ICUMATE AND METEOROLOGY

OF

NEW ZEALAND.

WELLINGTON.

BY AUTHORITY : MARCUS F. MARKS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1920.

CLIMATE AND

OF NEW ZEALAND.

(Prepared by Lieut. -Colonel D. C. BATES, Dominion Meteorologist, for publication in the "New Zealand Official Year-book.")

THE climate of New Zealand is spoken of in popular and general terms as equable, mild, and salubrious ; but such a summary does not convey an adequate idea of variations that exist in a country stretching, as it does, north and south for nearly a thousand miles, and distinctly differentiated by lofty mountain-chains. Another fact which must also be borne in mind is that the greater part of the North Island is controlled by a different system of circu- lation from that which dominates conditions in the parts about Cook Strait and the South Island. The former is subject to ex-tropical disturbances, and the latter more to westerly or antarctic " lows," which travel along the latitudes of the " forties," with their prevailing westerly winds.

The climate of the Auckland Province, speaking generally, combines degrees of warmth and humidity agreeable by day and comfortable by night. North of Auckland City conditions are almost subtropical, and in summer balmy easterly breezes prevail, and are responsible for delightful conditions. In winter the winds are more north and west, while changes to the south-west or. south-east mostly account for the rainfall. Cumulus clouds are frequently formed in the afternoons, and, while tempering the heat of the day, also cut down sunshine records somewhat, but add considerably to the beauty of land- and sea-scape. Southward of Auckland the climate is more varied, the west coast experiencing more rain, while the central parts are warmer in the day and considerably colder at night. In the winter months frosts, which are unknown farther north, now and then occur in the hours of darkness. Eastward from Rotorua (the great health resort and centre of the thermal region) is to be found one of the most genial climates in the world, and Tauranga and Opotiki have charms all their .own, especially for their weather and" the fruits which ripen to perfection in these regions.

The monthly and annual means of the temperature, rainfall, and sun- shine of Auckland are shown in the following; table : —

Mrmfh	Mean Temperatures for 56 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 0,, Jfe™ „_
iytom/n.	Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.	67 Years.	UUllollUlC 1U1 10 Years.
	°F. ' °F.	°F.	Inches. Days.	Hr. min.
January	73-7	58-9	66-5	2-54 10-3	217 25
February	74-3 59-6	67-1	2-96 9-6	176 37
March	72-0 57-7	65-0	3-02 11-1	171 58
April	67-8 54-6	61-2	3-30 13-9	139 8
May	62-7	50-5	56-7	4-45 18-3	129 17
June	59-2	47-8	53-5	4-72 19-4	113 45
July	57-6 46-0	51-8	5-15 21-0	114 57
August	58-2 46-0	52-2	4-24 19-6	137 11
September . .	60-7 48-4	54-7	3-61 17-6	136 48
October	63-5 50-7	57-3	3-60 16-4	159 42
November . .	67-0	53-3	60*2	3-28 14-6	184 23
December . .	70-9	56-7	63-9	2-80 11-5	213 52
Year . .	65-6 52-5	59-2	43-67 | 183-3	1,895 3

52774

ROTORUA.

	Mean Temperatures for 32 Years.
Month.		Mean Rainfall for 34 Years.	Mean Sunshine for 8 Years.
Maximum, j Minimum.	Mean.
	1
	°F.	°F.	F.	Inches.	Days.	Hr. min.
January	75-5	52-3	63-9	3-95	9-5	253 39
February	74-9	52-2	63-4	3-83	8-7	190 59
March	71-8	49-4	60-6	3-68	9-7	191 24
April May	66-0 60-0	45-4 40-7	55-6 50-3"	4-26 5-52	10-8 12-5	160 23 141 41
June	55-6	38-2	46-8	4-86	12-9	119 40
July . . 54-2	37-0	45-5	5-29	14-1	127 14
August . . 56-1	37-5	46-7	5-01	13-4	148 15
September . .	59-6	40-8	50-2	5-14	14-4	156 5
October	63-9	44-0	54-0	4-89	14-1	187 5
November . .	68-3	46-7	57-5	4-09	12-8	213 44
December . .	72-8	49-6	61-1	3-63	9-7	228 28
Year . .	64-9	44-5	54-6	54-15	142-6	2,118 37

The Hawke's Bay Province is one of the richest in New Zealand, and is favoured with a pleasant climate, being sheltered from westerly winds, though occasionally they are of the warm and dry (Foehn) type. It is rather dry, but ex-tropical disturbances are occasionally responsible for heavy downpours. Though the number of " days with rain " is less, and sunshine above that of other parts, the rainfall is still a good one, and fairly regular throughout the year, though some seasons have been notably dry. The meteorological records of Napier show reliable normals for the coastal districts. Inland the country is rather mountainous and less mild.

