21
Neomeniomorpha, 21

Neopilina, Tryblidiacea, 21
Neoptera. 26-29

Neopterygii, 36-40

Neosporidia, see Cnidosporidia

Neotennes, Tsoptera, 26

Neotremata, 21
*Neoturns ( = Turris), Athecata, 1 1
*Nepa, Heteroptera, 27

Nephelis, see Erpobdella
*Nephelopteryx, Plecoptera, 26

Nephrops, Reptantia. 3 1

Nephthys, Polychaeta, 24
*Neptiwea, Stenoglossa, 22

Nereis, Polychaeta, 24

Nerilla, Archiannelida, 24

Nerita, Archaeogastropoda, 21
*Nentina, Archaeogastropoda, 21
*Nerocila, Tsopoda. 30
*Nerophis, Solenichthyes, 38

Nestor, Psittaciformes, 43

Neuroptera, 27-28

New Zealand frog (Leiopelma),
Amphicoela, 40

newt (Tritiirus), Salamandroidea, 40

— , eastern (Dieinictylus),
Salamandroidea, 40

newt, pleurodele (Pleurodeles),

Salamandroidea, 40
nightjar (Caprinmlgus),
Caprimulgiformes, 43
*Niphargus, Amphipoda, 30
*Nippostrongyliis, Strongylina, 18
Nippotaenia, Nippotaenoidea, 14
Nippotaeniidea, 16
Nippotaenoidea, 14
Noah's ark shell {Area),

Filibranchia, 22
Noctiluea, Dinoflagellata, 6
*Noctua ( =Phalaena), Ditrysia, 28
nodular worm (Oesophagostonium),

Strongylina, 18
Nomeus, Stromateoidea, 38
Norway lobster (Nephrops),

Reptantia, 31
Nosema, Microsporidia, 8
*Nosopsyllus, Siphonaptera, 29
Notacanthiformes, see Heteromi
Notacanthus, Heteromi, 37
Notaspidea, 22

Nothoprocta, Tinamiformes, 41
Nothura, Tinamiformes, 41
Notidanoidea, 35
Notidanus, Notidanoidea, 35
Notodelphyoida, 29
*Notomastus, Polychaeta, 24
Notommata, Ploima, 17
Notonecta, Heteroptera, 27
Notoplana, Acotylea, 1 3
Notoptera, see Grylloblattodea
Notopteroidea, 37
Notopterus, Notopteroidea, 37
*Notornis, Gruiformes, 42
*Notoryetes, Marsupialia, 44
*Notostira, Heteroptera, 27
Notostraca, 29
Nototrema, see Gastrotheca
*NuceUa {^Purpura), Stenoglossa, 22
Nucleolitoida, 33
Nucula, Protobranchia,''22
Nuda,9-10, 13
Nudibranchia, 22
*A^///J7e/?/w5, Charadriiformes,'42
Nuinida, Galliformes, 42
Nivmmdites, Foraminifera,^7
nut-shell (Nucula), Protobranchia, 22
*Nycticebus, Prosimii, 44
Nymphon, Nymphonomorpha, 32
Nymphonomorpha, 32
*Nyroca, see Aythya

OBELIA

88

ORTHOMORPHA

O

Obelia, Thecata, 1 1

Ocenebra, Stenoglossa, 22

Ochetostoma, Echiuroinea, 23

Ochotona, Lagomorpha, 45

Ochromonas, Chrysomonadina, 6

Octocorallia, 12

Octopoda, 23

Octopus^ Octopoda, 23

octopus {Octopus), Octopoda, 23

— , lesser (Eledone), Octopoda, 23

Octospinifer, Eoacanthocephala, 20
*Ocypode, Reptantia, 31

Odoberms, Pinnipedia, 46
*Odocoileus, Ruminantia, 46

Odonata. 26

Odontaspis, Galeoidea, 36

Odontoceti, 45

Odontopyge. Spirostreptida, 25

Odontostomatida, see Ctenostomatida
*Odontosyllis, Polychaeta, 24

Oecanthiis, Ensifera, 26
*Oedemia, see Oideniia

Oesophagostomum, Strongylina, 1 8

Oicomonas, Chrysomonadina, 6
*Oidemia ( = Oedemid), Anseriformes, 42

Oikopleura, Copelata, 35

oil bird (Steatornis), Caprimulgiformes, 43

Oiphysa, Homoptera, 27

okapi iOkapid), Ruminantia, 46

Okapia, Ruminantia, 46

Oligobrachia, Athecanephria, 32

Oligochaeta, 24

Oligolophiis, Opiliones, 3 1

Oligoneoptera, 27-29

OUgotoma, Embioptera, 27

Oligotrichida, 9

OUndias, Limnomedusae, 1 1

olm {Proteus), Proteida, 40

Olympic salamander {RJivacotn'ton),
Ambystomoidea, 40
*Ommastrephes { = Oinmatostrephes),

Decapoda, 23
*Ommatostrephes, see Onvnastrephes
*Onchidella, see Oncidiella
*Onchidium, see Oncidium

Onchidoris, Nudibranchia, 22

Onchocerca, Spirurida, 18

Oncicola, Archiacanthocephala, 20
*Oncidiella { — Onchidella),
Stylommatophora, 22
^Oncidium { = Onchidium),
Stylommatophora, 22

*Oiicopeltus, Heteroptera, 27
*Oncorhynchus, Salmonoidea, 36

Ondatra, Myomorpha, 45

Oniscomorpha, see Glomerida
*Oniscus, Isopoda, 30
*Onos, see Gaidropsarus

Onychophora, 24
*Ooencyrtus, Apocrita, 29

Opalina, Opalinina, 7

Opalinina, 7

Ophelia, Polychaeta, 24

Ophiactis, Ophiurae, 34

Ophicephaloidea, see Channoidea

Ophicephahis, see Channa

Ophidia, see Serpentes

Ophidioidea, 38

Ophiocomina, Ophiurae, 34
*Ophiodon, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Ophiopholis, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiopsila, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiothrix, Ophiurae, 34
'''Ophisaurus, Sauria, 41

Ophiura, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiurae, 34

Ophiuraespira, Apostomatida, 8

Ophiuroidea, 34

Ophryocystis, Schizogregarina, 7

Ophryoscolex, Entodiniomorphida, 9
*Ophyra, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Opiliones, 31

Opisthandria, see Pentazonia

Opisthobranchia, 22

Opisthocoela, 40

Opisthocomus, Galliformes, 42

Opisthomi, 39
* Opisthophthahnus, Scorpiones, 31

opossum, American {Didelphis),
Marsupialia, 44

opossum-shrimps (Mysidacea), 30

Opsanus, Haplodoci, 39

orang {Pongo), Simiae, 44
*Orasema, Apocrita, 29
*Orbinia {=Aricia), Polychaeta, 24

Orchesella, Arthropleona, 25

Orcinus, Odontoceti, 45

Orectolobus, Galeoidea, 36

oriental sore {Leishmania),
Protomonadina, 6

ormer {Haliotis), Archaeogastropoda, 21

Ornithodoros, Acari, 31

Ornithorhynchus, Monotremata, 43

Orthagoriscus, see Mola

Orthomorpha, Polydesmida, 25

ORTHONECTTOA

89

PARASCARIS

Orthonectida, 9

Orthoptera, 26-27

Orya, Geophilomorpha, 25

Orycteropus, Tubulidentata, 46
*Oryctes, Polyphaga, 28

Oryctolagus, Lagomorpha, 45

Oryzias, Microcyprini, 38

Oscanius, see Pleurobranchus

Oscarella, Homosclerophora, 10

Oscinella, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Oscines, see Passeres
*Osilinus, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Osmerus, Salmonoidea, 36
*Osphronemus, Anabantoidea, 38

osprey (Pandion), Falconiformes, 42

Ostariophysi, 37

Osteichthyes, see Pisces

Osteoglossoidea, 36

Ostertagia, Strongylina, 18

Ostracoda, 29

Ostrea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

ostriches (Struthioniformes), 41

Otaria, Pinnipedia, 46

Otis, Gruiformes, 42

Otomesostoma, Alloeocoela, 1 3

Otostigmus, Scolopendromorpha, 25

otter {Lutra), Fissipeda, 45
*Otus, Strigiformes, 43

ovenbird (Furnarius), Tyranni,'43

Ovibos, Ruminantia, 46

Ovis, Ruminantia, 46

Owenia, Polychaeta, 24

owls (Strigiformes), 43

ox, musk (Ovibos), Ruminantia, 46

Oxidus, Polydesmida, 25
*Oxycarenus, Heteroptera, 27
*Oxynotus ( = Centrina), Squaloidea, 36

Oxytricha, Hypotrichida, 9
*Oxyuris, Ascaridina, 18

Oxyuroidea, 19

oyster (Ostrea), Eulamellibranchia, 23

— , saddle- (Anomid), Filibranchia, 22

Pachybolus, Spirobolida, 25
'''Pachygrapsus, Reptantia, 3 1

Pachyiulus, Julida, 25

Pachypalaminus, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodori),
Ambystomoidea, 40

paddle-fish (Polyodon), Chondrostei, 36
*Pagrosomus, Percoidea, 38
*Paguristes, Reptantia, 3 1

Pagurus, Reptantia, 3 1

— , see Dardanus

painted frog (Discoglossus),
Opisthocoela, 40

Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Palaemon, Natantia, 31

— , see Macrobrachium

Palaeonemertina, 16

Palaeoptera, 26

— , see Paraneoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

Palaeopterygii, 36

Palinurus, Reptantia, 3 1

Palmipes, see Anseropoda

Palpigradi, 3 1

Paludicola, 13

Paludina, see Viviparus

/'a/j/Z/ofl, Zoanthiniaria, 12

Pan, Simiae, 44

Panagrellus, Rhabditina, 1 7

Pancarida, 30

panda (Ailurus), Fissipeda, 45

— , giant (Ailuropoda), Fissipeda, 45

Pandalus, Natantia, 3 1

Pandinus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Pandion, Falconiformes, 42

Pandorina, Phytomonadina, 6

pangolin (Manis), Pholidota, 44

Panorpa, Mecoptera, 28

Panorpatae, see Mecoptera

panther (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Panthera, Fissipeda, 45

