/\A

■W^^'W'wii^rm:

#"*w^i«rw%r*w^

^w*M^ :-.^^%M

f'^HiPV

^^'

^^kj^^^^-m.

l'"j-''>''"?^"f^'l^*"-*/

■^ . i4. , aii«. J^. 4ia'

*' ■* 3- •& i> i«

1. 1-.

D H

^ Marine Biological Laboratory Library

II Woods Hole, Mass. d

1 c

G

j Presented by j

J

2 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

J) Jul/ 20, 1962

I

3B3^^^^^^^^^^^^^SE

0

A CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

QJL.

^7S

A CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

LORD ROTHSCHILD

G.M., Sc.D., F.R.S.

JOHN WILEY AND SONS INC, New York, N.Y.

PUBLISHED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, EXCEPT THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY LONGMANS GREEN AND CO LTD

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO LTD, THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

page VII

I. SCOPE

11. SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

III. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

APPENDIX I: FURTHER READING

47

APPENDIX II: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

50

APPENDIX III: REFERENCES

52

ANIMAL AND GROUP INDEX

57

79960

INTRODUCTION

The following notes may be helpful:

(1) Chapter I explains the purpose of the book and how to use it.

(2) Chapter 1 1 is a summarized classification of living animals.

(3) Chapter IH is a classification of living animals, with examples of genera in each class, order, sub-order, etc.

(4) Appendix I provides references for further reading.

(5) Appendix II is a list of the authorities consulted on the classifications.

(6) Some 4,000 examples of 'better known' genera are mentioned in Chapter III and the Index, which also gives the order or sub-order to which each genus belongs.

(7) The Index contains more examples than the text. The reader who wishes to see whether a particular animal is classified should refer to the Index and not to the order, in Chapter III, to which he believes the animal belongs.

(8) Only a certain number of English names are recorded and some of these might be questioned by the purist. Innumerable examples could be given of the confusion caused by the use of vernacular as opposed to Latin names. Where I live, the hedgehog, Erinaceus, is sometimes called an urchin. Where I often work, an urchin is called Echinus. But members of the order Echinoida (sea urchins), to which Echinus belongs, are also called sea hedgehogs, egg urchins, sea eggs, egg-fish, buttonfish, sea thistles, needle shells, chestnuts, burrs, spikes, zarts, porcupines and whore's eggs.

(9) No species are given, only genera. The English names of some better known animals are, therefore, missing, because they refer to a species and not the genus: for example, the herring gull (Larus argentatus) and the crested newt (Triton cristatus). The reader will not find herring gull or crested newt in the Index, but will find gull, newt, Larus and Triton.

R.

I. SCOPE

During my studies of spermatozoa, I have often been frustrated by having to consult a number of books, instead of one, to find an up-to-date classification of the animal kingdom: and it occurred to me that other scientists might have the same difficulty. Classifications of the animal kingdom are available; but the only comprehensive ones of which I am aware are that of my first biology teacher. D. M. Reid (1925), which is out of print and now out-of-date, and that prepared in 1949 for Section F of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Zoological Names, a List of Phyla, Classes and Orders. Apart from having no table of contents, index or examples, this pamphlet, which is reproduced in Specter's Handbook of Biological Data (1956), was clearly written for zoologists and not for physiologists, bio- chemists, biophysicists and those biologists who are not familiar with the classification of animals, for whom this book is intended.

The book and its Index can be used to find out how the animal kingdom, or parts of it, are classified, which are the eutherian mammals, what phasmids and Homoptera are, etc. Neither the book nor its Index can necessarily provide answers to questions about the systematic positions of individual genera, because there are some two hundred thousand genera in the animal kingdom.' Nevertheless, the Latin and some English names of a number of better known genera have been included. A genus may be well known to one person and unknown to another; any selection of 'better known genera' is bound, therefore, to be arbitrary. The reader is, therefore, almost certain to find that some genera, which are well known to him, are absent. Similarly, the English names of some better known animals are missing, because no species, only genera, are mentioned.

No extinct groups are mentioned, although from time to time members of such groups turn out not to be extinct at all, as in the case of the coelacanth (Actinistia) and the mollusc Neopilina (Tryblidiacea). The omission of extinct orders may give the misleading impression that a system of classification is top-heavy. In classifications of recent birds (Class Aves), for example, one sub-class, Neomithes, is sometimes included; this may seem unnecessary. But if the classification includes extinct birds, Neornithes is seen to be one of two sub-classes, the other, extinct, one being Archaeornithes.

Alternative classifications are given of the Parazoa ( = Porifera), Platyhelminthes and Nematoda. The nematode classification of Chitwood & Chitwood (1950) is preferred to that of Hyman, which is well known because her treatise The Invertebrates (1940-1959) is so well known. A classification of the Parazoa by Dr. Maurice Burton is preferred to that of Hyman. Professor Jean Baer's classification of the Platyhelminthes, as yet unpublished, is preferred to that of Dr. Ben Dawes, but in this case, the decision was a personal one. The preferred classification is given first in each case. The same genera are cited as examples in the alterna- tive classifications, but in the Index, genera are referred to the preferred classification. Alternative classifications of several other groups could have been given, e.g. the class Echinoidea, because systematics is a dynamic subject about which zoologists often disagree. But only the Parazoa, Platyhelminthes and Nematoda seemed to require this treatment in a book of this size and detail.

If an English name applies to a particular genus, as in the case of 'whelk', it will be found

in the singular after the generic name, Buccinum. But if the same English name applies to two

or more genera, it will be found, in the plural, after the genera to which it applies, for example

Cavolina, Limacina (sea-butterflies). When English names are available for higher groupings,

such as sponges (Parazoa), these will be found after the Latin names. No attempt has been

made to give a comprehensive list of English or vernacular names, interesting as it may be to

know that everyone in the Barbados is familiar with sea eggs, but no one with sea urchins.

Such information is outside the scope of this book. Whenever possible, therefore, Latin and

not English names should be looked up in the Index. In a few cases where an animal causes a

disease which has an English name, it has been put in brackets after the generic name of the

animal, for example Entamoeba (amoebic dysentery).

' If a genus is not in this book, the most likely place to find it is in Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus (1939-1950).

SCOPE

When a synonym exists for a phylum, class, order, etc. and is worth mentioning, it is put in brackets after the preferred name, e.g.

DISCOCEPHALI ( = Echeneiformes)

If the group represented by the synonym is approximately equal to the group represented by the preferred name, the sign for 'approximately equal' is used :

PLECTOGNATHI (= Tetraodontiformes)

If there are two synonyms, they are recorded as follows :

OLIGONEOPTERA ( = Endopterygota, Holometabola)

When the relationship between a preferred name and certain synonyms or near-synonyms is simple, the relationship is recorded as follows, sometimes as a footnote:

MESOGASTROPODA ( = Monotocardia, Pectinibranchia, - Stenoglossa)

This means that the order Mesogastropoda is the same as the order Monotocardia or Pectinibranchia, minus Stenoglossa. A plus sign between two synonyms would have the analogous meaning.

Synonyms of genera have only been given where there was good reason to do so. To attempt more would make several entries under orders and sub-orders cumbersome. For example, the palmate newt Triturus helveticus (Caudata) is, or has been, known as Diemictyhis palmatiis, Molge palmata and Triton palmatus, so that the inclusion of these synonyms would be entered as follows :

Triturus ( = Diemictyhis, Molge, Triton) (newt)

Even if such an entry were desirable in principle, it would be unacceptable in practice, because the synonyms apply to the palmate newt and not necessarily to all newts. This question, of a synonym often applying to one species and not to the whole genus, is another reason for avoiding synonyms except when they serve a special purpose.

Some synonyms, such as Troglodytes for Pan (the chimpanzee), Auchenia for Lama (the llama) and a few others, may be thought surprising or unnecessary. They have been included because some physiologists or biochemists used these synonyms instead of the preferred names.

To avoid possible confusion, I have occasionally put a warning footnote when the name of a group, such as Decapoda, is used in more than one part of the animal kingdom. Attention has not been drawn to cases of two different animals having, or having had, the same names. A casual glance at Neave's Nomenclator Zoologicus (1939-1950) shows that homonyms are far more common than many biologists realize. Aricia, for example, is cited in Neave as a mollusc, a polychaete, a fly and a moth. There seemed no point in trying to record all homonyms, irrespective of their importance for readers of this book.

Apart from 'phylum', 'class', 'order', etc., the Index contains all the words in Chapters II and III. If the reader wishes to look up Mammalia, or Prototheria, or Simiae in the Index, no difficulties arise and the appropriate page numbers will be found after these words, for example, Prototheria, 43. But if the reader wishes to know the systematic position of Phascolarctos, a. page number would provide insufficient information because there are about seventy-five Latin or English generic names per page. In the Index, therefore, the generic name of an animal, or the English name of a genus, is followed by the order or sub-order (when these exist) to which the animal belongs, and then the page number, as in the following examples:

Phascolarctos, Marsupialia, 44 three-toed sloth (Bradypus), Edentata, 44

SCOPE 3

It is hardly necessary to mention that if two page numbers occur after a word in the Index, as in

Acoela, 1 3, 22

the Acoela will be found on both pages. This is because Acoela is an order within the class Turbellaria (phylum Platyhelminthes) and within the class Gastropoda (phylum Mollusca). I referred on page 2 to the inclusion in the Index of animals mentioned in a number of textbooks of physiology and biochemistry. The format of this book prevents all of these being referred to in the text, even if this were desirable, and a number have, therefore, been mentioned only in the Index. In such cases the entry is of the form

*Eiiocheir, Reptantia, 31

The entry shows to which sub-order Eriocheir belongs, while reference to p. 31 shows that Eriocheir is a crustacean and not a mollusc.^ If, therefore, a reader wants to look up a particu- lar genus in this book, reference must, in the first instance, be made to the Index and not to the text, as more animals are mentioned in the former than the latter. No English names are given of genera which are only mentioned in the Index.

All the classifications have been discussed with specialists on the group or groups in question. To avoid cluttering up this chapter with innumerable acknowledgements to the many scientists who have had the kindness and patience to help me, an Acknowledgement Appendix is included at the end of this book. In fairness to those who have helped me, I should own that I have not always taken their advice. Any errors^ are, therefore, my responsibility and due to ignorance of a diverting branch of natural science which is neglected by many 'modern' biologists.

Since my book is, in a sense, a dictionary, I will conclude this chapter with some observa- tions made by a previous lexicographer (Johnson, 1755, AJ).

'It is the fate of those who toil at the lower employments of Hfe, to be rather driven by the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good ; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise ; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without applause, and diligence without reward.

'Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have con- sidered, not as the pupil, but the slave of science, the pionier of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths of Learning and Genius, who press forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that facilitates their progress. Every other authour may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.'

' Reptantia Is a sub-order of Decapoda (Crustacea); but Decapoda is also a sub-order of Dibranchia (Mollusca).

- This book is certain to contain errors and misprints. I should be most grateful if readers would let mc know when they detect them.

II. SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

The approximate number of described species in each group is given in the second column. Numbers followed by an asterisk diflFer greatly from those given by Mayr, Linsley & Usinger (1953).

Phylum PROTOZOA	30,000	page 6
MESOZOA	50	9
PARAZOA	4,200	9
CNIDARIA	9,600	11
CTENOPHORA	80	12
PLATYHELMINTHES	15,000*	13
NEMERTINA	550	16
ASCHELMINTHES
Class Rotifera	1,500	17
Gastrotricha	140	17
Echinoderida	100	17
Priapulida	5	17
Nematomorpha	250	17
Nematoda	10,000	17
Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA	300	20
ENTOPROCTA	60	20
POLYZOA	4,000	20
PHORONIDA	15*	20
BRACHIOPODA	260	21
MOLLUSCA	100,000	21
SIPUNCULOIDEA	275	23
ECHIUROIDEA	80	23
ANNELIDA	7,000	24
ARTHROPODA
Class Onychophora	73	24
Pauropoda 1		24
Diplopoda 1	9,400	24
Chilopoda f	25
Symphyla J		25
Insecta	700,000	25
Crustacea	25,000	29
Merostomata	4	31
Arachnida	30,000	31
Pycnogonida	440 ■	31
Pentastomida	60	32
Tardigrada	280	32
Phylum CHAETOGNATHA	50*	32
POGONOPHORA	43*	32
ECHINODERMATA	5,700	32
CHORDATA
Sub-phylum Hemichordata	91	34
Urochordata	1,600	34
Cephalochordata	13	35

SUMMARIZED CLASSIFICATION

Vertebrata
Class Marsipobranchii ]		35
Selachii Bradyodonti	1	23,000	35 36
Pisces		36
Amphibia		2,000	40
Reptilia		5,000	41
Aves		8,590	41
Mammalia		4,500	43

III. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

Phylum PROTOZOA

Class MASTIGOPHORA

( = Flagellata)

Sub-class PHYTOMASTIGINA

( =Phytoflagellata)

Sub-class ZOOMASTIGINA

( =Zooflagellata)

Order PHYTOMONADINA

( = Volvocina)

Carteria; Chlorogonium; Chlamydomonas;

Haematococciis; Eudorina; Pandorina; Vol vox;

Polytoma Order XANTHOMONADEVA

Chloramoeba; Myxochloris: Rhizochloris Order CHLOROMONADINA

Gonyostomum; Vaciiolaria Order EUGLENOIDINA

Euglena; Trachelomonas; Phacus; Peranenui Order CRYPTOMONADINA

Chilomonas ; Cryptomonas; Cyathomouas Order DINOFLAGELLATA ( = Peridineae)

Haplodinhim; Blastodiniitm ; Ceratium;

Dinamoebidium; Gymnodiniurn; Noctiluca;

Peridinium Order EBRHDEAE

(=Ebriaceae)

Ebria; Hermesinum Order SILICOFLAGELLATA

Dictyocha Order COCCOLITHOPHORIDA

Calyptwsphaera ; Acanthosolenia Order CHRYSOMONADINA

Chromulina; Mallomonas; Oicomonas; Uroglena;

Chrysamoeba; Dinobryon; Hydrurus;

Dendroinonos ; Ochromona.s

Order PROTOMONADINA

Monosiga; Leptomonas; Crithidia; Leishmania (kala-azar, oriental sore); Trypanosoma (sleeping- sickness, nagana, etc.); Schizotrypanum (Chagas' disease, etc.); Bodo Order METAMONADINA

( =POLYMASTIGINA + HYPERMASTIGINA)

Enteromonas; Monocercomonas ( = Eutrichomastix); Hexawastix ; Devescovina; Trichomonas; Embadomonas; Chilomastix; Lophomonas; Trimastix; Trichonympha

PROTOZOA

Class RHIZOPODA ( = Sarcodina)

Class ACTINOPODA

Class SPOROZOA ( =Telosporidia)

Sub-class GREGARINOMORPHA

Order DISTOMATINA

( ^Diplomonadida) Hexamita; Giardia Order OPALININA

Cepedea; Opalina; Zelleiiella

Order RHIZOMASTIGINA

( = Pantostomatida)

Mastigamoeba; Histomonos (blackhead of poultry);

Dientainoeba Order AMOEBINA

Amoeba; Chaos; Vahlkampfia; Endamoeba;

Entamoeba (amoebic dysentery); Endolimax;

lodamoeba Order TESTACEA

Arcella; Centropyxis; Cochliopodiiim; Difflugia;

Nebela; Penardia; AssuUna; Chlamydophrys;

Euglypha; Gromia; Araclvuda; Biomyxa;

A Uogromia ; Microgromia Order FORAMINIFERA

Discorbis; Elphidium ( ^Polystomella); Globigerina;

Connispira; Penerup/is; Textularia; Nummulites;

Planorbidina; Rot alia

Order RADIOLARIA

Acanthometra; Sphaerocapsa; Acanthosphaera;

Collozoum; Sphaeiozoum; Thalassicola;

Aulacantha; Coelodendnim Order HELIOZOA

A ctinophrys ; A ctinospliaerium ; A ctinolophus ;

Astrodiscidus; Acaiithocystis; Raphidiopbrys;

Actinomonas; Vampyrella; Clathndina;

Hediiocystis; Monomastigocystis

Sub-class COCCIDIOMORPHA

Order ARCHIGREGARINA

Merogregariua ; Selcnidiiim ; Selenocystis Order EUGREGARINA

Gonospora; Gregarina; Lecudina; Monocystis;

Porospora; Stylocephalns Order SCHIZOGREGARINA

Caul/eryel/a; Lipotiopha; Machadoella;

Ophryocystis; Schizocystis; Syncystis

Order PROCOCCIDIA

Selenococcidium Order EUCOCCIDIA Sub-order Adeleidea

Adelina; Klossia; Karyolysus; Hepatozoon; Haemogregarina Sub-order Eimeriidea

Cyc/ospora; Isospora; Eimeria ( = Coccidium); Globidium; Merocystis

PROTOZOA

Sub-order Haemosporidia

Haemoproteus; Leucocytozoon; Plasmodium (mal- aria); Babesia (=Piroplasma) (Texas cattle fever, etc.) ; Theileria (African East Coast cattle fever)

SPOROZOA whose systematic position is uncertain

Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis); Sarcocystis (sarco- sporidiosis) ; HeUcosporidium Class CNIDOSPORIDIA

( — Nematocystida, Neosporidia, Amoebosporidia)

Order MYXOSPORIDIA

Ceratomyxa; Leptotheca; Chloromyxum; Sphaerospora; Coccomyxa; Henneguya; Myxidium; Myxobolus; Myxosoma Order MICROSPORIDIA (=Cryptocysta) Nosema; Glugea; Thelohania; Plistophora; Mrazekia; Telomyxa Order ACTINOMYXIDIA

Guyenotia ; Tetractinomyxon Order HAPLOSPORIDLA Haplosporidium Class CHJATA (=Ciliophora)

Sub-class HOLOTRICHA

Order GYMNOSTOMATIDA

Sub-order Rhabdophorina

Holophrya; Amphileptus ; Dileptus Sub-order Cyrtophorina

Chilodonella; Nassula; Prorodon Order SUCTORIDA

( = ACINETA, TeNTACULIFERA)

Podophrya; Acineta Order CHONOTRICHTOA

(=Peritricha) Spirochona Order TRICHOSTOMATmA

Coelosomides; Tillina; Colpoda; Balantidium (dysentery) Order HYMENOSTOMATIDA Sub-order Tetrahymenina

Tetrahymena; Glaucoma: Ichthyophthirius Sub-order Peniculina Frontonia; Paramecium (slipper animalcule) ; Urocentrum Sub-order Pleuronematina Pleuronema ; Cyclidium Order ASTOMATmA

( = Anoplophryinea) Anoplophrya; Radiophrya; Haptophrya Order APOSTOMATIDA

Foettingeria; Gymnodinioides ; Ophiuraespira; Spirophrya

PROTOZOA-PARAZOA

Sub-class SPIROTRICHA

Order THIGMOTRICHTOA

Thigmophrya ; Conchophthirus ; Ancistrum; Boveria; Ancistrocoma; Hypocomella; Hypocoma Order PERITRICHIDA ( = Stomatoda) Vorticella; Epistylis; Zoothamnium; Trichodina; Urceolaria

Order HETEROTRICHIDA

Sub-order Heterotrichina

Climacostomum; Condylostoma; Spirostomum;

Stentor Sub-order Licnophorina

Licnophora Order GLIGOTRICHTOA

Strombidium; Halteria; Strombilidiitm Order TINTINNIDA

Tintirmopsis; Tintiimus Order ENTODINIOMORPHIDA

Epidinium; Entodinium; Ophryoscolex;

Cycloposthium Order CTENOSTOMAXroA ( = Odontostomatida)

Epalxis; Saprodinium; Discomorpha Order HYPOTRICHTOA

Diophrys; Euplotes; Oxytricha; Uroleptus

Phylum MESOZOAi

Order DICYEMIDA

( = Rhombozoa) Dicyema; Microcyema Order ORTHONECXroA

Rhopalura

Phylum PARAZOA ( = Porifera, Spongiida) (sponges)^

Class NUDA»

Order CALCAREA

( = Calcispongiae) Sub-order Homocoela (ascon sponges)

Leucosolenia { = Ascute) ; Clathrina Sub-order Heterocoela Leucilla; Scypha ( = Sycon); Leuconia ( =Leiicandrd); Grantia (=Sycandra)

* Members of this phylum are often considered to be degenerate members of phylum PlatyhelmintheSf pp. 13-14.

* Classification by Burton.

' Sometimes considered as a phylum, in which case phylum Parazoa becomes a sub-kingdom Class Nuda also occurs in phylum Ctenophora, p. 13.

B R.C.L.A.

10 PARAZOA

Order HEXACTINELLIDA (glass sponges) (=Triaxonida, Hyalospongiae) Sub-order Hexasterophora Euplectella (Venus's flower basket); Farrea; Aphrocallistes Sub-order Amphidiscophora

Hyalonema ; Pheronema; Monoraphis

Class GELATINOSA'

Order TETRAXONIDA

Sub-order Homosclerophora

(=Carnosa, Microsclerophora)

Plakina; O scare I la; Bajulus; Hexadella; Thrombus Sub-order Streptastrosclerophora

Thenea Sub-order Astrosclerophora

Stelletta; Tethya; Chondrosia; Geodia; Tetilla

( — Craniella); Cliona; Spheciospongia (loggerhead

sponge); Suberites Sub-order Sigmatosclerophora

My X ilia; Halichondria; Haliclona ( = Chalina,

Halina); Microciona; Esperiopsis; Adocia

( = Remera); Cladorhiza; Spongilla Order KERATOSA* (horny sponges)

Spongia i—Euspongia) (bath sponge); Halisarca;

Hircinia; Aplysina; Aplysilla

Phylum PORIFERA ( = Spongiida, Parazoa) (sponges)^

Class CALCAREA

( = Calcispongiae) Order ASCONOSA (ascon sponges)

( = Homocoela) Leucosolenia{—Ascute); Clathrina Order SYCONOSA

( = Heterocoela) Leucilla; Scypha ( = Sycon); Leuconia ( =Leucandra); Grant la (=Sycandra) Class HEXACTEVELLroA (glass sponges) ( =Triaxonida, Hyalospongiae)

Order HEXASTEROPHORA

Euplectella (Venus's flower basket) ; Farrea; Aphrocallistes Order AMPHIDISCOPHORA

Hyalonema ; Pheronema ; Monoraphis Class DEMOSPONGIAE

Sub-class TETRACTINELLIDA

Order MYXOSPONGIDA

Halisarca; Oscarella; Bajulus; Hexadella; Thenea

' Sometimes considered as a phylum, in which case phylum Parazoa becomes a sub-kingdom.

* The systematics of this order requires revision. ^ Alternative classification by Hyman (1940).

(PORIFERA)-CNroARIA

11

Sub-class MONAXONIDA

Order CARNOSA

( = HOMOSCLEROPHORA, MiCROSCLEROPHORA)

Plakina; Thrombus; Chondrosia; Haliclona ( = Chalina, Halina) Order CHORISXroA

Stelletta ; Geodia; Tetilla ( = Cranielld)

Order HADROMERINA

( = Astromonaxonellida)

Cliona; Spheciospongia Ooggerhead sponge);

Suberites Order HALICHONDRINA

Halichondria Order POECILOSCLERINA

Microciona; Myxilla; Esperiopsis; Cladorhiza Order HAPLOSCLERINA

Adocia ( = Reniera); Spongilla Order EPIPOLASIDA

Tethya Sub-class KERATOSA (horny sponges)

Spongia ( = Euspongia) (bath sponge); Hircinia;

Aplysina; Aplysilla

Phylum CNIDARIA ( = Coelenterata - Ctenophora)

Class HYDROZOA (hydroids, medusae)

( = H YDROMEDUS AE)

Class SCYPHOZOA (jelly fish) ( = Scyphomedusae)

Order ATHECATA

(=Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae)

Hydra: Tubularia; Sarsia: Coryne; Velella (by-the-

wind-sailor) ; Millepora; Hydractinia;

Bougainvillia; Stylaster; Spirocodon Order THECATA

(=Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae)

Phialidium ; Obelia; Aequorea; Halecium;

Sertularia; Plumularia Order LEMNOMEDUSAE

Gonionemus; Craspedacusta; Olindias; Limtwcnida Order TRACHYMEDUSAE

Geryonia ( = Carmarind); Liriope; Aglantha Order NARCOMEDUSAE

Solmissus; Aegina; Cunina Order SIPHONOPHORA

Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war); Halistemma;

Lensia; Muggiaea; Agalma

Order STAUROMEDUSAE

Lucernaria; Haliclystus Order CUBOMEDUSAE

Carybdea; Chirodropus Order CORONATAE

AtoUa; Linuche; Nausithoe; Periphylla

12 CNIDARIA-CTENOPHORA

Order SEMAEOSTOMAE

Pelagia; Chrysaora; Cyanea; Aurelia { = Aurellia) ; Dactylometra Order RHIZOSTOMAE

Cassiopea; Rhizostoma; Cotylorhiza

Class ANTHOZOA

Sub-class CERIANTIPATHARIA

Order ANTIPATHARIA (black corals)

Antipathes Order CERIANTHARIA

Cerianthus Sub-class OCTOCORALLIA (soft corals)

Order ALCYONACEA

Alcyonium (dead men's fingers) Order GORGONACEA

Eunicella (sea fan) ; Gorgonia Order PENNATULACEA

Pennatula (sea pen) ; Virgiilaria

Sub-class ZOANTHARIA

Order ZOANTHINIARIA (zoanthids)

Zoanthus; Epizoanthus; Palythoa Order CORALLEMORPHARIA

Corynactis Order ACTINIARIA (sea anemones)

Anemonia ( = Anthea); Actinia; Tealia; Metridium

( = Actinolobd) : Calliactis; Adamsia; Peachia Order PTYCHODACTIARIA

Ptychodactis Order SCLERACTINIA (true corals, stony corals)

Fungia; Pontes; Acropora; Caryophyllia;

Meandrina

Phylum CTENOPHORA ( = CoELENTERATA - Cnidaria) (comb jcUies)

Class TENTACULATA

Order CYDIPPIDA

Pleurobrachia (sea gooseberry) ; Hormiphora Order LOBATA

Leucothea ( =Euchans); Bolinopsis ( = Bolina);

Mnemiopsis (comb jelly) Order CESTIDA

( = Cestoidea)

Cesium ( = Cestus) (Venus's girdle) ; Velamen

( = Vexillum, Folia) Order PLATYCTENEA ( = Ctenoplana)

Ctenoplana; Coeloplana; Tjalfiella; Gastrodes

CTENOPHORA-PLATYHELMINTHES 13

Class NUDA^

Order BEROIDA Beroe

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)^

Class TURBELLARIA (turbellarians)

Order ACOELA'

Aphanostoma; Convoluta Order RHABDOCOELA

Catenula; Macrostomum; Dalyellia; Gyratrix; Paravortex Order ALLOEOCOELA

Hofstenia; Plagiostomum; Otomesostoma; Monocelis Order TRICLADIDA Sub-order Maricola

Bdelloura; Uteriporus; Procerodes ( = Gunda) Sub-order Paludicola

Planaha; Dugesia {= Euplanaria) ; Dendrocoelum Sub-order Terricola

Geoplana; Rhynchodemus; Bipalium Order POLYCLADIDA Sub-order Acotylea

Stylochus; Notoplana; Cestoplana Sub-order Cotylea

Thysanozoon; Eurylepta; Prosthiostomum

Class TEMNOCEPHALOroEA

Class MONOGENEA ( =Heterocotylea)

Order TEMNOCEPHALIDEA

( = Dactylifera, Dactyloda) Temnocephala

Sub-class MONOPISTHOCOTYLEA

Order CAPSALOIDEA

Tristoma; Capsala Order UDONELLOIDEA

Udonella Order GYRODACTYLOroEA

Gyrodactylus ; Dactylogyrus Order ACANTHOCOTYLOroEA

Acanthocotyle Order PROTOGYRODACTYLOroEA

Protogyrodactylus Sub-class POLYOPISTHOCOTYLEA

Order CHIMAEROCOLOIDEA

Callorhynchicola Order DICLroOPHOROIDEA

Diplozoon; Hexostoma; Mazocraes; Microcotyte;

Gastrocotyle ; DicUdophora; Discocotyle * Sec Parazoa, p. 9. * Classification by Baer. ^ See Opisthobranchia, p. 22.

14

PLATYHELMESTHES

Class CESTODARIA

Class CESTODA (tapeworms)

Order DICLYBOTHROIDEA

Diclybothrium Order POLYSTOMATOIDEA

Poly stoma; Hexabothrium

Order AMPHILINIDEA

Amphilina Order GYROCOTYLIDEA

Gyrocotyle

Sub-class DroESMIDA

Sub-class TETRADESMIDA

Class TREMATODA (flukes)

Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA

( - Bothriocephaloidea) Diphyllobothrium ( = Dibothriocephalus) ; Ligula; Schistocephalus ; Caryophyllaeus ; Wenyonia

Order HAPLOBOTHRIOIDEA

Haplobothrium Order TETRARHYNCHOIDEA

( = Trypanorhynch a)

Tetrarhynchus; Floriceps; Tentacularia; Grillotia;

Hepatoxylon; Aporhynchus Order DIPHYLLIDEA

Echinobothrium Order TETRAPHYLLIDEA

( - Phyllobothrioidea)

Phyllobothrium; Acanthobothrium;

Echeneibothrium; Discocephalum Order LECANICEPHALOmEA

Lecanicephalum; Parataenia Order TETRABOTHRIOIDEA

Tetrabothrius Order PROTEOCEPHALOmEA

Proteocephalus Order NIPPOTAENOmEA

Nippotaenia Order CYCLOPHYLLIDEA ( = Taenioidea)

Bertiella; Raillietina; Dipylidium; Hymenolepis;

Taenia i = Cysticercus); Echinococcus ;

Mesocestoides

Sub-class ASProOGASTREA

(=ASPIDOCOTYLEA, AsPIDOBOTHRIA)

Sub-class DIGENEA ( = Malacocotylea)

Aspidogaster

Schistosoma ( = Bilharzia); Bilharziella; Fasciola ( = Distoma, Distomum), Dicrocoelium (liver flukes, cattle & sheep) ; Parorchis; Paragonimus (lung fluke); Bucephalus; Clonorchis (Chinese liver fluke disease); Heterophyes; Paramphistomum (cattle rumen fluke); Strigea; Diplostomum; Echinostoma

(PLATYHELMTNTHES) 15

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)^

Class TURBELLARIA (turbellarians)

Order ACOELA

Class TREMATODA (flukes)

Aphanostoma; Convoluta Order RHABDOCOELA

Catenula; Macrostomum; Dalyellia; Gyratrix; Temnocephala; Paravortex Order ALLOEOCOELA

Hofstenia; Plagiostomum; Otomesostoma; Monocelis Order TRICLADmA Sub-order Maricola

Bdelloura; Uteriporus; Procerodes ( = Gunda) Sub-order Paludicola

Planaria; Dugesia { = Euphnaria) ; Dendrocoelum Sub-order Terricola

Geoplana; Rhynchodemus ; Bipalium Order POLYCLADroA Sub-order Acotylea

Stylochus; Notoplana; Cestoplana Sub-order Cotylea

Thysanozoon; Eurylepta; Prosthiostomum

Order MONOGENEA

( = Heterocotylea) Sub-order Monopisthocotylea

Gyrodactylus: Dactylogyrus; Protogyrodactylus; Udonella; Tristoma; Capsala; Acanthocotyle Sub-order Polyopisthocotylea Hexabothrium; Polystoma; Mazocraes; Discocotyle; Diclybothrium; Microcotyle; Gastrocotyle; Callorhynchicola; Diclidophora; Hexostoma; Diploz.oon Order ASPIDOGASTREA

( = Aspidocotylea, Aspidobothria) Aspidogaster Order DIGENEA

( = Malacocotylea) Sub-order Gasterostomata

Bucephalus Sub-order Prosostomata

Dicrocoelium, Fasciola ( = Distoma, Distomum) (liver flukes, cattle & sheep); Clonorchis (Chinese liver fluke disease); Heterophyes; Paragonimus (lung fluke) ; Paramphistotnum (cattle rumen fluke) ; Strigea: Diplostomum; Echinostoma; Parorchis; Schistosoma ( = Bilharzia); Bilharziella

Alternative classification by Dawes.

16

(PLATYHELMINTHES)-NEMERTINA

Class CESTODA (tapeworms) Sub-class CESTODARIA

Sub-class EUCESTODA

Order AMPHILINIDEA

Atnphilina Order GYROCOTYLIDEA

Gyrocotyle

Order PROTEOCEPHALA

Proteocephalus Order TETRAPHYLLIDEA

( = Phyllobothrioidea) Phyllobothrium ; Acanthobothrium; Echeneibothrium Order LECANICEPHALA

Parataenia; Lecanicephalum Order DISCULICEPITIDEA

Discocephalum Order DIPHYLLIDEA

Echinobothrium Order TRYPANORHYNCHA ( =Tetrarhynchoidea)

Tetrarhynchus ; Floriceps; Tentacularia ; Grillotia;

Hepatoxylon; Aporhynchus Order CYCLOPHYLLmEA (=Taenioidea)

Bertiella; Raillietina; Dipylidium; Hymenolepis;

Taenia ( = Cysticercus); Echinococcus ;

Mesocestoides; Tetrabothrius Order CARYOPHYLLIDEA

Wenyonia; Caryophyllaeus Order NIPPOTAENnDEA

Nippotaenia Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA

Ligula; Diphyllobothrium { = Dibothriocephalus) ;

Schistocephalus; Haplobothrium

Phylum NEMERTINA ( = Rhynchocoela) (ribbon worms)

Class ANOPLA

Class ENOPLA

Order PALAEONEMERTINA

( = Mesonemertina) Cephalothrix; Tubulanus Order HETERONEMERTINA

Cerebratulus; Lineus (boot-lace worm)

Order HOPLONEMERTINA

Sub-order Monostylifera

Carcinonemertes; Amphipoms; Tetrastemma;

Geonemertes Sub-order Polystylifera

Drepanophorus ; Pelagonemertes; Nectonemertes

NEMERTINA-ASCHELMINTHES

17

Order BDELLONEMERTINA

( = Bdellomorpha) Malacobdella

Phylum ASCHELMINTHESi

Class ROTIFERA (wheel animalcules)

( = Rotatoria)

Class GASTROTRICHA

Class ECHINODERIDA

( = Kinorhyncha)

Order SEISONIDEA

Seison Order BDELLOIDEA

Habrotrocha; Philodina; Rot aria ( = Rotifer);

Adineta; Philodinavus ( = Microdina) Order MONOGONONTA Sub-order Ploima

Brachionus; Keratella (=Anuraea); Epiphanes

(=Hydatina); Euchlanis; Lepadella {= Metopidia) ,

Lecane i = Cathypna, Distyla); Monostyla;

Notommata; Asplanchna Sub-order Flosculariacea

Testudinella (=Pterodina); Filinia { — Triarthra);

Hexarthra (=Pedalia, Pedalion); Trochosphaera;

Floscularia ( = Melicerta); Conochilus Sub-order Collothecacea

Collotheca {= Floscularia) ; Stephanoceros

Order MACRODASYOffiEA

Cephalodasys Order CHAETONOTOIDEA

Neodasys; Chaetonotus

Centroderes; Echinoderes; Pycnophyes

Class PRIAPULIDA^

Priapulus; Halicryptus

Class NEMATOMORPHA (horse-hair worms)

( - GoRDiACEA) Order NECTONEMATOIDEA

Nectonema Order GORDIOIDEA Chordodes; Gordius Class NEMATODA (roundworms)^ (=Nemata)

Sub-class PHASMIDIA

Order RHABDITmA Sub-order Rhabditina

Rhabditis; Diplogaster; Cephalobus; Panagrellus (sour paste eelworm); Turbatrix (vinegar eelworm); Rhabdias (lung ntrndLiodo); Strongyloides

^ Nemathelminthes, sometimes used as a synonym for Aschelminthes, only applies to Nematomorpha and Nematoda.

^ The Priapulida may equally well be considered as a phylum. They have also been grouped with the Echiuroidea, p. 23 and Sipunculoidea, p. 23 as Gephyrea.

' Classification by Chitwood & Chitwood (1950) and Thorne (1949).

18 ASCHELMINTHES

Sub-order Strongylina

Strongylus {= Sclerostomum) : Oesophagostomum (nodular worm); Ancylostoma, Necator (hook- worms); Syngamus (gape worm); Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia (trichostrongyles) ; Metastrongylus, Dictyocaulus, Muellerius (lung- worms) Sub-order Ascaridina Ascaris (large roundworm); Parascaris (horse roundworm); Ascaridia (poultry roundworm); Porrocaecum; Heterakis (poultry caecal worm); Subulura; Enterobius (threadworm, pin worm); Aspiculuris (mouse threadworm or pinworm)

Order TYLENCHTOA

Ditylenchus (stem-and-bulb eelworm) ; Anguina (wheat gall eelworm); Heterodera (cyst eelworm); Meloidogyne (root- knot eelworm); Aphelenchoides (leaf eelworm) ; Sphaerularia

Order SPIRURmA

Dracunculus (guinea worm); Wuchereria (filarial worm); Loa; Onchocerca; Diwfilaria (dog heart worm); Set aria; Thelazia (eye worm); Gongylonema (gullet worm) ; Habronema (horse stomach worm) ; Gnathostoma; Philometra; Micropleura; Tetrameres ( = Tropisurus) (poultry stomach worm)

Sub-class APHASMIDIA

Order CHROMADORTOA

Plectus; Monhystera; Paracanthonchus ;

Cylindrolaimus ; Desmoscolex Order ENOPLmA Sub-order Enoplina

Enoplus; Tripyla; Mononchus Sub-order Dorylaimina

Dorylaimus; Xiphinema; Mermis; Trichuris

( = Trichocephalus) (whipworm) ; Trichinella

( = Trichina) (trichina worm) ; Capillaria Sub-order Dioctophymatina

Dioctophyme (dog kidney worm) ; Hystrichis

Phylum ASCHELMINTHES

Class NEMATODA (roundworms)^

Order ENOPLOIDEA

Enoplus; Tripyla; Mononchus Order DORYLAJMOmEA

Dorylaimus; Xiphinema Order MERMITHOIDEA

Mermis Order CHROMADOROroEA

Paracanthonchus » Alternative classification by Hyman (19516).

(ASCHELMINTHES)

19

Order ARAEOLAIMOIDEA

Plectus Order MONHYSTEROIDEA

Cylindrolaimus; Monhystera Order DESMOSCOLECOIDEA

Desmoscolex Order RHABDITOIDEA

( = Anguilluloidea) Rhabditis; Diphgaster; Panagrellus (sour paste eel- worm); Cephalobus; Turbatrix (vinegar eelworm); Heterodera (cyst eelworm); Ditylenchus (stem-and- bulb eelworm); Anguina (wheat gall eelworm); Meloidogyne (root-knot eelworm); Aphelenchoides (leaf eelworm); Sphaerularia Order RHABDIASOIDEA

Rhabdias (lung nematode); Strongyloides Order OXYUROIDEA

Enterobius (threadworm, pinworm); Aspiculuris (mouse threadworm or pinworm) Order ASCAROIDEA

Ascaris (large roundworm) ; Parascaris (horse roundworm); Ascaridia (poultry roundworm); Porrocaecum; Heterakis (poultry caecal worm); Subulura Order STRONGYLOroEA

Strongylus i=Sclerostomum); Oesophagostomum (nodular worm); Ancylostoma, Necator (hook- worms); Syngamus (gape worm); Metastrongylus, Dictyocaulus, Muellerius (lungworms) ; Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia (tricho- strongyles) Order SPmUROffiEA

Thelazia (eye worm); Gongylonema (gullet worm); Habronema (horse stomach worm); Gnathostoma] Tetrameres (poultry stomach worm) Order DRACUNCULOmEA

Dracunculus (guinea worm); Philometra; Micropleura Order FILARIOIDEA

Setaria; Wuchereria (filarial worm); Loa; Onchocerca; Dirofilaria (dog heart worm) Order TRICHUROmEA

( = Trichinelloidea) Trichuris ( = Trichocephalus) (whipworm) ; Capillaria; Trichinella ( = Trichina) (trichina worm) Order DIOCTOPHYMOIDEA

Dioctophyme (dog kidney worm); Hystrichis

20 ACANTHOCEPHALA-PHORONIDA

Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA (thorny-headed worms)

Order ARCHIACANTHOCEPHALA

Macracanthorhynchus ; Gigantorhynchus ; Oncicola;

Moniliformis Order PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA

Polymorphus; Filicollis; Gorgorhynchus;

Echinorhynchus Order EO ACANTHOCEPHALA

Quadrigynis; Neoechinorhynchus; Octospinifer

Phylum ENTOPROCTA (=Endoprocta, Calyssozoa, Kamptozoa, PoLYZOA Endoprocta, Polyzoa Entoprocta)

Family LOXOSOMATIDAE

Loxosoma; Loxocalyx Family PEDICELLEVTOAE

Pedicellina; Myosoma; Barentsia Family URNATELLIDAE

Urnatella

Phylum POLYZOA ( = Bryozoa, Polyzoa Ectoprocta, Ectoprocta)

Class PHYLACTOLAEMATA

( = LoPHOPOD a) Cristatella ; PI urnatella (=A Icyonella)

Class GYMNOLAEMATA

( = Stelmatopoda) Order CYCLOSTOMATA^

( = Stenolaemata, Stenostomata, - Trepostomata*) Crisia; Diplosolen; Hornera; Lichenopora; Tubulipora Order CHEILOSTOMATA

Bugiila; Caber ea; Cryptosula; Flustra; ( = Eurystomata) -! Membranipora ; Schizoporella ; Scrupocellaria

Order CTENOSTOMATA L Alcyonidium; Bowerbankia; Triticella

Phylum PHORONroA

Phoronis; Phoronopsis

" See Marsipobranchii, p. 35. ' The Trepostomata are extinct.