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 29 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 15 Years.	Mean Sunshine for 13 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.	Hr. min.
January	75-9	57-0	66-4	1-64	6-4	281 5
February	74-5	56-7	65-6	2-47	6-4	212 56
March	71-2	54-7	63-0	3-86	9-3	211 49
April	67-2	50-4	58-7	2-58	7-9	195 27
May	61-7	46-3	54-0	4-42	9-7	159 20
June	58-0	42-3	50-1	2-59	7-9	165 40
July	56-5	41-6	49-0	3-95	10-8	149 27
August	57-9	42-1	50-0	3-13	10-8	187 14
September . .	62-3	45-2	53-7	1-83	8-3	220 11
October	66-4	48-7	57-5	2-44	9-1	235 38
November . .	69-6	51-8	60-7	2-17	8-4	245 42
December . .	73-1	55-3	64-2	2-07	7-1	275 38
Year . .	66-2	49-3	57-7	33-15 .	102-1	2,540 7

Wellington, the Capital City, as disclosed by its meteorological records, has a mean climate for the whole Dominion. Wellington occupies a central position, and is situated near Cook Strait, which divides the two main Islands. It has a somewhat changeable but temperate climate, and, though occasion- ally subject to disturbances from warmer regions, is usually controlled by the terrestrial wind-currents which have a westerly direction round the world in the latitude of the " forties." It is popularly regarded as a rather windy spot, for high winds are frequently experienced, although they hardly ever reach hurricane force. Its windiness is largely owing to local configuration, for places quite near Wellington experience very little wind ; and to compensate for this rather disagreeable element is a bountiful sunshine, averaging 2,038 hours per annum. There is a plentiful rainfall, amounting to nearly 50 in.

Between Wellington and Taranaki, following the Taranaki Bight, is pro- bably one of the most fertile and agreeable regions in Australasia ; but inland, though very productive, conditions are not so favourable.

Taranaki has a rather heav}^ rainfall, and in most pa,rts of this region the grass is always green. Its climate is mild, and cattle winter in the open. Wanganui and Palmerston North districts (which lie between Wellington and Taranaki) have less rainfall than either Wellington or Taranaki, and have advantages over other parts of both Wellington and Taranaki.

The climatic means for Wellington are as follow : —

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 56 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 58 Years.	Mean Sunshine for 13 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.	Hr. min.
January	69-4	55-8	62-5	3-28	10-4	232 30
February	69-2	55-7	62-5	3-23	9-1	208 50
March	66-8	54-2	60-5	3-29	11-7	176 37
April	62-8	51-3	57-0	3-89	13-2	153 58
May	58-3	47-3 52-8	4-81	16-7	130 50
June	54-7	44-3 49-5	4-93	17-3	103 39
July	53-1	42-3 47-7	5-81	18-4	101 31
August	54-4	42-8	48-6	4-46	17-0	142 2
September . .	57-4	45-7	51-6	4-09	15-2	161 29
October	60-3	48-3	54-3	4-13	14-1	178 32
November . .	63-4	50-4	56-9	3-48	• 12-8	207 3
December . .	66-9	53-8	60-3	3-21	12-1	240 55
Year	61-4	49-3	55-3	48-61	168-0	2,037 55

It may be useful to make a comparison between the records of Welling- ton and those of Camden Square, London.

CAMDEN SQUARE, LONDON.

	Mean Temperatures for 35 Years.
Month.
	Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
January	43-5	34-0	38-8
February	45-6	34-4	40-0
March	50-1	35-6	42-9
April	57-4	39-4	48-4
May	64-9	45-2	55-1
June	70-9	51-0	61-0
July	74-1	54-4	64-3
August	72-6	53-7	63-2
September	67-4	49-8	58-6
October	57-5	43-9	50-7
November	49-7	38-9	44-3
December	45-1	35-8	40-5
Year ..	58-2	43-0	50-6

MOUMAHAKI.

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 14 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 15 Years.	Mean Sunshine for 13 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
			-• i
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.	Hr. min.
January	70-0	53-3	61-6	3-03	9-5	236 12
February	70*8	53-3	62-1	2-79	8-0	186 58
March ' ..	69-6	52-4	61-0	3-85	9-1	179 35
April May	64-4 59-1	48-2 44-1	56-3 51-6	3-94 4-17	13-1 14-0	152 53 121 22
June	55-1	42-5	48-8	4-39	15-2	99 53
July	53-7	40-9	47-3	4-27	16-9	106 54
August	55-5	41-8 48-7	3-67	14-6	138 51
September . .	58-8	44-8	51-8	4-04	14-2	150 5
October	61-8 „	47-0	54-3	4-41	15-0	163 21
November . .	64-6	49-1	56-8	3-61	12-8	168 42
December . .	68-2	50-9	59-5	3-59	12-1	231 12
Year . .	62-6	47-4	55-0	45-76	154-5	1,935 58

Nelson and Maryborough are highly favoured regions with regard to sun- shine and shelter from marine winds. Long ago Bishop Selwyn said, " No one knows what the climate is till he has basked in the almost perpetual sunshine of Tasman's Gulf, with a frame braced and invigorated to the full enjoyment of heat by the wholesome frost or cool snowy breeze of the night before."