Pantopoda, see Pycnogonida

Pantostomatida, see Rhizomastigina

Panulirus, Reptantia, 31

paper-nautilus (Argonauta),
Octopoda, 23

Papilio, Ditrysia, 28

Papio, Simiae, 44
*Parabrotula, Ophidioidea, 38

Paracanthonchus, Chromadorida, 1 8

Paracentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Paragonimus, Digenea, 14

Paralepis, Alepisauroidea, 37
*Paralichthys, Heterosomata, 39
*Paralithodes, Reptantia, 3 1

Paramecium, Peniculina, 8

Paramphistomum, Digenea, 14

Paraneoptera, 27

— , see Palaeoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

Paraneuroptera, see Odonata

Parascaris, Ascaridina, 1 8

PARASILURUS

90

PETAURUS

*Parasilunis, Siluroidea, 37

Parataenia, Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Paravortex, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Parazoa, 9-10

Parorchis, Digenea, 14

parrots (Psittaciformes), 43
*Parus, Passeres, 43
* Passer, Passeres, 43

Passeres, 43

Passeriformes, 43

Patella, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Patiria, Spinulosa, 34

Pauropoda, 24

Pamopus, Pauropoda, 24
*Pavo, Galliformes, 42

Peachia, Actiniaria, 12

peacock fan worm (Sabella),
Polychaeta, 24

pear midge (Contan'nia), Nematocera, 28

pearl-mussel (Unio),

Eulameilibranchia, 23

pearly-nautilus (Nautilus),
Tetrabranchia, 23

peccary (Tayassu), Suiformes, 46

Pecten, Filibranchia, 22

Pectinaria, Polychaeta, 24

Pectinibranchia, see Mesogastropoda
*Pectunculus, see Glycymeris

Pedalia, see Hexarthra

Pedalion, see Hexarthra

Pedetes, Myomorpha, 45

Pedicellina, Pedicellinidae, 20

Pedicellinidae, 20

Pediculati, 39

Pediculus, Anoplura, 27

Pedipalpi, 3 1

Pegasiformes, see Hypostomides

Pegasus, Hypostomides, 39

Pelagia, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Pelagonemertes, Polystylifera, 1 6

Pelagothuria, Elasipoda, 32

Pelecaniformes, 42

Pelecanoides, Procellariiformes, 42

Pelecanus, Pelecaniformes, 42

Pelecinomimus, see Cetomimus

Pelecypoda, see Bivalvia

Pelias, see Vipera

pelican (Pelecanus), Pelecaniformes, 42

pelican's foot-shell (Aporrhais),
Mesogastropoda, 22
*Pelmatohydra, Athecata, 1 1

Pelmatozoa, 32

Pelobates, Anomocoela, 40

*Pelomyxa, Amoebina, 7

Peloscolex, Oligochaeta, 24

Penaeus, Natantia, 3 1

Penardia, Testacea, 7

Peneroplis, Foraminifera, 7

penguins (Sphenisciformes), 42

Penicillata, see Polyxenida

Peniculina, 8
*Pennaria, see Halocordyle

Pennatula, Pennatulacea, 1 2

Pennatulacea, 12

Pentastomida, 32

Pentazonia, 25

Peracarida, 30

Perameles, Marsupialia, 44

Peranema, Euglenoidina, 6

Perca, Percoidea, 38

Percesoces, see Mugiloidea

perch (Perca), Percoidea, 38

— , climbing (Anabas), Anabantoidea, 38

— , pirate- (Aphredoderus),
Salmopercae, 37

Percoidea, 38

Percomorphi, 38-39

Percopsiformes, see Salmopercae

Per cop sis, Salmopercae, 37
*Perdix (=Perdrix), Galliformes, 42
*Perdrix, see Perdix

Peridineae, see Dinoflagellata

Peridinium, Dinoflagellata, 6
*Perillus, Heteroptera, 27
*Perinereis, Polychaeta, 24

Periophthalmus, Gobioidea, 38

Peripatopsis, Onychophora, 24

Peripatus, Onychophora, 24

Periphylla, Coronatae, 1 1

Periplaneta, Blattodea, 26

Peripsocus, Psocoptera, 27

Perischoechinoidea, 33

Perissodactyla, 46

Peritricha, see Chonotrichida

Peritrichida, 9

periwinkle (Littorina), Mesogastropoda, 22

Perkinsiella, Homoptera, 27

Perla, Plecoptera, 26

Perlaria, see Plecoptera
*Perlodes, Plecoptera, 26
*Pernis, Falconiformes, 42

Perodicticus, Prosimii, 44

Peromyscus, Myomorpha, 45

Perophora, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Petahira, Anisoptera, 26
*Petaurus, Marsupialia, 44

PETREL

91

PIGEON

petrel, diving (Pelecanoides),
Procellariiformes, 42

— , storm {Hydrobates),
Procellariiformes, 42

Petrobius, Thysanura, 26

Petromyzon. Hyperoartii, 35

Petromyzones, see Hyperoartii

Phacochoerus, Suiformes, 46

Phaciis, Euglenoidina, 6

Phaethon. Pelecaniformes, 42

Phalacrocorax, Pelecaniformes, 42
*Phalacna, see Noctua

phalanger. common (Trichosurus),
Marsupialia, 44

Phalangida, see Opiliones

phalangids (Opiliones), 31

Phalangium, Opiliones, 3 1
*Phalaropus, Charadriiformes, 42
*Phalera, Ditrysia, 28

Phallusia, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Phanerozona, 34

Pharomachrus, Trogoniformes, 43

Phascolarcios, Marsupialia, 44

Phascolion, Sipunculoidea, 23

Phascolomis, see Vombatus

Phascolosoma, Sipunculoidea, 23

— , see Golfingia

PhasgonurcL see Tettigonia
*Phasianella, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Phasianus. Galliformes, 42

Phasmida. 26

Phasmidia, 17-18

pheasant {Phasianus), Galliformes, 42
*Pheidole, Apocrita, 29

Phenax, Homoptera, 27
*Phengodes, Polyphaga, 28

Pheretima, Oligochaeta, 24

Pheronema, Amphidiscophora, 10

Phialidiimu Thecata, 1 1

Philaenus, Homoptera, 27

Philodina, Bdelloidea, 17

Philodinavus, Bdelloidea, 1 7

Philometra, Spirurida, 1 8
*Philosamia, Ditrysia, 28

Phlebobranchiata, 34

Phlebotomus, Nematocera, 28

Phoca, Pinnipedia, 46

Phocaena, Odontoceti, 45

Phoenicopteriformes, 42

Phoenicopterus, Phoenicopteriformes, 42
*Phoeincurus ( = Ruticilla), Passeres, 43

Pholas, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Pholcus, Araneae, 3 1

*Pholidoptera ( = Thamnotrizon),
Ensifera, 26

Pholidota, 44

Phonixus, see Phoxinus
*Phormia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Phormosoma, Echinothurioida, 33

Phoronida, 20

Phoronis, Phoronida, 20

Phoronopsis, Phoronida, 20
*Photinus, Polyphaga, 28
*Photoblepharon, Berycomorphi, 38
*Photuris, Polyphaga, 28

Phoxinus, Cyprinoidea, 37
*Phragmatobia, Ditrysia, 28
*Phrixothrix, Polyphaga, 28
*Phryganea, Trichoptera, 28

Phryganoidea, see Trichoptera

Phrynichus, Amblypygi, 31

Phrynicida, see Amblypygi
*Phrynobatrachus ( = Natalobatrachus),
Diplasiocoela, 41

Phthiraptera, 27

Phthirius, see Phthirus

Phthirus, Anoplura, 27
*Phycis, Anacanthini, 38

Phylactolaemata, 20

Phyllium, Phasmida, 26

Phyllobothrioidea, see Tetraphyllidea

Phyllobothiium, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Phyllocarida, see Leptostraca

Phyllodoce, Polychaeta, 24
*Phyllomedusa, Procoela, 40

Phyllophorus, Dendrochirota, 33

Phylloxera, Homoptera, 27
*Phymata, Heteroptera, 27

Phymosoma, see Phascolosoma

Phymosomatoida, 33
*Physa, Basommatophora, 22

Physalia, Siphonophora, 1 1

Physcosoma, see Phascolosoma

Physeter, Odontoceti, 45
*Physiculus, Anacanthini, 38

Physopoda, see Thysanoptera

Phytoflagellata, see Phytomastigina

Phytom.astigina, 6

Phytomonadina, 6

Piciformes, 43

Picus, Piciformes, 43

pidock (Pholas), Eulamellibranchia, 23

Pieris, Ditrysia, 28

pig iSus), Suiformes, 46

— , guinea (Cavia), Hystricomorpha, 45

pigeon (Columba), Columbiformes, 43

PIGEON, CROWNED

92

POECILOSCLERINA

pigeon, crowned (GoMra), Columbiformes,43
— , green (Treroii), Columbiformes, 43
pika (Ochotona), Lagomorpha, 45
pike (Esox), Haplomi, 37
*Pila { = AmpuUaria), Mesogastropoda, 22

pilchard {Sardina), Clupeoidea, 36
*Pimelodus, Siluroidea, 37

pine shoot moth (Evetria), Ditrysia, 28
*Pinna, Filibranchia, 22
Pinnipedia, 46

pinworm (Enterobius), Ascaridina, 18
— , mouse (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 18
Pipa, Opisthocoela, 40
pipistrelle (Pipistrellus), Microchiroptera, 44
Pipistrellus, Microchiroptera, 44
*Pipra, Tyranni, 43
pirate-perch (Aphredoderus),

Salmopercae, 37
Piroplasma, see Babesia
Pisaster, Forcipulata, 34
Pisces, 36-40

Piscicola, Rhynchobdellida, 24
*Pisidium, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Pista, Polychaeta, 24
*Pitta, Tyranni, 43
*Pitymys, Myomorpha, 45
*Placobdella, Rhynchobdellida, 24
Plagiostomum, Alloeocoela, 1 3
*Plagusia, Reptantia, 3 1
P/aA:ma, Homosclerophora, 10
P/a/7am, Paludicola, 13
Planctosphaera, Planctosphaeroidea,^_34
Planctosphaeroidea, 34
* Planes, Reptantia, 3 1

