eVtl THE FAUNA OF INDIA
INCLUDING
PAKISTAN, CEYLON, BURMA AND
MALAYA
Published under the patronage op the
Government of India
EDITED BY LT.-COL. R. B. S. SEWELL, C.I.E., S^.B., F.R.S., l.M.3. (retd.)
COLEOPTERA
LAMELLICORNIA
LUCANID.E
AND
PASSALID^
VOL. IV.
BY
Gi'^Jf'^A'RROW
TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LTD.
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C 4
AiERE y FLAMMaM.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LTD.
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
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EDITOR'S PHKFACE
-0
It is deeply regretted tliat tlie Author of this volume,
Mr. G. J. Arrow, died before the vohinie could he published.
The manuscript of the work was first sent to me loi' }>ublicatioii
in 1943, but war and post-war conditions made it im})ossible
to print and publisli the volume earlier. Fortunately
Mr. Arrow was able, before his death, to revise his manuscript
and go through the type while it was in galley-proof. It is
therefore hoped that few errors or raisprmts have ere])t iji :
but should there be any, I must bear the responsibility for
them.
Zoologists the world (jver will leaiii with great appreciation
that the Government of India liave undertaken to contiiuie the
ISeries. The grant of full autonomy to India and the separation
of the Dominion of Pakistan have, however, rendered necessary
a change hi the title of the Sei'ies, and in future this will be
" The Fauna of India " and each Monograph will include an
account of the faunas of India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma,
and, if possible, Malaya. The Governmeiit of India have
further decided that from now on all future volumes must be
printed and published in Ijidia. The ])resent volume thus
concludes a long stage hi the i)rcduction of this valuable series
of Monographs : the first volume, that on the Mammalia, by
W. T. Blanford, was printed by Messrs. Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. in the year 1888, and since then 81 volumes have been
issued. With the publication of this volume the long
association of Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. with the
" Fauna of British India " comes to an end, and I therefore
take this opportunity of expressmg to them the very great
jv editor's preface.
degree of indebtedness that I and previous Editors and
Authors owe to them, for the very great care that they have
throughout taken m the printing of these numerous volumes
and for the manner in which the standard of work has been
mamtained for over sixty years.
R. B. 8EYM0UR SEWELL,
C.I.E., 8c.D., F.R.8.,
Lieut.-Col. l.M.S. {retd.),
Editor.
The Zoological Laboratory,
Cambridge.
May, 1949.
PEEFACE
o-
The groujis of Lamelliconi beetles comiirised in tlic ibiii-
volumes published between 1910 and the present time, and in
the present volume, which is the last, have not followed am-
natural sequence, but have been dealt with only as the
materials necessary for the purpose have been foinid adequate.
The largest subfamily, the Melolonthin^, the very great
majority of the types of which are in Germany, has been
omitted for reasons which it is perhaps imnecessary to
exi)lain. The preparation of the present volume has been
made possible by willing help from many kind friends, who
have allowed me to study at leisure the specimens in their
charge and, in too many cases, to retain them for a veiy Ic^ng
time. Through their co-operation I have been able to cxamme
ty])e-specimens of nearly every sjjecies, known to inJiabit
India or Burma, of the two families dealt with here. Fortius
I must ackiaowledge my indebtedness in the first place to two
old and lamented friends, ardent entomologists and earnest
workers for international goodwill in two once-friendly nations
\\Iii(li, it is to be hoped, may in time to come prove worthy
of sucii citizens, the late Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches
Entomologisclies Institut, Berlin, for the loan of the tyi)es
of Kraatz, Zang and others preserved in that institution, and
the late Dr. K. Gestro, of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale
in Genoa, for the loan of Boileau's Burmese types. Dr. Gestro's
assistant. Dr. Capra, and his successor, Dr. Oscar de Beaux,
have also given all possible helj), for which I desire to exjjress
my gratitude.
•infiio^^
vi author's preface.
Even more important has been the assistance rendered by
my very old friend, Monsieur Rene Oberthiir, whose death in
1944, at the age of 92, has deprived us of perhaps the most
zealous and stimulatmg collector of Coleoi)tera the world
has known. His constant interest and encouragement durhig
the progress of the present work and the loan or presentation
of the numerous types from his wonderful collection, have
been of immense value. Others, to whom I also offer my
grateful thanks, include Dr. R. Didier, who has lent me types
of species described by himself and Boileau, since presented
by him to the Paris Museum, Professor G. D. H. Carpenter,
of the Hoije Department of the Oxford University Museum,
for putting at my disposal the many ty^^es of Hope and West-
wood under his charge, Dr. Hem Singh Prutlii, formerly of the
Calcutta Museum, for sending me those of Gravely contamed
in that collection, and Herr Paul Nagel, of Hanover, for
obtaumig for me from the Hanover Museum the highly
interesting type of Lucanus gracilis Albers.
Many others have helped me by the loan of specimens, and
I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. C. F. C. Beeson
and Mr. J. C. M. Gardner, of the Forest Research Institute,
Dehra Dun, Mr. G. M. Henry, of the Colombo Museum,
Mr. E. A. D'Abreu, of the Central Museum, Nagpur, Mr. S. H.
Prater, of the Bombay Natural History Society, Monsieur
Antoine Ball, of the Royal Museum of Natural History,
Brussels, Mr. E. R. Leach, of Piedmont, California, and
Mr. J. W. Angell, of New York. The collections made in India
by Mr. T. R. D. Bell and Mr. H. G. Champion have also been
of important assistance.
In no other group of insects, perhaps, does an adequate
conception of the diiferential characters depend to a greater
degree than in the Lucamid^ upon a comparison of nuiny
specimens. Published descriptions consist, in most cases, of
a more or less exact enumeration of the features of a shigle
si)ecimen. When this is a female, such a diagnosis api^lics
w ith considerable accuracy to any other specimen of the species
belonging to the same sex, but Avhen, as is more often the case,
the specimen described is a male, it may well Ijc that another
specimen of either sex, although of the same species, will
.TaO» • .t in^
author's preface. vii
accord with it in scarcely any single detail. The extreme
variability of male Lucanid^ is the cause of exceptional
difficulty in identification and, as a result, the nomenclature
of the group is greatly complicated. Only the study of series
sufficient to link uji the different phases can resolve the numer-
ous problems that arise. Since many Indian species are still
known by only a very few examiiles, or even a single one, it
cannot be hoped that finality in nomenclature has been achieved
in this work. The present attempt, with its rather extensive
revision of antecedent work, will itself inevitably need
revision when further materials have accumulated. It may
at least be hoped that this volume, by bringing together the
very scattered records in comprehensive form, will serve to
stimulate interest in a very remarkable and attractive group
of insects.
To illustrate vdih anything like completeness insects so
variable as the Lucanid^ would require figures of many
examples of each. Such series, in very many cases, are not
at present to be found in any collection, and I have been
obliged to content myself with one figure of nearly every
species of both sexes of a considerable number and of more
in a few representative cases only. The photograjjlis, with
a few exceptions, are of the exact size of the originals and in
many cases are of type-specimens, either so designated by the
author of the name or one of the original series from which the
species was described. The figures not of the actual size of
the specimens are indicated in the " Explanation of the
plates".
SYSTEMATiG INDEX
Page
Fam. L u c A X r D .E 35
Subfam. Lf7C.4A7A-.*: 40
1. Lucanus Scopoli 41
1. laminifer Wat 44
2. liinjfer Hope .... 45
3. fiircifer. sj3. n. ... 46
4. fryi Boil 48
5. smitlii Fdrrif 49
6. villosiis Hope .... 50
7. cantori Hope .... 51
8. mearesi Hope .... 52
9. fairmaiioi Plan. . 54
10. groulti Flan 55
11. dohertyi Bo(7 50
12. westennaiini
Hope d' Weslw. 57
13. atratus //oy;p ... 58
14. obeithiiri Flan. . . 59
15. lesnei Flan 60
16. gracilis Albers. . . 61
17. siugulari.s Plan. . . 62
2. Cyclommatus Parry ... 63
18. .strigiceps ]\'esfw. 64
19. alber.si Kraalz. ... 66
3. Hexarthrius
Hope tO Westiv. 67
20. parrvi Hope 68
21. for Ateri Hope ... 69
22. maiszeclii Tlionis. 71
23. bowringi Parr;/ . . 72
24. aduncu-s Jonl. . . . 73
25. da\isoni Wat. ... 74
4. Gnaphaloryx Jiarnieint. 75
26. opacii.s liiirni. ... 76
5. Dorcus Maclean 77
27. antaeus Hope .... 86
28. curvideiis (Hope) . 88
29. rudis (]lV*7ir.) ... 90
30. dorolictus Pf/>7V/. . 91
Pago
31.
opac'ipenni.s Zang.
92
32.
ratiocinativiis
HV.s'/w
93
33.
veliitinii.s Thoins. .
94
34.
ur.sulus Arroir . . .
95
35.
cylindnis Tf)0)»-s. .
96
36.
immimdus Arrow.
98
37.
rugcsiis Boil.
99
38.
fulv'onotatus
{Parru)
100
39.
bisignatus (Parry)
101
40.
boileaui (Did.) . . .
103
41.
titamis (Boil.) . . .
104
42.
tityu-s Hope
106
43.
siibmolaris
(Hope d- We.stir.)
108
44.
reichei (Hope) . . . .
109
45.
hypprion Boil. . . .
112
46.
sewertzowi (Sem.)
113
47.
poiiillaudei
(Hoiilb.)
114
4S.
laterotarsiis
(Hoiilb.)
115
49.
ciirvipes
{Hope (0 11 >••>/»•.
116
50.
.spen<'ei (Hope) . . .
117
51.
biilbo.sii.s (Hope). .
118
52.
perplexu.s (Parr;/)
120
53.
polymorphu.s.
noiTi. n
121
54.
dentifer (Deyr.) . .
122
55.
jeakiitsi
(We.ftw.)
124
56.
inaci'lcllandf
(Hope)
125
57.
pas.saloiiles
(Hoj)e have the body comparatively straight, there arc only
two jiairs of functional legs and tliey are widely separated.
The third pair are represented by vestiges so minute that they
are almost invisible without magnification. They lie clo.se
behind the second pair, have lost all trace of their original
form as organs of locomotion and apimrently serve only to
scrape microscopic ridges upon the surface beneath them, the
friction causing a scjueaking noise. Lucanid larvae also squeak
by means of a special apparatus upon the two hinder pairs
of legs but all the legs are fully developed, as in other
Lamelheornia.
In the adult beetles there is a very strong contrast between
the uniformity of the Pas.salid.^ and the variety of the
Lucanid^. The former are shining black insects, narrow-
bodied, parallel-sided, with short legs and aiitennje. The
latter ma}' be black and shining but they are often brown, red
or yellow ; they may dis])lay boldly contrasted combinations
of light and dark colours or even (though not in India) tlie
most vivid metallic green, golden or iiery red. They may be
narrow but are sometimes extremely broad. The legs and
antennae may be short liut are often very long. In structural
details the two groups have little in common except such as
are shared with nearly all Lamellicoriiia. Tn the Passaliu^e
the connection between the front and hind l)ody is very
tMttiim
2 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
jieculiar. The mesotliorax is Icngtlioned in such a way as to
form a waist such as few other beetles possess. Tlie mesono-
tum does not ])rojcct between the elytra, and the bases of these
do not, as visual, fit closely against the pronotum. As a
consequence of the elongated mesothorax the second pair of
legs is capable of swinging forward into a position close to
the axis of the body, impossible to most other beetles. The
organs of the mouth are also entirely different in the two
families. Those of the Passalid^ form a very strong masti-
catory apparatus for dealing with woody material, while those
of the LuCANiD^ are adapted for juicy or liquid nourishment
and of a much more delicate character, their mandibles not
being employed for mastication.
Another great contrast between the two groups is found in
the usually very different males and females of Lucanid^
and their always identical form in Passalid^. A charac-
teristic of Lamellicornia in general is the tendency for
the two sexes to show considerable differences in form and
colouring. The most striking manifestation of this is in the
appearance of horns, either peculiar to the males or reaching
an exaggerated development in that sex. These horns are
either outgrowths of the head or thorax or greatly elongated
mandibles. The most remarkable examples of the former
type are found in the Dynastin^ and Coprin^, already
dealt with in former volumes of this series, and of the latter
type the most striking examples occur in the Lucanid^.
A few cases of this type have been described and figured in
the volume on Rutelin^ {Didrepanephorus, Dicaulocephalus,
etc.), and a similar enlargement of the mandibles of the males
is met with in particular instances in many families (Ceram-
BYCiD^, Brenthid^, Histerid^, etc). But the Lucanid.^
are not only the best examples amongst insects of the enlarge-
ment of the male mandible — they are probably unique in
exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorpliism in the great
majority of the species. In other instances it is observable
tliat these differences between male and female are of very
irregular occurrence. They may be found in a single species,
in several or in many, but closely related forms are almost
invariably found in which they are absent. Usually they arc
found in the largest forms of a group and smaller closely related
forms are without them. In the Lucantdje also they reach
their highest development in large species and are absent in
certain small forms, but those in which the two sexes are
actually alike are so few as to be comparatively unimportant.
The PASSALiuiE, on the contrary, are conspicuous amongst
the Lamellicornia for the complete absence of external dif-
ferences between male and female. Living in similar conditions
and, like the LucANiDi^:, feeding in the larval stage in and
TNTRODFCTTON. 3
upon (Iccayinii trce-stumji.s or K)jj;s, they aiv strikiiiifly (liHcrciit
fiuni them in this rcspiMt and in the absence of tliat extreme
variability of size within tiie s])ecies so characteristic of the
LuCANlDyE.
Like the Copri.N-*;, dealt with in a ])revious vohnne, both
groups may be re<^arded as on the whole beneticial to mankind.
None are recorded as injurious to any serious extent, and, as
the result of their combined activities, i^reat f|uantities of
dead tree-stumps and logs are disintegrated and removed,
which would otherwise remain to hinder the growth of fresh
vegetation. It can perhajDs scarcely be counted as a further
merit that certain native races attribute ])eculiar virtue to
the strange-looking male beetles. I have been infonued by
Dr. Hamid Khan that in Southern India certain liill-tribes
use the mandit)les meflicinally, and of a certain Chinese species,
Calcodes nitiduf<, the form of the male mandibles is unknown,
every specimen brought to Em-ope having had them removed,
probably for a similar reason.
Larv.«.
As already stated, the larvae of the two families differ very
considerably, those of the Passalid^ being adaj)ted to a more
active existence than those of the Lucanidve, which, like
Lamellicorn larvae in general, have very little power of move-
ment from place to place. The Lucanid larva differs little
from other "" wliite worms," as Lamellicorn grubs are called
in various parts of the world. The body is curved into the
shape of the letter C and normally lies u])on its side, the three
pairs of legs brought close together and useless for locomotion,
although well (levelo])ed. The surface of the body is rather
smooth, the segments l)eing without transverse fokls and with
little or no covering of hairs oi- spines. The 4 or 5 segments
forming the ])ostcrior half of the body are large and the anal
opening, which in otiier Lamellicornia lies in the same ])lane
as the mandibles and other organs of the mouth (generally
described as transverse), is here at right angles to that plane
(generally described as longitudinal). This serves to dis-
tinguish at a glance any larva belonging to the family, at
least so far as they are at present kno%vn. The ventral
surface of the last segment, as in other Lamellicornia, has on
each side a patch of very short close-set sjiines, forming what
is sometimes called the raster ; the exact arrangement of
these spines differs in different s])ecies. The s])ines ])robably
serve to assist the mandibles in holding food-matter or
perhaps in cleaning the delicate organs of the mouth.
The legs consist of a coxa, trochanter and two other joints,
terminating in a single claw. All the legs are of nearly ecpial
length, but those of the third pair have an extension of the
b2
4 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID.E.
trochanter, and the inner side of that joint usually bears a
hard straight ridge extending from its base to the tip of this
projection. Highly magnified, this ridge is found to be
transversely broken up or milled, like the edge of a com.
Tlie leg is usually directed a little forward, so that the ridge,
wliich is used like a violin bow, rests upon the base of the leg
in front of it. The coxa of that leg is crowded with hard
granules, so that it may be compared to sand-paper, and the
effect of drawing the sharp transverse blades of the " bow "
across this jjlate is to set up vibrations which produce a
fairly high-pitched note. The granules upon the middle
coxa have a definite arrangement which varies according to
the species. The structiu-e found in the European representa-
tives of the genera Lucanus and Dorcus are shown in the
beautiful plates of the Danish work on beetle larvae (Scliiodte —
De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum Observationes). In
Lncamis the outer edge of the granular area is formed by a
single row of larger elevations placed side by side. In Dorcus
the arrangement does not differ greatly, but certain other forms
less nearly related show well-marked differences in the dis-
tribution of the granules. In some these form rows instead
of being distributed over the whole surface. In a recent
paper (Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol, xcvi, 1935 p. 178) Dr. van Emden
has described the distinctive features of the larvae of a number
of different genera and Mr. J. C. M. Gardner (Indian Forest
Records, vol. i, 1935, p. 6) has compared various Indian
larvae identified as belonging to Dorcus, Hemisodorcus, Proso-
pocoelus and Euryimchelus, which he says " might all belong
to one genus," thus confirming the view taken in the present
work. A few other Indian larvae have been described by
Dr. Gravely (Records of the Indian Museum, vol. xii, 1916,
p. 137). In the genera Jigus and Xigidius the stridulatory
surface is less well developed and it seems doubtful if the
apparatus is actually functional.
Passalid larvae also are rather smooth, the body-segments
being without the transverse folds found in most Lamellicorn
larvae, but, in maikcd contrast, not only with the Lucanid^
but with all other known Lanu^llicorns, they are active creatures,
able to crawl from place to place. Tlio body is com2>;n*atively
long and straight, the ten abdominal segments are alike, tlie
jiosterior ones not enlarged, antl the ti>rminal one is witliout
the usual spiny " raster " on its \n\\vr surface. The anal
opening has the normal transverse direction, unlike that of
LucANiD^. The most remarkable characteristic is in the legs,
which appear to be only four in number. A very close
examination is necessary for the detection of the tiny hind
legs, seemingly rudimentary, wliich do not jiroject downwards
but lie close to the sides, where tliey extend only as far as
tlie bases of the second pair. When magnified these miinito
INTRODUCTION. O
limbs are seen to have the sliai)c of a tiny hand or paw with
five or six projections very sharply pointed at the end. The
area at the base of tlve [uecediiig leg, upon which this curious
limb lies, is darker than the surroundhig surface and, closely
examined, is found to bear a number of very line ridges,
capable of vibrating when plucked by the claws of the httle
" paM." To human ears the sound so j)roduced, as it has
been described by Ohaus, is soft but easily audible at a short
distance. The four normal legs are rather long and slender.
A small distinctive feature of the Passalid larva in its early
stage is a pair of hatcliing-spines or egg-bursters. These
are sharp projections found one on each side of the upper
surface of the mctathorax. They serve to break the egg-shell
and are shed when the first skm is cast.
The distinctive features of a number of Indian species of
l*ASSALii)^E have been described by Dr. Gravely in the paper
mentioned above. The larva; of the AuLACOCYCLiNiE and of
Leptaulax can be distinguished, according to him, from those
of the remaining Indian genera by the form of the terminal
lobe of the last ventral segment, wliich is deeply cleft, wliilst
in the rest it is entire.
The organs of the mouth do not greatly differ in Lucanid and
Passalid larvai, but Gardner (Indian Forest Records, vol. i,
1935, p. 2) has recorded that the grinding apparatus of the
mouth in the latter is reduced, as compared with that of the
Lucanid larva, and says " the difference would be difficult
to explain were it not for the observations of Ohaus, who
found that . . . the parent beetles attend their progeny
throughout their larval period and present them with already
masticated food."
The larval period appears to be much shorter and the adult
life longer than in the Lucanid^. The eggs do not all mature
together, but seem to be laid at intervals during several months.
In the case of Passalns cornutits eggs, larva; and pui)ai were
all found together and the comi^lete metamorphosis appears
to be accomi)lished in the course of a single summer.
Another LamcUicorn group in which stridulation by the
larvai is performed in a similar way to that adopted by the
LucANiD.E and PASSALiDyE is that of the GEOTRuno^. In
that group tiic larval legs are to some extent intermediate
in their stage of development between the conditions found
in our two families. The tliird pair are specially adai)ted
for scraping the bases of the second pair and are reduced m
size, but without the v(;ry great degree of specialization found
in the Passalid^. Although the short, compact-bodied adult
GEOTRUPiD-^.have little resemblance to either Lucanid^ or
Passalid^e, there are many reasons for regarding them as a
primitive group related to the ancestors of both. Larval
6 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
stridulation may tliercfore be regarded as a habit acquired
ill very ancient times, before the separation of these three
now very distinct groups of beetles.
Habits and Metamorphoses.
With the exception of the Lucanid^ belonging to the genus
Colophon in South Africa, which apparently feed upon the
roots of scrubby mountain plants, of the remarkable blind
Vinsonella area in Mauritius and of Lej)tinopterus in South
America, one of which has also been found among roots, the
members of these two families, so far as they are known, feed
ujjon decaying wood and are found during the greater part of
their lives in rotting logs or tree-stumps. Cocoons of a Lucanid,
probably Calcodes siva, have been recorded (Sharp, Proc. Ent.
Soc. 1884, p. 18) as found in the thatch of a house in Assam,
but there is no evidence that this substance is a food material
of that common species. More ])robably the larva fed
upon the supporting timber. Although, in the nature of
their food, Lucanidje and Passalid^ are alike, their life-
histories are actually very different. Upon reaching maturity
the LucA^'ID^, as tlieir mouth-organs clearly show, are no
longer capable of feeding upon wood. Many appear to take
only liquid food, some others are said to attack foliage.
The Passalid^ on the other hand are without apparent means
of taking liquid nourishment but have strong horny jaws well
adapted for masticating the woody substance of the dead
stumps and logs in which they live in all their stages. They
are more social in their mode of life than the Lucanid.^;,
larvae and adults bemg commonly found together. Observers
both in Tro])ical America and in the East have reported the
discovery of communities, each consisting of two adult beetles
and a grouj) of larva?, and this lias given rise to the supposition
that the young are fed and cared for by their parents. This
was the conclusion arrived at by Dr. Fritz Ohaus, who devoted
some time to a study of several species found by him in
South Brazil. An account of his experiences, of which the
following translation forms })art, was })ublished in the
Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for 1900 (Bcricht iiber einc
entomologische Keise nach Centra Ibrasi lien, p. 164).
" Since Passaiida' were common at Petropolis — I found
altogether more than 30 species and about 15 genera — and
on every excursion I found numerous larvae, I tried several
times to breed them like other Lamellicorn larvae, but always
with the same want of success. Tliis surprised me the more
since the other larva- prospered (luite well in similar circum-
stances ... 1 now turned my attention for some time almost
entirely to this grouj) and soon observed that in all the tree-
trunks in which 1 foimd I'assalid larv;e they were accompanied
INTBODUCTION. 7
by two adult beetles, occupying the end of the gallery, which
was largely Hljcd with |)ulveriz('(l wood, often boring further
into the wood, while closu behind them were the larvae, varying
in number from 2 to 7, sometimes in pairs and sometimes
scattered. 1 now put the larvai foinid in a single trunk into
a breeding-cage together with the two beetles and found that
they i)rospered quite well. If 1 removed the two beetles
the larvae died, even if I gave them the food-material chewed
by the beetles confined separately. As I frequently observed
both in the Held and at liome, the larvae ate only the wood
chewed by the beetles. If I took a larva from its burrow
and examined its mouth-parts I always found between them
only spongy chewed woody material and never separate
pieces such as one always finds between the jaws of larvae of
Lucanidae, Rutelidae, Dynastidae and Cetoniidae. If one
carefully examines the mouth-organs of a Passalid larva, one
finds that they are not of a kind to masticate the wood in
which one finds them. The mandibular teeth are compara-
tively feeble and the grinding surfaces at the base are both
concave, without ridges for mastication, and lie so far apart
that their edges are not in contact ; moreover, the lower lip
is without the chitinous piece on the inside, the hypophar^Tix,
which is found in all wood-eating Lamellicorn larvae and which
serves to grind still smaller the wood wliich has been partly
divided between the molar surfaces. The maxillary teeth
can only grip and not masticate the food.
The operations of the pair of beetles found together with
the larva? are, however, not confined to masticating their
food, for if one gives the larvae the pulverized wood gnawed
by the beetles removed from them, or that taken from the
burrows of other LameUicorn larvje found in the same stump
(e. g. Rutelid or Cetoniid larvae) the larvae die nevertheless.
Although I could not investigate the chemical constitution of
the digestive secretion in the moist woody substance eaten
by them, I consider it certam that the food of the larvae
is predigested by the beetles. The brevity of the digestive
tract in Passalid larvae is confirmation of this. In them the
enlargement of the last abdominal segment characteristic of
all other Lamellicorn larva?, including those of Lucanidae, is
entirely wanting.
Examination of the internal organs of the two beetles
found with the larvae always proved them to be a pair, the
parents of tlie larvae, as further observation soon showed.
A pair gnaw their way into a suitable stump. They are not
particular in their choice, one finds few old stumps near
Petropolis witliout P«.s%s'fli».s ; they attack any kind of wood,
provided it is sufficiently decayed and quite moist. The
burrow^s, which are so wide that botli beetles can work in
8 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
them close together, ruii in all directions in the wood, not
under the bark, and are filled with gnawed wood. In this
the female lays her eggs in a heap. The eggs are ohve-green
in the small species, blackish-green in the larger ones, almost
spherical, with a rather hard elastic shell. The egg does not
increase in size after it is laid. At the end of the egg-stage,
the duration of which I could not judge, the shell splits from
one end to the other, gajjes wide open, like the two husks of
a hempseed, and from it crawls the white larva, of which the
tips of the mandibles, the tarsi, and tlie spiracles and stiff
bristles on the back are yellow. During this movement it
increases considerably in size ; for instance the larva of
Phoroiicvus rusticus Perch., emerging from an egg 5-5 mm.
long, was 13-5 mm. long and 3-25 mm. broad. The adults
remain with the eggs and young larvae mitil all the eggs are
hatched. Then new burrows are started and, the paionts in
front and their brood behind, the whole comjjany advance,
chirping all the time . . . The sound produced by the stridu-
lating ajjparatus is loud and penetrating. The beetles in a
fallen log can be heard before they are seen. In a sjjecimen
found late at night, which in the absence of any better vessel,
I enclosed in a china receptacle on the washstand, the noise
was so loud that I could not sleep until I had removed it
from the room. The beetles chirp whether their brood is
with them or not ; but that they commmiicate in tliis way
with their brood I satisfied myself when I once found a log
contaming Rutelid larvae and pupse as well as Passalidae, old
and young. As the former were of more interest to me,
I put the latter aside about half a yard from the log. During
my search for the Rutelidae, I heard the continuous chirjiing
of the PassaUds. When I had thoroughl}^ searched the log
and, before deimrting, turned over a large jDiece of wood lying
near, I found beneath it the parent beetles and four larva.
Two others were making for the same shelter over fragments
of wood and other obstacles ...
The chirj^ing of the larva? is not so loud as that of the
beetle, but distinctly audible, especially that of the larger
species. The larva is quite active and is even able to climb
up rough surfaces and the wire gauze of a breeding- cage.
I have never observed that, even when of different species,
they bite one another, nor did 1 ever observe the moulting
jirocess. The entire devel<)])ment occupies barely a year, even
in the large species- — in Paxilloides there are two generations
in a year. For i)upation the larva needs no cocoon, the pupa
usuall}^ ly"^g ^^^^ ^^ ^^p burrow, the loose woody material
merely drawn a httle towards its sides and occasionally lightly
cemented together to form a frail cocoon. Tlie change from
larva to jmpa and from ])upa to beetle takes about 3 weeks, so
INTRODUCTION.
^
that it is hardly possible to determine the intermediate stages,
especially as larva' ami pupic do not stand disturbance so
well as those of Rutclidie for instance. The parents remain
witli their brood until all have i)upated and with the pupae
until these have become adult and must even attend to the
freshly developed beetles, which take some time to become
hardened and their organs so fully mature that they are able
to feed themselves. In January and February complete
families are connnonly found together still, even close together
in the same gallery, the elders only distinguishable from the
young by the worn teeth of the front tibiae, scanty hair, missing
tarsi, etc. . . .
Common as the beetles are in old timber, one rarely sees
them in the open ; I believe there were not half-a-dozen times
when I found individuals upon the ground or crawhng on old
logs in the forest. Usually one finds only one family in a
tree-trunk, often together with larva? of other Lamellicornia,
but rarely are several families of a species together and I
never found different species in company. I only once saw
a Passahd in flight — the fhght is slow and heavy."
W. M. Wheeler, ui liis book upon ' The Social Life of Lisects '
(1923, p. 27), states that his own observations, made in Central
and South America, Trmidad and Australia, confirm those
of Ohaus, and 1 have been informed by a well-known entomo-
logist, Col. F. C. Fraser, that he has on various occasions
found in India Passahd famihes consisting of two adults
and a number of larvae. The precise interpretation of the
facts observed must, however, be regarded as not yet fuially
settled. In a careful review of the subject (' Uber die Biologic
der Fassaluskafer '), II. Heymons, who studied the insects in
the same regions as Dr. Ohaus, contends that there is no
reason to believe that parental care is actually exercised or
that the hfe-history of these uisects differs in any important
respect from that of other wood-feeding beetles. From an
investigation of the contents of the ahmentary canal he
concluded that the larv» were capable of assimilating and
digesting woody material in the raw state, and were not, as
supposed, dependent upon predigested food. Heymons'
observations relate chiefly to Fassaliis interstitialis in South
Brazil. Experiments with the North American species,
Popilius disjunctus 111. {=Passalus cornutusV.), made by a
group of students of Duke University, North Carolina, and
described by them in ' The Ecology of Passalus cornuius,
Fabricius, a beetle wliich lives m rotting logs,' by A. S. Pearse,
etc. (Ecological Monographs, 193G, p. 455) led to the
conclusion that, although well-growii larvae could be reared
independently upon rotting wood, young newly-liatched
specimens required material previously dealt with by the
iO LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
adults. When separated from the latter in an early stage
they invariably died.
The (juestion of j)arental care must therefore be regarded as
needing further investigation. It seems certain that the young
larvae depend for a time, at least, upon food material ])repared
l)y the adults. The degree of dependence no doubt varies
in different species and genera. The larva differs greatly from
those of all other Lamellicornia and the existence side by side
of larvse and adults is highly exceptional and must have some
special significance. It occurs also in the " Ambrosia-beetles "
(Platypodid^ and Scolytid^) in which a social organization
varying in its degree of complexity has been found to exist.
Whether or not the stridulatory power of the adults and
young is used as a means of inter-communication, as Ohaus
maintained, the possession of the faculty so highly developed
in both throughout the family seems to indicate a greater
importance than it has in any other group of beetles, for in
general the occurrence of these organs is rather erratic. The
profound structural modifications by which the stridulatory
organs have become perfected also show this. Owing to the
complete transformation of the third pair of legs of the
larvae into stridulating organs the creatures have acquired
a method of locomotion by two pairs of legs only which is
quite unlike that of other insect larvae. In the adults flight
is evidently of less importance than stridulation, for in a
number of different species the alteration of the wings, the
rubbing of certain specialized parts of which, by bosses situated
upon the abdomen, produces the squeaking sound, and the
fusion of the edges of the elytra, against which the wings are
pressed, has resulted in the complete loss of all power of
flight. As to the real use of stridulation, further investigation
is much to be desired. In a paper dealing with ' The Origin
of Stridulation in Beetles ' (Proc. R. Ent. Soc, A. 17, 1942,
]). (S.3), I have suggested tlie possibility that the vibration
resulting fi-om the movements may serve as a protection
against [)redators or parasites, the sound being only incidental.
Social instincts of an elementary kind have been found to
exist in at least one member of the Lucanid^, the European
Sinodendron cylindricum . The late Dr. T. A. Chapman
described (Ent." Month. Mag. vol. v, 1868, p. 139) his discovery
of tliis insect in tlie ])rocess of nidification. A burrow about
G inches long, with shorter branch-tunnels, was driven into
tlu> dead and lotten wood of an old ash tree by a ])air of beetles
working in collaboration. The excavation was begun some-
times by the male and sometimes by the female but soon after
a pair were found at work together, the female extending
the burrow while the male a])peared to employ himself by
removing the excavated material. Wideiiings of the burrow
INTRODUCTiON. 1 1
occurivd at intervals, enabling the insects to turn ruuiid. In
the brancli-tunnels eggs, 20 or more in nuinbci', were laid
at regular intervals of about one-eighth of an inch in a s\m'iil
line round the wall, each in a slight depression, and the chamber
was afterwards packed with wood dust. Each grub, on
hatching, bored straight into the wood, the mother- beetle
remaining in the main burrow. It is jirobable that the mother
usually dies near the entrance to the workings and so bars
the way to any insects seeking to prey upon her brood.
It has been stated by Katzeburg (Die Forstinsekten,
vol. i, 1837, p. 106), that the male and female of a Dorcus (the
European D. paralleloplpcdu.s L.) work in association, but
this has never been confirmed. It is very likely tliat such
collaboration will be found to occur in Lucanid genera, such
as Figulus and Nigidins, in which, as in the Passalid^, the
two sexes are aUke and there is no extravagant enlargement
of the mandibles of the male. It is significant that the
genus Hiyiodendron , which contains only three known species,
is quite unlike all other LuCANiDiE in having the mandibles
of the male very small and the head and thorax provided
with horns similar to those of dung-beetles, Copris, etc., in
which nidification by the male and female working in co-
operation is well known. The thoracic horns in Sinodendron,
as in many Coprin^, have become specially modified to adapt
them to the purpose of removing excavated material and
debris from the burrow.
The LrcANin.^ have been charged with the destruction of
living trees, but without adequate reason. In his ' Report
on Insects destructive to Forests,' Thompson stated " The
Stag-beetles are both numerous and connnon in individuals
and are, of the whole order of wood-beetles, the most destruc-
tive to Uving trees." According to E. P. Stebbing (' Indian
Forest Insects ') this statement was the result of confusion
with another beetle {Lophostermis) belonging to the family
Cerambycid^ ; of the Lucamd^ Stebbing reports, on the
contrary, " The tree selected (by the egg-laying female beetle)
is invariably a dead one in which the wood has already
undergone considerable decay. In no cases have I ever found
the grubs or beetles in sound timber, nor have I been able
to find any corroboration of the statement made by Thompson
that these beetles and their grubs destroy oak timber."
Stebbing records, concerning Lucanus lunifer (Indian
Forest Insects, p. 71), that fully developed larvie, pupa? and
mature beetles were all found in rotten oak stumps during
July, and that the beetles are on the wing in June, July and
September. The i)upal stage lasts a month or six weeks at
most, but the beetle spends some time resting before emergence.
The female beetle lavs her eggs in crevices of the l)ark or creeps
12
LTJCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
under projecting flakes and deposits them on the outer surface
of the sap-wood. A Uttle book, ' The Beetles of the Himalayas,'
by E. A. D'Abreu mentions the trees most commonly affected,
and the months of appearance of a few of the commoner
Indian Stag-beetles. Beyond these scanty details scarcely
anything has been recorded as to the habits of the Indian
species, but the life -histories of the British Lucanus cervus,
of which various congeners are found in India, and of Dorcus
parallelojnpedus , representing the predominant Oriental genus
of LucANiD^, are fairly well known. The eggs of the former
are deposited in much-decayed tree-stumps or sometimes at
the base of rotting oak posts. The species is common in the
London district and the south of England, as well as in the
outskirts of Paris. Its immature stages last three or four
years and sometimes perhaps more but probably the duration
of life of the related species inhabiting warmer climates is
shorter. Like other LameUicorn larvae, that of Lucanus
cervus feeds lying upon its side with the body curled in the
shajie of the letter C. When fully grown it prepares an oval
cell with a smooth lining, within the soft fibrous substance
surrounding it, and then turns upon its back to undergo its
metamorphosis. The change to the pupal stage and later to
the adult condition takes place in the autumn but the beetles
remain until the following spring within the pupal cell and the
eggs are laid in summer. Dorcus parallelopipedus is found in
decaying stumps or trunks of ash and sometimes of elm,
walnut, etc.
It is probable that the great majority of the Indian
LucANiD^ have habits essentially similar to those of these
European forms, to which they are closely related. A few,
aberrant in their structure, like Aulacostethus, Platyfigulus and
Penichrolucamis, have no doubt peculiar modes of life in
correspondence with their structure, but of these a few sohtary
examples are all that have yet been discovered, and their habits
remain completely unknown. Some of the Indian Stag-
beetles are found in large numbers, but not a few are known
only from single specimens, although in some cases these
solitary specimens were discovered many years ago. It is
probable that, like their European allies, most of the Indian
species are more or less nocturnal in the adult stage, remaining
quiescent during the day and becommg active only after
sundown. Some of the more gaily coloured members of the
family however, like the splendid Australian Lamprima, fly
in hot sunsliine and are sometimes seen in hundreds at a time.
The common Lucanus cervus has occasionally appeared in
very large numbers in Poland and other parts of Central
Europe. A swarm drowned in the Baltic near Libau has been
rccordcfl arifl a still more remarkable swarm in the south of
INTRODFCTION. 13
France is said to have occurred some years previous to
1863, when, during a period of extreme drought, a cloud of
the insects sufficient to obscure the sun passed southwards
to a less arid region in tlie Department of the P\Tenees
Orientales. The latter account, recorded by Planet in his
' Essai Monographique sur les genres Pseudohicane et Lucane '
(p. 41), seems scarcely credible. Perhaps the finding of a
few specimens of the Stag-beetle at the time of the passing of
this surprising swarm led to a too hasty conchision as to the
insects composing it.
The active adult life of the Lucanid^ seems to be short.
L. cervus ap})ears at the end of May or the beginning of June,
and is only occasionally seen after the middle of July. In
the Himalayas various species are abundant during the montlis
of July and August. Various accounts have been given of
the contests that occur between the males of the British
Liicanus cervus, which seem to considerably outnumber the
females. Kirby and Spence describe them as attacking each
other with great fury, but the encounters seem to be generally
of a harmless nature, rather clumsy scuffles for possession of
the female. It is very doubtful whether the mandibles can
be correctly described as weapons in these struggles. The
beetles appear to be actually without the means of inflicting
injuries, such as often occur in similar contests between male
insects not provided with enlarged mandibles. Certain
species with shorter and stouter jaws are perhaps capable
of inflicting more serious injuries but, although males are
sometimes found bearing scratches, probably resulting from
these contests, they are generally very superficial.
DiMOBPHISM AND POLYMORPHISM.
Although the two sexes never differ so completely as in
those insects the females of which are wingless and larva-like,
sexual dimorphism seems to attain in the Lucanid^e almost
the extreme of possible difference for beetles in which both
sexes are fuUy developed. Male and female of the same
species may be dissimilar in practically every resi)ect, so that
their correct association becomes a most perplexing problem.
There are a few genera, e. g., Figidus, the species of which are
of small size, in which the two sexes are alike externally l)ut
this is quite unusual. In other genera dwarfed males may
rather closely resemble the females and such specinu^ns often
afford the best means of associating the sexes, but the larger
the size of a male specimen the less it resembles the female,
until in fully developed exani])les the dissimilarity may be
comi)letc, so that, in many cases, it is difficult to find any
single feature alike in both.
14 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^.
Unfortunately a very considerable number of tlie genera
hitherto arcejjtcd in this grou]) are distinguislied solely by
peculiarities of tlie male antl, in the case of females of which
the other sex is not certainly known, not only must the species
remain unknown but even a generic name cannot be supplied.
Worse still, since the features distinctive of the male are
inconstant and, with diminishing size, tend to fade away, such
generic characters are often absent, not only in all the specimens
of one sex, but in many of the other. It is obvious that,
instead of facihtating it, such a system is a very serious
obstacle to nomenclature. I therefore propose to recognize
only genera in which distinctive features are to be found both
in male and female. In groups of animals in which one of
the sexes is rarely found or is rudimentary in character, it
may be impossible to apply this rule, but in the Lucanid^
the two sexes are fully developed and approximately equal
in numbers. The characters of the females are relatively
constant and much more easily defined than those of the males,
and experience shows that the features of most importance in
classification are to be found in both sexes. When the male
alone of a species has been known, a particular feature may have
been quite reasonably supposed to be of generic importance ;
but subsequent discovery that it is found in one sex only
should be accepted as proving that assumption wrong.