BRACHIOPODA-MOLLUSCA

21

Phylum BRACfflOPODA

Class INARTICULATA

Class ARTICULATA^

Order ATREMATA

Lingula; Glottidia Order NEOTREMATA

Crania; Discinisca

Sub-order Thecideoidea

Lacazella Sub-order Rhynchonelloidea

Hemithyris; Cryptopora Sub-order Terebratuloidea

Gryphits; Terebratulina Sub-order Terebratelloidea

Argyrotheca; Dallina; Terebratella; Magellania

Phylum MOLLUSCA

Class POLYPLACOPHORA*

( = Loricata)

Class APLACOPHORA*

( = SOLENOGASTRES)

Class MONOPLACOPHORA

Class GASTROPODA

Order LEPmOPLEURIDA

Lepidopleurus Order CHITONIDA

Chiton (coat of mail shell); Cryptochiton; Lepidochiton ( =Lepidochitona)

Order NEOMENIOMORPHA

Ne omenta; Proneomenia Order CHAETODERMOMORPHA

Chaetoderma

Order TRYBLIDIACEA

Neopilina

Sub-class PROSOBRANCHIA

( = Streptoneura)

Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA

( = Diotocardia, Aspidobranchia) Acmaea (limpet); Megathura (keyhole limpet); Haliotis (ear-shell, ormer, abalone) ; Patella (limpet); Nerita; Pleurotomaria; Trochus (top-shell)

' The Articulata (see also Crinoidea, p. 32) used to be divided into two orders, Protremata and Telo- tremata. Tliese overlap and have therefore been discarded. They have not so far been replaced, though the ordinal classification of the Articulata is under review.

' These two classes are sometimes grouped together as Amphineura.

22

MOLLUSCA

Sub-class OPISTHOBRANCHIA

Sub-class PULMONATA

Order MESOGASTROPODA

( = MONOTOCARDIA, PeCTINIBRANCHIA, - StENOGLOSSA)

Littorina (periwinkle); Strombus, Natica (necklace- shells); Cv/^raea (cowrie) ; Carinaria; Viviparus ( =Paludina) (river-snail); Aponhais (pelican's foot- shell) ; Crepidula (slipper limpet) ; Charonia ( = Tritoma) (trumpet-shell); Cassis (helmet-shell); Pterotrachea; Bithynia (=Bulimus) Order STENOGLOSSA

( = Neogastropoda) Buccinum (whelk) ; Busy con ( = Sycotypus) (American whelk) ; Nassa ( —Ilyanassa) (dog- whelk); Murex, Ocenebra (sting-winkles); Terebra, Conus (arrow-tooth shells)

Order PLEUROCOELA

( = Tectibranchia) Actaeon (actaeon shell); Aplysia (sea-hare); Bulla (bubble shell) Order PTEROPODA

Cavolina, Limacina (sea-butterflies) ; Clione Order SACOGLOSSA (=Ascoglossa) Elysia, Limapontia (sea-slugs) Order ACOELA^ Sub-order Notaspidea

Umbraculum; Pleurobranchus ( = Oscanius) (sea- slug) Sub-order Nudibranchia Onchidoris; Glaucus; Pleurophyllidea; Doris (sea- lemon) ; Eolis (sea-slug)

Order BASOMMATOPHORA

Lymnaea ( =Limnaea) (pond snail) ; Planorbis (ram's horn snail); Ancylus {= Ancylastrum) (fresh- water limpet) Order STYLOMMATOPHORA

Helix (land snail); Testacella (shell-bearing slug); Limax, Arion (land-slugs)

Class SCAPHOPODA Cadulus, Dentalium, Siphodentalium, Pulsellum

(tusk-shells)

Class BIVALVIA

( = Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda)

Order PROTOBRANCHIA

Nucula (nut-shell); Yoldia; Solenomya Order FILmRANCHIA ( = Anisom yaria) Area (Noah's ark shell) ; /4«ow/a (saddle-oyster); Modiolus (horse-mussel); Mytilus (mussel); Pecten (scallop)

' SeeTurbellaria, p. 13.

MOLLUSCA-ECHIUROIDEA 23

Order EULAMELLIBRANCHIA

Cardium (cockle); Ostrea (oyster); Mya (gaper); Anodonta ( = Anodori) (swan-mussel) ; Unio (pearl- mussel); Tellina (ieWin); Pholas (piddock); Teredo (ship-worm) Order SEPTIBRANCHIA

Poromya (gaper) ; Cuspidaria

Class CEPHALOPODA

( = SiPHONOPODA) Order TETRABRANCfflA

Nautilus (pearly-nautilus) Order DIBRANCHIA

Sub-order Decapoda*

Architeuthis: Sepia ( = Eusepia) (cuttle-fish); Loligo (squid); Spirula

Sub-order Vampyromorpha Vampyroteuthis (vampire squid)

Sub-order Octopoda Octopus i= Polypus) (octopus); Argonauta (paper- nautilus); Eledone (lesser octopus)

Phylum SIPUNCULOIDEA2

Golfingia ( = PhascolosomaY ; Phascolosoma ( =Physcosoma, PhymosomaY ; Sipunculus; Dendrostomum; Aspidosiphon; Phascolion

Phylum ECfflUROroEA^^

Order ECHIUROINEA

Bonellia; Echiurus; Thalassema; Ochetostoma Order XENOPNEUSTA

Urechis Order HETEROMYOTA

Ikeda

* See Eucarida, p. 31.

* The Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea have also been grouped with the Priapulida, p. 17, as Gephyrea.

» Golfingia LankesteT=Phascolosoma (auct.). Phascolosoma F. S. Leuckan= Physcosoma Selenka, see Fisher (1950).

« Poeobius is sometimes put in this phylum and sometimes in phylum Poeobioidea. In all probability, however, it is an aberrant polychaete, p. 24.

24

ANNELroA-ARTHROPODA

Phylum ANNELIDA (=Annulata)

Class POLYCHAETA^

Amphinome ; Aphrodite ; Phyllodoce ; Tomopteris; Syllis; Nereis; Nephthys; Glycera ( = Rhynchobolus) ; Eunice; Scoloplos; Polydora; Magelona; Chaetopterus; Ophelia; Arenicola (lugworm) ; Cirratidus; Capitella; Maldane; Owenia; Pectinaria; Ampharete; Terebella; Sabella {= Spirographis) (peacock fan worm) ; Serpida

Class MYZOSTOMARIA Class OLIGOCHAETA''

Class HIRUDINEA (leeches)

Myzostoma

Tubifex; Clitellio; Stylaria; Chaetogaster ; Enchytraeus (white worm); Pelo scale x; Lumbricus, Pheretima, Allolobophora, Eisenia (earthworms)

Order ACANTHOBDELLIDA

Acanthobdella Order RHYNCHOBDELLroA

Glossiphonia; Helobdella; Piscicola; Pontobdella; Branchellion Order GNATHOBDELLIDA

Hirudo; Haemopis (=Aulastoma); Macrobdella; Haemadipsa; Erpobdella {= Herpobdella, Nephelis); Trocheta (amphibious leech); Dina

Class ARCfflANNELroA

Saccocirrus; Dinophilus; Polygordius; Protodrilus; Nerilla

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Class ONYCHOPHORA Class PAUROPODA

Peripatus; Peripatopsis Pauropus

Class DIPLOPODA (millipedes)

Sub-class PSELAPHOGNATHA

Order POLYXENIDA

( = SCHIZOCEPHALA, PeNICILLATA)

Polyxenus; Lophoproctus

The Polychaeta, for which no acceptable ordinal classification exists, are sometimes divided for con- venience into sub-classes Errantia (the first nine genera) and Sedentaria (the last fifteen genera).

* No satisfactory ordinal classification is available for the Oligochaeta, though the first six genera are sometimes assigned to order Limicolae and the last four to order Terricolae.

ARTHROPODA

25

Sub-class CHILOGNATHA

Super-order PENTAZONIA ( = Opisthandria)

Order GLOMERIDA

( = Oniscomorpha) Glomeris; Sphaerotherium; Castanotherium Order GLOMERmESMIDA ( = Limacomorpha) Glomeridesmus Super-order HELMINTHOMORPHA

( = Eugnatha, Proterandria)

Order NEMATOPHORA ( =Chordeumida) Chordeuma f Microchordeuma ; Callipus Order STEMMIULroA

Stemmatoiuhts Order POLYDESMTOA

Polydesmus; Oxidiis; Platyrrhacus ; Orthomorpha Order JULIDA

Julus; Bkmiulus; Cylindroiulus; Pachyiulus Order SPIROBOLmA

Spiroboliis ; Trigoniuhis; Rhinocrkus ; Pachybolus (=Juliformia) \ Order SPIROSTREPXroA

Spirostreptus; Odontopyge; Scaphiostreptus; Thyropygus Order CAMBALmA [ Cambala; Cambalopsis; Cambalomorpha Super-order COLOBOGNATHA

Polyzonium; Platydesmus Class CHELOPODA (centipedes)

Sub-class EPIMORPHA

Order GEOPHILOMORPHA

Geophilus; Mecistocephalus; Himantarium; Orya Order SCOLOPENDROMORPHA

Scolopendra; Ethmostigmiis ; Otostigmus; Cryptops

Sub-class ANAMORPHA

Class SYMPHYLA

Class INSECTA (= Hex APOD a)

Sub-class APTERYGOTA ( = Ametabola)

Order HETEROSTIGMATA

Sub-order Lithobiomorpha Lithobius; Polybothrus; Henicops

Sub-order Craterostigmomorpha Craterostigmus Order SCUTIGEROMORPHA Scutigera

Scutigerella ; Hanseniella; Symphylella

Order COLLEMBOLA (spring-tails) Sub-order Arthropleona

Podura; Or che sella Sub-order Symphypleona Sminthurus (lucerne flea) ; Neelus

26 ARTHROPODA

Order PROTURA

( = Myrientomata) Eosentomon; Acerentulus Order DIPLURA

(= After a) Campodea; Japyx Order THYSANURA (bristle-tails)

Machilis; Petrobius; Lepisma (silver fish) ; Thermobia (fire brat)

Sub-class PTERYGOTA (=Metabola)

Division Palaeoptera

( =Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Polyneoptera + Paraneoptera]) Order EPHEMEROPTERA (may-flies) ( = Plectoptera) Ephemera: Baetis Order ODONATA

( = Paraneuroptera) Sub-order Zygoptera (damsel flies)

Agrion; Coenagrion; Lestes Sub-order Anisozygoptera

Epiophlebia Sub-order Anisoptera (true dragonflies) Aeshna; Anax; Gomphus; Petalura; Cordulegaster ; Libelhda Division Neoptera Section Polyneoptera

( = Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Paraneoptera + Palaeoptera]) Order DICTYOPTERA Sub-order Blattodea (cockroaches)

Blatta; Periplaneta; Blaberus; Ectobius Sub-order Mantodea (mantids) Chaetessa; Mantis; Empusa Order ISOPTERA (termites, white ants)

Mastotermes; Kalotermes; Neotermes; Hodotertnes Order ZORAPTERA

Zorotypus Order PLECOPTERA (stone-flies) (=Perlaria) Eusthenia; Per la; Nemoura Order GRYLLOBLATTODEA (=Notoptera) Grylloblatta Order PHASMIDA

( = Cheleutoptera) Carausius ( = Dixippus) (stick-insect) ; Phyllium (leaf-insect) Order ORTHOPTERA ( = Saltatori a) Sub-order Ensifera (longhorned grasshoppers) Tettigonia ( —Phasgonura) (bush cricket); Gryllotalpa (mole cricket) ; Ache t a ( = Gryllus) (cricket) ; Nemobius; Oecanthus (snowy cricket)

ARTHROPODA

27

Sub-order Caelifera (shorthorned grasshoppers) Schistocerca, Locusta (locusts); Chorthippiis (grass- hopper) ; Tetrix (grouse locust) ; Pneumora Order EMBIOPTERA (web-spinners)

Embia; Oligotonia Order DERMAPTERA

Sub-order Forficulina (earwigs)

Labidura; Forficula: Labia Sub-order Arixeniina

Arixenia Sub-order Hemimerina

( = Diploglossata) Hemimerus

Section Paraneoptera

(=Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, - [Polyneoptera + Palaeoptera]) Order PSOCOPTERA (book lice)

(=C0PE0GNATHA, CoRRODENTIA)

Peripsocits; Psocus Order PHTHIRAPTERA (lice) Sub-order Anoplura (sucking lice) ( = Siphunculata) Pediculus (human \ouse): Phthirus ( =Phthirws) (crab louse); Haeinatopiims (hog louse); Linognathus Sub-order Mallophaga (biting lice)

Menopon (shaft louse); Goniodes; Lipeurus (fowl louse) ; Trichodectes Sub-order Rhynchophthirina Haematomyzus (elephant louse) Order THYSANOPTERA (thrips) ( = Physopoda) Thrips; Heliothrips Order HEMIPTERA

( = Rhynchota) Sub-order Homoptera

Oiphysa; Magicicada (cicada); Cercopis, Philaenus (frog hoppers) ; Centrotus (tree-hopper) ; Perkinsiella (sugar-cane leaf-hopper); Empoasca (leaf-hopper) ; Phenax (lantern fly) ; Psylla (jumping plant \oviSQ); Aphis (greenfly, plant louse); Phylloxera (vine pest) ; Coccus (scale insect) Sub-order Heteroptera Cimex (bed-bug); Dysdercus (cotton stainer); Rhodnius (assassin bug); Blissus (chinch bug); Notonecta (backswimmer) ; Corixa (water boat- man)

Section Oligoneoptera

(^Endopterygota, Holometabola)

Order NEUROPTERA Sub-order Megaloptera

Sialis (alder fly); Raphidia (snake fly); Corydalis (Dobson fly)

28 ARTHROPODA

Sub-order Planipennia Chrysopa (green lacewing); Hemewbius (brown lacewing) ; Myrmeleon (ant lion fly) ; Ithone; Mantispa Order COLEOPTERA (beetles) Sub-order Adephaga Cicindela (tiger beetle); Carabus (ground beetle); Dytiscus (water beetle) ; Gyrinus (whirligig) Sub-order Archostemata

Cupes Sub-order Polyphaga Hydrophilus (= Hydro us); Hister; Sphaerius; Lucanus (stag beetle) ; Cetonia (rose chafer) ; Stigmodera; Agriotes (wire wormO ; Coccinella (lady bird) ; Tenebrio (mealworm^) ; Tribolium (flour beetle); Chrysolina; Leptinotarsa (Colorado beetle); Dendroctonus Order STREPSIPTERA (stylopids)

Stylops Order MECOPTERA (scorpion flies) ( = Panorpatae) Panorpa; Bittacus; Boreus Order TRICHOPTERA (caddis flies) ( = Phryg ANOroEA) Limnephilus Order ZEUGLOPTERA

Micropteryx (=^Eriocephala) Order LEPIDOPTERA Sub-order Monotrysia Eriocrania; Hepialiis (ghost moth); Stigmella; Incurvaria Sub-order Ditrysia Sitotroga; Depressaria; Cossus (goat moth); Psyche (bag-worm moth); Castnia; Evetria (pine shoot moth); Tortrix; Galleria (wax moth); Ephestia (flour moths); Tinea (clothes moth); Attacus (atlas moth); Papilio (swallow-tail); Pieris (cabbage butterfly); Acherontia (death's head hawk moth); Lymantria (gipsy moth) ; Bombyx (silk moth) Order DIPTERA (two-winged flies, true flies) Sub-order Nematocera

Tipula (daddy-long legs); Phlebotomus (sand fly); Culex, Anopheles (mosquitoes); Contarinia (pear midge); Sciara (fungus gnat); Simiilhim (black fly); Chironomus Sub-order Brachycera

Rhagio; Tabanus (horse fly) Sub-order Cyclorrhapha

Eristalis (drone fly); Drosophila (small fruit fly); Oscinella (frit fly) ; Calliphora (bluebottle, blowfly) ; Musca (house fly); Lucilia (greenbottle) ; Glossina (tse-tse fly) ; Melophagus (sheep tick)

' Larva.

ARTHROPODA

29

Order SIPHONAPTERA (fleas)

( = Aphaniptera, Suctoria) Xenopsylla; Tunga Gigger); Pulex; Ctenocephalides ; Echidnophaga (sticktight) Order HYMENOPTERA Sub-order Symphyta

( = Chalastogastra) Cephus (stem sawfly); Nematus (sawfly); Sirex (giant wood wasp) Sub-order Apocrita

( = Clistogastra) Ichneumon, Nemeritis (ichneumon flies); Chalcis (chalcid fly); Blastophaga (fig-insect); Trichogramma ; Formica (ant); Vespa (hornet); Vespula (wasp) ; Bombus (bumble bee) ; Apis (honey bee)

Class CRUSTACEA

Sub-class OSTRACODA

Sub-class BRANCHIOPODA

Order ANOSTRACA

Chirocephalus; Branchipus; Artemia Order NOTOSTRACA

Triops (=Apus); Lepidums Order CONCHOSTRACA

Cyzicus (^Estheria); Limnadia Order CLADOCERA (water fleas)

Sida; Daphnia; Simocephalus ; Moina; Leptodora;

Podon; Evadne Order CEPHALOCARIDA

Hutchinsoniella

Order MYODOCOPA

Cypridina; Pyrocypris Order CLADOCOPA

Polycope Order PODOCOPA

Cypris; Cy there; Candona Order PLATYCOPA

Cytherella

Order CALANOIDA

Calaniis; Diaptomus Order MONSTRILLOIDA

Monstrilla Order CYCLOPOIDA

Cyclops; Lernaea ( =Lernaeocerd)^ Order HARPACTICOIDA

Tigriopus; Harpacticus Order NOTODELPHYOIDA

Ascidicola Order CALIGOIDA

Caligus; Lernaeocera ( =Lernaeay

» Lernaeocera is the Lernaea of textbooks and classrooms. The fresh-water genus Lernaea used to be called Lernaeocera (Gurney, 1933, p. 336).

Sub-class COPEPODA

30 ARTHROPODA

Sub-class MYSTACOCARIDA

Order LERNAEOPODOIDA

Chondracanthus ; Sphaeronella

Order DEROCHEILOCARroA

Derocheilocaris Sub-class BRANCHIURA Argulus; Dolops

Sub-class CIRRIPEDIA

Order THORACICA (barnacles)

Lepas (goose barnacle) ; Balanus; Chthamalus;

Elminius Order ACROTHORACICA

Alcippe Order RHIZOCEPHALA

Sacculina Order ASCOTHORACICA

Laura Sub-class MALACOSTRACA

Super-order LEPTOSTRACA ( =Phyllocarida)

Order NEBALIACEA

Nebalia Super-order SYNCAREDA

Order ANASPffiACEA

Anaspides Order BATHYNELLACEA

Bathynella Super-order PERACARIDA

Order MYSIDACEA (opossum-shrimps)

Lophogaster ; Gnathophausia ; Mysis; Hemimysis;

Siriella; Gastrosaccus Order CUMACEA

Diastylis; Iphinoe; Pseudocuma Order TANATOACEA

Apseudes; Tanais; Leptochelia; Syraphus Order GNATHIIDEA

Gnathia Order ISOPODA

Ligia, Armadillidium (woodlice); Asellus; Idotea;

Limnoria {gvibhXt); Bopyr us; lone; Cymothoa;

Port union; Entoniscus Order SPELAEOGRIPHACEA

Spelaeogriphus Order AMPHIPODA

Ganmiarus (fresh-water shrimp); Talitms (shore

hopper) ; Caprella (ghost shrimp) ; Hyperia; Cyamus

(whale louse) ; Corophium; Jassa Super-order HOPLOCARIDA

Order STOMATOPODA (mantis shrimps)

Squilla; Gonodactylus Super-order PANCARIDA

Order THERMOSBAENACEA

Thermosbaena; Monodella Super-order EUCARIDA

Order EUPHAUSIACEA (krill, whale feed)

Euphausia; hanes

ARTHROPODA

31

Class MEROSTOMATA*

Class ARACHNTOA*

Order DECAPODA^

Sub-order Natantia Penaeiis, Pandalus, Palaemon ( =Leander) (prawns); Crangon ( = Crago), Hippolyte (shrimps) ; Maaobrachium ( = Palaemon) (river prawn)

Sub-order Reptantia Cambarus, Astacus (=Potamobius) (fresh- water crayfish); Homarus Oobster); Nephrops (Norway lobster) ; Jasus (kreef ) ; Palinurus Oangouste, craw- fish) ; Panulirus (rock lobster) ; Cancer (edible crab) ; Pagurus {=Eupagurus), Dardanus (=Pagurus) (hermit crabs); Lithodes (stone crab); Carcinus (shore crab) ; Maia (spider crab) ; Callinectes (blue crab); Potamon ( = Telphusa) (river crab); Uca (fiddler crab)

Order XIPHOSURA (king crabs) ( = Limulida) Limulus; Tachypleus

( = Pedipalpi)

Order SCORPIONES (scorpions)

Scorpio; Apistobuthus ; Buthus; Tityus ; Pandinus

Order PSEUDOSCORPIONES (false scorpions)

( = Chelonethi, Chernetes)

Microbisium; Chelifer; Garypus; Chthonius

f Order UROPYGI (whip scorpions)

( = Thelyphonida, Schizomida, Tartaridae)

Mastigoproctus; Schizomus

Order AMBLYPYGI

( = Phrynicida)

Damon; Phrynichus; Charinus

Order PALPIGRADI (micro-whip scorpions)

( = Microthelyphonida)

Koenenia

Order RICINULEI

( = Podogonata)

Ricinoides

Order SOLIFUGAE (false spiders, sun spiders, wind

scorpions)

( = Solpugida)

Galeodes

Order OPILIONES (phalangids, harvest spiders, har-

vestmen)

( = Phalangida)

Phalangium; Oligolophus

Order ARANEAE (spiders)

Araneus; { = Epeira); Atrax; Latrodectus; Pholcus

Order ACARI

A car us, Dermanyssus, Py emotes, Trombicula

(mites); Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros (ticks)

Class PYCNOGONroA^ (sea spiders)

( = Pantopoda) Order COLOSSENDEOMORPHA

Dodecolopoda; Colossendeis

' See also Dibranchia, p. 23.

• These three classes may be considered as members of sub-phylum Chelicerata.

32 ARTHROPODA-ECHINODERMATA

Order NYMPHONOMORPHA

Nytnphon Order ASCORHYNCHOMORPHA

Ascorhynchus Order PYCNOGONOMORPHA

Pycnogonum

Class PENTASTOMTOA

Order CEPHALOBAENTOA

Cephalobaena; Reighardia Order POROCEPHALroA

Sebekia; Lingua tula Class TARDIGRADA (water-bears)

Order HETEROTARDIGRADA

Echiniscus; Tetrakentron Order EUTARDIGRADA

Macrobiotus ; Hypsibius; Milnesium

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA (arrow worms)

Sagitta; Spadella; Eukrohnia; Ptewsagitta; Heterokrohnia

Phylum POGONOPHORA ( = Brachiata) (beard worms)

Order ATHECANEPHRIA

Oligobrachia; Siboglinum Order THECANEPHRIA

Heptabrachia ; Zenkevitchiana; Lamellisabella; Spirobrachia

Phylum ECfflNODERMATA

Sub-phylum PELMATOZOA

Class CRINOIDEA

Order ARTICULATA^

Antedon, Tropiometra (feather stars) ; Rhizocrinus, Metacrinus (sea lilies) Sub-phylum ELEUTHEROZOA

Class HOLOTHUROIDEA (sea cucumbers)

Order ASPIDOCfflROTA

Holothuria; Stichopus; Mesothuria Order ELASIPODA

Deima; Kolga; Elpidia; Pelagothuria

^ See Brachiopoda, p. 21.

ECHINODERMATA 33

Order DENDROCHIROTA

Cucumaria; Thyone; Echinocucumis; Psolus;

Phyllophorus Order MOLPADONIA

Molpadia Order APODA^

Synapta; Leptosynapta; Labidoplax

Class ECHINOroEA

Sub-class PERISCHOECHINOroEA

Order CIDAROIDA (sea urchins) Cidaris Sub-class EUECHINOIDEA

Super-order DIADEMATACEA (sea urchins)

Order DIADEMATOIDA

Diadema; Centrostephaims Order ECHINOTHURIOIDA

Phormosoma; Areosoma Super-order ECHINACEA (sea urchins)

Order HEMICroAROmA

Salenia Order PHYMOSOMATOIDA

Stomopneustes Order ARBACIOIDA

Arbacia Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA

Temnopleunis ; Tripneustes (=Hipponoe);

Toxopneustes; Mespilia; Sphaerechinus; Lytechinus;

Pseudocentrotus Order ECHINOroA

Echinus; Echiiwmetra; Strongylocentrotus ;

Psammechinus; Paracentrotus; Hemicentrotus:

Anthocidaris ; Heliocidaris

Super-order GNATHOSTOMATA

Order HOLECTYPOIDA

Sub-order Echinoneina

Echinoneus Order CLYPEASTEROIDA (sand-dollars, cake urchins) Sub-order Clypeasterina

Clypeaster Sub-order Laganina

Laganum; Echinocyamus Sub-order Scutellina

Me Hit a; Echinarachnius ; Dendraster Sub-order Rotulina

Rotula

Super-order ATELOSTOMATA

Order NUCLEOLITOIDA

Neolampas Order CASSIDULOIDA

Cassidulus

' See Gymnophiona, p,41.

34 ECHINODERMATA-UROCHORDATA

Order HOLASTEROmA

Pourtalesia Order SPATANGOroA (heart urchins)

Spatangus; Echinocardium; Brissopsis Class ASTEROroEA (starfishes)

Order PHANEROZONA

Astropecten; Porcellanaster; Luidia Order SPINULOSA

Asterina; Patiria; Anseropoda ( =Palmipes);

Henricia; So/aster Order FORCIPULATA

Marthasterias ; Asterias; Leptasterias;

Stichastrella; Pisaster; Brisinga Class OPHIUROIDEA (brittle stars)

Order OPHIURAE (serpent stars)

Ophiura; Ophiothrix; Ophiocomina; Ophiopsila;

Ophiactis; Ophiopholis; Acrocnida; Amphiura;

Amphipholis Order EURYALAE

Aster onyx; Gorgonocephalus

Phylum CHORDATA

Sub-phylum HEMICHORDATA

( = Stomochordata, Branchiotremata)

Class ENTEROPNEUSTA (acorn worms)

Protoglossus ( —Protobalamis); Saccoglossus

{ = Dolichoglossus); Harrimania; Glossobalanus ;

Balanoglossus ; Ptychodera; Schizocardium;

Glandiceps Class PTEROBRANCHIA

Order RHABDOPLEURIDA

Rhabdopleura Order CEPHALODISCIDA

Cephalodiscus : Atubaria Class PLANCTOSPHAEROIDEAi

Planctosphaera

Sub-phylum UROCHORDATA (=Tunicata)

Class ASCIDIACEA (sea squirts)

Order ENTEROGONA Sub-order Aplousobranchiata

Clavelina; Polyclinum; Aplidium { — Amaroucium); Didemnum Sub-order Phlebobranchiata

Ciona; Ascidia; Phallusia; Ascidiella; Perophora

1 This class only contains a few larvae of unknown parentage.

UROCHORDATA-VERTEBRATA

35

Class THALIACEA

Class LARVACEA

Order PLEUROGONA

Sub-order Stolidobranchiata

Styela; Polycarpa: Botryllus; Boltenia; Pyura;

Molgula Sub-order Aspiriculata

Hexacrobyhis

Order PYROSOMIDA

Pyrosoma Order DOLIOLIDA

( = Cyclomyaria) Doliolum Order SALPIDA

( = Desmomyaria) Salpa

Order COPELATA

Oikopleiira; Appendicularia: Fritillaria

Sub-phylum CEPHALOCHORDATA ( = Acrania, Leptocardii)

Branchiostoina { — Amphioxiis) (lancelet); Asymmetron

Sub-phylum VERTEBRATA

Class MARSIPOBRANCHn

( = Agnatha)

Sub-class CYCLOSTOMATAi

Order HYPEROARTU (lampreys) ( = Petromyzones) Petromyzon; Lampetra; Ichthyomyzon Order HYPEROTRETI (hagfishes) ( - Myxini) Heptatretus ( = Bdellostoma); Myxine

Class SELACHH ( = Chondropterygii, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)

Sub-class EUSELACHU

Order PLEUROTREMATA (sharks, dogfishes, angel-fishes) ( = Selachoidei) Sub-order Notidanoidea

( - Hexanchiformes) Heptranchias : Notidanus

' See Gymnolaemata, p. 20.

36 VERTEBRATA

Sub-order Galeoidea

( = Lamniformes) Orectolobus; Odontaspis ( = Carcharias); Scyliorhinus { = Scyllium) (dogfish) ; MM5/e/w5; Galeorhinus ( = Galeus, Eugaleus) (tope) ; Sphyrna (hammerhead) ; Carcharhinus Sub-order Squaloidea

( =Tectospondyli) Squalus (^Acanthias); Echinorhinus ; Heterodontus ( = Cestracion); Pristiophonis ; Squat ina (angel-fish) Order HYPOTREMATA (rays) Sub-order Narcobatoidea

( = Torpedinif ormes) Torpedo ( = Narcobatus, Narcacion) Sub-order Batoidea Raja (ray); Pristis (saw-fish); Dasyatis ( = Trygon) (sting ray) Class BRADYODONTI

Sub-class HOLOCEPHALI (rabbit-fishes)

Rhinochimaera; Callorhinchus; Chimaera; Harriott a

Class PISCES (bony fishes)

( = OSTEICHTHYES)

Sub-class PALAEOPTERYGU

Order CHONDROSTEI

( = ACIPENSERIFORMES)

Acipenser (sturgeon) ; Polyodon (paddle-fish) Order CLADISTIA

( = POLYPTERIFORMES)

Polypterus (bichir) ; Calamoichthys {=Erpetoichthys) (reed-fish)

Sub-class NEGPTERYCn

( = TeLEOSTEI + HOLOSTEl) ^

rOrder PROTOSPONDYLI (bow-fins) ( = Holostei)< Amia

lorder GINGLYMODI (gar-pikes) ( = Lepisosteiformes) Lepisosteus ( =Lepidosteus) Order ISOSPONDYLI

( = Malacopterygii, Clupeiformes) Sub-order Clupeoidea

Clupea (herring) ; Sardina (sardine, pilchard) ; Megalops (tarpon); Alepocephalus Sub-order Stomiatoidea

Stomias Sub-order Salmonoidea Salmo ( = Trutta) (salmon, trout) ; Salveliniis (char) ; Osmerus (smelt) Sub-order Osteoglossoidea Arapaiina

* i.e., Teleostei{=Neopterygii-Holostei.

VERTEBRATA 37

Sub-order Notopteroidea

Notopterus Sub-order Mormyroidea

Gymnarchus Sub-order Gonorhynchoidea

Gonorhynchus Order HAPLOMI

( = ESOCOIDEl)

Esox (pike) ; Dallia (black-fish) ; Umbra (mud- minnow) Order INIOMI

( = SCOPELIFORMES)

Sub-order Myctophoidea ( = Scopelidae) Myctophum, Lampanyctus (lantern-fishes) ; Synodus Oizard-fish) Sub-order Alepisauroidea Alepisaurus; Paralepis Order CHONDROBRACHn

Ateleopus Order CETUNCULI

Cetomimus ( =Pelecinomimus) Order MIRIPINNATI

Eutaeniophorus Order GIGANTUROIDEA

Gigantura Order LYOMERI (gulper eels)

( = Saccopharyngiformes) Saccopharynx ; Eurypharynx Order OSTARIOPHYSI Sub-order Cyprinoidea

( = Eventognathi) Copeina; Electrophorus (electric eel) ; Rutilus (roach) ; Phoxinus ( =Phonixus) (minnow) ; Cyprinus (carp) Sub-order Siluroidea (catfishes) ( =Nematognathi) Silurus; Diplomystes; Malapterurus (electric cat- fish) Order HETEROMI

( =Notacanthiformes) Halosaurus; Notacanthus Order APODES (eels)

( - Anguilliformes) Anguilla: Conger; Muraena (moray) Order SYNENTOGNATHI

( = SCOMBRESOCES, BELONIFORMES)

Sub-order Scombresocoidea

Scombresox (skipper) ; Belone (garfish) Sub-order Exocoetoidea Exocoetus (flying fish) Order SALMOPERCAE

( = Percopsiformes) Aphredoderus (pirate-perch) ; Percopsis (sand-roller)

38 VERTEBRATA

Order MICROCYPRINI

( = Cyprinodontes, Cyprinodontiformes) Fundulus (killifish); Oryzias (medaka, killifish); Lebistes (guppy); Platypoecilus (platyfish, sword- tail) ; Anableps (four-eyed fish) Order SOLENICHTHYES

( = SVNGNATHIFORMES + AULOSTOMIFORMES)

Macrorhamphosus (snipe-fish); Hippocampus (sea- horse) Order ANACANTHINI

( = Gadiformes + Macruriformes) Gadus (cod, whiting); Merluccius (hake); Macrourus Order ALLOTRIOGNATHI ( = Lampridiformes) Lampris (moon-fish) ; Trachypterus (ribbon-fish) Order BERYCOMORPHI

Beryx; Monocentris Order ZEOMORPHI

Zeus (John Dory) ; Capros (boar-fish) Order PERCOMORPffli Sub-order Percoidea

Perca (perch) ; Morone (bass) Sub-order TEUTHrooroEA ( = Siganoidei) Teuthis Sub-order Acanthuroidea Acanthurus (surgeon-fish) Sub-order Kurtoidea

Kurtus Sub-order TRicrauROiDEA

Lepidopus (frost fish) ; Aphanopus (scabbard fish) Sub-order Scombroidea

Scomber (mackerel) ; Thunnus (tunny) Sub-order Gobioidea

Gobius (goby) ; Periophthalmus (mud-skipper) Sub-order Callionymoidea (dragonets)

Callionymus Sub-order Blennioidea Blennius (blenny); Anarhichas (sea catfish, wolf- fish) Sub-order Ophidioidea (cusk eels)

Genypterus Sub-order Stromateoidea

Lirus (rudder-fish) ; Nomeus Sub-order Channoidea

( = Ophicephaloidea) Channa ( = Ophicephalus) Sub-order Anabantoidea Anabas (climbing perch) Sub-order Mugiloidea (grey mullets) ( = Percesoces) Mugil; Atherina; Sphyraena (barracuda)

^ Acanthopterygii which, inter alia, includes the Percomorphi, is obsolete.

VERTEBRATA 39

Sub-order Polynemoidea ( = Rhegnopteri) Polynemus Order SCLEROPAREI (mail-cheeked fishes) (=:Cataphracti, Loricati) Sub-order Scorpaenoidea

Sebastes; Trigla (gurnard); Cottus (bullhead, miller's thumb) Sub-order Cephalacanthoidea (flying gurnards) ( = Dactylopteroidea) Cephalacanthus ( = Dactylopterus) Order THORACOSTEI (sticklebacks) ( = G asterostoidea) Gasterosteus; Spinachia Order HYPOSTOMIDES (dragon-fishes) ( = Pegasiformes) Pegasus Order HETEROSOMATA (flat-fishes) ( =Pleuronectiformes) Bothus; Pleuronectes; Psettodes; Limanda (flounder) ; Solea Order DISCOCEPHALI (sucker-fishes) ( = Echeneiformes) Echeneis; Re mora Order PLECTOGNATHI (trigger-fishes, globe-fishes) ( = Tetraodontiformes) Sub-order Balistoidea

( = Sclerodermi) Balistes Sub-order Tetraodontoidea ( = Gymnodontes) Tetraodon (puffer); Mola ( = Orthagoriscus) (sun- fish) Order MALACICHTHYES (rag-fishes) ( =Icosteiformes) Icosteus; Acrotus Order XENOPTERYGII (Cornish suckers, cling-fishes)

( = GOBIESOCIFORMES)

Lepadogaster Order HAPLODOCI (toad-fishes) ( ==Batrachoidiformes)

Opsanus; Thalassophryne Order PEDICULATI

( = LOPHIIFORMES)

Sub-order Lophioidea

Lophiiis (angler) Sub-order Antennarioidea (sea toads, frog fishes)

Pterophryne; Antennarius Sub-order Ceratioidea (deep-sea anglerfishes) Melanocetus Order OPISTHOMI (spiny eels) ( = Mastacembeliformes) Mastacembelus; Macrognathus ( = Rhynchobdella)

40 VERTEBRATA

Order SYNBRANCHH Sub-order Alabetoidea

Alabes (shore eel) Sub-order Synbranchoidea Synbranchus ; Amphipnous Sub-class CROSSOPTERYGn

Order ACTINISTIA

( = COELACANTHINl)

Latimeria (coelacanth) Order DIPNOI (lung-fishes)

(=DiPNEUSTi, Ceratodiformes) Protopteriis; Lepidosiren ; Neoceratodiis ( = Ceratodus) Class AMPHIBIA

Order CAUDATA

( = Urodela)

Sub-order Cryptobranchoidea

Hynobius; Pachypalaminus ; Megalobatrachus (giant salamander) ; Cryptobranchits (hellbender)

Sub-order Ambystomoidea Amby stoma {= Amblystomd) (mole salamander, 'axolotl'^); Siredon (axolotl); Dicamptodon (Pacific giant salamander); Rhyacotriton (Olympic sala- mander)

Sub-order Salamandroidea Salamandra (fire salamander, etc.); Triturus ( = Tnton) (newt); Diemictylus (eastern newt); Desmognathus (dusky salamander); Plethodon (woodland salamander); Pleiirodeles (pleurodele newt) ; Amphiuma (Congo eel)

Sub-order Proteida Proteus (olm) ; Nectiims (mud-puppy, waterdog)

Sub-order Meantes Siren (siren, mud-eel) ; Pseudobranchus (dwarf siren) Order SALIENTIA ( = Anura)

Sub-order Amphicoela

Leiopelma {^Liopelma) (New Zealand frog); Ascaphus (tailed frog)

Sub-order Opisthocoela

Discoglossus (painted frog) ; Alytes (midwife toad) ; Bonibina {= Bombinator) (fire bellied toad) ; Xenopus (clawed toad) ; Pipa (Surinam toad)

Sub-order Anomocoela Megophrys (bull toad) ; Pelobates (European spade foot)

Sub-order Procoela

Biifo (toad, true toad) ; Hyla (tree frog) ; Gastrotheca ( = Nototrema) (marsupial frog); Eleutherodactylus ( — Hy lodes) (robber frog) ; Rhinophrymis (Mexican digger toad); Dendrobates (poison frog)

1 Some three years ago the late Dr. Karl P. Schmidt proposed to the Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature that the name Siredon should be suppressed. He saw no reason to believe that the axolotl, Siredon mexicanum, belonged to a different genus from Ambystoma. Until the Commission reaches a decision, the axolotl is Siredon mexicanum, while mole salamanders are species oi Ambystoma.