Planipennia, 28
*Planocera, Acotylea, 13
Planorbis, Basommatophora, 22
PlanorbuUna, Foraminifera, 7
plant louse {Aphis), Homoptera, 27

, jumping (Psylla), Homoptera, 27

plantain-eater (Musophaga),

Cuculiformes, 43
Plasmodium, Haemosporidia, 8
Platalea, Ciconiiformes, 42
*Platemys, Cryptodira, 41
*Platycnemis, Zygoptera, 26
Platycopa, 29
Platyctenea, 12
*Platydema, Polyphaga, 28
Platydesmus, Colobognatha, 25
Tp\^iyfis\:\{Platypoecilus), Microcyprini, 38
*Platygaster, Apocrita, 29
Platyhelminthes, 9 (footnote), 13-14

*Platynereis, Polychaeta, 24

Platypoecilus, Microcyprini, 38

Platypus, see Ornithorhynchus

Platyrrhacus, Polydesmida, 25
*Platysamia, Ditrysia, 28
*Plecoglossus, Salmonoidea, 36

Plecoptera, 26
*Plecostomus, Siluroidea, 37

Plectognathi, 39

Plectoptera, see Ephemeroptera

Plectus, Chromadorida, 1 8
*Plesiocoris, Heteroptera, 27

Plethodon, Salamandroidea, 40

Pleuwbrachia, Cydippida, 12

Plewobranchus, Notaspidea, 22

Pleurocoela, 22

pleurodele newt (Pleurodeles),
Salamandroidea, 40

Pleurodeles, Salamandroidea, 40

Pleurodira, 41

Pleurogona, 35

Pleuronectes, Heterosomata, 39

Pleuronectiformes, see Heterosomata

Pleuronema, Pleuronematina, 8

Pleuronematina, 8

Pleurophyllidea, Nudibranchia, 22

Plewotornaria, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Pleurotremata, 35-36
*Pleurotricha, Hypotrichida, 9

Plistophora, Microsporidia, 8
*Plodia, Ditrysia, 28

Ploima, 17

plover, ringed (Charadrius),
Charadriiformes, 42

— , sand (Charadrius), Charadriiformes, 42

Plumatella, Phylactolaemata,'20

Plumularia, Thecata, 1 1
*Plusia, Ditrysia, 28
*Pneumonoeces, Digenea, 14

Pneumora, Caelifera, 27

pocket gopher (Geomys), Sciuromorpha, 45

Podargus, Caprimulgiformes,'43

*Podarke, Polychaeta, 24

Podiceps, Podicipediformes, 42

Podicipediformes, 42

Podilymbus, Podicipediformes,'.42

Podocopa, 29
Podogonata, see Ricinulei

Podon, Cladocera, 29

Podophrya, Suctorida, 8

Podura, Arthropleona, 25

*Poecilia, Microcyprini, 38
Poecilosclerina, 1 1

POEOBIOIDEA

93

PRISTIS

Poeobioidea, 23 (footnote)

Poeobius, 23 (footnote)

Pogonophora, 32

Poicephalus, Psittaciformes, 43

poison frog (Dendrobates), Procoela, 40

polar bear (Thalarctos), Fissipeda, 45

polecat (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45
*Folia, see Baseodiscus
*Polistes, Apocrita, 29
*Polistotrema, Hyperotreti, 35
*PoUachius, Anacanthini, 38

Polybothms, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Polycarpa, Stolidobranchiata, 35
*Polycelis, Paludicola, 13
*Polycera, Nudibranchia, 22

Polychaeta, 24
*Polychoenis, Acoela, 1 3
*Polycirrus, Polychaeta, 24

Polycladida, 13

Polycliiium, Aplousobranchiata, 34

Polycope, Cladocopa, 29

Polydesmida, 25

Polydesmus, Polydesmida,'25

Polydora, Polychaeta, 24

Polygordius, Archiannelida, 24
*Polykrikos, Dinoflagellata, 6

Polymastigina, see Metamonadina
*Polymnia, see Eupolymnia

Polymorphus, Palaeacanthocephala,'20

Polynemoidea, 39

Polynemus, Polynemoidea,'39

Polyneoptera, 26-27

— , see Palaeoptera

■ — , see Paraneoptera
*Polynoe, Polychaeta, 24

Polyodon, Chondrostei, 36

Polyopisthocotylea, 13-14

Polypedates, see Rhacophorus

Polyphaga, 28
*Polyphemus, Cladocera, 29

Polyplacophora, 21

Polypteriformes, see Cladistia

Polypterus, Cladistia, 36

Polypus, see Octopus

Poly stoma, Polystomatoidea, 14

Polystomatoidea, 14

Polystomella, see Elphidium

Polystylifera, 16

Polytoma, Phytomonadina, 6
*Polytomella, Phytomonadina, 6

Polyxenida, 24

Polyxenus, Polyxenida, 24

Polyzoa, 20

Polyzoa Ectoprocta, see Polyzoa

Polyzoa Endoprocta, see Entoprocta

Polyzoa Entoprocta, see Entoprocta

Polyzonium, Colobognatha, 25
*Pomatias ( = Cyclostoma),
Mesogastropoda, 22
*Pomatoceros, Polychaeta, 24

pond snail {Lymnaea), Basommatophora, 22

Pongo, Simiae, 44

PotUobdella, Rhynchobdellida, 24
*Popillia, Polyphaga, 28

Porcellanaster, Phanerozona, 34
*Porcellio, Isopoda, 30

porcupine (Hystrix), Hystricomorpha, 45
*Porichthys, Haplodoci, 39

Porifera, see Parazoa

Pontes, Scleractinia, 12

Porocephalida, 32

Poromya, Septibranchia, 23
*Poronotus, Stromateoidea, 38

Porospora, Eugregarina, 7

porpoise (Phocaena), Odontoceti, 45

Porrocaecum, Ascaridina, 18
*Porthetria, Ditrysia, 28

Portuguese man-of-war {Physalid),
Siphonophora, 1 1

Portunion, Isopoda, 30
*Portumis ( =/4/77/?///7/7Y£'),[Reptantia, 31

Potamobius, see Astacus

Potamon, Reptantia, 3 1
*Potamonautes, Reptantia, 3 1

Potorous, Marsupialia, 44

Potos, Fissipeda, 45

potto {Perodicticus), Prosimii, 44

poultry caecal worm {Heterakis), ♦
Ascaridina, 18

poultry roundworm (Ascaridid),
Ascaridina, 18

poultry stomach worm (Tetrameres),
Spirurida, 18

Pourtalesia, Holasteroida, 34

prawn (Palaemon), Natantia, 31

— (Paudalus), Natantia, 31

— (Penaeus), Natantia, 31

— , river (Macrobrachium), Natantia, 31
Presbytis, Simiae, 44
Priapulida, 17
Priapulus, Priapulida, 1 7
Primates, 44
Priodontes, Edentata, 44
Pristiophorus, Squaloidea, 36
*Pnstiphora ( = Micronematus), Symphyta, 29
Pristis, Batoidea, 36

PRISTIURUS

94

PYROCYPRIS

*Pristiurus, Galeoidea, 36
*Proales, Ploima, 17

Proboscidea, 46

Procavia, Hyracoidea, 46

Procellaria, Procellariiformes, 42

Procellariiformes, 42

Procerodes, Maricola, 13
'*Processa, Natantia, 3 1
^Prochilodus, Cyprinoidea, 37
*Procnias, Tyranni, 43

Prococcidia, 7

Procoela, 40

Procyon, Fissipeda, 45
*Prodema, Ditrysia, 28

Proneomenia, Neomeniomorpha, 21

Prorodon, Cyrtophorina, 8

Prosimii, 44

Prosobranchia, 21-22

Prosostomata, 15

Prosthiostomum, Cotylea, 1 3

Proteida, 40
*Protemnodon, Marsupialia, 44
[ Proteocephala, 16

Proteocephaloidea, 14

Proteocephalus, Proteocephaloidea, 14

Proterandria, see Helminthomorpha

Proteus, Proteida, 40

Protobalanus, see Protoglossus

Protobranchia, 22
*Protoclepsis ( = Theromyzon),
Rhynchobdellida, 24

Piotodrilus, Archiannelida, 24

Protoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34

Protogyrodactyloidea, 13

Protogyrodactylus,

Protogyrodactyloidea, 1 3

Protomonadina, 6
*Protopipa, Opisthocoela, 40

Protopterus, Dipnoi, 40

Protospondyli, 36

Prototheria, 43

Protozoa, 6-9

Protremata, 21 (footnote)

Protura, 26

Prunella, Passeres, 43

Psammechinus, Echinoida, 33

Pselaphognatha, 24

Psettodes, Heterosomata, 39
*Pseudacris ( = Chorophilus), Procoela, 40
*Pseudagenia, Apocrita, 29
*Pseudemys, Cryptodira, 41

Pseudobranchus, Meantes, 40
*Pseudocarcinus, Reptantia, 3 1

Pseudocentrotus, Temnopleuroida, 33

Pseudocuma, Cumacea, 30

Pseudophyllidea, 14
*Pseudopleuronectes, Heterosomata, 39

Pseudoscorpiones, 31
*Pseudosida, Cladocera, 29

Psittaciformes, 43

Psittacus, Psittaciformes, 43

Psocoptera, 27

Psocus, Psocoptera, 27

Psolus, Dendrochirota, 33

Psophia, Gruiformes, 42

Psyche, Ditrysia, 28

Psylla, Homoptera, 27

Pterobranchia, 34

Pterocles, Columbiformes, 43

Pterodina, see Testudinella

Pterophryne, Antennarioidea, 39
*Pterophyllum, Percoidea, 38
*Pteroplatea, Batoidea, 36