In these beetles the feature that first strikes the eye is of
course the enormous development of the mandibles, or
" horns," of the males, which, in most species, differ in toto
from those of the females. The mandibles of the latter are
rather constant both in size and shape, obviously serving the
same practical purposes throughout tlie group. They are
short and sharp, the tips crossing one another, the outer edge
simply rounded and the inner edge usually bearing a stout
tooth for givhig increased gripping power. The mandibles
of the male, on the other hand, except in the few genera where
the two sexes are alike and in a small number of exceptional
species of other genera, such as Dorcus derelictus and Lncamts
gracilis, in which the organs are little larger in the one sex
than the other, convey no such suggestion of practical efficiencj^
in well-grown specimens at least. In many cases they reach
a size (in Lucanus cantori and L. laminifer, Plate III, figs. 1
and 5, for example) which must inevitably restrict the freedom
of movement of the bearers and exhibit fantastic shapes
which, if we consider them as weajions or tools, suggest only
a high degree of inefficiency. The great difierence between
the sexes in the mandibles entails other differences. The
enlargement of the mandibles may be accompanied by a
great enlargement of the head and often, as in the genus
hnmnns, the head bears strong ridges or outgrowths wliich
INTRODUCTION. l5
give it a form entirely unlike that of the female. The enlarge-
ment of the head may entail the widening of the thoia.\ in
front. The great develo])inent of the anterior j)art of the
body throws forward its centre of gravity and necessitates
an adjustment of the suj)ports, and the fore-legs are therefore
relatively longer in the male. \'aiious other differences are
no doubt due to the different habits of tlie two sexes, the
females being more sedentary and usually under the necessity
of burrowing for the deposition of their eggs, wiiile the males
need no adaptation for that j)urpose and are more active.
The legs of the females are accordingly stout and formc^d for
digging, while those of the males are slender and sometimes
extremely long.
In the genus LucanuH the contrast between the very elongate
legs of the males and the short and ]iowerful legs of the females
is complete and an almost equally striking dissimilarity is
found in many of the species of Calcodes. A curious exception
to the general rule occurs in the wide-ranging Gnaphaloryx
opacus, Plate XV, figs. 11-13, of which the female has the
front tibiae more slender than the male and strongly curved —
no doubt an adaptation to some unusual mode of life. (A
rather similar form is found in another peculiar and apparently
rare little Indian species, Dorcus curvipes). The middle and
hind tibiae of the female may have stout lateral spines which
are absent or feeble in the male, those of the male may have
hairy pads, as in Calcodes marginatus, or notches, as in Dorcus
hiplagiatus , which are absent in the female. In some species
of Calcodes the prosternum is produced in the male.
There are many other differences between the sexes, of a
very varied kind and affecting almost every part of the bod}- .
It is rather remarkable that the abdomen, which in other
Lamellicorns is especially apt to show such differences, is
here almost the only exception. In Dorcus macclellandi
there is a tufted process at the extremity of the abdomen of
the male, but I know of no similar case. In some species of
Lucanus the male has a remarkably long clypeal process or
clypeo-labrum and in various forms of Dorcus the corres-
ponding part, instead of being lengthened, is very much widened
in that sex. It might reasonably have been suj^posed that
the presence or absence of so well-developed a structure as the
forked process, very conspicuous in the male Lucanus lunifer,
would afford an important means of grouping the species
but, like so many other features, the dypeus of the male is
liable to an extreme variability. Its development closel}'
follows that of the mandibles and it may be narrow or broad,
according to the distance separating these at their bases in
different individuals. In Dorcus tifnnus it may be deeply
divided or entire ; in the Malayan Calcodes somnuri, loivci and
16 LucANiD-a: and passalid^.
brookeanus, in which the mandibles have two different phases,
in one meeting closely and in the other widely separated, a
very conspicuous clyjieal process aj^pears between them in
the latter phase but is quite absent in tlie other.
The astonishing difference commonly found in the mandibles
of the two sexes needs no emphasis but the other organs of
the mouth usually differ also. The maxillae in many species
have a hooked termination to the lower lobe in the female
but not in the male, the palpi are often elongated in the latter
and the mentum may differ in shape and sculpture or have a
clothing of hair in the male, which is absent in the female.
The hook-like backward extension of the mentum in the male
Figulus cavicejjs is remarkable, since it occurs in a genus of
which the other species have identical males and females.
The head of the female is commonly shorter, as well as
more roughly sculptured, than that of the male, w^liich is
usually rather smooth, and, apart from the head, the sculpture
of the upper surface is rarely the same in both sexes. The
female may be glossy and the male dull, as in Calcodes
mratus and Dorcus wimberleyi, or conversely the female may
be less smooth than the male, as in the genus Cydommatus.
In Dorcus reichei, curvidens and hyperion, the elytra, smooth
in the male, are very deeply grooved in the female. The
antennae of the male are generally longer than those of the
female, but the much greater development of the sensory
part of these organs, so conspicuous in many Lamellicorns
and other insects, is rarely found in the Lucaxiu^.
In one rather primitive genus, Sinodendron, aheady men-
tioned, which is found in Europe and also in North America,
there is no enlargement of the mandibles of the male but instead
there is a horn upon the head like that of a rhinoceros in the
male but rudimentary in the female. In certain Indian
species the female (e. g. in Dorcus nepalensis) has a rudimentary
horn in the same position, of which there is no trace in the
male. Other females {D. reichei, etc.) have two little eleva-
tions at that point and in Dorcus derelictus these become
rather sharp processes placed at the hinder edge of a sUght
depression. They are unrepresented in the males but,
strangely enough, the males of certain other sjiccies of the
genus, Dorcus foveatus, etc., have a pair of exactly similar
sharp processes, also occupying the liinder edge of a dei)ression
and not represented in the females. We must conclude that
ancestral forms have existed in which both sexes had such
processes upon the head. It has been suggested by Lameere
that the Lucantd^ are derived from ancestors with liorns
but without exaggerated mandibles and tliat, by a comjiensa-
tory ])rocess, a gradual enlargement of the mandibles accom-
panied the simultaneous (lisa])pearance of the horns. Darwin,
INTUdDICTION'. 17
ill ■ Tile Descent ot" Man," luul iJicviously expressed liis belief
in suoh a eompen.satory ])roees.s as explain iiij; the disappearance
of horns in the C'oprid Malay Peninsula. But in
the Darjeeling district and the United Provinces of India,
as well as in Tongking and part of China, such specimens are
INTRODUCTION. 10
not found. Large males (Plate XIV, fig. 2) occurring tliere
have mandibles the curvature of which is uninterrupted
from base to tip and the teeth also form an uninterrupted
series, of which the largest is always the first, placed before
the middle instead of beyond it. Sujjposing these specimens
to indicate a distinct species, and unfortunately associating
with them a female of a very different species, Dr. Gravely
gave them the name of arrowi ; but a careful comparison of
females and small males from all districts has compelled me
to reject his view and to regard this also as a case of one species
with two male phases.
A very abundant Stag-beetle, with a wide range in the
East, is Dorcus Htanus (Plate VII, figs. 1-4), a large black insect,
the males of which have the mandibles long and broad, except
at their curved tips, with the widest part toothed like the
edge of a saw. Again the large males exhibit two phases,
those from India and the Malaj^an region having very broad
mandibles (fig. 1), of which the toothed part occupies the
middle, Avhile in China and Jaj)an they are narrower and
relatively longer (fig. 3), with the toothed jiart of greater
extent. These two forms have been regarded as distinct
species, and the second named Dorcus jjlatymelus, but, since
the females (fig. 4) and small males (fig. 3) are alike ever\^vhere,
I regard them as local forms of a single species.
The fact that this bifurcation is found in some of the com-
monest species, of which large numbers of specimens can be
brought together, seems rather significant. It leads to the
cjuestion whether other forms, at i)resent kno\A'Ti only from
a few specimens of each, may not be found to be similarly
connected when long series are available for comparison.
Many LucANiDiE are known only from single examples or
from specimens of only one sex. Even in common species
the phase of greatest development may be of relatively infre-
quent occurrence, the majorit}^ of specimens being of medium
size. It seems probable that the reason why certain remarkable
forms remain known by unique specimens only for long periods
is that they occur only at long intervals or under excep ional
conditions and perhaps for years together are actually non-
existent.
A single specimen of a species of Onthophagus now in the
Calcutta Museum (0. lemniscatus) has a pair of extremely
long horns, hke twisted wire, upon the head, extending
backwards for a considerable distance and then bending
abruptly and reaching forward beyond the point of origin.
The specimen was taken in the Botanical Garden at Coonoor,
in Southern India. At my request, Mr. S. H. Butcher, a
botanist on the staff, made a prolonged search for further
specimens. He sent me numerous examples but every male
c2
20 M'rAXID.TS AND rASSALID^.
had .short straiuht liojiis without any roseniblaiice to those
of the type s})ecinioii. Altliough twenty-five years have
passed, I believe no other specimen like tliis original example
has been seen. It is easy to form in imagmation a scries of
transitional 'forms linking the short-horned Avith the fan-
tastically-horned phase, but there is no evidence of the actual
existence of such intermediates. In a paper published in
Trans. Ent. 8oc., 102.S, J mentioned a South American Dynastid
Ijcetle, Enema pan, the male of which has two different phases,
forjiierly regarded as specifically distinct. In the ordmary
form, ibund in all stages of develojunent, tlu^ head bears a
slender pointed horn, directed backward, and the thorax a
strongly forked horn directed forward. In the second male
phase, the thoracic horn is undivided and slender, while that
on the head is divided at the tip. This [jhasc, A^hich occurs
together with the other, is never found in different stages,
but is confined to specimens of full size. Smaller males
always belong to the normal ])hase and females are all of one
form. This remarkable type of dimori)hism in the male,
which seems to be rare elsewhere, is especially i)revalent in
the LucANiD^, the mandibles of which exhibit in certain cases
th(^ same phenomenon as the horns of Enema pan.
If males of any abundant Stag-beetle are arranged in the
order of their size, the mandibles will be found to show a
corresponding but more rajiid increase of size, accompanied
by a regular advance from a simple to a less simple pattern.
In small specimens the inner edges are often capable of meeting
from base to tij), })ut in larger ones they become gradually
more separated and in the largest meet only at the tijis. The
term Priodcmt was applied by Leuthner to the first stage in
this development and the last stage he called Telodont. It
is a M'ell recognized i)rinciple that the degree of develo]mient
of the Lucanid mandibles, like that of the liorns of othei-
beetles, bears a fixed, although not a simple, mathematical
relationship to the size of the specimen bearing them, their
increase being much greater than that of the body. The
occu rence in certain cases of an isolated mak' ])hase, more
liighL' (levelo])ed than and unconnected by intermediates
with the ordinary form, ap])ears to form an interesting excep-
tion to the general rule.
The Indian Dorcus .sntnralis (Plate II, fig. 4) is a good ex-
ample of this curious phenomenon. Ranging the males of this
species according to size, \\v find that tlieii- mandibles show
a gradual advance from the short anfl broad Priodont condition
of the smallest sj)ecimens, fig. 4 a, to a slender form, in which
they meet only at the tips, in tliose of full size. fig. 4/. But,
together with males showing tliis regular pr. grcssion, others
are found in the same j)laces which, although their size is
rNTROmTCTTOX. 21
no greater, have longer mandibles oi (jiiitc a (liliereiit iKitterii,
fig. 4 rj-i. iSueii speeimens lonn (Hiitc a distinct j)luise,
uneonneeted by any intermediates with the j)rogressive series.
They are alwaj-s of full size and, unhke the rest, show
practically no variation.
A very striking examj)le of a Lucanid witii these two distinct
phases \s('nlrode.^ iiratus, (Plate XX, figs. H-\ I ), which is found
in lunnbers in the Malay Peninsula. It is ratlier a small insect,
males varying from 18 to 27 mm. in lengtli, exclusive of the
mandibles. It is uni{|ue in its genus for its beautiful metallic
colouring and also for tlie fact that, from the smaUest to the
largest-sized specimens, tlic maiuHbles show extremely little
progressive develo])ment. In a very small male (fig. 8) they
are very tiny, less tlian half as long as the head, l)ut as we ])ass
to larger and larger slx^eimens we tind only very slight develop-
ment, and a specimen of the largest size known may have them
only a little more than half the length of the head. But
other male specimens occur with very highly-dev^eloped jaws
which, as the figure (fig. 10) sliows, bear no resemblance at
all to those of the ordinary jjhase. Together they form
almost a perfect circle and are toothed internally in a very
curious and elegant manner. Again, only large males of this
phase are found and no sort of transition a[)i)ears to exist.
The genus Calcodcs contains many cases of the occurrence,
side by side, of the two ])hases, one inconstant and the other
constant, the specimens of the latter being usually less numerous
than those of the former. The conunon Indian Calcodcs siva,
shown in Plate II, tig. 2, is a good cxamjjle. The males have
usually short, stout jaws, fitiely toothed at the inner edge
(figs. 2, a, h, r), but .some have them long and slender (fig. 2 d),
and between the two forms no links are found. The Briti.sh
Museum collection contains thirty-three short-jawed males,
ranging from the smallest to the largest size, as well as eleven
long-jawed ones, all of large size. The same genus is repre-
sented in Ceylon by Calcode-n carinatus (Plate II, tig. 3), which
is not unconnnon there, and I have seen about fifty males of
all sizes of the varial^le ])hase, tigs. 3 a-c, of which the mandibles
show a gradual progress from the short, broad Priodont form
of the smallest to a narrow, sU-nder form, with a lobe at the
base and a pointed branch before the middle. Together
with the fifty exam^jles of this variable j)hasc were taken
thirteen specimens of an isolated phase, fig. 3 d. in these
the mandibles are much longer, the basal lobe and the pointed
branch are both absent and, instead of them, there is a forked
branch beyond the middle which is not found in any specimen
of the variable phase. In Culcodes cuvcra, dcU's.serti and
other species of this geiuis two exactly similar j)hascs are
foimd, the nmubeis of each bearing a similar prt>portiou to
22 LUCANIDJE AND PASSALID^.
those of C. carinalus. In other cases the isolated phase
seems to be very rare. The corresponding phase of the
Phihppine C. alces is represented in the British Museum only
b}^ a single specimen captured nearly a hundred years ago,
and I am not aware that a second has ever reached Britain.
The Indian Dorcus spencei (Plate IX, figs. 5 and 6) is another
species of which, during very many years, this phase has only
once been fomid. Another Indian insect, closely related to
D. spencei, is of rather particular interest. This is D. poly-
morphus, which is abundant in the Darjeehng district, from
which I have seen about 80 males, all but three of them
belonging to the variable phase (Plate II, fig. 7). Small
specimens have flat triangular mandibles, the inner edges
of which are straight and can be brought together from base
to apex. In larger specimens they are separated near the
base but in the anterior half remain capable of close contact.
In two of the 80 specimens the mandibles have an entirely
diflferent form, fig. 5. They are slender, curved and far
apart, so that only the tips can be brought together, and
their inner edges bear only a few scattered teeth, instead of
the close rank found in the other phase. There is also an erect
tooth upon the upper surface, of which no trace aj)pears in
the ordinary form. The remaining specimen (fig. 6), in the
Oberthur collection, is a remarkable one. Like the two
just mentioned, it is of the maximum size. The left mandible
is in every respect that of the rare isolated phase, while tliat
on the right is identical with that of a similar-sized examj^le
of the ordinary phase.
I have seen only one other Lucanid which, hke the last,
combines in itself both the constant and inconstant jahases.
This is a male in the British Museum of Dorcus forceps, an
insect mhabiting Borneo and Sumatra. In this case the
right, instead of the left, mandible is that of the isolated phase
and the left is that of the variable phase. I have learned from
the late M. Oberthur that in his collection is a male Dorcus
suturalis in wliich is combined the two forms of mandible I
have described above.
Dimorphism of this peculiar kind is confined to no particular
region. In Madagascar Dorcus serricornis, a species related
to D. polymorphus and D. forceps, has two similar male phases,
but of twenty-six male specimens only one represents the
isolated jihase.
Although the predommance of the inconstant form is the
general rule it is not invariable. The West African Dorcus
faber is an interesting excejation. I have seen 16 male examples
of this, 13 of which have long, slender, strongly curved man-
-dibles, meeting only at their tips, while only tlu-ee have the
tNTRODUCTION. 23
short triangular mandibles which indicate the usually pre-
dominant variable phase. In this case the length of the jaws
and of the insects themselves is less constant tlian usual in
the isolated phase. It seems probable that this phase is
replacing the other as the normal form of the species, and
that the more primitive form is in course of disappearance.
In many Lucanid^, as in those belonging to the genus
Lueanus, the primitive tyjie of the male mandibles, meeting
at the inner edge, is not found, and it may be that it has been
rej)laced by the later-evolved phase which, originally constant,
has now become variable, like the form it has replaced.
No similar dimorphism is found amongst female beetles.
In those Lamelhcorns remarkable for the horns borne upon
the head or thorax, these, although generally distinctive of
the males, are in some cases well developed in females also,
but the occurrence of two phases, as in the mandibles of
LucANiD^, is confined to male horns. A single instance has
been noted amongst these beetles of the combination of
the two phases in the horns of one individual. This is in a
South American beetle, Megoxeras jason *, the males of which
have a slender horn upon the head and a very massive one
upon the thorax. Thirty-eight male specimens of this collected
in Ecuador were found to show two horn-j)hases, 18 of all
sizes belonging to the variable phase and lb large specimens
to an isolated phase, while one example shows the two phases
on opposite sides of the body.
It is probable that this strange form of polymorphism is
less uncommon than appears at present. At least, it is not
pecuUar to the LameUicorn beetles. In the magnificent
Longicorn beetles of tropical America, belonging to the genus
Psalidognathus, the females of which are without wings, and
in the related genus Frionocalus, of which both sexes are
wingless, enlargement of the male mandibles occurs exactly
as in the Stag-beetles, and a similar transition can be traced
from small to large individuals. The females of these insects
have broad mandibles with sharp cutting edges, which meet
and cross one anotlier like scissor-blades, the front half of
the imier edge straight, the hinder half a little jagged. The
great males, which may be three inches in length, have long,
curved calliper-hke mandibles, which meet only at their tips.
But in males of very small size the mandibles are precisely
like those of the females and the calUper shape only appears
gradually as we examuie larger and larger specimens. Exactly
similar conditions are found in a South African Long-horn,
Cacosceles newniani, the female of which has scissor-hkc
mandibles, while in large males they are much longer and
* (Seo Proc. Zool. Soc, wr. A, vol. cxii, 1943, p. 113, pi. i. figs. 3-5.)
24 LFCA'NTDiE AXD PA$SALID^.
calliper-Dke, and a gradual transition can bo followed from
very small males in which the form is identical with that of
the female.
A related sjjecies living in Southern India, Friotyrannus
niordax, is of particular interest. The female has scissor-like
jaws, the edges of which bear fine shar]) saw-teeth. In small
males the form is the same and increasing size brings little
change, except that the proportionate length of the mandibles
become slightly greater. In the very largest males, however,
the mandibles are calliper-shaped and a series of . twenty
. specimens of tliis sex in the British Museum is equally divided
between the two jihases, without any i)assage from one to
the other. (Proc. K. Ent. Soc. (A), xiv. 1931>, p. 113.)
We find then, amongst the Coleoptera, certain forms, likd
those of Psalidognathus, in which the transition from the
f(Mnale to the male type of mandible is com])lete ; in others,
such as most of the Lucanidje, tlie earliest phase, in which
the two sexes have identical mandibles, is wanting ; in yet
others, like Lucanus, all the early male stages are absent
and the dissimilarity is very great, while in Priofyrannus
rnordax, Calcodes a'ratus, Dorcus suturalis and such forms, the
penultimate male stages have disappeared and we have two
distinct phases in that sex. Since sexual dimorphism has
an evident connection with large size, those species in which
all the stages still exist seem to indicate descent from a smaller
ancestor, both sexes of which were alike, the different male
phases recapitulating the stages in its evolution that have
accompanied increase in size. The disappearance of some,
but not of all, the transitional stages is as yet unexplained,
and still more difficult to account for is the, no doubt rare,
occurrence of two different stages in a single individual.
The latter may perhaps be due to some unknown cause
operating during tlie pupal period.
When we })ass from the consideration of the Li'CANid.e
to study the Passaliu^, the change from an extremely poly-
morphic family to one of exceptional uniformity is surprising.
With only two known exeejjtions the colour of the five hundred
described species of Passalid.^: is the same — black. The
general form of the body is tlie same tliroughout tlie group,
and the legs and antenuie do not vary in ])ro])ortion to the
size of the insect to which they belong. Moreovi-r, instead
of an extreme inconstancy of form in the individuals of the
same sjjccies, we find a lemarkable constancy. AVith certain
exceptions, the different s])ecies of Passalid^ consist of
individuals luuisually uniform in size. Most remarkable of
all, not only are the extravagant developments of the male,
so frequent in the Lucanid^, cons})icuously absent in the
Passalio.I':, but not a single sjjecies is known in th(> family
INTROnrCTION. 25
of which thf two sexes can be distiiiguished l>y any external
(lifFerence.
Tliis coinj)lete contrast between the two groups is no doubt
to be explained by tiie dili'erence in the mode of life. xVfter
reaching the adidt stage those Lucanid^ whose life-liistories
are known, leave the rotting wood in which they have been
living and feeding and henceforth live in the open. Although
the female returns to dej)osit her eggs, the male, with his
unwieldy jaws and long legs, is (|uite incapable of burrowing
into even the softest material. The Passalio.^s, on the
contrary, on reaching maturity, continue to inhat:)it the same
places, their narrow compact bodies, short legs, and sharp
stout jaws enabling them to penetrate and masticate the
woody material. A few members of the group (e. g. ('eracupes
and Aulacocydus) have processes upon the mandibles and
head but tliese have not developed so far as to hinder and
may conceivably assist them in the perfi^rmance of their
functions. Certain Lucanid.-e also have processes upon the
mandibles which are common to both sexes instead of being
confined to the males (e. g. ^igidins). These also have
attained only a small degree of development. It is evident
that the growth of the mandibular i)rocesses of the Pas.salid.e
to anything resembling the fantastic structures acquired by
many Lucanids would effectively prevent them continuing
their burrowing activities and, unless accomj)anied by a
simultani'ous change in their niode of life, must bring about
extermination. Similarly, the continued develo])ment of sucli
outgrowths in l)oth sexes of LrcAMD-l;: would ultimately
result in hindering the fi'inales from reaching the proper
situations in A\hich to tlcj^osit their eggs. Since the males
take no part in this operation, continuance of the species
requires only restricted development in the female sex. In
the other family male and female live side by side, and there
is good reason for believing that their offspring are to a greater
or less extent de])endent u[)on both ])arents. The undue
development of any a])])endages which hindered their free
movements would therefore affect tluj next generation harm-
fully, whether in one j)arent or both.
In dealing with the Copkin^e, 1 described * an' investigation
of the evidence afforded by the wearing down of the teeth
upon the tibiai as to the share, borne b}' male and female
respectively, in the necessary labours of the species. This
investigation led me to the conclusion that " where the two
sexes have similarly developed armatures, or when that of
the male is of moderate development only, both sexes are
likely to show the effects of use in the forelegs in a similar
degree ; but where they are very dissimilar and the male
* See Arrow, l-'aiiiiu of Jiiit ish Itidiii. ( 'o|)riii;i'. p. .'{(i.
^6 LTJCANTDiE AND PASSALID^.
has an exaggerated armature the evidences of labour are
found in the females alone."
In the LucANiD^ female specimens are often found in which
the front tibiae show some amount of wear, although probably
few have occasion to i:)erform such strenuous labours as are
the lot of many Coprin^. Male Lucanids, however, although
their tibial teeth are usually very sharp and spine like, seem
never to show any signs of wear, clear evidence that the
females alone perform the labours necessary to ensure the
existence of the progeny. Inheritance by that sex in any
degree of the extravagant mandibular developments of the
male would prevent the proper performance of those functions
and ultimate^ entail the extinction of the species ; but, so
long as the inheritance is confined to the male, the well-being
of future generations is not affected. Unless the extravagance
reaches a point at which locomotion becomes difficult, it
seems to entail no particular disadvantage, as comjoared with
other insects in which such a tendency is absent. But in
the Passalid^, the mandibles of both parents being important
for the well-being of the young, the manifestation of a similar
tendency in one sex or both would result in endangering the
perpetuation of the species. Only races in which no such
tendency existed would ultimately survive. In other words,
the complete contrast between the two groups in this respect
seems to me to be best explained by the operation of natural
selection.
As to the significance of the great mandibles of male Stag-
beetles, the arguments adduced in my previous volume, in
considering the horns of the Coprin^, apply equally to these.
Those arguments led me to reject both the sui^jjosition that
such ajjpendages can be adequately explained as weapons,
offensive or defensive, and that put forward by Darwin,
that they may serve as ornaments attractive to the other sex.
The accoiuits of contests, which have often been observed
between the males of the European Lucanus cerviis, do not
indicate that their mandibles show any adaptation for fighting
or can be accurately described as effective weapons. Some
forms, like Hexarfhrivs parryi with stout sharp-pointed jaws,
appear capable of inflicting more serious injuries, and scratches
are sometimes found upon these, but I have found none but
of a suj^erficial kind. The progressive elongation of the jaws,
characterizing most forms, entails diminished instead of
increased offensive power.
Leuthner, in his ' Monograph of the Odontolabini,' (Trans.
Zool. Soc. xi, 1885, ji. 40J, note) speaks of "numerous
injuries observed in specimens of (Calcodes) alces of all
sizes ; some of these consisted of deep punctures and
indentations, generally in pairs, on the hard prothorax
INTRODUCTION. 27
and elytra, which were evidently produced by the middle
teeth of the mesodont form " and he figures the elytra of a
specimen of C cuvera with six symmetrically arranged wounds ;
but he has overlooked the fact that no weapon can ])ierce
any surface except upon an opposed plane. The two mandibles
of C. cuvera could not possiblj^ both pierce the smooth upper
surface of another specimen symmetrically and at the same
time, and therefore these symmetrical marks must certauily
be due to some other cause. Such marks, which 1 have seen
in other beetles, 1 believe occur in the pupal state and I am
inclined to attribute them to the attack of a fungus.
There seems, indeed, to be an almost complete lack of
evidence for either of Darwin's suppositions, put forward in
support of his theory of Sexual Selection, that larger mandibles
afford advantage to their possessor in combat with other
males, or that thej' constitute an attraction for the femajes.
Mr. R. E. Parsons, who for several days observed many speci-
mens of Dorcus foveatus, large and small and of both sexes,
which had the habit of congregating uj)on a particular Citrus
tree in Assam, found that in the cases he noticed " it was
the small males that mated with the females and the large
males did not seem to want to interfere with the mating of
the small males and did not disturb the latter and their
consorts."
It may almost be said that the possible efficiency of the
male mandibles as weapons is in inverse proportion to their
size, for, the muscular force being applied at the base, the
pressure that can be exerted at the other end diminishes in
proportion to the length. In the primitive state the jaws of
the male, as well as those of the female, were no doubt efficient
biting organs, but the process of elongation, although sometimes,
as in the genus Lucanus, accomjjanied by an increase in the
size of tlie head, as thougli in an effort to maintain muscular
strength, has generally involved a progressive diminution in
biting or gripping power, so that it might be said that the
insects as a consequence are preserved from such injuries as
are often inflicted by insects with jaws of normal size. The
Chihan Chiasognathus granti, perhaps the most extravagantly
armed of all Lucaniu.^, the jaws reaching a length greater
than that of the bod}', was subjected to experiment by Darwin
himself, who has recorded that " the mandibles were not strong
enough to pmch my finger so as to cause actual pain." As a
beetle "s exterior is far better protected than the human
finger and the jaws of Chiasognathus bear numerous fine
teeth needmg httle pressiu-e to penetrate the finger, we cannot
suppose them to be of importance as weapons.
There is still less reason to regard the male mandibles as
constituting an attraction for the other sex. Apart from the
28 LtTCANlD^ ANt) PASSALIDiE,
absence of any evidence of choice exercised by female insects
and the very doubtful existence of the aesthetic sense required
for an appreciation of the comparative attractions of their
suitors, a comparison of the eyes of the Lucanid^ with those
of other insects must soon convince us that their jjowers of
vision are quite inadequate for any such appreciation. The
compound eyes of insects consist of numerous elements,
each with a separate lens and external facet, which receive
the light from a small part of the field of vision, the result
being a mosaic jjicture, the clearness of which varies according
to the number of comj)onent lenses in the eye. In some
M^ell-cndowed insects, such as butterflies, these may be from
12,000-20,000 in a hemisphere on each side of the head, so
that the light is collected from every jjossible direction. The
two hemisj)heres may occupy most of the head, as in some
Dragonflies, which may have as many as 28,000 facets in
each eye. 8ome beetles, such as the Tiger-beetles (Cicin])E-
iadje), wliich are very agile and pre}' u2Jon other insects,
also have large prominent eyes witli many facets, but most
have rather poor sight and the 8tag- beetles are amongst
these. Li most the eyes are very small and consist of a few
hundred facets only. In Lucanus cerviis there are about
2,000 and in most Lucanid^ less than that. The eyes are
far apart and so placed that no comprehensive outlook is
possible. In some of the great sj^ecies, like those comijosuig
the genus Calcodes, each eye is comi^letely divided into two
halves, the larger placed beneath the head for the perception
of objects lymg between the fore-legs, while the other half
is level with the upper surface of the head and can receive
intimations only of conditions immediately above. There is
even a -species of Lucanid^, Vinsonella cwca, in the island of
Mauritius which, although sexually dimorphic hke most of
the family, is totally' blind. In Aulacostethus archeri, Plate
XXI, figs. 7 and 8, the eyes are so greatly reduced that the
sight must be Cixtremely feeble, and in others they can be of
very little use. Even insects, such as butterflies, with com-
paratively good sight are easily deceived by artificial flowers
or coloured imitations and only convinced of their error after
repeated antl close investigations.
The fact is that in uisects many of the fimctions served by
the eyes in higher animals are performed by the antenna.',
the seat of the olfiictory sense, which is nnich more important
to them than that of sight and is develo])ed to greater perfection.
It is b}' that sense that insects are able to recognize other
individuals of theii- species as well as the substances wliich
serve them I'oi' food. The subordinate function of the eyes
is shown l)y tlie complicated operations often performed in
complete darkness by insects such as ants and bees, the
construction of the comb and feeding and tending of the
IN'PKODIJCTION. 20
}cmng, as well as the delicate tasks involved in tiic iiidilieation
of numerous burrowinji l)eetles like the Lueanid Sinodmdron
and the Copkixje (leseril)e'yi' Boil., p. 48.
9 (4) ("lypeal process not forked.
10 (21) 3Iiddle and hind femora and tibise with
red or yellow stripes or blotches.
11 (18) Elytra more or less hairy.
12 (17) Elytra not or scarcely metallic.
1.3 (16) Posterior lobes of the head broadly
rounded.
14 (l.j) Tronotum and elytra very finely and
densely punctured smithi Parry, p. 49.
).5 (14) Pronotum and elytra loss finely and
densely punctured villosus Hope, p. .50.
16 (18) Posterior lobes of the head narrowly
rounded ". cnntori Hope. p. .51.
17 (12) Elytra inetallic green or coppery inraresi Hope, p. .52.
18 (11) Elytra not hairy. " [P- 54.
19 (20) Prothorax narrow fairmairei Planet,
LUCANUS.
43
20 (19) Prothorax broad (jroulti Planet, p. oo.
21 (10) Middle and liind legs viniformly dark.
22 (25) Pronotum not shining.
23 (24) Himl angles of the pronotum rounded, do/ieW^t Boil., p. ob. ^
24 (23) Hind angles of the pronotum dis- [p. 57.
^j,j,.^ westennanni Hope,
25 (22) Pronotum shining in the middle atratus Hope, p. 58.
26 (1) Front tibia finely serrate externally.
27 (28) Upper surface black obcrthun Planet, p. o9.
28 (27) Upper surface metallic green or
coppery.
29 (30) Body short and broad le-'^nci Planet, p. bU.
30 (29) Body long and narrow gracilis Albers, p. 61.
Key to the Species (females).
1 (2) Hind angles of the pronotum rounded, /a //h'/;?/?;- Wat., p. 44.
2 (1) Hind angles of the pronotum distinct.
3 (22) Front tibia not finely serrate externally.
4 (11) Lateral angle of the pronotum very
blunt.
5 (S) Femora l)lotched with yellow.
6 (7) Elytra yery dull cantori Hope, p. 51.
7 (6) Elytra shiAing fuirmairei Plan., p. 54.
8 (5) Femora not blotched with yellow.
9 (10) Elytra smooth, shining, yery feebly
punctured mcaresi Hope, p. o6.
10 (9) Elytra closely punctured and hairy. . lunifer Hope, p. 45.
11 (4) Lateral angle of the pronotum well
marked.
12 (21) Head angulate before the eye ; elytra
very closely punctured.
13 (81) Head with a slight curved ridge above
the eye.
14 (15) Lateral angle of the pronotum very
sharp furdjer, sp. n., p. 4/.
15 (14) Lateral angle of the pronotum not
very sharj).
16 (17) Sides of the i)ronotum coarsely punc- [P- o/.
tured, elytra not long and narrow. . wcslcrmanni Hope,
17 (16) Sides of the pronotum not coarsely
punctured, elytra long and narrow . fnji Boil., p. 48.
\i (13) Head without curved lateral ridges.
19 (20) Sides of the pronotum very finely
sculptured smiihi Parry, p. 49.
20 (19) Sides of the pronotum coarsely sculp-
t^ired villosus Hope, p. 50.
21 (12) Head not angulate before the eye,
elytra sparsely punctured atratus Hope, p. 58.
22 (3) Front tibia finely serrate externally.
23 (26) Elytra black. . _
24 (25) Elytra not very shining oberthurt Plan., p. o9.
25 (24) Elytra very shining . (jroidti Plan., p. 55.
26 (23) Elytra metallic lesnei Plan., p. 60.
The females of L. dohertyi and gracilis are at present
unknown.
44 LUCANID.E.
1. Lucanus laminifer. (Plate III, fig. 5 ; Plate V, fig. 2.)
Litcanus laminifer Wat..* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v, 1890, p. 33 ;
Aid to the Identification of Insects, ii, 1890, pi. 186, figs. 4 & 5 ;
Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899. p. 53, figs. 27 & 28.
Reddish-brown or chocolate, with the outer margins dark and
parts of the femora and tibi?e red. The body clothed above
and beneath with fine close-h'ing greyish hair ; the female
darker in colour, with a sparser clothing, the femora and
tibiae black. The body is convex and rather elongate. The
club of the antenna consists of four long joints of equal length.
The prosternum only slightly j^rominent behind and rounded.
$. The head is closely and coarsely rugose and rather sharply
angulate on each side before the eye. The pronotuni is smooth
and shining in the middle, where it is finel}' and s})arsely
punctured, closely punctured at the front margm and very
densely punctured and opaque at the sides. The front angles
are blunt, the sides rounded to the lateral angle, which is
blunt but distinct, and nearly straight to the hind angle, which
is broadl}" rounded. The scutellum is closely punctured. The
elytra are finely punctured and shining near the suture, the
punctures becoming closer towards the sides and apices, where
they are very dense.
^. The head is short but not wide and the mandibles are
very slender and not far apart. The upper surface of the head
is coriaceous and opaque and bears three transversely placed
strong erect elevations, one in the middle and one on each side
near the hind margin, rather widel}- separated and a little
oblique. The front angles of the head are sharply produced
laterall}' and the eye-ridges fairly prominent at the end. The
epistome is long, narrow and sharply pointed, and there is a
strong transverse clypeal ridge, sometimes straight and
sometimes curved. The pronofutn is finely and closely
punctured in the middle, densely rugose and opaque at the
sides. The front angles are acute, the sides nearly straight to
near the middle, where they are bluntly angulate, and nearly
straight from there to the blunt hind angles. The elytra are
finely and closely punctured upon the dorsal part, the
punctures becoming denser towards the sides, and the lateral
part finely rugose and opaque. The front tibia has a rather
long terminal fork, succeeded by about four sharp lateral
teeth, and there is also a long sliarp tooth at the point of
insertion of the tarsus on the lower surface. The mandibles
are ver}^ long and slender and bear numerous small tubercles
along the inner edge, a tooth at the base on the dorsal side
and a longer one beneath, a little farther forward.
* -An asterisk after the name of a s[)eeies indicates that a type or
co-type has been examined.
LUCANUS. 45
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is rather
narrow and the median process is conical and pointed. The
mandibles arc arched, the tips gently incurved and the
tubercles crowded and irregular. In larger specimens the
head is broader, the median process broad and truncated, the
mandibles are greatly lengthened with the middle part
approximately straight, the tubercles may be more scattered
and the tip is forked. In the largest examples the tooth
beneath the front tibia is conspicuously long.
J. Length (with mandibles), 42-80 mm.; (without mandibles)
32-50 mm. : breadth, 13-20 mm.
$. Length, 30-38 mm. ; Jjrcadth, 12-5-15 mm.
Assam: Naga Hills {W. Doherty) ; Manipur (IF. Doherty).
Burma : Ruby Mines [W. Doherty).
Type in the British Museum.
2. Lucanus lunifer. (Plate III, fig. 3 ; Plate V, fig. 1.)
Lucanus lunifer Hope, Royle'.s Illustr. Nat. Hist. Himalaya.s, i, 1S,39,
p. 55, pi. 9, fig. 4; Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. [2,
figs. 5 & 6.
Black or nearly black, the elytra reddish-brown in the
male, in which sex there is usually a very faint metallic
suffusion of ])arts of the upper surface. The body clothed
with fine yellowish hair, which is rather long and close upon
the metasternum. Each elytron has a longitudinal elevation
in its posterior lateral part, sometimes absent in the female.
The club of the antenna consists of four long lamellae of equal
length.
$. The colour is darker than that of the male and the legs
are entirely black. The shape broadly oval and convex. The
head is coarsely rugose, the ej'e-ridge angulate in front and
behind. The pronotum is rugosely punctured at the sides,
finely and closely in the middle. The front angles are rather
sharp, the sides rounded to the blunt lateral angle and feebly
concave to the distinct but obtuse hind angle. The elytra
finely and closely punctured, but shining, except at the apices,
which are densely piuictured.
3*. Colour very dark brown, the tibiae and the abdomen in
part deep red. The head is densely coriaceous and oi)aque, its
margins outlined by a strong ridge nearly straight in front and
interrupted in the middle behind. The clypeal process is very
long and strongly forked at the end, the epistome acutely
pointed. The front angles of the head are sharply produced
outwards. The pronotum is finely rugose and opaque, except
in the middle, where it is rather indistinctly punctured and has
a faint median groove. The front angles are strongly
produced but not sharp, the side nearly straight to the very
strong but blunt lateral angle and again nearly straight to the
46 LUCANID.E.
well-marked liind angle. The elytra are extremely finely
punctured and slightly shining, except at the apices. The
legs are very slender ; the lateral teeth of the front tibia are
not strong, the terminal fork is long and there is a long process
beneath at the point of insertion of the tarsus. The middle
and hind tibiae bear strong lateral spines and terminate in
three sharp spines.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the front cephalic
ridge is only slightly indicated, the clyj^eal fork is represented
only by a lobe on each side of the epistome and the mandibles
are slender, gently curved and scarcely tootlied excej^t just
before the tip. Larger examjDles have the frontal ridge a little
elevated in the middle, a strongly diverging clypeal fork, a
small tooth near the middle of the mandible and a few minute
tubercles between this and the terminal fork. In full-sized
males the clyjieal fork is long but not strongly divergent, the
frontal ridge is very strongly elevated in the middle and the
mandibles are stout, with a strong tootli in the middle and
very strongly diverging tips.
cJ. Zf?if///i. (with mandibles), 47-82 mm. ; (without mandibles)
36-62 mm. : breadth, 15-23 mm.
$. Length, 33^3 mm. ; breadth, 15-19 mm.
United Prov. : Dehra Dun [H. Maxioell Lefroy) ; Mussoorie
{B. N. Chopra, June, July). Sikkim : Gopaldhara, Rungbong
Valley {H. Stevens). Bengal : Kurseong, 6000 ft. {E. A.
D'Abreu). Punjab : Dalhousie {Cajit. E. P. Sewell). Burma.
Tibet (W. Savage Landor).
Type unkno\^ai.
This species is esj)ecially found in rotten stumps of oak and
of Castanopsis hystrix, according to E. P. Stebbing and E. A.
D'Abreu.
3. Lucanus furcifer, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 4.)
Lucanu.s simjularis Planet, Le Naturaliste, 1903, p. 12, figs. 1 & 2
(not L. singularis Plan., op. cit. 1900 (2) xiv, p. 11) ; Essai
Monogr. ii, iS99, p. 22, fig. 9.
Black, with the prothorax and elytra of the male steely
black and the tibiae deep red. There is a clothing of pale
hair, very scanty upon the upper surface of the female, fairly
close upon that of the male and dense ujion the lower surface.
The club of the antenna comj^osed of four equally long joints
and the preceding one not produced. The prosternum j)romi-
nent and rounded behind.