Pastoral and agricultural industries are thriving, and the Province of Nelson is also famous for its fruit cultures — apples especially being celebrated for their variety, colour, and flavour. The rainfall about Nelson is very reliable, and averages from 35 in. to 45 in. per annum. Marlborough is also a sunny province, and its rainfall averages from 25 in. to 30 in.

The records for Nelson are as follow : —

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 31 Years.	Mean Kainfall for 37 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.
January	75-5	53-8	64-6	2-66	7-9
February	74-6	53-9	64-1	2-68	6-6
March	71-4	51-4	61-3	2-99	8-9
April	66-5	47-4	57-0	2-87	9-6
May	60-3	42-5	51-3	3-20	10-0
June	56-2	38-9,	47-5	3-82	10-1
July	54-7	37-7	46-2	3-61	11-2
August	56-7	38-6	47-6	3-01	10-5
September	60-8	42-4	51-5	3-70	12-2
October	64-9	45-0	55-0	3-24	11-9
November. .	69-0	48-4	58-7	2-91	11-3
December	72-0	51-4	61-8	2-68	8-8
Year 65-2	45-9	55-6	37-37	119-0

The climate of Westland is influenced by its position with regard to the prevailing westerly winds, its proximity to the sea from which these winds blow, and the mountainous character of its eastern half. The rainfall, as might be expected, is heavy, and ranges from about 70 in. per annum in the north on the coast to as much as 200 in. in the mountainous country. The weather-changes are chiefly due to atmospheric depressions, with lowest pressures passing south of the Dominion. Cyclones centred in the north, while bringing heavy rains to the North Island and the east coast portions of the South, do not, as a rule, affect Westland, as easterly winds, which then prevail, are not conducive to cloud-formation in this province. Sunshine averages 1,858 hours a year, and, though not so abundant as in east coast districts, is a good average amount considering the rainfall. Westland is noted for a clear, beautiful atmosphere during fair- weather periods.

HOKITIKA.

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 34 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 40 Years.	Mean Sunshine for 7 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.	Hr. min.
January	67-9	53-7	60-8	9-92	12-2	189 27
February	68-4	53-3	60-8	7-54	11-0	174 29
March	66-2	51-3	58-7	9-85	13-7	176 38
April	62-7	47-2	54-9	8-94	14-9	131 10
May	58-3	42-5	50-4	10-03	15-5	139 23
June	54-9	39-1	47-0	9-90	15-3	101 15
July	52-9	36-7	44-8	9-05	16-3	105 1
August	54-6	38-1	46-3	9-02	15-8 "	150 11
September . .	57-8	42-4	50-1	9-37	16-5	133 51
October	59-8	45-7	52-7	11-50	18-7	161 35
November . .	62-3	48-4	55-3	10-31	17-0	174 5
December	66-3	52-2	59-2	10-54	15-8	220 33
Year . .	60-9	45-8	53-3	105-62	152-2	1,857 38

.8

The chief health resort of the South Island, Hanmer Spa, is in North Canterbury, situated on a small plateau. On account of its altitude, 1,120 ft., it enjoys an invigorating climate, with a mean annual temperature of only about one degree below that of Chiistchurch. Owing to its elevated position and nearness to the mountains Hanmer is irj some winter seasons subject to rather severe snowstorms, such as are never experienced on the Canterbury Plains. The mean annual rainfall is 38*15 in., and the mean total sunshine 1,992 hours.

The district of Canterbury comprises a variety of topographical features. A plain stretches over a hundred miles from north-east to south-west, with a maximum width of about forty miles from the east coast to the foothills to the westward. The latter merge into the mountainous country culminating in the main range of the Southern Alps, which divide the provinces of Canter- bury and Westland, and afford a protection from the heavily-moisture-laden north-westerly winds. The rainfall of the Canterbury Plains is in consequence much restricted, the average being about 26 in. There is, however, a remark- able progressive increase from east to west, as is shown by the records. At Christchurch the mean is 25- 13 in. ; at Mount Torlesse Station (near Spring- field), 39*86 in. The climate of Canterbury might almost be described as Continental in type, with large extremes of temperature between summer and winter and day and night. Except in the three summer months frosts are numerous, and even in the early spring arid late autumn they are at times severe enough to damage vegetation of a tender nature. In summer, day temperatures of over 90° in the shade are sometimes experienced. Both with regard to climate and soil the Plains have proved most suitable for agricul- tural farming, and much of it is capable of growing splendid cereal and root crops. The prevailing winds in Canterbury are north-east and south-west, while north -westerlies are not, as often supposed, of frequent occurrence. They are most common in the spring-time, and, being dry and warmy they have a some- what enervating effect, though in winter-time they come as a welcome change from the keen temperatures then generally ruling. The bright sunshine, as recorded at Lincoln, shows a daily average for the year of 5'8 hours.