Pteropoda, 22

Pteropus, Megachiroptera, 44

Pterosagitta, Chaetognatha, 32

Pterotrachea, Mesogastropoda, 22

Pterygota, 26-29
*Ptinus, Polyphaga, 28

Ptychodactiaria, 12

Ptychodactis, Ptychodactiaria, 12

Ptychodera, Enteropneusta, 34
*Ptychopoda, Ditrysia, 28
*Ptychoptera, Nematocera, 28
*Ptychozoon, Sauria, 41

puffbird (Bucco), Piciformes, 43

puffer (Tetraodon), Tetraodontoidea, 39

puffin (Fraterculd), Charadriiformes, 42

Puffinus, 42 (footnote)
*Pugettia, Reptantia, 3 1

Pulex, Siphonaptera, 29

Pulmonata, 22

Pulsellum, Scaphopoda, 22

Puma, see Felis
*Puntazzo ( = Charax), Percoidea, 38
* Purpura, see Nucella

Putorius, see Mustelo

Pycnogonida, 31-32

Pycnogonomorpha, 32

Pycnogonum, Pycnogonomorpha, 32

Pycnophyes, Echinoderida, 1 7

Pyemotes, Acari, 3 1

Pygopodes, see Gaviiformes

— , see Podicipediformes
*Pyrausta, Ditrysia, 28

Pyrocypris, Myodocopa, 29

PYROMELANA

95

R HOMBOIDICHTHYS

*Pyromelana, see Euplectes
*Pyrophorus, Polyphaga, 28

Pyrosoma, Pyrosomida, 35

Pyrosomida, 35
*Pyrrhocoris, Heteroptera, 27

Python, Serpentes, 41

python {Python), Serpentes, 41

Pyura, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Q

Quadrigyrus, Eoacanthocephala, 20
quetzal (Pharomachrus), Trogoniformes, 43
quokka (Setonyx), Marsupialia, 44

R

rabbit (Oryctolagus), Lagomorpha, 45

rabbit-fishes (Holocephali), 36

raccoon (Procyon), Fissipeda, 45

Radiolaria, 7

Radiophrya, Astomatida, 8

rag-fishes (Malacichthyes), 39

rail (Rallus), Gruiformes, 42

Raillietina, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Raja, Batoidea, 36

RaUus, Gruiformes, 42

Ramphastos, Piciformes, 43

ram's horn snail (Planorbis),
Basommatophora, 22

Rana, Diplasiocoela, 41
*RandaUia, Reptantia, 3 1

Rangifer, Ruminantia, 46
*Raniceps, Anacanthini, 38

Raphidia, Megaloptera, 27

Raphidiophrys, Heliozoa, 7

rat (Rattus), Myomorpha, 45

— , cotton (Sigmodon), Myomorpha, 45

— , coucha (Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45

■ — , maned (Lophiomys), Myomorpha, 45

— , mole (Spalax), Myomorpha, 45

— , moon (Echinosorex), Insectivora, 44

— , multimammate (Mastomys),
Myomorpha, 45

rat-kangaroo (Potorous), Marsupialia, 44

rattle snake (Crotalus), Serpentes, 41
*Rattidus, see Trichocerca

Rattus, Myomorpha, 45

raven (Corviis), Passeres, 43

ray (Raja), Batoidea, 36

— , sting (Dasyatis), Batoidea, 36

rays (Hypotremata), 36

razorbill (Alca), Charadriiformes, 42

red deer( Cervus), Ruminantia, 46
*Reduvius, Heteroptera, 27

reed-fish (Calamoichthys), Cladistia, 36

Reighardia, Cephalobaenida, 32

reindeer (Rangifer), Ruminantia, 46
* Reithrodontomys, Myomorpha, 45

Remora, Discocephali, 39

Reniera, see Adocia
*Renilla, Pennatulacea, 12

Reptantia, 31

reptiles (Reptilia), 41

Reptilia, 41

Rhabdias, Rhabditina, 1 7

Rhabdiasoidea, 19

Rhabditida, 17-18

Rhabditina, 17

Rhabditis, Rhabditina, 17

Rhabditoidea, 19

Rhabdocoela, 13
*Rhabdophaga, Nematocera, 28

Rhabdophorina, 8

Rhabdoplewa, Rhabdopleurida, 34

Rhabdopleurida, 34
*Rhabdostyla, Peritrichida, 9

Rhachianectes, Mysticeti, 45

Rhacophonts, Diplasiocoela, 41

Rhagio, Brachycera, 28

Rhea, Rheiformes, 41

rheas (Rheiformes), 41

Rhegnopteri, see Polynemoidea

Rheiformes, 41
'''Rhineura, Sauria, 41
* Rhinobatus, Batoidea, 36

Rhinoceros, Ceratomorpha, 46

rhinoceros (Ceratotherium),
Ceratomorpha, 46

— (Diceros), Ceratomorpha, 46

— (Rhinoceros), Ceratomorpha, 46
Rhinochimaera, Holocephali, 36
Rhinocricus, Spirobolida, 25

*Rhinoderma, Diplasiocoela, 41
Rhinolophus, Microchiroptera, 44
Rhinophrynus, Procoela, 40

* Rhithropanopeus, Reptantia, 31
Rhizocephala, 30
Rhizochloris, Xanthomonadina, 6
Rhizocrinus, Articulata, 32
Rhizomastigina, 7
Rhizopoda, 7

Rhizostoma, Rhizostomae, 12

Rhizostomae, 12
*Rhodites, see Diplolepis

Rhodnius, Heteroptera, 27
* Rhodosoma, Phlebobranchiata, 34

* Rhomboidichthys, Heterosomata, 39

RHOMBOZOA

96

SAND-DOLLARS

Rhombozoa, see Dicyemida
* Rhombus, see Scophthalmus
Rhopalura, Orthonectida, 9
Rhyacotriton, Ambystomoidea, 40
Rhynchobdella, see Mocrognatfnis
Rhynchobdellida, 24
Rhynchobohis, see Glycera
Rhynchocephalia, 41
Rhynchocoela, see Nemertina
Rhynchodemus, Terricola, 1 3
Rhynchonelloidea, 21
Rhynchophthirina, 27
Rhynchota, see Hemiptera
Rhynchotiis, Tinamiformes, 41
Rhyiwchetos, Gruiformes, 42
ribbon worms (Nemertina), 16-17
ribbon-fish {Trachypterus),

Allotriognathi, 38
Ricinoides, Ricinulei, 3 1
Ricinulei, 31
ringed plover (Charadrius),

Charadriiformes, 42
river crab (Potamon), Reptantia, 31
river prawn (Macrobrachium),

Natantia, 31
river-snail (Viviparus), Mesogastropoda, 22
roach (Rutilus), Cyprinoidea, 37
road-runner (Geococcyx), Cuculiformes, 43
roan antelope {Hippotragiis),

Ruminantia, 46
roatelo (Mesoenas), Gruiformes, 42
robber frog {Eleiitherodactylus),

Procoela, 40
rock lobster (Pamdinis), Reptantia, 3 1
Rodentia, 45

roller (Coracias), Coraciiformes, 43
root-knot eelworm (Meloidogyne),

Tylenchida, 18
rorqual (Balaenoptera), Mysticeti, 45
rose chafer (Cetonia), Polyphaga, 28
*Rossia, Decapoda, 23
Rotalia, Foraminifera, 7
Rotaria, Bdelloidea, 1 7
Rotatoria, see Rotifera
Rotifer, see Rotaria
Rotifera, 17
Rotula, Rotulina, 33
Rotulina, 33
roundworm, horse (Parascaris),

Ascaridina, 18
— , large (Ascaris), Ascaridina, 18
— , poultry (Ascaridia), Ascaridina, 18
roundworms (Nematoda), 17-18

*Rousettus, Megachiroptera, 44

rudder-fish (Lirus), Stromateoidea, 38

Ruminantia, 46

Rupicapra, Ruminantia, 46
*Riipicola, Tyranni, 43
*Ruticilla, see Phoenicwus

Rutilus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Sabella, Polychaeta, 24
*Sabellaria, Polychaeta, 24
sable {Maries), Fissipeda, 45
Saccocirrus, Archiannelida, 24
Saccoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34
Saccopharyngiformes, see Lyomeri
Saccopharynx, Lyomeri, 37
Sacculina, Rhizocephala, 30
Sacoglossa, 22

saddle-oyster (Anomia), Filibranchia, 22
*Sagartia, Actiniaria, 1 2
Sagitta, Chaetognatha, 32
Sagittarius, Falconiformes, 42
Saimiri, Simiae, 44
salamander, dusky {Desmognathus),

Salamandroidea, 40
— , fire (Salamandra), Salamandroidea, 40
— , giant (Megalobatrachus),

Cryptobranchoidea, 40
— , mole (Ambystoma),

Ambystomoidea, 40
— , Olympic {Rhyacotriton),

Ambystomoidea, 40
— , Pacific giant {Dicamptodon),

Ambystomoidea, 40
— , woodland {Plethodon),

Salamandroidea, 40
Salamandra, Salamandroidea, 40
Salamandroidea, 40
Salenia, Hemicidaroida, 33
Salientia, 40-41
Salmo, Salmonoidea, 36
salmon {Salmo), Salmonoidea, 36
Salmonoidea, 36
Salmopercae, 37
Salpa, Salpida, 35
Salpida, 35

Saltatoria, see Orthoptera
Salvelinus, Salmonoidea, 36
*Samia, Ditrysia, 28
sand fly (Phlebotomus), Nematocera, 28
sand plover {Charadrius),

Charadriiformes, 42
sand-dollars (Clypeasteroida), 33

SAND-GROUSE

97

SEA LION

sand-grouse (Pterocles),
Columbiformes, 43

sand-roUer (Percopsis), Salmopercae, 37

Saprodinium, Ctenostomatida, 9

Sarcocystis, Sporozoa (end), 8

Sarcodina, see Rhizopoda
*Sarcophaga, Cyclorrhapha, 28
*Sarcophilus, Marsupialia, 44
*Sarcoramphiis, Falconiformes, 42

sarcosporidiosis {Sarcocystis),
Sporozoa (end), 8

Sardina, Clupeoidea, 36

sardine {Sardina), Clupeoidea, 36

Sarsia, Athecata, 1 1
*Satnrnia, Ditrysia, 28

Sauria, 41
*Sauromalus, Sauria, 41

saw-fish (Pristis), Batoidea, 36

sawfly {Nematiis), Symphyta, 29

— , stem {Cepfuis), Symphyta, 29
*Saxicava, see Hiatella
*Saxostrea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

scabbard fish {Aphanopus),
Trichiuroidea, 38

scale insect {Coccus), Homoptera, 27

scale-tailed flying squirrel (Anomalurus),
Sciuromorpha, 45

scallop {Pecten), Filibranchia, 22

Scalopus, Insectivora, 44

scaly anteater (Manis), Pholidota, 44
*Scaphiopus, Anomocoela, 40

Scaphiostreptus, Spirostreptida, 25
*Scapholeberis, Cladocera, 29

Scaphopoda, 22
*Scardafella, Columbiformes, 43
*Sceliphron, Apocrita, 29
*Sceloporus, Sauria, 41