$. Long and narrow, shining above, uniformly black above
and beneath, including the tibiae, tlie elytra non-metallic but
occasionally with a very deep brown-black suffusion. Tlie
head is coarsely and rugose ly punctured, with an oblique ridge
on each side near the eye. The 2>ronotnm is closely punctured
LUC ANUS. 47
in front and at the sides. The lateral margins are acutely
angulate behind the middle, gently rounded from there to the
front angles and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are
well marked but not acute. The scutdlum is finely and
closely punctured. The elytra are finely and closely punctured
but not opaque at tlie sides, shining dorsally, \\here they are
very lightly and minutely punctured. The front tibia is
produced at the end and not very deeply bifurcated.
cJ. The head is finely and densely granular and opaque, and
surrounded by a ridge, which is straiglit in front and broadly
interru})ted behind. There is a long chijeal j^rocess, dilated-
and forked at the end. The anterior angles of the Ixead are
rather sharp and prominent. The jjronoiion is finely coriaceous
and sliining, with the sides densely punctured and opaque.
The lateral margins are strongly angulate in the middle, the
front angles are sharply ^jroduced and the liind angles rather
blunt. The scutellum is closely punctured. The elytra are
moderately shining, finelj' and closely but not deeply
punctured, and there are two or tliree lightly indicated
longitudinal costa^. The front tibia is very slender, with the
tip jnoduced and strongly bifurcated, and a sharj) spine near
the base of tlie tarsus beneatli. The long mandibles are a little
expanded internally at the base by a feebly serrate ridge and
beyond it are bent uj) wards and do\\an^ards. The}' bear a
moderately long oblique tooth beyond the middle and are
forked at the end. The inner edge before and after the tooth
bears a number of fine but conspicuous tubercles.
Variation of the male. I have seen only well-developed male
speciniens. In the largest the mandibles are more strongly
curved downwards than in those of moderate size, and the
clypeal process is thickened at the end and its tips less
divergent.
^. Length {with mandibles), 54-70 mm.: (without mandibles)
39-49 mm. : brnidfh, 17-21 mm.
$. Length, 31-37 mm. ; breadth, 13-5-15 mm.
SiKKiM : Lachen Lachung, August (Oberthiir collection).
Yunnan. Szechuen : Ouy-8v (i?. P. Mombelg).
Type (from Yunnan) in the Britisli Museum.
The species described above is that described and figured by
Planet in 1903 as Lucanus singularis. L. singular is was
originally described by him in 1900 (Le Naturaliste, xxii,
p. 1 1 ) from a single female specimen which in my opinion is
specifically difierent. The type, as described and figured, is
singular in its narrow, parallel-sided form and smooth glossy
surface. The female of the species described and figured
three years later is not remarkable in these respects. As
Planet's excellent figure shows, it scarcely differs from the
female of L. lunijer except in the very acute lateral angles of
48 LUCANID.^.
the prothorax. A feature particularly noted as distinctive of
the true L. singularis is the comparative smoothness of the
legs. Those of L. furcifer, on the contrary, are very strongly
and closely sculptured.
At the end of this genus will be found a translation of the
very imj^erfect description by Planet of the unique female type
of L. singularis, which I have not been able to examine.
4. Lucanus fryi. (Plate IV, fig. 3 ; Plate V, fig. 3.)
Lucanusjryi Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 434, pi. 34, fig. 3.
Dark chocolate-brown, the legs entirely dark, the lower
surface rather closely clothed with short pale yellow hair, the
upper surface entirely bare, with the exception of the head,
the scutellum and the base of the mandibles, as well as the
sides of the pronotum in the male. It is a large stout-bodied
species. The club of the antenna composed of four long, nearly
equal lamellae. The jarosternum prominent, rounded and
strongly compressed behind.
$. Very dark, with the head and legs generall}- black, the
upper surface not shining. The head is densely rugose, with
the front angles acute and the eye-ridges rather j^rominent
behind. There is a strong curved ridge on each side of the
posterior part of the head. The jironotum is closelj^ punctured,
the punctures upon the anterior half larger and denser than
those upon the posterior half. The lateral margin is gently
rounded to beyond the middle, where there is a sharply defined
angle, and gently concave to the hind angle, which is also
sharply defined. The elytra are very finely punctured and
rather closely so, except in the anterior dorsal part, where the
jDunctures are few and very minute. The legs are stout ; the
front tibia ends in a long, very bluntly bilobed process, the
lateral spines of the middle and hind tibiae are strong and the
hind tibia has three sharp terminal processes.
(^. The body is moderately elongate. The head is flat and
surrounded by an elevated ridge rather broadly interrupted in
the middle behind, the front angles sharp and double and the
lateral lobes broadly rounded. There is a long clypeal process,
not very broadly forked at the end. The pronotum is short
and broad, finely rugose at the sides, where there is a thin
clothing of short yellow hairs, and finely punctured elsewhere.
The front angles are bluntly produced, the lateral margins very
strongly but bluntly angulate in the middle and the hind
angles sharply defined. The elytra are very finely punctured,
closely, except in the anterior dorsal jmrt, and densely at the
apices. The front tibia is sharply toothed externally and the
terminal fork is long. The terminal ]irocesses of the hind
tibia are not long or sharp.
LU0ANT7S. 49
Variation of the male. In small specimens the frontal ridge
is not sharp, the clypcal jjroccss is branched on each side before
the end and the niandil)U"s are simple and slender, with a small
tooth before the ti[). Lai'ger examples liave a distinct clypeal
fork, the mandibles ari' f()ri, black in tlie female, the bodj^ dotlied
with yellow hair, close on the lower surface, almost absent
from the greater part of tlie elytra. The club of tlie antenna
consists of four long lamella", and tlie preceding joint is not
produced. The prosteiinini slioit and r()un(le(l behind.
LtrCANUS. 53
$. The head is closely rugose, with tlu; sides rounded hi
front and the eye-iid ft., .lune.
Ti/pi in M. lleiie Oberthur's collection.
56 TiUCATs^IDJE.
The two specimens described by Planet are without locahty-
labels and, as they were not originally associated, there is
no reason tt) suj)i)ose that they M'ere found in tlie same place.
A i)air presented to tlie Biitish Museum by INIr. E. i\ Cilmour
wert^ taken together in Biiawali, but the female does not agree
with that described and ligured by Planet, which no doubt
belongs to another species. According to the author, it was
considered by its former owner, Mniszech, to be a female of
L. westermanni.
li. Lucanus dohertyi.
Lucanus dohertyi Boil.,* 'J'rans. Ent. Soc. Loud. I'Jll, p. 435,
pi. 34, fig. 2.
L. laininifer var. minor, Wat., Aiui. Mag, Nat. Hist, (li), v, ISUU,
p. 33.
(J. Black or almost black, with the legs and abdomen very
dark red, the lower surface t^lothed fairly closely with greyish
hair, longest (but not very long) on the metastenium, the head,
prouotum and scutellum clothed with very short, close-lying
settB and the elytra almost naked.
Broad and compact, with the head and prouotum opaque
and tlie elytra ratlier smooth and shining. The head is not
very broad, densely graiudar, surrounded by a ridge widely
interrupted in the middle behind and a little elevated in the
middle in front. The front angles are sharply produced
laterally and the eye-i'idge is rather prominent behind. The
elypeal process is ratlier sharply produced and without lateral
tubercles. The maiidible is evenly rounded externally and
bears a not very strong internal tooth beyond the middle
and a smaller one midway l)etween the last and the terminal
fork. The antennal club consists of four long lamelhv, the
first at least as long as those succeeding it. The pwnotiDti
is short, rugosely jnuutured at the sides antl lini'ly coriaceous
in the middle, the lateral uiargins very strongly angulate
behind the micklle, nearly straight from tiie angle to the
front and hind margins, the front angle a little produced, the
hind angle rounded. The puneturation of the dytra is extremely
tine excei)t at the sides and apices ; the latter only are opa(j[ue.
The prosterniitii is not ])rominent behind. The outer edge of
the front tibiu is feebly crenulate (not tinely serrati') and bears
three or four sharp teeth, and the termiiuil fork is long but
not strong. The four ])()sterit)r tibia- are very sti'ongly spined
externally and the un'ddle ones are s]uir])ly tridentate.
Litiijth (with uiaiidibk's), 4S mm. ; (without mancUbles)
38 mm. : hicddlh, l(i i) nnu.
Assam : Naga Hills ( I ^^ Do/icrttf).
Typi in tlu^ liiili^li .Mu.^eum.
LUCANTJS. 57
Tills species closely resembles L. wc Merman ni. Only a
single male, [nobaljly not of full dc;velo|)ment, is at prestiit
known. It has the ( lark colour and broad form of tvesfrrtnuuni ,
but the thorax is rather dilferently shaped. It is very short,
strongly, not sliarijly, angulated at the side, with blunt hind
angles. The mandible has more than one tooth in addition to the
terminal fork. The elyj)eal ])roeess is more sharply jjrodueed
and without distinct lateral tubercles, although it is j)ossible
that these are to l^e found in larger specimens. The sevi'uth
antennal joint forms a process at least as long as the succeeding
one.
12. Lucanus westermanni. (I*late IV, Hg. 2.)
Lucanus westermuimi Hope & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1S45, p. 10 ;
Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 3, figs. 1 & 2.
+ . Ptii'iidohiciniKfi uiniNZeclii Pliiii.,* op. cil. p. UIO, lig. 52.
Dark chocolate-brown, the elytra sometimes a little paler,
the legs imiformly dark, the ui)per surface clothed si)arsely
and the lower surface rather closely with short yellowish
hair. The club of the antenna is composed of four lamella^,
the last three long and the preceding one a little shorter.
The prosternum is short and rounded behind.
$. Convex and rather short and broad. The hud is closely
rugose, with a rounded ridge on each side behind, the sides
nearly straight and parallel in front of the eyes and the front
angles fairly sharp. The jrroiwtmii is tinely and closely
punctured in the middle and very dtaisely at the sides. The
front angles are very blunt, th(> sides gently roiuuled to the
lateral angle, which is fairly sharp, and nearly straight to the
well-marked hind angle. The dytra are finel>' and closely
punctured, densely at the sides and apices.
(5*. Moderately l)r()iul and compact. The hcdd and j)ronotum
are o[)aque, the head Hat above, densely granular, surrounded
by a ridge which is nearly straight in front and widely inter-
rupted behind. The front angles are sliarj) and duiilicatetl
beneath and the eye-ridge is rather sharj)l3- prominent behind.
The clypeal process is bluntly pointed and bears a small
tubercle on each side. The mandibles are not very long.
The 2)ronotv7ii is closely and finely rugose, with distinct
punctures only in the middle. The front angles are bluntly
produced and the sides feebly sinuate to the rounded lateral
angles and nearly straight to the rather sharp hind angles.
The .sciitfllnm is clo.sely [)unctured. The elijtra are very
tuiely punctured but smooth and rather sliining, except at the
sides and apices, which are linely rugidose. Tim front til)ia
has a long terminal fork and a very sharj) conical process
beneath near the base of the tarsus. The hind tibi;! end in
two stnmg ])roces.ses with a blunt angle between them.
58 LUCANtD-a;.
Varialion of the iiiak. In the smallest sjiccimcns the elypcal
process is short, rounded in front and without lateral processes,
and tlie mandibles are simi)le, with a very feeble internal
tooth beyond the middle. In larger specimens there is also
a tooth before the tip and the clypeal process is long, pointed
and bears a small tubercle on each side. In large examples
the mandible has a fairly strong tooth beyond the middle,
there is a very small tooth beneath near the base and the
extremity is equally bifurcate. The clj^^eal process is sharply
pointed and strongly tuberculate on each side.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 29-52 mm. ; (without mandibles)
24-^1 mm. : breadth, 12-17 mm.
?. Length, 26-33 mm. ; breadth, 11-14 mm.
SiKKiM : Gopaklhara, Rungbong Valley {H. Stevens).
Darjeeling Distr. : Darjeeling, 7000 ft. {F. H. Gravely,
April, May); Kurseong, 6000 ft. {E. A. D'Abreu) ; Mangpu
{E. T. Atkinson) ; Pedong.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ;
that of mniszechi in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection.
13. Lucanus atratus. (Plate IV, figs. 7, 8.)
Liicaituti atratu-! Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 18.S1, p. 22 ; Hope &
Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 10.
Pseudolucarms atratus Plan., Le Naturaliste, 1896, i^. 278, figs. 1,
2, 3 ; Essai Monogr. i, 1898, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Entirely black, rather smooth and sliining, the lower surface
clothed with yellow hair, long and close upon the metasternum.
8mall, rather short and convex in shape. The pronotum
narrow, its front angles j)roduced and fairly sharp, its sides
very strongly but bluntlj^ angulate in the middle and feebly
concave from there to the hind angles, which are very sharp
but not produced. The scutellum distinctly punctured, with
scanty hairs. The elytra very glossy in tlie male and dull
in the female. The club of the antenna rather long, the
seventh joint a little shorter than the three terminal ones.
The front tibiae not finely serrate. The presternum very
prominent behind and bluntly pointed.
$. The head is coarsely and closely rugose. The pronotum
is entirely punctured, rath-^r strongly and closely at the sides
and finely and rather evenly elsewhere. The elytra are dull
and finely ])unctured, the punctures rather sparse except at
the sides, where tliey are moderately close. The front tibiie
are broad, with the terminal fork strong but not very divergent.
3*. The head is densely coriaceous and opaque and surrounded
by a sharj) ridge, whicli is gently curved in front and broadly
interrupted in tlie middle beliind, the front of the head vertical
and the clypeal process very sliort, with rounded angles. Tlie
front angles of the head are veiy l)Iunt, not jnojecting beyond
LUOANUS. 59
the eyes laterally and the eye-ridges are not sharp at the end.
The injindibles are sliort and very strongly and regularly
rounded, together forming more than half a eirele, and eaeh
has a mmute internal tooth near the middle, sometimes al)sent.
The pronotum. is distinctly, rather evenly but not closel}',
})unctured and very shining, except at the sides, which are
dull. The elytra are very smooth and shining, except at the
extreme lateral margins and apices.
S. Le;igr prothorax and very short.
LTJCANUS. 61
The upper surface is closely granular and opaque and has a
short oblique ridge on eacli side close to the eye and not
continued Ix'hind. The clypeal process is short and broad,
witli sliarp angles and acutely produced in the middle. The
mandibles are short, not regularly rounded but bent near the
middle, the terminal [)art very Hat, straight and sharj). The
pronotum is finely granular and opaque, the lateral margins
strongly but not sharply angulate in the middle and gentl}'
concave to the front and hind angles, which arj> very acute.
The ('lijtra are extremely glossy. The legs are very slender,
the front tibia very miiuitely serrate between the small latei-il
teeth.
Vdridtion of the nude. In a small specimen the man lii)l('s
are rather stout antl have only a slight indication of a tooth
near the middle of the lower edge. In a larger male they are
more slender and have a laminar ililatition of the inner edge
produced a little downward and forward.
3*. Length (with mandibles), 28-*U mm. ; (without mandibles)
25-29 mm. : breadth, 12-13 mm.
2- Length, 29-32 mm. ; breadth, 13-14 mm.
Burma : Mishmi Hills, 2000 ft. (March to June).
Type probably in the Paris Museum.
The strong metallic lustre and very glossy elytra rendei'
this a readily recognizable species.
10. Lucanus gracilis. (Plate V, fig. 8.)
Liicanus gracilis Albers,* Dents. Ent. Zoits. 1889, p. .319; Plan.,
Es.sai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 130. .Vrrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Load.
Ixxxiii, 1935, p. l()(i.
Coppery-black, slightly shining above, excej^t at the .sides,
which are dull and darker in colour, the head entirely black
and dull, and the lower surface clothed with pale yellow hairs,
fairly long and close upon the metasternum. Elongate and
convex in shape. The club of the antenna consists of three
moderately long joints and the seventh joint is |)roduced.
The prosternal process pointed but blunt.
(J. Long and narrow, with very slender legs. The head is
small, with very short mandibles, finely coriaceous, excejjt
at the sides and in front, where it is rugosely j)tmctured.
The mandibles are extrcMuely small and have the aj)])earance
of female organs, acutely pointed and interlocking, but shining,
fairly slender and bearing a short but rather sharp tooth
beyond the middle of the inner edge. The clypeal jorocess is
broad, dilating a little to the front edge, which is almost
straight, with a short sharj:) tooth in the middle. The antenna?
have a long, extremely slender scape, clubbed at the end, the
sixth joint is a little produced and the seventh not mtu-h
shorter than the three terminal joints. The eyes are small.
62 LTJCANIDiE.
but prominent, the eye-ridge small, rovmdedand less prominent
than the eye. The head liears a slight l)ut sliarj) anterior
ridge, a slight transverse depression behind the ridge and a
short curved ridge on each side adjoining the eye. The
pronotiim is narrow, finely coriaceous, opaque at the sides but
shining in the middle : tliere is an almost round depression
just in front of the middle of the basal margin. The front
angles are produced and fairly shar]), the sides curved to the
middle, where they are bluntly angulate, and almost straiglit
to the very blunt hind angles. Tlie base is gently trisinuate.
The elytra are moderately sliining, except at the sides and
apices, which are finely coriaceous, the shoulders rounded.
The tibix are long and slender, the front tibia finely and
closely but unevenly serrate, the middle tibia armecl with
about three fine lateral spines and the liind tibia with a single
small spine placed at two-thirds of its length.
J. Length (with mandibles), 31 mm. ; (without mandibles)
28 mm. : breadth, 13 mm.
SiKKiM : Ratong Valley.
Type in the Hanover Museum.
Owing to its deceptive appearance the t^^je-specimen was
described as a female. By the kindness of Herr Nagel I have
been able to examine it and to compare it with an exactly
similar specimen in M. Rene Oberthur's collection. Both
proved to be males. Females probably belonging to the same
species are to be found in M. Oberthur's collection and in
the British Museum. Those of the hitter collection were taken
in Tibet, one by Major R. W. G. Hingston in Rongshar Valley,
]0,0C0 ft., June 1924, and two at Yatong, 10,500 ft., by Mr.
A. E. Hobson. They resemble the male rather closely but the
head is coarsely rugose and not dull, the pronotum roughh'
punctured at the sides and the elytra brownish and onl}'
feeblj^ metaUic. The legs are much less slender, the spines
upon the middle and hind tibi?e much stronger and the
antennae shorter.
17. Lucanus singularis.
Lucanus singularis Planet, Le Naturaliste (2), xiv, 1900, p. 11,
fig. ; Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 22, fig. 9.
I have not been able to examine the unique female specimen ,
the type of this species, which almost certainly does not belong
to that described and figured under tlie same name three years
later, to which I have given the name Liicanus furcifer.
I therefore give here a translation of the original description
of that specimen, identical in the two references quoted above.
" Tlie male of this species is not known, but, to judge by
the female, it must be near L. Innijer, for the resemblances
CYCLOMMATUS. 63
between the females of the two species are very great. The
prmcipal difTereiice is in the form oi tiie thorax, which, in
L. simjidaris is niucli less convex, more angular at the median
angles and much more contracted in front. It is also more
finely bordered. It may be added that the mandibles are
proportionally longer and that their inner edge, instead of being
securiform, presents two distinct and separate teeth, that the
epistome is longer and more slender, the grainilation of th(>
head less deep and the elytra more regularly ])arallel. Tiie
lamella? of the antenna are shortei'. The legs have the same
structure l)ut their granulation and jnmcturation are much
feebler. The only examjjle L know of tliis interesting species
has been lent to me by M. H. Boileau and bears as sole indica-
tion of its origin : Incles orientales. The colour of this female
is entirely black, the thorax and elytra are smooth and shining ;
it is probable that they are covered with villosity in the
natural state."
A single female specimen in the British Museum fiom S.E.
Til)et (Zayid, 8000 ft) taken by Messrs. F. Kingdon Ward and
R. J. H. Kaulback, probably belongs to this sjjecies.
Genus CYCLOMMATUS.
Cijclommatus Parry, Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. 186.3, p. 449.
Liicanus subg. C yclophthorus Hope & Westw. (part). Cat. Lur. Col.
184.'5, p. 5 (preoccupied name).
Meyaloprepes Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii, 18(52, p. 420
(preocc).
C'ljcloininalinus Did., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1927, p. 10,3 ; Arrow,
Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 50.
Ci/doininiielliis Nagel, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xcvii. l!).3(i. p. 293;
Arrow, loc. n't.
Type, Lucanus tarandus Thunb. (Borneo.)
Range. The Indo-Malayan and Papuan regions.
The two sexes very dissimilar.
Eyes prominent and entire. Antennae with a three- jointed
club, the seventh joint sometimes strongly produced. Pro-
thorax strongly contracted at the base, where it is much
narrower than the el3^ra at the shoulders. Shoulders not
sharpl}^ angular. Prosternum elevated between the front
coxaj and sometimes a little produced. Legs slender, the
front tibia acuminate, not forked at the end ; middle and
hind tibiae with a single lateral spine in the female, without
spine in the male. Claws and jnilvillus long. Maxilla long
and narrow, with a chitinous hook at the inner edge in the
female. Ligula slender, bilobed, the lobes narrow and
diverging ; labial })al[)i with the first joint long, second short
and third oval.
64 LUCANIDiE.
The anteniife of the male are extremel}' slender. The
mandibles of the female are not flattened but compressed
laterally, very strongly curved and bifid at the end. Those
of the male arc flattened and in Avell-developed specimens
extremely long. The clyi)eal jjrocess of the female is more or
less semicircular, that of the male produced. The front tibia
of the female is sharply toothed laterally, that of the male
is not, or only microscoincally, toothed. Tlie tip in both
sexes is simple and not forked.
This is a well-marked genus more nearly related to Dorms
than to Lucanus. It is characterized es])ccially by the
simply acuminate tip of the front tibia. The dissimilarity
between the two sexes both in size and form is remarkable.
Another generic name, Cydomynatinns, has been introduced
by Dr. Bidit r for C. strigiceps and related forms on account
of the oblique scratches at the sides of the head in well-
developed males, but, since these are absent in females and
small males, its adoption would obviously entail difficulty
which it is desirable to avoid. This applies equally to Cyclorn-
mafdhis of Nagel.
Key to the Species of Cyclommatns (males).
Houd not dark, scarcely metallic ; pronotum
without dark lateral patch ■■strigiceps, Wostw., p. ()4.
Head dark, strongly metallic ; pronotum
with dark lateral patch albersi, Kraatz, p. (Ki.
Key to the Species (females).
Upper surface very closely punctured, not
.shining strigiceps, Westw.. p. (U.
Upper surface shining, not very closely
punctured albersi, Kraatz, p. Ofi.
IS. Cyclommatus strigiceps. (Plate V, fig. 11.)
Lucaniis strigicejis Westw., Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, 1848,
p. IS, pi. 8, fig. 5.
Lucanus multidentatus Westw.,* op. cit. p. 17, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Orange-yellow or rusty-red, with the front and hind margins
of the ]ironotum, the scutelhun, inner and outer edges of the
elytra, the antcnnse and tarsi black or very dark. The
pronotum may also have a dark longitudinal median stripe.
Parts of the upper and lower surfaces of the male and th(>
sides of the metasternum of the female slightly suffused with
a greenish metalhc lustre.
$. Rather reddish in colour with the sides and middle line
of the ])ronotum darker. The shoulders of the elytra are
also dark and tliere may be a vague indication of a longitudinal
dark line along the middle of each.
Tlie head is coarsely and rugosely ])unctured, with a ])air of
/
OYCLOMMATUS. 65
ill-(l(ifiiu'(l rcjiUKlish rlevaticjiis in the middle. The pronoluni
is stioiigly and closel}', and at the sides rugosely, punctured.
The front angles are rounded, tlie sides feebly curved to the
lateral angles, which are acute, and concave to the hind angles,
which are rather sharp. The scutellinn and the sutural edges
of the elytra are sluning. The elytra arc densely [junctured,
but rather less so towards the suture than at the sides. The
nientuMi is rugose, tlie inetasternuni bears rather scattered
])uncturcs and th(^ abdomen is very closely [)unctured beneath.
The front tibid bears about three or four fairly strong lateral
teeth, the middle tibia, a strong lateral spine and the liind
tibia a very minute one. The seventh joint of the antenna
bears a short process.
(J. Bright orange-yellow, with the mandibles, legs and lower
surfa(;e reddisii, the tibia^ and tarsi bearing conspicuous t)right
yellow fringes. The upper surface very smooth, the head and
sides of the pronotum micros(;opically granular and (jpaque,
the middle of the ])ronotum and the elytra shining. The front
angles of the head rather prominent and the sides straight and
l)arallel behind the eyes The head is rather hollowed in
front and the clypeal process is triangular. The pronotum is
short, with the front angles produced and rather sharp, the
sides almost straight to the lateral angle, which is spiniform,
and concave to the strongly marked hind angles. The antenna
and legs are very slender, the three club-joints of the former
fairly long and the seventh joint produced into a long spine,
as long as the club-joints. The tibiae without lateral teeth or
spines and the tarsi long.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is quite
smooth, the mandibles flat, with their inner edges straight,
close together and entirely serrate. In larger specimens
only the basal part is serrate, the rest slender, with a tooth
near the middle and another near the tip. Two or three
longitudinal folds are visible on each side of the head. In
full-sized males about six such folds can be counted on eacli
side and the mandibles are long, curve gently downwards and
have the lower edge armed with a strong tooth a little beyond
the base, a smaller one past the middle and another before the
apex. The hollowed anterior part of the head is limited
behind by a fairly sharp curved carina.
cJ. Length (with mandibles), 7-9 mm. ; (without mandibles)
17-22 mm. : breadth, 7-i) mm.
?. Length, 1(5-18 mm. ; breadth, 7 nun.
SiKKiM : Maria Basti. Darjekling Distr. : Gopaldhara,
Rungbong Valley (IF. A'. Webb).
Ti/pe in the Geneva Museum ; that of multidentatus in the
British Musemu.
66 LTJCANTDiE.
11). Cyclommatus albersi. (Plate V, figs. 9, 10.)
C'yclonmiatus albersi Kraatz,* Deuts. Ent. Zeitschr. xxxviii, 1894,
p. 268.
Cyclommatus vitalisi Pouill., Iiisecta, iii, 1914, p. 335, fig. 5.
Gyclommatinus vitalisi Did., Luc. du Globe, 1930, p. 131.
Bright yellow, with the head reddish in the female, brown,
with a greenish metallic lustre in the male, the pronotum with
the front and hind edges, the middle line and a lateral patch
on each side black (with metallic suffusion in the male), the
elytra with the shoulders and the imier and outer edges
narrowly black. Tlie antennae and tarsi also black and the
greater part of the legs and lower surface of the male dark
metallic green. The elj^ra rather more elongate than those
of C. strigice.ps.
?. Like that of C. strigiceps, but lighter in colour and more
shining above, with the head strongly punctured, the pronotum
strongly but not very closely, except at the sides, and the
elytrd rather closely but not densely. The lower surface has
a slight metallic suffusion ; the metasternum is very finely
and sparsely punctured and the abdomen closely.
(J. Like that of C. strigiceps, but the head and mandibles
darker, with a very distinct metallic sufi'usion ; the pronotum
has a dark lateral patch on each side, also with a metallic
sufi'usion, and the elytra are a little paler in colour.
Variation of the male. I have seen only well -developed
specimens of this species, which appears to attain a rather
larger size than C. strigiceps. All the specimens have six or
seven well-marked longitudinal folds on each side of the head.
No doubt small examples closely resemble those of the related
form.
^. Lew(/ j)r()(luced outwards as irregularly rounded lobes
in front, then gently bisiiuiate to far beliind the middle,
where there is a very sliarp s2)ine, and gently concave to the
obtuse but well-marked hind angle. The elytra are dull,
except upon the innei- posterior part, and the base and sides
HEXARTHRIUS. 09
are tiiu'ly and clost'ly |»uii('tiin'(l. 'I'lir i'loiil Hhl ; Plate VI, fig. 1.)
LucdHiis forsteri Hope.* Trans. Linn. Sor. Lond. xviii, 1841. p. .")S7.
pi. 40, %. I.
He.rarthrhi.s forsteri Boil., Tnms. Knt. Soc. Lond. 191.3, j). 222.
Rather narrowly elongate, the male reddish-brown in colour,
with the mandibles and eh'tra very glossy, the female black
and rather dull. The lateral margins of the prothorax finely
and irregularly serrate or crenulate and the hind angles well
marked. The ])rosternum jirominent and com])re.ssed but not
produced behind. The fifth joint of the antenna strongly
produced.
^. Entirely black, not shining, not very long. The head
70 LUCANID^.
is opaque and strongly and closely j)mi(lured, except in the
posterior median part, which is feebly ]>un(tured. The
pronoluw is short and broad, strongly narrowed at the base,
very finely coriaceous, with fine punctures at the sides. The
lateral margin is gently rounded to the lateral angle, which is
not very well marked, and concave to the very distinct hind
angles. The elytra are opaque at the outer margins, becoming
gradually less so towards tlie suture, where they are almost
shining. The front tibia is faii'ly slender, minutely serrate
externally and feebly toothed, the extremity forked ; the
middle tibia has a very strong lateral spine and the hind tibia
a feeble one.
(J. Reddish-brown, with the sides of head and pronotinn,
the inner and outer edges of the elytra, the antennae and tarsi
darker and the femora and tibiae rather bright red. The head
is densely granular and oj^aque, rather sliort, broad in front
and narrowed behind the eyes, with a sharp angular prominence
on each side before the eye and another less sharp behind it.
The clypeal process is transverse, the angles sharply pnxluced.
The pronotimi is short and broad, densely granular and opaque,
its median part more lightly sculi^tured, with a faint median
groove. The front angles are very blunt, the sides irregularly
crenulate and feebly rounded to the sharp but minute lateral
angle, wliich is situated far behind the middle, and concave
to the hind angles, which are very distinct but not acute.
The scutellum is smooth. The elytra are long and narrow,
very smooth and shining, except at the extreme margins.
The middle tibia has a strong spine and the hind tibia has
none or a vestige only.
Variation of the male. Li small males the angles of the
elypeal process are scarcely produced and the mandibles are
fiat, very gently curved outwards but not arched. They bear
only two or three miiuite teeth at the inner edge a little before
1 he tip. In larger exam])les the mandibles are compressed and
arched in the basal part and more strongly curved. There is a
sharj) tooth above at the base, directed oblic|uely backward, and
another beneath just beyond the base, direct(xl obli(juely
^orward. The imier edge bears rather ninnerous small tubercles,
very irregularly i)laced, from beyond the base to about the
middle, followed by three rather larger isolated teeth at nearly
e(|ual distances. In large specimens the arching of the
mandililes is accentuated, the outward curvature is very
strong near the bas(^ and the upper and lower basal teeth
are very large, the small tubercles in tlie middh' region are
reduced in si/e and extent and the thice tcTininal teeth are
enlarged, the middle one the longest and marking the situation
of a lathcr abrupt invvaid bending of the extremity of tlie
mandible,
HEXARTHRrUS. 71
^. Loxjili (with itiaii(lil)lcs), .'{0-70 mm. ; (vvithuiit maiulibless)
28-ol mm. : hrcadfh, 12-20 mm.
9. Length, 38 mm. ; hnndth, IT)-;") mm.
Assam : Shillong, Khasi Hills ; Jaintia Hills.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Mnscuim.
22. Hexarthrius mniszechi. (Plate VI, fiji. 5.)
Liiamun (Hexafthriuti) mniszechi Thom.s., Arch. Ent. i, ISoT, p. ."^00 ;
Lacord., Gen. Col. Atlas, pi. 24, fig. 5.
Black or very dark red-brown, the abdomen and elytra of
the male a little more nnldisli than the I'est of the body ; the
female entirely black.
$. Entirely black, Jiarrow in sliape, the surface dull. The
head is flat and strongly punctured, excei)t in its posterior
part, the canthus rather prominent laterally. The pronolum
is not very broad, smooth, with the sides finely and not very
closely punctured, tlie lateral margin feebly angulate behind
the middle, very feebly curved to the front angle and almost
straight to the hind angle, which is obtuse. The elytra are
smooth, except at the outer margins, where they are very
shallowh' punctured and very opaque. The front tibia is
minutely serrate, sharply and finely toothed, the middle tibia
armed with a strong lateral spine, the hind tibia witb a feeble
one.
Q. Rather narrow, with the mandibles, head and pronotum
dull and the elji:ra very smooth and shining, except at the
extreme margins. The head and mandibles are clo.sely
granular and opaque. The sides of the head are ratlier
sharply angular in front of the eyes, convergent and rf)UHded
behincl them. Tlie canthus reaches the middle of the eye.
Tlie clyi)eal 2)rocess is pointed in front and angular at the base
on each side. The pronotum is closely granular, like the head,
but more finely in its median part ; it is short and (ton vex,
the front angle produced, the outer margin almost straight
to beyond the middle, where it is roundly and strongly Ijent.
The hind angle is rounded and obsolete. The scutdlum is
finely granular. The (lytra are very smooth and shining but
the extreme basal and lateral margins ar*.' finely coriaceous.
The pro.stcrnum is a little ct)mj)resscd behind but not pointecl.
The front tibia is long, its outer edge is finely serrate between
the teeth, the terminal fork is hmg and the terminal spur
hooked. The middle tibia bears a strong lateral sjiine and
tlie hind tibia none or a vestige only.
Variation of thp male. A small male is very narrow, the
head (across the eyes) is only very slightly wider than the
thorax, the sides are rather strongly swollen behind the eyes,
tlie dyijcal process is transversely pentagonal, the mandibles
72 LUCANID^.
slender, flat, u;ently curved, with uumcrous line teeth at the
inner edge in the front half. The front angles of the pronotuni
are little produeed and the hind angles very obtuse. In
well-developed males the head is nnuh broader than tlie
prothorax and elytra, a little hollowed in the middle, strongly
contracted and only a little swollen behind the eyes, the outer
angles of the clypeal ])rocess are sharply produced, the mandi bles
are very stout, not flat, rather straight excejft at tlie base
and apex and deflected })eyond the base, with a strong inteinal
tooth placed considerably past the middle, a very minute one
a little behind it, a small one just behind the tip and fine
irregular tubercles between this and the strong tooth. The
sides of the j)ronotum are perpendicular and the hind angles
are broadlj^ rounded and obsolete.
^. Length (with mandibles), 48-77 mm. ; (without mandibles)
85-52 mm. : breadth, 15-19 mm.
$. Length, 35 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm.
Assam : Sylhet ; Sibsagar {E. T. Atkinson). Burma :
Kauri, Kachin Hills {L. Fea, August, November).
Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection.
The two sexes were taken together by Fea and examples
have been kindly lent to me for description by the Genoa
Museum. The British Museum contains only large males.
23. Hexarthrius bowringi. (Plate VI, fig. 6.)
Hexarthrms hoicnngi Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. lOS;
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 12, pi. 9, figs. 5 & 7.
^. Deep chocolate-red, with the head and pronotmn, the
antennae and tarsi almost black. Narrow in shape, the
surface dull but with very glossy elytra. The head is uniformly
and densely granular, not very broad in front, the front angles
mod(!rately sharj), the sides gently rounded but not strongly
convergent behind the eyes. The clypeal j^rocess is narrowly
triangular and bluntly pointed. The middle of the head is
slightly depressed . The mandi bles liave a downward curvature
and are gently rounded externally. There is a short, rather
broad, truncate tooth internally at a short distance from the
base, a strong sharj) tooth near the tip and a small one at a
little distance behind it. The club of the antenna consists
of live short lamella' and the preceding joint is pointed but
not produced. The pronoturn is also densely granular and
oj)aque, but less so in the middle than at tlie sides. It is
rather narrow in front, the front angles are t)luntly j)roduced,
the sides almost straight to the rounded lateral angles and
almost straight from there to the strongly marked but not
acute hind angles. The elytra are without distinct ])unctura-
tion, the shoulders acute and the apices a little produced.
HEXARTHRTUS. 73
TIic trout lil>i;r mv slcmlcr, tlio lateral ttctli tew and iiiiimte
and tlu* terminal fork I(tnL^ Tiic middle tiltia has a striini!
lateral spine and the hind til»i;i has none.
(J. Length (with mandil)les), 7(1 mm. : (witlioiit mandibles)
40 mm. : brefidth, 20 mm.
" India."
Type in the British Museum : eo-type in M. Rene Oberthiir's
collection.
I liave seen only the sini^le male s])eeimen in the British
Museum, derived from the Bowring collection and of unknown
origin. It may ])erhaj»s he an inhabitant of Burma.
24. Hexarthrius aduncus. (Plate VI, tig. 2.)
Hexartkrius aduncus Jord., Xov. Zool. i, 1S94, p. 4S4, pi. 13, fip. 1
(J. Reddish-chocolate, with the head, mandibles and tarsi
nearly black, the el>i:ra deej) reel and the abdomen, femora
and tibi» bright red. Bather narrow in shape, with the head
and pronotum dull and the mandil)les and elytra smooth and
shining. The head is densely granulai-, the front angles are
rather sharp and the sides swollen behind the eyes. The
tifth joint of the antenna sharply produced. The mandil)les
are slender, not strongly curved or detlected. The cly])eal
process is bluntly pomted and not toothed at the base. The
sides of the pronotum are densely granular but the granules
are finer and less dense in the middle. The front angles are
rather sharp, the lateral maigins irregularly dentate, almost
.straight to the middle, then rounded, with an acute lateral
tooth beyond the middle, and almost straight to the hind angle,
whiQh is W'cll marked. The ■^cntellnw is tinely granular.
The elytra are very smooth but the anterior part of the lateral
margin is a little dull. The front tibia is slender, minutely
serrate externally, with a few short teeth, the terminal fork
is strongly bent downwards and there is a sharj) s])ine beneath
at the base of the tarsus. The middle tibia bears a strong
lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. The prosternnm
is a little compressed behind but not ])ointe(l.
Variation of the male. In small sjjccimens the mandibles
are tlattened, horizontal, gently curved externally and bear
a small sharp internal tooth at the base and another a little
before the tip. In medium-sized males a small internal tooth
appears a little beyond the basal one and a still smaller one
innnediately Ijcfore the tip. In large specimens the mandibles
are not tlattened, they are curved downwards but ap])ear
. rather straight as seen from above, exce])t at the base and
extremity. The basal tooth is bhmt and directed obliquely
backwards and, in addition to the teeth, a few ill-defined and
variable tubercles ma}' be found at the inner edge.
74 LUOANID^.
The iViualc is unknown.
o. LoK/fh (witlnnaniUhles), 30-00 nun. : (\vitlu)ul mandibles)
27—40 nun. : hnadth. 12-15> mm.
Assam : Sliilloiiii, Khasi' Hills : Maiiipur (W . Doherty).
Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection.
•2~>. Hexarthrius davisoni. (Plate VI, fig. 4.)
He-cirthriits daclsoni Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (0) i, 1 SSS, p. 260 ;
Boil., Trans. Knt. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. -111.
H. caatetsi Boil., Aim. Soe. Ent. Fiance. Ixvi. 1S97, p. 581. figs.
H. coiesi Xonfr.. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. xxxvi, 1892. p. 365
Black, the eMra deep brick-red, with the sntural and lateral
margins narrowly black, not sharply detined but passing into
the red coloiu-, the upper surface dull, not shining. Rather
narrowly elongate, moderately convex, with slender legs, the
four posterior legs eacli bearing a lateral spine. The antennal
club consists of five joints, the preceding joint slightly produced.
The presternum prominent and compressed behind but not
pointed.
2. The upper surface is a little less dull than that of the
male, but the head and the sides of the pronotum are rugosely
l)unctured. The head is not very broad, the canthus not
projecting laterally. The mandibles are ratlier narrow at the
base and eacli has a small, rather sharp, tooth near the middle
of the iimer edge. The pronotum is tinely and sparsely
pimctured in the median part and tlie punctures become
progressively stronger and closer towards tlie sides. The
front angles are bhmtly produced, the lateral margins very
feebly curved to beyond the middle, where the}- are bluntly
angulate, and concave to the hind angles, which are fairly
sharp. The elytra are very finely and closely pimctured, the
punctures becoming jirogressively closer from the sutun> to
the outer margins, wiiich are punctate-rugose and opacjue.
The front tUna is fairly stout, tlie outer edge unevenly .serrate
and the tip broadly forked.
Q. Entirely opaque above, except close to tlie el^^tral suture.
The head is densely granular, the cantluis ])rojecting a little
beyond the eye but not very sharply angular. There is a
slight blunt jirominence behind the eye. The clypeal })roce.ss
is triangular, fairly sliarp, in fn nt and bearing a blunt process
on each side of the ba.se. The mandibles are slender ami not
ver\' stout. The pronofiitn is tinely and very densely granular.