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 23 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 42 Years.
Maximum.	Minimum, i Mean.
	°F.	°F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.
January	70-7 52-6	61-6	2-06	9-1
February	69-3 52-6	60-9	1-87	7-9
March	66-4 50-0	58-2 '	2-21	9-5
April . .	61-8	45-1	53-4	1-92	9-5
May	56-1	40-1	48-1	2-56	11*6
June	50-9	36-0	43-4	2-67	12-4
July	49-9	34-9	42-4	2-87	13-4
August	52-2	36-2	44-2	1-79	11-0
September	57-2	40-5	48-8	1-69	9-9
October	62-2	43-6	52-9	1-64	9-3
November. .	66-0	47-4	56-7	1-85	10-3
December. .	69-8	51-4	60-6	2-11	9-5
Year	61-0	44-2	52-6	25-23	123-4

Otago, as the southernmost part of New Zealand is now called, is very diversified both as regards its physical features and its climate. Inland, in Central and North Otago, the climate is dry and clear — hot in summer and cold in winter. The rainfall for this district averages from 13 in. to 20 in. Near the coast, in the Dunedin district, the rainfall is more plentiful, averaging from 30 in. to 40 in. per annum, a good deal of which falls in light drizzling rains. The records for Dunedin are as follows : —

	Mean Temperatures for 55 Years.	Mean Rainfall for
Month.				62 Years.
	Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	°F. °F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.
January	664	49-5 57-0	3-40	14-2
February	65-7	49-4	56-6	2-79	11-5
March	62-9	47-8	55-3	2-96	12-8
April	60-3	44-7	51-6	2-72	12-8
May	53-3	41-0	47-0	3-31	13-7
June	49-3 38-4	43-1	3-10	12-9
July	47-5	36-9	41-5	3-07	13-2
August	49-9	37-7	43-1	3-09	12-7
September	53-9	40-7	47-0	2-71	12-6
October	59-0	42-7 j 50-8	3-05	14-1
November. .	61-4	44-9	53-1	3-23	14-0
December	64-5	47-9	55-3	3-52	14-5
Year	57-8	43-5	50-1	36-95	15-9

Queenstown, on Lake Wakatipu, amongst the mountains, at an elevation of over 1,000 ft., furnishes the following averages : —

	Mean Temperatures for 9 Years.
TIT~«AU		Mean Rainfall for
Montn.				30 Years.
	Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean.
	CF. °F.	°F.	Inches.	Days.
January	70-4	49-9	60-1	2-82	8-8
February	70-2	49-6	59-9	1-82	5-6
March	66-4 47-9	57-1	2-55	7-2
April	59-1	43-8	51-5	2-97	7-9
May	51-8	38-6	45-2	2-63	7-5
June	45-9	33-7	39-7	2-39	6-9
July	43-3	31-8	37-5	1-89	5-9
August	47-3	33-8	40-6	1-82	6-2
September	54-3	38-7	46-5	2-60	7-5
October	59-8	42-1	50-9	3-69	9-1
November. .	63-2	44-5	53-8	2-74	8-4
December	68-0	49-2	58-6	2-44	8-1
Year	58-3	42-0	50-1	30-36	89-1

10

At Invercargill, the chief town of Southland, the averages are as follow :

Month.	Mean Temperatures for 11 Years.	Mean Rainfall for 26 Years.
Maximum. Minimum.	Mean.
January	°F. 65-8	°F. 48-3	°F. 57-0	Inches. 4-28	Days. 15-8
February	65-7	47-6	56-6	2-86	11-7
March	64-4	46-0	55-2	3-57	14-0
April	59-1	42-7	50-9	4-37	16-7
May	53-5	37-7	45-6	4-59	17-4
June	49-7	36-2	42-9	3-48	15-9
July	48-4	34-0	41-2	3-43	15-8
August	52-1	36-1	44-1	3-39	14-6
September	56-7	39-0	47-8	3-09	13-7
October	59-5	42-8	51-1	4-75	17-2
November . .	61-0	43-6	52-3	4-45	17-6
December	63-8	46-2	55-0	4-33	15-5
Year	58-3	41-7	50-0	46-59	185-9

The average rainfall of Southland is between 40 in. and 50 in., but towards Queenstown the rainfall is between 30 in. and 40 in. The rainfall is well distributed throughout the year, but there is less wind in winter than in summer.

Stewart Island has a wonderfully mild and moist climate, especially on its eastern side, with an average rainfall of 65' 18 in.

NEW ZEALAND EAINFALL.

The following tables show the difference, above or below the mean, for each month in the year : —

NORTH ISLAND RAINFALL, 1919. Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Fourteen Previous Years.

	a c3 - >-a	£ £	|	T< A •<	I	9 a & 1-5	j», "3 ^	82 B <J	t £	« o	1	1
-j-								4-47	4-04
Av.	3-21	2-98	4-48	4-04	4-82	4-48	5-39	4-26	3-83	4-47	3-72	3-35
-	2-62	1-79	2-24	1-35	2-95	3-25	3-90			3-23	2-27	1-68

Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Fourteen

Previous Years.

	1	!	1	<	>> •	0 a	>> "3 >-3	P '	I	|	i	1
_J_	11-6							17*0
Av.	9-9	8-7	11-3	13-1	14-8	15-5	17-1	14-7	14-7	15-5	13-7	11-3
-	..	6-1	8-6	9-1	9-5	14-4	16-9	..	13-4	9-2	12-9	9-3

+ Above the average.