VERTEBRATA 41

Sub-order Diplasiocoela

Rana (frog, true frog); Astylosternus (hairy frog); Rhacophorus ( = Polypedates) (tree frog) ; Microhyla, Callulina Order GYMNOPfflONA (caecilians) ( = Apoda^) Caecilia; Scolecomorphus; Hypogeophis; Ichthyophis ; Gymnopis

Class REPTILIA (reptiles)

Class AVES (birds)

Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA

Sphenodon ( = Hatteria) (tuatara) Order TESTUDINES ( = Chelonia) Sub-order Cryptodira

Testudo (Greek tortoise, etc.); Chelone (green turtle); Dermochelys (leathery turtle); Chrysemys (terrapin) ; Trionyx (soft-shelled turtle) Sub-order Pleurodira

Chelus (matamata) ; Chelodina (long necked turtle) Order CROCODYLIA ( = Loricata) Crocodylus^ (crocodile) ; Gavialis (Indian 'gharial') ; Tomistoma (Malayan gavial) ; Caiman (South American caiman) ; Alligator (alligator) Order SQUAMATA Sub-order Sauria (lizards) ( = Lacertilia) Hemidactylus (gecko); Iguana (iguana); Anguis (slow-worm); Heloderma (Gila monster); Lacerta (green lizard, wall lizard, etc.); Chamaeleo (chamaeleon) Sub-order Serpentes (snakes) ( = Ophidia) Constrictor (boa); Python (python); Matrix ( = Tropidonotus) (grass snake, water snake, etc.); Naja (cobra); Vipera (=Pelias) (viper, adder); Crotalus (rattle snake)

Order STRUTHIONIFORMES (ostriches)

Struthio Order RHEIFORMES (rheas)

Rhea Order CASUARUFORMES

Dromiceius (emu) ; Casuarius (cassowary) Order APTERYGIFORMES (kiwis)

Apteryx Order TK^AMIFORMES (tinamous) ( = Crypturi)

Rhynchotus; Crypturelliis; Nothura; Nothoprocta

1 See Holothuroidea, p. 33.

- This is the original and, therefore, correct spelling, by Laurenti in 1 768.

42 VERTEBRATA

Order GAVIIFORMES (divers)

(=Pygopodes, Colymbiformes)

Gavia ( = Colymbus)

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES (grebes)

( = Pygopodes, Colymbiformes)

Podiceps; Aechmophorus ; Podilymbus

Order SPHENISCIFORMES (penguins)

Spheniscus ; Aptenodytes; Eudyptes Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

(=TUBINARES)

Hydrobates (storm petrel) ; Procellaria (shear- water);^ Diomedea (alhatross) ; Pelecanoides (diving petrel)

Order PELECANIFORMES ( = Steganopodes) Phaethon (tropic bird) ; Pelecanus (pelican) ; Phalacrocorax (cormorant) ; Sula (gannet) ; Fregata (frigate bird)

Order CICONIIFORMES

(=Ardeiformes, Gressores) Ardea (heron); Balaeniceps (whale-headed stork); Ciconia (stork) ; Threskiornis (ibis) ; Scopus (hammerhead) ; Platalea (spoonbill)

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES (flamingos) Phoenicopterus

Order ANSERIFORMES

Anhima (screamer); Anas (duck); Anser (goose); Cygnus (swan)

Order FALCONIFORMES

(=:ACCIPITRES)

Cathartes (turkey vulture); Sagittarius (secretary bird); Aegypius (black vulture); Accipiter ( —Astur) (goshawk, sparrow hawk) ; Falco ( = Cerchneis) (kestrel, falcon, etc.) ; Pondion (osprey)

Order GALLIFORMES

Crax (curassow) ; Megapodius (megapode) ; Phasianus (pheasant) ; G alius (fowl) ; Numida (guinea fowl) ; Meleagris (turkey) ; Opisthocomus (hoatzin)

Order GRUIFORMES

Mesoenas (xoa.iQ\o)\ Turnix (button-quail); Grus (crane); Aramus (limpkin) ; Psophia (trumpeter); Rallus (rail); Heliornis (sun-grebe); Rhynochetos (kagu); Eurypyga (sun-bittern); Cariania (cariama); Otis (bustard)

Order CHARADRHFORMES ( = Laro-Limicolae) Jacana (lily trotter); Charadrius (ringed plover, sand plover, etc.); Stercorarius (=Lestris) (skua); Larus (gull) ; Sterna (tern) ; Alca (razorbill) ; Fraterculo (puffin)

» The correct Latin name of the Manx shearwater (formerly Puffinus puffinus) is Procellaria puffinus.

VERTEBRATA

43

Class MAMMALIA Sub-class PROTOTHERIA

Order COLUMBIFORMES

Treron (green pigeon) ; Columba (pigeon) ; Goura

(crowned pigeon) ; Pterocles (sand-grouse) Order PSITTACIFORMES (parrots)

Psittaciis; Nestor; Eos ; Poicephalus ; Agapornis;

Melopsittacus (budgerigar) Order CUCULIFORMES

Cuculus (cuckoo) ; Crotophaga (ani) ; Geococcyx

(road-runner) ; Centropus (coucal) ; Musophaga

(plantain-eater) Order STRIGIFORMES (owls)

Tyto; Bubo Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Steatornis (oil bird) ; Podargus (frogmouth) ;

Caprimulgus (nightjar) Order APODIFORMES

( = MiCROPODIFORMES, MaCROCHIRES)

Apus ( = Micropus) (swift); Trochilus (humming- bird)

Order COLUFORMES (mouse birds) Coliits

Order TROGONIFORMES (trogons) Pharomachrus (quetzal) ; Apaloderma

Order CORACIIFORMES

Alcedo (kingfisher); Todus (tody); Momotus (mot- mot) ; Merops (bee-eater) ; Coracias (roller) ; Upupa (hoopoe) ; Buceros (horn-bill)

Order PICIFORMES

Bucco (puff bird); Galbula (jacamar); Capita (bar- bet) ; Indicator (honey guide) ; Ramphastos (toucan) ; Picus (woodpecker)

Order PASSERIFORMES Sub-order Eurylaimi (broadbills)

Smithornis Sub-order Tyranni Formicarius (antbird); Furnarius (ovenbird); Cotinga (cotinga) Sub-order Menurae Meimra (lyre-bird) Sub-order Passeres (songbirds) (=Oscines) Alauda (lark); Hirimdo (swallow); Turdiis (thrush, blackbird); Fringilla (chaffinch, etc.); Sturnus (starling); Corviis (raven, crow, etc.)

Order MONOTREMATA

Tachyglossiis ( = Echidna) (spiny anteater); Ornithorhynchiis ( ^Platypus) (duck-bill)

44

VERTEBRATA

Sub-class THERIA

Infra-class METATHERIA

Infra-class EUTHERIA

Order MARSUPIALIA

Didelphis (American opossum) ; Antechinomys (jerboa pouched mouse) ; Dasyurus ('native cat') ; Perameles (bandicoot) ; Trichosurus (common phalanger); Vombatus {=Phascolomis) (wombat); Phascolarctos (koala) ; Macropus, Bettongia (kangaroos) ; Setonyx (quokka) ; Potorous (rat- kangaroo)

Order INSECTIVORA

Tenrec ( — Centetes) (tenrec) ; Erinaceus (hedgehog) ; Echinosorex ( — Gymnurd) (moon rat) ; Sorex (shrew) ; Crocidura (white-toothed shrew) ; Scalopus (eastern mole) ; Talpa (common old world mole) ; Chrysochloris (golden mole) ; Macroscelides (elephant shrew)

Order DERMOPTERA

Cytwcephalus ( = Galeopitheciis, Galeopterus) (flying lemur, cobego, colugo)

Order CHIROPTERA Sub-order Megachiroptera Pteropus (flying fox); Cynopterus, Epomophorus (fruit bats) Sub-order Microchiroptera

Rhinolophus (horseshoe bat); Pipistrellus (pipi- strelle) ; Myotis (brown bat, etc.) ; Desmodus (vam- pire)

Order PRIMATES Sub-order Prosimii

( = Lemuroidea) Tupaia (tree shrew); Loris (loris); Perodicticus (potto); Galago (bush baby); Lemur (common lemur) Sub-order Tarsii Tarsius (tarsier) Sub-order Simiae

( = Anthropoidea) Hapale ( = Callithrix) (marmoset); Cebus (ca- puchin); Saimiri (squirrel monkey); A teles (spider monkey); Macaco (macaque); Cercocebus (mang- abey) ; Papio (baboon) ; Cercopithecus (African tree monkeys) ; Presbytis (langur) ; Hylobates (gibbon) ; Pongo ( = Simia) (orang); Pan { — Anthropopithecus, Troglodytes) (chimpanzee) ; Gorilla (gorilla) ; Homo (man)

Order EDENTATA

Bradypus (three-toed sloth); Dasypus (armadillo); Priodontes (giant armadillo); Myrmecophaga (giant anteater) ; Tamandua (lesser anteater)

Order PHOLIDOTA

Manis (pangolin, scaly anteater)

VERTEBRATA 45

Order LAGOMORPHA

Ochotona (pika) ; Lepus (hare) ; Oryctolagus ( =Lepus) (rabbit) ; Sylvilagus (cottontail)

Order RODENTIA

Sub-order Sciuromorpha

Sciurus (squirrel); Marmota ( = Arctomys) (mar- mot, woodchuck); Tamias (chipmunk); Castor (beaver); Aplodontia (sewellel, mountain beaver); Xerus (African ground squirrel); Citellus ( = Sperm- ophilus) (American ground squirrel, gopher); Glaucomys (American flying squirrel); Geomys (pocket gopher); Anomahuiis (scale-tailed flying squirrel)

Sub-order Myomorpha Peromyscus (deer mouse); Sigmodon (cotton rat); Cricetus (hamster) ; Mesocricetus (golden hamster) ; Mystromys (mole mouse) ; Lophiotnys (maned rat) ; Lemmus (lemming) ; Microtus (vole) ; Clethrionomys ( = Evotomys) (bank vole) ; Arvicola (water vole) ; Ondatra (muskrat) ; Rattus ( = Epimys) (rat) ; Mastomys (multimammate rat, coucha rat); Apodennis (wood mouse) ; Miis (house mouse) ; Gerbillus (gerbii); Meriones{]\vd); Spalax (mole rat) ; Glis {=Myoxus), Muscardimis (dormice) ; Zapus (jumping mouse) ; Dipus (jerboa) ; Pedetes (jumping hare)

Sub-order Hystricomorpha Cavia (guinea pig); Hydrochoerus (capybara); Chinchilla (chinchilla); Myocastor (coypu); Hystrix (porcupine)

Order CETACEA

Sub-order Odontoceti

Mesoplodon (beaked whale); Physeter (sperm whale); Delphinus (dolphin); Tursiops ( = Tursio) (bottle-nosed dolphin); Orcinus (killer whale); Phocaena (porpoise)

Sub-order Mysticeti

Rhachianectes (grey whale); Balaenoptera (ror- qual) ; Sibbaldiis (blue whale)

Order CARNIVORA Sub-order Fissipeda

Canis (wolf, dog, jackal); Vulpes (fox); Ursus (bear) ; Thalarctos (polar bear) ; Procyon (raccoon) ; Potos (kinkajou); Ailurus (panda); Ailuropoda (giant panda); Miistela (=Putorius) (ferret, weasel, mink, ermine, polecat, stoat); Martes (marten, sable) ; Meles (badger) ; Tb.v/f/f'a (American badger) ; Spilogale (spotted skunk); Lutra (otter); Herpestes (mongoose); //meoa (striped hyaena) ; Viverra (civet); Felis (cat); Felis (=Puma) (mountain lion, cougar) ; Panthera ( =Leo) (lion) ; Panthera ( = Tigris) (tiger) ; Panthera ( =Jaguarius) (jaguar) ; Panthera (panther, leopard); Acinonyx (cheetah)

46 VERTEBRATA

Order PINNIPEDIA

Otaria (sea lion); Zalophiis (Calif omian sea lion);

Odobetnis (walrus) ; Phoca (seal) ; Halichoerus (grey

seal, Atlantic seal) ; Mirounga (elephant seal) Order TUBULIDENTATA

Orycteropus (aardvark) Order PROBOSCIDEA

Loxodonta (African elephant) ; Elephas (Asiatic

elephant) Order HYRACOmEA

Dendrohyrax (tree hyrax) ; Procavia (coney) Order SIRENIA

Dugong (dugong) ; Trichechus (manatee) Order PERISSODACTYLA Sub-order Hippomorpha

Equus (horse, donkey, zebra) Sub-order Ceratomorpha

Tapirus (tapir) ; Rhinoceros, Diceros, Ceratotherium

(rhinoceroses) Order ARTIODACTYLA Sub-order Suiformes

Sus (pig); Tayassu (peccary); Phacochoerus (wart

hog) ; Hippopotamus (hippopotamus) Sub-order Tylopoda

Lama ( =Auchenia) (llama, alpaca, vicuna,

guanaco) ; Camelus (camel, dromedary) Sub-order Ruminantia

Tragulus (chevrotain) ; Moschus (musk deer) ; Dama

(fallow deer); Cervus (red deer, wapiti, American

'elk'); Alces (European elk, moose); Rangifer

(reindeer, caribou) ; Okapia (okapi) ; Giraffa

(giraffe); Taurotragus (eland); Bubalus (buflFalo);

Bos (cattle); Bison (bison, American 'buffalo');

Hippotragus (roan antelope); Antilope (Indian

antelope); Gazella (gazelle); Rupicapra (chamois);

Ovibos (musk ox) ; Capra (goat) ; Ovis (sheep)

APPENDIX I. FURTHER READING

The classifications in Chapter III are based on the references given below, except in two cases, the Parazoa (by Burton) and the Platyhelminthes (by Baer and Dawes). The references, which also contain detailed information about the systematics of the various groups, were compiled in consultation with the specialists mentioned in Appendix II. They differed in their approach, which explains why the list is, in some respects, heterogeneous. Another, but unimportant, cause of heterogeneity is the method of referring to articles in general text-books such as Grasse's Traite de Zoologie. In the first two volumes (actually fascicules) of this work, there are articles on the Protozoa by nine authors. These are referred to as Grasse (1952, 1953), and the same policy has been adopted in analogous cases. When one or only a few authors were concerned with a group, as in the case of the Onychophora, the reference is given as Cuenot (1949a) and not Grasse (1949).

Further references will be found in the books and papers listed below. The Zoological Record and Smart & Taylor (1 953) are additional and invaluable sources of information.

PROTOZOA General

Ciliata MESOZOA PARAZOA CNIDARIA

General Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa

CTENOPHORA PLATYHELMINTHES

General

Turbellaria

Cestoda

Trematoda NEMERTINA ASCHELMINTHES

Rotifera

Gastrotricha

Echinoderida

Priapulida

Nematomorpha

Nematoda

ACANTHOCEPHALA

ENTOPROCTA

POLYZOA

PHORONIDA

BRACHIOPODA

MOLLUSCA

General Polyplacophora

Grasse (1952, 1953); Kudo (1954); Smart & Taylor (1953, pp.

4-16)

Corliss(1956, 1957, 1959)

Hyman (1940); Stunkard (1954)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Jewell (1959)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Moore (1956)

Eraser (1937, 1944); Russell (1953); Totton (1954)

Mayer (1910)

Carlgren (1949); Stephenson (1928, 1935); Vaughan & Wells

(1943)

Hyman (1940, 1959); Mayer (1912)

Baer (1951); Hyman (1951a, 1959)

Ferguson (1954); Luther (1955)

Wardle & McLeod (1952); Yamaguti (1960)

Dawes (1946); Sproston (1946); Yamaguti (1958)

Coe (1943); Hyman (1951o)

Edmondson (1959); Harring (1913); Hudson & Gosse (1886);

Hyman (19516, 1959); Voigt (1957)

Brunson (1950, 1959); Hyman (19516, 1959)

Hyman (19516, 1959); Lang (1949); Zelinka (1928)

Cuenot ( 1 922a) ; Dawy doff ( 1 959r) ; Hyman (1 95 1 6, 1 959)

Chitwood (1959); Hyman (19516, 1959)

Chitwood & Allen (1959); Chitwood & Chitwood (1950);

Goff"art(1951);Goodey(1951);Thornen949)

Hyman (19516, 1959)

Brien ( 1 959) ; Hyman (1 95 1 6, 1 959)

Bassler (1953); Brien (1960); Hyman (1959); Rogick (1959)

Dawydoff& Grasse (1959); Forneris (1957); Hyman (1959)

de Beauchamp (1960a); Hyman (1959); Muir-Wood (1955);

Roger (1 952) ; Williams (1 956)

Grasse(1960); Morton (1958); Thiele (1931, 1935) Fischer-Piette & Franc (19606); Hoffmann (1929-1930); Tryon & Pilsbry (1892-1893)

47

48

FURTHER READING

49

Pisces Amphibia

General

Salientia

Gymnophiona Reptilia

General

Rhynchocephalia

Testudines

Crocodylia

Squamata

Aves Mammalia

Berg (1947); Grasse (1958); Regan (1929a, 1936)

Boulenger (1882); Noble (1931) Griffiths (1959) Nieden(1913)

Bellairs(1957); Schmidt .dinger (1957)

von Wettstein (1931-1937)

Carr (1952); Loveridge & Williams (1957); Pope (1935)

Mertens & Wermuth (1955)

Bellairs & Underwood (1951); Bogert & del Campo (1956);

Boulenger (1920-1921); McDowell & Bogert (1954)

Mayr &. Amadon (1951); Peters (1931-1951); Stresemann

(1959); Wetmore (1951)

Grasse (1955); Simpson (1945)

APPENDIX 11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I AM most grateful to those scientists, mentioned below, who have been good enough to help me. R. B. Freeman gave invaluable help with Chapter III, as did Dr. J. Smart with the Insecta. In addition, I am indebted to George Rylands for advice about Chapter I and to Mrs. J. N. Thomson, who typed this book with exemplary patience and efficiency. I wish also to thank the Agricultural Research Council for support.

Ch. I Ch. Ill

PROTOZOA

PARAZOA

CNIDARIA

CTENOPHORA PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMERTINA ASCHELMINTHES

Rotifera

G astro tricha

Echinoderida

Priapulida

Nematoda

Nematomorpha

ACANTHOCEPHALA

ENTOPROCTA

POLYZOA

BRACHIOPODA

MOLLUSCA

SIPUNCULOIDEA ECHIUROIDEA

ANNELIDA

ARTHROPODA

Onychophora Pauropoda Diplopoda Chilopoda

Symphyla Insecta

Crustacea Merostomata Arachnida Pycnogonida Pentastomida Tardigrada CHAETOGNATHA

Prof. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S.; Dr. K. A. Joysey.

Dr.C.A.Hoare,F.R.S.

Dr. Maurice Burton, D.Sc.

Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc; Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.; Prof.

T. A. Stephenson, F.R.S.

Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc. ; Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.

Prof. J. G. Baer; Dr. B. Dawes; Mr. S. Prudhoe; Dr. F. G.

Rees.

Prof. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S.; Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Miss A. Edwards; Mr. A. L. Galliford.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe; Dr. A. C. Stephen.

Prof. B. G. Peters; Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Mr. S. Prudhoe.

Dr. A. B. Hastings.

Dr. G. Owen, D.Sc; Dr. H. M. Muir-Wood, D.Sc.

Prof. A. Graham, D.Sc; Dr. D. Parry; Dr. W. J. Rees,

D.Sc ; Prof. C. M. Yonge, F.R.S.

Dr. A. C. Stephen ; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. A. C. Stephen; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. R. Phillips Dales; Miss A. Edwards; Dr. K. H. Mann;

Dr. B. I. Roots; Mr. N. Tebble; Dr. D. P. Wilson, D.Sc.

Dr. G. O. Evans; Dr. S. M. Manton, F.R.S.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans; Dr. S. M. Manton,

F.R.S.

Mr. J. G. Blower; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. W. E. China, C.B.E., ScD., and the staff of the

Entomology Department, the British Museum (Natural

History); Dr. H. E. Hinton; Prof. O. W. Richards, F.R.S.;

the Hon. Miriam Rothschild; Dr. G. Salt, F.R.S.;

Dr. J. Smart, D.Sc.

Dr. I. Gordon, D.Sc. ; Dr. J. Green; Dr. J. P. Harding.

Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson ; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson ; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson; Dr. G. O. Evans.

Dr. F. S. Russell, F.R.S.

50

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

51

ECHINODER M ATA

CHORDATA

Hemichordata Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

Marsipobranchii

Selachii

Bradyodonti

Pisces

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

Miss A. M. Clark; Prof. J. E. Smith, F.R.S.; Dr. H. G. Vevers, M.B.E.

Dr. C. Burdon-Jones.

Prof. J. Berrill, F.R.S. ; Dr. R. H. Millar.

Dr. J. E. Webb, D.Sc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.Sc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.bc.

Mr. N. B. Marshall; Dr. E. Trewavas, D.Sc.

Miss A. G. C. Grandison.

Mr. J. C. Battersby, B.E.M.

Dr. T. Clay, D.Sc; Dr. W. H. Thorpe, F.R.S.

Dr. P. Crowcroft; Dr. W. C. Osman Hill, M.D., F.R.S.E.;

Mr. G. B. Stratton, M.B.E., A.L.S.

APPENDIX III. REFERENCES

Adam, W. (1952) Cephalopodes. Expedition Oceanographique Beige dam les Eaux Cotieres

Africaines de VAtlantique Sud {1948-1949), 3, Fasc. 3. Arambourg, C. & Bertin, L. (1958a) Traite de Zoologie,"^ 13, Fasc. 3, 2016-2056.

(19586) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fasc. 3, 2057-2067.

Attems, C.

(1926a) Handb. ZooL, Bed., 4, 1, 1 1-19.

(19266) Handb. ZooL, Berl, 4, 1, 20-28.

(1926c) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 4, 1 , 29-238.

(1926^) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 4, 1, 239-402.

(1929) Das Tierreich,^ Lief. 52.

(1930) Das Tierreich, Lief. 54.

(1937-1940) Das Tierreich, Liefn. 68, 69 Sl 70.

AvEL, M. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 224-470.

Baer, J. G. (1951) Ecology of Animal Parasites. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Baker, E. W. & Wharton, G. W. (1952) An Introduction to Acarology. Macmiilan, New

York. Bassler, R. S. (1953) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,^ Part G, Bryozoa. DE Beauchamp, p. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 197-223.

(1960a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1380-1430.

(19606) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1500-1520.

Bellairs, a. d'A. (1957) Reptiles. Hutchinson, London.

Bellairs, a. d'A. & Underwood, G. (1951) The Origin of Snakes. Biol. Rev., 26, 193-237.

Berg, L. S. (1947) Classification of Fishes, both Recent and Fossil. J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor,

Michigan. Berrill, N. J. (1950) The Tunicata. London, printed for the Ray Society. BoGERT, C. M. & Campo, R. M. del (1956) The Gila-monster and its Allies. The Relation- ships, Habits and Behaviour of the Lizards of the Family Helodermatidae. Bull. Amer.

Mus. nat. Hist., 109, 1-238. BouLENGER, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia S. Caudata and Batrachia

Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum, 2nd edition. London, printed for the

Trustees of the British Museum. (1920-1921) Monograph of the Lacertidae, Vols. I & IL London, printed for the Trustees

of the British Museum. BouviER, E. (1905) Monographic des Onychophores. Ann. Sci. nat., ZooL, (9), 2. Brien, p. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 927-1007.

(1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1053-1335.

Bronn's Klassen (1940-1959) 5, Abt. 1, B. 4-7.

Brunson, R. B. (1950) An Introduction to the Taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a Study of

Eighteen Species from Michigan. Trans. Amer. micr. Soc, 69, 325-352.

(1959) Fresh-water Biology,^ 406-419.

Burdon-Jones, C. (1956) Handb. ZooL, BerL, 3 (2, Supp.) 57-78.

Calman, W. T. (1909) A Treatise on Zoology (ed. Sir Ray Lankester), Part 7, Crustacea.

Adam & Charles Black, London. Carlgren, O. (1949) A Survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria.

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (4), 1, 1. Carr, a. (1952) Handbook of Turtles. The Turtles of the United States, Canada and Baja

California. Comstock Publishing Associates, New York. Cernosvitov, L. & Evans, A. C. (1947) Lumbricidae (Annelida). The Linnaean Society of

London, Synopses of the British Fauna, No. 6.

' i.e. Grasse, P. -P. Traite de Zoologie. Masson, Paris. ^ i.e. Das Tierreich. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig.

^ i.e. Moore, R. C. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press. * i.e. Edmondson, W. T. Fresh-water Biology. (Ward & Whipple). John Wiley, New York.

52

REFERENCES 53

Chitwood, B. G. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 402-405.

Chitwood, B. G. & Allen, M. W. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 368-401.

Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1950) An Introduction to Nematology. Monumental

Printing Company. Chun, C. (1908) tJber Cephalopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zool. Anz., 33,

86-89.

(1910) Die Cephalopoden. I. Oegopsida. Wiss. Ergebn. ^Valdivia, 18, 1-402.

CoE, W. R. (1943) Biology of the Nemerteans of the Atlantic Coast of North America. Trans.

Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 35, 129-328. Corliss, J. O. (1956) On the Evolution & Systematics of Ciliated Protozoa. Systematic

Zootogy,5, 68-91, l2\-\40. (1957) Nomenclatural History of the Higher Taxa in the Sub phylum Ciliophora. Arch.

Protistenk., 102, 113-146. (1959) An Illustrated Key to the Higher Groups of the Ciliated Protozoa with Definition

of Terms. J. Protozoology, 6, 265-284. CuENOT, L. (1922a) Faiine de France,^ 4, 25.

(1 922b) Faune de France, 4, 1 8-24.

(1 948) Traite de Zoologie, 1 1 , 3-363 .

(1949fl) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 3-37.

{\949b) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 39-59.

(1949c) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 61-75.

Dawes, B. (1946) The Trematoda. Cambridge University Press. Dawydoff, C. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 367-499.

(1959a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 594-686.

(19596) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 855-907.

(1959c) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 908-926.

Dawydoff, C. & Grasse, P.-P. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 1008-1053.

Delamare Deboutteville, Cl. (1953) Recherches sur I'ecologie et la repartition du Mysta-

cocaride Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare et Chappuis, en Mediterranee. Vie et Milieu,

4,321-380. Drach, P. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 931-1037. Durham, J. W. & Melville, R. V. (1957) A Classification of Echinoids. /. Paleont., 31,

242-272. Edmondson, W. T. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 420-494. Edwards, C. A. (1959) A Revision of the British Symphyla. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 132,

403-439. Page, L. (1949o) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 219-262.

(1 949b) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 906-941 .

Fauvel. p. (1923) Faune de France, 5.

(1927) Faune de France, 16.

(1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 13-196.

Ferguson, F. F. (1954) Monograph of the Macrostomine worms [sic] of Turbellaria. Trans.

Anier. micr. Soc, 73, 137-164. Fischer-Piette, E. & Franc, A. (1960a) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1655-1700.

(19606) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1701-1785.

Fisher, W. K. (1950) The Sipunculid Genus Phascolosoma. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 3,

547-552. Fontaine, M. (1958) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fasc. 1, 13-172. Forneris, L. (1957) Phoronidea. Fiches d' identification du zooplancton. Sheet 69. Conseil

international pour I'exploration de la mer. Franc, A. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1845-2133. Franz, V. (1922) Kurzer Bericht iiber systematische Acranierstudien. Zool. Anz., 54, 241-249.

' i.e. Faune de France. Paul Lechevalier, Paris.

^4 ^^ REFERENCES

Fraser, C. McL. (1937) Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press.

(1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North America. University of Toronto Press.

Fraser, J. H. (1957) Chaetognatha. Fiches d" identification du zooplancton. Sheet 1 (1st revision). Conseil international pour I'exploration de la mer.

GoFFART, H. (1951) Nematoden der Kulturpflanzen Europas. Paul Parey, Berlin.

GooDEY, T. (1951) Soil and Freshwater Nematodes. Methuen, London.

Goodnight, C. J. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 522-537.

Grasse, P.-P. (1949) Traite de Zoologie, 6, 263-892.

(1952, 1953) Traite de Zoologie, 1, Fascs. 1-2.

(1955) Traite de Zoologie, 17, Fascs. 1-2.

(1958) Traite de Zoologie, 13, Fascs. 1-3.

(1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 1-686.

(1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1623-2164.

Griffiths, I. (1959) The Phylogeny of Sminthillus limbatus and the Status of the Brachy- cephalidae (Amphibia Salientia). Proc. zool. Soc. Land., 132, 457-487.

GuRNEY, R. (1933) British Fresh-water Copepoda, Vol. 3. London, printed for the Ray Society.

Harant, H. (1948) Traite de Zoologie, 11, 895-919.

Harant, H. &. Grasse, P.-P. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 471-593.

Harding, W. A. (1910) A Revision of the British Leeches. Parasitology, 3, 130-201 .

Harding, W. A. & Moore, J. P. (1927) The Fauna of British India. Hirudinea. Taylor &

Francis, London. Harring, H. K. (1913) Synopsis of the Rotatoria. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 81. Hartman, O. (1954) Pogonophora Johansson, 1938. Systematic Zoology, 3, 183-185. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1947) On the Evolutionary Significance of the Pycnogonida. Smithson. misc.

Coll., 106, 18. Helfer, H. & ScHLOTTKE, E. (1935) Bronn's KJassen, 5, Abt. 4, B.2, 1-314. Heymons, R. (1935) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 4, B.l. Hoffmann, H. (1929) BromfsKlassen, 3, Abt. 1, 1-134.

(1 929-1 930) Bronn's Klassen, 3, Abt. 1 , 1 35-382.

(1932-1940) Bronn's Klassen, 3, Abt. 2, B.3.

Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H. (1886) The Rotifera. Longmans, Green, London. Hughes, T. E. (1959) Mites, or the Acari. University of London, The Athlone Press. Hyman, L. H. (1940) The Invertebrates.^ Vol. L Protozoa through Ctenophora.

(1951a) The Invertebrates. Vol. IL Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela.

(19516) The Invertebrates. Vol. IIL Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes and Entoprocta.

(1955) The Invertebrates. Vol. IV. Echinodermata.

(1959) The Invertebrates. Vol. V. Smaller Coelomate Groups.

Imms, a. D. (1957) A General Textbook of Entomology. Methuen, London.

IVANOV, A. V. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1521-1622.

Jewell, M. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 298-312.

Johnson, S. (1755) A Dictionary of the English Language. W. Strahan, London.

Kaston, B. J. «& Kaston, E. (1953) How to know the Spiders. W. C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa.

Kruger, p. (1940) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 1 , B.3, 1-560.

Kudo, R. R. (1954) Protozoology. C. C. Thomas, U.S.A.

Kukenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (1927) Handb. Zool., Beri, 3, 1, 277-1 158.

Lang, K. (1949) Echinoderida. Further zool. Res. Swed. Antarct. Exp., 4, Part 2.

Lemche, H. (1948) Northern and Arctic Tectibranch Gastropods. L The Larval Shells.

IL A Revision of the Cephalaspid Species. K. danske vidensk. Selsk., biol, 5, 3. Lemche, H. & Wingstrand, K. G. (1960) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 2, 1787-1821. Locket, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. (1951, 1953) British Spiders. London, printed for the Ray Society.

' i.e. Hyman, L. H. The Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill, New York.

REFERENCES

55

LovERiDGE, A. & Williams, E. E. (1957) Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the

Sub order Cryptodira. Bull. Mits. comp. Zool. Harv., 115, 163-557. Luther, A. (1955) Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria Neorhabdocoela). Eine Monographic.

Acta zool.fenn., 87. Mann, K. H. & Watson, E. V. (1954) A Key to the British Freshwater Leeches. Freshwater

Biological Association Scientific Publication'Ho. 14. Marcus, E. (1936) Das Tierreich. Lief. 66.

(1959) Fresh-water Biology, 508-521 .

Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World. The Scyphomedusae. Publ. Carneg. Instn., No.

109,3,499-735. — (1912) Ctenophores of the Atlantic Coast of North America. Publ. Carneg. Instn.,

No. 162. Mayr, E. & Amadon, D. (1951) a Classification of Recent Birds. Amer. Mus. Novit., No.

1496. Mayr, E., Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1953) Methods and Principles of Systematic

Zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York. McDowell, S. B. & Bogert, C. M. (1954) The Systematic Position of Lanthanotus and the

Affinities of the Anguinomorphan Lizards. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 105, 1,

1-142. Mertens, R. &. Wermuth, H. (1955) Die rezenten SchUdkroten, Krokodile und Bruckenech-

sen, eine kritische Liste der heute lebenden Arten und Rassen. Zool. Jb., 83, 323-440. Moore, J. P. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 542-557.

Moore, R. C. (1956) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata. Mortensen, Th. (1928-1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen. Morton, J. E. (1958) Molluscs. Hutchinson, London. MuiR-WooD, H. M. (1955) A History of the Classification of the Phylum Brachiopoda.

London, printed for the Trustees of the British Museum. Neave, S. a. (1939-1950) Nomenclator Zoologicus. The Zoological Society of London. Nieden, Fr. (1913) Das Tierreich, Lief. 37.

Noble, G. K. (1931) The Biology of the Amphibia. McGraw-Hill, New York. Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C, Cooper, W. F. & Robinson, L. E. (1908-1926) Ticks.

A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Cambridge University Press. Peters, J. L. (1931-1951) Check-list of Birds of the World. Harvard University Printing

Office, Cambridge, U.S.A. Petrunkevitch, a. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 29, 1-270.

(1949) A Study of Palaeozoic Arachnida. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 37, 69-31 5.

Pope, C. H. (1935) The Reptiles of China, Turtles, Crocodilians, Snakes, Lizards. Nat. Hist.

Centr. Asia, 10. Prenant, M. (1959) Traite de Zoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 714-784. Regan, C. T. (1929a) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition (actual), London, 9, 305-328.

(1929/?) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition, London, 20, 292-295.

(1936) Natural History. Ward, Lock, London.

Reid, D. M. (1925) Animal Classification and Distribution. Charles Griffin, London.

RoBSON, G. C. (1929-1932) A Monograph of the Recent Cephalopoda, Parts I & II. London,

printed for the Trustees of the British Museum. Roger, J. (1952) Traite de Paleontologie (ed. J. Piveteau), 2, 3-160. Masson, Paris. ROGICK, M. D. (1959) Fresh-water Biology, 495-507.

Russell, F. S. (1953) The Medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. Sanders, H. L. (1957) The Cephalocarida and Crustacean Phylogeny. Systematic Zoology, 6,

112-128. Sasaki, M. (1929) A Monograph of the Dibranchiate Cephalopods of the Japanese and

Adjacent Waters. J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ., Suppl. to Vol. 20, 1928. Schmidt, K. P. & Inger, R. F. (1957) Living Reptiles of the World. Hamish Hamilton,

London.

56 REFERENCES

Simpson, G. G. (1945) The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals.

Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 85. Smart, J. & Taylor, G. (1953) Bibliography of Key Works for the Identification of British

Fauna and Flora. The Systematics Association, London. Spector, W. S. (1956) Handbook of Biological Data. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia & London., Sproston, N. G. (1946) A Synopsis of the Monogenetic Trematodes. Trans, zool. Sac. Lond.,

25, 185-600. Stephenson, J. (1930) The Oligochaeta. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. Stephenson, T. A. (1928, 1935) The British Sea Anemones. London, printed for the Ray

Society. Stresemann, E. (1959) The Status of Avian Systematics and its Unsolved Problems. Auk, 76,

269-280. Stummer-Traunfels, R. von (1926) Handb. Zool, Berl., 3, 1 (2), 132-210. Stunkard, H. W. (1954) Life-history and Systematic Relations of the Mesozoa. Quart. Rev.

Biol, 29, 230-244. Tesch, J. J. (1946) The Thecosomatous Pteropods. L The Atlantic. Dana Rep., 28.

(1948) The Thecosomatous Pteropods. XL The Indo-Pacific. Dana Rep., 30.

(1 949) Heteropoda. Dana Rep., 34.

Tetry, a. (1959) Traite deZoologie, 5, Fasc. 1, 785-854; mlxviii-mlxxxi.

Thiele, J. (1931, 1935) Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Thorne, G. (1949) On the Classification of the Tylenchida, new order (Nematoda, Phasmidia).

Proc. helm. Soc. Wash., 16, 37-73. ToTTON, A. K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean, together with Systematic and

Biological Notes on Related Specimens from other Oceans. 'Discovery'' Rep., 11, 7-162. Tryon, G. W. & PiLSBRY, H. A. (1892-1893) Monograph of the Polyplacophora. Manual

Conch., 14, 15. Vachon, M. (1952) Etudes sur les Scorpions. Institut Pasteur d' Algeria, Alger. Vaughan, T. W. & Wells, J. W. (1943) Revision of the Sub orders, Families, and Genera of

the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 44. Verhoeff, K. W. (1933) Bronn's Klassen, 5, Abt. 2, B.3 (1). VoiGT, M. (1957) Rotatoria. Gebriider Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolassee. Wardle, R. a. & McLeod, J. A. (1952) The Zoology of Tapeworms. University of Minnesota

Press, Minneapolis. Wetmore, a. (1951) a Revised Classification for the Birds of the World. Smithson. misc. Coll.,

117, No. 4. Wettstein, O. von (1931-1937) Handb. Zool., Berl., 7, 1 (2), 1-235. Williams, A. (1956) The Calcareous Shell of the Brachiopoda and its Importance to their

Classification. Biol. Rev., 31, 243-287. Wilson, C. B. (1932) The Copepods of the Woods Hole Region, Massachusetts. Bull. U.S.

nat. Mus., No. 158. Yamaguti, S. (1958) Systema Helminthum. Vol. I. The Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates.

Interscience Publishers, New York.

(1960) Systema Helminthum. Vol. II. The Cestodes of Vertebrates. Interscience

IHiblishers, New York.

Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

ANIMAL AND GROUP INDEX

Although this Section should be used as an Index, it also provides an abbreviated classifica- tion of all genera mentioned. When there are sub-orders in Chapter III, sub-orders and not orders are given after genera in the Index, to help the reader find the genus in which he is interested. Normally, for example in papers, the order and not the sub-order is mentioned when referring to an animal which is not well known.

Starred genera occur in the Index and not in Chapter III. When such entries have synonyms worth mentioning, they follow the preferred name, e.g.