The front angles are bluntly jiroduced, tlie sides nearly straight
and feebly divergent to beyimd the middle, bluntly angular
there and gently concave to the hind angles, which are well
juarked but not sharp. The elytra are opaque, except at the
suture, where they are shining and almost smooth, but become
gradually more doselv coriaceous froni there to the outer
ONAIMIAT.ORYX. 75
niarjiins. Tlic sIi<»uI<1^le of the truncation in the lar ; l.acord.,
(!cn. ("ol. iii, 18o6. p. .30 ; Arrow, Trans. Knt. Soc. J.orul. Ixxxiii,
193.5. p. 113.
Type, G. opaciis Burm.
Range. The Malayan Region.
Moderately elongate and depressed, the surface dcjisely
covered with pits containing an earthy matter and very short
mimitc S(!ta». Legs slench-r, the fcinora very narrow, tlujse of
middle and hind legs rather strongly curved, the middle and
hind tibiie each bearing a single mimite lateral sj)ine. The
four basal joints of the tarsi short, the fifth long, tlu^ pulvillus
strongly developed. Eyes small but fairly prominent, not
divided, the sides of the head toothed behind the eye. Mentum
short and broad. Ligula very small, without produced lobes,
th(^ pal])i with tlie first and third joints long and slender'.
Maxilla? with the lobes very small, without horny hook in
either sex ; ])alj)i well develo])cd, the second and fourth joints
very long. Pronotum short and ])road, with the fiont angles
truncate and shar])ly ])roduced, the lateral angles sharp, the
hind angles well marked and the l)ase rather narrow. Scutel-
lum not very broad, obtuse. Elytra rather long. Prostcrnum
little elevated behind the front coxa% not pointed,
76 LUCANID^.
J. Maiind, with very minute lateral teeth and three
a])ical ])rocesses,the two outer ones directed downwards. The
middle and hind (ibi;e have each a lateral spine.
GNAPHALORYX. 77
1^. The head is short, broad and flat, the posterior punctured
area very sht)rt. The ocular eantluis is rather strai<^ht and
anguhir and the post-oeular lobes are strong but very bhiut.
The mandibles are widely separated at tiie l>ase, not very long,
feebly curved externally, and generally bear three snudl teeth
internally. The clyi)eal ])roeess is very short and brcjad,
with the outer angles produced forward. Tiie [)ronotuni is
dilated in front and the angles pro(hiced outwards, narrow
behind, with very blunt angles. The elytra very finely and
densely punctured. The front tibia is straiglit, the lateral
teeth are minute and the prongs of the terminal fork strongly
hooked. The middle tibia bears a miimte lateral spine and
the hind tibia has none.
Variation of the male. In small males the head is not very
broad and the post-ocular process is feeble. The mandibles
are scarcely as long as the head ; there is a small blunt tooth
close to the base, another above and just beyond it and a
third close to the tiji. In larger specimens the head is broader,
the post-ocular process more prominent but very blunt. The
number of mandilndar teeth remains constant, the second
becoming only a little more prominent. Lengthening of the
mandible usually occurs between the second and third teeth,
so that in large examples there is a wide gap before the terminal
fork ; but the lengthening may occur between the first and
second teeth, the latter remaining close to the terminal fork.
This seems to occur most commonly in the Andaman Islands
and the name andamanus has been applied to the phase,
although it is found in many other localities and perhaps
wherever G. opacus is to be found.
J. Length {with mandibles) , 17-35 mm. ; (without mandibles)
lG-28 mm. : breadth, 0-5-12-O mm.
9. Length, 18-27 mm. ; breadth, 7-12 mm.
Andaman Islands. Nicobar Islands. Malay Penin-
siiLA. Tonkin. Philippine Islands. Sumatka. Java.
BoKNEo. Molucca Is. : Batchian, Waigeou.
Type probably in the Halle Museum.
Genus DORCUS,
iJorcus Macleay, Hone Ent. ISIO, p. Jll : J^iuoidaire, Gen. Col.
iii, 185G, p. 27 ; Arrow. Truns. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Lxxxiii, 1935,
p. 109.
Liicanii.s «iibg. Mctopodoiilufi Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845,
pp. 4, 3U. (Type, savagei Hope.)
Lucanus subg. Frospocoilvs, id., lo". n't. (Type, cavifrons Westw.)
Lticantis subg. (\i/cloph(liai)»iis, id., op. cit. p. 5. (Type,
jyhiti/cepJidlii.s Ho})e.)
LucfDiuf! subg. Macrognntliiis. id., op. cit. pp. 5, 31. (Type,
ijirajja Oliv.)
Lucanu.s subg. Plalyprosopus, id., oji. cit. pp. (i, 31. (Type, titutms
Boisd.)
78' LtrCANTD^.
dadognathus Burm., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 364 {new name for
Macrognathus Hope & Westw.)-
Prismoynathus Motsch., Schreneks Reise, 1860, p. 138. (Type,
dauricns Motsch.)
FsalidogtMtlms, id.. Etudes Ent. x, 1861, p. 15. (Type, inclinattis
Motsch.)
Serrognathus, id., loc. cit. (Type, titanus Boisd.)
Macrodorcas, id., loc. cit. (Type, rectus Motsch.)
Psalidorenius, id., op. cit. xi, 1862, p. 55 (new name for Psuli-
dognathus).
Cijciorasis Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii, 1862, p. 397 (new
name for Cyclophthalvius Hope & Westw.).
Eurytrachelus, id., op. cit. p. 421. (Tjrpe, titgin^ Hope.)
He.misodorcus, id., loc. cit. (Type, nepalensis Hope.)
RhiBlus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. (3) ii, 1864, p. 10. (Type,
iveslwoodi Parry.)
Ditomoderus, id., op. cit. p. 45. (Type, mirabilis Parry.)
Rhxtulus We.stw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1871, p. 353. (Type,
crenatus Westw.)
Metallactus Albers, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1884, p. 301. (Type,
parvulus Hope & Westw.)
MetaUactulus Kits., Notes Leyden Mus. vii, 1885, p. 54 (new name
for Metallactiis Albers).
Falcicomis Planet, Le Natural, xvi, 1894, p. 44. (Type, groulti
Plan.)
Digonophorus Wat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, 1895, p. 157.
(Type, elegans Parry.)
Metopodontus subg. Hoplitocranum Jakowl., Horaj Soc. Ent. Koss.
XXX, 1896, p. 172. (Type, Jenfcirm Westw.)
Oonoinetopus Houlb., Insecta, v, 1915, p. 19. (Type, triupicalis
Houlb.)
Pelecognathus, id., op. cit. p. 52. (Type, prosopocadoides Houlb.)
Durelius, id., op. cit. p. 92. (Type, derelictus Parry.)
Tetrurthrins Did., Encycl. Ent., Col. ii, 1926, p. 28. (Type,
castaneus Did.)
Eurytrachellelus [sic, not -cUus], Did., Col. Luc. ilu Globe, 1931,
p. 185 (new name for Eurytrachelus Thorns, not Motsch.).
Type, Sairabieus parallelipipediis L.
Ranffe. Almost world-wide.
Shape various, the two sexes generally dilToring greatly
hut sometimes, as in D. cylindricus, etc., very similar. Body
generally almost without hair, exeej)t upon the legs and mouth,
but oecasionally {D. velntinuH, ursulufi) clothed with short
setae. Legs rather slender. Front coxae well separated b.\-
the prosternum, which is sometimes broad and flat behind,
sometimes elevated, compressed, pointed or produced. Front
tibia rather irregularly toothed externally, the t\\) bifurcated
in the male and generally in the female, but sometimes palmate
in the hitter [l. e. divided into tliree or four short lobes).
Middle and hind tibiae nearly always in the female (although
not in f). irinibcrlei/i) and frequently in the male, bearing a
single shar[) s})ine a little past tlie middle of the outer edge,
never with more than one sjiine. Tarsi slender, with h^ng
claws and pulvillus. Antemiai 10-johited, with 3-jointcd club,
DORCFS. 79
the seventh joint sometimes drawn out into a sharp supjjie-
mentary process. Head in females (and occasionally in
males) very short behind the eyes, so that the latter are close
to the front angles of the ])rothorax, sometimes lengthened
behind the eyes in the male, the posterior ])art then sometimes
a little swollen beliind the eyes or producetl into a blunt or
])ointed process. Eye generally divided by tiie canthus in
front, rarely (/>. rugosus, etc.) almost completely divided,
but the canthus never com})letely united witli the cheek.
Clypeal process various, generally tongue-like in the female,
pointed, rectangular or cleft in the male. Maxilla long, tiie
inner lobe bearing a horny hook in the female but not in the
male. Mentum large and broad, naked, covering the ligula,
which consists of two narrow nxl-like diverging branches,
bearing long hair-fringes anteriorly, the labial palpi with the
first and third joints long and the second short.
This genus, i)rotean in its outward aspect, at least in the
male sex, but fairly homogeneous in its essential characters,
is one of those aggregates which remain in nearly ever}' large
family of insects when tlie more circumscribed groups of species
have been generically defined and separated. It has often
happened that man}' of the individual forms composing such
a mass of closely related si)ecies have, ui)on their fiist discovery,
been considered generically distinct and given names accor-
dingly but contiiuial discovery of other forms filUng the gaps
in the series I'enders the subsequent abandonment of many
such names inevitable. The striking nature of the features
distinctive of many of the nuiles in tlie present family has led
to a particularly liberal creation of generic names based only
upon those features, which, as a result of their invariable
inconstancy, are usually wanting in small specimens of the
male sex, as well as in all specimens of tiie other sex. For
this reason, 1 have been obliged to treat as synonyms of
Dorcas a considerable number of names hitherto accepted as
valid. Attempts have been made by Tliomson (Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, 18(32, \). 421) and by GraVely (Rec. Ind. Mus. xi,
. 11)15, p. 407) to define certain of these according to the form
of the prosternum or of the clypeal process, but the latter,
in addition to bemg very inconstant, is of use only for the
males and the study of many more s])ecies than were known
to these authors has shown that both features are found in
every stage of transition. Unwillingness to abandon names
which are no longer useful often leads, as an alternative, to
the introduction of still more names and consequently to ever
increasing confusion.
It has not ev'cn been j)ossil)le to retain the existing grouping
for subdividmg the genus Doicus, the great differences generally
found between the two sexes making features taken from the
80 LUCANID^.
males entirely inapplicabk; to tlie females. A more natural
grouping is in my opinion to be ol)tained by employing tlie
more constant cliaracters of the female sex.
Tlie study of such larvae as are known has served to confirm
the view I have exj)ressed. Mr. J. C. Gardner (in ' Indian
Forest Records,' vol. i, 1935, p. 7) writes — " The few identified
larva) belong to the genera Dorcus, Hemisodorciis , and Prosopo-
ccelus ; these, with an unknown species of Earytrachdus,
miglit all belong to one genus."
Key to the Specitfi of Dor can (males).
1 (9(5) Lateral margin of tho head without
a sharp angle before the eye.
2 (83) Side of the head without a distinct
post-ocular process.
3 (72) Pronotum narrower at the base than
the elytra.
4 (29) Head very short ; eyes near the
front margin of pronotum.
5 (28) Lateral margins of the pronotum not
pectinate.
(5 (25) Elytra uniformly coloured.
7 (16) Head and pronotum smooth or very
finely granular.
8 (11) Shoulders of the elytra sharply
angular.
9 (10) Hind tibia bearing a lateral spine. . . antaiu-s Hope, p. 80.
10 (9) Hind tibia without a lateral spine. . curviden/i H.ope, p. ^H.
11 (8) Shoulders of the elytra not sharp.
12 (13) Elytra sliindng derelictus Parry, p. 91.
13 (12) Elytra dull. [p. 92.
14 (15) Lateral angle of the pronotum blunt. opacij)ennis Zang,
15 (14) Lateral angle of the pronotum [p. U'.i.
acute ratiocinulivus Westw.,
IG (7) Head and pronotum rugose or
strongly punctured.
17 (20) Shoulders of the elytra rounded.
IfS (19) Basal part of the elytra bearing con- |p. 91.
tinuous rows of setae vvltUiniwi Thorns.,
19 (18) Basal part of the elytra bearing
interrupted rows of setae ursulun Arrow, p. 95.
20 (17) Shoulders of tho elytra sharply
angvdar.
21 (22) Pronotum without sharp lateral [p. 9(j.
angle cylindricus Thoms.,
22 (21) Pronotum with sharp lateral angle. [p. 98.
23 (24) Klytra moderately long iinniundus Arrow,
24 (215) Elj'tra very short and broad ruyonus Boil., p. 99.
25 ((3) Elytra very glossy, decorated with
pale markmgs.
20 (27) Pronotiun spotted, its sides rounded [p. loO.
in front fidvonotatus Parry,
27 (20) I'roMotum not spotted, its sides not [p. 101.
round(>d in front bisignatus Parry,
28 (5) Lateral margins of the pronotum
pectinate boUeaui Did., p. 103.
DORCUS. 81
29 (4) Hetwi not very short, oyos far from
front margin of tin* pronotiim.
30 (39) Body broml and (lat.
31 (38) Clypeal process broad and con-
spifuious.
32 (33) 7th joint of the antenna as lonjj as
tlu' 8tli titnnu.t Boisd., p. 104.
33 (32) 7th joint of the antenna not as long
as the 8th.
34 (37) Mandible with small teeth only or
none.
35 (30) Mandibles much longer than the
head, except in small specimens
with closely sulcate elytra titi/us Hope, p. 100.
30 (35) Mandibles not much longer than the [p. lOH.
head ; elytra never closely sulcate fnihtunlan'-'^ TT. iV W.,
37 (34) Mandible bearing a single strong
tooth close to the base in small
specimens, advanced and dovible
in larger ones reichei Hope, p. 109.
38 (31) Clypeal process invisible from above, hypprion Boil., p. 112.
39 (30) Body convex, not very broad.
40 (69) Prothorax not abruptly narrowed in
front.
41 (66) Upper surface dark.
42 (55) Body not narrow, legs not very
slender. • [p. 1 13.
43 (44) Clypeal process short and broad . . . fipwertzoin Snjn.,
44 (43) Clypeal process minute.
45 (52) Clypeal process single.
46 (51) Lateral margin of the pronotum
finely serrate, lateral angle spini-
form.
47 (48) Eyes not very .small, head not ||>. 116.
narrowed behind cvrripen IT. iV W'..
48 (47) Eyes very small, head narrowed
behind.
49 (50) Eyes almost completely divided,
lateral margiii of pronotum deeply
excised behind, submentmn not
lobed spencei Hope. p. 1 1 7.
50 (49) Eyes less divided, lateral margin of
pronotum feebly excised behind,
>.
65 (52) Elytra densely punctured dorsally.
56 (57) Sides of the pronotuin coarsely
punctured bulbosus Hope, p. 118.
[p. 121.
57 (50) Sides of the f)ronotum rugose polymorphns, n. n.,
58 (47) Hind angle of the pronotiun sharp. . scvertzowi Hem.,
59 (46) Upper surface entirely dull and [p. 11. "5.
rugose. [p. 98.
60 (61) Elytra not very short imniundns Arrow,
61 (60) Elytra very short rugosus Boil., p. 99.
62 (45) Front tibia slender.
63 (64) Elytra not shining dentifer Deyr., \). 122.
(>4 (63) Elytra smooth and shining hiuniliti Arrow, p. 140.
05 (44) Front tibia ending in three or naore
short lobes.
66 (67) Upper .surface rugosely punctured,
dull catidczci Boil., p. 146.
67 (66) Upper surface partly or entirely
shining.
68 (81) Upper surface decorated with spots
or stripes.
69 (72) Elytra yellow, with black sutural
stripe.
70 (71) Pronotum yellow, with three black [p. 147.
spots occipitulin H. &, W.,
7 1 ( 70) Pronotum yellow, with black median
stripe suturalis Oliv., p. 136.
72 (69) Elytra black, with orange bands.
73 (80) Front tibia straight.
74 (75) Pronotimi with blunt hind angles. . histno Arrow, i>. \3\.
75 (74) Pronotum without hind angles.
76 (77) I'jlytra rather long speciosus Boil., p. 133.
77 (76) Filytra short and broad. [p. 145.
78 (79) Pronotum entirely black inquhudus Westw.,
79 (78) Pronotum with two orange bands . . btjilagiatus Westw.,
[p. 143.
80 (73) Front tibia curved wtinbcrlei/i Parry,
81 (68) Upper surface not decorated with [p. 153.
spots or stripes.
82 (95) Upper .-surface entirely black.
83 (88) Front tibia straight.
84 (87) Head with lateral process beiiind the
eye.
85 (86) Lateral process of head blunt pa-scoci Boil., p. 150.
86 (85) Lateral proce.ss of head sharp oweni H. &, W., p. 151.
87 (84) Head without lateral process giraffa Oliv., p. 154.
88 (83) Front tibia curved.
89 (90) Pronotum strongly and closely [p. 114.
punctured pouillaudei Houlb.,
90 (89) Pronotum shining in the middle.
91 (92) Elytra sharply divided into shining [p. 115.
(inner) arul thill (outer) halves. . . late rota ra us Houlb.,
92 (91) Elytra not sharply divided. [p. 116.
93 (94) l*ronotiun with sharp lateral angle. . curvipes H. & W.f
94 (93) I'ronotuTii without .sharp lateral
angle biiddlia Hope, p. 141.
86 LUCANID^.
95 (82) Up2Jer surface not entirely black.
96 (97) Front tibia straight foveaius Hope, p. 165.
97 (96) Front tibia curved.
98 (99) Body rather short ^joZi"tra irregularly
striate, with the intervals flat and, in the posterior part, broad
and closely punctured. At a further stage the head and
l)ronotum are minutely granular and opaque, without punctures,
the latter is broader in front and a slight excision of the
lateral margin appears near the front. The elytral striae,
though strong near the rugose sides, become feeble in the
imier part, where the close punctures also are finer. Punctures
and striae finally disappear, except close to the base, the elytra
becoming relatively shorter and broader. At this stage the
lateral excision of the pronotum is deep and there is a strong
angulation of the margin behind it, the mandibles have
increased in length, they are less evenly rounded externally
and the tooth is farther from the base. In large specimens
the mandibles are almost straight in the middle part, slightly
barbed near the tip, and the strong tooth is situated past the
middle and tlirected obliquely forward. The elytra are smooth
and shining, with the base and sides rugose.
^. Xc/tgrM (with mandibles), 38-73 mni. ; (without mandibles)
33-54 mm. : breadth, 15-28 mm.
$. Length, 32^0 mm. ; breadth, 13-19 mm.
Bhutan {Capt. Pemberton). Darjeeling Distr. : Kur-
seong, 6000ft {E. A. D'Abreu, June, July); Gopaldluira,
Rungbong Valley (If. A'. Webb); Pedong (L. Durel).
Sumatra. Java.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
D. curvidens is very closely related to D. hopei Saund., ol
China and Japan, the average size of which is a little smaller.
The males, altliough that of hopei is rather shining, can only
be distuiguislu'd with a little clifficulty, but the female of I),
hopei is easily recognizable, being without the deeply grooved
elytra of ]). curvidens.
It seems to me pr(ibal)le that Hope described (he same
specijuen iirst as ciirvidois and four years later as di/uiuui.
90 LUCANID^.
Butli liis descriptions iipply to a spccinicu in the Hope collection,
except that the length is given as 21 lines (breadth 6| lines)
in the first and 22 lines (breadth 7| lines) in the second.
Hope's label records " curvidens, Hope. Assam. 8. Jones," but
the measurement he gives for dehaani fits the specimen more
exactly than that given for curvidens. In the ' Catalogue of
Lucanoid Coleoptera,' Westwood has rei^rodueed the (inac-
curate) measurements given for curvidens but he described
another and smaller specimen, only 17 lines long, as dehaani.
The elytra, described as smooth in the original type, are
striate in Westwood's specimen. Hope's red label, bearing
the name dehaani, has been placed by mistake upon a female
specimen and this apparently deceived both Westwood and
Boileau. The latter referred to this female as the type of
the species, but Hope knew only the male. The specimens
all belong to the same species.
29. Dorcus rudis. (Plate XII, fig. 20.)
Cladognathus rudis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 35, pi. U.
fig. 5.
Dorcus rudis Boil., T.E.S. 1913, p. 254.
Prosopoccelus sulcatipennis Houlb.,* Insecta, v, 1915, p. 51.
2. Black, shining, with the lower surface deep red. Rather
narrowly elongate, convex, with slender legs. The head is
closely rugose, with a pair of minute tubercles placed trans-
versely between the eyes. The canthus is narrow^ extending
beyond the middle of the eye, and not prominent at the end.
The pronotum has a very irregular double series of punctures
along the middle line and the sides are very broadly and
closely punctured. The short interval between the median and
lateral group.-; of punctures bears very fine scattered punctures .
The lateral margins are gently rounded to well beyond the
middle, where tiiey are rather sharply angulate, and from
there strongly excised to the strongly marked hind angles.
The elytra have each five shining costs?, placed wide apart,
and diminishing in width outwards from the sutural one,
wliich alone extends to the apex. The fourth costa arises
at the shoulder. The space between the first and second
costse is deeply striate, leaving two narrow, shining intervals.
The remaining interspaces are less deeply striate and the
intervals are rugose. The ai)ices are very finelj' and closely
rugose. The mentvm is coarsely rugose. The prostermi^n is
narrowly com])ressed and rather sharply produced behind.
The sides of the metasternum are rugosely j)unctured and
clotiied with fine yellow hair. The abdomen bears scattered
])unctures, except upon the last sternite, which is closely
punctured. The front tibia is rather narrow, sharply forked
at l\u' end, ;ind has three sharj) lateral teeth.
DORCUS.
91
^. Unknown.
Lcmjlh, 18 mm. ; breadth, 7-5 mm.
Bhutan {L. Durel). Bengal : Kuisc-ong (Bius.scLs Mu.sfum).
Type in the British Museum ; that of sulcatipennis in
tile Oberthur collection.
.'}0. Dorcus derelictus. (Plate IX, lig.s. 3, 4.)
Dorcuti derelictus Parry,* Proc. Eiit. Soc. Loud. 18(53, jj. Ill';
Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 50 ; ojJ. cit. 1870, p. 92, pi. 2,
fig. 3 ; Boil., op. cit. 1913, p. 254.
Durelius derelictus Houlb., Insecta, \', 1915, p. 92.
Black, smooth and shining in both sexes, with the head
opaque. Rather elongate, with fairly slender legs and short
mandibles in both sexes, wliich are similar, but the female
with a pair of strong sharp tubercles upon the head, the male
with the pronotum sharply angulate at the side and contracted
behind. The head broad in front, contracted behind the
eyes, which are very small. The pronotum smooth and sliining
in the middle, coriaceous and dull at the sides. The front
margin rather prominent in the middle, tlie front angles blunt,
tlie sides gently rounded to the lateral angle and almost
straight to the base. The elytra densely punctured at the
sides with a shallow longituduial depression beliind each
shoulder, the shoulders not sharply angular. The lower
surface rather shining. The prosternum elevated behind but
scarcely compressed or pointed. Only the middle tibia bears
a lateral spine.
9- The head is closely rugose except in the i:)osterior part
and the anterior part is a little hollowed. A pair of sharp
tubercles placed at the hind margin of the hollowed part
project forward a little. The numdibles are narrow, very
acute, uniformly rounded externally and have a rather sharp
internal tooth. The pronotum is broad and very shining,
except at the sides. The elytra are very shining upon the
inner half and densely punctured and opacjue upon the outer
half and at the end. The front tibia is slender, finely toothed
laterally, curving slightly outwards at the tip and terminating
in four lobes, two short ones above and two longer ones
beneath.
(^. The head is closely granular, the front angles are very
obtuse and the canthus extends past the middle of the eye.
The mandibles are ver}' little longer than those of the female,
less rounded externally, abruptly dilated internally just
beyond the base, serrate at the inner edge and acutely produced
at the tip. The pronotum is not broad and is rather narrow
at the base. The elytra are minutely granular, sparsely upon
the imier part and closely at the sides, where. Iiowever, they
are not opaque. 'J'he lee/s and antenna' are a little longer
92 LUCANID^.
than those of the female, the termmal fork of the front tibia
is short and abrupt and the tarsi bear rather long 3'ellow hairs
beneath.
No variation of importance is at present known.
i^. Length (with mandibles) , 80-34 mm. ; (without mandibles)
27-31 mm. : breadth, 12-13 mm.
$. Length, 32-36 mm. ; breadth, 13-14 mm.
Dabjeeling Distr. : Pedong (L. Durel).
Type in the British Museum.
The very feeble sexual dimorphism of this species is
remarkable in an insect of fairly large size. It is noteworthy
that there is at the same time an accentuation of the female
characteristic in the tubercles upon the head. The form of
the male mandibles seems to suggest that they may be
employed for some practical purpose.
The tyj^e of D. derelictus is a female and the male was for
many years unknown, perhaps because it was regarded as
belonging to the other sex.
31. Dorcus opacipennis. (Plate IX, figs. 10, 11.)
Dorcus opacipennis Zang,* Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1906, p. 184;
Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 109 ; Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 53.
D. svturalis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 358, pi. 8,
fig. 5 ; Wat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, 1887, p. 289 ; Boil.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 263.
D. rotundopimctatus Nagel,* Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. iii, 1936, p. 209.
Black and opaque, the jironotum and a triangular basal
area common to both elytra shining in the female. Moderately
elongate, rather parallel-sided, with fairly stout legs, the
middle and hind tibiae each armed with a lateral spine. The
cantlius produced beyond the middle of the eye. The antemia*
short, the joints of the club short and the seventh joint sharply
])roduced. The shoulders of the elytra rounded. The pro-
sternum broad and rounded behind.
$. The head is coarsely rugose, with a strong median tubercle
between the eyes, the canthus rounded and slightly promuient
in front. The mandibles are short, with a sharp internal
tooth and a blunt one directed upwards. The clypeal process
is feebly bilobed. The pronotum very smooth and shining,
but the sides rather narrowly opaque and densely punctured.
The front angles are very bluntly produced, the lateral margins
first a little sinuate, then straight to the lateral angle, which
is obtuse, and then straight again to the base. The elytra
are very closely ])unctured and opaque, with the exception
of a triangulai- basal area not extending to the shoulders nor
to the ends of the elytra : this area is very shining and very
minutely but not closely ])unctured. The front tibia is
iaicly strongly tootlied laterallv and forked at the end.
DORCUS. 93
(J. The body is a little depressed. The head is slujrt and
broad, densely mieroscopieally granular, the elypeal jjrocess
very short and broad, with straight front margin. The man-
dibles are strongly roundetl, far apart at the base and rather
short. The canthus is obtusely angular in front of the eye
and the sides are contracted behind the eye. The pronotum
is short and broad, microscopically granular, the front angles
are rounded, the sides strongly sinuate in front, straight
behind and the lateral angle obtuse. The .scutellitni is slightly
shining. The elytra are very opaque, witli a feebly shining
sutural area, which dilates a little at the base and is finely
punctured. The mentum is rugose. The tnetasternutn is
smooth and shining in the middle, densely granular at the
sides, where there is a thin clothing of fine hair. The abdomen
is opaque beneath, with the sides slightly rugose and the last
sternite finely punctured.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the short,
strongly curved mandibles are quite simjile in shape, but have
a slight blunt internal tt)otli upon the upper edge near the
base. With increasing size this tooth becomes stronger,
forming an acutely pointed triangle, and is situated farther
from the base. In the largest male I have seen it occupies
the middle of the mandible, which is about twice as long as
the head.
tJ. Le^ig^^/i (with mandibles), 30-46 mm. ; (without mandibles)
27-32 mm. : breadth, 11-14 mm.
$. Length, 30-36 mm. ; breadth, 12-15-5 mm.
Kashmir : Gulmarg, 9000 ft. {C. F. C. Beeson, July) ;
Sonamarg (T. R. D. Bell). Punjab: Thobba, Murree Hills
{Major Hoivland Roberts).
Type in the Berlin Entom. Institute, also that of rotiindo-
punctatus ; that of .suturalis in the British Museum.
I am indebted to Dr. Walther Horn for enabling me to
examine the two types in the Berlin collection.
The oldest name of this species, that given by Westwood,
cannot be adopted on account of the existence in the
genus of an earlier descril)ed species of the same name.
32. Dorcus ratiocinativus, (Plate IX, fig. 12.)
Dorcus ratiocinativus Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. .^.Ifi.
pi. 8, fig. 2 ; Boil., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. ix, 1902, p. r>9, n| 1
figs. 2 & 3 ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 253.
Dark chocolate-red, with the head, legs and lower surfocc
black, the surface dull, except upon the inner anterior jxirt
of the elytra. Narrowly elongate, moderately convex, with
rather short anteim* and legs. The front angles of the head
very obtuse, the eyes small, the canthus extending past the
middle of the eve and the sides feebly prominent i)ehind the
94 LUCANID^.
eye. The pronotuin smooth, its lateral margin gently rounded
to the acute lateral angle and concave to the very obtuse
hind angle, the base gently rounded. Tlie scutc^hnn smooth
or punctured. The elytra very hnely and closely jjunctured,
excei)t close to the suture, where the punctures are very
sparse and minute, the shoulders rounded. The prosternum
rounded behind, not compressed nor pointed. The three
lamellae of the antennal club short and the seventh joint
little produced. The front tibia is forked at the end in both
sexes and the middle and hind til)i8e have each a strong lateral
spine.
$. The head is roughl}^ and irregularly punctured and bears
a pair of tubercles placed close together in the middle. The
clypeal process is feebly bilobed and not broad. The pronotum
has a few scattered punctures at the sides. The last ventral
sternite. is finely and closely punctured.
^. The head is flat, smooth and very opaque, the mandibles
short, very strongly rounded and for apart at the base. The
clypeal process is short and broad, with the front edge straight
and fringed with yellow setae. The mandibles are flat at the
base, where they are a little dilated externally, and bear a
sharp internal tooth, directed slightty backwards. The
pronotum is minutely coriaceous, without visible puncturation,
and the front angles are obliquely truncate. The lower
surface is very smooth.
Variation of the male. There is very little variation. In
small examples, where the mandibles are scarcely as long as
the head, the tooth is not far removed from the base. In
large ones the mandibles are a little longer than the head and
the tooth approaches the middle of their length.
(J. Lengr^/i (with mandibles), 27-30 mm. ; (without mandibles)
23-25 mm. : breadth, 9-5-10-5 mm.
$. Length, 27-28 mm. ; breadth, 11-12 mm.
SiKKiM : between Padamtsin and Lmgtou (July) . Tibet :
Chumbi Valley, 10,000 ft. {R. W. O. Hingston, July).
Type in the British Museum.
33 Dorcus velutinus. (Plate XII, fig. 12.)
Dorcus velutinus Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) ii, 1862, p. 420 ;
Arrow, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 55, pi. 4, fig. G.
Onaphaloryx cinereus Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1902, p. 321.
Black, closely covered above with a brown earthy matter
and short erect setae and rather less closely beneath with
rusty-red setae and short hairs. Elongate, parallel-sided,
moderately de])ressed, with rather short legs and antennae,
the upj)er surface entirely opaque, the head and pronotum
rather closely clothed with short erect tufts of bro\\ii setae.
The head flat, tlie eye fairly large and almost divided by the
DORCUS. 95
rounded, not very prominent, canthu.s. The frrmt ;iii<,'lt's of
the pronotum not very hhuit, the sides gently loiiiuled in
front and strongly behind, without distinct lateral or hasal
angles, and the base almost straight. The elytra each bear
five longitudinal series of short I'rcct setae, eomjxjsed of suiall
tufts upon the posterior lialf but almost continuous upon the
anterior half, the intervals containing two or three rows each
of very close punctures, generally obscured by earthy matter,
and minute setose tufts, the shoulders not angulate. The
middle of the metasternum fairly closely jnmctured, the sides
densely rugose or granulate and the abdomen very stronglv
and closely innictured beneath. The prosteinum elevat<'d and
angular behind but not ])ointed and scarcely compressed. The
joints 2-7 of the antenna very short and the three club-joints
of moderate length.
9. The head bears a })air of small shining tubciclcs in its
anterior part. The mandibles are rather straight and narrow,
with a sniall and rather sharp internal tooth. The clyjieal
process is prominent, narrow and tongue-like. The cejihalic
tubercles are small and sometimes difficult to distinguish.
The front fihia is palmate witli three short terminal teeth and
a fourth on the upper surface and the middh' tibia has a
lateral spine.
(^. The head is flat, short and broad. The mandibles are
larger than those of the female, strongly curved, broad at
the base, wher(^ the}^ are rather sharply angulate externally,
and far apart. The 5^ are finely pmictured and opaque above
and smooth and shining beneath and each has a slight rounded
expansion of the ujjper surface internally a little before the
tip, which is acutely pointed. The clypeal ])rocess is straight,
broad and very short. The front tibia has a short terminal
fork and is rather feebly toothed externally and the middle
and hind tibi;e are setose and without lateral spines.
3*. Le«(7//i (with mandibles), 22-2") nnn. ; (without mandibles)
20-22 mm. : breadth, 7-5-9 mm.
$. Length, 19-21 mm. ; breadth, 7-r)-8-5 mm.
Burma : Ruby mines (If. Doherty). Darjeeling Distr. •
Pedong (L. Durel) ; Pashok, 2000 ft. (L. C. Hartles.ta^ and covered with a brown earthy matter, the lu^ad
96 LUCANID^.
and pronotiim rather closely clothed with short erect tufts
of brown setae. Elongate, parallel-sided, depressed, with short
legs and antemise. The eye almost completely divided by
the rounded canthus. The sides of the pronotum not toothed,
strongly rounded behind. The elytra each bear five longitu-
dinal lines composed of tufts of erect setae, the tufts upon the
anterior half longer than those of the posterior half, and the
shoulders are blunt. The prosternum elevated and angular
behind but not produced. The metasternum finely and closely
punctured in the middle, densely granular at the sides, tlic
abdomen strongly punctured beneath.
$. The head bears a jjair of very small shining tubercles,
not far apart, between the eyes. The mandibles are narrow
and almost straight, with a small sliarp internal tooth, and
the clypeal process is rounded and very small. The front
tibia is narrow, with a broad extremity, a blunt tooth on the
upper surface and three short terminal teeth. The middle
tibia has a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia is unarmed.
(^. The head is short and broad, the cXj^edl process very
broad, short and straight. The mandibles are short, rounded,
far apart at the base, where they are angulate externally,
and armed internally with a small quadrate tooth placed
obliquely, a little before the tip. The front iihia bears minute
lateral teeth and the terminal fork is short. The middle
and hind tibiae are setose and without lateral spines.
(^. Lewgr^/t (with mandibles) , 23-26 mm. ; (without mandibles)
20-23 mm. : breadth, 8-5-10 mm.
$. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm.
Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong (L. Durel).
Type in the British Museum ; co-types in the Rene Oberthiir
collection.
Tliis is a rather shorter and broader insect than D. velutinns
and the longitudinal lines formed by erect setae are not con-
tinuous upon the anterior half of tlie elytra but broken up into
short tufts. In addition, the mandible of the male, instead
of a gradual dilatation of the inner edge, as in velutinus, has
an abrupt and very blunt tooth a little before the end. Full-
sized males have the prothorax very broad and the outer
edges not parallel l)ut diverging forwards.
3"). Dorcus cylindricus. (Plate XII, fig. 10.)
Dorcus cylindricus Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1862, p. 427.
Onaphaloryx cylindricus \'an Roon, Coleopt. Cat. Lucan. 1910, p. 39.
Dorcus rosti Zang,* Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1906, p. 184.
Dorcus bobi Did., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1927, p. 191, figs. 1-3.
Black, with an opaque sooty bloom on the upper surface
and a clothing of very minute erect setae, forming longitudinal
lines upon the elytra, but sometimes denuded ; the sides of
DORCUS. 97
the inetast(M'niiin tliinly clothed with yellow hair. Narrowly
elongate, parallel-sided and eonvex, with the legs short and
slight. The head densely rugose, with a pair of tubercles,
sometimes very inconspicuous, in the middle, the eyes almost
divided by the canthus. The epistome almost semicircular.
The jjronotum rugose at the sides and coarsely and confluently
punctured in the middle. The front angle blunt, the lateral
margin feebly curved to the lateral angle, which, like the hind
angle, is ill-(lefined, and the base almost straight. The elytra
bear numerous series of sliallow confluent punctures, separated
by narrow eostse, but confused at the sides and apices. The
shoulders are acute. The prosternum elevated but not com-
])ressed nor ])ointed behind. The metasternnm shining and
strongly pimctured in the middle, where there is a deep median
groove, and densely rugose or granular at the sides. The
abdomen strongly and densely punctured beneath. The
antenna very short, with all the jomts, except the scape,
strongly transverse.
$. The head bears a pair of minute rather inconspicuous
tubercles. The mandibles are rather narrow, acutely pointed
and furnished with a short sharp internal tooth directed
slightly downward. The front tibia is broad, palmate at the
end, with three short external teeth and an upper supple-
mentary tooth. The middle and hind tibise have each a
sharp lateral spine.
^. The head bears a pair of small transverse elevations,
sometimes uniting to form a slight short ridge. The mandibles
are very short, scarcely longer than those of the female but
rather more slender, each armed with a small blunt tooth
directed obli(![uely upward. The front tibia is more slender
than that of the female and has a short broad terminal fork.
The middle tibia bears a sharp lateral spine and the hind
tibia a very minute one or none.
Length, 13-1 9-5 mm. ; breadth, 5-7-5 mm.
Kashmir : Aish Mugam, 5500 ft. {T. Bainbrigge Fletcher,
July) ; Ajan, Lolab Valley, 5500 ft. {B. M. Bhatia, May) ;
Munda, 7200 ft. {('. F. C. Beemn, May).
Punjab : Kulu, Parbatti Valley, 6000-8000 ft. (H. G.
CJmmpion). United Province : Kumaon, W. Almora (//. G.
Champion, July, August) ; Kathian, Chakrata, 7000 ft.
{J. C. M. Gardner, June).
Found in rotten wood and under bark. Mr. Bainbrigge
Fletcher took a j)air uj)on a Walnut tree.
Type in the Rene Oberthiir collection ; that of rosti in
the Deutsche Ent. Inst., Berlin; that of bobi in Dr. Didier's
collection.
The two sexes are almost alike and very careful examination
js needed to discover the slight differences in legs and mandibles.
H
98 LUOAMi).*;.
Tlie figure stated to represent the female ((|iioted above under
D. hohi), althoujili it has the broad front tibia^ of the female,
shows the mandibles of the male.
:5(1 Dorcus immundus. (Plate XTT, \\\i. 14.)
Dorcus immunduH Arrow,* .\nn. Mag. Xat. Hist. (11) ii, 193S, p. 50.
pi. 4, fig. 8.
Sooty- black, the surface very dull and closely sculptured
above and beneath ; moderately elojioate, parallel-sided, the
legs and antenna' short, the canthus long and narrowly
separated from the cheek.
9. Moderately elongate, very convex. The head is very
closely and rugosely juincturcd, the canthus narrow, very
little separated from the cheek but not laterally prominent.
The pronotum is strongly and closely punc^tured dcrsally,
densely rugose at the sides. The front angle is rather sharp,
the lateral margin lounded to the blunt lateral angle and
feebly concave to the distinct but ver}' blunt hind angle.
The elytra are very densely rugose, with the lateral margins
serrate and with uneven costse upon the anterioi' dorsal jiart.
J. Rathei' narrow, not very convex. The head is short
and broad, the e])istome very short and broad, the eyes very
small, the sides with a very small prominence behind the eyes,
which does not meet the canthus. The mandibles are short,
strongly rounded, with a short truncate tooth placed beyond
the middle on the upper surface. The pronotum is short, a
little wider than the elytra, the sides a little rounded in front,
with the front angles bluntly ))roduccd, straight to the latei'ul
angles, which are sharji, and gently concave to the basal
angles, which are very blunt but well mai'ked. The clytrd,
are distinctly but not evenly striate, with the base, sides and
apices closely punctured, the striic and the inteivals very
irregularly ])unctured. The mentum is rugose, the prosternum
slightly compressed and ])ointed behind, the metastcrnvni
closely and coarsely granular and the abdomen closely ])unc-
tured. The terminal fork of the front fihia is short but sharp,
the middle tibia has a lati-ial s])ine and the hind tibia has non(>.
VaridtioH of the male. In a small specimen the head and
])ronotum are closely punctured and the mandibles scarcely
as long as the head. Larger males have the head only finely
and lightly punctured and the mandibles a little longer than
the head.
^. />fw^< (with mandibles), I !)-2r) nun. : (without mandibles)
l()-5-2() mm. : lircadth, 7-J> mm.
9- Length, 22 mm. : breadth, \) nun.
8. India : Valparai, Coimbatore, .'{500 ft, (/-•. .S'. Xathan.
()<-t.)
DOKCUS. 99
Four spi'ciinciis of this insect wtMv sent to inc by M.
OI)eFthiir, who kindly allowed the type to be retained by the
British Museum. A i^ood series has sinee been received.