- Below the average.

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12

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Continuous line showing the mean monthly temperature in shade for past years. Dotted line showing the mean monthly temperature from January, 1919, to January, 1920 (inclusive).

13

SOUTH ISLAND RAINFALL, 1919. Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Fourteen Previous Years.

	a at ^	A 1	M Cfl %	!	1	<D a 3 >-i	>> "3 ^	ci |	a X	1	> o 5	1
-1-	5-96							3-65	4-01		4-03
Av.	3-59	2-81	3-62	3-31	3-62	3-93	3-88	3-16	3-88	3-88	3-42	3-82
-		0-67	1-52	3-19	1-49	3-75	3-43			3-01	••	2-4S

Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Average for Fourteen Previous Years.

	1	& CD h	1	'£ ft •^	>, o3 S	| ^	j>> "s i-s	ob o <!	I	o O	1	C3 0) P
-f-	16-4							14-0
Av.	12-1	9-4	11-7	12-1	12-4	13-4	13-5	12-4	13-5	14-3	13-9	13-0
-	••	6-0	7-7	11-4	7-5	11-3	12-1	••	12-1	11-8	13-7	10-d

+ Above the average. — Below the average.

METEOROLOGY.

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND WIND THROUGHOUT NEW ZEALAND, AS OBSERVED AT TWELVE STATIONS, FOR THE YEAR 1919. (The observations were taken at 9 a.m.)

		Temperature in Shade.	Rainfall.	"o
a				.			"S^?
3	Months.	1	I	h	1 1 ||	I	ss		Prevailing Winds.
a		i	1	|H		M	£	Jl
			1	X g°	^
		°F	°F.	°F.	°F	°F	No.	Inches.	Inches.
V -.	January	79-5	50-6	69:6	56-6	62-8	13	1-70	29-91	W, SW.
in X |	February	81-0	58-0	73-4	61-8	67-6	7	0-84	30-13	N, SW.
	March .	77-0	46-0	70-3	56-5	63-4	13	2-07	30-07	SW, W.
c?^!^	April	69-0	41-0	65-0	51-8 58-4	15	1-12	30-11	W, SW.
-»i *^ «3	May	66-0	39-0	61-1	49-2	55-2	14	5-94	30-18	SW. SE.
2 •'~l	June	62-5	40-0	58-3	46-7	52-5	24	3-60	29-97	W, SW.
J^;	July	62-0	39-0	56-9	46-1	51-5	17	4-15	30-01	SW, S, W.
13	August .	62-0	39-0	57-6	44-0	50-8	19	3-00	29-99	SW, W.
3	September	65-0	38-5	58-3	45-5	51-9	18	3-56	29-83	SW, NW.
'o ' -~£:°	October. .	66-0	42-0	62-0	49-0	55-5	10	4-06	30-00	SW, W.
Sa2.~	November	69-0	41-0	64-7	48-7	56-7	16	2-16	29-92	W, SW.
	December	74-0	43-5	68-2	54-5	61-3	8	1-35	30-00	SW.
tTtE-^	January	88-0	43-0	75-7	54-8	65-2	3	1-44	29-771	NW, NE.
i 1 February	85-0	47-0	74-6	58-5	66-6	2	2-90	30-105	SE, W, N.
c3~	March ..	81-0	42-0	70-2	52-0	61-1	6	0-97	30-013	W NW.
§.•."•*	April . .	73-5	33-5	66-5	45-2	55-8	4	0-68	30-095	NW, SW.
02 pq	May	77-0	34-0	59-8	42-2	51-0	6	3-15	30-203	W, SW.
§W	June	66-0	30-0	58-3	.40-1	49-2	3	2-56	29-926	NW, W.
Mco	July . .	71-0	29-5	56-6	42-3	49-4	9	2-57	30-049	NW, SW.
cSos10 1	August . .	65-5	31-0	58-2	42-5	50-3	10	3-65	29-969	NW, W, N.
s °° "	September	72-5	35-0	60-4	42-2	51-3	5	2-56	29-849	W.
p; 4* o ^	October . .	71-0	38-5	65-8	47-1	56-5	3	1-03	29-931	NW, W.
{555 g	November	77-0	39-0	68-1	48-5	58-3	3	0-45	29-795	NW, W.
o	December	85-0	38-0	72-5	50-5	61-5	4	0-64	29-965	NW, W.