* Caret ta { = Thallassochelys), Cryptodira, 41

because there is no other way of finding out that the synonym exists. This does not apply to unstarred entries, as these will also be found in Chapter III, in which some synonyms are mentioned.

aardvark (Orycteropus), Tubulidentata, 46

abalone (Ha Hot is), Archaeogastropoda, 21 *Acanthanweba, Amoebina, 7 *Acanthephyra, Natantia, 31

Acanthias, see Squalus * Acanthi's, Passeres, 43

Acanthobdella, Acanthobdellida, 24

Acanthobdellida, 24

Acanthobothriinn, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Acanthocephala, 20

Acanthocotyle, Acanthocotyloidea, 1 3

Acanthocotyloidea, 13

Acanthocystis, Heliozoa, 7

Acanthometra, Radiolaria, 7

Acanthopterygii. 38 (footnote)

Acanthosotenia, Coccolithophorida, 6

Acanthosphaera, Radiolaria, 7

Acanthuroidea, 38

Acanthurus, Acanthuroidea, 38 *Acara, see Aeqiiidens

Acari, 31

Acariis, Acari, 3 1

Accipiter, Falconiformes, 42

Accipitres, see Falconiformes

Acerentiiliis, Protura, 26 *Acerina, Percoidea, 38 *Achatina, Stylommatophora, 22

Acheron tia, Ditrysia, 28

Acheta, Ensifera, 26 *Acholoe, Polychaeta, 24 *Achroia, Ditrysia, 28 *Acidaha, see Argyreiis * — , see Scoptila *Acilius, Adephaga, 28

Acineta. Suctorida, 8

Acineta, see Suctorida

Acinonyx, Fissipeda, 45

Acipenser, Chondrostei, 36

Acipenseriformes, see Chondrostei

Acmaea, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Acoela, 13, 22

acorn worms (Enteropneusta), 34

Acotylea, 13

Acrania, see Cephalochordata *Acricotopus, see Cricotopus *Acris, Procoela, 40 *Acrocephalus, Passeres, 43

Acrocnida, Ophiurae, 34 *Acronicta, Ditrysia, 28

Acropora, Scleractinia, 12

Acrothoracica, 30

Acrotus, Malacichthyes, 39

Actaeon, Pleurocoela, 22

actaeon shell (Actaeon), Pleurocoela, 22

/Ic/m/fl, Actiniaria, 12

Actiniaria, 12

Actinistia, 40

Actinoloba, see Metridium

Actinolophus, Heliozoa, 7

Actinomonas, Heliozoa, 7

Actinomyxidia, 8

Actinophrys, Heliozoa, 7

Actinopoda, 7

Actinosphaerium, Heliozoa, 7 *Actitis, Charadriiformes, 42

Adamsia, Actiniaria, 12

adder (Vipera), Serpentes, 41

Adeleidea, 7 *Adelges, Homoptera, 27

Adelina, Adeleidea, 7

Adephaga, 28

Adineta, Bdelloidea, 1 7

Adocia, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Aechmophorus, Podicipediformes, 42 *Aedes, Nematocera, 28

Aegina, Narcomedusae, 1 1

57 R.C.L.A.

AEGYPIUS

58

AMPHITRITE

Aegypius, Falconiformes, 42 *Aequidens (-Acara), Percoidea, 38 Aequorea, Thecata, 1 1 Aeshna, Anisoptera, 26 African East Coast cattle fever (Theileiid),

Haemosporidia, 8 African elephant (Loxodonta),

Proboscidea, 46 African ground squirrel (^Xerus),

Sciuromorpha, 45 African tree monkeys (Cercopithecus),

Simiae, 44 Agalma, Siphonophora, 1 1 Agapornis, Psittaciformes, 43 *Agelaioides, see Molothrus *Agelastica, Polyphaga, 28 Aglantha, Trachymedusae, 1 1 Agnatha, see Marsipobranchii *Agnolimax, Stylommatophora, 22 Agrion, Zygoptera, 26 Agriotes, Polyphaga, 28 Ailuropoda, Fissipeda, 45 Ailurus, Fissipeda, 45 Alabes, Alabetoidea, 40 Alabetoidea, 40 Alauda, Passeres, 43 albatross (Diomedea),

Procellariiformes, 42 Alca, Charadriiformes, 42 Alcedo, Coraciiformes, 43 Alces, Ruminantia, 46 Alcippe, Acrothoracica, 30 Alcyonacea, 12 Alcyonella, see Plumatella Alcyonidium, Ctenostomata, 20 Alcyonium, Alcyonacea, 12 alder fly (Sialis), Megaloptera, 27 *Alectn'on, Stenoglossa, 22 Alepisauroidea, 37 Alepisaurus, Alepisauroidea, 37 Alepocephalus, Clupeoidea, 36 Alligator, Crocodylia, 41 alligator {Alligator), Crocodylia, 41 Alloeocoela, 13 Allogromia, Testacea, 7 Allolobophora, Oligochaeta, 24 *AUoteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Allotriognathi, 38 *Alosa, Clupeoidea, 36 alpaca (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

Alytes, Opisthocoela, 40 Amaroucium, see Aplidium *Amazilia, Apodiformes, 43 Amblypygi, 3 1 Amblystoma, see Ambystoma Ambystoma, Ambystomoidea, 40 Ambystomoidea, 40 *Ameiurus, Siluroidea, 37 American badger (Taxidea),

Fissipeda, 45 American 'buffalo' (Bison),

Ruminantia, 46 American 'elk' (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46 American flying squirrel (Glaucomys),

Sciuromorpha, 45 American ground squirrel (Citellus),

Sciuromorpha, 45 American opossum (Didelphis),

Marsupialia, 44 American whelk (Busycon), Stenoglossa, 22 Ametabola, see Apterygota Amia, Protospondyli, 36 *Ammocoetes, Hyperoartii, 35 Amoeba, Amoebina, 7 amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba),

Amoebina, 7 Amoebina, 7

Amoebosporidia, see Cnidosporidia *Amorpha, Ditrysia, 28

Ampharete, Polychaeta, 24 * Amphelocheirus,^ see Aphelocheirus Amphibia, 40-41 amphibious leech (Trocheta),

Gnathobdellida, 24 Amphicoela. 40 Amphidiscophora, 10 *Amphidromus, Stylommatophora. 22 Amphileptus, Rhabdophorina, 8 Amphilina, Amphilinidea, 14 Amphilinidea, 14 Amphineura, 21 (footnote) Amphinome, Polychaeta, 24 Amphioxus, see Branchiostoma Amphipholis, Ophiurae, 34 Amphipnous, Synbranchoidea, 40 Amphipoda, 30 Amphiporus, Monostylifera, 16 * Amphisbetia, Thecata, 1 1 *Amphitrite, Polychaeta, 24 * — , see Portunus

' Amphelocheirus is a misprint for Aphelocheirus, not a synonym. As synonyms, preceded by an equals sign, are put in brackets after the correct name, misprints such as Amphelocheirus are not mentioned after the correct name.

AMPHIUMA

59

APHIS

Amphiuma, Salamandroidea, 40 Amphiura, Ophiurae, 34

*Ampullaria, see Pila Anabantoidea, 38

Anabas, Anabantoidea, 38

Anableps. Microcyprini, 38

*Anabrus, Ensifera, 26

Anacanthini, 38

Anamorpha, 25

Anarhichas, Blennioidea, 38

Anas, Anseriformes, 42 *Anasa, Heteroptera, 27

Anaspidacea, 30

Anaspides, Anaspidacea, 30

Anax, Anisoptera, 26 '''Anchistioides, Natantia, 3 1

Ancistrocoma, Thigmotrichida, 9

Ancistrunu Thigmotrichida, 9 *Ancistrus, Siluroidea, 37 *Ancula, Nudibranchia, 22

Ancylastrum, see Ancylus *Ancylis, Ditrysia, 28

Ancylostoma, Strongylina, 18

Ancylus, Basommatophora, 22

anemones, sea (Actiniaria), 12

Ammonia, Actiniaria, 1 2

angel-fish (Squatina), Squaloidea, 36

angel-fishes (Pleurotremata), 35-36

2ix\g\tv (Lophius), Lophioidea, 39

anglerfishes, deep-sea (Ceratioidea), 39

Anguilla, Apodes, 37

Anguilliformes, see Apodes *Anguillula, Rhabditina, 17

Anguilluloidea, see Rhabditoidea

Anguina, Tylenchida, 18

Anguis, Sauria, 41

Anhima, Anseriformes, 42 *Anhinga, Pelecaniformes, 42

ani (Crotophaga), Cuculiformes, 43 *Anilocra, Isopoda, 30 *Anisolabis, Forficulina, 27

Anisomyaria, see Filibranchia *Amsoplia, Polyphaga, 28

Anisoptera, 26

Anisozygoptera, 26

Annelida, 24

Annulata, see Annelida

Anodon, see Anodonta

Anodonta, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Anolis, Sauria, 41 *Anomalops, Berycomorphi, 38

Anomalurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Anomia, Filibranchia, 22

Anomocoela, 40

Anopheles, Nematocera, 28

Anopla, 16 *Anoplodactylus, Nymphonomorpha, 32

Anoplophrya, Astomatida, 8

Anoplophryinea, see Astomatida

Anoplura, 27 *Anoptichthys, Cyprinoidea, 37 *Anosia, see Danaus

Anostraca, 29

Anser, Anseriformes, 42

Anseriformes, 42

Anseropoda, Spinulosa, 34

ant {Formica), Apocrita, 29

ant lion fly (Myrmeleon), Planipennia, 28

antbird (Formicarius), Tyranni, 43

anteater, giant (Myrmecophaga), Edentata, 44

— , lesser (Tamandua), Edentata, 44

— , scaly (Mam's), Pholidota, 44

— , spiny (Tachyglossus), Monotremata, 43

Antechinomys, Marsupialia, 44

Antedon, Articulata, 32

antelope, Indian (Antilope), Ruminantia, 46

— , roan (Hippotragus), Ruminantia, 46

Antennarioidea, 39

Antennarius, Antennarioidea, 39

Anthea, see Anemonia *Antheiaea, Ditrysia, 28

Anthocidaris, Echinoida, 33

Anthomedusae, see Athecata

Anthozoa, 12 *Anthrenus, Polyphaga, 28

Anthropoidea, see Simiae

Anthropopithecus, see Pan *Anthus, Passeres, 43

Antilope, Ruminantia, 46

Antipatharia, 12

Antipathes, Antipatharia, 12

ants, white (Isoptera), 26

Anura, see Salientia

Anuraea, see Keratella *Anuraphis, Homoptera, 27

Apaloderma, Trogoniformes, 43 *Aphaenogaster, Apocrita, 29

Aphaniptera, see Siphonaptera

Aphanopus, Trichiuroidea, 38

Aphanostoma, Acoela, 1 3

Aphasmidia, 18

Aphelenchoides, Tylenchida, 1 8 *Aphelocheirus, Heteroptera, 27 *Aphidius ( =Lysiphlebus), Apocrita, 29

Aphis, Homoptera, 27

APHREDODERUS

60

ASCORHYNCHOMORPHA

Aphredoderus, Salmopercae, 37

Aphrocallistes, Hexasterophora, 10

Aphrodite, Polychaeta, 24 *Aphrophora, Homoptera, 27

Apis, Apocrita, 29

Apistobuthus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Aplacophora, 21

Aplidium, Aplousobranchiata, 34 *Aplodinotus, Percoidea, 38

Aplodontia, Sciuromorpha, 45

Aplousobranchiata, 34

Aplysia, Pleurocoela, 22

Aplysilla, Keratosa, 10

Aplysino, Keratosa, 10

Apocrita, 29

Apoda, 33

— , see Gymnophiona

Apodemus, Myomorpha, 45

Apodes, 37

Apodiformes, 43

Aporhynchiis, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14 *Aporia, Ditrysia, 28

Aponhais, Mesogastropoda, 22

Apostomatida, 8 *Apotettix, Caelifera, 27

Appendicularia, Copelata, 35

Apseudes, Tanaidacea, 30

Aptenodytes, Sphenisciformes, 42

Aptera, see Diplura

Apterygiformes, 41

Apterygota, 25-26

Apteryx, Apterygiformes, 41

Apiis, Apodiformes, 43

— , see Triops *Aquila, Falcon iformes, 42

Arachnida, 3 1 * Arachnomorpha, Polyphaga, 28

Arachmda, Testacea, 7

Araeolaimoidea, 19

Aramus, Gruiformes, 42

Araneae, 3 1

Araneus, Araneae, 31

Arapaima, Osteoglossoidea, 36

Arbacia, Arbacioida, 33

Arbacioida, 33

Area, Filibranchia, 22

Areella, Testacea, 7

Archaeogastropoda, 21

Archiacanthocephala, 20

Archiannelida, 24 *Arehidoris, Nudibranchia, 22

Archigregarina, 7 *Arehiloehus, Apodiformes, 43

Arehiteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Archostemata, 28 *Aretia, Ditrysia, 28 *Aretoeebus, Prosimii, 44 *Aretoeephalus, Pinnipedia, 46

Aretomys, see Marmota

Ardea, Ciconiiformes, 42

Ardeiformes, see Ciconiiformes

Arenieola, Polychaeta, 24

Areosoma, Echinothurioida, 33

Argas, Acari, 31

Argonauta, Octopoda, 23

Argulus, Branchiura, 30 *Argyreus ( = Acidalia), Ditrysia, 28 *Argyroneta, Araneae, 3 1

Argyrotheea, Terebratelloidea, 21 *Arieia, Ditrysia, 28 * — , see Helina *■ — , see Monetaria * — , see Orbinia *Ariolimax, Stylommatophora, 22

Avion, Stylommatophora, 22 *Arius, Siluroidea, 37

Arixenia, Arixeniina, 27

Arixeniina, 27

Armadillidium, Isopoda, 30

armadillo (Dasypus), Edentata, 44

— , giant (Priodontes), Edentata, 44 *Arphia, Caelifera, 27

arrow worms (Chaetognatha), 32

arrow-tooth shell (Conus), Stenoglossa, 22

— — (Terebra), Stenoglossa, 22

Artemia, Anostraca, 29

Arthropleona, 25

Arthropoda, 24-32 *Artibeus, Microchiroptera, 44

Articulata, 21,32

Artiodactyla, 46

Arvieola, Myomorpha, 45

Ascaphus, Amphicoela, 40

Asearidia, Ascaridina, 18

Ascaridina, 18

Asearis, Ascaridina, 18

Ascaroidea, 19

Aschelminthes, 17-18

Ascidia, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Ascidiacea, 34-35

Aseidieola, Notodelphyoida, 29

Ascidiella, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Ascoglossa, see Sacoglossa

ascon sponges (Homocoela), 9

Asconosa, 10

Ascorhynchomorpha, 32

ASCORHYNCHUS

61

BATH SPONGE

Ascorhynchus, Ascorhynchomorpha, 32

Ascothoracica, 30

Ascute, see Leucosolenia

AseUiis, Isopoda, 30

Asiatic elephant (Elephas), Proboscidea, 46 *Asio, Strigiformes, 43

Aspiculuris, Ascaridina, 18

Aspidobothria, see Aspidogastrea

Aspidobranchia, see Archaeogastropoda

Aspidochirota, 32

Aspidocotylea, see Aspidogastrea

Aspidogaster, Aspidogastrea, 14

Aspidogastrea, 14

Aspidosiphon, Sipunculoidea, 23

Aspiriculata, 35

Asplanchna, Ploima, 1 7 *Aspredo, Siluroidea, 37

assassin bug (Rhodnius), Heteroptera, 27

Assulina, Testacea, 7

Astacus, Reptantia, 3 1 * Astasia, Euglenoidina, 6

Asterias, Forcipulata, 34

Asterina, Spinulosa, 34

Asteroidea, 34 * Asterolecanium, Homoptera, 27

Asteronyx, Euryalae, 34

Astomatida, 8

Astrodisculus, Heliozoa, 7

Astromonaxonellida, see Hadromerina *Astronesthes, Stomiatoidea, 36

Astiopecten, Phanerozona, 34

Astrosclerophora, 10 *Astroscopus, Percoidea, 38

Astur, see Accipiter

Astylosternus, Diplasiocoela, 41

Asymmetron, Cephalochordata, 35

Ateleopus, Chondrobrachii, 37

Ateles, Simiae, 44

Atelostomata, 33-34

Athecanephria, 32

Athecata, 1 1 *Athelges, Isopoda, 30

Atherina, Mugiloidea, 38

Atlantic seal (Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46

atlas moth (Attacus), Ditrysia, 28

Atolla, Coronatae, 1 1

At rax, Araneae, 31

Atremata, 21

Attacus, Ditrysia, 28 *Attagenus, Polyphaga, 28

Atubaria, Cephalodiscida, 34 *Atypus, Araneae, 31

Auchenia, see Lama

Aulacantha, Radiolaria, 7

Aulastoma, see Haemopis

Aulostomiformes, see Solenichthyes

Aurelia, Semaeostomae, 12

Aurellia, see Aurelia

Aves, 41-43 *Axinella, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

axolotl (Siredon), Ambystomoidea, 40

' — ' (Ambystoma), Ambystomoidea, 40 *Aythya { = Fuligula, Nyroca), Anseriformes, 42

B

Babesia, Haemosporidia, 8 *Babirusa, see Babyrousa

baboon (Papio), Simiae, 44 * Babyrousa ( = Babirusa), Suiformes, 46

backswimmer (Notonecta), Heteroptera, 27 * Bactrurus, see Eucrangonyx

badger (Meles), Fissipeda, 45

— , American (Taxidea), Fissipeda, 45

Baetis, Ephemeroptera, 26 *Bagrus, Siluroidea, 37

bag-worm moth (Psyche), Ditrysia, 28

Bajulus, Homosclerophora, 10 *Balaena, Mysticeti, 45

Balaeniceps, Ciconiiformes, 42

Balaenoptera, Mysticeti, 45

Balanoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34

Balantidium, Trichostomatida, 8

Balanus, Thoracica, 30

Balistes, Balistoidea, 39

Balistoidea, 39 *Banasa, Heteroptera, 27

bandicoot (Perameles), Marsupialia, 44

bank vole (Clethriono mys), Myomorpha, 45

barbet (Capita), Piciformes, 43 *Barbulanympha, Metamonadina, 6 '''Barbus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Barentsia, Pedicellinidae, 20

barnacle, goose (Lepas), Thoracica, 30

barnacles (Thoracica), 30 *Barnea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

barracuda (Sphyraena), Mugiloidea, 38 * Baseodiscus (^ PoUa), Heteronemertina, 16

Basommatophora, 22

bass (Morone), Percoidea, 38

bat, brown (Myotis), Microchiroptera, 44

— , fruit (Cynopterus), Megachiroptera, 44

— , — (Epomophorus), Megachiroptera, 44

— , horseshoe (Rhinolophus), Microchiroptera, 44

bath sponge (Spongia), Keratosa, 10

BATHYNELLA

62

BRACHIATA

Bathynella, Bathynellacea, 30

Bathynellacea, 30

Batoidea, 36

Batrachoidiformes, see Haplodoci *Bdellocephala, Paludicola, 13

Bdelloidea, 17

Bdellomorpha, see Bdellonemertina

Bdellonemertina, 17

Bdellostoma, see Heptatretus

Bdelloura, Maricola, 1 3

beaked whale (Mesoplodon), Odontoceti, 45

bear (Ursus), Fissipeda, 45

— , polar (Thalarctos), Fissipeda, 45

beard worms (Pogonophora), 32

beaver {Castor), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , mouniamiAplodontid), Sciuromorpha,45

bed-bug (Cimex), Heteroptera, 27

bee, bumble (Bonibus), Apocrita, 29

— , honey (Apis), Apocrita, 29

bee-eater (Merops), Coraciiformes, 43

beetles (Coleoptera), 28

Belone, Scombresocoidea, 37

Beloniformes, see Synentognathi *Belostotna, Heteroptera, 27

Beroe, Beroida, 13

Beroida, 13

Bertiella, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Berycomorphi, 38

Beryx, Berycomorphi, 38 *Betta, Anabantoidea, 38

Bettongia, Marsupialia, 44

bichir (Polypterus), Cladistia, 36

Bilharzia, see Schistosoma

Bilharziella, Digenea, 14 *Bimastus, Oligochaeta, 24

Biomyxa, Testacea, 7

Bipalium, Terricola, 1 3

birds (A ves), 41-43

Bison, Ruminantia, 46

bison (Bison), Ruminantia, 46 *Bispira, Polychaeta, 24

Bithynia, Mesogastropoda, 22

biting lice (Mallophaga), 27

Bittacus, Mecoptera, 28

Bivalvia, 22-23

Blaberus, Blattodea, 26

black corals (Antipatharia), 12

black fly (Simulium), Nematocera, 28

black vulture (Aegypius), Falconiformes, 42

blackbird (Turdus), Passeres, 43

black-fish (Dallia), Haplomi, 37

blackhead of poultry (Histomonas), Rhizomastigina, 7

Blaniulus, Julida, 25 *Blanna, Insectivora, 44

Blastodinium, Dinoflagellata, 6

Blastophaga, Apocrita, 29

Blatta, Blattodea, 26 *BlatteUa, Blattodea, 26

Blattodea, 26

Blennioidea, 38

Blennius, Blennioidea, 38

blenny (Blennius), Blennioidea, 38 '''Blephanpoda, Reptantia, 31 * Blepharisma, Heterotrichina, 9

Blissus, Heteroptera, 27 *Blitophaga, Polyphaga, 28

blowfly (Calliphora), Cyclorrhapha, 28

bluebottle (Calliphora), Cyclorrhapha, 28

blue crab (Callinectes), Reptantia, 31

blue whale (Sibbaldits), Mysticeti, 45

boa (Constrictor), Serpentes, 41

boar-fish (Capros), Zeomorphi, 38

Bodo, Protomonadina, 6 *Boiga ( = Dipsadomorphus), Serpentes, 41

Bolina, see Bolinopsis

Bolinopsis, Lobata, 12 * Bolitophila, Nematocera, 28

Bol tenia, Stohdobranchiata, 35 * — , see Laevoleacina *Bolteria, Heteroptera, 27

Bombina, Opisthocoela, 40

Bonibinator, see Bombina

Bombus, Apocrita, 29

Bombyx, Ditrysia, 28

Bonellia, Echiuroinea, 23

bony fishes (Pisces), 36-40

book lice (Psocoptera), 27

boot-lace worm (Lineus), Heteronemertina, 16

Bopyrus, Isopoda, 30 *Borborodes, see Scymnorhinus

Boreus, Mecoptera, 28

Bos, Ruminantia, 46 *Botai4rus, Ciconiiformes, 42

Bothriocephaloidea, see Pseudophyllidea *Bothriocephalus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Bothus, Heterosomata, 39

Botryllus, Stohdobranchiata, 35

bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops), Odontoceti, 45

Boiigainvillea, Athecata, 1 1

Boveria, Thigmotrichida, 9

Bowerbankia, Ctenostomata, 20

bow-fins (Protospondyli), 36

Brachiata, see Pogonophora

BRACHIONUS

63

CAMBALOMORPHA

Brachionits, Ploima, 17

Brachiopoda, 21

Brachycera, 28 *Brachydanio, Cyprinoidea, 37 *Bracon, see Habrobracon

Bradyodonti, 36

Bradypus, Edentata, 44

Branchellion, Rhynchobdellida, 24 * Branchiomma, Polychaeta, 24

Branchiopoda, 29

Branchiostoma, Cephalochordata, 35

Branchiotremata, see Hemichordata

Branchipus, Anostraca, 29

Branchiura, 30

Brisinga, Forcipulata, 34

Brissopsis, Spatangoida, 34

bristle-tails (Thysanura), 26

brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), 34

broadbills (Eurylaimi), 43 *Brosmius, Anacanthini, 38

brown bat (Myotis), Microchiroptera, 44

brown lacewing (Hemerobius), Planipennia, 28 *Bruchus, Polyphaga, 28

Bryozoa, see Polyzoa

Bubalus, Ruminantia, 46

bubble shell {Bulla), Pleurocoela, 22

Bubo, Strigiformes, 43

Buccinum, Stenoglossa, 22

Bucco, Piciformes, 43

Bucephalus, Digenea, 14

Buceros, Coraciiformes, 43

budgerigar (Melopsittacus), Psittaciformes, 43

buffalo {Bubalus), Ruminantia, 46

' — ', American (Bison), Ruminantia, 46

Bufo, Procoela, 40

bug, assassin (Rhodnius), Heteroptera, 27

— , bed- (Cimex), Heteroptera, 27

— , chinch (Blissus), Heteroptera, 27

Bugula, Cheilostomata, 20

Bulimus, see Bithynia

bull toad (Megophrys), Anomocoela, 40

Bulla, Pleurocoela, 22

bullhead (Cottus), Scorpaenoidea, 39

bumble bee (Bombus), Apocrita, 29

bush baby (Galago), Prosimii, 44

bush cricket (Tettigonia), Ensifera, 26

bustard {Otis), Gruiformes, 42

Busycon, Stenoglossa, 22 *Buteo, Falcon iformes, 42

Buthus, Scorpiones, 3 1

button-quail (Turnix), Gruiformes, 42 by-the-wind-sailor {Velelld), Athecata, 1 1

C

cabbage butterfly {Pieris), Ditrysia, 28

Caberea, Cheilostomata, 20

caddis flies (Trichoptera), 28

Cadulus, Scaphopoda, 22

Caecilia, Gymnophiona, 41

caecilians (Gymnophiona), 41

Caelifera, 27 *Caems, Ephemeroptera, 26 *Caenolestes, Marsupialia, 44

Caiman, Crocodylia, 41

caiman, South American {Caiman), Crocodylia, 41

cake urchins (Clypeasteroida), 33

Calamoichthys, Cladistia, 36 *Calandra, see Sitophilus

Calanoida, 29

Calanus, Calanoida, 29 *Calappa, Reptantia, 31

Calcarea, 9

Calcispongiae, see Calcarea

Califomian sea lion {Zalophus), Pinnipedia, 46

Caligoida, 29

Caligus, Caligoida, 29 *Caliphylla, Sacoglossa, 22

Calliactis, Actiniaria, 1 2 *Callianassa, Reptantia, 31 *Callichthys, Siluroidea, 37 *Calligrapha, Polyphaga, 28

Callinectes, Reptantia, 31

Callionymoidea, 38

Callionymus, Callionymoidea, 38

Calliphora, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Callipus, Nematophora, 25

Callithhx, see Hapale

Callorhinchus, Holocephali, 36 *Callorhinus, Pinnipedia, 46

Callorhynchicola, Chimaerocoloidea, 1 3 *Callosciurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Callulina, Diplasiocoela, 41 *Calotermes, Isoptera, 26 *Calotes, Sauria, 41

Calyptoblastea, see Thecata

Calyptrosphaera, Coccolithophorida, 6

Calyssozoa, see Entoprocta *Camallanus, Spirurida, 1 8

Cambala, Cambalida, 25

Cambalida, 25

Cambalomorpha, Cambalida, 25

CAMBALOPSIS

64

CEPHALODASYS

Cambalopsis, Cambalida, 25

Cambarus, Reptantia, 3 1

camel (Camelus), Tylopoda, 46

Camelus, Tylopoda, 46 *Camnula, Caelifera, 27

Campodea, Diplura, 26 *Camponotus, Apocrita, 29

Cancer, Reptantia, 3 1

Candona, Podocopa, 29

Canis, Fissipeda, 45

Capillaria, Dorylaimina, 1 8

Capitella, Polychaeta, 24

Capita, Piciformes, 43

Capra, Ruminantia, 46

Caprella, Amphipoda, 30

Caprimulgiformes, 43

Caprimulgus, Caprimulgiformes, 43

Capros, Zeomorphi, 38

Capsala, Capsaloidea, 1 3

Capsaloidea, 13

capuchin (Cebus), Simiae, 44

capybara (Hydrochoerus), Hystricomorpha, 45

Carabus, Adephaga, 28 *Carassius, Cyprinoidea, 37

Carausius, Phasmida, 26

Carcharhinus, Galeoidea, 36

Carcharias, see Odontaspis *Carchesium, Peritrichida, 9

Carcinonemertes, Monostylifera, 16

Carcinus, Reptantia, 3 1 *Cardita, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Cardium, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Carduelis, Passeres, 43 *Carebara, Apocrita, 29 '''Caretta ( = Thalassochelys), Cryptodira, 41

Cariama, Gruiformes, 42

cariama {Cariama), Gruiformes, 42

caribou (Rangifer), Ruminantia, 46

Carinaria, Mesogastropoda, 22

Carmarina, see Geryonia

Carnivora, 45

Carnosa, see Homosclerophora

carp (Cyprinus), Cyprinoidea, 37 *Carpocapsa, see Laspeyresia

Carteria, Phytomonadina, 6

Carybdea, Cubomedusae, 1 1

Caryophyllaeus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Caryophyllia, Scleractinia, 1 2

Caryophyllidea, 16

Cassiduloida, 33

Cassidulus, Cassiduloida, 33

Cassiopea, Rhizostomae, 12

Cassis, Mesogastropoda, 22

cassowary (Casuarius), Casuariiformes, 41

Castanotherium, Glomerida, 25

Castnia, Ditrysia, 28

Castor, Sciuromorpha, 45

Casuariiformes, 41

Casuarius, Casuariiformes, 41

cat (Felis), Fissipeda, 45

' — , native' (Dasyurus), Marsupialia, 44

Cataphracti, see Scleroparei

Catenula, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

catfish, electric (Malapterurus), Siluroidea, 37

— , sea (Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38

catfishes (Siluroidea), 37

Cathartes, Falconiformes, 42

Cathypna, see Lecane *Catocala, Ditrysia, 28

cattle (Bos), Ruminantia, 46

cattle fever, African East Coast (Theileria), Haemosporidia, 8

, Texas (Babesia), Haemosporidia, 8

cattle rumen fluke (Paramphistomum), Digenea, 14

Caudata, 40 *Caudina, Molpadonia, 33

Caulleryella, Schizogregarina, 7

Cavia, Hystricomorpha, 45

Cavolina, Pteropoda, 22

Cebus, Simiae, 44 *''cecropia\ see Samia *Celaenia, Araneae, 31 *Celerio, Ditrysia, 28

Centetes, see Tenrec

centipedes (Chilopoda), 25 *Centrina, see Oxynotus

Centroderes, Echinoderida, 1 7 *Centrophorus ( =Lepidorhinus), Squaloidea, 36

Centropus, Cuculiformes, 43

Centropyxis, Testacea, 7

Centrostephanus, Diadematoida, 33

Centrotus, Homoptera, 27

Cepedea, Opalinina, 7

Cephalacanthoidea, 39

Cephalacanthus, Cephalacanthoidea, 39

Cephalobaena, Cephalobaenida, 32

Cephalobaenida, 32

Cephalobus, Rhabditina, 17

Cephalocarida, 29

Cephalochordata, 35

Cephalodasys, Macrodasyoidea, 1 7

CEPHALODELLA

65

CHIRODROPUS

*Cephalodella ( = Diaschiza), Ploima, 1 7

Cephalodiscida, 34

Cephalodisciis, Cephalodiscida, 34 *Cephalophus, Ruminantia, 46

Cephalopoda, 23 *Cephalopterus, Tyranni, 43

Cephalothrix, Palaeonemertina, 1 6

Cephus, Symphyta, 29

Ceratioidea, 39

Ceratiiim, Dinoflagellata, 6 *Ceratocephale, Polychaeta, 24

Ceratodi formes, see Dipnoi

Ceratodus, see Neoceratodus

Ceratomorpha, 46

Ceratomyxa, Myxosporidia, 8 *Ceratophyllus, Siphonaptera, 29 *Ceiatoplana, Acotylea, 13

Ceratotherium, Ceratomorpha, 46

Cerchneis, see Falco

Cercocebus, Simiae, 44

Cercopis, Homoptera, 27

Cercopithecus, Simiae, 44

Cerebratulus, Heteronemertina, 1 6

Ceresa, Homoptera, 27

Ceriantharia, 12 *Cerianthus, Ceriantharia, 12

Ceriantipatharia, 12 *Ceriodaphnia, Cladocera, 29 *Cerna, see Epinephelus *Cerura, Ditrysia, 28

Cervus, Ruminantia, 46

Cestida, 12

Cestoda, 14

Cestodaria, 14

Cestoidea, see Cestida

Cestoplana, Acotylea, 1 3

Cestracion, see Heterodontus

Cestum, Cestida, 1 2

Cestus, see Cestum

Cetacea, 45

Cetominuis, Cetunculi, 37

Cetonia, Polyphaga, 28 *Cetorhinus, Galeoidea, 36

Cetunculi, 37

Chaetessa, Mantodea, 26

Chaetodenna, Chaetodermomorpha, 2!

Chaetodermomorpha, 21

Chaetogaster, Oligochaeta, 24

Chaetognatha, 32

Chaetonotoidea, 17

Chaetonotus, Chaetonotoidea, 1 7

Chaetopterus, Polychaeta, 24

chaffinch (Fringilla), Passeres, 43

Chagas' disease (Schizotrypanum), Protomonadina, 6

Chalastogastra, see Symphyta

chalcid fly (Chalcis), Apocrita, 29

Chalcis, Apocrita, 29

Chalina, see Haliclona

Chamaeleo, Sauria, 41

chamaeleon {Chamaeleo), Sauria, 41

chamois (Rupicapra), Ruminantia, 46

Channa, Channoidea, 38

Channoidea, 38 *Chaoborus ( = Corethra), Nematocera, 28

Chaos, Amoebina, 7

char (Salvelinus), Salmonoidea, 36

Charadriiformes, 42

Charadrius, Charadriiformes, 42 *Charax, Cyprinoidea, 37 * — , see Puntazzo

Charinus, Amblypygi, 3 1

Charonia, Mesogastropoda, 22

cheetah (Acinonyx), Fissipeda, 45

Cheilostomata, 20

Cheleutoptera, see Phasmida

Chelicerata, 3 1 (footnote)

Chelifer, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1

Chelodina, Pleurodira, 41

Chelone, Cryptodira, 41

Chelonethi, see Pseudoscorpiones

Chelonia, see Testudines *Chelonus, Apocrita, 29

Chelus, Pleurodira, 41 *Chelydra, Cryptodira, 41 *Chermes, Homoptera, 27

Chernetes, see Pseudoscorpiones

chevrotain {Tragidus), Ruminantia, 46

ChUodonella, Cyrtophorina, 8

Chilognatha, 25

Chilomastix, Metamonadina, 6

ChUomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

Chilopoda, 25 *Chiloscyllium, Galeoidea, 36

Chimaera, Holocephali, 36

Chimaerocoloidea, 13

chimpanzee (Pan), Simiae, 44

chinch bug (Blissus), Heteroptera, 27

Chinchilla, Hystricomorpha, 45

chinchilla {Chinchilla), Hystricomorpha, 45

Chinese liver fluke disease {Clonorchis), Digenea, 14

chipmunk (Tamias), Sciuromorpha, 45 *Chiridota, Apoda, 33

Chirocephalus, Anostraca, 29

Chirodropus, Cubomedusae, 1 1

CHIROLEPTES

66

COBITIS

*Chiroleptes, see Cy dor ana

Chironomus, Nematocera, 28 *Chironys, see Daubentonia

Chiroptera, 44

Chiton, Chitonida, 21

Chitonida, 21 *Chlaeniiis, Adephaga, 28 *Chlamydodon, Cyrtophorina, 8

Chlamydomonas, Phytomonadina, 6

Chlamydophiys, Testacea, 7 *Chlamydoselachus, Notidanoidea, 35 *Chlamyphorus, Edentata, 44 *C/iheopsis, see Cloeon *Ch/oraema, see Flabelligera

Chloramoeba, Xanthomonadina, 6 *Chlons, Passeres, 43

Chlorogonium, Phytomonadina, 6 *Chlorohydra, Athecata, 1 1

Chloromonadina, 6

Chloromyxum, Myxosporidia, 8 *Chologaster, Microcyprini, 38

Chondracanthus, Lernaeopodoida, 30

Chondrichthyes, see Selachii

Chondrobrachii, 37

Chondropterygii, see Selachii

CAow^ra^/a, Astrosclerophora, 10

Chondrostei, 36

Chonotrichida, 8

Chordata, 34-^6

Chordeuma, Nematophora, 25

Chordeumida, see Nematophora

Chordodes, Gordioidea, 1 7

Choristida, 1 1 *Chorophilus, see Pseudacris

Chorthippus, Caelifera, 27 *Chortophaga, Caelifera, 27

Chromadorida, 18

Chromadoroidea, 18

Chromulina, Chrysomonadina, 6

Chrysamoeba, Chrysomonadina, 6

Chry sacra, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Chrysemys, Cryptodira, 41

Chrysochloris, Insectivora, 44

Chrysolina, Polyphaga, 28

Chrysomonadina, 6

Chrysopa, Planipennia, 28

Chthamaliis, Thoracica, 30

Chthonius, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1 *Chydorus, Cladocera, 29

cicada (Magicicada), Homoptera, 27 *Cichla, Percoidea, 38

Cicindela, Adephaga, 28

Ciconia, Ciconiiformes, 42

Ciconiiformes, 42

Cidaris, Cidaroida, 33

Cidaroida, 33

Ciliata, 8-9

Ciliophora, see Ciliata

Citnex, Heteroptera, 27

Ciona, Phlebobranchiata, 34 *Circotettix, Caelifera, 27 *Circus, Falconiformes, 42 *Cirolana, Isopoda, 30

Cirratuliis, Polychaeta, 24

Cirripedia, 30 *Cistudo, Cryptodira, 41

Citellus, Sciuromorpha, 45

civet ( Viverra), Fissipeda, 45

Cladistia, 36

Cladocera, 29

Cladocopa, 29

Cladorhiza, Sigmatosclerophora, 10 *Clangula, Anseriformes, 42 *Clarias, Siluroidea, 37

Clathrina, Homocoela, 9

Clathrulina, Heliozoa, 7 *Clava, Athecata, 1 1

Clavelina, Aplousobranchiata, 34

clawed toad (Xenopus), Opisthocoela, 40 *Clenimys, Cryptodira, 41

Clethrionomys, Myomorpha, 45 *Clibanarius, Reptantia, 31

Climacostomum, Heterotrichina, 9

climbing perch (Anabas), Anabantoidea, 38

cling-fishes (Xenopterygii), 39

Cliona, Astrosclerophora, 10

Clione, Pteropoda, 22

Clistogastra, see Apocrita

ClitelHo, Oligochaeta, 24 * Cloeon ( - Chloeopsis), Ephemeroptera, 26

Clonorchis, Digenea, 14

clothes moth (Tinea), Ditrysia, 28

Clupea, Clupeoidea, 36

Clupeiformes, see Isospondyli

Clupeoidea, 36

Clypeaster, Clypeasterina, 33

Clypeasterina, 33

Clypeasteroida, 33 *Cnemidophorus, Sauria, 41 *Cnesterodon, Microcyprini, 38

Cnidaria, 11-12

— , see Ctenophora

Cnidosporidia, 8

coat of mail shell (Chiton), Chitonida, 21

cobego (Cynocephalus), Dermoptera, 44 *Cobitis, Cyprinoidea, 37

COBRA

67

COTURNK

cobra (Naja), Serpentes, 41

Coccidiomorpha, 7-8

Coccidium. see Eimeria

Coccinella, Polyphaga, 28

Coccolithophorida, 6

Coccomyxa, Myxosporidia, 8

Coccus. Homoptera, 27

Cochliopodium, Testacea, 7

cockle (Cardium), Eulamellibranchia, 23

cockroaches (Blattodea), 26

cod (Gadus), Anacanthini, 38

coelacanth (Latimeria), Actinistia, 40

Coelacanthini, see Actinistia

Coelenterata. see Cnidaria

— , see Ctenophora

Coelodendrum, Radiolaria, 7 *Coelogenys, see Cunicuhts

Coeloplana, Platyctenea, 1 2

Coelosomides, Trichostomatida, 8

Coenagrion, Zygoptera, 26 *Coenobita, Reptantia, 31

Coleoptera, 28 *Colias, Ditrysia, 28

Coliiformes, 43

Colius, Coliiformes, 43

Collembola, 25 *Collocalia. Apodiformes, 43

Collotheca, Collothecacea, 1 7

Collothecacea, 17

Collozoum, Radiolaria, 7

Colobognatha, 25

Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa), Polyphaga, 28

Colossendeis, Colossendeomorpha, 3 1

Colossendeomorpha, 3 1 *Colpidium, Tetrahymenina, 8

Colpoda, Trichostomatida, 8

colugo iCynocephahis), Dermoptera, 44

Columba. Columbiformes, 43

Columbiformes, 43

Colymbiformes, see Gaviiformes

— , see Podicipediformes

Colymbus, see Gavia

comb jellies (Ctenophora), 12-13

comb jelly (Mnemiopsis), Lobata, 12

common lemur (Lemur), Prosimii, 44

common old world mole (Talpa), Insectivora, 44

common phalanger (Trichosurus), Marsupialia, 44 *Compsus, Polyphaga, 28

Conchophthirus, Thigmotrichida, 9

Conchostraca, 29

Condylostoma, Heterotrichina, 9 *Condylura, Insectivora, 44

coney (Procavia), Hyracoidea, 46

Conger, Apodes, 37

Congo eel {Amphiuma), Salamandroidea, 40 * Congromuraena, Apodes, 37

Conochilus, Flosculariacea, 1 7 *Conotrachelus, Polyphaga, 28

Constrictor, Serpentes, 41

Contarinia, Nematocera, 28

Conus, Stenoglossa, 22

Convolute/, Acoela, 13

Cooperia, Strongylina, 1 8

Copeina, Cyprinoidea, 37

Copelata, 35

Copeognatha, see Psocoptera

Copepoda, 29-30

Coracias, Coraciiformes, 43

Coraciiformes, 43

Corallimorpharia, 12

corals, black (Antipatharia), 12

— , soft (Octocorallia), 12

— , stony (Scleractinia), 12

— , true (Scleractinia), 12

Cordulegaster, Anisoptera, 26 *Cordylobia, Cyclorrhapha, 28 *Coregonus, Salmonoidea, 36 *Corella, Phlebobranchiata, 34 *Corethra, see Chaoborus