This species is very closely related to I), rugosus Boil. l)ut
a little narrower in shaj)e. The eyes, as in that species, are
almost completely divided. The side margins of the ])ro-
thorax. which in both sexes of D. rugosus are rather strongly
concave behind, are here only very gently excised so that the
hind angles are less sharj) and the lateral angle is also com-
paratively blunt. The prosteruum is more ])rominent and
angulate Ix-hind. The male is distinctly more elongate than
that of I). nigosK.s, less convex and more ])arallel-sided. The
mandil)les attain a rather greater length and the tooth, which
is of the same form, is placed before, instead of aftei", the
middle. The i)ronotum is less coarseh' sculptured and
entirely dull, its side margins rather straight and the front
angles ver\- l)Iunt. The elytra are less rugose and distinctly
striate.
:J7. Dorcus rugosus. (Plat(> XII, tig. 13.)
I)arcii.s ruiio-siis Uoil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1!»()4. \). .'{!).
Kiirijtnwliclii.f tntrinicorini (;ra\('l\",* Wvv. Ind. .ATiis. \i. I'.tl.", p. I2.">.
pi. 2i). (iti. .-).
Black, very closely sculptured and clothed u])<)n tiie de-
j)i'essed parts of the upper surface with a brown earthy matter
and u])on the lower surftice with rather scanty decumbent
hairs or set;e, the tibia> and tarsi with a conspicuous clothing
of yellow bail's. Hather broad, compact and convex, with
short antenna' and legs. The eyes are very nearly, but not
(piite, divided into upper and lower halves by the canthus,
which is narrow and not prominent. The ])ron<)tum is
coansely j)unctured in the middle, with a feeble and indetinite
median depression, and closely rugose at the sides. The
fi'ont angles are acute, the lateral margins gently rounded to
the lateral angles, which are sharj), and strongly concave to the
hind angles, which are well marked but obtuse. The base is
almost straiglit. The scutellum is closely rugose. The elytra
are clo.sely and finely rugos(>, with numerous ill-defnu'd
elevated longitudinal lines, which disa])pear at the sides and
ajjices. The shoulders are acute. The metastenuun is very
coarsely and closely punctured in the middle and rugose at
the sides and the abdomen is very strongly and closely punc-
tured. The prosterjnnu is elevated, rounded, not ])ointed or
compressed behind. The third to seventh joints of the
antenna are very- compact and the three club-joints not very
short. The micltlle and hiiul tibiiie have each a lateral spine.
9. The head is coarsely lugose and without post-oculitr
100 LUCANID^.
processes. The mandibles are acute, not broad nor strongly
curved and there is only a feeble internal tooth. The elypeal
])rocess is prominent, rounded and not broad.
(^. The head is strongly punctured and has a slight lateral
prominence behind the eye on each side. The mandibles are
not much longer than those of the female but far apart. They
are strongly curved and have a prominent blunt internal
tooth placed just before the middle and directed obliquely
upward. The elypeal process is very short and broad, witli
the front margin straight.
Variation of the malt. In the smallest examples the head
is rugosely punctured and the jjost-ocular process scarcely
apparent. In larger specimens the head is broader, flatter,
more finely and sparingly punctured, with the post-ocular
prominence very small but distinct. The mandibles are
relatively longer but always shorter than the head.
^. Length (with mandibles), 16-23 mm. ; (without mandibles)
14-5-20 mm. : breadth, 7-9 mm.
$. Length, 18-22 mm. ; breadth, 8-9-5 mm.
S. India : Madura ; Shembaganur, Palni Hills, 6000 ft. ;
Kodaikanal, 5000-7000 ft. ; Travancore, Higli Range, 6000 ft.
Type in the British Museum ; that of travancoricu.s in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
38. Dorcus fulvonotatus. (Plate XI, fig. 18.)
Cladognathus fulvonotatus Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, Lond. 18G.3,
p. Ill ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 28, pi. 6, fig. 3.
Black, sometimes with a feeble metallic lustre upon the
elytra, the sides of the pronotum usually decorated with small
anterior and posterior orange spots and each elytron showing
a curvilinear orange streak near the extremity, almost reaching
the suture, sometimes continued in a straight line to near the
shoulder but more often interrupted in the middle and nv
appearing behind the shoulder. The femora orange-coloured
in the middle and the tibia? and abdomen may b(^ red. Nar-
rowly elongate, and not very convex, with the elytra extremely
smooth and shining dorsally but with broad closely jjunctured
outer margins. The pronotum short and broad, with the
lateral margins rounded and the front angles a little produced.
The prosternum strongly elevated behind and vertical, not
pointed. The antennae short, the three club-joints moderately
long and the seventh joint sharply produced.
$. The head is coarsely punctured, longitudinally grooved
behind with a minute tubercle on each side of the groove.
The clypc^al process is transversely rounded and the mandibles
aie narrow, very acute, each with a strong internal tooth.
The pronottitn and elytra are very shining, the former very
DORCUS. 10]
strongly punctured at the sides, witli tlie lateral margins
rounded and not angulate and the front angles produced.
Tlic sides of the elytra are closely junictured but not opaque.
The front tibia is very broadly and shortly fork(!d at the end
and the middle and iiind tibiu' have each a miiuite spine.
(^. Thv head is broad, flat and entirely ojjaque, with the
eyes ratiier prominent and tlie sides of the iiead very obtusely
angulate in front of tliem and convergent behind. The cl_yj)eal
process is broad, its front margin nearly straight and the
angles sharply produced. The pro7iotum is very short and
broad, very opaque at the sides and a little less so in the middle.
The front angles are bluntly ])roduced, the sides rounded and
bluntly toothed far behind the middle. The i^cutelhim is
opaque. The elytra are extremely glossy, with the outer
margins coriaceous and o])aque. The front tibia is finely
serrate externally, with small scattered su])plementary teeth,
and the terminal fork is short. The middle tibia has usually
a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia is without one.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the mandibles
are shorter than the head and each has a broad serrate lamina
equidistant from the base and ti]). The tip is simple and
sluirp. Full-sized males have the head broader, the mandibles
from l\ times to twice the length of the head, flat, of nearly
uniform breadth, gently and uniformly curved, with a small
tooth just before the tij) and a small j^rocess ending in two or
three cusps a little behind the tooth. 1 have not seen any
intermediate condition.
cJ. Le/if//^ (with mandibles), 20-2S mm. ; (without mandibles)
17-21 mm. : breadth, 7-8-5 nnn.
9. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 7 nun.
81KKIM : Tendong, 5000 ft., July. Darjeeling Distr. :
Kurscong, (5000 ft. (E. A . rfAlneu) ; Mangpu (E. T. Atkinmn );
Pedong (L. Dnrel). rMTEi) PROVINCE : W. Almora, Kumaon
(//. (J. Champion, February, June).
Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection.
39. Dorcus bisignatus. (Plate XI, fig. 17.)
CludogiKithuti bittirjndtus Parry, Proc. Knt. Soc. LoikJ. I8fi2, p. Ill ;
Trarus. Ent. Soo. Lond. 1864, p. 28, pi. 7, figs. 3
side and feebly serrate. In larger s])ecimens the mandibles
are al)out twice as long as the head, fiat and nearly straight,
exce})t near the base and tip, with a small tooth just befori'
the tip and a short serrate lamina a little behind the tootii.
J. Length (with mandibles), 18-1} I mm. : (without mandil)les)
lG-23 mm. : breadth, 7-10 nun.
9- Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, S-o nnn.
A.S.SAM: Manipur (If. Doherty). Darjeelin(; Distk. :
Kur.secmg [R. P. Lebas) : Pedong (L. Dnrel).
Tiipc ill the ileneOberthiir collection, also that oi rnJonotatiiH
PouiU.
There is a close resemblance between this s])ecies and 1).
fulvonotatu.s, but the sides of the pront)tum are not strongly
rounded in front, as in that species, and the pale thoracic
spots of f). fHlronotiilii.s appear to be always absent.
40. Dorcus boileaui. (Plate XIV, liti. 7.)
Rliirtubit fi])rcioNii.s Boil.,* Trans. lOnt. Sor. Ivunl. inil, p. VM,
yt). .'J7, fig. 3 (prc'ocf'iii)if'(l riiiinc).
lifi;i'tiihi.s .sprcio.SK.s vnv. Iioi/rani Did., Hull. Soc. lOiit. I'V. lltJ."),
J). 1.14 ; id. Col. Lur. tiii Ololje, I!):{0, pi. 2. lig. I.
J{. .speciosu« var. ijurdneri Did.,* Col. Liic du (iioln-, l!i:5<), p. i2)S,
pi. II. l\ii. 1.
Sliiniii^r hlack (;); dull black, with the Boisd., Voy. tie I'Astrolabe, Ent. ii, 1835, p. :237.
Dorcus titan Burm., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 384.
Platyprosopus platymelus Saiind.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1854, p. 50,
pi. 3, fig. 7.
Dorcus niarginalis Saund., op. cit. p. 53, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Dorcus obscnrus Saund., op. cit. p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Dorcus westermanni Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soe. xix, 1843, p. 106.
Dorcus titanus Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 1937, p. 244.
Entirely black, smooth and sliining above in the $, dull
((^\cej)t in small examples) in the male. The canthus reaches
far beyond the middle of the eye and almost divides it. Tiie
prosternum is scarcely elevated behind the coxa?, and not
produced.
$. Elongate-oval, not very convex, tlie legs fairly stout.
The head is rather coarsel}^ closely and evenly rugose, slightly
convex in the middle, where there is a pair of rather inc-on-
spicuous tubercles placed transverse!}'. The heatl is broad but
the lateral angulation is feeble. The clypeal procet^s is rounded
DORCUS. 106
and feebly bilobed. Tlic pronoium is very smooth, the sides
strongly and closely ])uiictured, densely and rugosely at the
margins. The punctures extend narrowly along the basal
margin. The lateral margins are gently rounded t(^ far
beyond the middle, where they are very bluntly angular,
and the hind angles are scarcely perceptible. The dytrd are
rather closely punctured, the punctures very minute and
inconspicuous near the suture but becoming gradually more
numerous, those of the sides and apices dense and confluent.
There are tliree narrow pairs of fine longitudinally arranged
})unctures. The nientum is very coarsely rugose. The front
tihia bears numerous rathei- close short teetli and the terminal
fork is very short. Tlie middle and hind tibiie have each a
sharp lateral spine.
^. The body is rather dejjressed, the upper surface (except
in small specimens) densely granular and (jpaque. The sides of
tlie head are very obtusely angular in front and feebly rounded
and a little contracted behind the eyes. The clypeal i)rocess
is rather short and broad, notched in the middle and angularly
produced on each side. The pronoium is broad, its lateral
margins bisinuate to the lateral angle, which is sharp and
placed before the middle, then rather straight to the hind
angles, which are also sharp. The ehjtra are rather short,
with the shoulders very sharp and the outer edges gently
rounded and converging to the apex. The uieHfiim, is broad,
closely granular and densely clothed in the anterior half with
short reddish hairs. The front tibia bears numerous short
shar[) lateral teeth and the terminal fork is very short. The
middle and hind tibia) have each a sharj) lateral spine.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the up])er surface,
instead of being dull, is very smooth and shining. Tlic head
is strongly punctiired, except its posterior j)art. Th(^ ])ronotum
is rugosely punctured at the sides and very glossy on tlie
disc, with its lateral and basal angles feeble. The elytra are
distinctly punctured, strongly and closely at the sides, and more
parallel -sided than in larger examples. The clypeal process
is only feebly notched, the mentum is coarsely rugose and the
mandibles are short, not continuous, strongly curved, with
a feebly serrate dilatation of the inner edge not reacliing
the base or tij). In larger specimens this dilatation is strongly
serrate and has a strong tooth at its posterior end, the punctures
of head and thorax become gradually rei:)laced by fine graiuda-
tions and. those of the elytra become much finer and more
indistinct. As the mandibles increase in length the strong
basal tooth removes farther from their base and a minute tooth
appears shortly before the tip. In large specimens the
labrum is so deeply notched as to become bilobed and the
entire upper surface is dull and sooty.
i06 T.FCANtD>*.
^. Lrnyl/i {\vithincindib]cH),:i^~W mm. ; (witliout mandibles)
30-67 mill. : hrpcidth, 12-28 mm.
9. Length, 21-40 mm. ; breadth, 8-5-K) mm.
Darjeelinu Distr. : Pedong {L. JJvrel) ; Mang])u (IC. T.
Atkinson). Assam : Clierra])iinji ; Sylhct ; Sibsagar {K. T.
Atkinson). Burma: 8um])ra l)um, Putao Distr. [B. Fischer,
April, May). Tonkin. China. Japan. Malay Peninsula.
Borneo. Philippine Islands. Celebes.
Location of the type nnknown, that of j)lafi/nieliis Saund.
in the British Museum, those of marqinalis and ohscnrus
Saund. perhaps also there but unidentified, that of wester manni
Hope in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
Burmese specimens belong to the form called platijmelus,
in which the mandibles of well-dcvclopcd males are relatively
narrower than in tliose of India proper. This form is foiuid
in Japan and China. Females and small males, however, are
indistinguishable.
42. Dorcus tityus. (Plate VIll, figs. 2-().)
Dorcus tityus Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Loud. 1842, jj. s:1.
Erin/trachelus titijii.9 Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, [>. til,
pi. .3, fig. 3 : Boil., Trans. Ent. Sot-. Lond. 1913, p. 249.
Eurtjtraclielwi ■sctnirugosv.s Thorns.. Ann. Soc. Ent. J'Vance (4), i,
1862, p. 422.
EvrytracheVpbis tet/i(/.sDid., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1929, p. Ho, figs. OG,
(59, 70, 72.
Euriftraclieiux tcl/ii/.s Did., ojj. cit. 1930, ]). 185.
EurijtrncheJvs fitliqinofsiis Did., Col. Luc. dii Globe, fig. 33 (but not
description).
^. Lacatius litientopimctatu-s Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22.
Dorcii.'i piinctalo.'itriaty.s Redt., Hiigel's Kaschrnir, 1848, iv. p. 532.
Black, with a scanty clothing of inconspicuous yellowish
hair beneath. The j)rosternuni feebly elevated and not
])()inted, forming a lounded ])rojection behind the coxa'.
The middle and hind tibia> have each a sharp lateral spine.
$. Elongate-oval, moderately shining above, but with the
elytra very closely and dee|)ly sulcate. The head is strongly
and closely i)unctured, rugosely in front, with a narrow
smooth area behind, and bears two small inconspicuous
tubercles ])laced transversely in the middle. The canthus
extends far beyond the middle of the eye but is not prominent.
The pr())(()tH)n is shining, with the sides strongly punctured,
the punctures dense and rugose externally and extending
along the basal margin, 'i'here is a (h)uble series of [)unctures
in the middle of the pronotum, generally enclosing a narrow
oval area. The lateral margin is gently rounded, the lateral
angle not distinct. The scutellum bears a few fine ])unctures.
The elytra have al)out twelve deep grooves, confluently and
unequally ])unctured, with narrow shining intervals. The
grooves are obliterated at the sides and a{)ices. whicli arc
DORCFS. 107
deiiseiy ruiioso and ()j)Msoly
rugose at the sides and the abdomen is closely ])unetiM'ed.
The terminal fork of the front tibia is short and broad.
(^. Rather depressed. The head is smooth, with the clyju^al
process short and rather broad, the angles rather sharp.
The eye is small and almost divided by the eanthus, which
is very narrow and not at all prominent. The sides of the
head are feebly prominent behind the eyes. The protwhim
is smooth, margined at the base but not in front, the lateral
mai-gins excised behind the front angles, forming a sharp
angle behind the e.xcision, and straight and conv^ergent to
the basal angles, which ait' shar|). The 'li/tra are smooth or
sulcate.
Variation of the male. 8mall specimens resemble the female.
The pronotum is shining, with the sides rugosely ])unctured,
and the elytra are closely grt)oved, with densely rugose sides
and apices. The head is smooth and shining, with its anterior
part closely punctured. The niandibles are short, strongly
curved, with a very small blunt tooth near the middle of the
inner edge. The anterior excision of the sides of the thorax
is absent in small specimens. In larger examples the j)unctures
disappear from head and thorax and the surface becomes
coriaceous and dull ; the elytral grooves gradually disap})ear,
leaving only a close and fine puncturation, except for the
rugose sides. In large specimens the elytra are slightly
coriaceous and without punctures. The mandibles become
longer and less curved, the internal tooth becomes broad and
at a further stage a|)pears as two separate teeth, which are
suj)plementcd by another near the ti}). The hindmost tooth
is always more ])rominent than the rest and in large s])ecimens
is rather strong. A very variable number of minute teeth
may ap])ear be;^ond it, not always alike on the two sides.
The situation of the large tooth varies greatly. It is often
near the base {tityiis type) but sometimes more advanced and
may even approach the middle {tethys).
^. Le)iyt}i (with mandil)les), 2S-7() lujn. ; (witliout mandibles)
24-52 mm. : breadth, I 1-2") mm.
9- Leuffth, 2l-2!> nun. ; breadth. H-12 nun.
Xki'.vl : {Ma.j.-(ien. Hardwicke). Sikki.m : ( Jo|)aldhara,
Kungbong Valley [H. Stevens). Darjeelini; Distk. : Pedong
(L. Durel) ; Kin-seong {E. A. DWbreu) ; Mang])u (E. T.
Atkinson). Ass..\m : Sylhet. Birma : Rubv Mines (If.
Doherty) ; Seinghku \'alley, G(MM) ft. {R. J. //. Kaidliach).
Types of tityiis and lineatopunctatus in the British Museum ;
that of semiriKjosKs in the 01»erthur collection ; of ])iinrta-
tostriatiis in the \'iciuia Museum, and (A' fithys in Di-. Didici^'s
collection.
108 LUCANID^.
The figure 33 of Dr. Didier's work, although called
Euri/trachelus fidir/inosus, does not agree with the accom-
panying description and was probably included by accident.
43. Dorcus submolaris. (Plate IX, fig. 9.)
Tmcanus submoUxris Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 2.3.
Eurytrfichelus aubmolarif Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 251,
pi. 9, fig. 10 ; Gravely, Ind. Mus. Rec. ix, 1915, p. 424, pi. 29,
fig. 4.
Dorcus brachycerus Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1904, p. 27.
Eurytrachelus fuliginosus Did.,* Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 77,
fig. 34.
Black, fairly broad and depressed, more or less shining
above, the female with closely striate elytra, the male rather
smooth above, except in dwarfed specimens. The eyes small,
the ocular canthus narrow and not prominent, but extending
far back and almost dividing the eye. The prosternum not
pointed but forming a rounded projection behind the coxae.
9- Elongate -oval, with the legs short and stout. The head
is strongly, closely and rather rugosely jjunctured, with two
slightly elevated tubercles placed transversely in the middle
and not far apart. The sides of the head diverge a little
behind but are not prominent. The pronotum is very smooth
and shining, with a few fine jmnctures, generally forming an
imperfect double series in the middle of the posterior half.
The sides are very strongly and closely punctured, the punctures
extending round the basal margin and forming a smgle series
in the middle. The front angles are blunt, the lateral edges
feebly curved to the lateral angle, which is obtuse, and almost
straight from there to the base. The scutellnm is very minutely
jjunctured. The elytra have very acute shoulders, the dorsal
])art is punctate-striate but not very deeply, the second
interval broad and shining with a few punctures along the
middle, and the sides are densely and rugosely punctured.
The metasternum is densely and rugosely grarmlar at tiie
sides and finely punctured in the middle and the abdomen is
finely punctured in the middle and coarsely pitted at the
sides. The front tibia is broadly bifid at the end and the
middle and hind tibiae have each a rather strong spine beyond
the middle of the outer edge.
(J. Smooth, not very shining, except in dwarfed specimens,
the head and pronotum opaque, the sides of the head slightly
convergent in front of the eyes, bluntly angular behind.
The clypeal process is short and broad (about one -third the
width of the head), with the angles feebly produced. The
pronotum is smooth, with the sides finely and feebly pmictured.
The outer edge is feebly curved to the obtuse lateral angle and
nearly straight from there to the base. The scutellnm is
DORCUS. 109
finely punctured. The elytra are rather parallel-sided, with
acute liumeral angles and th(> sides and apices densely ])une-
tured. The >n<'fa.' at the sides. Tlie ahdompn is finely punctured
in the middle and more strongly at the sides. The legs are
rather closely clothed with reddish setae, the middle tibia
bears a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one.
Variation of the male. In dwarfed males the head is finely
punctured, the pronotum smooth and shining, except at th(i
sides, and the elytra are striate, as in tlie females, but l^^ss deeply.
The short mandibles have only a very slight indication of a tooth
internally. In larger examples the strite gradually disappear,
leaving only a finely pimetured surface to the elytra. This
also disappears and the entire upper surface is smooth and
opaque in large specimens. The mandible exhibits first a
second and finally a third tooth, the last near the tip.
(J. Lewg^A (with mandibles), 21-41 mm. ; (without mandibles)
19-33 mm. : breadth, 8-5-14 mm.
?. Length, 20-29 mm. ; breadth, 8-12 mm.
N.W. Frontier Province. Kashmir : Raj])ur Rampur
{F. Selous). Punjab : Murree Hills, Thobba {Major Howland
Roberts) ; Campbellpore ; Dalhousie. United Provinces :
Naini Tal.
Type, in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ;
those of brachycerus Boil, and fnliginosus Did. in the Paris
Museum.
This species closely resembles D. tityns, but the female
has less deeply striate elytra, and this applies also to the
small males. Well-developed males, in which the upper surface
is cjuite smooth, closely resemble medium-sized males of
D. tityus in form, as well as in the mandibles, but the elytra
are striate in D. tityu-s at this stage.
The large specimen represented by Didier (fig. 33) as
belonging to E. fuliginosus corresponds exactly with one in
the British Museum taken by W. Doherty in Burma (Ruby
mines) and appears to me to be a variety of D. tityvs Hoj)e.
Jt is a glossy insect, differing markedly from specimens
received from Dr. Didier as D. fuliginosus and from his des-
cri[)tion of the species, the type of which is said to be from
Kashmir. The latter entirely agrees with the present insect.
The name fuliginosufi evidently designates a non-glossy insect.
The type in the Oxford Museum is labelled as taken in Assam
by Dr. Cantor. This is no doubt an error.
44. Dorcus reichei. (Plate VIII. figs. 7-9.)
Liiritnus veiclici Hope,* Prop. Ent. Soc. Lontl. 1S42, p. 8.3,
LucdiiiiN co)ope,* op. rit. p. S4.
li. puttctilubriii Hope, /. c.
1 10 LUCANID.E.
Dorcas glubripennif Westw.,* Trans, lilnt. Soc. Lontl. 1871, p. 359,
pi. 8, fig. ().
Eurytrachelioi prtvcellerus Moll., Insektenborse, xix, 1902, p. 283 ;
Deutsclie Ent. Zeits. 1903, p. 344.
Eitrytrachelus reichei Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 249.
var. Euri/trachehifi castelnaudi Deyr., Ann. Hoc. Ent. Belg. ix, 1865,
p. 31, pi. 2, fig. 3.
Eurytraciielus hansteini Albers, Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1889, p. 235.
Eurytrachelus cervuhis Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1901, p. 284.
Black, the male very smooth above when well developed,
the female with deeply sulcate elytra. The shoulders of the
elytra very acute. The legs fairly short and stout. The
prosternum not pointed behind the front coxae but forming a
slight rounded protuberance, except in the males of the
variety castelnaudi, where it is flat and not at all elevated
behind. The middle and hind tibiae have each a sharj) lateral
spine.
?. Elongate -oval, shining above but with the elytra very
closely and deejjly sulcate. The head is strongly and closely
])unctured, rugosely in front, with a narrow smooth area
behind, and bears two small, not very conspicuous, tubercles
placed transversely in the middle. The canthus extends well
beyond the middle of the eye but is not prominent. The
pronofum is very smooth and shining, with the sides strongly
])unctured, the punctures very dense and rugose externally
and extending completely along the basal groove. The front
angle is bluntl}^ jjroduced, the lateral margin gently rounded,
the lateral and basal angles rounded and imperce])tible. The
wuiHlmn bears a few tine })unctures. The elytnt have each
about 10 or 12 deep grooves, with narrow shining intervals,
tlie grooves confluently and unequally punctured. The grooves
become obliterated in the lateral part and the apices, which
are densely rugose and opaque. The mentum is coars(^ly
rugose. The rneki'^termmi is clo.sely punctured, rugosely at
the sides, and the abdomen strongly l)ut less closely. Tlie
terminal foi'k of the front tibia is short and broad.
^. In well-develo])ed males the body is broad and flat,
very smooth above, the head very broad and tlie mandibles
long, but every stage of transition occurs, in accordance with
diminishing size, to small specimens, which sho\v most of the
superficial features of the female.
Variation of the male. In the smallest specimens the heatl
and thorax are shining, the head of moderate size, closely
and rather strongly ])uncturcd, except in the ])osterior part,
the ])ron()tum coarsely and lugosely punctured at the sides
and base, usually with scattered punctures along the middle
line, the sides evenly rounded, the lateral angle indistinct.
The elytra are grooved like those of the female, the grooves
wide and deep and the intervals very narrow and sharp.
DOKCUS. Ill
The luandibles arc slioitcr tluui the head, simijlc, fahtifnnn,
far apart at the base and very acute at the tip. There is a
slijilit indication of a tooth at the base. The clyi)eal process
is very sliort, broad, with the froiit edije straij^ht and frinears near the front angle.
The grooves of the elytra are sliallowcr and the intervals
wider. In moderate-sized males tlie head and thorax aie dull
and unpuiuturcd, the head is longer behind the eyes, whicli
are less prominent, the elytra arc smooth dorsally, with traces
of lateral striu', the sides strongly and closely punctured.
The mandibles are longer, the tooth a little removed from the
base and shorter and broader in shape. With still lengthening
mandibles, the tooth continues to advance to the middle and
to become shorter, while a second tooth ajipears in front
of the first and another minute one behind the tij) of the
mandible. The angles of the cly})eal process are a little
j)roduced and its front margin becomes curved. In large
males the mandibular process is in front of the middle, short
and 2-cus))ed, the head and thorax are very broad, the inden-
tation of the lateral margin of the latter is farther from the
front angle and leaves a rather sharp tooth behind, near the
middle, the lateral angle is also sharp, the elytra are glossy,
without trace of striation, the sides closely and regulai'ly
l)unctui'ed. In the largest examples the mandibles arc slender
but flattened, rather straight, twice as long as the head, the
2-cus|)ed ])rocess is situated much before the middle and
directed obli(juely forward.
J. Lf'nglh (with mandil)les). 20-.'i<) mm.: (without mandil)lcs)
18-43 mm. : hnadth, S-2() nun.
$. Length, Ii)-2<> mm. : breadth, 8-13 mm.
Darjeelixu Distr. : Kurseong (E. A. D'Ahreu) ; Mang|)u
{E. T. Atkinson) ; Gopaldhara, Hungbong Valley (H . Stevens) ;
TVdong {L. Durel). Assam. Bitrma : Iluby Mines ( U'.
Dohcrtij). W. China. Siam. Malay Peninsula. Si-matra.
Borneo.
Tt/pes of reichei, cognatus and glahripennis in the British
Museum, those of castelnandi and pnrcellens in the Obcrthiir
collection, that of cerriilus in the (Tcnoa Museum.
Specimens from the Ea.stern j)art of the range of this species
con.stitute a j)hase which has been .separated by various
authors and given the names castelnandi, cervnlns and hanstelni.
In the males not of very small size the surface of the elytra,
as well as that of the head and pronotum, is dull and sooty,
112 LUCANID^.
tlie prosterniim is very flat behind and not at all elevated.
In small si)eciniens, however, and in the female this is elevated
exactly as in the tyjjieal form. Occasionally, as in the type-
specimen oi castelnaudi Deyr., the elytra are not quite black,
but, at least in part, very dark red or l)rown, probably owing
to slight immaturity.
In my o])inion, the Borncan Eurytrach(dvs prosti Boil.,
will also he found inseparable from this form.
I have seen examples of tliis form from Assam, Burma,
Siam, Yunnan, Sumatra and Borneo.
4"). Dorcus hyperion. (Plate VIll, lig. 10.)
Dorcns hyperion Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 177.
Black, smootli, not very shining, the elytra deeply- striate
in females and small males, the sides clothed beneath with
very fine inconspicuous yellowish pubescence. The eyes
very small, almost divided by the narrow canthus. The
metasternum coarsely granular at the sides. The legs are not
long, the front tibia has a short terminal fork and is sharply
and regularly toothed externally and the four ]iosterior
tibiae have each a lateral sjiine.
9. Rather narrowly elongate, moderately convex. The head
is rugosely ])unctured, with a pair of small tubercles not far
apart in the middle, the canthus is obliquely rounded and
extends far back but is only slightly j^rominent. The pronotuni
is dull but very smooth, with the sides narrowly but strongly
and closely punctured. The front angles are strongly produced,
the lateral margins gently rounded, the lateral angles feebly
indicated and the hind angles obsolete. The dytra are fairly
long and very deeply striate, with large confluent punctures
in the stiia>, the intervals between the stria- shining, the inner
ones fairly broad, the outer ones very narrow, the striae
obliterated at the sides and a])ices, which are densely rugose.
The shoulders are sharply angular. The nienfurti is closely
rugose. The prosternum is elevated and rounded hehlncl.
The front tibia is fairly stout and the middle and hind tihia^
have each a strong lateral spine.
(^. Broad and depressed, with the elytra rather short,
tapering behind. The head and jjronotum are broad and flat,
minutely granular and opaque, finely ])unctured in small
specimens. The sides of the head are rather })arallel, the
eyes minute and almost divided by the very narrow canthus,
the sides with a slight bluntly angular process far behind the
eye. The clypeal ])rocess is very short and has two slight
cusps. The pronotmn is short, the front angles are bluntly
pointed, the sides a little excised in front, leaving a distinct
angle behind the excision, almost from this to the obtuse lateral
DOROUS. 113
angle, which is situated far hack, and gently curved to the
base. The dytrd are shining and finely punctured, the shoulders
sharply angular and the sides rounded. Tlie nientuni is very
broad and oj)a(iue. The proMernum is broad. Hat, truncate
behind and not at all elevated.
Variation of the. male. In small specimens the head and
pronotum are shining and bear very fine scattered jnuictures,
and the elytra, as in the female, are deeply striate, the inner
intervals broad, minutely punctured and very shining, the
outer j)art linely rugose and dull, with very narrow intervals.
The mandibles are short and sharp, evenly curved and armed
internally close to the base with a strong blunt process set at
right angles. With iiu-reased size the elytral grooves disappear,
as well as the punctures of head and thorax, which become
(juite dull. In full-sized males the elytra are smootli and
shining, with minute punctures, the outer margins slightly
dull but not more closely punctured. The head is very broad,
the mandibles are about twice the length of the head, almost
straight in the basal ])art, the basal process flat and two-cusped,
with a miiuite ante-a])i(al tooth internally. The excision of
tlie lateral margin of the prothorax is well marked.
o. //P/?(7< (with mandibles), 3,'}-()2 mm.; (without mandibles)
29-46 mm. : breadth, 14-22 mm.
$. Length, 28 nim. ; breadth, 12 mm.
Burma : Ruby Mines (IF. Doherty).
Type in the Paris Museum, co-types in the Rene Obertlnir
collection.
40. Dorcus sewertzowi.
Dorcas sewertzoiri Scin., HoraR Sop. Ent. Ro.ss. xxv, 1891, p. 301).
Dorcus rugatus Did., Bvill Soc. Ent. France, 1927, p. 193.
Black and moderately shining, with the tarsi and the sides
of the metasternum clothed, the latter rather thinly, with
yellow hair. Compact and convex, ])arallel-sided, cylindrical
l)ut not long, the legs and antenna* rather short. The i)osteiior
median part of the liead is smooth and shining, the ocular
canthus verj' slightly developed but extending past the
midtlle of the eye. The pronotum very shining, rather finely
and si)arsely punctured in the median part and strongly and
densely at the sides, the front angles rather blunt, the sides
almost straight to the sharp lateral angles and then sinuate to
the strongly marked hind angles. The base is almost straight.
The scutellum bears a few punctures. The elytra closeh' and
confluently punctured, with rather ill-deflned dorsal stria?,
which disajjpear ujxm the sides and posterior part. The
siioulders sliarp-angled. The metasternum very smooth and
sliining in the middle, with very miimte scattered ])unctures,
and the sides rugose. The abdomen rather closely punctured
I
Ill i.lCAMD.IO.
ill llic middle and latlici- s])aiingly at the sides. Tiie pio-
sternuni very short and bluntly rounded behind. Joints 5-7
of tlic antenna' stronjily ttansvers(> and S-IO not very short.
The front tibia broad and strongly toothed and the middle
and hind tibia; eaeh having a lateral spine.
'.?. The head is coarsely rugose, exce])t in the posterior
median ])art. The clypeal process is rounded and jn-oininent
and the mandibles are not much curved and rather feebly
toothed at the inner edge.
,j'. The Imid is rather evenly punct uied, except in the
]»()sterior me
outer angles slightly ])romiiient. The front tibia, has a broad
t"rminal fork.
Varialion of flu mah'. iSmall specimens liaAC the head
strongly and densely punctured and the mandibles only vc^ry
slightly dilated at the base. In larger ones the head is more
finely and sparingly puiUitured and tlu^ mandibles are aiigiilatly
dilated externally and more strongly toothed.
(J*. /.r^^f//// (with mandibles), 17-2.'{ mm. : (witlioul mandibles)
l()-2() mm. : breadth, 7~!) mm.
?. L'tKjIh, 17 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
Kashmir (<". Host). Piin.iah: Hashahr Stale. (i()(»(> SOOO ft.
{It. N. Parker, M;\\). K. lioKilAHA.
^/'i//)e in the iicningrad Museum ; that of nigatiis in Dr.
Didier's collection. A male specimen in the Biitish Museum,
rec(Mved from Dr. Didicr, altliougii not rcfeircd to in the
original description, a|)pears to be one of the typical series.
17. Dorcus poulllaiidei. (Plate Xii, lig. IS.)
I'fo.sojioCii Iks ji(iiiill, p. i*l,
tig.s. ;") & (i.
?. Black and shining, witii the head and broad, shaiply
detined, lateral margins of pronotum and elytra densely and
rugosely punctured. Kather narrowly elongate and not ver-y
convex. The head is coarsely rugose, with a small smooth
posterior area, the canthus rounded and not very ])rojninent.
The pronotum is smooth and shining upon the median third,
elosely and strongly punctured upon the outer third, rugosely
at the outer margin. The front angles are blunt, the lateral
edges mimitely serrate and gently rounded to beyond tlu*
middle, where there is a minute s])hnform angle, and then
straight to the very l)roadly rounded hind angles. The
snitelluin bears a few fine ])unctnres. The eli/tra. are very
glossy upon the inner half and very densely and rather coarsely
l)unctured ujum the outer half, which is very sharply defined
and extends narrowly to the scutellum and broadly to the
suture at the apex. The shoidders are very acutely angular
and the apices a little producc(|, The prostrni.iini is comprcssc(l
116 LUCANID^.
and shortly pointed behind ; the metasternum bears scattered
punctures and is dull at the sides and the abdomen is very
smooth, except the terminal segment, which bears large,
fairly closely and evenly distributed punctures. The tibiai
are slender, the front ones sliglitly curved, with the outer
edge very minutely toothed and the extremity ])roduced into
a palmate lobe. The middle and hind tibi* are without lateral
spines and all the tarsi are rather short.
cJ. Unknown.
Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm.
Assam : Patkai Hills {W. Doherty).
Type in the Oberthur collection. The British Museum
possesses several specimens from the Frj^ collection, taken by
Doherty at the same time as the type.
49. Dorcus curvipes. (Plate VI, fig. 1.)
Lucanus curvipes Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 25.
Cladognathvs curvipes Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1864, p. 35.
Black, the female shining, the male dull above, very small,
convex, rather compact, with slender but not long legs. The
head is small, with rather large and prominent eyes, the canthus
extending to the middle, the pronotum convex, a little
wider in front than at the base with the lateral edges very
minutely serrate, with an acute spine beyond the middle,
feebly curved from there to the front angles, which are rounded,
and straight to the hind angles, which are obtuse but distinct.
The elytra short, entirely punctured, closely at the sides,
with the shoulders sharply pointed. The prosternum a little
compressed, bluntly pointed but not produced behind. The
metasternum and abdomen smooth and shining, the former
with scattered punctures. The middle and hind tibijp have
each an extremely minute lateral spine.
9. Shining black, oval. The head is very small, a little
contracted behind the eyes, densely and rugosely ])imctured.
The mandibles are narrow and straight, with very sharp
curved tijjs and a strong tooth near the middle of the inner
edge. The pronotuni is coarsely and densely pimctured at
the sides and fairly strongly and closely in tlie middle. The
elytra are rather less strongly punctured than the })ronotum,
closely upon the outer half and not very (closely upon the inner
half. The legs are not much shorter than those of the male, the
front tibiae slender and curving outwards, with tlie extremity
broad and four-lobed.
c^. The head is dull, rather finely and evenly punctured, a
little de])ressed in the middle and slightly dilated on each side
behind the eye. The mandibles are short and thick, rounded
externally, with the tij)s inclined uj)wards and hollowed
internally, with the lower edge serrate, The pronotiitH is
DORCUS. 117
entirely punctured and opaque, especially at the sides. The
elytra are finely and closely punctured. The front tibia is
straight, slender, and rather narrowly forked at the end.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head and
pronotum are closely and fairly strongly punctured and the
sides of the latter densely and rugosely. The mandibles are
shorter tiian the head and the upward curvature is not strong.
In fairly large males the mandibles are about as long as the
head and strongly bent upwards, with the lower edges meeting
except at the base. The punctures of the head and pronotum
are fine and not very close.
^. L^^grM (with mandibles), 12-20 mm.; (without mandibles)
11-14 mm. : breadth, 4-5-7o mm.
$. Length, 15-5 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
Bombay Pres. : N. Kanara (T. li. D. Bell, July) ; Poona
{Hope collection).
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
")(». Dorcus spencei. (Plate IX, figs. 5, 6.)
Lucami.s .speticei Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii, 1841, p. 589 ;
Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 19.
Pronopocoelus spencei Boil., Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 233.
Dorcus spencei Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 1937, p. 242,
pi. 2, fig. 1.
Prosopocuhts crenicoUiN Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii,
1862, p. 418 ; Boil.. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 232.
Pro.sopocu'lus mordax Boil., Le Natiiraliste, 1904, p. 285.
Proso]}oc(jeliis laticeps Moll.,* Insektenborse, xxi, 1904, p. 402.
Deep chocolate -brown, with the greater part of the head and
mandibles, the antennae and tarsi black, the femora rather
l)right-rc(l. Elongate, very convex and moderately shining
above. The club-joints of the antenna are moderately long
and the seventh joint almost the same length. The prosternal
process strong, com[)ressed and right-angled.
(j*. The head is broad and fiat, finely and densely granular
and opacpie, the canthus rounded in front, extending past the
middle of the eye and rather prominent laterally at the end.
The front margin is excised and the clypeal process minute,
simple and tongue-shaped. The pronotum is finely coriaceous
but rather shining, except at the sides, which are densely
granular and ojiacpie. The front angles are truncate, the
lateral margins roughly serrate and nearly straight to beyond
the n\id(i!e, where there is a sharp spine, and concave from there
to the hind angles, which are roiuided. The elytra are also
coriaceous, moderately shining dorsally and dull at the sides.
The mentum is hollowed and the front edge of the submentuni
is not sharply carinate nor trilobed. The front tibia is finely
serrate externally, with strong sharp lateral teeth, and the
middle and hind tibia) have each a strong lateral si)ine.
118 lt7canti);e.
Variation of the male. In a small example [crenicolli'i Thoins. ,
type) the mandibles are of rather triangular sliape and the
inner edge is finely and closely serrate beneatli almost from
base to apex, with a single small basal tootli on a higher level.
In a larger male (the type of laticeps ^loll.) the gap between
the basal tooth and the serrate edge is wider, there is a large
rounded basal lobe externally, a ridge extends from the basal
tooth to near the tip upon the upper face and the anterior
half of the mandible curves upward. The type of spcnrn
Hope represents the very different constant phase, of wliich
it is the only known siJecimen. In this the mandibl(>s are
slender, twice as long as the head, strongly and evenly romuled,
forked at the tij) and smooth, with a single small tooth at the
inner edge a little distance from the base.
The female is unknowai to me.
<^. Length (with mandibles), 31-44 mm. ; (without mandibles)
25-36 mm. : breadth, 10-5-15 mm.
Assam : Shillong, Khasi Hills. Burma : iMyitkyina (I*i. The terminal
fork of the front tibia is strongly deflexed, the middle tibia
has a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one.