14

Temperature in Shade.	Rainfall.	"o -» ^
Months.	lij I	I	If	s c S	11	& fl • ^	|1 o S3	Prevailing Winds.
	S	1	fl O	|H	|g	1 ^	g«
j			_		S-"	I
							No.	Inches.	Inches.
•Sfc 1	January	76-0	38-0	67-6	50-2	58-9	7	1-73		W.
— t> ^	February	79-0	41-0	72-5	54-2	63-3	6	1-71		W.
.*P	March ..	77-0	32-0	68-8	47-8	58-3	6	1-28	_	W, E.
HI	April . . May	71-0 66-0	30-0 26-0	62-9 58-5	44-3 38-6	53-6 48-5	7 7	0-88 0-85		W. E, W.
^ --^	June	61-0	24-0	55-0	39-0	47-0	11	2-29		W, E.
cod"^	Julv . .	60-0	29-0	53-9	38-6	46-3	14	2-77		W.
!|H\-	August . . September	62-0 64-0	31-0 32-0	55-4 57-1	44-8 41-3	50-1 49-2	17 12	3-84 2-72		W. W.
2o x	October . .	70-0	35-0	62-1	45-2	53-6	8	1-73		W.
•— 5 so	November	70-0	33-0	60-.8	45-5	53-1	15	2-39		NW, W.
ft	December	80-0	32-0	65-8	45-4	55-6	6	1-13		W.
o^ I	January	75-0	45-0	67-5	51-5	59-5	20	7-01		SW.
CO0 --7-	February	80-0	50-0	74-5	57-2	65-8	4	1-93		S, SW.
-ki^^H	March . .	78-0	47-0	74-3	55-3	64-8	9	3-42		S, SW.
°P	April . . May	72-0 68-0	45-0 31-0	66-0 60-3	52-1 46-9	59-0 53-6	10 7	3-52 2-32		S, SW. SE, S, SW.
"§ ° S	June	65-0	38-0	58-7	45-5	52-2	21	5-23		SW, S.
oTL^	July	63-0	33-0	57-2	41-8	49-5	20	5-00		s,sw.
Sgrj V*	August . .	69-0	35-0	57-6	42-6	50-1	21	5-04		SW, S.
™'* a	September	67-0	40-0	60-4	45-4	52-9	21	5-10		S, SW.
^CO*	October . .	70-0	44-0	62-1	50-8	56-4	17	4-33		SW.
^ eoS	November	69-0	44-0	62-9	51-2	57-0	17	2-52		SW.
fc	December	73-0	38-0	67-7	52-0	59-8	11	1-61		SW, S.
«o T	January	71-8	43-5	65-2	55-4	60-3	10	3-74	29-718	NW, N.
'"'S	February	81-1	44-9	69-6	56-9	63-2	3	2-02	30-140	NW, N, S.
£_, ^	March . .	73-8	39-1	66-8	53-9	60-?,	6	1-10	30-006	NW, N.
•^i -^	April . .	67-5	88-2	60-7	49-7	55-2	12	1-93	30-062	N.
. o	May	63-4	33-6	57-0	46-2	51-6	9	1-92	30-202	S, N.
:§•£< 1	June	65-9	29-9	54-9	43-0	48-9	15	2-44	29-892	N, S, NW.
. T	Julv	57-7	32-0	53-4	42-3	47-8	18	3-05	30-052	S, NW.
I si	August . .	64-5	33-0	54-9	44-7	49-8	17	3-42	29-954	NW, N, S.
•65 S	September	65-3	31-2	57-1	43-8	50-4	12	1-96	29-857	NW, S.
•S ."^	October. .	68-8	40-7	60-4	48-4	51-4	9	1-93	29-953	NW, NE. S.
^•/ili	November	65-8	35-8	60-8	48-6	5-1-7	11	2-54	29-801	NW, N.
£	December	79-0	38-4	64-9	51-1	58-0	14	2-41	L'9-934	N, NW.
t~ ;o	January	83-0	43-0	72-1	51-5	61-8	10	3-03		SW, NE.
rH -*	February	83-5	49-5	74-9	57-0	65-9	3	0-28		SE, NE, SW.
SO * 1	March . .	78-0	41-0	70-2	50-9	60-5	6	0-91		SW, NE.
r-l rH J^	April . .	71-5	36-0	64-5	46-0	55-2	5	0-53		SW, SE.
0 CO ^	May	68-0	29-0	59-3	41-1	50-2	5	1-63		SE.
** S **	June	61-0	26-0	54-2	35-1	44-6	12	3-09		SE, SW.
CO	Julv . .	61-5	22-0	52-7	32-9	42-8	10	2-22		NE, SE.
^.aS	August . .	62-0	*	55-5	*	*	11	2-24		SE, NE.
7T-" rt	September	69-0	*	58-8	*	*	11	2-09		SW, SE.
o • * * "'	October . .	71-0	39-0	64-8	46-8	55-8	6	1-70		SW.
~ 02 S	November	74-0	37-0	66-3	47-6	56-9	9	1-82		SW, N.
£	December	76-0	37-0	70-3	50-7	60-5	8	1-04	! 1 N, SW.
^ •*	January	66-5	43-0	60-8	50-0	55-4	27	14-26	29-779	N, SW.
co sq	February	71-5	45-0	66-8	54-3	60-5	10	2-64	30-181	SW.
~^05	March . .	70-0	36-5	63-3	48-6	55-9	14	5-24	30-022	SW.
So	April . . May	65-0 60-0	3"4-0 29-0	58-7 53-9	45-7 38-6	52-2 46-2	17 7	7-89 2-59	30-093 30-211	SW. E, SE.
•S 1	June	57-5	26-5	51-1	38-1	44-6	19 12-09	29-880	E, SW.
~cfi • T	July	56-0	29-0	51-3	36-6	43-9	16 9-85	30-038	E.
-"|?€'	August . .	63-5	29-5	53-7	39-8	46-7	21	8-65	29-965	E.
Ji — S	September	60-5	28-0	54-9	39-2	47-0	17	7-72	29-862	E, NE.
15 -%3	October. .	65-5	31-5	57-4	44-7	51-0	18	9-15	29-974	SW, N.
^ ad's	November	61-0	33-0	57-5	45-6	51-5	23 13-18	29-831	SW.
W	December	73-0	33-0	60-5	46-9	53-7	16 ' 6-27	29-970	SW.