Corixa, Heteroptera, 27

cormorant (Phalacrocorax), Pelecaniformes, 42

Cornish suckers (Xenopterygii), 39

Cornuspira, Foraminifera, 7

Coronatae, 1 1

Corophium, Amphipoda, 30

Corrodentia, see Psocoptera

Corvus, Passeres, 43

Corydalis, Megaloptera, 27 *Corymorpha, Athecata, 1 1

Corynactis, Corallimorpharia, 12

Coryne, Athecata, 1 1

Cossus, Ditrysia, 28 *Cothurnia, Peritrichida, 9

Cotinga, Tyranni, 43

cotinga {Cotinga), Tyranni, 43 *Cotinis, Polyphaga, 28

cotton rat (Sigmodon), Myomorpha, 45

cotton stainer (Dysdercus), Heteroptera, 27

cottontail (Sylvilagus), Lagomorpha, 45

Cottus, Scorpaenoidea, 39 *Coturnix, Galliformes, 42

COTYLEA

68

CYCLOPH\ LLIDEA

Cotylea, 13

Cotylorhiza, Rhizostomae, 12 coucal {Centropus), Cuculiformes, 43 coucha rat (Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45 cougar (Felis), Fissipeda, 45 cowrie (Cypraea), Mesogastropoda, 22 coypu {Myocastor), Hystricomorpha, 45 crab, blue (Callinectes), Reptantia, 31 — , edible (Cancer), Reptantia, 3 1 — , fiddler {Uca), Reptantia, 31 — , hermit {Dardanus), Reptantia, 3 1 — , — (Pagurus), Reptantia, 31 — , river (Potamon), Reptantia, 3 1 — , shore (Carcinus), Reptantia, 31 — , spider (Maia), Reptantia, 31 — , stone {Lithodes), Reptantia, 31 crab louse (Phthirus), Anoplura, 27 crabs, king (Xiphosura), 3 1 Crago, see Crangon crane {Gnis), Gruiformes, 42 Crangon, Natantia, 3 1 Crania, Neotremata, 21 Cranie/la, see TetilJa Craspedacusta, Limnomedusae, 1 1 *Crassostrea ( = Gryphaea), Eulamellibranchia, 23 Craterostigmomorpha, 25 Craterostigmus,

Craterostigmomorpha, 25 crawfish (Pa/mMn/5), Reptantia, 31 Crax, Galliformes, 42 crayfish, fresh-water {Astacus),

Reptantia, 3 1 — , — (Cambariis), Reptantia, 31 *Crenilabrus, Percoidea, 38 *Creophilus, Polyphaga, 28 Crepidula, Mesogastropoda, 22 Cricetus, Myomorpha, 45 cricket (Acheta), Ensifera, 26 — , bush (Tettigonia), Ensifera, 26 — , mole (Gryllotalpa), Ensifera, 26 — , snowy (Oecanthus), Ensifera, 26 *Cricotopus ( = Acricotopus), Nematocera, 28 Crinoidea, 32 *Crioceris, Polyphaga, 28 Crista, Cyclostomata, 20 Cristatella, Phylactolaemata, 20 Crithidia, Protomonadina, 6 Crocidura, Insectivora, 44 crocodile {Crocodylus), Crocodylia, 41 Crocodylia, 41 Crocodylus, Crocodylia, 41

Crossopterygii, 40

Crotalus, Serpentes, 41

Crotophaga, Cuculiformes, 43

crow (Corvus), Passeres, 43

crowned pigeon (Goura), Columbiformes, 43

Crustacea, 29-3 1

Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Cryptobranchus, Cryptobianchoidea, 40 *Cryptocercus, Blattodea, 26 *Cryptochaetum, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Cryptochiton, Chitonida, 21

Cryptocysta, see Microsporidia

Cryptodira, 41

Cryptomonadina, 6

Cryptomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

Cryptopora, Rhynchonelloidea, 21

Cryptops, Scolopendromorpha, 25

Cryptosula, Cheilostomata, 20 * Crypt Otis, Insectivora, 44

Crypturellus, Tinamiformes, 41

Crypturi, see Tinamiformes

Ctenocephalides, Siphonaptera, 29 *Ctenolabrus, Percoidea, 38

Ctenophora, 12-13

— , see Cnidaria

Ctenoplana, Platyctenea, 12

Ctenoplana, see Platyctenea

Ctenostomata, 20

Ctenostomatida, 9

Cubomedusae, 1 1

cuckoo (Cuculus), Cuculiformes, 43

Cuculiformes, 43

Cuculus, Cuculiformes, 43

Cucumaria, Dendrochirota, 33

Culex, Nematocera, 28

Cumacea, 30 *Cumingia, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Cunicuhis ( = Coelogenys), Hystricomorpha, 45

Cunina, Narcomedusae, 1 1

Cupes, Archostemata, 28

curassow {Crax), Galliformes, 42

cusk eels (Ophidioidea), 38

Cuspidaria, Septibranchia, 23

cuttle-fish (Sepia), Decapoda, 23

Cyamus, Amphipoda, 30

Cyanea, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Cyathomonas, Cryptomonadina, 6

*Cyathura, Isopoda, 30

Cyclidium, Pleuronematina, 8

Cyclomyaria, see Doliolida

Cyclophyllidea, 14

CYCLOPOroA

69

DIADEMA

Cyclopoida, 29

Cycloposthium, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Cyclops, Cyclopoida, 29 *Cycloptenis, Scorpaenoidea, 39 *Cyc/orana ( = Chiroleptes), Procoela, 40

Cyclorrhapha, 28

Cyclospora, Eimeriidea, 7 *Cyclostoma, see Pomatias

Cyclostomata, 20, 35

Cydippida, 12

Cygnus, Anseriformes, 42

Cylindroiuhis, Julida, 25

Cylindrolainms, Chromadorida, 1 8 *Cymbium, see Melo

Cymothoa, Isopoda, 30 *Cynips ( = Dryophanta), Apocrita, 29

Cynocephalus, Dermoptera, 44 *Cynomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Cynopterus, Megachiroptera, 44 *Cynoscion, Percoidea, 38 *Cyphoderia, Testacea, 7

Cypraea, Mesogastropoda, 22

Cypridina, Myodocopa, 29

Cyprinodontes, see Microcyprini

Cyprinodontiformes, see Microcyprini

Cyprinoidea, 37

Cyprimis, Cyprinoidea, 37

Cypris, Podocopa, 29

Cyrtophorina, 8

cyst eelworm (Heterodera), Tylenchida, 1 8

Cysticerciis, see Taenia *Cystophora, Pinnipedia, 46

Cythere, Podocopa, 29

Cytherella, Platycopa, 29

Cyzicus, Conchostraca, 29

D

Dactylifera, see Temnocephalidea Dactyloda, see Temnocephalidea Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactyloidea, 13 Dactylonietra, Semaeostomae, 1 2 Dactylopteroidea, see Cephalacanthoidea Dactylopterus, see Cephalacanthus

* Dacus, Cyclorrhapha, 28 daddy-long-legs (Tipula), Nematocera, 28 Dallia, Haplomi, 37 Dallina, Terebratelloidea, 21

* Dallingeria, Metamonadina, 6 Dalyellia, Rhabdocoela, 1 3 Dama, Ruminantia, 46 Damon, Amblypygi, 31 damsel flies (Zygoptera), 26

*Danaus ( = Anosia), Dilrysia, 28

*Danio, Cyprinoidea, 37

Daphnia, Cladocera, 29

Dardanus, Reptantia, 3 1

Dasyatis, Batoidea, 36 * Dasybranchus, Polychaeta, 24

Dasypus, Edentata, 44

Dasyurus, Marsupialia, 44 * Daiibentonia ( — Chironys), Prosimii, 44

dead men's fingers (Alcyoninm), Alcyonacea, 12

death's head hawk moth (Acherontia), Ditrysia, 28

Decapoda, 23, 3 1 *Decticus, Ensifera, 26

deep-sea anglerfishes (Ceratioidea), 39

deer, fallow (Dama), Ruminantia, 46

— , musk (Moschus), Ruminantia, 46

— , red (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46

deer mouse (Peromyscus), Myomorpha, 45 *Deilephila, Ditrysia, 28

Deima, Elasipoda, 32

Delphinus, Odontoceti, 45

Demospongiae, 10-11

Dendraster, Scutellina, 33

Dendrobates, Procoela, 40

Dendrochirota, 33

Dendrocoelum, Paludicola, 13

Dendroctonus, Polyphaga, 28 * Dendrodoa, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Dendrohyrax, Hyracoidea, 46

* Dendroides, Polyphaga, 28 * Dendrolinuis, Ditrysia, 28

Dendromonas, Chrysomonadina, 6 Dendrostomum, Sipunculoidea, 23

* Denisonia, Serpen tes, 41 Dentalium, Scaphopoda, 22 Depressaria, Ditrysia, 28 Dermanyssus, Acari, 31 Dermaptera, 27

* Dermestes, Polyphaga, 28 Dermochelys, Cryptodira, 41 Dermoptera, 44 Derocheilocarida, 30 Derocheilocaris, Derocheilocarida, 30

* Derostonuh Rhabdocoela, 13 Desmodus, Microchiroptera, 44 Desmognathus, Salamandroidea, 40 Desmomyaria, see Salpida Desmoscolecoidea, 19 Desmoscolex, Chromadorida, 1 8 Devescovina, Metamonadina, 6

* Diacrisia, Ditrysia, 28 Diadema, Diadematoida, 33

DIADEMATACEA

70

DONUSA

Diadematacea, 33

Diadematoida, 33

Diaptomus, Calanoida, 29 * Diaschiza, see Cephalodella

Diastylis, Cumacea, 30 *Diazona, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Dibothriocephalus, see Diphyllobothrium

Dibranchia, 23

Dicamptodon, Ambystomoidea, 40 * Dicentrarchus ( =Labrax), Percoidea, 38

Diceros, Ceratomorpha, 46

Diclidophora, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Diclidophoroidea, 13

Diclybothrium, Diclybothroidea, 14

Diclybothroidea, 14 * Dicranophorus, Ploima, 17

Dicrocoelium, Digenea, 14

Dictyocaulus, Strongylina, 1 8

Dictyocha, Silicoflagellata, 6 *Dictyoploca, Embioptera, 27

Dictyoptera, 26

Dicyema, Dicyemida, 9

Dicyemida, 9

Didelphis, Marsupialia, 44

Didemnum, Aplousobranchiata, 34

Didesmida, 14 * Diediocephala, Homoptera, 27

Diemictylus, Salamandroidea, 40

Dientamoeba, Rhizomastigina, 7

Difflugia, Testacea, 7

Digenea, 14

Dileptus, Rhabdophorina, 8

Dina, Gnathobdellida, 24

Dinamoebidium, Dinoflagellata, 6

Dinobryon, Chrysomonadina, 6

Dinoflagellata, 6

Dinophilus, Archiannelida, 24

Dioctophymatina, 18

Dioctophyme, Dioctophymatina, 1 8

Dioctophymoidea, 19 *Diodon, Tetraodontoidea, 39 *Diodora, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Diomedea, Procellariiformes, 42

Diophrys, Hypotrichida, 9

Diotocardia, see Archaeogastropoda

Diphyllidea, 14

Diphyllobothrium, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Diplasiocoela, 41 * Diplodinium, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Diplogaster, Rhabditina, 1 7

Diploglossata, see Hemimerina * Diplolepis ( = Rhodites), Apocrita, 29

Diplomonadida, see Distomatina

Diplomystes, Siluroidea, 37

Diplopoda, 24-25

Diplosolen, Cyclostomata, 20

Diplostomum, Digenea, 14

Diplozoon, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Diplura, 26

Dipneusti, see Dipnoi

Dipnoi, 40 * Dipodomys, Sciuromorpha, 45 * Dipsadomorphus, see Boiga

Diptera, 28

Dipus, Myomorpha, 45

Dipylidium, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Diwfilaria, Spirurida, 1 8

Discinisca, Neotremata, 21

Discocephali, 39

Discocephalum, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Discocotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Discoglossiis, Opisthocoela, 40

Discomorpha, Ctenostomatida, 9

Discorbis, Foraminifera, 7

Disculicepitidea, 16 * Dissosteira, Caelifera, 27

Distoma, see Fasciola

Distomatina, 7

Distomum, see Fasciola

Distyla, see Lecane *Ditrema, Percoidea, 38

Ditrysia, 28

Ditylenchus, Tylenchida, 1 8 *Diurella, see Trichocerca

divers (Gaviiformes), 42

diving petrel (Pelecanoides), Procellariiformes, 42

Dixippus, see Carausius

Dobson fly (Corydalis), Megaloptera, 27

Dodecolopoda, Colossendeomorpha, 31

dog {Canis), Fissipeda, 45

dog heart worm (DirofHaria), Spirurida, 1 8

dog kidney worm (Dioctophyme), Dioctophymatina, 18

dogfish (Scyliorhinus), Galeoidea, 36

dogfishes (Pleurotremata), 35-36

dog-whelk (Nassa), Stenoglossa, 22

Dolichoglossus, see Saccoglossus

Doliolida, 35

Doliolum, Doliolida, 35 * Dolium, see Tonna

Dolops, Branchiura, 30

dolphin (Delphinus), Odontoceti, 45

— , bottle-nosed (7M/-5/o;j5'),Odontoceti, 45

donkey {Equus), Hippomorpha, 46 *Donusa, Phasmida, 26

DORIS

71

EEVIERIA

Doris, Nudibranchia, 22

dormouse {Glis), Myomorpha, 45

— (Muscardinus), Myomorpha, 45

Dorylaimina, 18

Dorylaimoidea, 18

Dorylaimus, Dorylaimina, 18

Dracunculoidea, 19

jDrafM/7fw/w5, Spirurida, 18

dragonets (Callionymoidea), 38

dragon-fishes (Hypostomides), 39

dragonflies, true (Anisoptera), 26

Drepanophorus, Polystylifera, 16 * Drilocrius, Oligochaeta, 24

dromedary {Camelus), Tylopoda, 46 *Dromia, Reptantia, 31

Dromiceius, Casuariiformes, 41

drone fly (Eristalis), Cyclorrhapha, 28

Drosophila, Cyclorrhapha, 28 * Dryocopus, Piciformes, 43 * Dryophanta, see Cynips

duck {Anas), Anseriformes, 42

duck-bill (Ornithorhynchus), Monotremata, 43

Dugesia, Paludicola, 13

Dugong, Sirenia, 46

dugong (Dugong), Sirenia, 46

dusky salamander {Desmognathus), Salamandroidea, 40

dwarf siren {Pseiidobranchus), Meantes, 40

Dysdercus, Heteroptera, 27

dysentery (Balantidiiim), Trichostomatida, 8

— , amoebic (Entamoeba), Amoebina, 7

Dytiscus, Adephaga, 28

ear-shell (Haliotis), Archaeogastropoda, 2 1 earthworm (Allolobophora), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Eisenia), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Lumbricus), Oligochaeta, 24

— (Pheretima), Oligochaeta, 24 earwigs (Forficulina), 27

eastern mole (Scalopus), Insectivora, 44 eastern newt {Diemictylus),

Salamandroidea, 40 Ebria, Ebriideae, 6 Ebriaceae, see Ebriideae Ebriideae, 6 '''Ecdyonurus, Ephemeroptera, 26 Echeneihothrium, Tetraphyllidea, 14 Echeneiformes, see Discocephali Echeneis, Discocephali, 39 Echidna, see Tachyglossus

Echidnophaga, Siphonaptera, 29 Echinacea, 33

Echinarachniiis, Scutellina, 33 Echiniscus, Heterotardigrada, 32 Echinobothrium, Diphyllidea, 14 Echinocardium, Spatangoida, 34 Echinococcus, Cyclophyllidea, 14 Echinocucmnis, Dendrochirota, 33 Echinocyamus, Laganina, 33 Echinoderes, Echinoderida, 1 7 Echinoderida, 17 Echinodermata, 32-34 Echinoida, 33 Echinoidea, 33-34 Echinometra, Echinoida, 33 Echinoneina, 33 Echinoneus, Echinoneina, 33 Echinorhinus, Squaloidea, 36 Echinorhynchus, Palaeacanthocephala, 20 Echinosorex, Insectivora, 44 Echinostoma, Digenea, 14 Echinothurioida, 33 Echinus, Echinoida, 33 * Echiostoma, Stomiatoidea, 36 Echiuroidea, 23 Echiuroinea, 23 Echiurus, Echiuroinea, 23 Ectobius, Blattodea, 26 Ectoprocta, see Polyzoa Edentata, 44

edible crab {Cancer), Reptantia, 31 eel, Congo (Amphiuma),

Salamandroidea, 40 — , electric {Electrophorus), Cyprinoidea, 37 — , mud- {Siren), Meantes, 40 — , shore {Alabes), Alabetoidea, 40 eels (Apodes), 37 — , cusk (Ophidioidea), 38 — , gulper (Lyomeri), 37 — , spiny (Opisthomi), 39 eelworm, cyst (Heterodera), Tylenchida, 1 8 — , leaf {Aphelenchoides), Tylenchida, 1 8 — , root-knot {Meloidogyne),

Tylenchida, 18 — , sour paste (Panagrellus),

Rhabditina, 17 — , stem-and-bulb (Ditylenchus),

Tylenchida, 18 — , vinegar {Turbatrix), Rhabditina, 1 7 — , wheat gall (Anguina), Tylenchida, 18 *Egernia, Sauria, 41 * Eidolon, Megachiroptera, 44 Eimeria, Eimeriidea, 7

EIMERHDEA

72

ESOCOroEI

Eimeriidea, 7

Eisenia, Oligochaeta, 24

eland (Taurotragus), Ruminantia, 46

Elasipoda, 32

Elasmobranchii, see Selachii

electric catfish (Malaptenirus),

Siluroidea, 37 electric eel (Electrophorus), Cyprinoidea, 37 Electrophonis, Cyprinoidea, 37 Eledone, Octopoda, 23 elephant, African (Loxodonta),

Proboscidea, 46 — , Asiatic (Elephas),

Proboscidea, 46 elephant louse (Haematomyzus),

Rhynchophthirina, 27 elephant seal (Mirounga), Pinnipedia, 46 elephant shrew (Macroscelides),

Insectivora, 44 *Elephantulus, Insectivora, 44 Elephas, Proboscidea, 46 Eleutherodactylus, Procoela, 40 Eleutherozoa, 32-34

'elk', American {Cervus), Ruminantia, 46 elk, European {Alces), Ruminantia, 46 Elminius, Thoracica, 30 Elphidiiim, Foraminifera, 7 Elpidia, Elasipoda, 32 Elysia, Sacoglossa, 22 Embadomonas, Metamonadina, 6 *Emberiza, Passeres, 43 Embia, Embioptera, 27 Embioptera, 27 *Emerita, Reptantia, 3 1 * Emplectonema, Monostylifera, 16 Empoasca, Homoptera, 27 Einpusa, Mantodea, 26 emu {Dromiceius), Casuariiformes, 41 *Emys, Cryptodira, 41 *Enallagma, Zygoptera, 26 *Enarmonia, Ditrysia, 28 Enchytraeus, Oligochaeta, 24 Endamoeba, Amoebina, 7 Endolimax, Amoebina, 7 Endoprocta, see Entoprocta Endopterygota, see Oligoneoptera *Engraulis, Clupeoidea, 36 Enopla, 39 Enoplida, 18 Enoplina, 18 Enoploidea, 18 Enoplus, Enoplina, 18 Ensifera, 26

*Ensis, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Entamoeba, Amoebina, 7

Enterobius, Ascaridina, 1 8

Enterogona, 34

Enteromonas, Metamonadina, 6

Enteropneusta, 34

Entodiniomorphida, 9

Entodiniiim, Entodiniomorphida, 9

Entoniscus, Isopoda, 30

Entoprocta, 20 *Entosphenus, Hyperoartii, 35 *Entylia, Homoptera, 27

Eoacanthocephala, 20

Eolis, Nudibranchia, 22

Eos, Psittaciformes, 43

Eosentomon, Protura, 26

Epalxis, Ctenostomatida, 9

Epeira, see Araneus

Ephemera, Ephemeroptera, 26 *Ephemerella, Ephemeroptera, 26

Ephemeroptera, 26

Ephestia, Ditrysia, 28

Epidinium, Entodiniomorphida, 9 *EpUachna, Polyphaga, 28

Epimorpha, 25

Epimys, see Rattus *Epinephele, Ditrysia, 28 * Epinephelus { = Cerna), Percoidea, 38

Epiophlebia, Anisozygoptera, 26

Epiphanes, Ploima, 1 7

Epipolasida, 1 1

Epistylis, Peritrichida, 9

Epizoanthus, Zoanthiniaria, 1 2

Epomophorus, Megachiroptera, 44 *Eptesicus, Microchiroptera, 44 *Eqimla, Percoidea, 38

Eqiius, Hippomorpha, 46 *Erannis ( = Hybernia), Ditrysia., 28 *Encymba, Cyprinoidea, 37

Erinaceus, Insectivora, 44

Eiiocephala, see Micropteryx *Eriocheir, Reptantia, 3 1

Eriocrania, Monotrysia, 28 *Enphia, Ditrysia, 28 * — , Reptantia, 31

Eristalis, Cyclorrhapha, 28 *Erithacus, Passeres, 43

ermine (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

Erpetoichthys, see Calamoichthys

Erpobdella, Gnathobdellida, 24

Errantia, 24 (footnote) *Erythrimis, Cyprinoidea, 37

Esocoidei, see Haplomi

ESOX

73

FLEA, LUCERNE

Esox, Haplomi, 37 Esperiopsis, Sigmatosclerophora, 10 Estheria, see Cyzicus Ethnwstigmus. Scolopendromorpha, 25 *Etmopterus, see Spinax *Eubranchipus, Anostraca, 29 Eucarida, 30-31 Eucestoda, 16 Eucharis, see Leucothea Euchlanis. Ploima, 1 7 Eucoccidia, 7-8 *Eucrangonyx ( — Bactrurus),

Amphipoda, 30 Eudorina, Phytomonadina, 6 Eudyptes, Sphenisciformes, 42 Euechinoidea, 33-34 Eugaleus, see Galeorhinus Euglena, Euglenoidina, 6 Euglenoidina, 6 Eiiglypha, Testacea, 7 Eugnatha, see Helminthomorpha Eugregarina, 7 Eukrohnia, Chaetognatha, 32 Eulamellibranchia, 23 Eunice, Polychaeta, 24 Eunicella, Gorgonacea, 1 2 Eupagunis, see Pagurus Euphaiisia, Euphausiacea, 30 Euphausiacea, 30 Euplanaria, see Dugesia Euplectella, Hexasterophora, 10 *Euplectes ( =Pyromeland), Passeres, 43

Euplotes, Hypotrichida, 9 *Eupolymma ( =Polymnia), Polychaeta, 24 *Euproctis, Ditrysia, 28 European elk (Alces), Ruminantia, 46 European spade foot (Pelobates),

Anomocoela, 40 Euryalae, 34 Eurylaimi, 43 Euiylepta, Cotylea, 1 3 Eurypharynx, Lyomeri, 37 Eurypyga, Gruiformes, 42 Eurystomata, 20 *Euscorpius, Scorpiones, 3 1 Euselachii, 35-36 Eusepia, see Sepia Euspongia, see Spongia Eusthenia, Plecoptera, 26 *Eustrongylides, Dioctophymatina, 18 Eutaeniophorus, Miripinnati, 37 Eutardigrada, 32 *Eutettix, Homoptera, 27

Eutheria, 44-46 *Eutonina, Thecata, 1 1

Eutrichomastix, see Monocercomonas *Eutyphoeus, Oligochaeta, 24

Evadne, Cladocera, 29

Eventognathi, see Cyprinoidea

Evetria, Ditrysia, 28

Evotomys, see Clethriotwmys

Exocoetoidea, 37

Exocoetus, Exocoetoidea, 37

Exopterygota, see Palaeoptera

— , see Paraneoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

eye worm (Thelazia), Spirurida, 1 8

*Fabncia, Polychaeta, 24 Falco, Falconiformes, 42 falcon {Falco), Falconiformes, 42 Falconiformes, 42 fallow deer (Dama), Ruminantia, 46 false scorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), 3 1 false spiders (Solifugae), 3 1 *Fannia, Cyclorrhapha, 28 Farrea, Hexasterophora, 10 Fasciola, Digenea, 14 feather star (Antedon), Articulata, 32

(Tropiometra), Articulata, 32

Felis, Fissipeda, 45

ferret (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

fiddler crab (Uca), Reptantia, 31

fig-insect (Blastophaga), Apocrita, 29

filarial worm {Wuchererid), Spirurida, 18

Filarioidea, 19

Filibranchia, 22

Filicollis, Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Filinia, Flosculariacea, 1 7

fire bellied toad (Botnbina),

Opisthocoela, 40 fire brat (Thermobia), Thysanura, 26 fire salamander (Salamandra),

Salamandroidea, 40 fishes, bony (Pisces), 36-40 Fissipeda, 45 *Fissurella, Archaeogastropoda, 21 *Flabelligera ( = Chloraemci), Polychaeta, 24 *FlabelMa, Amoebina, 7 Flagellata, see Mastigophora flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), 42 flat-fishes (Heterosomata), 39 flatworms (Platyhelminthes), 13-14 flea, lucerne {Sminthurus),

Symphypleona, 25

FLEAS

74

FURNARIUS

fleas (Siphonaptera), 29

— , water (Cladocera), 29

flies, caddis (Trichoptera), 28

— , damsel (Zygoptera), 26

— , may- (Ephemeroptera), 26

— , scorpion (Mecoptera), 28

— , stone- (Plecoptera), 26

— , true (Diptera), 28

— , two-winged (Diptera), 28

Floriceps, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Floscularia, Flosculariacea, 1 7

— , see C olio thee a

Flosculariacea, 17

flounder (Limanda), Heterosomata, 39

flour beetle (Tribolium), Polyphaga, 28

flour moths (Ephestia), Ditrysia, 28

fluke, cattle rumen (Paramphistomum),

Digenea, 14 — , liver, cattle and sheep (Dieroeoelium),

Digenea, 14 — , — (Faseiola), Digenea, 14 — , lung (Paragonimus), Digenea, 14 flukes (Trematoda), 14 Flustra, Cheilostomata, 20 fly, alder (Sialis), Megaloptera, 27 — , ant lion {Myrmeleon), Planipennia, 28 — , black (Simulium), Nematocera, 28 — , chalcid (Chalcis), Apocrita, 29 — , Dobson (Corydalis), Megaloptera, 27 — , drone (En'stalis), Cyclorrhapha, 28 — , frit (Oscinella), Cyclorrhapha, 28 — , horse (Tabanus), Brachycera, 28 — , house (Musca), Cyclorrhapha, 28 — , ichneumon (lehneumon), Apocrita, 29 — , — {Nemeritis), Apocrita, 29 — , lantern (Phenax), Homoptera, 27 — , sand (Phlebotomus), Nematocera, 28 — , small fruit {Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28 — , snake (Raphidia), Megaloptera, 27 — , tse-tse (Glossina), Cyclorrhapha, 28 flying fish (Exoeoetus), Exocoetoidea, 37 flying fox (Pteropus), Megachiroptera, 44 flying gurnards (Cephalacanthoidea), 39 flying lemur (Cynoeephalus),

Dermoptera, 44 flying squirrel, American (Glaueomys),

Sciuromorpha, 45 , scale-tailed {Anomalurus),

Sciuromorpha, 45 Foettingeria, Apostomatida, 8 Folia, see Velamen Foraminifera, 7

Forcipulata, 34

Forfieula, Forficulina, 27

Forficulina, 27

Formiea, Apocrita, 29

Formiearius, Tyranni, 43

four-eyed fish {Anableps), Microcyprini, 38

fowl (Gallus), Galliformes, 42

■ — , guinea (Numida), Galliformes, 42

fowl louse (Lipeurus), Mallophaga, 27

fox (Vulpes), Fissipeda, 45

— , flying (Pteropus), Megachiroptera, 44

Fratercula, Charadriiformes, 42

Fregata, Pelecaniformes, 42

fresh-water crayfish {Astaeus),

Reptantia, 31 — - — (Cambarus), Reptantia, 3 1 fresh-water limpet {Ancylus),

Basommatophora, 22 fresh-water shrimp (Gammarus),

Amphipoda, 30 frigate bird (Fregata), Pelecaniformes, 42 Fringilla, Passeres, 43 frit fly (Oscinella), Cyclorrhapha, 28 Fritillaria, Copelata, 35 frog (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41 — , hairy (Astylostenms), Diplasiocoela, 41 — , marsupial (Gastrotheca), Procoela, 40 — , New Zealand (Leiopelma),

Amphicoela, 40 — , painted (Discoglossus), Opisthocoela, 40 — , poison (Dendrobates), Procoela, 40 — , robber (Eleutherodactyhis), Procoela, 40 — , tailed (Ascaplms), Amphicoela, 40 — , tree (Hyla), Procoela, 40 — , — (Rhacophorus), Diplasiocoela, 41 — , true (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41 frog fishes (Antennarioidea), 39 frog hopper (Cercopis), Homoptera, 27

(Philaenus), Homoptera, 27

frogmouth (Podargiis),

Caprimulgiformes, 43 Frontonia, Peniculina, 8 frost fish (Lepidopus), Trichiuroidea, 38 fruit bat (Cynopterus), Megachiroptera, 44

(Epomophorus), Megachiroptera, 44

fruit fly, small (Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28 *Fulica, Gruiformes, 42 *FuUgula, see Aythya Fundulus, Microcyprini, 38 Fitngia, Scleractinia, 12 fungus gnat (Sciara), Nematocera, 28 Furnarius, Tyranni, 43

GADIFORMES

75

GLOSSIPHONIA

G

Gadiformes, see Anacanthini

Gadiis, Anacanthini, 38 *Gaidropsarus ( = Motella, Onos), Anacanthini, 38

Galago, Prosimii, 44 *Galathea, Reptantia, 31

Galbula, Piciformes, 43

Galeodes, SoHfugae, 3 1

Galeoidea, 36

Galeopitheciis, see Cynocephalus

Gakopterus, see Cynocephalus

Galeorhinus, Galeoidea, 36 *Galerucella, Polyphaga, 28

Galeus, see Galeorhinus

Galleria, Ditrysia, 28

GalHformes, 42

GaUus, GalUformes, 42 *Gambusia, Microcyprini, 38

Gammarus, Amphipoda, 30

gannet (Sula), Pelecaniformes, 42

gape worm (Syngamus), StrongyHna, li

gaper (Mya), Eulamellibranchia, 23

— (Poroniya), Septibranchia, 23

garfish (Belone), Scombresocoidea, 37

gar-pikes (Ginglymodi), 36 *Gairulus, Passeres, 43

Garypus, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1 *GasterophUus, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Gasterosteus, Thoracostei, 39

Gasterostoidea, see Thoracostei

Gasterostomata, 15 *Gastnmargus, Caelifera, 27

Gastrocotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Gastrodes, Platyctenea, 12 *GastrophUus, see G aster ophUus

Gastropoda, 21-22

Gastrosaccus, Mysidacea, 30

Gastrotheca, Procoela, 40

Gastrotricha, 17

Gavia, Gaviiformes, 42

gavial, Malayan (Tomistoma), Crocodylia, 41

Gavialis, Crocodylia, 41

Gaviiformes, 42

Gazella, Ruminantia, 46

gazelle (Gazella), Ruminantia,^46 *Gebia, Reptantia, 31 *Gecardnus, Reptantia, 31

gecko (Hemidactylus), Sauria, 41

Gelatinosa, 10 *Gelis, Apocrita, 29

Genypterus, Ophidioidea, 38

Geococcyx, Cuculiformes, 43

GeoJ/fl, Astrosclerophora, 10 *Geograpsus, Reptantia, 31

Geomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Geonemertes, Monostylifera, 1 6

Geophilomorpha, 25

Geophilus, Geophilomorpha, 25

Geoplana, Terricola, 1 3 *Geotrupes, Polyphaga, 28

Gephyrea, 17, 23 (footnotes)

gerbil (Gerbillus), Myomorpha, 45

Gerbillus, Myomorpha, 45

Geryonia, Trachymedusae, 1 1

'gharial', Indian (Gavialis), Crocodylia, 41

ghost moth (Hcpialus), Monotrysia, 28

ghost shrimp (Caprella), Amphipoda, 30

giant anteater (Myrmecophaga), Edentata, 44

giant armadillo (Priodontes), Edentata, 44

giant panda (Ailuropoda), Fissipeda, 45

giant salamander (Megalobatrachus), Cryptobranchoidea, 40

, Pacific (Dicamptodon),

Ambystomoidea, 40

giant wood wasp (Sirex), Symphyta, 29

Giardia, Distomatina, 7

gibbon (Hylobates), Simiae, 44 *Gibbula, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Gigantorhynchus, Archiacanthocephala, 20

Gigantura, Giganturoidea, 37

Giganturoidea, 37

Gila monster (Heloderma), Sauria, 41

Ginglymodi, 36

gipsy moth (Lymantria), Ditrysia, 28

Girajfa, Ruminantia, 46

giraffe (Girajfa), Ruminantia, 46 *Girardinus, Microcyprini, 38 *Girella, Percoidea, 38

Glandiceps, Enteropneusta, 34

glass sponges (Hexactinellida), 10

Glaucoma, Tetrahymenina, 8

Glaucomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Glaucus, Nudibranchia, 22

Glis, Myomorpha, 45

globe-fishes (Plectognathi), 39

Globidium, Eimeriidea, 7

Globigerina, Foraminifera, 7

Glomerida, 25

Glomeridesmida, 25

Glomeridesmus, Glomeridesmida, 25

Glomeris, Glomerida, 25

Glossina, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Glossiphonia, Rhynchobdellida, 24

GLOSSOBALANUS

76

GYMNOLAEMATA

Glossobalanus, Enteropneusta, 34

Glottidia, Atremata, 21

Glugea, Microsporidia, 8

Glycera, Polychaeta, 24 *Glycy men's (—Pectunciilus), Eulamellibranchia, 23

gnat, fungus (Sciara), Nematocera, 28

Gnathia, Gnathiidea, 30

Gnathiidea, 30

Gnathobdellida, 24 *Gnathonetnus, Mormyroidea, 37

Gnathophaiisia, Mysidacea, 30

Gnathostoma, Spirurida, 18

Gnathostomata, 33

goat (Cap) a), Ruminantia, 46

goat moth (Cossus), Ditrysia, 28

Gobiesociformes, see Xenopterygii

Gobioidea, 38

Gobius, Gobioidea, 38

goby (Gobius), Gobioidea, 38

golden hamster (Mesocricetus), Myomorpha, 45

golden mole (Chrysochloris), Insectivora, 44

Golfingia, Sipunculoidea, 23

Gomphiis, Anisoptera, 26 *Gonepteryx, Ditrysia, 28

Gongylonema, Spirurida, 18

Goniodes, Mallophaga, 27

Gomonemiis, Limnomedusae, 1 1

Gonodactylus, Stomatopoda, 30

Gonorhynchoidea, 37

Gonorhynchus, Gonorhynchoidea, 37

Gonospora, Eugregarina, 7

Gonyostonnirn, Chloromonadina, 6 *Goodea, Microcyprini, 38

goose (Anser), Anseriformes, 42

goose barnacle (Lepas), Thoracica, 30

gopher (CiteUus), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , pocket (Geomys), Sciuromorpha, 45

Gordiacea, see Nematomorpha

Gordioidea, 17

Go/y//»5, Gordioidea, 17

Gorgonacea, 12

Gorgonia, Gorgonacea, 12

Gorgonocephahis, Euryalae, 34

Gorgorhynchus, Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Gorilla, Simiae, 44

gorilla {Gorilla), Simiae, 44

goshawk (Accipiter), Falconiformes, 42 Goura, Columbiformes, 43 Grantia, Heterocoela, 9

*Grapsus, Reptantia, 31 grass snake (Matrix), Serpentes, 41

grasshopper (Chorthippus), Caelifera, 27

grasshoppers, longhorned (Ensifera), 26

— ; shorthorned (Caelifera), 27

grebes (Podicipediformes), 42

Greek tortoise (Testudo), Cryptodira, 41

green lacewing (Chrysopa), Planipennia, 28

green lizard (Lacerta), Sauria, 41

green pigeon (Treron), Columbiformes, 43

green turtle (Chelone), Cryptodira, 41

greenbottle (Lucilia), Cyclorrhapha, 28

greenfly (Aphis), Homoptera, 27

Gregarina, Eugregarina, 7

Gregarinomorpha, 7

Gressores, see Ciconiiformes

grey mullets (Mugiloidea), 38

grey seal (Halichoenis), Pinnipedia, 46

grey whale (Rhachianectes), Mysticeti, 45

gribble (Limnoria), Isopoda, 30

GnY/o^m, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Gromia, Testacea, 7

ground beetle (Carabiis), Adephaga, 28

ground squirrel, African (Xeriis),

Sciuromorpha, 45 , American (CiteUus),

Sciuromorpha, 45 grouse locust (Tetrix), Caelifera, 27 Gruiformes, 42 Grus, Gruiformes, 42 Grylloblatta, Grylloblattodea, 26 Grylloblattodea, 26 Gryllotalpa, Ensifera, 26 Gryllus, see Ache t a *Gryphaea, see Crassostrea Gryphus, Terebratuloidea, 2 1 guanaco (Lama), Tylopoda, 46 *Guerinia, Cyclorrhapha, 28 guinea fowl (Numida), Galliformes, 42 guinea pig (Cavia), Hystricomorpha, 45 guinea worm (Dracunculus), Spirurida, 1 8 gull (Larus), Charadriiformes, 42 gullet worm (Gongylonema), Spirurida, 18 gulper eels (Lyomeri), 37 Gunda, see Procerodes guppy (Lebistes), Microcyprini, 38 gurnard (Trigla), Scorpaenoidea, 39 gurnards, flying (Cephalacanthoidea), 39 Guyenotia, Actinomyxidia, 8 Gymnarchus, Mormyroidea, 37 Gymnoblastea, see Athecata Gymnodinioides, Apostomatida, 8 Gymnodinium, Dinoflagellata, 6 Gymnodontes, see Tetraodontoidea Gymnolaemata, 20

GYMNOPHIONA

77

HEMIFUSUS

Gymnophiona, 41

Gymnopis, Gymnophiona, 41

Gymnostomatida, 8 *Gymtwtus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Gymnura, see Echinosorex *Gypaetus, Falconiformes, 42 *Gyps, Falconiformes, 42

Gyratrix, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Gyrinus, Adephaga, 28

GvraroO'/^, Gyrocotylidea, 14

Gyrocotylidea, 14

Gyrodactyloidea, 13

Gyrodactylus, Gyrodactyloidea, 1 3

H

*Habrobracon ( = Bracon), Apocrita, 29

Habronema, Spirurida, 1 8

//oZ)ra/rac/?a, Bdelloidea, 17

Hadromerina, 1 1

Haemadipsa, Gnathobdellida, 24

Haematococcus, Phytomonadina, 6

Haematomyzus, Rhynchophthjrina, 27

Haematopinus, Anoplura, 27 *Haematopus, Charadriiformes, 42

Haemogregarina, A dele idea, 7

Haemonchus, Strongylina, 18

Haemopis, Gnathobdellida, 24

Haemoproteus, Haemosporidia, 8

Haemosporidia, 8

hagfishes (Hyperotreti), 35

hairy frog {Astylostenms), Diplasiocoela, 41

hake (Merluccius), Anacanthini, 38

Halecium, Thecata, 1 1

Halichoerus, Pinnipedia, 46

Holichondria, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Halichondrina, 1 1

Haliclona, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Haliclystus, Stauromedusae, 1 1

Halicryptus, Priapulida, 1 7

Halina, see Haliclona

Haliotis, Archaeogastropoda, 2 1

Halisarca, Keratosa, 10

Halistemma, Siphonophora, 1 1 *HaIla, Polychaeta, 24 * Halocordyle {-Pennaria), Athecata, 1 1

Halosaurus, Heteromi, 37 *Halosydna, Polychaeta, 24

Halteria, Oligotrichida, 9 *Haminea, Pleurocoela, 22

hammerhead (Scopus), Ciconiiformes, 42

— (Sphyrna), Galeoidea, 36

hamster (Cricetus), Myomorpha, 45

— , golden (Mesocricetus), Myomorpha, 45

Hanseniella, Symphyla, 25

Hapale, Simiae, 44 *Hapaleniur, Prosimii, 44

Haplobothrioidea, 14

Haplobothriunu Haplobothrioidea, 14

Haplodiniiim, Dinoflagellata, 6

Haplodoci, 39

Haplomi, 37

Haplosclerina, 1 1

Haplosporidia, 8

Haplosporidiuin, Haplosporidia, 8

Haptophrya, Astomatida, 8

hare (Lepus), Lagomorpha, 45

— , jumping (Pedetes), Myomorpha, 45

Harpacticoida, 29

Harpacticus, Harpacticoida, 29 *Harpahts, Adephaga, 28

Hanimania, Enteropneusta, 34

Harn'otta, Holocephali. 36 *Ha)tmanneUa, Amoebina, 7

harvest spiders (Opiliones), 31

harvestmen (Opiliones), 31

Hatteria, see Sphenodon

hawk, sparrow (Accipiter), Falconiformes, 42

heart urchins (Spatangoida), 34

hedgehog {Erinaceus), Insectivora, 44

Hedn'ocystis, Heliozoa, 7 *Heleioporus, Procoela, 40 *Helicella, Basommatophora, 22