Variation of the. male.— Variable phase. 'J'he mandibles
are a little longer than the head. Small examples have the
ui)|)(>r surface very dull and not very convTX. With increasing
size \\\(\ surface, esjK'cially of the j)ron(;tum, l)ecomes v(!ry
convex and less dull in the middle. The mandibles are
almost straight externally and l)ear rounded, bead-like teeth
at the iimer edge. In the smallest specimens there is cmly a
very small gap at the base between the closed mandibles.
'J'liis gap becomes progressively larger until only the anterior
halves are in contact but otherwise little change occurs even
in full-sized specimens, although the head is relatively much
broader.
Constant phase. Tiie mandibles are slender, gently curved,
a little compressed laterally, smooth internally and externally,
with a small rounded basal process internally and a strong
erect curved antl jjointed process at the middle of the upper
edge. The tips are biHd.
^. Lf^wjy^/i (with mandibles), 28-39 mm. : (without mandible
24-32 mm. : breadth, 10-14 mm.
$. Length, 22 mm. ; breadth, U mm.
Assam: Khasi Hills, Shillong ; Oaro Hills, above Turji.
3500-3900 ft. (S. Kemp, July, Aug.).
120 LUCANID^.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford.
D. bulhosus has the closest resemblance to D. polymorphus
but the males can be separated without difficulty by the
difference in the minute clypeal process.
52. Dorcus perplexus.
Cladognathus perphxus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. Ill ;
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 26 ; op. cit. 1870, p. 82.
(J. Very dark brown, with the head and the sutural region
of the elytra black or chestnut-red, with the antennae and tarsi
black, the mandibles and tibise dark red, and the outer margins
of the head, pronotum and el^'tra, as well as the sutural margins
of the last, more or less darkened. Elongate in shape and dull
above and beneath except in the region of the el}i}ral suture.
The head is densely granular, flat, with a strong curvilinear
emargination in front, the clypeal process very small, simple
and tongue-like. The front angles of the head are obtuse,
the sides oblique in front and feebly angulate behind the
eyes. The mandibles are triangular, with the outer margin a
little concave, the inner edge nearly straight, with strong
blunt serrations almost from base to tip. The j^^'onotum is
finely and densely granular, very opaque at the sides but less
so in the middle. The front angles are blunt, the lateral
margins not serrate, gently rounded in front, obtusely angulate
behind the middle and straight from there to the rounded
hind angles. The scutellum is finely ])unctured. The elytra
are closely and minutely ])unctured and opaque except near
<;he suture. The prosternal process is vertical in front and
a little compressed. The Z^grs- are fairly slender, the front
tibia finely serrate externally and with very minute teeth,
the terminal fork short, the middle tibia with a minute lateral
spine, the hind tibia without spine.
Length (with mandibles), 25-27 mm. ; (without mandibles)
20-23 mm. : breadth, 9-10 mm.
" India."
Type in the Oberthiir collection.
Only specimens of small size are at ])rescnt known of this
species but it is probable that a higher degree of develoj)ment
will be found to occur. Parry has mentioned female specimens
in the British Museum but I have found none that can be
referred with any certainty to D. perplexus. The above
descrijition is taken from the unique male type and a rather
larger but otherwise exactly similar male in the British Museum.
The exact habitat of both is unknown, but the latter is from
the East India Comjmny's collection. The species may prove
to be Indo-Chinese, as a female sjiecimen perhaps belonging
to it has been sent to me from Tonkin b^' M. de Cooman.
DORCUS. 121
A large dark brown male ,s{)etiiuen from Laos, Tonkin, in
Mr. Bernard Benesh's collection, resemhlinii ratlier closely the
large ^ IJ. buddka Hope (PI. 15, tig. 8) but with dull", not
glossy, elytra, very likely belongs to this species.
53. Dorcus polymorphus, nom. u. (Plate 11, tigs. 5rt, b, c;
PhitelX, tigs. 1, 2.)
Prosopoca'lus parryi Boil., Trans. Eat. Soc. Loud. l'J13, p. 233
(pre-ofcupied name).
Lucanus bulbosu.s Hope & \Ve.st\v.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 20 (not
Lucanus bnlbosus Hope, 1841).
Dorcus jmrryi Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soe. Loud. Ixxxvi, 1937,
p. 242, pl. 2, fig. 3.
Prosopocalus parryi vars. latus, angimtus Did., Col. Lue. du Globe,
1929, pp. 98-101, fig.s. 50-53.
The female is black or almost black, the male deep red or
reddish- black, Avith the mandibles and sides of the head black,
the femora and tibite sometimes bright red and the tarsi
bearing conspicuous ])ads of bright yellow hairs beneath. The
sha})e rather narrow and the lateral margins of the pronotum
are hnely serrate. The prostcrnum bluntly produced behind.
The eyes small and the canthus extending past the middle.
9- The upper surface is strongly punctured, rugosely at
the sides, but very shining in the median part of the pronotum
and close to the elytral suture. The head is coarsely rugose
and sometimes shows an ill-defined shining elevation on
each side of the middle. The pronotum is finely punctured,
sometimes with a narrow smooth median line, the sides
very strongly and rugosely i)unctured. The elytra are very
closely pun(!tured except near the suture, where they are
very shining, and the j)uncturcs are very strong and dense
at the sides. The front tibia is broadl}^ forked at the end.
(^. The pronotum and elytra are feebly shining along the
middle line. The head is densely granular and opaque, short
and broad, with the front angles rounded and the cheeks
very slightly swollen behind the eyes. The front margin is
curvilinearly excised and the clypeal process is small and
bilobed. The pronotum is very finely coriaceous, densely at
the sides, less so and feebly sliining in the middle. The front
angles are very bluntly rounded, the lateral margins evenly
rounded to beyond the middle, where there is an acute s})ine,
and concave to the broadly rounded hind angles. The elytra
are closely and very minutely punctured and feebly shining
dorsall}^ densely' coriaceous and opaque at the sides. The
mentum is hollowed and the front edge of the submentum is
sharply carinate and more or less trilobed. The front tibia
is strongly forked at the end, the middle tibia has a strtjng
lateral spine and the hind tibia a feeble one. The extremities
122 LUCANtniE,
of the four posterior tibia' internally, as well as the lower
surface of the tarsal joints, bear conspicuous jjads of bright
yellow liairs.
Variation of the wale. In the ordinary form of male the
mandibles are of the j)riodont tyi)e, about as long as the head,
triangular in shajje and toothed almost fi'om base to tip. In
small si^ecimens the outer edge is gently rounded, in larger
ones it is straiglit or sliglitly concave and the first two teeth
of the inner edge are large and bead-like, with a ga]) between
them. ■ There is a ridge u])ou the upper surface and in large
specimens this forms a prominent lobe at the base of the
mandible. Large males may have another (constant) form
of mandible, evenly curved and fairly slender, with a strong
erect tooth before the middle of the up])er surface, a rounded
basal tooth at the inner edge and two or three small blunt
teeth before the extremity, which is bifurcated. I'his |)hase
occurs together with the normal one, but is comj)aratively
rare. 1 have figured (PI. II, lig. ob) a remarkable specimen
in which the two mandibles are of the two different forms.
^. Length (with mandibles), 22—40 mm. ; (without mandibles)
19-33 mm. : breadth, 8-14 mm.
$. Length, 20-25 mm. ; breadth, 8-10 mm.
Darjeelixg DisTR. : Mangpu, 5000 ft. (*S'. 11'. Kemp, A])ril,
May) ; Vedong {A . Desgodin.'^) ; Pankassari, Kalhnpong (Aug.).
7\>/pe in the Hope Dept., Oxford Universitj' Museum.
Tliis species, wrongly described as bulbo-nis in Ho])e and
Westwood's Catalogue, Avas renamed parr//i hy Boileau but,
since that name had been j^reviously applied to other species
of Dorcus, it is necessary to find yet another name for it.
_ The ordinary males bear a very close resemblance to those
of the true bulbo.sus but the clypeal process, thougli minute,
has (juite a different shajjc and the head is a little dilated and
not contracted behind the eyes.
54. Dorcus dentifer. (Plate Xll, fig. (5.)
Cladognathus dentifer Devr.,* Ann. Soc. Knt. ficlg. i.x, IISG.">, p. 2!),
pi. "l, fig. 5.
Prosopocoelus jxirallelus Did.,* Liic. du (ilobe, 1931, p. 231 (new
syn.).
Black, snu)()th and shining beneath and upon the pronotuni
and the sutural margins of the elytra, the remainder of flu-
elytra densely ])unctured. The lateral edges of the ])ronotum
finely s seem to be distinctive of the males of this
species alone.
56. Dorcus macclellandi. (Plate X, figs. 6, 7.)
Lucanua McClellandi Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 83 ;
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iv, 184."), p. 74.
Metopodontus {Hoplitocranum) macclellandi Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1913, p. 225.
Cladognathu/i quadrinodosus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863,
p. 109 ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 22, pi. 8, fig. 4.
Deep red or chocolate, witli the antenna?, tarsi, knees, the
front of the head and the margins of the thorax and elytra
darker, the tarsi with conspicuous pads of bright yellow hair
The male entirely opaque above, the female shining except
at the sides, with a broad dark sutural stripe. The prosternum
very short and rounded behind.
$. Rather bright chestnut-red, with the scutellum and a
broad sutural stripe upon the elytra black and shining. The
head is rugose in front and coarsely punctured behind, with
a small smooth median posterior space. The pronotum is
shining but well punctured, the punctures moderately fine
in the middle, becoming progressively stronger to the sides,
where they are very coarse and close. The lateral edges are
finely serrate and gently rounded from the front angles, which
are fairly siiar[), to tlie acute lateral angles and feebly concave
126 LUCAMD.^i;.
from tliere to the obtuse hind angles. The clijlra are shinuig
in the inner lialf, wliere they hear numerous rather fine but
deep punctiu'es, coarsely and denseW punctiu'cd on the outer
half, and the apices rugose. The lower surface is very finely
and sjjarsely punctured except the middle of the metasternvm
and the last ventral sternite, which are coarsely and closely
j)unctured. The front iU)ia is slender and slightly curved,
its extremit}^ palmate, with several vei-y short blunt lobes ;
the middle and hind tibiae have each a sliarp lateral spine.
^. Red or chocolate, with the femora anfl tibiae brighter
red. Long and narrow, Avith very slender legs, the upper
surface entirely opaque except close to the suture. The head
and pronotum are finely and densely granular, the front
angles of the head obtuse, the sides gently rounded behind
the eyes. The clyjjeal process is small, cjuadrate and lathei-
tridentate in front. The mandibles are slender. Tlie front
angles of tlie pronotum are jiroduced but blunt, the sides
almost straiglit to far beyond the middle, Avliere they are
shari)ly angular, and feebly excised from there to the very
blunt hind angles. The elytra are smootli and finely punctured
near the suture and very densely confluently punctured
elsewhere. The shoulders are acutely angular. The abdomen
is smooth and has at its extremity a longitudinal ridge ending
in a tufted process. The front tibia is minutely serrate and
feebly toothed externally, with a fine terminal foi'k. and the
middle and hind tibi* are without lateral spine.
Variatio7t of the male. \n small specimens the liead is
simply convex, with fairly numerous distinct jnmctures, the
l)asal half of the mandible sti-aight and serrate internally, the
terminal half gently curved. In larger specimens, in addition
to the basal serration, there are two or three teeth towards
tlie tip. Indications also appear of four transversely ]ilaced
tubercles u})on the vertex of the head. IModei-ately largei-
males have two very small but sliarply-elevated tubercles,
with two very feeble ones ])etween them, the inandibles are
about as long as tlie elytra and gently curved, with a short
stout tooth a little beyond the base, a minute one before tlu
apex and just before the latter, a short lamina, a little \)vo-
duced at the distal end.
Specimens from Assam ar(> hiighter red than those from
the Darjeeling district, and the largest males are longer, they
have four strong cephalic tuberc-les and the mandibles ai-e
very long, with a strong sharp tooth placed at a right angle
about one third from the base, a smaller tooth at lu^ai'ly
two-thirds of the length, followed by a slioi-t laminar ])rocess
and a ilat triangular tooth between this and the tip.
fj. />f'/ij7/// (with mandibles), I!) 40 mm.: (without mandililcs),
]((-25 mm. : breadth, 7-10 mm.
DO HO us. 127
$. Lentjth, IS mm. ; Incaillh, 7 jum.
Darjkelino Djstk. : I'cdong, Maria Basti (/>. Diirel).
Ass.AM : Sadiya (7\ B(unhrigia has a nairow
tciniinal fork, the middle tibia a small lateral spine and the
hind tibia none oi- only a very minute one,
128 LUCANID^.
Variation of the male. In small males the head and pronotum
are closel}' })unc'tured, the liead dull, the ])ronotuni rather
shining. Tlie mandibles are short' and irregularly toothed
almost to the base, where they are rather broad. In larger
specimens the head and pronotum are entirely opaque, very
closely punctured at the sides, but finely and simrsely in the
middle. The mandibles are fairly long and straight, still
with irregular teeth from near the base to near the tip. The
largest specimens have head and pronotum very finely and
sparingly punctured except close to the lateral margins, and
the mandibles are about H times as long as the head, straight
with strongly curved tips, 'the teeth very irregular and feeble,
except the first close to the base and the last just before the
curved tip.
(^. Le»^f/t (with mandibles), 16-27 mm. ; (without mandibles)
14-20 mm. : breadth, 5-8 mm.
$. Length, 15-19 mm. ; breadth, 6-7 mm.
Andaman Is. Malay Peninsula. Borneo. Sumatra.
Java.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
This is a common and widely distributed Malayan insect.
The single Bornean specimen, called tigrinus by Dr. Didier,
will very likely prove to be the same.
58. Dorcus boreli. (Plate X, fig. 11.)
Prosopoccel'us boreli Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxvi, 1904, p. 284.
^. Black, or blackish-brown with the head and pronotum
black, the tarsi clothed beneath with fairly long yellow hairs.
Narrowly elongate, with slender legs. Entirely opaque above
and almost entirely beneath. The prosternal process is
vertical in front and rather bluntly pointed. The seventh
joint of the antenna is acutely produced and the three club-
joints are rather short. The anterior part of the head slopes
obliciuely but without a sharjj carina at its upper edge. The
front angles are rounded and the sides of the head are very
feebly swollen behind the eyes. The clypeal jirocess is small
and bluntly triangular. The mandibles are rather longer than
the head, gently and evenly curved externally, minutely bifurcate
at the end, with a fairly broad, blunt tooth at the base, a small
blunt one before the middle and a still smaller one between
the last and the tip. The pronotum is short and broad and
entirely coriaceous. The front angles are produced but not
very sharp, the sides evenly rounded from the front angles
to the acutely spined lateral angles and sinuate from there
to the obtuse but well-marked liind angles. The base is
straight and very narrow. The scutelhnn and elj/tra. are
coriaceous, the latter narrow but nmch broader at the shoulders
DORCUS. 129
than the base of the pronotiiin. The front fihia is very
finely serrate externally, with a few small, sharj), widely
separate teeth, tlie middle tibia bears a stronj^ lateral spin(^
and the hind tibia has a very minute spine or ncme.
Length (with mandibles), 2()-29 mm. ; (without mandibles)
22-24-5 mm. : breadth, 8-9 mm.
Assam.
$. Unknown.
Type in Dr. Didier's collection.
59. Dorcus feai. (Plate X, figs. 9, 10.)
Prosopocoflus feai Boil.,* Le Naturaliate, xxiv, 1902, p. 204.
Reddish-chocolate, with the margins of head, pronotum and
elytra and sometimes the entire head or the head and thorax
black, or (5) the whole insect black, the lower surface of th(^
tarsi and the inner face of the tibiae bearing fringes of ratlier
long golden-yellow hairs. The prosternum prominent behind
but rather broad and bluntly rounded. The seventh joint
of the antenna acutely produced and the three joints of the
club short.
$. p]ntirely black and shining, fairly narrow but less slender
than the male. The head is closely rugose in front and strongly
and closely punctured beliind. The pronotum is almost
imperceptibly punctured in the middle but the punctures
become gradually stronger and more numerous towards the
sides and form wide, strongly and very closely })unctured,
borders. The , minutely and
closely punctured. The sides are feebly rounded and the
shoulders acutely spinose. The legs are very slender, the front
tibia strongly produced beyond the point of insertion of the
tarsus, the middle and hind tibiae with close yellow fringes at
the inner edge, the former bearing a fine lateral spine, the
latter with none or only a vestige. The tarsi are very long
and clothed with long yellow hairs beneath.
Variation of the, male. In a very small specimen in tlie Genoa
Museum the head and ])ronotum are finely, not closely,
punctured and the mandibles flat, simple at the tip and serrate
at the inner edge. In larger examjiles the entire upper surface
is dull and finely granular and the mandibles are slender,
not flat, and bifid at the tip. One of moderate size in the
British Museum has numerous short teeth at irregular intervals
along the mandible and a small double tooth near the base.
The large male type in the Genoa Museum has a single basal
tooth and three similar ones only in the outer half of the
mandible.
^. Length {vfiih mandibles), 17— 40 mm. ; (without mandibles)
13-28 mm. : breadth, 6-1 1 mm.
$. Length, 21-24 mm. ; breadth, 8-10 mm.
Burma : Cheba, Karen Hills, 2700-3300 ft. {L. Fea, Dec.).
Type in the Genoa Museum ; co-type in the British Museum.
The female closely resembles that of D. cilipes Th., but the
pronotum and elytra are smoother and the sides of the former
less broadly punctured.
60. Dorcus cilipes. (Plate X, fig. 12.)
Cladognathus cilipes Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. Franoe (4), ii, 1862,
p. 416.
Black or very dark chocolate-brown, the tarsi clothed with
rather long yellow hairs beneath. Katlier elongate and not
very conv(\x, the up})er surface opaque or dull in the male,
feebly shining in the female. The prosternum ju'ominent
behind, but rounded and little comj)ressed. The three joints
of the antennal club short and the seventh joint strongly
and sharply produced. The middle and hind tibia; have each
a sharp lateral spine.
$. Black, with the upper surface feebly shining. The head
is rugosely i)im(!tured, the canthus almost dividing the eye
and slightly ])rominent laterally. The pronotum is very
minutely and sparsely ])unctured in the middle and very
coarsely and closely at the sides. The front angles are ])rodueed,
the sides feebly rounded to the sharp lateral angle and almost
straight to the base. The elytra are entirely j)unctured,
?ninutely in the iimer anterior region, strongly and closely
DORCUS. 131
at the base, the outer and })osteiior j)arts. The front tibia
is broad, strongly tootlied laterally and shortly l)ilol>ed at
the end.
J. Long and narrow, with very slender legs, the u])j)er sin-faee
opaque. The head antl pronotuni are hnely and densely
granular, the front angles of the head are very obtuse, the
canthus narrow, extending to about the middle of the eye,
the head })roduced behind and gently rounded behind the
eye. The front angles of the pronotuni are j)roduced, the
sides gently rounded to far beyond the middle, where they are
acutely angulate, and slightly eoncave to the blunt hind angles.
The elytra are entirely opaque and the shoulders are acutely
angular. The front titna is slender, finely toothed externally,
narrowly forked at the extremity, and is tufted beneath at its
inner extremity.
Variation of the male. Small si)ecimens are redder in c(jlour
and the upper surface is less dull than in larger ones. The
head, pronotuni and elytra are also distinctly and finely
punctured, the el^'tra rather strongly and densely in the anterior
part. The mandibles in the smallest s])ecimens are as long
as the head and feebly serrate internally from the base almost
to the apex. In larger examples the teeth are stronger, the
basal one broad, the last a little detached from the rest. Well-
developed males have the mandibles twice as long as the head,
gently and evenly rounded, the teeth unevenly s])aced, the
basal one bifid and the apex shortly and equally forked.
(J. Length {vi'\i\\ mandibles), 20-39 mm. ; (without mandibles)
17-28 mm. : breadth, 7-11 mm.
?. Length, 22-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-10 mm.
Assam: Naga Hills (If. Doherty) ; Kiiasi Hills, Sylhet,
Shillong ; Manipur {W. Doherty).
Type in tlie Rene Oberthiir collection.
01 Dorcus histrio. (Plate XI, fig. 10.)
Dorcus histrio Arrow,* Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lonfl. Ixxxiii, 15)3.'),
p. 109, pi. 6, fig. 4 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (11) ii, 1938, p. 54.
Head, lower surface and legs dark reddish-black, the sides
of the metasternum anteriorly marked with a triangular
orange patcli ; the ])ronf)tinn of the male bright yellow, with
three longitudinal black stripes, the elytra yellow, with a
black sutural stripe; the female with bright yellow elytra,
decorated with a large common black triangle extending
fiom the slioulders to tlie eiul of the suture. The prosternum
})rominent behind but not ]>ointed.
2. The body is oval and convex, not long, glossy above
and beneath. The head and pronotuni are dark, the latter
with three rather indefinite reddish marks on each side, the
k2
1 32 LFCANTD^E.
elj^ra bright yellow, with narrow black outer margins and a
large black inverted triangle extending from the base to tlie
apex. The head is very coarsely and riigosely punctured,
the eyes small, with the cantlius reaching beyond th(^ middle.
The pronotum is very finely and sparsely punctured in the
middle, very stronglj- but not densely at the sides, the lateral
margins are gently rounded to past the middle, where they are
obtusely angled, and feebly concave to the blunt hind angles.
The firntellum bears a few punctures. The elytra are finely
but distinctly ])unctured, the sides rather more strongly and
closely and the apic(\s I'ugosely. The mentiun is coarsely
rugose, the ntetadernum. unevenly, not closely, ])unctured, the
abdomen very sparsely and uiinutely, except the first and last
sternites, which are strongly punctured. The front tibia
ends in four short blunt lobes.
^. The head, mandibles, lower surface and legs are bro\vnish-
black and the pronotum and elytra bright _>'ellow, witli the
extreme edges black and Avith three irregular black longitudinal
stripes upon the pronotum and a regular stripe, common to
both elytra, whicli tapers a little before the apex. There is
also a triangular yellow patch on each side of the metasternum
anteriorly. The body is elongate and not very convex, tlie
surfac(! dull above and beneath and only a little more shining
near the elytral suture. The head and pronotum are very
finely and densely granular, the head is rather convex and
lias two slightly indicated elevations near the middle, the
front angles are: obtuse, the eyes small, with a very narrow
canthus extending to the middle, the head a little produced
behind the eyes and rounded behind them at the sides. The
dypeal process is narrow and feebl}'^ bilobed at the end. The
mandibles are slender, straight from the base to within a
short distance of the tip, where they are evenly curved, the
inner edge serrate for nearly the whole length but with a
small single tooth a short distance from the tip. The front
angles of the pronotum are produced and blunt, the lateral
margins gently curved to the lateral angles, wliich are sharj),
and concave to (he well-marked hind angles. The elijtra ar(>
densely punctured, the a})ical part more coriaceous, the
shoulders sharply angular. The mentum is granular, the
metastenunn feebly punctured and the abdomen abnost
unpunctui'ed. The legs are slender, the front tibia witli a
minutely serrate outer edge and feeble teeth, the terminal
fork not strong, and the middle and hind tibia^ are without
lateral spines.
^. /y^n^^// (with mandibles), 25-27 mm.; (without mandibles)
20-21 mm. : breadth, 8-5 mm.
$. Length, \H mm. ; breadth, T-H mm.
S. Tni)I.\ : Pcriambadi Dhat, Coorg (May) ; Kumali Hill
DORCirs. 1 33
{K. Govindaraj, April) ; Pirmaid, Travancore, 3000 ft. (Mrs.
R. Iniray).
Type in tfu; British Museum.
I liavo seen only two males and one fciinale of this s[)e(!ies.
It is possible that the mandibles of the male reach a higher
degree of development than that described above.
02. Dorcus speclosus. (Plate XI, figs. 4, 5.)
Metopodontus apecioaus Boil.,* Le Naturaliste, 1904, p. 278.
Black or dark blackish-brown, with the sides of the elytra
(very broadly in the male, more narrowly in the female)
bright yellow, exce])t the extreme edges, wliieh are black,
an (ival yellow spot on each side of the metasternum in both
sexes and, in the male, the sides of the pronotum more or less
I)ale. The eyes rather prominent, the pronotum short,
its sides feebly curved to far beyond the middle and then
strongly rounded, without distinct lateral or basal angle.
The prosternum strongly compressed and acutely produced
behind. The club-joints of the antemia fairly long and the
seventh joint ])r(jduced into a long slender process. The
outer edge of the front tibia very finely serrate and almost
without larger teeth.
$. Black, very glossy above, each elytron with a bright
yellow lateral band not quite reaching the shoulder in front
or the suture behind. The shape is rather narrowly oval.
The head is rugosely punctured, the mandibles small and
narroM'. The pronolutu and elytra are very shining, sparingly
punctured dorsally and clo.sely at the sides. The shoulders
are V(^ry sharj). The front fihia (>nds in four short lobes and
the middle and hind tibite have each a very small lateral
spine.
(J. Black, not very glossy, the head and pronotum partly
or entirely dark brown, the sides of the pronotum more or
less yellow or red and the elytra bright yellow, with the extreme
outer margins and a narrow sutural triangle, extending from
the middle of the base of each elytron to the extremity of the
suture, black. The head and pronotum are densely granular
and oj)aque, the former with the front n\argin rather strongly
excised, the front angles blunt, tlie cheeks a little rounded
behind tiie eyes. The clypeal process is narrow, moderately
long and tongue-sliaped. The elytra are finely and closely
j)unctured, rather shining in the anterior sutural region and
coriaceous and dull at the sides and apices. The front tihia
is rather feebly forked at the extremity, the middle tibia has
a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia has none.
Variation of the male. In a small specimen the liead is a
little convex behind, the mandibles are about as long as the
134 LTJCANID^.
liead, evenly curved externally and serrate from the base
almost to the tip. In a much larger example (the type) the
head is a little depressed anteriorly, the mandibles arc a little
longer than the head, the apical half only is serrate and there
is a broad basal ])rocess.
^. Length (with mandibles) , 20-33 mm. ; (without mandibles)
18-26 mm. : breadth, 7-5-11 mm.
$. Length, 19-22 mm. ; breadth, 8-9 mm.
S. India : Ouchterlony Valley, Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft. {H.
L. Andrewes, June). Bombay : Gersoppa, N. Kanara {C.
McCann, June).
T7jpe in the British Museum.
63. Dorcus prosopocceloides. (Plate XI, fig. 19.)
Pelecognothus prosopocceloides Houlb.,* Insecta, v, 1915, p. 53,
figs. 12 & 13.
(^. Very dark reddish-brown, with the sides of the head, the
extreme edges of the pronotum, the scutellum, the inner and
outer margins of the elytra, the antennae, knees, upper edges
of the tibise and the tarsi black ; the surface without clothing
of hairs or setse, except the pale hairy pads of the tarsi. Long
and narrow, with rather slender legs. The prosternum is
very short behind the coxae, slightly compressed and very
blunt and rounded. The head is narrow and elongate, finely
granular and opaque, the front angles very obtuse, the canthus
not very prominent, slightly oblique, reaching the middle of
the eye, which is very small, the head behind the eyes long,
very feebly swollen at the side. The head is a little hollowed
in front, its upper margin gently arcuate. The cly])eal
process is bilobed and very short. The mandibles are flat,
very acute at the tij^s and bear a broad internal lobe which
is sharply toothed in front and rather bliuitly at the base.
The j)ronotum also is densely granular and opaque, especially
at the sides. The front angles are produced but blunt, the
sides rather abruptly contracted in front and rather straight
and jiarallel behind to the spiniform lateral angles and oblique
and nearly straight from there to the rounded hind angles.
The base is straight. The scutellum bears a few punctures.
The elytra are coriaceous and opaque, with the sutural margins
more shining. There arc incom})lete lines of fine shalloM'
punctures as well as similar close irregular punctures, which
are larger and closer at the sides. The shoulders are very
sharp. The prosternum is very short and bluntly rounded
behind. The legs are fairly slender, tlie front tibia with very
minute sliarp serrations in its anterior half and a very short
and feeble terminal fork, the middle and hind tibiae are
without lateral spines.
$. Unknown.
DORCUS. 136
cJ. Length (with mandibles), 18-20 mm, ; (without mandibles)
17-18 mm. : hreridth, 7 nmi.
Bhutan : Maria Basti.
Type, in the Oberthur collection ; co-tyi)o in the British
Museum.
The peculiar features of this species are in many respects
similar to those of D. clpgans and it is probable that the
known specimens, consisting only of males, are not of full
development and that larger examjjlcs will be found to have
the mandibles, as in D. elegaiis, very long for an insect of such
small size.
64. Dorcus elegans. (Plate XI, fig. 20.)
Clddognathus elegans Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 110 ; Truns.
Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 27, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Digotiophorus AtkirinSoni Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, 1895,
p. 157.
Hemisodorcus elegans Nagel, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1928, p. 277.
(^. Bright reddish-yellow, with the tips of the mandibles,
the elytral suture, the knees, tarsi and antennae black, the
surface rather dull, l)ut with the scutellum and eh'tral suture
glossy. Very narrowly elongate, with slender legs. The
head is long, very finely coriaceous and opaque, flat above,
widest across the eyes, which are very small and not prominent,
and gradually narrowed behind them. The front angles
are very blunt, the front margin vertical, with a sharp arcuate
ridge above. The dypeal process is very short and transverse,
separated by a fine suture from the front. The antennal
s(^ape is flattened, extremely thin and very slender at the
base, the three joints of the club arc very short and the seventh
joint is not ])rodu(ed. The pronotinn is also very finely coria-
ceous and dull but h-ss so in the middle than at the sides. The
front angles are produced but rather blunt, the lateral margins
are gently sirmate in front, leaving a blunt projection beliind,
in front of the spiniform lateral angle, and sinuate from the
latter to the hind angle, which is well marked but blunt. The
elytra are rather flat and produced to a point behind, coriaceous
and opaque except close to the suture, where they are very
smooth and shining. The prosternal process is strongly
compressed and rather sharply pointed. The lower surface
is very smooth. The front tibia is very slender, rather feebly
bifurcate at the extremity, with a few minute sharj) lateral
teeth, close together near the end, and the middle and hind
tibiae are without lateral spines.
Variation of the male. In the ty^e specimen (a very small
example) the head and thorax are more transverse than in
larger specimens and the mandibles are little longer than the
head. They are flat, paraUcl-sided and straight at the base,
136 LUCANID^.
curved at the end, acutely cleft internally before the tip,
which is very sharp, the inner lobe truncate. The pronotum
has a few large punctures in the middle and finer, more numerous,
ones at the sides. The el>i:ra show rather faint, finely ])unc-
tured, striae. Both jjunctures and stricTe disap])car in larger
examples, the head and prothorax are cxce])ti()nally narrow
and the mandibles long and slender. In large examples,
such as the type of atkinsoni Wat., the mandibles are perfectly
straight for f of tlieir length, the truncate inner lobe has three
minute cusps at the end and the shari:»-pointed outer lobe
bears three or four blunt teeth beneath.
$. Unknown.
Herr Nagel has described a specimen of unknown origin
which he considers to be a female of this si^ecies but, until
adequate grounds exist for associating the two sexes, it will
be safer to regard the female as yet unknown.
(^. Le7igfh {with mandibles), 27-34 mm. ; (without mandibles)
19-22 mm. : breadth, 6-5-7-5 mm.
Darjeeling Distk. : Pashok, 5500 ft. {F. H. Gravely,
June) ; Pedong {L. Durel) : Kurseong {Rev. Pere Bretandeau).
% Malay Peninsula.
Type in the Oberthiir collection ; that of atkinsoni in the
British Museum.
In my opinion the locality Singapore attributed to this
very curious species by Waterhouse is probably incorrect.
65. Dorcus suturalis. (Plate XI, figs. 8-10.)
Liicunus sviuralis Oliv., Eut. (1) i, 1789, p. 16, pi. iv., fig. 12.
(Jladognalhus suturali-'i Parry, Trans. Ent. So(-. Loncl. 1864, p. 25.
Metopodontus suturalis Planet, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 225,
figs. cJ & V-
Dorcus suturalis Arrow, Trans. K. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 19.37,
p. 240, pi. 3, figs. 1 & 2.
Bright yellow above, with the antenna^ legs (except the
femora in part) and lower surface darker and the edges of the
mandibles, head, thorax and elytra, a V-shaped mark upon
the head and the middle line and a small latei'al spot u])on the
pronotum black or very dark brown. The male opaque
above and the female very glossy. The three club-joints of
the antenna moderately long and the seventh joint shar])ly
produced. The prosternum compressed and i)rominent behind,
but rounded and not pointed.
?. Very shining above, oval and convex. The head is very
coarsely punctured. The pronotum is very coarsely and
closely punctured at the sides and sparsely and finely elsewhere.
The front angles are blunt, the sides strongly rounded, without
distinct lateral or basal angles. The elytra are rather strongly
j)un{^tured and fairly closely, excei)t u])on the imier anterior
part. The apices are very coarsely and densely pitted. The
DORCUS. 137
front tibia is gently curved, the extremity palmate, the outer
edge serrate, with a few very tine prominent teeth.
(^. Ojiaque above, with the middle line of the pronotum and
the elN-tral suture feebly shining. Rather depressed in form,
with the legs very slender. The head is finely and densely
granular, rather long, with the sides nearly straiglit and
parallel, the front angles very obtuse. The pronotum is short
and broad and densely granular. The front angles are bluntly
produced, the sides very feebly rounded to the lateral angles,
which are almost obsolete, and placed far back near the very
obtuse hind angles, with ^\■hich they are united by a short
straight line. The elytra are very finely and densely punctured,
except close to the suture, where the punctures are scattered,
The front tibia is very mhuitely serrate at the outer edge,
without any distinct outstanding teeth, and the middle and
hind tibiaj are without lateral spines. The clypeal process
is pentagonal.
Variatioi of the male. The front of the head, sloping in
small specimens, is vertical in well-developed ones, the upper
margin sharply carinate. In small examples the mandibles
are as long as the head, simple, with the inner edge serrate in the
basal part only (Plate XI, fig 8). In larger specimens a gap
appears between a broad basal tooth and the succeeding
serrations. At maximum size they are little longer than the
head and relatively rather broad (Plate XI, fig 9).
Constant phase (Plate XI, fig. 10. The mandibles assume
another form in certain full-sized specimens. The}' are long
and slender (about twice as long as the head), gently curved,
with an internal tooth at about f)ne-third of their length,
another at al)()Ut two-thirds and two teeth between the last
and the tip.
^. Length (with mandibles), 23-44 mm ; (without man-
dibles) 19-28 mm. : breadth, H~\ 2 mm.
$. Length, lH-22 mm. ; breadth, (>*5-lO mm.
SiKKiM : Mangpu {E. T. Atkinson). Ass.\m. To.vkin.
Type in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinbiirgh.
I have examined 1 1 specimens of the inconstant and 10 of the
constant phase, which are very sharply separated. There is
apparently no transition from one to the other.
ti(). Dorcus nageli. (Plate XII, fig. 17.)
JJorcujs nageli Arrow,* Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. xxxviii, 1935, p. 1 IJ,
pi. 6, fig. 1.
Brownish-black, with the elytra, lateral margins of the
pronotum and the lower surface chocolate- brown, the lower
surface of the tarsi and the inner edge of the four posterior
femora and tibite fringed with close-set short yellow hairs.
Opaque above and not very shining beneath, depressed, rather
138 LUCANIDiE.
narrow but with the prothorax broad. The sides of the latter
gently and evenly rounded, without lateral angulation, the
base very broad and the hind angle rounded. The scutellum
evenly punctured. The sides of the elytra nearly straight
and parallel and the shoulders acute. The jirosternal process
short and rather bluntly pointed. The entire outer edge of
the front tibia is finely serrate, with larger l)ut rather minute
sharp teeth, rather widely spaced, and tlu^ middle and hind
tibiae have each a well-marked lateral spine near the middle.
The club of the antenna moderately long and the seventh joint
sharply produced.
(J. The upper surface is entirely opaque, the head rather
closely and evenl}^ but not strongly or densely punctured, the
pronotum with the punctures fine and not very close in the
middle and becoming strong and dense at the sides. The head
is flat and moderately broad, with very blunt front angles and
without trace of prominence behind the eyes. The clyt^eal
process is short and rather broad, with the front margin
straight and the angles blunt. The mandibles are very short,
strongly and evenly curved, very sharjjly pointed, with a short
truncate or two-cusped horizontal tooth above, near the middle
of the inner edge, united by a curved line to the basal part and
forming an acute angle with the apical part. The jnonotum
is much broader behind than in front and the front angles are
produced but not very sharji. The elytra are finely and very
densely punctured, a little less densely near the base, with a
narrow smooth sub-nitid sutural strip marked off by an
irregularly j)unctured stria. The mentum is very densely
clothed with erect yellow hairs.
$. Unknown.
Length (with mandibles), 17 nun. ; (without mandibles)
IG nnn. : breadth, 7 mm.
Assam
Type in the British Museum.
Closely resembling M. humilis, it is distinguished at first
sight by its entirely opaque upper surface. The prothorax
is relatively wider and the elytra are narrower than those of
M. humilis. The tarsal fringes are shorter than in that species,
the front tibiae are rather more strongly tootlu^d and the four
posterior tibiae have larger spines. The prosternal process
is shorter and blunter.
07. Dorcus vernicatus. (Plate XII, fig. 16.)
Dorcus vernicatus Arrow,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 58,
pi. 4, fig. 7.
(^. Black, with the femora blood-red, except at the base and
tip, the tarsi conspicuously clothed with yellow hair beneath.
DORCtJS. 139
The bod\' is long and narrow, tlic legs fairly short, the liead
and pronotum opaque and almost un])unctured, the elytra
very smooth and shining. The hressed
and rather sharply angular behind. The front tihia is finely
serrate externally, with two minute but larger teeth and the
terminal fork is not long. The middle and hind tibiae are
without lateral spines.
9. Unknown.
Length (with mandibles), 19 mm. ; (without mandibles)
16mm. : breadth,! mm.
Assam: Shillong district.
Type in the Rene Ob,crthiir collection.
1 know only the unique type.
The close relationship of this little insect to D. migcli and
humilis is evident. It is of almost the same size and shape
as the former, but the elytra are still more narrow amd elongate;
and extremely glossy, instead of being, like the head and
pronotum, dull black. The prothorax is vey short and broad,
as in D. nageli, but, together with the head, is scarcely visibly
punctured, and the sides are straight and convergent from near
the base to the front angles, which are strongly produced but
very blunt. The sides of the head in front of the eyes are more
straight and parallel than those of nageli and the ch'peal
process is rather more prominent, with sharper angles. The
mandibles are a little longer, the lobe at the inner edge is more
developed, arises rather nearer the base and is produced to a
sharp point. The legs and antenn» are more slender than those
of the related s])ecies and the middle anfl hinil tibia> are without
the strong spine at the outer edge. The prosternum is more
elevated and produced behind.
140 LUCANID^. *
OS. Dorcus humilis. (Plate XII, Hg. 9.)
Dorcus humilis Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 11(35, p. HI,
pi. 6, fig. :i.
Black, with the fc^inoni j^encrally dark red, llic inner cd^c
of tho foiM' posterior tibia' and the under surface of tlie tarsi
clothed with close yellow hairs. .Small, rather, narrow and
not very convex. The ])ronotum rather broad behind and its
sides strongly and evenly roiuidcd there, without trac^e of
a lateral angulation or hind angle. The scutelluni bears a few
])uncturcs. The sides of the elytra nearly straight and ))arallel
and the shoulders acute. 't'he ])rosternuni ])roininent
behind, a little compressed and bluntly jxunted. The entire
outer edge of the front til)ia finely serrate^ with three or four
slightly lai-gcr teeth in the apical part , and the middle and hind
tibia' are faii'ly stout. The seventh joint of the antenna acute
and the three club-joints short.
$. The uj)])er surface is very shining. The head is strongly
and (dosely j)unctured, with a slight indefinite elevation on
each side. The n^andibles are narrow, a little com))ressed,
less strongly curved than those of the male, with an interior
tooth at the lower edge and another at the upper edge. The
pronotiini is punctured, very linely and not closely in the middle,
mor<^ strongly lomid the margins and very closely and rugosely
at the sides. IMie ili/trd bear each a juxta-sutural row aiul
three double dorsal rows of punctures and the sides and a])ices
are closely punctured. The middle and hind tihin' have each
a minute lateral spine.
J'. The head and ])ronotum are opacpic, the former with
scattenMl puncttu-es, generally conlined to the sides, the latter
with very line punctures in the middle, becoming more nmner-
ous and distinct near tlu^ margins and at the sides. The hfad
is rathei' broa,d in front, but with the front angles blunt, and
there is no trace of })romincuce behind the eyes. Tlu' clypeal
|)rocess is transversely rectangular, with the angles blunt. The
mandibles are very short, strongly and evenly curved,
very sharply pointed, with a strong horizontal tooth above,
near the middle of the inner edge, bluntly rounded at the end,
unit I'd by a curve of the pronotuin, and tapcrinif to
the extremity. They are finely and closely punctured, the
jiunctures becoming gradually stronger and closer towards the
outer margins ; eacli has a juxta-sutural Une and three paired
lines of punctures, the latter not reaching the extremity. The
shoulders are acute. The legs are not very slender. The front
tibia is rather feebly forked at the tip and the outer edge is
very minutely serrate, with two or three very small teeth ; the
middle and hind tibijp are closely fringed at the inner edge and
without lateral spines. The tarsi have long hairy fringes.