Schistocephalus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Schistocerca, Caelifera, 27

Schistosoma, T)'\%tnt3., 14

Schizocardium, Enteropneusta, 34

Schizocephala, see Polyxenida

Schizocystis, Schizogregarina, 7

Schizogregarina, 7

Schizomida, see Uropygi

Schizomus, Uropygi, 31

Schizoporella, Cheilostomata, 20

Schizotrypanum, Protomonadina, 6
*Sciaena, Percoidea, 38

Sciara, Nematocera, 28

*Scinciis, Sauria, 41

Sciuromorpha, 45

Sciurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Scleractinia, 12
Sclerodermi, see Balistoidea
Scleroparei, 39
Sclerostomum, see Strongylus
Scolecomorphus, Gymnophiona, 41
Scolopendra, Scolopendromorpha, 25
Scolopendromorpha, 25
Scoloplos, Polychaeta, 24
Scomber, Scombroidea, 38
Scombresoces, see Synentognathi
Scombresocoidea, 37
Scombresox, Scombresocoidea, 37
Scombroidea, 38
Scopelidae, see Myctophoidea
Scopeliformes, see Iniomi
*Scophthalmiis ( = Rhombus),

Heterosomata, 39
*Scopula (=Acidalia), Ditrysia, 28

Scopus, Ciconiiformes, 42
*Scorpaena, Scorpaenoidea, 39
Scorpaenoidea, 39
Scorpio, Scorpiones, 31
scorpion flies (Mecoptera), 28
Scorpiones, 31
scorpions (Scorpiones), 3 1
— , false (Pseudoscorpiones), 31
— , micro-whip (Palpigradi), 31
— , whip (Uropygi), 31
— , wind (Solifugae), 31
screamer {Anhima), Anseriformes, 42
Scrupocellaria, Cheilostomata, 20
Scutellina, 33

Scutigera, Scutigeromorpha, 25
Scutigerella, Symphyla, 25
Scutigeromorpha, 25
Scyliorhinus, Galeoidea, 36
*Scyllarus, Reptantia, 31

Scyllium, see Scyliorhinus
*Scymnorhinus ( = Borborodes, Scymnus),

Squaloidea, 36
* Scymnus, see Scymnorhinus
Scypha, Heterocoela, 9
Scyphomedusae, see Scyphozoa
Scyphozoa, 11-12
sea anemones (Actiniaria), 12
sea catfish {Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38
sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea), 32-33
sea fan {Eunicella), Gorgonacea, 12
sea gooseberry {Pleurobrachia),

Cydippida, 12
sea lily {Metacrinus), Articulata, 32

, (Rhizocrinus), Articulata, 32

sea lion (Otaria), Pinnipedia, 46

SEA LION

98

SIPUNCULOIDEA

sea lion, Calif ornian {Zalophm),

Pinnipedia, 46
sea pen {Pennatula), Pennatulacea, 12
sea spiders (Pycnogonida), 31-32
sea squirts (Ascidiacea), 34-35
sea toads (Antennarioidea), 39
sea urchins (Cidaroida), 33

(Diadematacea), 33

(Echinacea), 33

sea-butterfly (Cavolina), Pteropoda, 22

— (Limacina), Pteropoda, 22
sea-hare (Aplysia), Pleurocoela, 22
sea-horse (Hippocampus), Solenichthyes, 38
seal (Phoca), Pinnipedia, 46

— , Atlantic {Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46
— , elephant (Mirounga), Pinnipedia, 46
— ; grey {Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46
sea-lemon (Doris), Nudibranchia, 22
sea-slug (Elysia), Sacoglossa, 22

— (Eolis), Nudibranchia, 22

— (Limapontia), Sacoglossa, 22

— (Pleurobranchus), Notaspidea, 22
Sebastes, Scorpaenoidea, 39
Sebekia, Porocephalida, 32
secretary bird (Sagittarius),

Falconiformes, 42

Sedentaria, 24 (footnote)

Seison, Seisonidea, 1 7

Seisonidea, 17

Selachii, 35-36

Selachoidei, see Pleurotremata

Selenidium, Archigregarina, 7

Selenococcidiutn, Prococcidia, 7

Selenocystis, Archigregarina, 7

Semaeostomae, 12

Sepia, Decapoda, 23
*Sepietta, Decapoda, 23
*SepioIa, Decapoda, 23

Septibranchia, 23
*Sergestes, Natantia, 3 1
*Serinus, Passeres, 43
*Seriola, Percoidea, 38

serpent stars (Ophiurae), 34

Serpentes, 41

Serpula, Polychaeta, 24
*Serranus, Percoidea, 38

Sertularia, Thecata, 1 1
*Sesan77a, Reptantia, 3 1

Setaria, Spirurida, 1 8

Setonyx, Marsupialia, 44

sewellel (Aplodontia), Sciuromorpha, 45

shaft louse (Menopon), Mallophaga, 27

sharks (Pleurotremata), 35-36

shearwater (Procellaria),
Procellariiformes, 42

sheep (Ovis), Ruminantia, 46

sheep tick (Melophagus), Cyclorrhapha, 28

shell-bearing slug (Testacella),
Stylommatophora, 22

ship-worm (Teredo), Eulamellibranchia, 23

shore crab (Carcinus), Reptantia, 3 1

shore eel (Alabes), Alabetoidea, 40

shore hopper (Talitrus), Amphipoda, 30

shorthorned grasshoppers (Caelifera), 27

shrew (Sorex), Insectivora, 44

— , elephant (Macroscelides),
Insectivora, 44

— , tree (Tupaia), Prosimii, 44

— , white-toothed (Crocidura),
Insectivora, 44

shrimp (Crangon), Natantia, 3 1

— (Hippolyte), Natantia, 31

— , fresh-water (Gammarus),
Amphipoda, 30

— , ghost (Caprella), Amphipoda, 30

shrimps, mantis (Stomatopoda), 30

— , opossum- (Mysidacea), 30

Sialis, Megaloptera, 27

Sibbaldus, Mysticeti, 45

Siboglinum, Athecanephria, 32

Sida, Cladocera, 29
* Siderastrea, Scleractinia, 1 2

Siganoidei, see Teuthidoidea
*Sigara, Heteroptera, 27

Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Sigmodon, Myomorpha, 45
*Sika, Ruminantia, 46

Silicoflagellata, 6

silk moth (Bombyx), Ditrysia, 28
*Silpha, Polyphaga, 28

Siluroidea, 37

Silurus, Siluroidea, 37
*Silvanus, Polyphaga, 28

silver fish (Lepisma), Thysanura, 36

Simia, see Pongo

Simiae, 44

Simocephalus, Cladocera, 29

Simuliutn, Nematocera, 28
*Siphlonurus, Ephemeroptera, 26

Siphodentalium, Scaphopoda, 22

Siphonaptera, 29

Siphonophora, 1 1

Siphonopoda, see Cephalopoda
*Siphostonm, Solenichthyes, 38
Siphunculata, see Anoplura
Sipunculoidea, 23

SIPUNCULUS

99

SProER CRAB

Sipunculus, Sipunculoidea, 23
Siredon, Ambystomoidea, 40
Siren, Meantes, 40
siren (Siren), Meantes, 40
— , dwarf (Pseudobranchus), Meantes, 40
Sirenia, 46
Sirex, Symphyta, 29
Siriella, Mysidacea, 30
*Siteroptes, Acari, 31
* Sitodrepa, see Stegobium
*Sitona, Polyphaga, 28
*Sitophihis ( = Calandrd), Polyphaga, 28
Sitotroga, Ditrysia, 28
skipper {Scombresox),

Scombresocoidea, 37
skua (Stercorarius), Charadriiformes, 42
skunk, spotted (Spilogale), Fissipeda, 45
sleeping-sickness (Trypanosoma),

Protomonadina, 6
slipper animalcule (Paramecium),

Peniculina, 8
slipper limpet (Crepidida),

Mesogastropoda, 22
sloth, three-toed (Bradypits), Edentata, 44
slow-worm (Anguis), Sauria, 41
slug, shell-bearing (Testacella),

Stylommatophora, 22
— , land- (Arion), Stylommatophora, 22
— , — (Limax), Stylommatophora, 22
— , sea- (Elysia), Sacoglossa, 22
— , — (Eolis), Nudibranchia, 22
— , — (Limapontia), Sacoglossa, 22
— , — (Pleurobranchus), Notaspidea, 22
small fruit fly (Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28
*Smaris, Percoidea, 38

smelt (Osmerus), Salmonoidea, 36
*Smerinthus, Ditrysia, 28
Sminthiirus, Symphypleona, 25
Smithornis, Eurylaimi, 43
snail, land (Helix), Stylommatophora, 22
— , pond (Lymnaea), Basommatophora, 22
— , ram's horn (Planorbis),

Basommatophora, 22
— , river- (Viviparus), Mesogastropoda, 22
snake, grass (Matrix), Serpentes, 41
- — , rattle {Crotalus), Serpentes, 41
— , water (Matrix), Serpentes, 41
snake fly (Raphidia), Megaloptera, 27
snakes (Serpentes), 41
snipe-fish (Macrorhamphosiis),

Solenichthyes, 38
snowy cricket (Oecanthus), Ensifera, 26

soft corals (Octocorallia), 12
soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx),

Cryptodira, 41
Solaster, Spinulosa, 34
Solea, Heterosomata, 39
*Solen, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Solenichthyes, 38
*Solenobia, Ditrysia, 28
Solenogastres, see Aplacophora
Solenomya, Protobranchia, 22
Solifugae, 3 1