Incomplete.

15

		Temperature in Shade.	Rainfall.	"o
j	Months.	S	«	* .2	fa	i		wl	Prevailing Winds.
1			9	11 *%	SI	Q	1	li
		5			*	P	1		1
lj Of) .	January	82-7	38-2	69-2 49-8	59-5	No. 13	Inches. 3-09	Inches. 29-615	NE, SW.
COCO |	February	81-8	39-0	68-6	53-0	60-8	6	0-21	30-095	NE, SW.
5?fc2	March . . April	81-1 73-6	35-8 29-0	69-2 62-2	48-2 42-8	58-7 52-5	4 10	0-69 1-83	29-906 29-977	NE, SW. NE, SW.
tt '""•cS	May	67-3	28-2	56-2	39-2	47-7	7	1-27	30-169	SW, NE.
"•e^	**"*j June	66-6	26-5	52-0	35-4	43-7	7	2-59	29-824 I SW, NE.
•^.2 "5s	July . . 68-8	27-1	52-3	37-5	44-9	12	2-67	30-013 NE, SW.
|3 .-•-	August . . : 67-9	30-5	53-4	39-6	46-5	14	1-58	29-929 SW, NE.
^3 •„•	September 74-9	23-3	54-7	37-4	46-0	12	3-02	29-844	SW, NE.
5	October.. 75-6	32-9	63-0 44-2	53-6	7	1-42	29-866	NE, SW.
•egg	November	74-4	35-7	62-1 45-6	53-8	11	2-09	29-733	SW, NE.
3	December	81-1	33-4	67-6	48-1	57-8 7	1-24	29-855	NE, SWr.
Iocs January	84-0	37-0	70-7	47-1	58-9	14	4-50	29-620	NE, NW.
February	88-8	37-6	72-3	50-6	61-5	3	0-21	30-129	NE.
G<l 00	March . .	85-0	34-8	71-3	46-5	58-9	6	0-55	29-933	NE, NW.
cow |	April . .	78-8	30-2	65-0	42-4	53-7	9	2-04	30-062	NE, SW.
0 2<, T	May	70-0	28-2	59-3	37-2	48-2	6	1-10	30-176	NE, SW.
•*«>£	T j June	67-0	26-6	54-4	35-0	44-7	8	2-54	29-811	NE, SW.
^ .N	July	67-4	28-0	53-8	36-3	45-0	11	2-46	29-994	NE,SW,NW.
— e^	August . .	68-0	30-2	54-8	37-7	46-2	12	1-96	29-931	NE, SW.
*~2 "S	September	74-0	21-8	57-8	37-0	47-4	11	2-65	29-845	SW,NE.
*C * r ""	October . .	76-6	33-5	64-1	41-9	53-0	8	1-68	29-842	NE, NW.
	November	73-0	34-0	64-4	43-2	53-8	12	2-44	29-730	S, NE, SW.
.S32	December	85-0	29-8	70-2	43-9	57-0	10	1-41	29-868	SW, NE.
	January 81-0	36-0	66-0	46-6	56-3	17	4-95		NE.
^a	February 89-0	40-0	65-8	49-9	57-8	11	0-86		NE, SE.
•* w	March .. 77-0	36-0	68-1	45-4	56-7	4	0-70		NE, NW.
"*^N	April . . 71-0	33-0	62-0	41-8	51-9	8	2-55		NE, SW.
*t£l |	May . . 70-0	27-0	56-8	37-2	47-0	4	0-12		SW.
"S . !U	June . . 70-0	24-0	53-6	34-6	44-1	5	1-77		SW.
^ st'o	July .. 61-0	26-0	5*6	34-4	43-0	10	2-09		SW, NE.
-2-§	August . . 61-0	27-0	51-9	36-6	44-3	14	4-65		NE.
	September 73-0	31-0	53-9	37-4	45-6	12	4-83		NE, SW.
.— °~ii	October.. 74-0	30-0	60-4	42-0	51-2	10	1-02		NE.
°eS OQ sS	November 75-0	33-0	61-4	43-0	52-2	11	4-10		NE, SW.
^	December 77-0	36-0	65-4	45-4	55-4	9	2-48		NE.
	January 78-0	38-0	63-0	47-4	55-2	25	7-12	29-608	SW, NE.
02 3	February 84-0	42-0	66-0	49-4	57-7	4	0-76	30-112	SW, NE.
W	March \ . . 75-0	36-0	64-5	47-7	56-1	10	1-37	29-910	NE, SW.
ift^l	Ap-il . . 70-0	35-0	57-4	43-5	50-4	16	5-57	29-973	SW.
°ft W I	May . . 68-0	30-0	53-4	40-2	46-8	12	1-66	30-164	N, SW.
**o ~?	June '. . 68-0	30-0	52-4	39-1	45-7	13	3-40	29-818	SW, N.
1§0	July	63-0	31-0	51-2	38-6	44-9	11	2-68	29-968	NE, SW, N.
	August . . 67-0	30-0	52-4	38-9	45-6	18	7-48	29-919	SW, NE.
S .CO	September 73-0	29-0	54-4	39-9	47-1	15	3-58	29-822	SW, NE.
'S a^-	October.. 74-0	35-0	60-9	42-4	51-6	19	2-34	29-824	SW, NE.
S ^"sS	November	69-0	35-0	60-1	43-0	51-5	19	3-87	29-707	SW, NE.
P	December	83-0	36-0	64-2	46-4	55-3	13	3-07	29-850	SW, NE.
^ •'	January 72-0	37-0	61-7	46-1	53-9	27	7-75	SW, E.
<N pq	February 82-0	36-0	65-5	47-9	56-7	10	0-41		SW.
® *	March .. i 77-0	28-0	65-1	42-1	53-6	17	3-14		SW, NE.
'S- CN	April .. i 72-0	34-0	58-1	42-4	50-2	25	7-09		E, SW.
•*^ 00	May .. 65-0	23-0	54-3	38-1	46-2	21	4-04		SW, E.
_C5CO i	June . . 60-0	24-0	50-8	36-5	43-6	18	3-53		E.
— --T	July . . 58-0	19-0	49-6	33-2	41-4	19	4-09		E.
°EO P''**	August . . 62-0	26-5	51-8	35-9	43-8	22	5-34		E.
c6 — S	September 69-0	29-0	56-7	35-9	46-3	12	3-43		E.
K •• •	October . . 67-0	30-0	57-3	41-6	49-4	20	6-94		SW, NW.
g • —	November 70-0	35-0	57-5	42-2	49-8	21	4-14		SW, W.
£ '	December 78-0	38-0	63-0	4S-6	54-3	18	3-83		SW, W.