Variation of the male. A small specimen in M. Oberthiir's
collection has the head and prothorax only moderately broad,
the sides of the former and most of the surface of the latter,
finely but distinctl}' punctured and the sides of the i)rothorax
very slightly converging towards the front. The mandible is
short, straight to just beyond the middle and uniformly curved
from there to the tip. The basal half has an abrupt, rather
rectangular, dilatation internally. In well-developed specimens
head and thorax are very broad, the latter not at all narrowed
in front and strongly lobed at the front angles. The punctures
are very fine and inconspicuous. The mandible is abruptly
bent in the middle, the basal and apical halves almost straight
and at right angles to each other, the basal half with a tri-
angular dilatation internally, produced to a sharj) point
5. UnknoAvn to me. Both sexes are figured by Planet.
Q. Length (with mandibles), 16-2.3 mm. ; (without mandi-
bles) 14-18 "5 mm. : breadth, 0-9 mm.
Assam : Khasi Hills, Shillong.
Types. That of barbarus Jord. in M. Oberthiir's collection ;
location of that oigroiilti uncertain.
Although the well-developed males of Dorcus groidti which
have been figured both by Planet and Jordan ])resent a marked
difference from the males of D. humilis, the two species are cer-
tainly closely related. D. (jronlti, however, is lighter in colour
and the male, like; the female, has clearly punctured elytra,
with three distinct double rows of punctures. I have not
seen the female of that species but it is described as having
the pronotum very closely i)unctured and marked with a
roimd ])ale spot on each side. The generic characters of
Falcicornis are confined to the well-developed males and in
my opinion the genus cannot be maintained.
71. Dorcus biplagiatus. (Plate XT, figs. 1-3.)
Lmcanufi biplagiatus Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 185;"(, p. 200,
pi. 10, fig. 4.
Metopodonltis biplagintiiK Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mas. xi, 191.'), p. 420,
lig. 3 c,
144 LTJCANID^.
Metopodonius biplagiatus var. nigripes Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxvii,
1005, p. 17.
Prosopoccehis hiplnqiatun var. .m?>, June, July) ; Naga Hills (IF. Z>o/(^ri/y) ; Maiiipur
(IF. Dohertij) \ Dilkoosha (Inglis); Sadiya (T. Bainltiiggi
Fletcher, May). Burma : Washaung, Myitkyina (R. Malaise,
July); Momeit (IF. Doherty). Texasserim. Andaman Is.
iSfAM. Tonkin. Cambodia.
Type in the British IMuseum.
h\ males from the Andaman Islands (var. andamaniis), but
not in the females, the black sutural stripe does not dilate in
fiont as in specimens from other regions and the lateral strijie
is rather narrow.
72. Dorcus inquinatus. (Plate XI, figs. 6, 7.)
Lucnnus inquinatus Westw.,* Cabinet of Orient. Ent. 1848, p. IS.
pi. 8, fig. 4.
Metopodontiis biplagiatus var. indicus Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mils, xi,
191.5, p. 420 (newsyn.).
Black and shining a])ove and beneath, with a broad bright
oi-ange stripe upon each elytron near and parallel to the outer
edge, beginning close to the base and almost reaching the
suture. Body rather broad, compact and convex. The
prothorax and elytra short, the lateral margins of the former
gently refunded, the front angle very blunt, the hind angle
distinct but incons])icuous, and the base rounded at the sides
and straight in the middle. The prosternum rather flat behind
the coxae, not at all jjointed or elevated. The antennal club
is composed of three moderately long joints and the seventh
joint slightly produced.
$. The head is coarsely and confluently punctured, with a
very sliglit lateral angulation immediately behind the eye, and
the mandibl(>s are rather narrow, with a small internal tooth.
The ])ronotiim is a little longer than that of the male and rather
more: strongly punctured. The elytra also are rather more
distinctly punctured than tho.se of the male, but not less
shining. The sides are very strongly and clo.sely punctured.
Tlie vietaKti'rnuin is entirely shining, with a few line jiunctures
at the sides, and the abdomen is smooth and shining, excejit
the last sternite, which is strongly punctured. The fiont tihia
lias a broad, four-pointed extremity and the middle and hind
L
146 LUCANID^.
tibiae have each a small lateral spine placed far past the middle.
(^. The head is rather convex, with the ocular canthus
extending past the middle of the eye, very bluntly angular in
front. Beliind the eye tliere is a blunt, obli({uely })laced, process
on each side. Tlie u])i)er surface of the head is closely punctured,
excejjt in the median posterior part, where the punctures are
fine and scattered. Elsewhere there are fine and coarse punctures
together, those at the sides very coarse. The pronotum bears
fine scattered punctures, except at the sides and the lateral
part of the front margin, which are rugosely punctured. The
elytra are very smooth, very minutely punctured, except at the
sides, which are densely and rather more strongly punctured.
The metastermim and abdomen are smooth and shining but the
former is opaque at the sides and has a finely punctured
depression in th(> middle. The front tibia is minutely toothed
externally and has a terminal dilatation externally, carrying a
short liooked spur. The middle and hind tibiae are without
distinct lateral spines, the former has also an abrupt internal
dilatation at the end, with a short hooked spur, and the hind
tibia has a blunt internal tooth a little before the end and is
without the usual spurs.
Variation of the male. In a small male the mandibles are
much shorter than the head, strongly curved, with a blunt basal
tooth and another near the tip. A rather larger example (the
type) has them a little longer than the head and more slender,
with the second tooth farther from the base and tip but not
larger. It is probable that a greater development occurs.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 29-33 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 25-27 mm. : breadth, 11-12 mm.
$. Length, 26 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm.
Southern India : Somwarpett, Coorg {L. Newcome, July).
Type in the British Museum.
73. Dorcus candezei. (Plate XII, fig. 15.)
Metopodontus candezei Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 203.
Black, closely sculptured above and not shining, except upon
the pronotum of tiie male. Very short, compact and convex,
with rather short legs and antennge. The sides of the head
oblifjue in front of the eyes and slightly and bluntly prominent
behind them. The pronotum strongly ])unctured and without
lateral angulation. The elytra densely punctured and tlie
shoulders acute. The lower surfixcc closely |)imctured, except
the middle of the metasternum. The prosternuin slopuig
behind and not compressed but witli a minute sharp prom-
inence.
$. Oval in shape, with the whole upper surface densely and
rugosely punctured, not sliining. The head is very coarsely
DORCUS. 147
punctured and the postocular process is feeble. The pronotum
is very stroniily ])unctured but less densely in the middle tlian
at the sides. Tlie lateral niarsziiis are feebly rounded, the front
angles very blunt and the hind angles broadly rounded. The
scufellmn is strongly ])unctured. The lateral and ])osterior
parts of the elytni are Hnely and tlensely rugose, the inner
part rather less so. The lower surface is shining but the meJu-
sternntn is strongly pinictured, except in the middle, and
the abdornen finely and closely punctured. The front tibia is
slender, curved outwards, minutely toothed externally and
palmate at the end. The hind tibia is also a little curved.
The lati'ral s])ine of the middle tibia is minute and that of the
hind tibia is often wanting.
(^. The hrad is opa{|ue and bears rather fine scattered ])unc-
tures. The postocular process is short and rounded. The
pronotii))! is strongly ])uuctured, shining in the middle, where
the punctures are not very close and opaque at the sides, where
they are very close and rugose. The front angles are Bluntly
produced, the sides straight and parallel or very feebly excised
near the middle, the hind angles rounded and the base broad
and almost straight. The scutellum is punctured on each side
and smooth and siiining in th(^ middle. The elytra are finely
and very closely punctured and dull })ut with the sutural
margins slightly shining. The front iihia is slender, the front
and middle tibia> have each a short hooked terminal s])ur, the
mi(hlle tibia has a minute lateral spine and all the tibia? have a
brush of yellow hairs at the end of the inner edge, that of the
hind leg rather large.
Variation of the male. Small males have the head rather
strongly punctured, the mandi})les simple, gently curved, not
serrate, with a sliglit basal ])rominence. Larger exam])les have
the liead finely and scantily ])unctured, the mandibles only a
little longer, with a feeble internal tooth near the middle. The
largest males have the tootli nearer the tij), the head is more
opaque, with rather indistinct punctures and the i)ostocular
process is stronger.
^. Length (with mandibles), 20-28 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 17-23 mm. : breadth, 8-10 mm.
$. Z/f /igr< A, 19-20 mm. ; breadth, 9 mn\.
S. India : Agsur, N. Kanara {T. R. D. Bell Feb.) ; Nilgiri
Hills (//. L. Andrerves); Tinnevellv. Madras (.1. Hamid Khav,
March).
Type in tlie Brussels Museum.
74. Dorcus occipitalis. (Plate XT, figs. 11-13.)
Lucanus occipitalis Hope & Westw.,* Cnt. Lnc. Col. 1845, p. 13.
Meto'podontu.'i occipitalis Boil., Trims. Ent. Soc. I.oiul. 191.1, p. 226.
1.2
148 LUCANID^.
CladogiuUhus marginatus Burm.,* Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 369;
Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 107.
Var. Metopodontus roepstorffi Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v,
1890, p. 35.
Bright yellow, opaque above in the male, mainly shining in
the female, the mandibles and tibiae more or less reddish, the
antennae, tarsi, three spots placed transversely upon the
pronotum and the extreme edges of the prothorax and elytra
l)laek, the thoracic spots placed one in the middle and one
near the lateral margin on each side. Compact and moderatelj^
broad. The lamellae of the antennal club short and tlie seventh
joint produced into a spine-like process. The prostei-num
produced and pointed behind.
$. The upper surface is shining, strongly j^unctured and more
convex than tliat of the male, the mandibles, the sides of the
head and the scutellum are black or very dark red and there is
a well-marked black sutural stripe upon the elji^ra. The head
is coarsely and in front rugosely punctured. The pronotum is
strongly and closely punctured, with a narrow smooth median
stripe, and the lateral margins are rugose. The elytra are
densely punctured. The lower surface is strongly punctvu-ed,
excejjt the middle of the metasternum, where the punctures are
fine. The front tibia is broad at the end, where it has four
short lobes.
cJ. The upper surface is opaque, but the middle of the head
and pronotum less so than the sides, and tlie scutellum and
elytral suture are rather shinmg. The front angles of the head
are rounded or very obtuse, the eyes are small and not at all
])rominent and there is a pointed lateral process behind each
eye. The pronotum. is short and broad, the front angle is
produced but blunt, the sides are rounded to far behind the
middle, where there is a distinct but not acute angle, and
straight to the base, the hind angle very obtuse. The elytra are
finely and closely punctured but more sparsely in the anterior
part. The shoulders are acute-angled and the apices a little
})roduced and flattened. The lower surface is opaque, except
in the middle of the sterna. The front tibia is very finely
serrate at the outer edge, with four or five very small sliarp
teeth, and dilated internally at tlie; end, where it bears a
strongly hooked terminal sp\ir. The middle and hind tibiae
are without lateial spines.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is flat
above and the mandibles an^ broad and flat, with their iimer
edges contiguous and irregularly serrate. In larger specimens
an oblique dark-])igmented carina appears on each side, the
two carinas converging behind. The mandibles are longer,
less flat and more widcOy sc^j)arated and liave two sti'ong
alternating teetli near the base and ;i 1)ifid tip. Al a. more
juoRcus. 149
advanced stage the head is very large, the two lateral carinac
form a black semicircle, interru})ted in the middle, and the
mandibles are slender, though scarcely longer than the head,
strongly curved, witii a broad bil()l)ed basal lamina, and trifid
at the end. In very well-developed males tlie mandibles are
about twice as long as the head, bifid at the tip, with an oblicjue
tooth at a short distance from the end and another a sliort
distance from the base. In the largest specimens the preapical
tooth is bifid.
^. Length (with mandibles), 22 '5-37 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 19-30 mm. : breadth,! -^-I'l'^ mm..
$. Length, 17-21 mm. ; breadth,! '5-^' b mm.
Tenasserim. Andaman Is. Malay Peninsula. Borneo.
Philippine Isles.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ;
tliose oimarginatHS and roepMorffi in the British Museum.
hi the Andaman Is. the dark sutural stripe of the female
dilates, whether invariably or not it is not yet })ossible to say,
into an oval patch of variable size. The name rcepfitorffi was
given to this form. The type is a male of low developmcJit in
wliicli the female coloration appears. A weU-developed maU;
from the same islands has the tj-pical male coloration found
in continental localities.
75. Dorcus henryi. (Plate XII, fig. 5.)
Dorcus henryi Arrow,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 110,
pi. 6, fig. 5.
Entirely black, with the head and pronotum shinmg, excej)t
at the sides, and the elytra rugosely ])imctured and dull, except
near the suture ; subcylindrical in shape, with the l(*gs short ;
the prosternal process vertical in front, not distinctly com-
pressed or pointed.
(J. The head is lightly coriaceous, fairly strongly but not
closely punctured, a little depressed in front, with the front
angles roimded and a strong pointed process on each side beliind
the eye. I'lie clyjieal process is tongue-like, a httle broader than
long. The mandibles are short, stout and laterally comjiressed,
each with a strong pointed tooth beneath, directed forward
and inward, the extremities of the mandibles obli(juely
truncate, co-ada])ted and closely serrate. The pronotum is
shining, minutely and sparsel}^ punctured, except at the sides,
w hich are strongly and c-losely punctured and opaque, with a
marginal depression near the middle on each side. The front
angles are blunt, tlie lateral margins rounded and not distinctly
angulate, and the hind angles completely obsolete. The
Kcutelluin is well punctured. The elytra are closely punctured,
rather fin(^ly t\(\ir the suture, but the puncturation becoming
150 LUCANID^.
dense and rugDsc towards the sides and apices. The legs are
sliort, the front tibise fairly slender, the extremities a little
produced and minutely tridentate, the outer edge with very
minute scattered teeth, the middle and hind tibise each with a
small spine near the middle, all the tarsi very short and
filiform.
Length (with mandibles), 26 mm. ; (without mandibles)
23 mm. : breadth, 10 mm.
Ceylon : Pulmoddai, Trincomali district {G. M . Henry,
Aug.).
Type in the British Museum.
I have seen only a single male specimen, taken by Mr. Henry
at light in a jungle village near the sea, about 30 miles north of
Trincomali, in the dry season and jiresented by the captor to
the Briti-sh Museum.
Although differing in certain well-marked details, this species
is very closely related to M. oweni Hope and M. pascoei Boil.,
and closely resembles them in form and size. The most
important difference is in the much shorter tarsi, those of the
male type specimen being distinctly shorter than those of the
female of M. oweni, in wliich they are much shorter than in
the male.
Another important difference is found in the strong punctur-
ation of the upper surface. In contrast to the other two sjjeeies
the head and thorax are shining, except at the sides, and the
elytra are dull, in consequence of their subrugose puncturation.
The head and mandibles have the same form as those of the
two allied species, the mandibles having each a single strong
process beneath, as in M. pascoei. The prothorax has no
lateral angle.
76. Dorcus pascoei.
Prosopoccelus pascoei Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1913, p. 331).
figs. 1 & 2.
Black or very dark reddish-brown, not very shining, the
femora of the male bright red or orange, the tarsi clothed
beneath with yellow setae, the body otlierwise without hairy
clothing. Moderately compact and convex, with fairly slender
legs. The cantluis extentling past the middle of the eye and the
sides of the head triangularly produced on each side behind the
eye. The pronotum sliort, the front angles broadly rounded,
the sides very gently curved to the sharp lateral angle and
straiglit from there to the base, the hind angle rounded. The
sides of the (>lytra rounded, the shoulders not very acute.
The prosteruuui cfmipressed and slightly pointed behind.
$. Oval and convex. The h( mm.
Bhutan. Darjeelino Distr. : Pedong {A . De godins)
Bagdogra llauge, Kurscong {IS . C. Chatterjee, June) ; *Mangp
DORCUS. 153
{E. T. Atkinson). Assam : ClieiTapiinji, Kliasi Hills ; (Jaro
Hills, above Tura, 1200-1500 ft. (*S'. If. Kemp, June, July) ;
8ibsagar (>S'. E. Peal). Tonkin (//. Perrot).
Ti/pes oi oweni and suhaiigulatus in tlie Hope Dept., Oxford
University Musemn.
Mr. Chatterjee found specimens in rotten Kaula wood.
78. Dorcus wimberleyi. (Plato XI, figs. 14, 15.)
Prosopocoelus wimberleyi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875,
p. 161 ; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 106.
$. Hemisodorcus dvalin Kriesche, Arch, fur Naturg. Ixxxvi, A, 8,
1920 (1921), p. 98.
Rusty-red in the male, with the scutelluni and the extreme
edges of liead, prothorax and elytra black ; black in the female,
with a bright orange longitudinal band on each side of pro-
thorax and elytra, separated by about its own width from the
outer edge. Rather short in form and a little depressed. The
shoulders of the elytra not sharply angular. The front tibia
with only extremely niinuic lateral teeth and the middle and
hind tibia? without lateral spines. The })rosternum scarcely
compressed behind, pointed but not distinctly produced.
$. The u})})er siuface is very smooth and glossy, except upon
tlie head and the sides of the pronotum, which are coarsely and
contiuently i)unctured, and the sides of the elytra, which arc
strongly and densely pmictured. Black, with orange band on
each side, which arises a little beyond the front margin of the
pronotum and almost reaches the posterior margin, the elytral
])()rtion beghming just beyond the front margin and continuing
paiallel with the outer margin to within a short distance of the
suture. The greater part of the nictasternum and femora are
red. The lateral marguis of the pronotum are strongly and
continuously roimded from the front angles, which are fairly
sharp, to the base, without lateral or basal angles.
'J'he lower surface is very shining, the metasteruum bearing
only sparse scattered punctures, mmute in the middle and
larger at the sides. The last ventral sternite is very strongly
])unctured. The front tibia is ver}'^ slender, strongly ciu'ved
outwards and very mmutely toothed at the outer edge, and
bears at th(^ end a long terminal lobe, with a shorter one
beneath, another above and one or two teeth at the side.
The tarsi are very short.
(^. Rusty-red, with the edges of the head, prothorax and
elytra, the antemiae, tibiae and tarsi dark ; the tarsi, the elytral
epipleurse and the extremity of the abdomen clothed with
bright yellow setae. Opaque above, except upon the sutural
margins of the elytra. The head bears a more or less sharp
longitudinal ridge on each side near the eye, the front margin
is laleralh' prominent, but not acutely, on each side, and tlie
154 LUCANID^.
cheeks are .stroJigly aiul rather sharj)ly ])i()(liued V)ehiiul the
eyes. The jrronotiDii is short and broacl, tinely and densely
granuhir, with the front angles very bhmtly produeed, the sides
straight and ])arallel in the middle, rounded in front and behind,
without lateral or basal angle. The clytrd are very densely
])unetured, except at the sutural margins, which are smooth and
shining. The head is granular and opaque beneath, the
meUistermim and abdomen are smooth and shining, the last
sternite strongly punctured. The legs are fairly slender, the
front tibia with narrt)w terminal fork and almost without
lateral teeth.
Variation of the male. .Small s])ecimens have the head rather
strongly punctured and witliout lateral carinas, the mandibles
entirely serrate at the inner edge. Those more advanced are
without the punctures but show an incipient oblique ridge on
each side of the head. The basal part of the mandible is
laterally compressed, the serrate inner edge is at the upper level
and there is a single basal tooth at a lower level. In large
specimens tlie lateral ridges of the head almost unite behind
into a continuous curved carina, the serrate edge of the man-
dible is farther removed from the base and the lower tooth is
ratlier long and truncate. In tlie largest specimen I have
seen, the lower tooth is jilacednear the middle of the mandible
and the serrate upper edge is short and occuiDies only the last
third of the total length.
J. Length (with mandibles), lG-30 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 14-22 nnn. : breadth, d-d' 5 inm.
$. Length, IS mm. ; breadth, S mm.
Andaman I.s. : {Roepstorff, Capt. Wirnberley, E. T. Atkinso7i).
NicoBAR Is. : {Roepstorff).
Type in the Kene Oberthiir collection.
79. Dorcus giraffa. (Plate XIV, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.)
Lucannn (jlraffa Oliv., Entom. i, 1, 1789, p. 21, pi. 5, fig. IG ; F. Eat.
Syst. iv, 1794, p. 452.
Lucatw.s confucuis Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 60 ; Hope
& W(>stw., Cut. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 18.
Cladognathus boiivicri Did., Livie Jubilaire Boiivicr, 1836, p. 191
(Male phase). Cladognathus arrotvi Gravely, Records Ind. Mus. xi,
1915, p. 416.
Entirely black, smooth and shining, except upon the head,
and the pronotum in the male ; elongate and convex, with
slender legs. The three joints of the antennal club moderately
long and tlu> sev(>nth joint ])r()(luced into a slender ])rocess.
The eyes ]irominent and little divided by the canthus. The
front angles of tlie ])ronotum truncate. The ])i'osternum
compressed and sliarply angular behind, the mestasternum
densely granular and opaijue al the sides and the abdomen very
DOiicus. 155
smooth aiul shining', witli a few scattered punctures at tlie sides
and close punctures and set® at the extremity.
$. Tlie head is very coarsely- and rutiosely punctured, without
front angles, but with a very feeble jjrominence behind each eye.
Tile pronotum and elytra are vei-y shinin«x, the former very finely
l)unctured dorsally, strongly at the sides and rugosi'ly in the
front angles. The front angles are bluntly truncate, the sides
nearly straight to the feeble but distinct lateral angle and
broadly romided from there to the base. The scuteUurn is
distinctly jnmctured. The elytra are very minutely punctured,
excei)t at the sides and ajjices, where they are finely coriaceous.
The front tibia is shar})ly toothed externally and the extremity
bears three or four short ])rocesses. The middle and hind
tibiae have each a strong lateral spine.
^. The head is evenly and densely granular and opaque above,
with the front angles sharp but not produced, and the sides of
the head behind the eyes slightly but not sharply prominent.
The mandibles are long and slender and not far apart. The
clypeal jirocess is almost vertical, or little hollowed, bluntly
pointed in front and bears a pair of rounded tubercles between
the mandibles. The pronotum is short, very convex and
densely granular, the sidc^s entirely opaque and the middle
rather less so. It is very broad in front, where the angles
are shari)ly truncate, farming an acutely produced outer
angle. The lateral margin is bisinuate, the lateral angle
acutely produced and the basal angle generally sharp but
sometimes blunt and occasionally indistinct. The elytra are
very finely coriaceous and shining, except at the sides and
apices, which are more or less opaque. The shoulders are
sharply angular. The front tibia is serrate externally, with
sharp teeth at irregular intervals and a rather long terminal
fork ; the middle tibia has a strong lateral spine and the hind
tibia a very minute one or none.
Variation of the wale. In the smallest exam})le that I have
examined, the pronotum and el3i;ra are very shining, exce])t at
the sides, and distinctly punctured. The lateral margins of the
thorax are straight and parallel, and the truncate front angles
are without the usual sharp external spine. The postocular
l)rocess of the iiead is small but ])i'ominent and the mandibles
are a little longer than the heacl antl almost straight, with a
minute internal tooth near the l)ase and another a little before
the tip. In larger specimens the punctures u])on the ])ronotum
and elytra are absent, and the surface of the former is entirely
granular. The basal tooth of the mandible is strong and two
or three minute teetii a])])ear in the terminal part. The
curvature of the mandible is very slight.
With increased size the mandibles are found to assume two
different ])hases in different ])aTts of the area in which the
156 LUCANiD^.
species occurs. In the ty})ical giraffa phase, wliich is i'uimd
in Southern China, Assam, the Malay Peninsula and Java,
one of the teeth towards the end of the mandible becomes
larger than the rest and the terminal part acquires a strong
curvature (bouvieri stage). In well-developed males tliis
tooth forms a very long transverse process and the mandible
is rather strongly bent inward at the pouit at which the tootii
is situated, the two teeth on opposite sides overlappmg in the
closed position of the mandibles.
In the phase called arrowi by Gravel}^, which occurs in the
United Provinces, the Darjeeling district and Sikkim, and also
in Central China and Tonkin, the mandibles are very slender
and very gently and evenly curved ; the teeth are numerous,
but very minute, the hrst one, which is placed ahnost halfway
along the mandible, rather more strongly developed than the
rest.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 37-95 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 30-60 mm. : breadth, 13-26 mm,
$. Length, 39-42 mm. ; breadth, 15-18 mm.
Giraffa phase.
A.S.SAM : Kliasi Hills, Shillong, Cherrajjunji. Tekassekim.
Andaman Is. M.\lay Peninsula. Java.
Arrowi phase.
United Provinces : Lansdowne Garhwal [A. G. Lyell, Oct.).
Bengal : Darjeeling ; Pedong {L. Dnrel) ; Peshoke Spur
{R. S. Lister) ; Singla, 1500 ft. {Seebs, July). C. China :
Hunan {Miss K. V. Ryley). Tonkin : Hoabinh [A. de Cooman).
Type unknown ; that of confucius Hope in the British
Museum, that of arrowi Gravely, in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta and that of bouvieri in Dr. Didier's collection.
Although the difference between large specimens of the two
phases is striking, females and small males are not distinguish-
able. Dr. Gravely described arrowi as a distinct species and
stated that its female had the head very finely punctui-ed,
the front angles of the pronotum scarcely truncated and the
end of the front tibia slender and bispinose. I have examined
the specimen in the Calcutta IVIuscum which he apjiears to have
liad before liim at the time of writing and liave found that it is
a female oi Dorcus ivestivoodi Parry.
80. Dorcus politus. (Plate IX, fig. 7.)
Cladognat/iN.'i politus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 110 ;
Trans. Ent. Soo. Lond. 1864, p. 21, pi. 10, fig. 5.
Deep reddisli-browji, with the scuteUum, the margins of the
head, ])i()n()tum and elytra, the anteimae, knees, tarsi and jiarts
of the lower surface l)lack. Compact, broad and convex, and
very smooth and shining a.l)()ve. The eyes small. The legs not
DORCUS. 157
long, each of the four posterior tibiae armed with a lateral spine.
The prosternum rounded behind the front coxae, not pointed
nor djstmctly compressed.
$. The head is uneven, coarsely rugose in front and strongly
pimctured behind, except in the middle. The canthus is bluntly
prominent at the middle of each eye. The mandibles are
hollowed above and strongly and closely punctured and each
has a blunt tooth near tlic middle beneath. The pronotinn is
very smooth and shining, witli minute scattered ])unctures,
except at the sides, which arc coaisely and rugosely punctured.
The front angles are very blunt, the sides feebty curved to
beyond the middle, where there is a rather sharp angle, and the
iiind angles are completely romided. The elytra arc^ finely and
fairly closely punctured but very sliining dorsally and densely
punctured and Hubf)paque at the sides. The front tibia, is lung
and slender, with tlie outer edge finely serrate and with a few
small sharp teeth, the termmal part produced and slightly
curved, widely forked, with fine teeth upon the outer branch of
the fork.
(J. The head is finely coriaceous and opaque, with strong,
rather scattered, punctures at the sides. The sloping anterior
part is deeply hollowed in the middle, the anterior angles
laterally produced in front of the eyes, but not very acute.
The cantlius extends to al)out the middle of the eye and tiie
sides of the head are nearly straight and jiarallel l)eliind. Tlu;
clvqical process is 3-lobed, the median lobe a little ])roduccd.
The pronotunt is short and broad, very smooth and shining in
tlie middle, didl and coriaceous at the sides and rugosely
jnmctured near the lateral margins. The front angles are
blmitly produced, the lateral margins feebly curved to beyond
the middle, where there is a minute sharp angle. The hind
angle is very broadly rounded. The elytra are very smootli
and shining dorsally, with punctures which are minute and
scanty near the suture but become gradually stronger and
closer towards the sides, the outer margins being rugose and
o]m(|ue, at least in the ])osterior part. The front tibia bears
mmute scattered lateral teeth.
Variatio7i of the male. In a ratlier small specimen the front
angles of the head are blunt, the sides of the head, thorax and
elv'tra are rugose and the mandibles short, with small teeth.
})la(>ed not far apart. In the larger t^q^e-s})ecimen the front
anglesof the head are sharper, the mandil)les are a little louL^cr
tlian the head and each has a strong, ratluM- shar}) horizontal
tooth internally dose to tlie base, a shorter one at al)ont two-
thirds of till' length from the base, and a minute one between
tlie last and the ajiex.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 34-45 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 2l)-l}7 mm. : breadth, 13-17 mm,
158 LUCANID^.
$. Length, 34 mm. ; breadth, 16 mm.
Darjeeling Distr. : Maria Basti, Pedong (L. i)i/reZ).
Type in the Oberthiir collection.
81. Dorcus arrowi. (Plate XIII, fig. 6.)
Hemisodorcus arrowi Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 441.
(^. Chestnut-red, smooth, shining and impunctured, with the
head, mandibles and pronotum dark browai, the head opaque.
The body is rather elongate and the legs are slender. The eyes
are small, the head has a rather sharj) angle before the eye and
is gently and evenly narrowed behind. The clypeal process is
short and broad, with a mmute tooth in the middle. The
mandibles of the unique specimen are about twice the length of
the head, gently curved and a little flattened. They bear a
sharp but not long internal tooth beyond the middle, followed
immediately by two similar but smaller teeth. The sides of the
pronotum are microscopically coriaceous and opaque, the front
angles are rather narrowly produced, the lateral margin has a
slight angulation before the middle and a strong spiniform
tooth beyond it and is strongly concave from the latter to the
well-marked basal angle. The elytra are very smooth and
shining, but bear extremely minute scattered granules, which
are rather closer at the sides. The shoulders are sharp. The
mentum is short and rather finely rugose. The prosternnm is
rather broad and blunt, but a little produced behind. The
metasternum and nhdoinen are clothed at the sides with pale
pubescence. The terminal fork of the front tibia is composed
of two very short prongs, each with a small tooth at the base,
and the lateral teeth are minute. The middle tibia bears a
small lateral spine and the hind tibia has none.
Length (with mandibles), 48 mm. ; (without mandibles)
36 mm. : breadth, 14-5 mm.
$. Unknown.
Burma : Ruby Mines [W . Doherty).
Type in the British Museum.
Tlie ti]) of the front tibia is of jieculiar form but it is unfor-
tunate that the only known specimen of the species has only a
single foreleg, of which the tibia is imperfect at the extremity.
82. Dorcus macleayi, (Plate XIII, fig. 4.)
Lucanus macleayi Hopo & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Coleopt. 1845, p. 19.
Hemisodorcus macleayi Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 248.
Bla(;k, with the elytra deep red, their inner and outer mar-
gins narrowly and rather indefinitely black. The pronotum
and the outer part of the mandibles of the male often tinged
witli red and the tarsi with c()ns])i(u()us fringes of reddish or
DORCUS. 159
yellowisli hairs. Moderately elongate, with the legs rather
stout, the four posterior tibiae each armed with a strong lateral
spine. The prosternuni very prominent and bluntly rounded
behind. The shoulders of the elytra not sharp and a very
short but deep oblicjue impression at the base of each elytron
close to the scutellum. The seventh antennal joint feebly
produced.
$. The upper surface is opaque, with the scutellum and the
sutural margins of the elytra shining. Tlu^ head bears two
small transversely placed tubercles near the middle and the
part in front of these is gently hollowed and almost unpunc-
tured, while the part behind them is irregularly and rugosely
punctured. The outer edge of the mandible is almost straight,
the tip acutely produced, and there is a strong blunt internal
tooth beneath and a smaller one above. The proiwtum and
elytra are entirely ojjaque at tlie sides, but rather less so
towards the middle line of the bod}^ and the elytra are densely
punctured, except in the anterior dorsal region. The lateral
angles of the pronotum are very strongly produced and the
sides strongly contracted towards the front and hind angles.
The tnentum is rugosely punctured.
(^. The head, basal part of the mandibles, sides of the pro-
notum and extreme outer margms of the elytra are entirely
o})aque. The head is flat behind and sloping in front, without
sharply defined dividing line, the front angles are sharp, the
eyes small and tlie sides of the head strongly convergent behind
the eyes. The dypeal process is strongly transverse, rounded
in front. The pronotum is finely and densely granular and
subopaque dorsally, the front angles are blmitly produced,
the sides diverging to well beyond the middle, where there
is a very sharply produced angle, and concave and strongly
convergent to the rounded hind angles. The elytra are finely
coriaceous and rather shining.
Variation of the male. In small males the mandibles are
short and broad, strongly and regularly curved externally,
acutely pointed, with an obtuse rudiment of a tooth near the
middle of the inner edge. In large males the mandibles are
long, the middle part is almost straight, the tooth is small but
sharp and placed beyond the middle and another similar tooth
appears before the tip, the two teeth connected by a rather
sharp ridge.
^. Length (with mandibles), 32-59 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 27—43 mm. : breadth, 11 -5-17 mm.
?. Length. 29-40 mm. ; breadth, ll-o-lO mm.
HiKKiM : Gnatong (July). D.^rjeeling Distr.: Lepcha-
jagar, 7090 ft. {J. C. M. Gardner, Sept.). Assam. Upper
Burma : Nam Tamai Valley. 3000 ft. (B. Kaulback, .Jul\).
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
160 LUCANIDiE.
D. madeayi has a close resemblance to D. donckieri. The
mandibles are alike in the males of both but the much broader
prothorax of D. donckieri renders them easy to distinguish.
The slight oblique impression at the base of each elytron is a
distinctive feature of madeayi in both sexes, as is the form of
the prosternum, which is much more elevated and almost
compressed behind,
8.3. Dorcus donckieri. (Plate XIII, fig. 5.)
Hemisodorcus donckieri Boil., Bull. Soc. Eiit. France, 1898, p. 227,
fig-
Black, with the elytra deep red, their inner and outer margins
narrowly and rather indefinitely black. The tarsi bear con-
spicuous fringes of yellow hairs. Rather massive, with the
])ronotum short and broad, the upper surface dull, but the
scutellum shining. The prosternal process long, but very
bluntly rounded at the end. The shoulders of the elytra
roimded. The sides of the mesosternum stnmgly jjunctured
and those of the metasternum densely rugose.
$, The head is entirely opaque and coarsely unevenly rugose,
with two small transversely j)laced tubercles in the middle.
The mandible is almost straight externally, produced at the
tip, and bears a sharp internal tooth above and a blunt one
beneath. The jn-onotum is entirely opaque, with its front and
lateral margins rather coarsely rugose. The sides are regularly
roimded antl the basal angles broadly rounded. The elytra are
densely piuictured, the punctures rather strong upon the outer
lialf, fine and less close upon the sutural region. The four
posterior Ubix have each a lateral spine, that of the middle
tibia very strong.
^. The upper surface is opaque, except the mandibles,
scutellum and the sutural margins of the elytra. The head is
broad in front, the eyes are small, the front angles of the head
obtuse and the sides strongly convergent behind the eyes. The
posterior part is flat, tlie anterior part sloping, the two regions
divided by a sharp curved ridge. The clypeal process is
sharjily angular in front. The head and pronotum are densely
granular, without punctures. The front angles of the pronotum
are very bliuit, t]i(^ lateral margins dilated and a littler liollowed,
diverging to the lateral angles, which form very strong lobes
almost continuous with the base, which is gently sinuatt^ on
each side, without distinct angles. The elytra are finely
(U)iiaceous and dull, but a little smoother close to the suture,
wlun-e there are line, rather indistinct punctures. The middle
tihia bears a fairly strong lateral spine and the hind tibia is
unarmed.
Mandihle.'i of the male. I have seen only large examples, in
which the mandibles are long, a little curved downwards,
DORCUS. 161
gently rounded at the base and apex and nearly straight
between them, with a strong, shar]), obJi{|ne internal tooth
before the middle, a slightly irregular ridge just l)efore this
and another short shar]) tooth a little before tlie tip.
(J. Length (with mandil)les). 1'.] mm. ; (without mandibles)
51 mm. : breadth, 24 mm.
$. Length, 44 mm. ; breadth, IS mm.
Nepal.
Type in the Paris Mu.se^iin.
Only the imi(|ue tyi)e-s])eeimen of this s]ieeies a])pears to
have been known hitherto. 'I'he reeorded habitat is '" Hyma-
laya " but a single male in the British Museum is from Nejjal.
A single femah' specimen (deseribed above) fi'om N. India,
bearing the collector's name, E. J. dlarwood, almost certainly
belongs to the species.
84. Dorcus nepalensis. (Plate XIII, figs. 1-3.)
Lucanifi nepalensiti Hope,'* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22.
Hemisodorcus nepalensis Thorns., Ann. Hoc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 421 ;
Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 86 ; Boil., op. cit. 1913,
p. 247.
Lucanus rajflesi Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lojid. xviii, 1842, p. 588.
$. Lucamis sitnilis Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22.
Lucanus parryi Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1843, p. 94 ; Hopo
& Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 20.
Jet-black, extremely smooth and shining above and beneath,
with the exception of the head, the sides of the pronotum and,
in the female, the sides of the elytra. The soles of the tarsi
closely clothed with golden hairs and the sides of the meta-
sterninn bearing a very scanty and inconspicuous clothing of
minute yellow setae. Rather long and narrow, moderately
convex, with the legs rather long. The ocular canthus sharply
angular in front of the eye. The sides of the pronotum micro-
scopically coriaceous and sooty, the scutellum bearing a few
fine ])unctures and the elytra glossy, very minutely and lightly
pmictm-ed. The prosternum broad and rounded behind. The
sides of the metastcrnum fairly closely punctured and the
abdomen very smooth.
$. The head is coarsel>' i-ugose, except in front, and bears a
single rather strong tubercle in the middle. The canthus is a
little prominent laterally in front of the eye. The elypeal
])rocess is small and bluntly bilobed. The mandibles are placed
rather far apart at the base ; they are narrower than usual and
almost straight externally. There is a strong tooth on the
upper surface just beyond the base, directed obliquely forward
and a minute one at the inner edge before the tij). The pro-
nntum is very glossy in the middle, but becomes entirely o))aque
at the sides. The lateral margin is gently curved to the latei'al
angle, which is not very sharp. The eltjtra are very finely and
M
162 LUCANID^.
rather closely punctured, but very glossy upon the inner part,
the punctures })ecoraing gradually more dense towards the sides
and apices, which are opaque. The front tibia is fairly strongly
toothed externall}' and forked at the end and tlie middle and
hind tibiae have each a strong lateral si^inc.
(^. The head is broad, microscopically granular above, with
the mandibles rather long and far apart at the base. The
clypeal process is broad, a little produced in the middle, with
a close marginal fringe of yellowish hairs. The eyes are
small, but fairly prominent, the canthiis acutely angular
in front but not produced, and the sides of the head
strongly convergent behind the eyes. The pronotum is rather
short and broad, microscopically granular but moderately
shining, except at the sides, the lateral margins more or
less straight and diverging gradually from the blunt front
angles to the sharp lateral angles, which are placed far
back, continuing in a straight line to the almost obsolete hind
angles. The elytra are entirely glossy. The front tibia is long
and finely toothed externally, the middle tibia bears a strong
lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one or none.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is not
very broad and is conspicuously punctured at the sides. The
mandibles are short, rounded externally and very sharply
pointed and simple, except for a very blunt vestige of a tooth
near the middle of the imier edge. In larger examjjles the head
becomes relatively broader and shorter, the punctures diminish
and disappear, the mandibles are nearly straight, except near
the base and tip, and the tooth is found a little past the middle
and is small but sharp. In large specimens another and smaller
tooth appears beyond the first and the extremity is bluntly
barbed. The mandibles may reach a length of about 27 mm.
(J. Length (with mandibles), 32-70 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 28-49 mm. : breadth, 12-21 mm.
9. Length, 34^7 mm. ; breadth, 13-19 mm.
N.W. Frontier Prov. : Thobba, Murree Hills {Maj. How-
land Roberts). United Prov. : W. Almora, Kumaon {H. G.
Champion, Aug.). Nepal. Punjab : Naini Tal {H. L.
Andrews ; P. V. L-iaac, July). Darjeelino Distr. : Kur-
seong, 0000 ft. {E. A. D'Abreu, Jan.). Assam.
Types of nepalensis and siuiilis Ho])e in the British Museum ;
of parryi and rafflesi in the Hope Dept., Oxford l^niversity
Museum.
85. Dorcus wardi.
Dorcus wardi Arrow,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. B 12, 1043, p. 136.