Solmissus, Narcomedusae, 1 1
Solpugida, see Solifugae
*Somateria, Anseriformes, 42
songbirds (Passeres), 43
Sorex, Insectivora, 44
sour paste eelworm (Panagrellus),

Rhabditina, 17
South American caiman (Caiman),

Crocodylia, 41
spade foot, European (Pelobates),

Anomocoela, 40
Spadella, Chaetognatha, 32
Spalax, Myomorpha, 45
sparrow hawk (Accipiter),

Falconiformes, 42
Spatangoida, 34
Spatangus, Spatangoida, 34
*Spathegaster, Apocrita, 29
Spelaeogriphacea, 30
Spelaeogriphus, Spelaeogriphacea, 30
*Speocarcinus, Reptantia, 3 1
sperm whale (Physeter), Odontoceti, 45
Spermophilus, see Citellus
Sphaerechinus, Temnopleuroida, 33
Sphaerius, Polyphaga, 28
Sphaerocapsa, Radiolaria,^7
*Sphaeroides, Tetraodontoidea,[39
Sphaeronella, Lernaeopodoida,'30
Sphaerospora, Myxosporidia,l8
Sphaerotherium, Glomerida, 25
Sphaerozoiim, Radiolaria, 7
Sphaerularia, Tylenchida, 1 8
Spheciospongia, Astrosclerophora, 10
Sphenisciformes, 42
Spheniscus, Sphenisciformes, 42
Sphenodon, Rhynchocephalia, 41

* Sphinx ( = Sphynx), Ditrysia, 28
*Sphodromantis, Mantodea, 26

* Sphynx, see Sphinx
Sphyraena, Mugiloidea, 38
Sphyrna, Galeoidea, 36

spider crab (Maia), Reptantia, 31

SPIDER MONKEY

100

STOMIAS

spider monkey (A teles), Simiae, 44

spiders (Araneae), 3 1

— , false (Solifugae), 3 1

— , harvest (Opiliones), 31

— , sea (Pycnogonida), 31-32

— , sun (Solifugae), 31

Spilogole, Fissipeda, 45
*SpilopeUa, see Streptopelia

Spinachia, Thoracostei, 39
*Spinax (=Etmopterus), Squaloidea, 36

Spinulosa, 34

spiny anteater (Tachyglossus),
Monotremata, 43

spiny eels (Opisthomi), 39

Spirobolida, 25

Spirobohis, Spirobolida, 25

Spirobiachia, Thecanephria, 32

Spirochona, Chonotrichida, 8

Spirocodou, Athecata, 1 1

Spirographis, see Sabella

Spirophrya, Apostomatida, 8

Spirostomwn, Heterotrichina, 9

Spirostreptida, 25

Spirostreptus, Spirostreptida, 25

Spirotricha, 9

Spirilla, Decapoda, 23

Spirurida, 18

Spiruroidea, 19
*Spisula, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Spondylomomm, Phytomonadina, 6

sponge, bath (Spongia), Keratosa, 10

— , loggerhead (Spheciospongia),
Astrosclerophora, 10

sponges (Parazoa), 9-10

— , ascon (Homocoela), 9

— , glass (Hexactinellida), 10

— , homy (Keratosa), 10

Spongia, Keratosa, 10

Spongiida, see Parazoa

Spongilla, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

spoonbill (Platalea), Ciconiiformes, 42

Sporozoa, 7-8

spotted skunk (Spilogale), Fissipeda, 45

spring-tails (Collembola), 25

Squaloidea, 36

Squalus, Squaloidea, 36

Squamata, 41

Squatina, Squaloidea, 36

squid (Loligo), Decapoda, 23

— , vampire (Vampyroteuthis),
Vampyromorpha, 23

Squilla, Stomatopoda, 30

squirrel (Sciurus), Sciuromorpha, 45

squirrel, African ground (Xerus),
Sciuromorpha, 45

— , American flying (Glaiicomys),
Sciuromorpha, 45

— , American ground (Citellus),
Sciuromorpha, 45

— , scale-tailed flying (Anomalurus),
Sciuromorpha, 45

squirrel monkey (Saimiri), Simiae, 44

stag beetle (Lucanus), Polyphaga, 28

starfishes (Asteroidea), 34

starling (Sturnus), Passeres, 43

Stauromedusae, 1 1

Steatornis, Caprimulgiformes, 43

Steganopodes, see Pelecaniformes
*Stegobium ( = Sitodrepa), Polyphaga, 28
*Stegomyia, Nematocera, 28
*Stegostonia, Galeoidea, 36

Stelletta, Astrosclerophora, 10

Stelmatopoda, see Gymnolaemata

stem-and-bulb eelworm (Ditylenchus),
Tylenchida, 18

stem sawfly (Cep/nis), Symphyta, 29

Stemmatoiulus, Stemmiulida, 25

Stemmiulida, 25
*Stenobothrus, Caelifera, 27

Stenoglossa, 22

— , see Mesogastropoda

Stenolaemata, see Cyclostomata
*Stenopelmatus, Ensifera, 26

Stenostomata, see Cyclostomata
*Stenostomiim, Rhabdocoela, 1 3
*Stenotomus, Percoidea, 38

Stentor, Heterotrichina, 9

Stephanoceros, Collothecacea, 17

Stercorarius, Charadriiformes, 42

Sterna, Charadriiformes, 42
*Sternaspis, Polychaeta, 24

Stichastrella, Forcipulata, 34

Stichopus, Aspidochirota, 32

stick-insect (Carausius), Phasmida, 26

sticklebacks (Thoracostei), 39

sticktight (Echidnophaga), Siphonaptera, 29

Stigmella, Monotrysia, 28

Stigmodera, Polyphaga, 28

sting ray (Dasyatis), Batoidea, 36

sting-winkle (Murex), Stenoglossa, 22

— (Ocenebra), Stenoglossa, 22

stoat (Ml/stela), Fissipeda, 45

Stolidobranchiata, 35

Stomatoda, see Peritrichida

Stomatopoda, 30

Stomias, Stomiatoidea, 36

STOMIATOIDEA

101

TAENIA

Stomiatoidea, 36

Stomochordata, see Hemichordata
*Stomolop/ius, Rhizostomae, 12

Stomopneustes, Phymosomatoida, 33
*Stomoxys, Cyclorrhapha, 28
stone crab (Lithodes), Reptantia, 3 1
stone-flies (Plecoptera), 26
stony corals (Scleractinia), 12
*Storeria, Serpentes, 41
stork (Ciconia), Ciconiiformes, 42
— , whale-headed (Balaeniceps),

Ciconiiformes, 42
storm petrel {Hydrobates),
Procellariiformes, 42
Strepsiptera, 28
Streptastrosclerophora, 10
Streptoneura, see Prosobranchia
*Streptopelia ( = Spilopelid),
Columbiformes, 43
Strigea, Digenea, 14
Strigiformes, 43
*Stngomonas, Protomonadina, 6
striped hyaena (Hyaena),
Fissipeda, 45
*Stnx, Strigiformes, 43

Stromateoidea, 38

Strombidium, Oligotrichida, 9

Strombilidium, Oligotrichida, 9

Strombus, Mesogastropoda, 22

Strongylina, 18

Strongylocentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Strongyloidea, 19

Strongyloides, Rhabditina, 1 7

Strongylus, Strongylina, 18

Struthio, Struthioniformes, 41

Struthioniformes, 41

sturgeon (Acipenser), Chondrostei, 36

Sturnus, Passeres, 43

Styela, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Stylaria, Oligochaeta, 24

Stylaster, Athecata, 1 1

Stylocephalus, Eugregarina, 7

Stylochus, Acotylea, 1 3

Stylommatophora, 22
*Stylonychia, Hypotrichida, 9

stylopids (Strepsiptera), 28

Stylops, Strepsiptera, 28

Suberites, Astrosclerophora, 10

Subulura, Ascaridina, 18

sucker-fishes (Discocephali), 39

sucking lice (Anoplura), 27

Suctoria, see Siphonaptera

Suctorida, 8

sugar-cane leaf-hopper {Perkinsiella),

Homoptera, 27
Suiformes, 46
Sula, Pelecaniformes, 42
sun spiders (Solifugae), 31
sun-bittern (Eurypyga), Gruiformes, 42
sun-fish (Mola), Tetraodontoidea, 39
sun-grebe (Heliornis), Gruiformes, 42
surgeon-fish (Acanthurus),

Acanthuroidea, 38
Surinam toad (Pipa), Opisthocoela, 40
Sus, Suiformes, 46
swallow (Hirundo), Passeres, 43
swallow-tail (Papilio), Ditrysia, 28
swan (Cygnus), Anseriformes, 42
swan-mussel (Anodonta),

Eulamellibranchia, 23
swift (Apus), Apodiformes, 43
swordtail (Platypoecilus),

Microcyprini, 38
Sycandra, see Grantia
Sycon, see Scypha
Syconosa, 10
Sycotypus, see Busycon
Syllis, Polychaeta, 24
* Sylvia, Passeres, 43
Sylvilagus, Lagomorpha, 45
Symphyla, 25
Symphylella, Symphyla, 25
Symphypleona, 25
Symphyta, 29
Synapta, Apoda, 33
Synbranchii, 40
Synbranchoidea, 40
Synbranchus, Synbranchoidea, 40
Syncarida, 30
*Synchaeta, Ploima, 1 7
*Synchroa, Polyphaga, 28

Syncystis, Schizogregarina, 7
*Syndesmis, Rhabdocoela, 1 3
Synentognathi, 37
Syngamus, Strongylina, 1 8
Syngnathiformes, see Solenichthyes
*Syngnathus, Solenichthyes, 38
Sy nodus, Myctophoidea, 37
Syraphus, Tanaidacea, 30

Tabanus, Brachycera, 28
*Tachycines, Ensifera, 26
Tachyglossus, Monotremata, 43
Tachypleus, Xiphosura, 3 1
Taenia, Cyclophyllidea, 14