16

COMPARATIVE TABLE, YEAR 1919.

	Temperature in Shade.	Rainfall.	"8
Stations.	• 3%	tf*	S| si »*	•s'-2 .1 fa	§l •	| ft	jf»-g	Prevailing
	^ Q	O o	^ dd	o £» tj ^	0!M=!		r— 1 Q	Winds
	«1	h	fl a& jj	II*	^•2	If	1	|i
	°F.	°F.	°F.	°F.	°F.	No. Inches.	Inches.
Auckland . . 81-0	38-5	63-8	50-8	57-3 174 33-55	30-001	SW, W.
Feb. 11 & 12	Sept. 8				1
Greenmeadows 88-0	29-5	65-6	47-2	56-4	58	22-60	29-973 NW, W.
(Napier)	Jan. 22	July 17						^
Palmerston N.	80-0	24-0	61-7 44-6	53-1 116	23-32 !	W, E.
Dec. 30	June 3				1
New Plymouth 80-0	31-0	64-1 49-4	56-7 1 178 47-03 j	SW, S.
Feb. 23	May 26 & 27		|
Wellington . . 81-1	29-9	60-5 48-7	54-6 136 28-51 29-967	NW, N,
Feb. 24	June 1						S.
Nelson . . 83-5	22-0	63-6 *	*	96 20-58		SW, NE,
Feb. 18	Julv 17		•		SE.
Hokitika . . 73-0	26-5	57-5 44-0	50-7 205 99-53	29-984	SW, E.
; Dec. 31	June 27
Christchurch 82-7	23-3	60-9 43-4	52-1	110 21-70	29-902	NE, SW.
Jan. 23	Sept. 2
Lincoln . . ! 88-8	21-8	63-2 41-6	52-4	110 23-54	29-912	NE, SW.
Feb. 18	Sept. 2
Waimate . . 89-0	24-0	59-7	41-2	50-4 115 30-12	NE, SW.
Feb. 18	June 28
Dunedin . . ! 84-0	29-0	58-3	43-0	50-6 175	42-90	29-890	SW, NE.
Feb. 17 & 20	Sept. 1
Invercargill . . 82-0	19-0	57-6	40-6	49-1	230	53-73		SW, E.
	Feb. 21	July 31

* Incomplete.

By Authority : MARCUS F. MARKS, Government Printer, Wellington.

T500/9/20— 13625

Syracuse, N. Y PAT. JAM. 21, 1908

!U Oi

452774

UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA LIBRARY