Helicosporidium, Sporozoa (end), 8 *Helina (-Aricia), Cyclorrhapha, 28

Heliocidaris, Echinoida, 33

Heliornis, Gruiformes, 42 *Heliothis, Ditrysia, 28

Heliothrips, Thysanoptera, 27

Heliozoa, 7

Helix, Stylommatophora. 22

htWocndtr (Cryptobranchus), Cryptobranchoidea, 40

helmet-shell {Cassis), Mesogastropoda, 22

Helminthomorpha, 25

Helobdella, Rhynchobdelhda, 24

Heloderma, Sauria, 41 *Heloecius, Reptantia, 31

Hemerobius, Planipennia, 28

Hemicentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Hemichordata, 34 *Hemichromis, Percoidea, 38

Hemicidaroida, 33 *Hemiclepsis, Rhynchobdellida, 24

Hemidactylus, Sauria, 41 * Hemifusus, Stenoglossa, 22

HEMIGRAPSUS

78

HOOPOE

*Hemigropsus, Reptantia, 3 1 Hemimerina, 27 Hemimerus, Hemimerina, 27 Hemimetabola, see Palaeoptera — , see Paraneoptera — , see Polyneoptera Hemimysis, Mysidacea, 30

*Hemiomscus, Isopoda, 30 Hemiptera, 27 Hemithyris, Rhynchonelloidea, 21

*Hemitripteriis, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Henicops, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Hennegitya, Myxosporidia, 8

Henrkia, Spinulosa, 34

Hepatoxylon, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Hepatozoon, Adeleidea, 7

Hepialiis, Monotrysia, 28

Heptabrachia, Thecanephria, 32

Heptatretus, Hyperotreti, 35

Heptranchias, Notidanoidea, 35 *Hermaea, Sacoglossa, 22

Hermesimim, Ebriideae, 6 *Hermione, Polychaeta, 24

hermit crab {Dardanus), Reptantia, 31

(Pagurus), Reptantia, 31

heron (Ardea), Ciconiiformes, 42

Herpestes, Fissipeda, 45

Herpobdella, see Erpobdella

herring (Cliipea), Clupeoidea, 36 *Hesperoctenes, Heteroptera, 27

Heterakis, Ascaridina, 1 8 *Heterandria, Microcyprini, 38

Heterocoela, 9

Heterocotylea, see Monogenea

Heterodera, Tylenchida, 1 8

Heterodontus, Squaloidea, 36

Heterokrohnia, Chaetognatha, 32

Heteromi, 37

Heteromyota, 23

Heteronemertina, 16

Heterophyes, Digenea, 14

Heteroptera, 27

Heterosomata, 39

Heterostigmata, 25

Heterotardigrada, 32 *Heteroteuthis, Decapoda, 23

Heterotrichida, 9

Heterotrichina, 9

Hexabothrium, Polystomatoidea, 14

Hexacrobylus, Aspiriculata, 35

Hexactinellida, 10

Hexadella, Homosclerophora, 10 *Hexagenia, Ephemeroptera, 26

* Hexagrammos ( =Labrax),

Scorpaenoidea, 39 Hexamastix, Metamonadina, 6 Hexamita, Distomatina, 7 Hexanchiformes, see Notidanoidea Hexapoda, see Insecta Hexarthra, Flosculariacea, 17 Hexasterophora, 10 Hexostoma, Diclidophoroidea, 13 *Hiatella ( = Saxicavd),

Eulamellibranchia, 23 Himantarium, Geophilomorpha, 25 Hippocampus, Solenichthyes, 38 *Hippodamia, Polyphaga, 28 Hippolyte, Natantia, 31 Hippomorpha, 46 Hipponoe, see Tripneustes Hippopotamus, Suiformes, 46 hippopotamus (Hippopotamus),

Suiformes, 46 Hippotragus, Ruminantia, 46 Hircinia, Keratosa, 10 Hirudinea, 24

Hirudo, Gnathobdellida, 24 Hirundo, Passeres, 43 Hister, Polyphaga, 28 Histomonas, Rhizomastigina, 7 * Histriobdella, Polychaeta, 24 hoatzin {Opisthocomus), Galliformes, 42 Hodotermes, Isoptera, 26 Hofstenia, AUoeocoela, 1 3 hog louse (Haematopinus), Anoplura, 27 Holasteroida, 34 Holectypoida, 33 *Holocentrus, Berycomorphi, 38 Holocephali, 36

Holometabola, see Oligoneoptera Holophrya, Rhabdophorina, 8 Holostei, 36 — , see Neopterygii Holothuria, Aspidochirota, 32 Holothuroidea, 32-33 Holotricha, 8-9 Homarus, Reptantia, 3 1 Homo, Simiae, 44 Homocoela, 9 Homoptera, 27 Homosclerophora, 10 honey bee (Apis), Apocrita, 29 honey guide (Indicator), Piciformes, 43 hookworm (Ancylo stoma), Strongylina, 18 — (A^eca/or), Strongylina, 18 hoopoe (Upupa), Coraciiformes, 43

HOPLIAS

79

IPHINOE

*Hoplias, Cyprinoidea, 37

Hoplocarida, 30

Hoplonemertina, 16

*Hoplosternuni, Siluroidea, 37

Hormiphora, Cydippida, 1 2

horn-bill (Buceros), Coraciiformes, 43

Honiera, Cyclostomata, 20

hornet (Vespa), Apocrita, 29

horny sponges (Keratosa), 10

horse (Equus), Hippomorpha, 46

horse fly (Tabaniis), Brachycera, 28

horse roundworm (Parascaris), Ascaridina, 18

horse stomach worm {Habronema), Spirurida, 18

horse-hair worms (Nematomorpha), 17

horse-mussel {Modiolus), Filibranchia, 22

horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus), Microchiroptera, 44

house fly (Mused), Cyclorrhapha, 28

house mouse (Mus), Myomorpha, 45

human louse (Pediculus), Anoplura, 27

humming-bird (Trochilus), Apodiformes, 43 *Huso, Chondrostei, 36

HutchinsonieUa, Cephalocarida, 29

Hyaena, Fissipeda, 45

hyaena, striped (Hyaena), Fissipeda, 45

Hy alone ma, Amphidiscophora, 10

Hyalospongiae, see Hexactinellida *Hyas, Reptantia, 31 *Hybernia, see Erannis

Hydatina, see Epiphanes

Hydra, Athecata, 1 1

Hydractinia, Athecata, 1 1

Hydrobates, Procellariiformes, 42 *Hydrobia, Mesogastropoda, 22

Hydiochoerus, Hystricomorpha, 45 *Hydroides, Polychaeta, 24

hydroids (Hydrozoa), 1 1

Hydromedusae, see Hydrozoa

Hydrophilus, Polyphaga, 28 *Hydropotes, Ruminantia, 46 * Hydropsy che, Trichoptera, 28

Hydrous, see Hydrophilus

Hydrozoa, 1 1

Hydrurus, Chrysomonadina, 6 *Hyemoschus, Ruminantia, 46

Hyla, Procoela, 40 *Hylambates, Diplasiocoela, 41 *Hylecoetus, Polyphaga, 28 *Hylemyia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Hylobates, Simiae, 44

Hylodes, see Eleutherodactylus

Hymenolepis, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Hymenoptera, 29

Hymenostomatida, 8

Hynobius, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Hyperia, Amphipoda, 30

Hypermastigina, see Metamonadina

Hyperoartii, 35 *Hyperoodon, Odontoceti, 45

Hyperotreti, 35 *Hypnarce, see Hypnos *Hypnos ( = Hypnarce), Narcobatoidea, 36

Hypocoma, Thigmotrichida, 9

Hypocomella, Thigmotrichida, 9

Hypogeophis, Gymnophiona, 41 *Hypomesus, Salmonoidea, 36 *Hypopomus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Hypostomides, 39

Hypotremata, 36

Hypotrichida, 9

Hypsibius, Eutardigrada, 32 * Hypsiprynmodon, Marsupialia, 44

Hyracoidea, 46

hyrax, tree (Dendrohyrax), Hyracoidea, 46

/f>'5//-/c/?/j', Dioctophymatina, 18

Hystricomorpha, 45

Hystrix, Hystricomorpha, 45

I

ibis (Threskiornis), Ciconiiformes, 42

Ichneumon, Apocrita, 29

ichneumon fly {Ichneumon), Apocrita, 29

{Nemeritis), Apocrita, 29

Ichthyomyzon, Hyperoartii, 35

Ichthyophis, Gymnophiona, 41

Ichthyophthirius, Tetrahymenina, 8

Icosteiformes, see Malacichthyes

Icosteus, Malacichthyes, 39

Idotea, Isopoda, 30

Iguana, Sauria, 41

iguana (Iguana), Sauria, 41

Ikeda, Heteromyota, 23

Ilyanassa, see Nassa

Inarticulata, 21

Incurvaria, Monotrysia, 28

Indian antelope (Antilope), Ruminantia, 46

Indian 'gharial' (Gavialis), Crocodylia, 41

Indicator, Piciformes, 43

Iniomi, 37

Insecta, 25-29

Insectivora, 44

lodamoeba, Amoebina, 7

lone, Isopoda, 30

Iphinoe, Cumacea, 30

IPHITA

80

LANGOUSTE

*Iphita, Heteroptera, 27

*Jps ( = Tomicits), Polyphaga, 28

Isopoda, 30

Isoptera, 26

Isospondyli, 36-37

Isospora, Eimeriidea, 7 *Isotoma, Arthropleona, 25

Ithone, Planipennia, 28

Ixodes, Acari, 3 1

jacamar (Galbula), Piciformes, 43

Jacana, Charadriiformes, 42

jackal (Canis), Fissipeda, 45

jaguar (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Jaguarius, see Panthera

Japyx, Diplura, 26

Jassa, Amphipoda, 30

Jasus, Reptantia, 3 1

jelly fish (Scyphozoa), 1 1-12

jerboa (Dipiis), Myomorpha, 45

jerboa pouched mouse (Antechmomys),

Marsupialia, 44 jigger (Tunga), Siphonaptera, 29 jird {Meriones), Myomorpha, 45 John Dory {Zeus), Zeomorphi, 38 Julida, 25 Juliformia, 25 Julus, Julida, 25

jumping hare (Pedetes), Myomorpha, 45 jumping mouse (Zapus), Myomorpha, 45 jumping plant louse (Psylla), Homoptera, 27

K

kagu (Rhynochetos), Gruiformes, 42 kala-azar (Leishmania), Protomonadina, 6 Kalotermes, Isoptera, 26 *Kaloula, Diplasiocoela, 41 Kamptozoa, see Entoprocta kangaroo (Bettongia), Marsupialia, 44

— (Macropus), Marsupialia, 44 Karyolysus, Adeleidea, 7 Keratella, Ploima, 1 7 Keratosa, 10

kestrel (Falco), Falconiformes, 42 keyhole limpet (Megathura),

Archaeogastropoda, 21 kidney worm, dog (Dioctophyme),

Dioctophymatina, 18 killer whale (Orcinus), Odontoceti, 45 killifish (Fundulus), Microcyprini, 38

— (Oryzias), Microcyprini, 38 king crabs (Xiphosura), 31

kingfisher (Alcedo), Coraciiformes, 43

kinkajou (Potos), Fissipeda, 45

Kinorhyncha, see Echinoderida

kiwis (Apterygiformes), 41

Klossia, Adeleidea, 7

koala (P/iascolarctos), Marsupialia, 44

Koenenia, Palpigradi, 3 1

Kolga, Elasipoda, 32

kreef (ya5W5), Reptantia, 31

krill (Euphausiacea), 30

Kurtoidea, 38

Kurt us, Kurtoidea, 38

Labia, Forficulina, 27

Labidoplax, Apoda, 33

Labidura, Forficulina, 27 *Labrax, see Dicentrarchus * — , see Hexagrammos *Labriis, Percoidea, 38

Lacazella, Thecideoidea, 21

Lacerta, Sauria, 41

Lacertilia, see Sauria

lacewing, brown (Hemerobius), Planipennia, 28

— , green (Chrysopa), Planipennia, 28 *Lacuna, Mesogastropoda, 22

lady bird (Coccinella), Polyphaga, 28 *Laevo!eacifia ( = Boltenia), Stylommatophora, 22

Laganina, 33

Lagamnn, Laganina, 33 *Lagidium ( = Viscaccia), Hystricomorpha, 45

Lagomorpha, 45 *Lagopus, Galliformes, 42

Lama, Tylopoda, 46

Lamellibranchia, see Bivalvia

Lamellisabella, Thecanephria, 32 *Lamna, Galeoidea, 36

Lamniformes, see Galeoidea

Lampanyctus, Myctophoidea, 37

Lampetra, Hyperoartii, 35

lampreys (Hyperoartii), 35

Lampridiformes, see AUotriognathi

Lampris, AUotriognathi, 38 *Lampyris, Polyphaga, 28

lancelet (Branchiostomd), Cephalochordata, 35

land snail (Helix), Stylommatophora, 22

land-slug (Arion), Stylommatophora, 22

— (Limax), Stylommatophora, 22

langouste (Palinurus), Reptantia, 31

LANGUR

81

UCE

langur (Presbytis), Simiae, 44

lantern fly (Phenax), Homoptera, 27

lantern-fish (Lampanyctiis), Myctophoidea, 37

— (Myctophian), Myctophoidea, 37

large roundworm (Ascaris), Ascaridina, 1 8

lark (Alauda), Passeres, 43

Laro-Limicolae, see Charadriiformes

Larus, Charadriiformes, 42

Larvacea, 35 *Lascoderma, see Lasiodenna *Lasioderma, Polyphaga, 28 *Lasius, Apocrita, 29 *Laspeyresia ( = Carpocapsa), Ditrysia, 28 *Lateolabrax, Percoidea, 38

Latimeria, Actinistia, 40 *Latreutes, Natantia, 3 1

Lati'odectus, Araneae, 3 1

Laura, Ascothoracica, 30

leaf eelworm (Aphelenchoides), Tylenchida, 18

leaf-hopper (Empoasca), Homoptera,[27

— , sugar cane (Perkinsiella), Homoptera, 27

leaf-insect (Phyllium), Phasmida, 26

Leander, see Palaemoii

leathery turtle (Dermochelys), Cryptodira, 41

Lebistes, Microcyprini, 38

Lecane, Ploima, 1 7

Lecanicephala, 16

Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Lecanicephalum, Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Lecudina, Eugregarina, 7

leech, amphibious (Trocheta), Gnathobdellida, 24

leeches (Hirudinea), 24 *Leifnonia { = Limonia), Ditrysia, 28

Leiopebna, Amphicoela, 40 *Leipoa ( =Lipoa), Galliformes, 42

Leishmania, Protomonadina, 6

lemming (Lemmus), Myomorpha, 45

Lemmus, Myomorpha, 45

Lemur, Prosimii, 44

lemur, common (Lemur), Prosimii, 44

— , flying (Cynocephalus), Dermoptera, 44

Lemuroidea, see Prosimii

Lensia, Siphonophora, 1 1

Leo, see Panthera

leopard (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Lepadella, Ploima, 1 7

Lepadogaster, Xenopterygii, 39

Lepas, Thoracica, 30

Lepidochiton, Chitonida, 21 Lepidochitona, see Lepidochiton *Lepidononotus, Polychaeta, 24 Lepidopleurida, 21 Lepidopleurus, Lepidopleurida, 21 Lepidoptera, 28 Lepidopus, Trichiuroidea, 38 *Lepidorhim(s, see Centrophorus Lepidosiren, Dipnoi, 40 Lepidosteus, see Lepisosteus Lepidurus, Notostraca, 29 Lepisma, Thysanura, 26 Lepisosteiformes, see Ginglymodi Lepisosteus, Ginglymodi, 36 Leptasterias, Forcipulata, 34 Leptinotarsa, Polyphaga, 28 Leptocardii, see Cephalochordata Leptochelia, Tanaidacea, 30 *Leptodius, Reptantia, 3 1 Leptodora, Cladocera, 29 *Leptograpsus, Reptantia, 3 1 Leptomedusae, see Thecata Leptomonas, Protomonadina, 6 *Leptophlebia, Ephemeroptera, 26 Leptostraca, 30 Leptosynapta, Apoda, 33 Leptotheca, Myxosporidia, 8 Lepus, Lagomorpha, 45 — , see Oryctolagus Lernaea, Cyclopoida, 29 — , see Lernaeocera Lernaeocera, Caligoida, 29 — , see Lernaea *Lernaeodiscus, Rhizocephala, 30 Lernaeopodoida, 30 lesser anteater (Tamandua), Edentata, 44 lesser octopus (Eledone), Octopoda, 23 Lestes, Zygoptera, 26 Lestris, see Stercorarius Leucandra, see Leuconia *Leucichthys, Salmonoidea, 36 Leucilla, Heterocoela, 9 *Leuciscus, Cyprinoidea, 37 *Leuckartiara ( = Turris), Athecata, 1 1 Leucocytozoon, Haemosporidia, 8 Leuconia, Heterocoela, 9 *Leucophaea, Blattodea, 26 *Leucorrhinia, Anisoptera, 26 Leucosolenia, Homocoela, 9 Leucothea, Lobata, 1 2 LiheUuhi, Anisoptera, 26 *Libinia, Reptantia, 31 lice (Phthiraptera), 27

LICE, BITING

82

LOUSE, ELEPHANT

lice, biting (Mallophaga), 27

— , book (Psocoptera), 27

— , sucking (Anoplura), 27

Lichenopora, Cyclostomata, 20

Licnophora, Licnophorina, 9

Licnophorina, 9

Ligia, Isopoda, 30

Ligiila, Pseudophyllidea, 14

lily trotter (Jacana), Charadriiformes, 42

Limacitm, Pteropoda, 22

Limacomorpha, see Glomeridesmida

Limanda, Heterosomata, 39

LUnapontia, Sacoglossa, 22

Umax, Stylommatophora, 22

Limicolae, 24 (footnote)

Limtmdia, Conchostraca, 29

Linmaea, see Lymnaea

Linmephilus, Trichoptera, 28

Limnocnida, Limnomedusae, 1 1 *Limnodnlus, Oligochaeta, 24 *Lmmodynastes, Procoela, 40

Limnomedusae, 1 1

Limnoha, Isopoda, 30 *Limonia, Nematocera, 28 * — , see Leimonia *Limosa, Charadriiformes, 42

limpet (Acmaea), Archaeogastropoda, 21

— (Patella), Archaeogastropoda, 21

— , fresh-water (Ancylus), Basommatophora, 22

— , keyhole (Megathura), Archaeogastropoda, 21

— , slipper (Crepidula), Mesogastropoda, 22

limpkin (Aramiis), Gruiformes, 42

Limulida, see Xiphosura

Linmlus, Xiphosura, 3 1 *Lina, see Melasoma

Linens, Heteronemertina, 1 6

Linguatula, Porocephalida, 32

Lingula, Atremata, 21 Linogriathus, Anoplura, 27 Linuche, Coronatae, 1 1

lion (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45 — , Californian sea (Zalophus),

Pinnipedia, 46 — , mountain (Felis), Fissipeda, 45 — , sea (Otaria), Pinnipedia, 46 Liopelma, see Leiopelma *Liopeltis, Serpen tes, 41 Lipeurus, Mallophaga, 27 *Lipoa, see Leipoa Lipotropha, Schizogregarina, 7 Liriope, Trachymedusae, 1 1

Lirus, Stromateoidea, 38

Lithobiomorpha, 25

Lithobius, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Lithodes, Reptantia, 3 1

*Litomastix, Apocrita, 29

Littorina, Mesogastropoda, 22

liver fluke, cattle and sheep (Dicrocoelium), Digenea, 14

(Fasciola), Digenea, 14

lizard, green (Lacerta), Sauria. 41

— , wall (Lacerta), Sauria, 41

lizard-fish (Synodus), Myctophoidea, 37

lizards (Sauria), 41

llama (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

Loa, Spirurida, 18

Lobata, 12

lobster (Homarus), Reptantia, 3 1

— , Norway (Nephrops), Reptantia, 31

— , rock (Panulims), Reptantia, 3 1

locust (Locusta), Caelifera, 27

— (Schistocerca), Caelifera, 27

— , grouse (Tetrix), Caelifera, 27

Locusta, Caelifera, 27

loggerhead sponge (Spheciospongia), Astrosclerophora, 10

Loligo, Decapoda, 23 *Lomechusa, Polyphaga, 28

long necked turtle (Chelodina), Pleurodira, 41

longhorned grasshoppers (Ensifera), 26

Lophiiformes, see Pediculati

Lophioidea, 39

Lophiomys, Myomorpha, 45

Lophius, Lophioidea, 39

Lophogaster, Mysidacea, 30 *Lophohelia, Scleractinia, 12

Lophomonas, Metamonadina, 6 *Lophopanopeus, Reptantia, 3 1

Lophopoda, see Phylactolaemata

Lophoproctus, Polyxenida, 24 *Lophortyx, Galliformes, 42 *Lophosaura, see Microsaiira *Loricaria, Siluroidea, 37

Loricata, see Crocodylia

— , see Polyplacophora

Loricati, see Scleroparei

Loris, Prosimii, 44

loris (Loris), Prosimii, 44 '''Lota, Anacanthini, 38 *Lottia, Archaeogastropoda, 21

louse, crab (Phthirus), Anoplura, 27

— , elephant (Haematomyzus), Rhynchophthirina, 27

LOUSE, FOWL

83

MARGARODES

louse, fowl (Lipeurus), Mallophaga, 27 — , hog (Haematopinus), Anoplura, 27 — , human (Pediculus), Anoplura, 27 — , jumping plant (Psylla), Homoptera, 27 — , plant (Aphis), Homoptera, 27 — , shaft (Menopon), Mallophaga, 27 — , whale (Cyamus), Amphipoda, 30

*Loxia, Passeres, 43 Loxocalyx, Loxosomatidae, 20 Loxodonta, Proboscidea, 46 Loxosotna, Loxosomatidae, 20 Loxosomatidae, 20

*Loxostege, Ditrysia, 28 Lucaniis, Polyphaga, 28 Lucernaria, Stauromedusae, 1 1 lucerne flea {Sminthunts), Symphypleona, 25

*Lucifuga, Ophidioidea, 38 Lucilia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

*Luciola, Polyphaga, 28

*LuciopimeIodiis, Siluroidea, 37 lugworm (Arenicola), Polychaeta, 24 Luidia, Phanerozona, 34

*Lumbriciilus, Oligochaeta, 24 Lumbricus, OUgochaeta, 24 lung fluke {Paragoninms), Digenea, 14 lung nematode (7?/?oW/fl5), Rhabditina, 17 lung-fishes (Dipnoi), 40 lungworm {Dictyocaulus), Strongylina, 1 8

— (Metastrongylus), Strongylina, 18

— (Miiellerius), Strongylina, 18 Lutra, Fissipeda, 45

*Lycoteuthis, Decapoda, 23 *Lygaeus, Heteroptera, 27 *Lygosoma, Sauria, 41 *Lygus, Heteroptera, 27

Lyniantn'a, Ditrysia, 28

Lymnaea, Basommatophora, 22

Lyomeri, 37

lyre-bird (Menura), Menurae, 43 *Lysiphlebus, see Aphidius

Lytechiniis, Temnopleuroida, 33

M

Macaca, Simiae, 44

macaque {Macaco), Simiae, 44

Machadoella, Schizogregarina, 7

Machilis, Thysanura, 26

mackerel {Scomber), Scombroidea, 38

Macracanthorhynchiis,

Archiacanthocephala, 20 Macrobdella, Gnathobdellida, 24 Macrobiotus, Eutardigrada, 32

Macrobrachium, Natantia, 3 1 * Macrocentrus, Apocrita, 29 * Macrocephalon { = Megacephalum), Galliformes, 42

Macrochires, see Apodiformes

Macrodasyoidea, 17 *Macroglossa, Ditrysia, 28

Macrognathiis, Opisthomi, 39 *Macronema, Trichoptera, 28

Macropus, Marsupialia, 44

Macrorhamphosus, Solenichthyes, 38

Macroscelides, Insectivora, 44 *Macrosiphiim, Homoptera, 27

Macrostonnuu, Rhabdocoela, 13

Macrounis, Anacanthini, 38

Macruriformes, see Anacanthini *Mactra, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Madrepora, Scleractinia, 12

Magellania, Terebratelloidea, 21

Magelona, Polychaeta, 24

Magicicada, Homoptera, 27

Maia, Reptantia, 3 1

mail-cheeked fishes (Scleroparei), 39

Malacichthyes, 39 *Malaclemys, Cryptodira, 41

Ma/acoMf/Za, Bdellonemertina, 17 *Malacocephalus, Anacanthini, 38

Malacocotylea, see Digenea

Malacopterygii, see Isospondyli *Malacosoma, Ditrysia, 28

Malacostraca, 30-31

Malapterurus, Siluroidea, 37

malaria {Plasmodium), Haemosporidia, 8

Malayan gavial {Tomistoma), Crocodylia, 41

Maldane, Polychaeta, 24

Mallomonas, Chrysomonadina, 6

Mallophaga, 27

Mammalia, 43-46

man {Homo), Simiae, 44

manatee {Trichechus), Sirenia, 46 *Mandrillus, Simiae, 44

maned rat {Lophiomys), Myomorpha, 45

mangabey {Cercocebus), Simiae, 44

Manis, Pholidota, 44

mantids (Mantodea), 26

Mantis, Mantodea, 26

mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda), 30

Mantispa, Planipennia, 28

Mantodea, 26

Manx shearwater, 42 (footnote) *Margaritana, Eulamelhbranchia, 23 *Margarodes, Homoptera, 27

MARICOLA

84

MICROPODIFORMES

Maricola, 13

marmoset (Hapale), Simiae, 44

marmot (Marmota), Sciuromorpha, 45

Marmota, Sciuromorpha, 45 Marsipobranchii, 35

marsupial frog (Gastrotheca), Procoela, 40 Marsupialia, 44

marten {Mattes), Fissipeda, 45

Martes, Fissipeda, 45

Marthasterias, Forcipulata, 34

Mastacembeliformes, see Opisthomi

Mastacembelus, Opisthomi, 39

Mastigamoeba, Rhizomastigina, 7 *Mastigias, Rhizostomae, 12

Mastigophora, 6-7

Mastigoproctus, Uropygi, 3 1

Mastomys, Myomorpha, 45

Mastotermes, Isoptera, 26

matamata (Chelus), Pleurodira, 41

may-flies (Ephemeroptera), 26 *Mazama, Ruminantia, 46

Mazocraes, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

mealworm (Tenebn'o), Polyphaga, 28

Meandrina, Scleractinia, 1 2

Meantes, 40

Mecistocephahis, Geophilomorpha, 25

Mecoptera, 28

medaka {Oryzias), Microcyprini, 38

medusae (Hydrozoa), 1 1 *MegacephaIum, see Macrocephalon

Megachiroptera, 44

Megalobatrachiis, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Megalops, Clupeoidea, 36

Megaloptera, 27

Meganyctiphanes, Euphausiacea, 30

megapode (Megapodius), Galliformes, 42

Megapodius, Galliformes, 42 *Megaptera, Mysticeti, 45

Megathura, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Megophrys, Anomocoela, 40

Melanocetus, Ceratioidea, 39 *Melanoplus, Caelifera, 27 *Melanotus, Polyphaga, 28 * Melasoma {=Lina), Polyphaga, 28

Meleagn's, Galliformes, 42

Meles, Fissipeda, 45

Melicerta, see Floscularia *Melittobia, Apocrita, 29

Mellita, Scutellina, 33 *Melo ( = Cymbium), Stenoglossa, 22

Meloidogyne, Tylenchida, 1 8 *Melolontha, Polyphaga, 28

Melophagus, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Melopsittacus, Psittaciformes, 43

Membranipora, Cheilostomata, 20 *Menippe, Reptantia, 3 1

Menopon, Mallophaga, 27

Menura, Menurae, 43

Menurae, 43 *Mergus, Anseriformes, 42

Meriones, Myomorpha, 45

Merluccius, Anacanthini, 38

Me/-w/5, Dorylaimina, 18

Mermithoidea, 18

Merocystis, Eimeriidea, 7

Merogregarina, Archigregarina, 7

Merops, Coraciiformes, 43

Merostomata, 31 *Mesidotea, Isopoda, 30

Mesocestoides, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Mesocricetus, Myomorpha, 45

Mesoenas, Gruiformes, 42

Mesogastropoda, 22

Mesonemertina, see Palaeonemertina

Mesoplodon, Odontoceti, 45

Mesothuria, Aspidochirota, 32

Mesozoa, 9

Mespilia, Temnopleuroida, 33 *Messor, Apocrita, 29

Metabola, see Pterygota *Metachirus, Marsupialia, 44

Metacrinus, Articulata, 32

Metamonadina, 6

Metastrongylus, Strongylina, 1 8

Metatheria, 44

Metopidia, see Lepadella

Mf /nVZ/ww, Actiniaria, 12

Mexican digger toad (Rhinophrynus), Procoela, 40

Micwbisium, Pseudoscorpiones, 3 1

Microchiroptera, 44

Microchordeuma, Nematophora, 25

Microciona, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Microcotyle, Diclidophoroidea, 1 3

Microcyema, Dicyemida, 9

Microcyprini, 38

Microdina, see Philodinavus *Microdipodops, Sciuromorpha, 45

Microgromia, Testacea, 7

Microhyla, Diplasiocoela, 41 *Microt7}ys, Myomorpha, 45 *Micronecta, Heteroptera, 27 *Microneniatus, see Pristiphora *Microphis, Solenichthyes, 38

Micropleura, Spirurida, 1 8

Micropodiformes, see Apodiformes

MICROPOGON

85

MOTMOT

*Micropogoii, Percoidea, 38 *Micropterus, Percoidea, 38

Micropteryx. Zeugloptera, 28

Micropus, see Apus *Microsaura (—Lophosaura), Sauria, 41

Microsclerophora, see Homosclerophora

Microsporidia. 8 *Microsto/num, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Microthelyphonida. see Palpigradi

Microtiis, Myomorpha, 45

micro-whip scorpions (Palpigradi), 31

midge, pear (Contarinia), Nematocera, 28

midwife toad (Alytes), Opisthocoela, 40 ' *Miliola, Foraminifera, 7

Millepora, Athecata, 1 1

miller's thumb (Cottus). Scorpaenoidea, 39

millipedes (Diplopoda), 24-25

Milnesium, Eutardigrada, 32

mink (Mustela). Fissipeda, 45 - minnow (Phoxif Ills). Cyprinoidea, 37

Miripinnati, 37

Mirounga, Pinnipedia, 46

mite (Acarus), Acari, 31

— (Dermanyssus), Acari, 3 1

— {Pyemotes), Acari, 3 1

— (Trombicula), Acari, 3 1 *Mithrax, Reptantia, 3 1

Mnemiopsis, Lobata, 12

Modiolus, Filibranchia, 22

Moina, Cladocera, 29

Mola, Tetraodontoidea, 39 *Molaima, Trichoptera, 28

mole, common old world (Talpa), Insectivora. 44

— , eastern (Scalopus), Insectivora, 44

— , golden (Chrysochloris), Insectivora, 44

mole cricket (Gryl/otalpa), Ensifera, 26

mole mouse (Mystromys), Myomorpha, 45

mole rat (Spalax), Myomorpha, 45

mole salamander (Ambystomd), Ambystomoidea, 40

Molgula. Stolidobranchiata, 35

Mollusca. 21-23 *Molothrus ( = Agelaioides), Passeres, 43

Molpadia. Molpadonia, 33

Molpadonia, 33

Momotus. Coraciiformes, 43 *Monas, Protomonadina, 6

Monaxonida, 1 1 * Monetaria ( = Aricia),

Mesogastropoda, 22

mongoose (Heipestes), Fissipeda, 45

Monhystera, Chromadorida, 1 8 Monhysteroidea, 19 *Moniezia, Cyclophyllidea, 14 Moniliformis, Archiacanthocephala, 20 monkey, spider (A teles), Simiae, 44 — , squirrel (Saimiri), Simiae, 44 monkeys, African tree (Cercopitheciis),

Simiae, 44 Monocelis, AUoeocoela, 1 3 Monocentris, Berycomorphi, 38 Monocercomonas, Metamonadina, 6 Monocystis. Eugregarina, 7 Monodella, Thermosbaenacea, 30 Monogenea, 13-14 Monogononta, 17 Monomastigocystis, Heliozoa, 7 Mononchus, Enoplina, 1 8 Monopisthocotylea, 13 Monoplacophora, 21 Monoraphis, Amphidiscophora, 10 Monosiga, Protomonadina, 6 Monostyla, Ploima, 1 7 Monostylifera, 16

Monotocardia, see Mesogastropoda Monotremata, 43 Monotrysia, 28 Monstrilla, Monstrilloida, 29 Monstrilloida, 29

moon rat (Echinosorex), Insectivora, 44 moon-fish (Lampris), AUotriognathi, 38 moose {Alces), Ruminantia, 46 moray (Muraena), Apodes, 37 *Mormoniella, Apocrita, 29 Mormyroidea, 37 Morone, Percoidea, 38 Moschus, Ruminantia, 46 mosquito (Anopheles), Nematocera, 28 — (Culex), Nematocera, 28 *Motacilla, Passeres, 43 *Motella, see Gaidropsarus moth, atlas (Attacus), Ditrysia, 28 — , bag-worm (Pi>'c//e), Ditrysia, 28 — , clothes (Tinea), Ditrysia, 28 — , death's head hawk (Acherontia),

Ditrysia, 28 — , ghost (Hepialus), Monotrysia, 28 — , gipsy (Lymaniria), Ditrysia, 28 — , goat (Cossiis), Ditrysia, 28 — , pine shoot (Evetria), Ditrysia, 28 — , silk (Bombyx), Ditrysia, 28 — , wax (Gallerid), Ditrysia, 28 moths, flour (Ephestia), Ditrysia, 28 motmot (Momotus), Coraciiformes, 43

MOUNTAIN BEAVER

86

NECKLACE-SHELL

mountain beaver (Aplodontia),

Sciuromorpha, 45 mountain lion (Felis), Fissipeda, 45 mouse, deer (Peromyscus), Myomorpha, 45 — , house (Mus), Myomorpha, 45 — , jerboa pouched (Antechinomys),

MarsupiaUa, 44 — , jumping (Zapus), Myomorpha, 45 — , mole (Mystromys), Myomorpha, 45 — , wood (Apodemus), Myomorpha, 45 mouse birds (Coliiformes), 43 mouse pinworm (Aspiciiluris),

Ascaridina, 18 — threadworm (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 18 Mrazekia, Microsporidia, 8 mud-eel {Siren), Meantes, 40 mud-minnow {Umbra), Haplomi, 37 mud-puppy {Necturus), Proteida, 40 mwd-skx^^QY {Periophthalmus),

Gobioidea, 38 Muelleriiis, Strongylina, 1 8 Muggiaea, Siphon ophora, 1 1 Mugil, Mugiloidea, 38 Mugiloidea, 38 *MuUnia, Eulamellibranchia, 23 mullets, grey (Mugiloidea), 38 multimammate rat {Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45 *Munida, Reptantia, 31 Muraena, Apodes, 37 Murex, Stenoglossa, 22 *Murgantia, Heteroptera, 27 Mus, Myomorpha, 45 Musca, Cyclorrhapha, 28 Muscardinus, Myomorpha, 45 musk deer (Moschus), Ruminantia, 46 musk ox (Ovibos), Ruminantia, 46 muskrat {Ondatra), Myomorpha, 45 Musophaga, Cuculiformes, 43 mussel {Mytihis), Filibranchia, 22 — , horse- {Modiolus), Filibranchia, 22 — , pearl- {Unio), Eulamellibranchia, 23 — , swan- {Anodonta), Eulamellibranchia, 23 Mustela, Fissipeda, 45 Mustelus, Galeoidea, 36 Mya, Eulamellibranchia, 23 Myctophoidea, 37 MyctopJwm, Myctophoidea, 37 *Myliobatis, Batoidea, 36 Myocastor, Hystricomorpha, 45 Myodocopa, 29 Myomorpha, 45 Myosoma, Pedicellinidae, 20

Myotis, Microchiroptera, 44 *Myoxocephalus, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Myoxus, see Glis

Myrientomata, see Protura

Myrmecophaga, Edentata, 44

Myrmeleon, Planipennia, 28 *Myrmica, Apocrita, 29

Mysidacea, 30

Mysis, Mysidacea, 30

Mystacocarida, 30

Mysticeti, 45

Mystromys, Myomorpha, 45

Mytilus, Filibranchia, 22

Myxidium, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxilla, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Myxine, Hyperotreti, 35

Myxini, see Hyperotreti

Myxobolus, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxochloris, Xanthomonadina, 6

Myxosoma, Myxosporidia, 8

Myxospongida, 10

Myxosporidia, 8

Myzostoma, Myzostomaria, 24

Myzostomaria, 24

N

nagana {Trypanosoma), Protomonadina, 6

Naja, Serpentes, 41

Narcacion, see Torpedo *Narcine, Narcobatoidea, 36

Narcobatoidea, 36

Narcobatus, see Torpedo

Narcomedusae, 1 1

Nassa, Stenoglossa, 22 *Nassarius, Stenoglossa, 22

Nassula, Cyrtophorina, 8 *Nasua, Fissipeda, 45 * Natalobatraehus, see Phrynobatrachus

Natantia, 31

Natica, Mesogastropoda, 22

'native cat' {Dasywus), MarsupiaUa, 44

Matrix, Serpentes, 41

Nausithoe, Coronatae, 1 1

Nautilus, Tetrabranchia, 23

nautilus, paper- {Argonauta), Octopoda, 23

— , pearly- {Nautilus), Tetrabranchia, 23 *Neanthes, Polychaeta, 24

Nebalia, Nebaliacea, 30

Nebaliacea, 30

Nebela, Testacea, 7

Necator, Strongylina, 18

necklace-shell {Natica), Mesogastropoda, 22

— {Strombus), Mesogastropoda, 22

NECTONEMA

87

NYROCA

Nectonenia, Nectonematoidea, 1 7 Nectonematoidea, 17 Nectonemertes, Polystylifera, 1 6 *Nectophrynoides, Procoela, 40 Necturus, Proteida, 40 Neehis, Symphypleona, 25 Nemata, see Nematoda Nemathelminthes, 17 (footnote) Nematocera, 28

Nematocystida, see Cnidosporidia Nematoda, 17-18 *Nematodimiim, Dinoflagellata, 6 Nematognathi, see Siluroidea Nematomorpha, 17 Nematophora, 25 Nematus, Symphyta, 29 Nemeritis, Apocrita, 29 Nemertina, 16-17 Ne/riobii/s, Ensifera, 26 Nemoina, Plecoptera, 26 Neoceratodus, Dipnoi, 40 Neodasys, Chaetonotoidea, 1 7 Neoechinorhynchus, Eoacanthocephala, 20 Neogastropoda, see Stenoglossa Neolampas, Nucleolitoida, 33 Neomenia, Neomeniomorpha, 21 Neomeniomorpha, 21

Neopilina, Tryblidiacea, 21 Neoptera. 26-29

Neopterygii, 36-40

Neosporidia, see Cnidosporidia

Neotennes, Tsoptera, 26

Neotremata, 21 *Neoturns ( = Turris), Athecata, 1 1 *Nepa, Heteroptera, 27

Nephelis, see Erpobdella *Nephelopteryx, Plecoptera, 26

Nephrops, Reptantia. 3 1

Nephthys, Polychaeta, 24 *Neptiwea, Stenoglossa, 22

Nereis, Polychaeta, 24

Nerilla, Archiannelida, 24

Nerita, Archaeogastropoda, 21 *Nentina, Archaeogastropoda, 21 *Nerocila, Tsopoda. 30 *Nerophis, Solenichthyes, 38