TAENIARHYNCHUS

102

THALASSOCHELYS

*Taeniarhynchus ( = Taenia ?),
Cyclophyllidea, 14

Taenioidea, see Cyclophyllidea

tailed frog (Ascaphus), Amphicoela, 40
*Takydromus, Sauria, 41
*Talegalla, Galliformes, 42

Talitrus, Amphipoda, 30
*Talorchestia, Amphipoda, 30

Talpa, Insectivora, 44

Tamandua, Edentata, 44
*Tamarinus, Prosimii, 44

Tamias, Sciuromorpha, 45

Tanaidacea, 30

Tanais, Tanaidacea, 30
*Tangavius, Passeres, 43
*Tanytarsus, Nematocera, 28

tapeworms (Cestoda), 14

tapir (Tapirus), Ceratomorpha, 46

Tapirus, Ceratomorpha, 46

Tardigrada, 32

tarpon (Megalops), Clupeoidea, 36

tarsier (Tarsius), Tarsii, 44

Tarsii, 44

Tarsius, Tarsii, 44

Tartaridae, see Uropygi

Taurotragus, Ruminantia, 46
*Tautoga, Percoidea, 38

Taxidea, Fissipeda, 45

Tayassu, Suiformes, 46

Tealia, Actinmria, 12

Tectibranchia, see Pleurocoela

Tectospondyli, see Squaloidea
*Telea, Ditrysia, 28

Teleostei, see Neopterygii

tellin (Tellina), Eulamellibranchia, 23

Tellina, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Telomyxa, Microsporidia, 8
*Telorchis, Digenea, 14

Telosporidia, see Sporozoa

Telotremata, 21 (footnote)

Telphusa, see Potamon

Temnocephala, Temnocephalidea, 1 3

TemnocephaHdea, 13

Temnocephaloidea, 13

Temnopleuroida, 33

Temnopleums, Temnopleuroida, 33

Tenebrio, Polyphaga, 28

Tenrec, Insectivora, 44

tenrec (Tenrec), Insectivora, 44

Tentacularia, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tentaculata, 12

Tentaculifera, see Suctorida

Terebella, Polychaeta, 24

Terebra, Stenoglossa, 22

Terebratella, Terebratelloidea, 21

Terebratelloidea, 21

Terebratulina, Terebratuloidea, 21

Terebratuloidea, 21

Teredo, Eulamellibranchia, 23

termites (Isoptera), 26
*Termopsis, Isoptera, 26

tern {Sterna), Charadriiformes, 42
*Terrapene, Cryptodira, 41

terrapin (Chrysemys), Cryptodira, 41

Terricola, 13

Terricolae, 24 (footnote)

Testacea, 7

Testacella, Stylommatophora, 22

Testudinella, Flosculariacea, 1 7

Testudines, 41

Testudo, Cryptodira, 41

Tethya, Astrosclerophora, 10

Tetilla, Astrosclerophora, 10

Tetrabothrioidea, 14

Tetrabothrius, Tetrabothrioidea, 1 4

Tetrabranchia, 23

Tetractinellida, 10-1 1

Tetractinomyxon, Actinomyxidia, 8

Tetradesmida, 14

Tetrahymena, Tetrahymenina, 8

Tetrahymenina, 8

Tetrakentron, Heterotardigrada, 32

Tetrameres, Spirurida, 18
*Tetramitus, Metamonadina, 6
*Tetrao, Galliformes, 42

Tetraodon, Tetraodontoidea, 39

Tetraodontiformes, see Plectognathi

Tetraodontoidea, 39
*Tetraopes, Polyphaga, 28

Tetraphyllidea, 14

Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tetrarhynclius, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tetrastemma, Monostylifera, 16

Tetraxonida, 10

Tetrix, Caelifera, 27

Tettigonia, Ensifera, 26

Teuthidoidea, 38

Teuthis, Teuthidoidea, 38

Texas cattle fever (Babesia),
Haemosporidia, 8

Textularia, Foraminifera, 7
*Thais, Ditrysia, 28

Thalarctos, Fissipeda, 45

Thalassema, Echiuroinea, 23

Thalassicola, Radiolaria, 7
*Thalassochelys, see Caret ta

THALASSOPHRYNE

103

TREE FROG

Thalassophryne, Haplodoci, 39

Thaliacea, 35
*Thamnophis, Serpentes, 41
*Thamnotnzoii, see Pholidoptera

Thecanephria, 32

Thecata, 1 1

Thecideoidea, 2 1

Theileria, Haemosporidia, 8

Thelazia, Spirurida, 18
*Thelia, Homoptera, 27

Thelohania, Microsporidia, 8

Thelyphonida, see Uropygi

Tbenea, Streptastrosclerophora, 10
*Theodoxus, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Theria, 44-^6

Thermobia, Thysanura, 26

Theimosbaena, Thermosbaenacea, 30

Thermosbaenacea, 30
*Theromyzon, see Protoclepsis

Thigmophrya, Thigmotrichida, 9

Thigmotrichida, 9
*Thomomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Thoracica, 30

Thoracostei, 39

thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), 20

threadworm (Enterobiiis), Ascaridina, 1 8

— , mouse (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 1 8

three-toed sloth (Bradvpus), Edentata, 44

Threskiornis, Ciconiiformes, 42

Thn'ps, Thysanoptera, 27

thrips (Thysanoptera), 27

Thrombus, Homosclerophora, 10

thrush {Turdus), Passeres, 43

Thunniis, Scombroidea, 38
*Thylacinus, Marsupialia, 44
*Thynnus, Scombroidea, 38

Thy one, Dendrochirota, 33

Thyropygus, Spirostreptida, 25

Thysanoptera, 27

Thysanozooii, Cotylea, 1 3

Thysanura. 26
*Thysanus, Apocrita, 29
*Tiaropsis, Thecata, 1 1

tick (Argas), Acari, 3 1

— (Ixodes), Acari, 31

— (Ornithodoros), Acari, 3 1

— , sheep (Melophagus), Cyclorrhapha, 28
tiger (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45
tiger beetle (Cicindela), Adephaga, 28
Tigriopus, Harpacticoida, 29
Tigris, see Panthera
*TiIiqua, Sauria, 41
Tillina, Trichostomatida, 8

*Timarcha, Polyphaga, 28

Tinamiformes, 41

tinamous (Tinamiformes), 41

Tinea, Ditrysia, 28
*Tineola, Ditrysia, 28

Tintinnida, 9

Tintinnopsis, Tintinnida, 9

Tintinnus, Tintinnida, 9

Tipula, Nematocera, 28

Tityus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Tjalfiella, Platyctenea, 12

toad (Biifo), Procoela, 40

— , bull (Megophrys), Anomocoela, 40

— , clawed (Xenopus), Opisthocoela, 40

— , fire bellied (Bonibina),
Opisthocoela, 40

— , Mexican digger (Rhinophrynus),
Procoela, 40

— , midwife (Alytes), Opisthocoela, 40

— , Surinam (Pipa), Opisthocoela, 40

— , true (Bufo), Procoela, 40

toad-fishes (Haplodoci), 39

toads, sea (Antennarioidea), 39

Todus, Coraciiformes, 43

tody (Todus), Coraciiformes, 43
'^'Tomaspis, Homoptera, 27
*Tomicus, see Ips

Tomistoma, Crocodylia, 41

Tomopteris, Polychaeta, 24
*Tomcella, Chitonida, 21
*Tonna ( = Dolium), Mesogastropoda, 22

tope (Galeorhinus), Galeoidea, 36

top-shell (Trochus), Archaeogastropoda, 21

Torpediniformes, see Narcobatoidea

Torpedo, Narcobatoidea, 36

tortoise, Greek (Testudo), Cryptodira, 41

Tortrix, Ditrysia, 28
* Tot anus, see Tringa

toucan (Ramphastos), Piciformes, 43
*Toxascaris, Ascaridina, 18

Toxoplasma, Sporozoa (end), 8

toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma),
Sporozoa (end), 8

Toxopneustes, Temnopleuroida, 33
*Toxoptera, Homoptera, 27

Trachelomonas, Euglenoidina, 6
*Trachinus, Percoidea, 38
*Trachyeorystes, Siluroidea, 37

Trachymedusae, 1 1

Trachypterus, Allotriognathi, 38

Tragulus, Ruminantia, 46
*Travisia, Polychaeta, 24

tree frog (Hyla), Procoela, 40

TREE FROG

104

TURBONILLA

tree frog (Rhacophonis), Diplasiocoela, 41

tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax),
Hyracoidea, 46

tree shrew (Tupaia), Prosimii, 44

tree-hopper (Centrotus), Homoptera, 27

Trematoda, 14

Trepostomata, see Cyclostomata

— , 20 (footnote)

Treron, Columbiformes, 43
*Triaenophoius, Pseudophyllidea, 14
*Trialewodes, Homoptera, 27
*Triangulus, Rhizocephala, 30

Triarthra, see Filinia
*Triatoma, Heteroptera, 27

Triaxonida, see Hexactinellida

TriboUum, Polyphaga, 28
*Trichamoeba, Amoebina, 7

Trichechus, Sirenia, 46

Trichina, see Trichinella

trichina worm {Trichinella), Dorylaimina, 1 8

r/7W///?£'//o, Dorylaimina, 18

Trichinelloidea, see Trichuroidea

Trichiuroidea, 38

Trichocephalus, see Trichuris
*Trichocerca ( = Diurella, Rattulus),
Ploima, 17

Trichodectes, Mallophaga, 27

Trichodina, Peritrichida, 9

Trichogramma, Apocrita, 29

Trichomonas, Metamonadina, 6

Trichonympha, Metamonadina, 6

Trichoptera, 28

Trichostomatida, 8

trichostrongyles (Cooperia), Strongylina, 18

— (Haemonchus), Strongylina, 18

— (Ostertagia), Strongylina, 1 8
Trichosurus, Marsupialia, 44
Tif'/Wji/m, Dorylaimina, 18
Trichuroidea, 19
Tricladida, 13

*Tridacna, Eulamellibranchia, 23

trigger-fishes (Plectognathi), 39

Trigla, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Trigoniulus, Spirobolida, 25

Trimastix, Metamonadina, 6
*Trimerotropis, Caehfera, 27
*Tringa ( = Totanus), Charadriiformes, 42

Trionyx, Cryptodira, 41
*Triopha, Nudibranchia, 22

Triops, Notostraca, 29

Tripneustes, Temnopleuroida, 33

Tripyla, Enoplina, 1 8

Tristoma, Capsaloidea, 1 3

Triticella, Ctenostomata, 20

Triton, see Triturus

Tritonia, see Charonia

Triturus, Salamandroidea, 40

Trocheta, Gnathobdellida, 24

Trochilus, Apodiformes, 43
*Trochocochlea, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Trochosphaera, Flosculariacea, 1 7

Trochus, Archaeogastropoda, 21
*Troglichthys, Microcyprini, 38
^Troglodytes, Passeres, 43

Troglodytes, see Pan

Trogoniformes, 43

trogons (Trogoniformes), 43

Trombicula, Acari, 3 1

tropic bird (Phaethon), Pelecaniformes, 42

Tropidonotus, see Natrix

Tropiometra, Articulata, 32

Tropisurus, see Tetrameres
*Tropoeas, see Turbonilla

trout (Salmo), Salmonoidea, 36

true corals (Scleractinia), 12

true dragonflies (Anisoptera), 26

true flies (Diptera), 28

true frog (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41

true toad (Bufo), Procoela, 40

trumpeter (Psophia), Gruiformes, 42

trumpet-shell (Charonia),
Mesogastropoda, 22

Trutta, see Salmo

Tryblidiacea, 21

Trygon, see Dasyatis

Trypanorhyncha, see Tetrarhynchoidea

Trypanosoma, Protomonadina, 6
*Trypoxylon, Apocrita, 29

tse-tse fly (Glossina), Cyclorrhapha, 28

tuatara (Sphenodon), Rhynchocephalia, 41

Tubifex, Oligochaeta, 24

Tubinares, see Procellariiformes

Tubulanus, Palaeonemertina, 16

Tubularia, Athecata, 1 1

TubuHdentata, 46

Tubulipora, Cyclostomata, 20

Tunga, Siphonaptera, 29

Tunicata, see Urochordata

tunny (Thunmis), Scombroidea, 38

Tupaia, Prosimii, 44
*Tupinambis, Sauria, 41

Turbatrix, Rhabditina, 1 7

Turbellaria, 13

turbellarians (Turbellaria), 1 3

* Turbonilla ( = Tropoeas),
Mesogastropoda, 22

TURDUS

105

WAPITI

Tardus, Passeres, 43

turkey (Meleagris), Galliformes, 42

turkey vulture (Cathartes),
Falconiformes, 42

Tiimix, Gruiformes, 42
* Tunis, seeLeuckartiara
* — , see Neotuiris

Tursio, see Tursiops

Tursiops, Odontoceti, 45

turtle, green (Chelone), Cryptodira, 41

— , leathery (Dermochelys),
Cryptodira, 41

— , long necked (Chelodina),
Pleurodira, 41

— , soft-shelled (Trionyx), Cryptodira, 41
*Turtur, Columbiformes, 43

tusk-shell {Cadulus), Scaphopoda, 22

— {Dentalium), Scaphopoda, 22

— (Pulsellum), Scaphopoda, 22

— (Siphodentalium), Scaphopoda, 22
two-winged flies (Diptera), 28
Tylenchida, 18

Tylopoda, 46
*Typhlichthys, Microcyprini, 38
*Typhlonectes, Gymnophiona, 41

Tyranni, 43
*Tyrannus, Tyranni, 43

Tyto, Strigiformes, 43

U

Uca, Reptantia, 3 1

Vdonella, Udonelloidea, 1 3

Udonelloidea, 13

Umbra, Haplomi, 37

Uwbracuhim, Notaspidea, 22

Unio, Eulamellibranchia, 23
*Upogebia, Reptantia, 31

Upupa, Coraciiformes, 43
* Uranoscopus, Percoidea, 38

Urceolaria, Peritrichida, 9

Urechis, Xenopneusta, 23

Urnatella, Urnatellidae, 20

Urnatellidae, 20

Urocentruni, Peniculina, 8

Urochordata, 34-35

Urodela, see Caudata

Uroglena, Chrysomonadina, 6

Uroleptus, Hypotrichida, 9
*Uronychia, Hypotrichida, 9

Uropygi, 31

Ursus, Fissipeda, 45

Uteriporus, Maricola, 1 3

Vacuolaria, Chloromonadina, 6
Vahlkampfia, Amoebina, 7
vampire (Desmodus), Microchiroptera, 44
vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis),

Vampyromorpha, 23
Vampyrella, Heliozoa, 7
Vampyromorpha, 23
Vampyroteuthis, Vampyromorpha, 23

* Vanellus, Charadriiformes, 42

* Vanessa, Ditrysia, 28
Velamen, Cestida, 12
Velella, Athecata, 1 1

Venus's flower basket (Euplectella),

Hexasterophora, 10
Venus's girdle (Cesium), Cestida, 12

* Vermetus, Mesogastropoda, 22
Vertebrata, 35-46

Vespa, Apocrita, 29
*Vespertilio, Microchiroptera, 44
Vespula, Apocrita, 29
Vexillum, see Velamen
vicuna (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

* Vinciguerria, Stomiatoidea, 36

vine pest (Phylloxera), Homoptera, 27
vinegar eelworm (Turbatrix),

Rhabditina, 17
v'vpQX (Vipera), Serpentes, 41
Vipera, Serpentes, 41
Virgularia, Pennatulacea, 1 2

* Viscaccia, see Lagidium
Viverra, Fissipeda, 45
Viviparus, Mesogastropoda, 22
vole (Microtus), Myomorpha, 45

— , bank (Clethrionomys), Myomorpha, 45
— , water (Arvicola), Myomorpha, 45

* Volucella, Cyclorrhapha, 28

* Valuta, Stenoglossa, 22
Volvocina, see Phytomonadina
Volvox, Phytomonadina, 6
Vombatus, Marsupial ia, 44
Vorticella, Peritrichida, 9
Vulpes, Fissipeda, 45

* Vultur, Falconiformes, 42
vulture, black (Aegypius),

Falconiformes, 42
— , turkey (Cathartes), Falconiformes, 42

W

* Waldheimia, Symphyta, 29
wall lizard (Lacerta), Sauria, 41
walrus (Odobenus), Pinnipedia, 46
wapiti (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46

WART HOG

106

ZYGOPTERA

wart hog (Phacochoerus), Suiformes, 46

wasp (Vespula), Apocrita, 29

— , giant wood (Sirex), Symphyta, 29

* Watasenia, Decapoda, 23

water beetle (Dytiscus), Adephaga, 28

water boatman (Corixa), Heteroptera, 27

water fleas (Cladocera), 29

water snake (Matrix), Serpentes, 41

water vole (Arvicola), Myomorpha, 45

water-bears (Tardigrada), 32

waterdog {Nectwus), Proteida, 40

wax moth (Galleria), Ditrysia, 28

weasel (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

web-spinners (Embioptera), 27

Wenyonia, Pseudophyllidea, 1 4

whale, beaked (Mesoplodon), Odontoceti, 45

— , blue (Sibbaldus), Mysticeti, 45

— , grey (Rhachianectes), Mysticeti, 45

— , killer (Orcimis), Odontoceti, 45

— , sperm (Physeter), Odontoceti, 45

whale feed (Euphausiacea), 30

whale louse (Cyamus), Amphipoda, 30

whale-headed stork (Balaeniceps),

Ciconiiformes, 42
wheat gall eelworm {Anguina),

Tylenchida, 18
wheel animalcules (Rotifera), 1 7
whelk {Buccinum), Stenoglossa, 22
— , American (Busycon), Stenoglossa, 22
— , dog- (Nassa), Stenoglossa, 22
whip scorpions (Uropygi), 3 1
whipworm (TrichuHs), Dorylaimina, 18
whirligig (Gyrinus), Adephaga, 28
white ants (Isoptera), 26
white-toothed shrew (Crocidura),

Insectivora, 44
white worm (Enchytraeus), Oligochaeta, 24
whiting (Gadus), Anacanthini, 38
wind scorpions (Solifugae), 31
wire worm (Agriotes), Polyphaga, 28

* Wohlfahrtia, Cyclorrhapha, 28
wolf (Canis), Fissipeda, 45
wolf-fish (Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38
wombat (Vombatus), Marsupialia, 44
wood mouse (Apodemus), Myomorpha, 45
wood wasp, giant (Sirex), Symphyta, 29
woodchuck (Marmotd), Sciuromorpha, 45

woodland salamander (Plethodon),

Salamandroidea, 40
woodlouse (Armadillidium), Isopoda, 30
— (Ligia), Isopoda, 30
woodpecker (Picus), Piciformes, 43
Wuchereria, Spirurida, 18

X

Xanthomonadina, 6

Xenopneusta, 23

Xenopsylla, Siphonaptera, 29

Xenopterygii, 39

Xenopus, Opisthocoela, 40

Xerus, Sciuromorpha, 45
* Xestobium, Polyphaga, 28

Xiphinenm, Dorylaimina, 1 8
* Xiphophorus, Microcj^^rini, 38

Xiphosura, 31
*Xylotrechus, Polyphaga, 28

Y

Yoldia, Protobranchia, 22
Yungia, Cotylea, 1 3

Zalophus, Pinnipedia, 46

Zapus, Myomorpha, 45

zebra (Equus), Hippomorpha, 46

Zelleriella, Opalinina, 7
*Zenaidiira, Columbiformes, 43

Zenkevitchiana, Thecanephria, 32

Zeomorphi, 38

Zeugloptera, 28

Zeus, Zeomorphi, 38

Zoantharia, 12

zoanthids (Zoanthiniaria), 12

Zoanthiniaria, 12

Zoanthus, Zoanthiniaria, 1 2
*Zoarces, Blennioidea, 38

Zooflagellata, see Zoomastigina

Zoomastigina, 6-7
*Zootermopsis, Isoptera, 26

Zoothamnium, Peritrichida, 9

Zoraptera, 26

Zorotypus, Zoraptera, 26

Zygoptera, 26