Nestor, Psittaciformes, 43

Neuroptera, 27-28

New Zealand frog (Leiopelma), Amphicoela, 40

newt (Tritiirus), Salamandroidea, 40

— , eastern (Dieinictylus), Salamandroidea, 40

newt, pleurodele (Pleurodeles),

Salamandroidea, 40 nightjar (Caprinmlgus), Caprimulgiformes, 43 *Niphargus, Amphipoda, 30 *Nippostrongyliis, Strongylina, 18 Nippotaenia, Nippotaenoidea, 14 Nippotaeniidea, 16 Nippotaenoidea, 14 Noah's ark shell {Area),

Filibranchia, 22 Noctiluea, Dinoflagellata, 6 *Noctua ( =Phalaena), Ditrysia, 28 nodular worm (Oesophagostonium),

Strongylina, 18 Nomeus, Stromateoidea, 38 Norway lobster (Nephrops),

Reptantia, 31 Nosema, Microsporidia, 8 *Nosopsyllus, Siphonaptera, 29 Notacanthiformes, see Heteromi Notacanthus, Heteromi, 37 Notaspidea, 22

Nothoprocta, Tinamiformes, 41 Nothura, Tinamiformes, 41 Notidanoidea, 35 Notidanus, Notidanoidea, 35 Notodelphyoida, 29 *Notomastus, Polychaeta, 24 Notommata, Ploima, 17 Notonecta, Heteroptera, 27 Notoplana, Acotylea, 1 3 Notoptera, see Grylloblattodea Notopteroidea, 37 Notopterus, Notopteroidea, 37 *Notornis, Gruiformes, 42 *Notoryetes, Marsupialia, 44 *Notostira, Heteroptera, 27 Notostraca, 29 Nototrema, see Gastrotheca *NuceUa {^Purpura), Stenoglossa, 22 Nucleolitoida, 33 Nucula, Protobranchia,''22 Nuda,9-10, 13 Nudibranchia, 22 *A^///J7e/?/w5, Charadriiformes,'42 Nuinida, Galliformes, 42 Nivmmdites, Foraminifera,^7 nut-shell (Nucula), Protobranchia, 22 *Nycticebus, Prosimii, 44 Nymphon, Nymphonomorpha, 32 Nymphonomorpha, 32 *Nyroca, see Aythya

OBELIA

88

ORTHOMORPHA

O

Obelia, Thecata, 1 1

Ocenebra, Stenoglossa, 22

Ochetostoma, Echiuroinea, 23

Ochotona, Lagomorpha, 45

Ochromonas, Chrysomonadina, 6

Octocorallia, 12

Octopoda, 23

Octopus^ Octopoda, 23

octopus {Octopus), Octopoda, 23

— , lesser (Eledone), Octopoda, 23

Octospinifer, Eoacanthocephala, 20 *Ocypode, Reptantia, 31

Odoberms, Pinnipedia, 46 *Odocoileus, Ruminantia, 46

Odonata. 26

Odontaspis, Galeoidea, 36

Odontoceti, 45

Odontopyge. Spirostreptida, 25

Odontostomatida, see Ctenostomatida *Odontosyllis, Polychaeta, 24

Oecanthiis, Ensifera, 26 *Oedemia, see Oideniia

Oesophagostomum, Strongylina, 1 8

Oicomonas, Chrysomonadina, 6 *Oidemia ( = Oedemid), Anseriformes, 42

Oikopleura, Copelata, 35

oil bird (Steatornis), Caprimulgiformes, 43

Oiphysa, Homoptera, 27

okapi iOkapid), Ruminantia, 46

Okapia, Ruminantia, 46

Oligobrachia, Athecanephria, 32

Oligochaeta, 24

Oligolophiis, Opiliones, 3 1

Oligoneoptera, 27-29

OUgotoma, Embioptera, 27

Oligotrichida, 9

OUndias, Limnomedusae, 1 1

olm {Proteus), Proteida, 40

Olympic salamander {RJivacotn'ton), Ambystomoidea, 40 *Ommastrephes { = Oinmatostrephes),

Decapoda, 23 *Ommatostrephes, see Onvnastrephes *Onchidella, see Oncidiella *Onchidium, see Oncidium

Onchidoris, Nudibranchia, 22

Onchocerca, Spirurida, 18

Oncicola, Archiacanthocephala, 20 *Oncidiella { — Onchidella), Stylommatophora, 22 ^Oncidium { = Onchidium), Stylommatophora, 22

*Oiicopeltus, Heteroptera, 27 *Oncorhynchus, Salmonoidea, 36

Ondatra, Myomorpha, 45

Oniscomorpha, see Glomerida *Oniscus, Isopoda, 30 *Onos, see Gaidropsarus

Onychophora, 24 *Ooencyrtus, Apocrita, 29

Opalina, Opalinina, 7

Opalinina, 7

Ophelia, Polychaeta, 24

Ophiactis, Ophiurae, 34

Ophicephaloidea, see Channoidea

Ophicephahis, see Channa

Ophidia, see Serpentes

Ophidioidea, 38

Ophiocomina, Ophiurae, 34 *Ophiodon, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Ophiopholis, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiopsila, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiothrix, Ophiurae, 34 '''Ophisaurus, Sauria, 41

Ophiura, Ophiurae, 34

Ophiurae, 34

Ophiuraespira, Apostomatida, 8

Ophiuroidea, 34

Ophryocystis, Schizogregarina, 7

Ophryoscolex, Entodiniomorphida, 9 *Ophyra, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Opiliones, 31

Opisthandria, see Pentazonia

Opisthobranchia, 22

Opisthocoela, 40

Opisthocomus, Galliformes, 42

Opisthomi, 39 * Opisthophthahnus, Scorpiones, 31

opossum, American {Didelphis), Marsupialia, 44

opossum-shrimps (Mysidacea), 30

Opsanus, Haplodoci, 39

orang {Pongo), Simiae, 44 *Orasema, Apocrita, 29 *Orbinia {=Aricia), Polychaeta, 24

Orchesella, Arthropleona, 25

Orcinus, Odontoceti, 45

Orectolobus, Galeoidea, 36

oriental sore {Leishmania), Protomonadina, 6

ormer {Haliotis), Archaeogastropoda, 21

Ornithodoros, Acari, 31

Ornithorhynchus, Monotremata, 43

Orthagoriscus, see Mola

Orthomorpha, Polydesmida, 25

ORTHONECTTOA

89

PARASCARIS

Orthonectida, 9

Orthoptera, 26-27

Orya, Geophilomorpha, 25

Orycteropus, Tubulidentata, 46 *Oryctes, Polyphaga, 28

Oryctolagus, Lagomorpha, 45

Oryzias, Microcyprini, 38

Oscanius, see Pleurobranchus

Oscarella, Homosclerophora, 10

Oscinella, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Oscines, see Passeres *Osilinus, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Osmerus, Salmonoidea, 36 *Osphronemus, Anabantoidea, 38

osprey (Pandion), Falconiformes, 42

Ostariophysi, 37

Osteichthyes, see Pisces

Osteoglossoidea, 36

Ostertagia, Strongylina, 18

Ostracoda, 29

Ostrea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

ostriches (Struthioniformes), 41

Otaria, Pinnipedia, 46

Otis, Gruiformes, 42

Otomesostoma, Alloeocoela, 1 3

Otostigmus, Scolopendromorpha, 25

otter {Lutra), Fissipeda, 45 *Otus, Strigiformes, 43

ovenbird (Furnarius), Tyranni,'43

Ovibos, Ruminantia, 46

Ovis, Ruminantia, 46

Owenia, Polychaeta, 24

owls (Strigiformes), 43

ox, musk (Ovibos), Ruminantia, 46

Oxidus, Polydesmida, 25 *Oxycarenus, Heteroptera, 27 *Oxynotus ( = Centrina), Squaloidea, 36

Oxytricha, Hypotrichida, 9 *Oxyuris, Ascaridina, 18

Oxyuroidea, 19

oyster (Ostrea), Eulamellibranchia, 23

— , saddle- (Anomid), Filibranchia, 22

Pachybolus, Spirobolida, 25 '''Pachygrapsus, Reptantia, 3 1

Pachyiulus, Julida, 25

Pachypalaminus, Cryptobranchoidea, 40

Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodori), Ambystomoidea, 40

paddle-fish (Polyodon), Chondrostei, 36 *Pagrosomus, Percoidea, 38 *Paguristes, Reptantia, 3 1

Pagurus, Reptantia, 3 1

— , see Dardanus

painted frog (Discoglossus), Opisthocoela, 40

Palaeacanthocephala, 20

Palaemon, Natantia, 31

— , see Macrobrachium

Palaeonemertina, 16

Palaeoptera, 26

— , see Paraneoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

Palaeopterygii, 36

Palinurus, Reptantia, 3 1

Palmipes, see Anseropoda

Palpigradi, 3 1

Paludicola, 13

Paludina, see Viviparus

/'a/j/Z/ofl, Zoanthiniaria, 12

Pan, Simiae, 44

Panagrellus, Rhabditina, 1 7

Pancarida, 30

panda (Ailurus), Fissipeda, 45

— , giant (Ailuropoda), Fissipeda, 45

Pandalus, Natantia, 3 1

Pandinus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Pandion, Falconiformes, 42

Pandorina, Phytomonadina, 6

pangolin (Manis), Pholidota, 44

Panorpa, Mecoptera, 28

Panorpatae, see Mecoptera

panther (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45

Panthera, Fissipeda, 45

Pantopoda, see Pycnogonida

Pantostomatida, see Rhizomastigina

Panulirus, Reptantia, 31

paper-nautilus (Argonauta), Octopoda, 23

Papilio, Ditrysia, 28

Papio, Simiae, 44 *Parabrotula, Ophidioidea, 38

Paracanthonchus, Chromadorida, 1 8

Paracentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Paragonimus, Digenea, 14

Paralepis, Alepisauroidea, 37 *Paralichthys, Heterosomata, 39 *Paralithodes, Reptantia, 3 1

Paramecium, Peniculina, 8

Paramphistomum, Digenea, 14

Paraneoptera, 27

— , see Palaeoptera

— , see Polyneoptera

Paraneuroptera, see Odonata

Parascaris, Ascaridina, 1 8

PARASILURUS

90

PETAURUS

*Parasilunis, Siluroidea, 37

Parataenia, Lecanicephaloidea, 14

Paravortex, Rhabdocoela, 1 3

Parazoa, 9-10

Parorchis, Digenea, 14

parrots (Psittaciformes), 43 *Parus, Passeres, 43 * Passer, Passeres, 43

Passeres, 43

Passeriformes, 43

Patella, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Patiria, Spinulosa, 34

Pauropoda, 24

Pamopus, Pauropoda, 24 *Pavo, Galliformes, 42

Peachia, Actiniaria, 12

peacock fan worm (Sabella), Polychaeta, 24

pear midge (Contan'nia), Nematocera, 28

pearl-mussel (Unio),

Eulameilibranchia, 23

pearly-nautilus (Nautilus), Tetrabranchia, 23

peccary (Tayassu), Suiformes, 46

Pecten, Filibranchia, 22

Pectinaria, Polychaeta, 24

Pectinibranchia, see Mesogastropoda *Pectunculus, see Glycymeris

Pedalia, see Hexarthra

Pedalion, see Hexarthra

Pedetes, Myomorpha, 45

Pedicellina, Pedicellinidae, 20

Pedicellinidae, 20

Pediculati, 39

Pediculus, Anoplura, 27

Pedipalpi, 3 1

Pegasiformes, see Hypostomides

Pegasus, Hypostomides, 39

Pelagia, Semaeostomae, 1 2

Pelagonemertes, Polystylifera, 1 6

Pelagothuria, Elasipoda, 32

Pelecaniformes, 42

Pelecanoides, Procellariiformes, 42

Pelecanus, Pelecaniformes, 42

Pelecinomimus, see Cetomimus

Pelecypoda, see Bivalvia

Pelias, see Vipera

pelican (Pelecanus), Pelecaniformes, 42

pelican's foot-shell (Aporrhais), Mesogastropoda, 22 *Pelmatohydra, Athecata, 1 1

Pelmatozoa, 32

Pelobates, Anomocoela, 40

*Pelomyxa, Amoebina, 7

Peloscolex, Oligochaeta, 24

Penaeus, Natantia, 3 1

Penardia, Testacea, 7

Peneroplis, Foraminifera, 7

penguins (Sphenisciformes), 42

Penicillata, see Polyxenida

Peniculina, 8 *Pennaria, see Halocordyle

Pennatula, Pennatulacea, 1 2

Pennatulacea, 12

Pentastomida, 32

Pentazonia, 25

Peracarida, 30

Perameles, Marsupialia, 44

Peranema, Euglenoidina, 6

Perca, Percoidea, 38

Percesoces, see Mugiloidea

perch (Perca), Percoidea, 38

— , climbing (Anabas), Anabantoidea, 38

— , pirate- (Aphredoderus), Salmopercae, 37

Percoidea, 38

Percomorphi, 38-39

Percopsiformes, see Salmopercae

Per cop sis, Salmopercae, 37 *Perdix (=Perdrix), Galliformes, 42 *Perdrix, see Perdix

Peridineae, see Dinoflagellata

Peridinium, Dinoflagellata, 6 *Perillus, Heteroptera, 27 *Perinereis, Polychaeta, 24

Periophthalmus, Gobioidea, 38

Peripatopsis, Onychophora, 24

Peripatus, Onychophora, 24

Periphylla, Coronatae, 1 1

Periplaneta, Blattodea, 26

Peripsocus, Psocoptera, 27

Perischoechinoidea, 33

Perissodactyla, 46

Peritricha, see Chonotrichida

Peritrichida, 9

periwinkle (Littorina), Mesogastropoda, 22

Perkinsiella, Homoptera, 27

Perla, Plecoptera, 26

Perlaria, see Plecoptera *Perlodes, Plecoptera, 26 *Pernis, Falconiformes, 42

Perodicticus, Prosimii, 44

Peromyscus, Myomorpha, 45

Perophora, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Petahira, Anisoptera, 26 *Petaurus, Marsupialia, 44

PETREL

91

PIGEON

petrel, diving (Pelecanoides), Procellariiformes, 42

— , storm {Hydrobates), Procellariiformes, 42

Petrobius, Thysanura, 26

Petromyzon. Hyperoartii, 35

Petromyzones, see Hyperoartii

Phacochoerus, Suiformes, 46

Phaciis, Euglenoidina, 6

Phaethon. Pelecaniformes, 42

Phalacrocorax, Pelecaniformes, 42 *Phalacna, see Noctua

phalanger. common (Trichosurus), Marsupialia, 44

Phalangida, see Opiliones

phalangids (Opiliones), 31

Phalangium, Opiliones, 3 1 *Phalaropus, Charadriiformes, 42 *Phalera, Ditrysia, 28

Phallusia, Phlebobranchiata, 34

Phanerozona, 34

Pharomachrus, Trogoniformes, 43

Phascolarcios, Marsupialia, 44

Phascolion, Sipunculoidea, 23

Phascolomis, see Vombatus

Phascolosoma, Sipunculoidea, 23

— , see Golfingia

PhasgonurcL see Tettigonia *Phasianella, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Phasianus. Galliformes, 42

Phasmida. 26

Phasmidia, 17-18

pheasant {Phasianus), Galliformes, 42 *Pheidole, Apocrita, 29

Phenax, Homoptera, 27 *Phengodes, Polyphaga, 28

Pheretima, Oligochaeta, 24

Pheronema, Amphidiscophora, 10

Phialidiimu Thecata, 1 1

Philaenus, Homoptera, 27

Philodina, Bdelloidea, 17

Philodinavus, Bdelloidea, 1 7

Philometra, Spirurida, 1 8 *Philosamia, Ditrysia, 28

Phlebobranchiata, 34

Phlebotomus, Nematocera, 28

Phoca, Pinnipedia, 46

Phocaena, Odontoceti, 45

Phoenicopteriformes, 42

Phoenicopterus, Phoenicopteriformes, 42 *Phoeincurus ( = Ruticilla), Passeres, 43

Pholas, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Pholcus, Araneae, 3 1

*Pholidoptera ( = Thamnotrizon), Ensifera, 26

Pholidota, 44

Phonixus, see Phoxinus *Phormia, Cyclorrhapha, 28

Phormosoma, Echinothurioida, 33

Phoronida, 20

Phoronis, Phoronida, 20

Phoronopsis, Phoronida, 20 *Photinus, Polyphaga, 28 *Photoblepharon, Berycomorphi, 38 *Photuris, Polyphaga, 28

Phoxinus, Cyprinoidea, 37 *Phragmatobia, Ditrysia, 28 *Phrixothrix, Polyphaga, 28 *Phryganea, Trichoptera, 28

Phryganoidea, see Trichoptera

Phrynichus, Amblypygi, 31

Phrynicida, see Amblypygi *Phrynobatrachus ( = Natalobatrachus), Diplasiocoela, 41

Phthiraptera, 27

Phthirius, see Phthirus

Phthirus, Anoplura, 27 *Phycis, Anacanthini, 38

Phylactolaemata, 20

Phyllium, Phasmida, 26

Phyllobothrioidea, see Tetraphyllidea

Phyllobothiium, Tetraphyllidea, 14

Phyllocarida, see Leptostraca

Phyllodoce, Polychaeta, 24 *Phyllomedusa, Procoela, 40

Phyllophorus, Dendrochirota, 33

Phylloxera, Homoptera, 27 *Phymata, Heteroptera, 27

Phymosoma, see Phascolosoma

Phymosomatoida, 33 *Physa, Basommatophora, 22

Physalia, Siphonophora, 1 1

Physcosoma, see Phascolosoma

Physeter, Odontoceti, 45 *Physiculus, Anacanthini, 38

Physopoda, see Thysanoptera

Phytoflagellata, see Phytomastigina

Phytom.astigina, 6

Phytomonadina, 6

Piciformes, 43

Picus, Piciformes, 43

pidock (Pholas), Eulamellibranchia, 23

Pieris, Ditrysia, 28

pig iSus), Suiformes, 46

— , guinea (Cavia), Hystricomorpha, 45

pigeon (Columba), Columbiformes, 43

PIGEON, CROWNED

92

POECILOSCLERINA

pigeon, crowned (GoMra), Columbiformes,43 — , green (Treroii), Columbiformes, 43 pika (Ochotona), Lagomorpha, 45 pike (Esox), Haplomi, 37 *Pila { = AmpuUaria), Mesogastropoda, 22

pilchard {Sardina), Clupeoidea, 36 *Pimelodus, Siluroidea, 37

pine shoot moth (Evetria), Ditrysia, 28 *Pinna, Filibranchia, 22 Pinnipedia, 46

pinworm (Enterobius), Ascaridina, 18 — , mouse (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 18 Pipa, Opisthocoela, 40 pipistrelle (Pipistrellus), Microchiroptera, 44 Pipistrellus, Microchiroptera, 44 *Pipra, Tyranni, 43 pirate-perch (Aphredoderus),

Salmopercae, 37 Piroplasma, see Babesia Pisaster, Forcipulata, 34 Pisces, 36-40

Piscicola, Rhynchobdellida, 24 *Pisidium, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Pista, Polychaeta, 24 *Pitta, Tyranni, 43 *Pitymys, Myomorpha, 45 *Placobdella, Rhynchobdellida, 24 Plagiostomum, Alloeocoela, 1 3 *Plagusia, Reptantia, 3 1 P/aA:ma, Homosclerophora, 10 P/a/7am, Paludicola, 13 Planctosphaera, Planctosphaeroidea,^_34 Planctosphaeroidea, 34 * Planes, Reptantia, 3 1

Planipennia, 28 *Planocera, Acotylea, 13 Planorbis, Basommatophora, 22 PlanorbuUna, Foraminifera, 7 plant louse {Aphis), Homoptera, 27

, jumping (Psylla), Homoptera, 27

plantain-eater (Musophaga),

Cuculiformes, 43 Plasmodium, Haemosporidia, 8 Platalea, Ciconiiformes, 42 *Platemys, Cryptodira, 41 *Platycnemis, Zygoptera, 26 Platycopa, 29 Platyctenea, 12 *Platydema, Polyphaga, 28 Platydesmus, Colobognatha, 25 Tp\^iyfis\:\{Platypoecilus), Microcyprini, 38 *Platygaster, Apocrita, 29 Platyhelminthes, 9 (footnote), 13-14

*Platynereis, Polychaeta, 24

Platypoecilus, Microcyprini, 38

Platypus, see Ornithorhynchus

Platyrrhacus, Polydesmida, 25 *Platysamia, Ditrysia, 28 *Plecoglossus, Salmonoidea, 36

Plecoptera, 26 *Plecostomus, Siluroidea, 37

Plectognathi, 39

Plectoptera, see Ephemeroptera

Plectus, Chromadorida, 1 8 *Plesiocoris, Heteroptera, 27

Plethodon, Salamandroidea, 40

Pleuwbrachia, Cydippida, 12

Plewobranchus, Notaspidea, 22

Pleurocoela, 22

pleurodele newt (Pleurodeles), Salamandroidea, 40

Pleurodeles, Salamandroidea, 40

Pleurodira, 41

Pleurogona, 35

Pleuronectes, Heterosomata, 39

Pleuronectiformes, see Heterosomata

Pleuronema, Pleuronematina, 8

Pleuronematina, 8

Pleurophyllidea, Nudibranchia, 22

Plewotornaria, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Pleurotremata, 35-36 *Pleurotricha, Hypotrichida, 9

Plistophora, Microsporidia, 8 *Plodia, Ditrysia, 28

Ploima, 17

plover, ringed (Charadrius), Charadriiformes, 42

— , sand (Charadrius), Charadriiformes, 42

Plumatella, Phylactolaemata,'20

Plumularia, Thecata, 1 1 *Plusia, Ditrysia, 28 *Pneumonoeces, Digenea, 14

Pneumora, Caelifera, 27

pocket gopher (Geomys), Sciuromorpha, 45

Podargus, Caprimulgiformes,'43

*Podarke, Polychaeta, 24

Podiceps, Podicipediformes, 42

Podicipediformes, 42

Podilymbus, Podicipediformes,'.42

Podocopa, 29 Podogonata, see Ricinulei

Podon, Cladocera, 29

Podophrya, Suctorida, 8

Podura, Arthropleona, 25

*Poecilia, Microcyprini, 38 Poecilosclerina, 1 1

POEOBIOIDEA

93

PRISTIS

Poeobioidea, 23 (footnote)

Poeobius, 23 (footnote)

Pogonophora, 32

Poicephalus, Psittaciformes, 43

poison frog (Dendrobates), Procoela, 40

polar bear (Thalarctos), Fissipeda, 45

polecat (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45 *Folia, see Baseodiscus *Polistes, Apocrita, 29 *Polistotrema, Hyperotreti, 35 *PoUachius, Anacanthini, 38

Polybothms, Lithobiomorpha, 25

Polycarpa, Stolidobranchiata, 35 *Polycelis, Paludicola, 13 *Polycera, Nudibranchia, 22

Polychaeta, 24 *Polychoenis, Acoela, 1 3 *Polycirrus, Polychaeta, 24

Polycladida, 13

Polycliiium, Aplousobranchiata, 34

Polycope, Cladocopa, 29

Polydesmida, 25

Polydesmus, Polydesmida,'25

Polydora, Polychaeta, 24

Polygordius, Archiannelida, 24 *Polykrikos, Dinoflagellata, 6

Polymastigina, see Metamonadina *Polymnia, see Eupolymnia

Polymorphus, Palaeacanthocephala,'20

Polynemoidea, 39

Polynemus, Polynemoidea,'39

Polyneoptera, 26-27

— , see Palaeoptera

■ — , see Paraneoptera *Polynoe, Polychaeta, 24

Polyodon, Chondrostei, 36

Polyopisthocotylea, 13-14

Polypedates, see Rhacophorus

Polyphaga, 28 *Polyphemus, Cladocera, 29

Polyplacophora, 21

Polypteriformes, see Cladistia

Polypterus, Cladistia, 36

Polypus, see Octopus

Poly stoma, Polystomatoidea, 14

Polystomatoidea, 14

Polystomella, see Elphidium

Polystylifera, 16

Polytoma, Phytomonadina, 6 *Polytomella, Phytomonadina, 6

Polyxenida, 24

Polyxenus, Polyxenida, 24

Polyzoa, 20

Polyzoa Ectoprocta, see Polyzoa

Polyzoa Endoprocta, see Entoprocta

Polyzoa Entoprocta, see Entoprocta

Polyzonium, Colobognatha, 25 *Pomatias ( = Cyclostoma), Mesogastropoda, 22 *Pomatoceros, Polychaeta, 24

pond snail {Lymnaea), Basommatophora, 22

Pongo, Simiae, 44

PotUobdella, Rhynchobdellida, 24 *Popillia, Polyphaga, 28

Porcellanaster, Phanerozona, 34 *Porcellio, Isopoda, 30

porcupine (Hystrix), Hystricomorpha, 45 *Porichthys, Haplodoci, 39

Porifera, see Parazoa

Pontes, Scleractinia, 12

Porocephalida, 32

Poromya, Septibranchia, 23 *Poronotus, Stromateoidea, 38

Porospora, Eugregarina, 7

porpoise (Phocaena), Odontoceti, 45

Porrocaecum, Ascaridina, 18 *Porthetria, Ditrysia, 28

Portuguese man-of-war {Physalid), Siphonophora, 1 1

Portunion, Isopoda, 30 *Portumis ( =/4/77/?///7/7Y£'),[Reptantia, 31

Potamobius, see Astacus

Potamon, Reptantia, 3 1 *Potamonautes, Reptantia, 3 1

Potorous, Marsupialia, 44

Potos, Fissipeda, 45

potto {Perodicticus), Prosimii, 44

poultry caecal worm {Heterakis), ♦ Ascaridina, 18

poultry roundworm (Ascaridid), Ascaridina, 18

poultry stomach worm (Tetrameres), Spirurida, 18

Pourtalesia, Holasteroida, 34

prawn (Palaemon), Natantia, 31

— (Paudalus), Natantia, 31

— (Penaeus), Natantia, 31

— , river (Macrobrachium), Natantia, 31 Presbytis, Simiae, 44 Priapulida, 17 Priapulus, Priapulida, 1 7 Primates, 44 Priodontes, Edentata, 44 Pristiophorus, Squaloidea, 36 *Pnstiphora ( = Micronematus), Symphyta, 29 Pristis, Batoidea, 36

PRISTIURUS

94

PYROCYPRIS

*Pristiurus, Galeoidea, 36 *Proales, Ploima, 17

Proboscidea, 46

Procavia, Hyracoidea, 46

Procellaria, Procellariiformes, 42

Procellariiformes, 42

Procerodes, Maricola, 13 '*Processa, Natantia, 3 1 ^Prochilodus, Cyprinoidea, 37 *Procnias, Tyranni, 43

Prococcidia, 7

Procoela, 40

Procyon, Fissipeda, 45 *Prodema, Ditrysia, 28

Proneomenia, Neomeniomorpha, 21

Prorodon, Cyrtophorina, 8

Prosimii, 44

Prosobranchia, 21-22

Prosostomata, 15

Prosthiostomum, Cotylea, 1 3

Proteida, 40 *Protemnodon, Marsupialia, 44 [ Proteocephala, 16

Proteocephaloidea, 14

Proteocephalus, Proteocephaloidea, 14

Proterandria, see Helminthomorpha

Proteus, Proteida, 40

Protobalanus, see Protoglossus

Protobranchia, 22 *Protoclepsis ( = Theromyzon), Rhynchobdellida, 24

Piotodrilus, Archiannelida, 24

Protoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34

Protogyrodactyloidea, 13

Protogyrodactylus,

Protogyrodactyloidea, 1 3

Protomonadina, 6 *Protopipa, Opisthocoela, 40

Protopterus, Dipnoi, 40

Protospondyli, 36

Prototheria, 43

Protozoa, 6-9

Protremata, 21 (footnote)

Protura, 26

Prunella, Passeres, 43

Psammechinus, Echinoida, 33

Pselaphognatha, 24

Psettodes, Heterosomata, 39 *Pseudacris ( = Chorophilus), Procoela, 40 *Pseudagenia, Apocrita, 29 *Pseudemys, Cryptodira, 41

Pseudobranchus, Meantes, 40 *Pseudocarcinus, Reptantia, 3 1

Pseudocentrotus, Temnopleuroida, 33

Pseudocuma, Cumacea, 30

Pseudophyllidea, 14 *Pseudopleuronectes, Heterosomata, 39

Pseudoscorpiones, 31 *Pseudosida, Cladocera, 29

Psittaciformes, 43

Psittacus, Psittaciformes, 43

Psocoptera, 27

Psocus, Psocoptera, 27

Psolus, Dendrochirota, 33

Psophia, Gruiformes, 42

Psyche, Ditrysia, 28

Psylla, Homoptera, 27

Pterobranchia, 34

Pterocles, Columbiformes, 43

Pterodina, see Testudinella

Pterophryne, Antennarioidea, 39 *Pterophyllum, Percoidea, 38 *Pteroplatea, Batoidea, 36

Pteropoda, 22

Pteropus, Megachiroptera, 44

Pterosagitta, Chaetognatha, 32

Pterotrachea, Mesogastropoda, 22

Pterygota, 26-29 *Ptinus, Polyphaga, 28

Ptychodactiaria, 12

Ptychodactis, Ptychodactiaria, 12

Ptychodera, Enteropneusta, 34 *Ptychopoda, Ditrysia, 28 *Ptychoptera, Nematocera, 28 *Ptychozoon, Sauria, 41

puffbird (Bucco), Piciformes, 43

puffer (Tetraodon), Tetraodontoidea, 39

puffin (Fraterculd), Charadriiformes, 42

Puffinus, 42 (footnote) *Pugettia, Reptantia, 3 1

Pulex, Siphonaptera, 29

Pulmonata, 22

Pulsellum, Scaphopoda, 22

Puma, see Felis *Puntazzo ( = Charax), Percoidea, 38 * Purpura, see Nucella

Putorius, see Mustelo

Pycnogonida, 31-32

Pycnogonomorpha, 32

Pycnogonum, Pycnogonomorpha, 32

Pycnophyes, Echinoderida, 1 7

Pyemotes, Acari, 3 1

Pygopodes, see Gaviiformes

— , see Podicipediformes *Pyrausta, Ditrysia, 28

Pyrocypris, Myodocopa, 29

PYROMELANA

95

R HOMBOIDICHTHYS

*Pyromelana, see Euplectes *Pyrophorus, Polyphaga, 28

Pyrosoma, Pyrosomida, 35

Pyrosomida, 35 *Pyrrhocoris, Heteroptera, 27

Python, Serpentes, 41

python {Python), Serpentes, 41

Pyura, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Q

Quadrigyrus, Eoacanthocephala, 20 quetzal (Pharomachrus), Trogoniformes, 43 quokka (Setonyx), Marsupialia, 44

R

rabbit (Oryctolagus), Lagomorpha, 45

rabbit-fishes (Holocephali), 36

raccoon (Procyon), Fissipeda, 45

Radiolaria, 7

Radiophrya, Astomatida, 8

rag-fishes (Malacichthyes), 39

rail (Rallus), Gruiformes, 42

Raillietina, Cyclophyllidea, 14

Raja, Batoidea, 36

RaUus, Gruiformes, 42

Ramphastos, Piciformes, 43

ram's horn snail (Planorbis), Basommatophora, 22

Rana, Diplasiocoela, 41 *RandaUia, Reptantia, 3 1

Rangifer, Ruminantia, 46 *Raniceps, Anacanthini, 38

Raphidia, Megaloptera, 27

Raphidiophrys, Heliozoa, 7

rat (Rattus), Myomorpha, 45

— , cotton (Sigmodon), Myomorpha, 45

— , coucha (Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45

■ — , maned (Lophiomys), Myomorpha, 45

— , mole (Spalax), Myomorpha, 45

— , moon (Echinosorex), Insectivora, 44

— , multimammate (Mastomys), Myomorpha, 45

rat-kangaroo (Potorous), Marsupialia, 44

rattle snake (Crotalus), Serpentes, 41 *Rattidus, see Trichocerca

Rattus, Myomorpha, 45

raven (Corviis), Passeres, 43

ray (Raja), Batoidea, 36

— , sting (Dasyatis), Batoidea, 36

rays (Hypotremata), 36

razorbill (Alca), Charadriiformes, 42

red deer( Cervus), Ruminantia, 46 *Reduvius, Heteroptera, 27

reed-fish (Calamoichthys), Cladistia, 36

Reighardia, Cephalobaenida, 32

reindeer (Rangifer), Ruminantia, 46 * Reithrodontomys, Myomorpha, 45

Remora, Discocephali, 39

Reniera, see Adocia *Renilla, Pennatulacea, 12

Reptantia, 31

reptiles (Reptilia), 41

Reptilia, 41

Rhabdias, Rhabditina, 1 7

Rhabdiasoidea, 19

Rhabditida, 17-18

Rhabditina, 17

Rhabditis, Rhabditina, 17

Rhabditoidea, 19

Rhabdocoela, 13 *Rhabdophaga, Nematocera, 28

Rhabdophorina, 8

Rhabdoplewa, Rhabdopleurida, 34

Rhabdopleurida, 34 *Rhabdostyla, Peritrichida, 9

Rhachianectes, Mysticeti, 45

Rhacophonts, Diplasiocoela, 41

Rhagio, Brachycera, 28

Rhea, Rheiformes, 41

rheas (Rheiformes), 41

Rhegnopteri, see Polynemoidea

Rheiformes, 41 '''Rhineura, Sauria, 41 * Rhinobatus, Batoidea, 36

Rhinoceros, Ceratomorpha, 46

rhinoceros (Ceratotherium), Ceratomorpha, 46

— (Diceros), Ceratomorpha, 46

— (Rhinoceros), Ceratomorpha, 46 Rhinochimaera, Holocephali, 36 Rhinocricus, Spirobolida, 25

*Rhinoderma, Diplasiocoela, 41 Rhinolophus, Microchiroptera, 44 Rhinophrynus, Procoela, 40

* Rhithropanopeus, Reptantia, 31 Rhizocephala, 30 Rhizochloris, Xanthomonadina, 6 Rhizocrinus, Articulata, 32 Rhizomastigina, 7 Rhizopoda, 7

Rhizostoma, Rhizostomae, 12

Rhizostomae, 12 *Rhodites, see Diplolepis

Rhodnius, Heteroptera, 27 * Rhodosoma, Phlebobranchiata, 34

* Rhomboidichthys, Heterosomata, 39

RHOMBOZOA

96

SAND-DOLLARS

Rhombozoa, see Dicyemida * Rhombus, see Scophthalmus Rhopalura, Orthonectida, 9 Rhyacotriton, Ambystomoidea, 40 Rhynchobdella, see Mocrognatfnis Rhynchobdellida, 24 Rhynchobohis, see Glycera Rhynchocephalia, 41 Rhynchocoela, see Nemertina Rhynchodemus, Terricola, 1 3 Rhynchonelloidea, 21 Rhynchophthirina, 27 Rhynchota, see Hemiptera Rhynchotiis, Tinamiformes, 41 Rhyiwchetos, Gruiformes, 42 ribbon worms (Nemertina), 16-17 ribbon-fish {Trachypterus),

Allotriognathi, 38 Ricinoides, Ricinulei, 3 1 Ricinulei, 31 ringed plover (Charadrius),

Charadriiformes, 42 river crab (Potamon), Reptantia, 31 river prawn (Macrobrachium),

Natantia, 31 river-snail (Viviparus), Mesogastropoda, 22 roach (Rutilus), Cyprinoidea, 37 road-runner (Geococcyx), Cuculiformes, 43 roan antelope {Hippotragiis),

Ruminantia, 46 roatelo (Mesoenas), Gruiformes, 42 robber frog {Eleiitherodactylus),

Procoela, 40 rock lobster (Pamdinis), Reptantia, 3 1 Rodentia, 45

roller (Coracias), Coraciiformes, 43 root-knot eelworm (Meloidogyne),

Tylenchida, 18 rorqual (Balaenoptera), Mysticeti, 45 rose chafer (Cetonia), Polyphaga, 28 *Rossia, Decapoda, 23 Rotalia, Foraminifera, 7 Rotaria, Bdelloidea, 1 7 Rotatoria, see Rotifera Rotifer, see Rotaria Rotifera, 17 Rotula, Rotulina, 33 Rotulina, 33 roundworm, horse (Parascaris),

Ascaridina, 18 — , large (Ascaris), Ascaridina, 18 — , poultry (Ascaridia), Ascaridina, 18 roundworms (Nematoda), 17-18

*Rousettus, Megachiroptera, 44

rudder-fish (Lirus), Stromateoidea, 38

Ruminantia, 46

Rupicapra, Ruminantia, 46 *Riipicola, Tyranni, 43 *Ruticilla, see Phoenicwus

Rutilus, Cyprinoidea, 37

Sabella, Polychaeta, 24 *Sabellaria, Polychaeta, 24 sable {Maries), Fissipeda, 45 Saccocirrus, Archiannelida, 24 Saccoglossus, Enteropneusta, 34 Saccopharyngiformes, see Lyomeri Saccopharynx, Lyomeri, 37 Sacculina, Rhizocephala, 30 Sacoglossa, 22

saddle-oyster (Anomia), Filibranchia, 22 *Sagartia, Actiniaria, 1 2 Sagitta, Chaetognatha, 32 Sagittarius, Falconiformes, 42 Saimiri, Simiae, 44 salamander, dusky {Desmognathus),

Salamandroidea, 40 — , fire (Salamandra), Salamandroidea, 40 — , giant (Megalobatrachus),

Cryptobranchoidea, 40 — , mole (Ambystoma),

Ambystomoidea, 40 — , Olympic {Rhyacotriton),

Ambystomoidea, 40 — , Pacific giant {Dicamptodon),

Ambystomoidea, 40 — , woodland {Plethodon),

Salamandroidea, 40 Salamandra, Salamandroidea, 40 Salamandroidea, 40 Salenia, Hemicidaroida, 33 Salientia, 40-41 Salmo, Salmonoidea, 36 salmon {Salmo), Salmonoidea, 36 Salmonoidea, 36 Salmopercae, 37 Salpa, Salpida, 35 Salpida, 35

Saltatoria, see Orthoptera Salvelinus, Salmonoidea, 36 *Samia, Ditrysia, 28 sand fly (Phlebotomus), Nematocera, 28 sand plover {Charadrius),

Charadriiformes, 42 sand-dollars (Clypeasteroida), 33

SAND-GROUSE

97

SEA LION

sand-grouse (Pterocles), Columbiformes, 43

sand-roUer (Percopsis), Salmopercae, 37

Saprodinium, Ctenostomatida, 9

Sarcocystis, Sporozoa (end), 8

Sarcodina, see Rhizopoda *Sarcophaga, Cyclorrhapha, 28 *Sarcophilus, Marsupialia, 44 *Sarcoramphiis, Falconiformes, 42

sarcosporidiosis {Sarcocystis), Sporozoa (end), 8

Sardina, Clupeoidea, 36

sardine {Sardina), Clupeoidea, 36

Sarsia, Athecata, 1 1 *Satnrnia, Ditrysia, 28

Sauria, 41 *Sauromalus, Sauria, 41

saw-fish (Pristis), Batoidea, 36

sawfly {Nematiis), Symphyta, 29

— , stem {Cepfuis), Symphyta, 29 *Saxicava, see Hiatella *Saxostrea, Eulamellibranchia, 23

scabbard fish {Aphanopus), Trichiuroidea, 38

scale insect {Coccus), Homoptera, 27

scale-tailed flying squirrel (Anomalurus), Sciuromorpha, 45

scallop {Pecten), Filibranchia, 22

Scalopus, Insectivora, 44

scaly anteater (Manis), Pholidota, 44 *Scaphiopus, Anomocoela, 40

Scaphiostreptus, Spirostreptida, 25 *Scapholeberis, Cladocera, 29

Scaphopoda, 22 *Scardafella, Columbiformes, 43 *Sceliphron, Apocrita, 29 *Sceloporus, Sauria, 41

Schistocephalus, Pseudophyllidea, 14

Schistocerca, Caelifera, 27

Schistosoma, T)'\%tnt3., 14

Schizocardium, Enteropneusta, 34

Schizocephala, see Polyxenida

Schizocystis, Schizogregarina, 7

Schizogregarina, 7

Schizomida, see Uropygi

Schizomus, Uropygi, 31

Schizoporella, Cheilostomata, 20

Schizotrypanum, Protomonadina, 6 *Sciaena, Percoidea, 38

Sciara, Nematocera, 28

*Scinciis, Sauria, 41

Sciuromorpha, 45

Sciurus, Sciuromorpha, 45

Scleractinia, 12 Sclerodermi, see Balistoidea Scleroparei, 39 Sclerostomum, see Strongylus Scolecomorphus, Gymnophiona, 41 Scolopendra, Scolopendromorpha, 25 Scolopendromorpha, 25 Scoloplos, Polychaeta, 24 Scomber, Scombroidea, 38 Scombresoces, see Synentognathi Scombresocoidea, 37 Scombresox, Scombresocoidea, 37 Scombroidea, 38 Scopelidae, see Myctophoidea Scopeliformes, see Iniomi *Scophthalmiis ( = Rhombus),

Heterosomata, 39 *Scopula (=Acidalia), Ditrysia, 28

Scopus, Ciconiiformes, 42 *Scorpaena, Scorpaenoidea, 39 Scorpaenoidea, 39 Scorpio, Scorpiones, 31 scorpion flies (Mecoptera), 28 Scorpiones, 31 scorpions (Scorpiones), 3 1 — , false (Pseudoscorpiones), 31 — , micro-whip (Palpigradi), 31 — , whip (Uropygi), 31 — , wind (Solifugae), 31 screamer {Anhima), Anseriformes, 42 Scrupocellaria, Cheilostomata, 20 Scutellina, 33

Scutigera, Scutigeromorpha, 25 Scutigerella, Symphyla, 25 Scutigeromorpha, 25 Scyliorhinus, Galeoidea, 36 *Scyllarus, Reptantia, 31

Scyllium, see Scyliorhinus *Scymnorhinus ( = Borborodes, Scymnus),

Squaloidea, 36 * Scymnus, see Scymnorhinus Scypha, Heterocoela, 9 Scyphomedusae, see Scyphozoa Scyphozoa, 11-12 sea anemones (Actiniaria), 12 sea catfish {Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38 sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea), 32-33 sea fan {Eunicella), Gorgonacea, 12 sea gooseberry {Pleurobrachia),

Cydippida, 12 sea lily {Metacrinus), Articulata, 32

, (Rhizocrinus), Articulata, 32

sea lion (Otaria), Pinnipedia, 46

SEA LION

98

SIPUNCULOIDEA

sea lion, Calif ornian {Zalophm),

Pinnipedia, 46 sea pen {Pennatula), Pennatulacea, 12 sea spiders (Pycnogonida), 31-32 sea squirts (Ascidiacea), 34-35 sea toads (Antennarioidea), 39 sea urchins (Cidaroida), 33

(Diadematacea), 33

(Echinacea), 33

sea-butterfly (Cavolina), Pteropoda, 22

— (Limacina), Pteropoda, 22 sea-hare (Aplysia), Pleurocoela, 22 sea-horse (Hippocampus), Solenichthyes, 38 seal (Phoca), Pinnipedia, 46

— , Atlantic {Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46 — , elephant (Mirounga), Pinnipedia, 46 — ; grey {Halichoerus), Pinnipedia, 46 sea-lemon (Doris), Nudibranchia, 22 sea-slug (Elysia), Sacoglossa, 22

— (Eolis), Nudibranchia, 22

— (Limapontia), Sacoglossa, 22

— (Pleurobranchus), Notaspidea, 22 Sebastes, Scorpaenoidea, 39 Sebekia, Porocephalida, 32 secretary bird (Sagittarius),

Falconiformes, 42

Sedentaria, 24 (footnote)

Seison, Seisonidea, 1 7

Seisonidea, 17

Selachii, 35-36

Selachoidei, see Pleurotremata

Selenidium, Archigregarina, 7

Selenococcidiutn, Prococcidia, 7

Selenocystis, Archigregarina, 7

Semaeostomae, 12

Sepia, Decapoda, 23 *Sepietta, Decapoda, 23 *SepioIa, Decapoda, 23

Septibranchia, 23 *Sergestes, Natantia, 3 1 *Serinus, Passeres, 43 *Seriola, Percoidea, 38

serpent stars (Ophiurae), 34

Serpentes, 41

Serpula, Polychaeta, 24 *Serranus, Percoidea, 38

Sertularia, Thecata, 1 1 *Sesan77a, Reptantia, 3 1

Setaria, Spirurida, 1 8

Setonyx, Marsupialia, 44

sewellel (Aplodontia), Sciuromorpha, 45

shaft louse (Menopon), Mallophaga, 27

sharks (Pleurotremata), 35-36

shearwater (Procellaria), Procellariiformes, 42

sheep (Ovis), Ruminantia, 46

sheep tick (Melophagus), Cyclorrhapha, 28

shell-bearing slug (Testacella), Stylommatophora, 22

ship-worm (Teredo), Eulamellibranchia, 23

shore crab (Carcinus), Reptantia, 3 1

shore eel (Alabes), Alabetoidea, 40

shore hopper (Talitrus), Amphipoda, 30

shorthorned grasshoppers (Caelifera), 27

shrew (Sorex), Insectivora, 44

— , elephant (Macroscelides), Insectivora, 44

— , tree (Tupaia), Prosimii, 44

— , white-toothed (Crocidura), Insectivora, 44

shrimp (Crangon), Natantia, 3 1

— (Hippolyte), Natantia, 31

— , fresh-water (Gammarus), Amphipoda, 30

— , ghost (Caprella), Amphipoda, 30

shrimps, mantis (Stomatopoda), 30

— , opossum- (Mysidacea), 30

Sialis, Megaloptera, 27

Sibbaldus, Mysticeti, 45

Siboglinum, Athecanephria, 32

Sida, Cladocera, 29 * Siderastrea, Scleractinia, 1 2

Siganoidei, see Teuthidoidea *Sigara, Heteroptera, 27

Sigmatosclerophora, 10

Sigmodon, Myomorpha, 45 *Sika, Ruminantia, 46

Silicoflagellata, 6

silk moth (Bombyx), Ditrysia, 28 *Silpha, Polyphaga, 28

Siluroidea, 37

Silurus, Siluroidea, 37 *Silvanus, Polyphaga, 28

silver fish (Lepisma), Thysanura, 36

Simia, see Pongo

Simiae, 44

Simocephalus, Cladocera, 29

Simuliutn, Nematocera, 28 *Siphlonurus, Ephemeroptera, 26

Siphodentalium, Scaphopoda, 22

Siphonaptera, 29

Siphonophora, 1 1

Siphonopoda, see Cephalopoda *Siphostonm, Solenichthyes, 38 Siphunculata, see Anoplura Sipunculoidea, 23

SIPUNCULUS

99

SProER CRAB

Sipunculus, Sipunculoidea, 23 Siredon, Ambystomoidea, 40 Siren, Meantes, 40 siren (Siren), Meantes, 40 — , dwarf (Pseudobranchus), Meantes, 40 Sirenia, 46 Sirex, Symphyta, 29 Siriella, Mysidacea, 30 *Siteroptes, Acari, 31 * Sitodrepa, see Stegobium *Sitona, Polyphaga, 28 *Sitophihis ( = Calandrd), Polyphaga, 28 Sitotroga, Ditrysia, 28 skipper {Scombresox),

Scombresocoidea, 37 skua (Stercorarius), Charadriiformes, 42 skunk, spotted (Spilogale), Fissipeda, 45 sleeping-sickness (Trypanosoma),

Protomonadina, 6 slipper animalcule (Paramecium),

Peniculina, 8 slipper limpet (Crepidida),

Mesogastropoda, 22 sloth, three-toed (Bradypits), Edentata, 44 slow-worm (Anguis), Sauria, 41 slug, shell-bearing (Testacella),

Stylommatophora, 22 — , land- (Arion), Stylommatophora, 22 — , — (Limax), Stylommatophora, 22 — , sea- (Elysia), Sacoglossa, 22 — , — (Eolis), Nudibranchia, 22 — , — (Limapontia), Sacoglossa, 22 — , — (Pleurobranchus), Notaspidea, 22 small fruit fly (Drosophila),

Cyclorrhapha, 28 *Smaris, Percoidea, 38

smelt (Osmerus), Salmonoidea, 36 *Smerinthus, Ditrysia, 28 Sminthiirus, Symphypleona, 25 Smithornis, Eurylaimi, 43 snail, land (Helix), Stylommatophora, 22 — , pond (Lymnaea), Basommatophora, 22 — , ram's horn (Planorbis),

Basommatophora, 22 — , river- (Viviparus), Mesogastropoda, 22 snake, grass (Matrix), Serpentes, 41 - — , rattle {Crotalus), Serpentes, 41 — , water (Matrix), Serpentes, 41 snake fly (Raphidia), Megaloptera, 27 snakes (Serpentes), 41 snipe-fish (Macrorhamphosiis),

Solenichthyes, 38 snowy cricket (Oecanthus), Ensifera, 26

soft corals (Octocorallia), 12 soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx),

Cryptodira, 41 Solaster, Spinulosa, 34 Solea, Heterosomata, 39 *Solen, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Solenichthyes, 38 *Solenobia, Ditrysia, 28 Solenogastres, see Aplacophora Solenomya, Protobranchia, 22 Solifugae, 3 1

Solmissus, Narcomedusae, 1 1 Solpugida, see Solifugae *Somateria, Anseriformes, 42 songbirds (Passeres), 43 Sorex, Insectivora, 44 sour paste eelworm (Panagrellus),

Rhabditina, 17 South American caiman (Caiman),

Crocodylia, 41 spade foot, European (Pelobates),

Anomocoela, 40 Spadella, Chaetognatha, 32 Spalax, Myomorpha, 45 sparrow hawk (Accipiter),

Falconiformes, 42 Spatangoida, 34 Spatangus, Spatangoida, 34 *Spathegaster, Apocrita, 29 Spelaeogriphacea, 30 Spelaeogriphus, Spelaeogriphacea, 30 *Speocarcinus, Reptantia, 3 1 sperm whale (Physeter), Odontoceti, 45 Spermophilus, see Citellus Sphaerechinus, Temnopleuroida, 33 Sphaerius, Polyphaga, 28 Sphaerocapsa, Radiolaria,^7 *Sphaeroides, Tetraodontoidea,[39 Sphaeronella, Lernaeopodoida,'30 Sphaerospora, Myxosporidia,l8 Sphaerotherium, Glomerida, 25 Sphaerozoiim, Radiolaria, 7 Sphaerularia, Tylenchida, 1 8 Spheciospongia, Astrosclerophora, 10 Sphenisciformes, 42 Spheniscus, Sphenisciformes, 42 Sphenodon, Rhynchocephalia, 41

* Sphinx ( = Sphynx), Ditrysia, 28 *Sphodromantis, Mantodea, 26

* Sphynx, see Sphinx Sphyraena, Mugiloidea, 38 Sphyrna, Galeoidea, 36

spider crab (Maia), Reptantia, 31

SPIDER MONKEY

100

STOMIAS

spider monkey (A teles), Simiae, 44

spiders (Araneae), 3 1

— , false (Solifugae), 3 1

— , harvest (Opiliones), 31

— , sea (Pycnogonida), 31-32

— , sun (Solifugae), 31

Spilogole, Fissipeda, 45 *SpilopeUa, see Streptopelia

Spinachia, Thoracostei, 39 *Spinax (=Etmopterus), Squaloidea, 36

Spinulosa, 34

spiny anteater (Tachyglossus), Monotremata, 43

spiny eels (Opisthomi), 39

Spirobolida, 25

Spirobohis, Spirobolida, 25

Spirobiachia, Thecanephria, 32

Spirochona, Chonotrichida, 8

Spirocodou, Athecata, 1 1

Spirographis, see Sabella

Spirophrya, Apostomatida, 8

Spirostomwn, Heterotrichina, 9

Spirostreptida, 25

Spirostreptus, Spirostreptida, 25

Spirotricha, 9

Spirilla, Decapoda, 23

Spirurida, 18

Spiruroidea, 19 *Spisula, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Spondylomomm, Phytomonadina, 6

sponge, bath (Spongia), Keratosa, 10

— , loggerhead (Spheciospongia), Astrosclerophora, 10

sponges (Parazoa), 9-10

— , ascon (Homocoela), 9

— , glass (Hexactinellida), 10

— , homy (Keratosa), 10

Spongia, Keratosa, 10

Spongiida, see Parazoa

Spongilla, Sigmatosclerophora, 10

spoonbill (Platalea), Ciconiiformes, 42

Sporozoa, 7-8

spotted skunk (Spilogale), Fissipeda, 45

spring-tails (Collembola), 25

Squaloidea, 36

Squalus, Squaloidea, 36

Squamata, 41

Squatina, Squaloidea, 36

squid (Loligo), Decapoda, 23

— , vampire (Vampyroteuthis), Vampyromorpha, 23

Squilla, Stomatopoda, 30

squirrel (Sciurus), Sciuromorpha, 45

squirrel, African ground (Xerus), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , American flying (Glaiicomys), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , American ground (Citellus), Sciuromorpha, 45

— , scale-tailed flying (Anomalurus), Sciuromorpha, 45

squirrel monkey (Saimiri), Simiae, 44

stag beetle (Lucanus), Polyphaga, 28

starfishes (Asteroidea), 34

starling (Sturnus), Passeres, 43

Stauromedusae, 1 1

Steatornis, Caprimulgiformes, 43

Steganopodes, see Pelecaniformes *Stegobium ( = Sitodrepa), Polyphaga, 28 *Stegomyia, Nematocera, 28 *Stegostonia, Galeoidea, 36

Stelletta, Astrosclerophora, 10

Stelmatopoda, see Gymnolaemata

stem-and-bulb eelworm (Ditylenchus), Tylenchida, 18

stem sawfly (Cep/nis), Symphyta, 29

Stemmatoiulus, Stemmiulida, 25

Stemmiulida, 25 *Stenobothrus, Caelifera, 27

Stenoglossa, 22

— , see Mesogastropoda

Stenolaemata, see Cyclostomata *Stenopelmatus, Ensifera, 26

Stenostomata, see Cyclostomata *Stenostomiim, Rhabdocoela, 1 3 *Stenotomus, Percoidea, 38

Stentor, Heterotrichina, 9

Stephanoceros, Collothecacea, 17

Stercorarius, Charadriiformes, 42

Sterna, Charadriiformes, 42 *Sternaspis, Polychaeta, 24

Stichastrella, Forcipulata, 34

Stichopus, Aspidochirota, 32

stick-insect (Carausius), Phasmida, 26

sticklebacks (Thoracostei), 39

sticktight (Echidnophaga), Siphonaptera, 29

Stigmella, Monotrysia, 28

Stigmodera, Polyphaga, 28

sting ray (Dasyatis), Batoidea, 36

sting-winkle (Murex), Stenoglossa, 22

— (Ocenebra), Stenoglossa, 22

stoat (Ml/stela), Fissipeda, 45

Stolidobranchiata, 35

Stomatoda, see Peritrichida

Stomatopoda, 30

Stomias, Stomiatoidea, 36

STOMIATOIDEA

101

TAENIA

Stomiatoidea, 36

Stomochordata, see Hemichordata *Stomolop/ius, Rhizostomae, 12

Stomopneustes, Phymosomatoida, 33 *Stomoxys, Cyclorrhapha, 28 stone crab (Lithodes), Reptantia, 3 1 stone-flies (Plecoptera), 26 stony corals (Scleractinia), 12 *Storeria, Serpentes, 41 stork (Ciconia), Ciconiiformes, 42 — , whale-headed (Balaeniceps),

Ciconiiformes, 42 storm petrel {Hydrobates), Procellariiformes, 42 Strepsiptera, 28 Streptastrosclerophora, 10 Streptoneura, see Prosobranchia *Streptopelia ( = Spilopelid), Columbiformes, 43 Strigea, Digenea, 14 Strigiformes, 43 *Stngomonas, Protomonadina, 6 striped hyaena (Hyaena), Fissipeda, 45 *Stnx, Strigiformes, 43

Stromateoidea, 38

Strombidium, Oligotrichida, 9

Strombilidium, Oligotrichida, 9

Strombus, Mesogastropoda, 22

Strongylina, 18

Strongylocentrotus, Echinoida, 33

Strongyloidea, 19

Strongyloides, Rhabditina, 1 7

Strongylus, Strongylina, 18

Struthio, Struthioniformes, 41

Struthioniformes, 41

sturgeon (Acipenser), Chondrostei, 36

Sturnus, Passeres, 43

Styela, Stolidobranchiata, 35

Stylaria, Oligochaeta, 24

Stylaster, Athecata, 1 1

Stylocephalus, Eugregarina, 7

Stylochus, Acotylea, 1 3

Stylommatophora, 22 *Stylonychia, Hypotrichida, 9

stylopids (Strepsiptera), 28

Stylops, Strepsiptera, 28

Suberites, Astrosclerophora, 10

Subulura, Ascaridina, 18

sucker-fishes (Discocephali), 39

sucking lice (Anoplura), 27

Suctoria, see Siphonaptera

Suctorida, 8

sugar-cane leaf-hopper {Perkinsiella),

Homoptera, 27 Suiformes, 46 Sula, Pelecaniformes, 42 sun spiders (Solifugae), 31 sun-bittern (Eurypyga), Gruiformes, 42 sun-fish (Mola), Tetraodontoidea, 39 sun-grebe (Heliornis), Gruiformes, 42 surgeon-fish (Acanthurus),

Acanthuroidea, 38 Surinam toad (Pipa), Opisthocoela, 40 Sus, Suiformes, 46 swallow (Hirundo), Passeres, 43 swallow-tail (Papilio), Ditrysia, 28 swan (Cygnus), Anseriformes, 42 swan-mussel (Anodonta),

Eulamellibranchia, 23 swift (Apus), Apodiformes, 43 swordtail (Platypoecilus),

Microcyprini, 38 Sycandra, see Grantia Sycon, see Scypha Syconosa, 10 Sycotypus, see Busycon Syllis, Polychaeta, 24 * Sylvia, Passeres, 43 Sylvilagus, Lagomorpha, 45 Symphyla, 25 Symphylella, Symphyla, 25 Symphypleona, 25 Symphyta, 29 Synapta, Apoda, 33 Synbranchii, 40 Synbranchoidea, 40 Synbranchus, Synbranchoidea, 40 Syncarida, 30 *Synchaeta, Ploima, 1 7 *Synchroa, Polyphaga, 28

Syncystis, Schizogregarina, 7 *Syndesmis, Rhabdocoela, 1 3 Synentognathi, 37 Syngamus, Strongylina, 1 8 Syngnathiformes, see Solenichthyes *Syngnathus, Solenichthyes, 38 Sy nodus, Myctophoidea, 37 Syraphus, Tanaidacea, 30

Tabanus, Brachycera, 28 *Tachycines, Ensifera, 26 Tachyglossus, Monotremata, 43 Tachypleus, Xiphosura, 3 1 Taenia, Cyclophyllidea, 14

TAENIARHYNCHUS

102

THALASSOCHELYS

*Taeniarhynchus ( = Taenia ?), Cyclophyllidea, 14

Taenioidea, see Cyclophyllidea

tailed frog (Ascaphus), Amphicoela, 40 *Takydromus, Sauria, 41 *Talegalla, Galliformes, 42

Talitrus, Amphipoda, 30 *Talorchestia, Amphipoda, 30

Talpa, Insectivora, 44

Tamandua, Edentata, 44 *Tamarinus, Prosimii, 44

Tamias, Sciuromorpha, 45

Tanaidacea, 30

Tanais, Tanaidacea, 30 *Tangavius, Passeres, 43 *Tanytarsus, Nematocera, 28

tapeworms (Cestoda), 14

tapir (Tapirus), Ceratomorpha, 46

Tapirus, Ceratomorpha, 46

Tardigrada, 32

tarpon (Megalops), Clupeoidea, 36

tarsier (Tarsius), Tarsii, 44

Tarsii, 44

Tarsius, Tarsii, 44

Tartaridae, see Uropygi

Taurotragus, Ruminantia, 46 *Tautoga, Percoidea, 38

Taxidea, Fissipeda, 45

Tayassu, Suiformes, 46

Tealia, Actinmria, 12

Tectibranchia, see Pleurocoela

Tectospondyli, see Squaloidea *Telea, Ditrysia, 28

Teleostei, see Neopterygii

tellin (Tellina), Eulamellibranchia, 23

Tellina, Eulamellibranchia, 23

Telomyxa, Microsporidia, 8 *Telorchis, Digenea, 14

Telosporidia, see Sporozoa

Telotremata, 21 (footnote)

Telphusa, see Potamon

Temnocephala, Temnocephalidea, 1 3

TemnocephaHdea, 13

Temnocephaloidea, 13

Temnopleuroida, 33

Temnopleums, Temnopleuroida, 33

Tenebrio, Polyphaga, 28

Tenrec, Insectivora, 44

tenrec (Tenrec), Insectivora, 44

Tentacularia, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tentaculata, 12

Tentaculifera, see Suctorida

Terebella, Polychaeta, 24

Terebra, Stenoglossa, 22

Terebratella, Terebratelloidea, 21

Terebratelloidea, 21

Terebratulina, Terebratuloidea, 21

Terebratuloidea, 21

Teredo, Eulamellibranchia, 23

termites (Isoptera), 26 *Termopsis, Isoptera, 26

tern {Sterna), Charadriiformes, 42 *Terrapene, Cryptodira, 41

terrapin (Chrysemys), Cryptodira, 41

Terricola, 13

Terricolae, 24 (footnote)

Testacea, 7

Testacella, Stylommatophora, 22

Testudinella, Flosculariacea, 1 7

Testudines, 41

Testudo, Cryptodira, 41

Tethya, Astrosclerophora, 10

Tetilla, Astrosclerophora, 10

Tetrabothrioidea, 14

Tetrabothrius, Tetrabothrioidea, 1 4

Tetrabranchia, 23

Tetractinellida, 10-1 1

Tetractinomyxon, Actinomyxidia, 8

Tetradesmida, 14

Tetrahymena, Tetrahymenina, 8

Tetrahymenina, 8

Tetrakentron, Heterotardigrada, 32

Tetrameres, Spirurida, 18 *Tetramitus, Metamonadina, 6 *Tetrao, Galliformes, 42

Tetraodon, Tetraodontoidea, 39

Tetraodontiformes, see Plectognathi

Tetraodontoidea, 39 *Tetraopes, Polyphaga, 28

Tetraphyllidea, 14

Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tetrarhynclius, Tetrarhynchoidea, 14

Tetrastemma, Monostylifera, 16

Tetraxonida, 10

Tetrix, Caelifera, 27

Tettigonia, Ensifera, 26

Teuthidoidea, 38

Teuthis, Teuthidoidea, 38

Texas cattle fever (Babesia), Haemosporidia, 8

Textularia, Foraminifera, 7 *Thais, Ditrysia, 28

Thalarctos, Fissipeda, 45

Thalassema, Echiuroinea, 23

Thalassicola, Radiolaria, 7 *Thalassochelys, see Caret ta

THALASSOPHRYNE

103

TREE FROG

Thalassophryne, Haplodoci, 39

Thaliacea, 35 *Thamnophis, Serpentes, 41 *Thamnotnzoii, see Pholidoptera

Thecanephria, 32

Thecata, 1 1

Thecideoidea, 2 1

Theileria, Haemosporidia, 8

Thelazia, Spirurida, 18 *Thelia, Homoptera, 27

Thelohania, Microsporidia, 8

Thelyphonida, see Uropygi

Tbenea, Streptastrosclerophora, 10 *Theodoxus, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Theria, 44-^6

Thermobia, Thysanura, 26

Theimosbaena, Thermosbaenacea, 30

Thermosbaenacea, 30 *Theromyzon, see Protoclepsis

Thigmophrya, Thigmotrichida, 9

Thigmotrichida, 9 *Thomomys, Sciuromorpha, 45

Thoracica, 30

Thoracostei, 39

thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), 20

threadworm (Enterobiiis), Ascaridina, 1 8

— , mouse (Aspiculuris), Ascaridina, 1 8

three-toed sloth (Bradvpus), Edentata, 44

Threskiornis, Ciconiiformes, 42

Thn'ps, Thysanoptera, 27

thrips (Thysanoptera), 27

Thrombus, Homosclerophora, 10

thrush {Turdus), Passeres, 43

Thunniis, Scombroidea, 38 *Thylacinus, Marsupialia, 44 *Thynnus, Scombroidea, 38

Thy one, Dendrochirota, 33

Thyropygus, Spirostreptida, 25

Thysanoptera, 27

Thysanozooii, Cotylea, 1 3

Thysanura. 26 *Thysanus, Apocrita, 29 *Tiaropsis, Thecata, 1 1

tick (Argas), Acari, 3 1

— (Ixodes), Acari, 31

— (Ornithodoros), Acari, 3 1

— , sheep (Melophagus), Cyclorrhapha, 28 tiger (Panthera), Fissipeda, 45 tiger beetle (Cicindela), Adephaga, 28 Tigriopus, Harpacticoida, 29 Tigris, see Panthera *TiIiqua, Sauria, 41 Tillina, Trichostomatida, 8

*Timarcha, Polyphaga, 28

Tinamiformes, 41

tinamous (Tinamiformes), 41

Tinea, Ditrysia, 28 *Tineola, Ditrysia, 28

Tintinnida, 9

Tintinnopsis, Tintinnida, 9

Tintinnus, Tintinnida, 9

Tipula, Nematocera, 28

Tityus, Scorpiones, 3 1

Tjalfiella, Platyctenea, 12

toad (Biifo), Procoela, 40

— , bull (Megophrys), Anomocoela, 40

— , clawed (Xenopus), Opisthocoela, 40

— , fire bellied (Bonibina), Opisthocoela, 40

— , Mexican digger (Rhinophrynus), Procoela, 40

— , midwife (Alytes), Opisthocoela, 40

— , Surinam (Pipa), Opisthocoela, 40

— , true (Bufo), Procoela, 40

toad-fishes (Haplodoci), 39

toads, sea (Antennarioidea), 39

Todus, Coraciiformes, 43

tody (Todus), Coraciiformes, 43 '^'Tomaspis, Homoptera, 27 *Tomicus, see Ips

Tomistoma, Crocodylia, 41

Tomopteris, Polychaeta, 24 *Tomcella, Chitonida, 21 *Tonna ( = Dolium), Mesogastropoda, 22

tope (Galeorhinus), Galeoidea, 36

top-shell (Trochus), Archaeogastropoda, 21

Torpediniformes, see Narcobatoidea

Torpedo, Narcobatoidea, 36

tortoise, Greek (Testudo), Cryptodira, 41

Tortrix, Ditrysia, 28 * Tot anus, see Tringa

toucan (Ramphastos), Piciformes, 43 *Toxascaris, Ascaridina, 18

Toxoplasma, Sporozoa (end), 8

toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma), Sporozoa (end), 8

Toxopneustes, Temnopleuroida, 33 *Toxoptera, Homoptera, 27

Trachelomonas, Euglenoidina, 6 *Trachinus, Percoidea, 38 *Trachyeorystes, Siluroidea, 37

Trachymedusae, 1 1

Trachypterus, Allotriognathi, 38

Tragulus, Ruminantia, 46 *Travisia, Polychaeta, 24

tree frog (Hyla), Procoela, 40

TREE FROG

104

TURBONILLA

tree frog (Rhacophonis), Diplasiocoela, 41

tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax), Hyracoidea, 46

tree shrew (Tupaia), Prosimii, 44

tree-hopper (Centrotus), Homoptera, 27

Trematoda, 14

Trepostomata, see Cyclostomata

— , 20 (footnote)

Treron, Columbiformes, 43 *Triaenophoius, Pseudophyllidea, 14 *Trialewodes, Homoptera, 27 *Triangulus, Rhizocephala, 30

Triarthra, see Filinia *Triatoma, Heteroptera, 27

Triaxonida, see Hexactinellida

TriboUum, Polyphaga, 28 *Trichamoeba, Amoebina, 7

Trichechus, Sirenia, 46

Trichina, see Trichinella

trichina worm {Trichinella), Dorylaimina, 1 8

r/7W///?£'//o, Dorylaimina, 18

Trichinelloidea, see Trichuroidea

Trichiuroidea, 38

Trichocephalus, see Trichuris *Trichocerca ( = Diurella, Rattulus), Ploima, 17

Trichodectes, Mallophaga, 27

Trichodina, Peritrichida, 9

Trichogramma, Apocrita, 29

Trichomonas, Metamonadina, 6

Trichonympha, Metamonadina, 6

Trichoptera, 28

Trichostomatida, 8

trichostrongyles (Cooperia), Strongylina, 18

— (Haemonchus), Strongylina, 18

— (Ostertagia), Strongylina, 1 8 Trichosurus, Marsupialia, 44 Tif'/Wji/m, Dorylaimina, 18 Trichuroidea, 19 Tricladida, 13

*Tridacna, Eulamellibranchia, 23

trigger-fishes (Plectognathi), 39

Trigla, Scorpaenoidea, 39

Trigoniulus, Spirobolida, 25

Trimastix, Metamonadina, 6 *Trimerotropis, Caehfera, 27 *Tringa ( = Totanus), Charadriiformes, 42

Trionyx, Cryptodira, 41 *Triopha, Nudibranchia, 22

Triops, Notostraca, 29

Tripneustes, Temnopleuroida, 33

Tripyla, Enoplina, 1 8

Tristoma, Capsaloidea, 1 3

Triticella, Ctenostomata, 20

Triton, see Triturus

Tritonia, see Charonia

Triturus, Salamandroidea, 40

Trocheta, Gnathobdellida, 24

Trochilus, Apodiformes, 43 *Trochocochlea, Archaeogastropoda, 21

Trochosphaera, Flosculariacea, 1 7

Trochus, Archaeogastropoda, 21 *Troglichthys, Microcyprini, 38 ^Troglodytes, Passeres, 43

Troglodytes, see Pan

Trogoniformes, 43

trogons (Trogoniformes), 43

Trombicula, Acari, 3 1

tropic bird (Phaethon), Pelecaniformes, 42

Tropidonotus, see Natrix

Tropiometra, Articulata, 32

Tropisurus, see Tetrameres *Tropoeas, see Turbonilla

trout (Salmo), Salmonoidea, 36

true corals (Scleractinia), 12

true dragonflies (Anisoptera), 26

true flies (Diptera), 28

true frog (Rana), Diplasiocoela, 41

true toad (Bufo), Procoela, 40

trumpeter (Psophia), Gruiformes, 42

trumpet-shell (Charonia), Mesogastropoda, 22

Trutta, see Salmo

Tryblidiacea, 21

Trygon, see Dasyatis

Trypanorhyncha, see Tetrarhynchoidea

Trypanosoma, Protomonadina, 6 *Trypoxylon, Apocrita, 29

tse-tse fly (Glossina), Cyclorrhapha, 28

tuatara (Sphenodon), Rhynchocephalia, 41

Tubifex, Oligochaeta, 24

Tubinares, see Procellariiformes

Tubulanus, Palaeonemertina, 16

Tubularia, Athecata, 1 1

TubuHdentata, 46

Tubulipora, Cyclostomata, 20

Tunga, Siphonaptera, 29

Tunicata, see Urochordata

tunny (Thunmis), Scombroidea, 38

Tupaia, Prosimii, 44 *Tupinambis, Sauria, 41

Turbatrix, Rhabditina, 1 7

Turbellaria, 13

turbellarians (Turbellaria), 1 3

* Turbonilla ( = Tropoeas), Mesogastropoda, 22

TURDUS

105

WAPITI

Tardus, Passeres, 43

turkey (Meleagris), Galliformes, 42

turkey vulture (Cathartes), Falconiformes, 42

Tiimix, Gruiformes, 42 * Tunis, seeLeuckartiara * — , see Neotuiris

Tursio, see Tursiops

Tursiops, Odontoceti, 45

turtle, green (Chelone), Cryptodira, 41

— , leathery (Dermochelys), Cryptodira, 41

— , long necked (Chelodina), Pleurodira, 41

— , soft-shelled (Trionyx), Cryptodira, 41 *Turtur, Columbiformes, 43

tusk-shell {Cadulus), Scaphopoda, 22

— {Dentalium), Scaphopoda, 22

— (Pulsellum), Scaphopoda, 22

— (Siphodentalium), Scaphopoda, 22 two-winged flies (Diptera), 28 Tylenchida, 18

Tylopoda, 46 *Typhlichthys, Microcyprini, 38 *Typhlonectes, Gymnophiona, 41

Tyranni, 43 *Tyrannus, Tyranni, 43

Tyto, Strigiformes, 43

U

Uca, Reptantia, 3 1

Vdonella, Udonelloidea, 1 3

Udonelloidea, 13

Umbra, Haplomi, 37

Uwbracuhim, Notaspidea, 22

Unio, Eulamellibranchia, 23 *Upogebia, Reptantia, 31

Upupa, Coraciiformes, 43 * Uranoscopus, Percoidea, 38

Urceolaria, Peritrichida, 9

Urechis, Xenopneusta, 23

Urnatella, Urnatellidae, 20

Urnatellidae, 20

Urocentruni, Peniculina, 8

Urochordata, 34-35

Urodela, see Caudata

Uroglena, Chrysomonadina, 6

Uroleptus, Hypotrichida, 9 *Uronychia, Hypotrichida, 9

Uropygi, 31

Ursus, Fissipeda, 45

Uteriporus, Maricola, 1 3

Vacuolaria, Chloromonadina, 6 Vahlkampfia, Amoebina, 7 vampire (Desmodus), Microchiroptera, 44 vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis),

Vampyromorpha, 23 Vampyrella, Heliozoa, 7 Vampyromorpha, 23 Vampyroteuthis, Vampyromorpha, 23

* Vanellus, Charadriiformes, 42

* Vanessa, Ditrysia, 28 Velamen, Cestida, 12 Velella, Athecata, 1 1

Venus's flower basket (Euplectella),

Hexasterophora, 10 Venus's girdle (Cesium), Cestida, 12

* Vermetus, Mesogastropoda, 22 Vertebrata, 35-46

Vespa, Apocrita, 29 *Vespertilio, Microchiroptera, 44 Vespula, Apocrita, 29 Vexillum, see Velamen vicuna (Lama), Tylopoda, 46

* Vinciguerria, Stomiatoidea, 36

vine pest (Phylloxera), Homoptera, 27 vinegar eelworm (Turbatrix),

Rhabditina, 17 v'vpQX (Vipera), Serpentes, 41 Vipera, Serpentes, 41 Virgularia, Pennatulacea, 1 2

* Viscaccia, see Lagidium Viverra, Fissipeda, 45 Viviparus, Mesogastropoda, 22 vole (Microtus), Myomorpha, 45

— , bank (Clethrionomys), Myomorpha, 45 — , water (Arvicola), Myomorpha, 45

* Volucella, Cyclorrhapha, 28

* Valuta, Stenoglossa, 22 Volvocina, see Phytomonadina Volvox, Phytomonadina, 6 Vombatus, Marsupial ia, 44 Vorticella, Peritrichida, 9 Vulpes, Fissipeda, 45

* Vultur, Falconiformes, 42 vulture, black (Aegypius),

Falconiformes, 42 — , turkey (Cathartes), Falconiformes, 42

W

* Waldheimia, Symphyta, 29 wall lizard (Lacerta), Sauria, 41 walrus (Odobenus), Pinnipedia, 46 wapiti (Cervus), Ruminantia, 46

WART HOG

106

ZYGOPTERA

wart hog (Phacochoerus), Suiformes, 46

wasp (Vespula), Apocrita, 29

— , giant wood (Sirex), Symphyta, 29

* Watasenia, Decapoda, 23

water beetle (Dytiscus), Adephaga, 28

water boatman (Corixa), Heteroptera, 27

water fleas (Cladocera), 29

water snake (Matrix), Serpentes, 41

water vole (Arvicola), Myomorpha, 45

water-bears (Tardigrada), 32

waterdog {Nectwus), Proteida, 40

wax moth (Galleria), Ditrysia, 28

weasel (Mustela), Fissipeda, 45

web-spinners (Embioptera), 27

Wenyonia, Pseudophyllidea, 1 4

whale, beaked (Mesoplodon), Odontoceti, 45

— , blue (Sibbaldus), Mysticeti, 45

— , grey (Rhachianectes), Mysticeti, 45

— , killer (Orcimis), Odontoceti, 45

— , sperm (Physeter), Odontoceti, 45

whale feed (Euphausiacea), 30

whale louse (Cyamus), Amphipoda, 30

whale-headed stork (Balaeniceps),

Ciconiiformes, 42 wheat gall eelworm {Anguina),

Tylenchida, 18 wheel animalcules (Rotifera), 1 7 whelk {Buccinum), Stenoglossa, 22 — , American (Busycon), Stenoglossa, 22 — , dog- (Nassa), Stenoglossa, 22 whip scorpions (Uropygi), 3 1 whipworm (TrichuHs), Dorylaimina, 18 whirligig (Gyrinus), Adephaga, 28 white ants (Isoptera), 26 white-toothed shrew (Crocidura),

Insectivora, 44 white worm (Enchytraeus), Oligochaeta, 24 whiting (Gadus), Anacanthini, 38 wind scorpions (Solifugae), 31 wire worm (Agriotes), Polyphaga, 28

* Wohlfahrtia, Cyclorrhapha, 28 wolf (Canis), Fissipeda, 45 wolf-fish (Anarhichas), Blennioidea, 38 wombat (Vombatus), Marsupialia, 44 wood mouse (Apodemus), Myomorpha, 45 wood wasp, giant (Sirex), Symphyta, 29 woodchuck (Marmotd), Sciuromorpha, 45

woodland salamander (Plethodon),

Salamandroidea, 40 woodlouse (Armadillidium), Isopoda, 30 — (Ligia), Isopoda, 30 woodpecker (Picus), Piciformes, 43 Wuchereria, Spirurida, 18

X

Xanthomonadina, 6

Xenopneusta, 23

Xenopsylla, Siphonaptera, 29

Xenopterygii, 39

Xenopus, Opisthocoela, 40

Xerus, Sciuromorpha, 45 * Xestobium, Polyphaga, 28

Xiphinenm, Dorylaimina, 1 8 * Xiphophorus, Microcj^^rini, 38

Xiphosura, 31 *Xylotrechus, Polyphaga, 28

Y

Yoldia, Protobranchia, 22 Yungia, Cotylea, 1 3

Zalophus, Pinnipedia, 46

Zapus, Myomorpha, 45

zebra (Equus), Hippomorpha, 46

Zelleriella, Opalinina, 7 *Zenaidiira, Columbiformes, 43

Zenkevitchiana, Thecanephria, 32

Zeomorphi, 38

Zeugloptera, 28

Zeus, Zeomorphi, 38

Zoantharia, 12

zoanthids (Zoanthiniaria), 12

Zoanthiniaria, 12

Zoanthus, Zoanthiniaria, 1 2 *Zoarces, Blennioidea, 38

Zooflagellata, see Zoomastigina

Zoomastigina, 6-7 *Zootermopsis, Isoptera, 26

Zoothamnium, Peritrichida, 9

Zoraptera, 26

Zorotypus, Zoraptera, 26

Zygoptera, 26

«: I I <

$ MM M

KiJJA:t:i^^:i

m> .ii

'^.«.*.i

fjjr **

!f # -f ^-^-f -f

*^5„4_.6J^,t

j*j«ji

OjA^

m..jm

ytx/ij

' *•'* V* A

If n --J -^

■^ '#

i^ie

«JI,J1.«

vrf ■.«" d«

''4'^4^'f*'W%%f^Af^

MMJi

•«« . 4 i -H . 4

4 « ,t

«.*4.*,MjC.3l..*:i,_^ 4 a .

JJ*v.*K _^

1^ m |fe 1^

i M ■m\'im

9 w:w

'\i^''^mv--^^"-^.

iLim m w w

sv' 'm^P^k^^

_*^ .m

W*W^\*^^

.>*\ f^'^,., 'M.^M

1
1	4 Hr	■'rt
	^^^^ ^^^^ ■§■	»
	1
■■■■

■■■■	1
	^^^ ^^^ ^^H ^^
^^H ^^B -^^m
	E!-!
	PBBa
	^■■B

i^¥¥V

S- s i.

*:*^sr'-^^^

h"

^ ^ i ' '4 'i t 4 "»a *A

:6't*?/

■" 9* ^^' *- ^ * * *

r.«.i 1 1 __

f^*~?i

t:t:ff

» •€ ^f

«» -.♦-'.iif*j*^..

.* >,4 A jI

r-f'i^

•i.t.i

f.J^^.A

h *

Vb

t ? I

V	.M.	_t t
.. 1 •■« 1
i 'I ^	i	i f
1 .'1 )	i

^■■Ai-:^J%^'^

v?s ^ 3v

I t-; ■ I

' ^„j*.j4 •'

.. . ... .. : M^ww^^rS^i^^fy^.

^B^Jli

i-AAA

M -I I