Black and very shining, with the mandibles, head and pro-
notum of the male duller but smooth ; the head of the female
rather roughly and irregularly puiutured and the external j)art
DORCUS. 163
of the elytra broadly and very densely ixiiutiiicd and ()j)aque.
The body rather narrowly elonj^atc, parallel-sided and convex;
the sides of the elytra almost straiLjht and the shoulders not
sharply angular. Tlu^ oeular eanthus reaching the middle of
the eye. The middle tibia bearinu a stronij lateral s})ine and
the hind tibia a feebler one.
$. The head bears a [)air of transversely plaeed tubercles ; it
is a little hollowed and rather Hnely and closely punctured in
front of these and less finely and more irregularly punctured
behind them. The posterior part is smooth and shining and
the sides are closely rugose. The pronofion is very smooth and
shining, except at the lateral margins, where it is rugo.sely
jnmetured. The front angles ai-e bluntly jjrodueed, the sides
gently rounded to the lateral angle and from there abruptly
contracted to the base.
(^. The head is short, almost as wide as the ])ron()tum, the
lateral angles are sharp but not produced and the sides are
contracted behind the eyes. The entire upper surface is
unpunctured and very smooth. The mandibles are far a])art
at the base, flat, gently curved externally, with a short, broad,
two-pointed interior lobe situated nearer the tijj than the
base. The pronotum is short and broad, its lateral angles
rather sharp.
^. Le)igth (with mandibles), 39 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 30 mm. : breadth, 13 mm.
$. length, 28-30 mm. ; breadth, 1 1 -5-1 2-5 ram.
Upper Burma : Seinghku Valley, 9500 ft. {F. Kingdon
Ward, July). S.E. Tibet : Zayul,'Di Chu Valley, ll,00i) ft.
{F. Kingdon Ward and R. J. Kaulback, August).
Type in the British Museum.
This is closely related to two species of South-western China,
D. sinensis Boil, and D. semenoioi Jakowl., but the lateral
angulation of the ])r(motum is sharper in both sexes, the ante-
ocular angle of the head in the male is sharp, the front angle of
the pronotum is blunt and not produced and the sides are evenly
curved to the lateral angle. In the female the sides of the
pronotum are more rugose than in the related species. The
mandibles of the male are relatively broader and the narrow
inner branch found in the related sjiecies is replaced by a broad
dilatation at the same point.
8(). Dorcus westwoodi. (Plate XIV, figs. 3, 6.)
Hex(irlliriii,-i westwoodi Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 108.
Rhntu.'i westwoodi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 11, pi. 9,
figs. 2 & 8 ; Westw.," op. rit. 1871, p. 355 : Boil.. Jlom. Soo. Ent.
Belg. ix. 1902. p. 47, pi. 2, fig. 1 ($).
CIndognatliu-9 arrowi, $, Grvl., Rec. Ind. Mas. xi, 1915, p. 410.
Entirely black, very smootli, almost un])unctured above, of
rather narrowly ehmgate sha])e, the legs rather slender in both
w2
164 LFCANID^.
sexes, the antennae with the seventh joint a little produced, the
prostennnn scarcely compressed and not produced.
$. Narrow, very smooth but not ver^^ glossy. The head
bears very minute scattered punctures, and there is a small
depression behind the base of each mandible and a minute
posterior median pit. The canthus extends past the middle of
the eye but is not very prominent laterally and there is a very
small lateral prominence behind the eye. The sides of the
pronotum and elytra are microscopically coriaceous and the
former are subopaque. The lateral margins of the pronotum
are gently rf)unded to the very sharp lateral angles and almost
straight to the rounded hind angles. The sides of the elytra
are rather straight and parallel, and the shoiilders are sharj).
The mentum is coarsely rugose. The m.e.taste:rnum, and abdomen
are coriaceous at the sides and smooth in the middle. The
front tibia is finely serrate externally, with a few rather larger
teeth, and the tip is sharply forked.
i;^. Very large, rather narrow and parallel-sided, very smooth
and shining. The head is short and broad, minutely coriaceous,
unpunctured, with a slight longitudinal depression along the
middle and convex on each side. The eyes are small but very
prominent, the canthus inconspicuous, except in front of the
eye, where it is sharply angulate, and the sides are strongly
contracted behind the eyes. The clyjieal process is divided by
a sutural line from the front, fringed with reddish hair,
])roduced to a point and angulate on each side of the base.
The mandibles are long and slender, very smooth, strongly
curved at the base and apex. They are vertically compressed
at the base, where they bear a very strong, acutely produced
process beneath and a corresponding but rather less strong
and sharp process above. They are very finely and irregularly
toothed at the inner edge, where there is also a fairly strong
tooth placed well beyond the middle, and the tip is forked.
The 'pronotum is minuteh' coriaceous, the front angles are
very blunt, the sides gently excised a little behind the
angles and sharply angulate at the front and hind limits of
the excision, strongly at the latter point. Tliere is another
slight but well-marked angulation much behind the nnddle,
and from there the margin is gently rounded to the base. The
elytra are entirely glossy, their shoulders very sharply angular
and the sides rather straight and ])arallel. The nuMitum is
rather rugosely })unctured. The metasternum and abdomen
are very smooth and shining. Tl\e legs are fairly slender, the
front tibia fecbl}^ toothed laterally, the middle tibia has a
sharp lateral spine and the hind tibia has none.
T luive seen no nuile but the large ty])e-specimen.
^. Length (with mandibles), 85 mm. : (without man-
dibles) 59 mm. : breadth, 25 mm.
Doiicus. J 65
9. /yr»,^ry pi-ominent laterally and scarcely angular in front. The
pronotum is very minutely punctured in the middle, the punc-
tures becoming gradually more distinct laterall}^ and rugose at
the outer margins. The sides are gently rounded, with a
sharp but minute lateral angle far behuid the middle. The
elytra are finely and ratlier closely punctured dorsally, except
at the sutural margin, and the punctures become large and
dense at the sides. The lower surface is rather smooth, but the
mentum is rugose and the tip of the abdomen strongly punctured.
166 LUCANIDiE.
'Yhv front lihiu is c-loscly serrate Uitenilly, the extremity is
liroad and ends in three jhort lobes.
^. The surfaec is dull above and beneath, with the exception
of the mandibles and the hollowed anterior part of the head in
large specimens. Except njjon tliis ])art the head is densely
granular, tlie front angles are shai})ly produced and the eyes are
rather prominent. The head is produced behind the eyes and
the sides are feebly prominent there. The pronotum is very
minutely and densely granular, but less densely in the middle
than at tlie sides. The front angles are blunt, the sides scarcely
rounded to the lateral angles, which are very acute, and almost
straight fi-om there to the base. The elytra are dull except at
the sutural margin. The ttienturn is densely granular, opaque
aJid very feebly pimctured and the inetasternum and abdomen
are almost un2)uncturcd. The prosterual process is strong and
conical. The front tibia is minutely serrate, with small teeth
at intervals and the termmal fork is rather narrow. The middle
tibia has a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia has
none.
Variation of the male. In the smallest male spechnens
(impress us Wat.) the head is short, the mandibles are about as
long as the head and serrate at the inner edge, the head is a
little hollowed anteriorly but not shining. In rather larger
examples a ])air of small tubercles become visible just behind
the hollowed area. At a further stage a longitudinal groove
appears between the tubercles, which now project forward
rather strongly. The front of the head becomes more deejjly
hollowed and very smooth and shining. As the mandibles
increase in length the fine serrations of the inner edge become
at first more mnnerous and afterwards, by the gradual dis-
appearance of those in the middle, become divided into two
series, a grou}) of about six small teeth close together at the base
and about four less ci-owded ones towai'ds tlie end. At a fin-ther
stage most of the small basal teeth also disa})pear, but the
course of development now differs in different regions. The
basal teeth generally become resolved into a pair standing side
by side and, in the Eastern Himalayas these two teeth persist
and, accompanying further increase in the size of the insect,
move ])rogressively farther apart, until in the largest specimens
the anterior one is a little in frc)nt of the middle of the mandible,
the other remaining at the base. This is the ])hase described
as a distinct s])ecies by Boileau and called poidtom. But the
basal teeth may resolve themselves into one only and this also,
with increasing size of the specimen, moves on towards the
other end of the mandible. This jihase was called by Gravely
the subspecies birmanicus, but it is not peculiar to Burma.
Burmese and Assamese males develoj) in this direction and full-
sized examples show the single tooth ])lace(l in the middle of tlu>
DORCUS. 167
mandible (without tlir jionlloni tooth at tho base), whic-li is
characteristic oftlie ty})ical phasic t)i D.foviddi-s.
The two tubercles of the liead are a little fartlier apart iii
large specimens of the poi(ltoni phase than in tliose of the
typical phase.
(J. Length (with mandibles), 22-00 mm. ; (witliout man-
dibles) 19-39 mm. : breadth, 8-17 mm.
$. Length, 19-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-11-5 mm.
Bhutan : (Capt. Pemberton). Darjeeling Distr. :
Gopaldhara, Rungbonj/ Vallev [W . K. Webb); Pedong (L.
Dnrel) ; Maiigpu {R. T. Atkinson) ; Kurseong, 4500 ft. (E. A.
D'Abreu, Aug.). Assam : Shillong, 5000 ft. {T. BainbriggK
Fletcher, June ; H. M. Parish, Sept.) ; Manipur {W . Doherty).
Burma : Sadon, 3000 ft. {B. Makiise, June, July ; Taunggyi,
Shan States, 4500 ft. (R. Malaise, Aug.). Andaman Is.
{E. T.Atkinson).
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum, also
those of omissus, astacoides and fraternus ; those of ponUoni
and croceus in the Paris Museum ; that of inipressus in the
British Museum and that oibirrnanicus in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
Mr. R. E. Parsons has sent me a series of both sexes of thi.s
species foinid by him feeding upon the exuding gummy sap of
an old green lime tree (Indian country lemon) in Shillong. He
notes that when alive they are of a beautiful golden chestnut
colour, but become darker very shortly after death. Dr.
Didier's Metopodontus croceus is a rather small male specimen
which has retained its bright colouring better than usual.
88. Dorcus castaneicolor, uom. nov. (Plate XII, Hg. 4.)
Tetrarthrius castaneus Did.,* Encyclop. Ent. Col. ii, 1926, p. 2'J (pre-
occupied name).
Chocolate-brown, with the extreme margins of head, thorax
and elytra, the tips of the mandibles and the knees black ; the
tarsi with brushes of yellow hairs beneath, the body very
smooth and shining above and beneath. The form convex,
not very elongate. The scutellum rather large, the shoulders
of the el,>i;ra i-oimded, the extremities flatten(>d and tapering.
The prosternum narrow and vertically ])rominent between the
coxa' but not produced backward. The seventh joint of the
anteima a little produced. The hind femora rather clavate,
the basal })art slender, the tarsi with pads of yellow hair beneath
the four basal joints.
(^. The head is finely and not closely ])imctured, a little
hollowed obliquely on each side and elevated in a gentle curve
in front, the cly])eus slo])ing but rettexed and l)ilol)ed at the
168 LUCANID^.
front edge. The eyes are very prominent and scarcely at all
divided, the canthus strongly angulate in front, the sides of the
head convergent behind l)ut with a slight rounded prominence
behind each eye. The mandibles are falciform, much longer
than the head, very strongly curved, not dilated at the base
but moderatel,y broad to beyond the middle, then narrowed,
and sharply pointed at the tip. The inner edge has a slight
prominence a little before the tip, a sharp tooth near the middle
and six or eight slight denticulations between it and the base.
The pronotum l)ears fine, unevenly scattered punctures and is
very glossy in the middle, slightly oi)ac|ue at the sides and
strongly margined at the sides and base. It is very convex,
rather narrow in frcmt with the front angles subacute, the
lateral margins diverging and nearly straight from the front
angles to the middle, then bent upward and produced to a
sharp spine behind the middle, from which it is contracted and
concave to the hind angle, which is well marked bnt not acute.
The base is narrower than the elytra at the shoulders. The
elytra are very smooth and shining, without distinct punctures
but with a few incomplete longitudinal striae. The lower
surface is very smooth, the metasternnm. with a median groove
but almost devoid of distinct punctures. The front tibia has
the terminal fork not much produced and there are about
three fine lateral teeth with rather indistinct denticulations
between them ; the middle tibia has a minute lateral spine and
tiie hind tibia is unarmed.
The female is unknown.
Length (with mandibles), 2(i mm. : (without mandibles)
20 mm. : breadth, 9 mm.
SiKKIM.
Type in Dr. Didier's collection.
The name castaneus, originally given to this si)ecies, having
been previously used, it has been necessary to chaiige it.
81). Dorcus subnitens. (Plate Xll. fig. 8.)
Cyclorusift subnitens Parry, Pi'oc. Ent. Soe. ]>oml. 18()2, p. 112;
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 42, pi. 7, fig. 1.
Prisniognathiis subnitens Gravely,* Rec. Inrl. Mns. 191.'), p. 421.
Prismognathus parvus Did., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 79, fig. 38.
Keddish-chocolate, a little lighter upcm the elytra, with the
lower surface, fem(jra and tibiiie (except the knees) red ; the
upper surface with a variable gi'eenish-metallic lustre, the
elytra (exce])t at the sides) and sometimes also the median part
of the ])r<)n()tum extremely smooth and sliining. Moderately
elongate and convex, witli the (>yes prominent, not veiy small
and scarcely divided by the canthus. The pronotum short and
broad, witli tlic base rather iKirrow and the liind angles sharp.
DORCUS. 1G9
Tlic clvtra very {rl*)f has another on the u])])er edge towards the
tip. The pronotu))) b(>ars numerous fairly strong jjunctures,
which become feebler and less close towards the sides. The
front angles are a little ])roduccd, the lateral margins gently
curved to beyond the middle, where there is an obtuse angle,
and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are very obtuse.
The dytraa,Tc scarcely perceptibly punctured, except behind the
scutellum. Th(> teeth of the front tibia are sharp, the middle
tibia has a strong lateral spine and tlu^ hind tibia a rather
feeble one.
J. The head and the sides of the pionoium arc oi)aque. The
head bears fine scattered |)un(fures, which are inconspicuous,
tJORCtlS. 171
ex('0])t lu'liind the eyes. The front tingles are aeute ami |)ro-
ducoil ohlicivu'ly, the front margui is eurvilinearly excised, the
upper surface flat, and the sides are a little contracted hehind
the eyes. The cly])eal process is short and tiilobed. The
pronotutn bears moderately hne scattered j)unc-tin"es, its front
angles are bluntly produced, the sides straight to beyond
the middle, where they are very bluntly angular, and feebly
concave to the hind angles, which are also very blunt. The
elytra bear only a few indistinct punctures and are smooth and
shining everywhere. The front tibia has two shar}) lateral
teeth in addition to the terminal fork, and the middle and hind
tibioe are without visible spines.
Variation of the male. In a small male the mandibles, which
curve gently upwards, are about as long as the head, the
outer edge is gently rounded and the inner edge serrate from
the base to near the tip, with a slightly prominent tooth in the
middle. In a large specimen the mandibles are half as long
again as the head, the outer edge is nearly straight to near the
tip, the inner edge has two small teeth near the base, followed
after a short interval by closely-set uneven teeth, the first
lai'ger than the rest, to near the tip. The upper surface bears
two converging ridges, which unite just before the i\\) to form
a strong process ])ointing obli({uely forward.
t^. Length (with mandibles), 21-25 mm, ; breadth, 7-8 mm,
$. Length, 18 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm.
Bhutan : Pankasary Hill. Sikkim : Gnatong (Aug.) ;
between Padamtsin and Lingtoo (July).
Type, in the Paris Museum.
91. Dorcus platycephalus. (Plate XII, fig. 1.)
Lucanua pUUyceplmlua Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 83 ;
Westw., Cab. of Oriental Ent. 1848, p. 17, pi. 8, fig. 2.
L. (siibg. Cydopthahntis) plati/cephalun Hope & Wcstw., Cat. Luc.
Col. 1845, p. 5.
(Jyclarasis platycepliuius Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1802,
p. 397.
Prismognathua platycephalus Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. l'J13,
p. 234.
Black or very dark brownish- black, with a slight metallic
lustre upon the elytra, which are very glossy, except at the
sides, the head and tlie sides of the pronotum and elytra dull.
Small, convex and not very elongate. The eyes ])rominent and
scarcely' at all divided by the canthus. The cl\'])eal process
short, broad and trilobed. The mandibles widely separated
at the base. The shoulders of the elytra ratlier obtusely
angulate. The prostemum strongly elevated and com|)resse(i
behind and ratlu>r sharply angular.
172 lucanidA.
$. The heml is iiarn^w, very coarsely, closely and roughly
punctured, the canthus very small and the front angles very
obtuse. The mandibles are laterally compressed and narrow,
strongly curved and bifurcate at the end, the tips sharp, the
lower one longer than the upper. The middle of the clypeal
process is slightly prominent. The pronolmn is shining, but
strongly and rather closely punctured, the punctures coarser
and more irregular at the sides. The front angles are blunt,
the sides nearly straight to beyond the middle, where they are
strongly but not acutely angulate, and nearly straight to the
hind angles, which are wt^l marked but obtuse. The elytra are
finely punctured, with wide opaque outer margins. The front
tibia is sharply tridentate at the end.
(^. The hmd is flat and rather opaque above, the front margm
scarcely excised, the front angles stronglv produced outwards
and very sharp, the sides converging behind the eyes. The
upper surface bears fine scattered punctures. The outer lobes
of the clj^eal process are a little more prominent than the
median part. The mandibles are scarcely longer than the head,
strongly and regulai-ly rounded. The pronotuni is finely and
unevenly punctured, more strongly and closely near the base,
especially near its middle, and the sides are broadly opaque.
The front angles are blunt and not produced, the sides are
nearly straight to beyond the middle, where they are strongly
but not sharply angulate, and feebly concave to the well-
marked but not sharp hind angles. The elytra bear very
iri'cgular fine and scanty punctures. The front tibia bears a
few very sharp lateral teeth, the middle tibia lias a very minute
lateral spine and the hind tibia has none.
Variation of the. male. In a small specimen the head is small,
the eyes are very prominent, the mandibles flat and rather
broad but well separated at the base, with the imier edges
irregularly toothed and the apices very sharp. In larger males
the mandibles are less flat and a little com])ressed and a strong
vertical tooth a])])cars upon the up})er edge before the tip. At
a moie advanced stage the liead is very broad, the eyes are less
})i'<)minent, the mandibles rather narrow and without teeth in
tlie basal half, veitically dilated in the terminal part, which is
divided into three nearly ccpial finger-like branches, with a. few
minute teeth between the middle and lower branches.
^. Length (with mandibles), 16-26 mm.; (without man-
dibles) 15-21 mm. : breadth, 7-10 mm.
$. Length, 18 nun. ; breadth, 8 mm.
l)\RJEELiN(i DisTR. AssAM : Khasi Hills (Dr. Cantor).
Type in tlie Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
AULACOSTETHUS. 173
Genus AULACOSTETHUS.
Aulacostethus Wat., Trtui.*!. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 p. 13 ; Parry, op.
cit. 1870, p. 83.
Type, A. archer i Wat.
Range. Sikkim.
Body moderately elongate, compact and convex, rather
parallel-sided, the middle and hind legs very short, their tibiae
each with a strong lateral t+pine and the extremities dilated and
])ro(luced externally into three sharp finger-like processes, the
front tibia with a strong terminal fork ; tarsi .short, th(>
pulvillii.s well developed. Head (J) quatb-ate, broad, with the
(\yes greatly reduced, divided by a very narrow longitudinal
ridge, tlie u])per and lower divisions very small, the upper
minute Antenna fairly slender, with the seventh joint
strongly transver.se and the last three not very short. Maxilla
with the outer lobe long and slender, the inner without horny
hook (3*) ; tlie palpus long, the second joint very slender.
Mentinn broadly triangular ; ligula long and narrow, forming
two slender diverging lobeh' in front, the imier edge closely
fringed with long hairs ; palpi with the first and third joints
long. Pronotiun completely and narrowly margined, broad,
with the lateral margin obtusely angulate behind and the
liind angles obsolete. Scutellum broadly semicircular. Pro-
sternum channelled between the front coxse, jH'oduced behind,
a little comjjressed, blunt.
(^. Mandibles narrow, far apart at the base.
$. Unkno\Mi.
The validity of this genus was questioned by Parry, who
compared A. archeri with Dorcus forceps Voll.. in which tiie
eyes are almost, though not comjiletely, divided, but there
is certahily no very near n^lationship with that insect and the
remarkable reduction of the eyes to mere vestiges, not raised
eitiier dorsally or ventrally above the general surface of the
head, separates this a])parently rare insect from all other known
forms. This feature, together with the 2)eculiar form of the
legs, seems to indicate that its habit is to bury itself and slum
the light. It is to be feared that the discovery of the feniale.
necessary for a better knowledge of its affinities, may be long
delayed but it is probable that the fossorial character of the
short legs of the male will prove to be still more ])ronouneed
in the other sex and the generic separation of the insect will
prove to be justified.
92. Aulacostethus archeri. (Plate XXI, figs. 7, 8.)
Anlacostethii.1 archeri Wtit.,* Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. IS(>!» p If
pi. 3, fig. I.
Pro-iopocoilns archeri Parry, op. at. 1870, p. 83.
(J. Black, not shining above, moderately shining beneath,
the sides of the inetasternum clothed with rather long and close
174 LFCANIDiE.
yellow hair. The head is flat, very finely coriaceous above,
except at the sides, whidi are coarsely rugose. The front
margin forms a i)rominent trisinuatci ridge, the lateral margins
are nearly straigiit and parallel, veiy feebly swollen just in front
of the ])ronotum. Th(^ pronotani is smooth, with a rather
narrow densely punctured or rugosi^ band almost completely
surrounding it, but interrupted in the middle of the front margin.
The front angles are a little produced but blunt, the sides
nearly straight, the lateral angles very well marked but not
acute. The elytra are also smooth, with a narrow rugose strip
at the base, and the shoulders are sliarply angular. The hairy
sides of the nirfasteruKm leave a well-delined bare median sjiaco,
triangular in slia])e, which is smootli and sliining but with
minute scattered ]uuictures at the sides. Tlie abdomrn is very
smootli beneath.
Variation of the wale. In a rather small male specimen
found by Mr. H. G. Champion at Pemayangtse the head is
strongly transverse, the mandibles are not longer than the head
but narrow, strongly curved and tridentate, the jironotum is
scarc(^ly broader than the head and its sides are straight and
parallel. In the large tyi)e-specimen the head and pronotum
are very broad, the head i-elatively longer and the pronotum
shorter, the nuxndibles long and slender, gently curved, forked
at the tip, with a fairly strong triangular internal tooth a little
beyond the base, the sides of the prothorax feebly concave,
converging towards the lateral angle. The front tibiae are
rather more slender.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 83-50 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 29-37 mm. : breadth, 13-15-5 mm.
81KKIM : Pemayangtse, ()00() ft. (//. G. Champion, May).
Type in the British Museum.
Tlie habitat of the type-s])ecimen was given as North India
and j)ossibly Kashmir, but the discovery of a second example
in Sikkim renders the suggested locality very iniprobable.
Genus ^GUS.
/Egns Macl., Horae Entom. i, 1S19, p. 112 ; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent.
Soc. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 11.3.
Type, JiJgvs chelifer Macl. (Malaya).
Range. Tlio Indo-Mnlayan, Pa])uanand Polynesian Region.
Male and female dissiuiilar. Body generally compact, with
rather short but not stout U\gs and antenna', the club of the
latter composed of three short joints, the seventh joint some-
times slightly ])roduced. Canthus nuH^ting the gena and
com])letely dividing the eye into upper and lower halves.
ClyjH'us V(>ry short. Maxilla not very long, the inner lobe
without chitinous hook, the uuixillary j)alpus with the first
MQTJS. 175
and third joints short. Mentura very broad, concealing the
ligula. Ligula with short widely diverging lobes, the labial
palpi loii^, with the basal joint slender, the second short
and the third oval. Prosterniun scarcely elevated })(^hind
the froiit coxae, not compressed nor produced. Front tibia
with terminal fork and fairly numerous lateral teeth, the
middle and hind tibi;e usually with two or more small lateral
spines. Claws and puhMllus long. Scutelhnn short and trans-
verse. Elytra longitudinally striate, the dorsal striae six in
number.
The mandibles of the female are simple, short and broad.
Tliose of the male are Umger but never extremely long, sim])ly
curved, often toothful but not branched.
^(jKs is nearly related to Doitks, but is distinguished by the
completely divided eyes and usually by the occurrence of
several tine lateral s])ines upon each of tlie four posterior tibiae.
Another important distinction is found in tiie grooved elytra.
In Dorcus grooved el^-tra are rare and the grooves, when present,
are more numerous and less regular.
A species referred to this genus as Mgns interrupt us was
described in a few words by Macleay as doubtfully Indian
(Macleay, Hone Entom. 1919, p. 113). The type, "if still in
existence, is in the Macleay Mu.seum in Sydney, N.S.W., and >'2.
12 (7) Upper surface convex liiiralis Did., p. Is:{.
Key to the Spccicfi (females).
1 (8) Elytra very closely sculptured, not
shining.
2 (7) Head not smooth.
3 (4) Pronotum bearing numerous rather
lino jiunctures chclifer Mac!., p. 1 7(1.
4 (3) I'ronotujTi entirely rugose.
5 (0) Pronotum not very coarsely rugose .. i«»r/jcM*i.« mm.
Bengal : Mankidoania, Sunderbans (C. /'. C. Beeson, Feb.).
Burma : Rangoon {E. T. Atkimon). Tonkin. Malay
Peninsula. Sumatra. Borneo. Philippine Is.
Type in the British Museum ; also co-t\-pes of ^gus nitidus
Boil.
This and the next two si)ecies are particularly difficult to
define, on account of the remarkable changes, dci)ending upon
their size, to which the males are subject. They are all very
closely related to jrEgus acumimitus F. They may even be
found ultimately to be local races of that species.
94. ^Egus kandiensis. (Plate XXII, figs. 12-14.)
^gus kandiensis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 53 ; op.
cit. 1870, p. 61, pi. 2, figs. 5 & 8.
Black, very smooth and shining in large males, or with the
head and pronotum ojjacjue, entirely dull and opacjue in females
and small males, with a clothing of minute erect setae and some-
times with a covering of grey adherent earthy matter in the
female. The legs clothed with short jiale hairs, the middle and
hind tibiae bearing two or three small lateral spines. The body
a little depressed and the base of the pronotum straight and
distinctly narrower than the elytra.
$. Oval in shape, with the upper surface closely sculptured
and duU. The head is very coarsely and rugosely punctured
and the front part of the ch-peus is concave. The mandible
has a strong truncate tooth near the middle. The jyronotum
is rugosely punctured, niore finely and densely at the sides
than in the dorsal part . The front angles are bluntly produced ,
N
178 LUCANIDiE.
the sides evenly rounded and the hind angles obtuse. The
elytra are finely striate, with the intervals flat and closely
longitudinally rugose. The shoulders are sharp and the sides
rounded. The mentum is very coarsely rugosely punctured.
The lower surface of the body is shmmg but strongly punctured,
the last abdominal sternite very coarsely and closely.
(J. The l)ody is depressed and rather parallel-sided, the head
more or less hollowed in front, with the hinder edge of the
excavation a little produced, except in very small specimens.
The clypeal process is bilobed. The sides of the head, except
in very small specimens, are promment behmd the ej^es. The
sides of the jn-onotum are rather straight and parallel, with the
front angles obliqueh^ truncate or bluntly j^roduced, the hind
angles distinct but obtuse. The elijtra are flneh' and deeply
striate, except at the sides, where they are tuiely and closely
punctured and rather dilated. The shoulders are sliarply
ungulate and the sides rounded. The metasternum is strongly
punctured, the abdomen almost smooth, except upon the last
sternite, which is very closely punctured and setose.
Variation of the male. As in jEgus chelifer, but in large males
the anterior process of the head is rather more produced and
the mandibles are rather broader, flatter and less slender.
,^. Length (with mandibles), 14-34 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 13-24 mm. : breadth, ()-12 mm.
$. Length, 17-22 nnn. ; breadth, 8-9-5 mm.
Ceylon : Kelani Valley, near Colombo {W. Braine) ; Kandy
{G. E. Bryant, June, E. E. Green, Oct.) ; Dikoya, 3800 ft. to
4200 ft. {G. Lewis, Feb.) ; Maskeliya (March, April ; Badulla
{April) ; Wellawaya (July) ; Maha Oya (July) ; JNIousakande
(July) ; Madulsima (Sept.) ; Urugalla (Sept.) ; Ratnapura
{Dec.) ; Weligama (Dec.) ; Ingiriya (Jan.) ; Giriulla (Feb.).
Type in the Rene Oberthiir collection.
This is a very abundant species in Ceylon. It has been
found in rotten logs at all seasons by Mr. CM. Henry.
95. jfEgus roepstorffi.
.■Egus roepstorffi Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (6) v, 1890, p. 3G.
Black, the large males very smooth and sinning, with the
head and i)ronotum opacjue, the females and small males
entirely dull, the latter having an exceedingly fine and incon-
spicuous clotliing of minute erect setse.
9. Like that of A. kandiensis, but with the pronotum more
coarsely rugose, usually with a small smooth shining area in
the middle.
o. Like that of .4. kandiensis, but with the elytra less finely
striate, the striae containing fine closely contiguous punctures,
and the sides )iot very closely punctured.
iEGUS. 179
Variation of the male. As in A. kandiensis. h\ la.fge males
the mandibles are generally rather more slender and the tooth
at the middle of the imier edge is minute.
3*. Lemjth (with mandibles), 14-30 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 12-22 mm. : hreMlth,^\\ mm.
$. Length, \'^-20 www. \ breadth, ~)-5-S-5 ram.
Andaman Is. Xicobar Is.
Type in the Britisli ^luseum.
96. .ffigus parallelus. (Plate XXII, figs. 17-19.)
Lnc'uiHS paralMus Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 22.
Lucanius capitatus Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud, iv, 1847, p. 275,
pi. 20, fig. 5.
Lucanus malabaricus Westw., op. cit. p. 276, pi. 20, fig. 7.
Dorcas parallelus Westw., op. cit. 1864, p. 56.
yEgus parallelus Boil., op. cit. 1913, p. 257 ; Arrow, op. cit.
Ixxiii, 1935,p. 114.
Black, the male shining above, the female dull, the body
rather broad and flat, the legs and lower surface sometimes
dark red, the front tibiae bearing rather closely-set, short shar])
teeth and the middle and hind tibiae each bearing two shar])
lateral spines.
$. Oval, less flattened than the male, with tiic u])])er sui'faco
strongly and closely punctured, except the midtUe of the head.
The head is broad, smooth and opaque in tiie middle, roughly
punctured on each side, and upon a hollow area in front. The
canthus is rather prominent laterally. The mandibles are
strongly toothed at the inner edge, the tooth of the right
mandible simple, that of the left double. The pronotum is
strongly punctured, except in front of the middle, the jiunctures
dense and confluent at the sides. The lateral margins are gently
rounded, the front angles bluntly produced and the lihid angles
obtuse. The elytra each bear six dorsal striae and two lateral
ones and are closely and finely punctured, with the alternate
intervals raised. The sides are more densely and rugosely
punctured. The mentum is rugosely puncturcxl. The lower
surface of the body is evenly punctured.
^. Broad, flat and rather shining. The head is very broad,
flat and opacjue, with a small tooth on each side behind the
mandibles, the sides more or less punctured behind, the front
margin gently excised, the sides of the head nearly straight,
with a slight angulation behind the eye. The pronotum is short
and broad, generally smooth, the entire margin surrounded,
except in the middle of the front, with a finely rugose band.
The sid^'S are straight, the front angles bluntl}' jiroduced and
the liind angles roimded. The scutelliim is finely punctured.
The elytra are smooth and sinning, with six deep dorsal striae
and two faint lateral ones, the sides very densely punctured
n2
180
LUCANID^.
and ratlier flat. The shoulders are acute. Tlie mpnfum and
submentum are smooth, or feebly })unctured, and opaque. The
metasternum is feebly punctured in the middle and closely
rugulose at the sides.
Variation of the male In small specimens the head and
pronotum are closely ])unctured and more or less shining ; the
frontal tooth behind the base of the mandible is absent and the
latter has only a rudimentary tooth at the base above. The
pronotum has a rather well-marked median depression. In
larger males the puncturation is restricted to the sides of the
head and jironotinn and the mandibles have a short but well-
marked tooth at the base of each. At a further stage the head
and pronotum are very smooth, the former very dull, and the
mandibular tooth is situated farther from the base. In the
largest specimens the pronotum us well as the head is o])aque^
the mandibular tooth is ])laced obliquely near the middle
and is fairly long ; the two ce])halic teeth are short but sliar]).
(^. Length (with mandibles), 23-50 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 20-35 mm. : breadth, 9-17 mm.
$. Length, 22-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-5 to 10-5 mm.
Assam. Malay Peninsula. Sumatra. Borneo. Java.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
This species ])robably occurs within (nir regi(m, although
the Indian records are imreliable. It was originally attributed
to Assam and a female s])e('imen described two years later was
called nialabaricus in the certainly erroneous belief that it came
from Malabar. The species will probably be found" in Tenas-
serim, but there is at present no actual warrant for including
it as an Indian insect. As it is liable to be confused with Mgus
labilis Westw. it seems desirable to include both forms here.
07. ^gus labilis. (Plate XXII, figs. 15, 16, 20.)
^Egus labilis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 54, pi. xii,
fig. 5 ; Gnively, Records Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 42G.
Black, the elytra more or less shining, with the outer margins
opa{|U(> and sooty, the shape rather broad and depressed. The
front til)ia^ serrate at the outer edge, with about five larger
teeth ; the middle tibia> bearing two or three s])ines and the
hind tibia one or two. The legs sometimes in ])art of a dee)) red
colour.
$. Ov-al in shape and less depressed than the male, with the
upper surface shining. The head is very coarsely and rugosely
punctured, with a transverse dei)ression on each side behind
the base of the antenna. The mandibles have each a large
right-angled tooth at the lower edge and in the closed position
a s])ace is enclosed behind the teeth. T^\\q pronotum is coarsely
and unevenly punctured, rugosely at the sides, and has an oval
^GUS. 181
strongly punctured dci)ression in the middle. Tlie sides are
straight and convergent in front, with acutely produced angles,
and strongly rounded behind, without angles. The scttteUum
is strongly ])uneture(l. The di/fm are very d?eply striate,
the intervals ecjual and tinely ])unctured and the sid'.-s and
apices densely rugose. The mentum is very cctarsely rugo.se.
^. Shape, broad and flat. The h(ad is very l)r()ad and flat,
without excavation or median ])rojection, tinely coriaceous and
opaque, with fine and incons])icuous scattered ])unctures at the
sides, the front margin nearly vertical, its front edge strongly
subangularly emarginate, with the extremities of the emargin-
ation acutely ])roduced, the sid^s <>i the head nearly straight
and i)arallel, with a very slight prominence behind the eye on
eacli side. ThO mandibles are long and gently curved, with
a short sharp basal tooth beneath and a fairly long one al)ove.
The pronotum is short, oijatjue, with tlie margin rugo.sely
punctured all round, excejjt in the middle of the front margin.
There is a very feeble longitudinal im])ression in the middle
po.steriorly, contahiing a double series of fine punctures, which
become coarser and confluent near the hind margin. The
sides are straight and ]mrallel, with the front angl?s obliquely
truncate or excised an(l the hmd angles broadly rounded. The
scutellum is ])unctured. The fh/tm have each six deep dorsal
stria; with smooth flat intervals and two less dee]) lateral striae,
and tlie sides are densely ])unctured and a little flattened. Tlie
shoulders are acute-angled and tlu^ outer margins goitly
rounded. The mentum and sii})ui('ut((i)i are finely gramilar and
o])a(|ue, the metaHternum is shining in the middle and slightly
hollowed there, rugulose at the sides, and the abdomen is finely
and unevenly })unctured.
Variation of the, male. In the smallest specimens the lower
tooth of the mandible is wanting. In those of medium size
the upper tooth is close to the base and directed a little back-
ward. In larger s])ecimens it recedes from the base and
assumes a more forward direction. In the large t,>^ie sjieci-
men this tooth arises just in front of the middle and ])oiiits
oblicjuely forward. In the large exam])le the head, ])r<)notum
and elytra are relatively broader than in smaller ones and the
surface of the pronotum and elytra is duller. The mentum
of the large specimen bears a very few punctures. These
become more nmnerous in smaller ones.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 37-44 mm. ; (without man
dibles) 25-31 nun. : breadth, 12-5-1 5-5 mm.
9. Length, 2») mm. ; Imeidth, 1 1 mm.
Assam: Manijnu- (If. Doherty). Burma: Ruby Mines
{W. Doherty) ; Loi Kyaw, Ta^v^lg Peng, Shan States, "'(iOOO ft.
{J. Coggin Brown, Feb., March). ? Bengal : Darjeeling.
Type in the Oberthiir collection.
182 LUCANiD^a!;.
The type .specimen (labelkcl ])tion of the last sternite,
which is close'ly ])unctured.
$. Unknown.
Variation of the meile. Small sjx'cimens are rather narrow,
with the up])er surfae-e shining, except the heael, the pronotum
well ])unctured, very closely at the sieles, the front angles
bluntly i)roduc((l, the dorsal intervals of the elytra convex
and finely but elistinctly jiunctureel. The n\andibles are evenly
curveel, broael at the base, where they are a little ])rodueed
internally, and bear a second tooth above anel a little in advance
of tlic basal one. A lai'ge specimen (the tyi)e) is very broael
and Hat, with the he^ul anel pronotiun entire4y o])ae(ue,
])uncture'd only at the sides, the- elor.sal intervals of tlie elytra
flat anel, exe'e'])t the sutural one, almost unpunctui'e'd. The
upper tooth e)f the mandible is ])lace"(l in the middle of its
le^ngth anel is elirected forward.
^. Length (with luaiidibli's), lt)-24mra. ; (without man-
dibles) 13-19 mm. : breadth, 5-5-8 mm.
Texasserim. Malay Peninsula.
Type in the Hoi)e Dei)t., Oxford University ]Museum.
M. Boileau suirj;csted Java as the real habitat of tliis species,
but the ahhn-vicition so inttT])reted by him is Hope's con-
traetion of the word Tenasserim.
!)!>. JEgus linealis. (Plate XXIII, fig. 2.)
.Egus linealis Did., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 54.
Black, not very shining, convex, without hair or setae, except
upon the legs, which are fairly slender. The eyes rather large.
The ])ronotum with an oval impression in tlie middle, d'>ep
in front and extending from front to hind margm, and tlie
elytra broadly roimded behind, narrowly flattened at the sifles
and very dee])ly grf)oved, except at the sides, which are strongly
and closely punctured.
$. Elongate-ovate and very convex. The hedd is strongly
and very closely punctured, the sides nearly straight, obtusely
angular in front, diverging and ending abruptly behind the
eyes. The mandibles have each a large triangular sluirj) tooth
at the inner edge. The pronotum is ever^^where coarsely and
very closely punctured. The lateral margins are irregularly
serrate, very feebly curved in front, strongly rounded be^'ond
the middle, the base straight and hind angles absent. Thi^
scutellum bears a few punctures. Tlu^ dorsal grooves of the
elytra are very deej), the intervals rather closely and irregularly
and the sides and aj^ices rugosely pimctured. The lateral
edges are gently curved and finety serrate. The menlum,
the sides of the metnsterrmm and the bases of the ventral sterniteft
are coarsely pmictured.
(J. Rather parallel-sided and sub-cylindrical. The head is
flat, sparsely or moderately ])unctured, with tlu' fnmt margin
very gently excised, the sides almost straight and ])arallel , endiuix
rather abruptly behind, with a sharj) triangular tooth beliind
the eye. The pronotion is finely and scantily, moderately, or
very strongly and closely punctured, with the lateral edges
irregularly and rather finely crenate, nearly straight and
parallel to far beyond the middle, where they meet the base in a
very blunt angle. The sciitellum bears a few punctures. Tlie
elytra bear six very deep but not very regular dorsal striae, the
intervals are finely punctured and the sides, as well as the base
and a])ices, are rugosely i)unctiuvd. The shoulders are acutely
angular and the lateral margins finely crenate in front. The
mention is opac]ue, the sides of the metasternnm are rugose aiid
the ahdivnen is scantily ])unctured.
Variation of the male. Small males resemble the female.
184 LUCANID^.
Tlie head and pronotum are strongly punctured and not
opaque ; the sides of the latter are slightly convergent, the
front angles rounded ; the el^i^ral intervals are narrow and
distinctly punctured. The tooth behind the eye is feeble, the
mandible short and triangular, but with the tip acutely
produced. In larger specimens the median depression alone
of the pronotum is strongly punctured, the sides, as well as the
head, are more finely punctured and opaque, and the el}i:ral
intervals are scantily punctured. The mandibles are more
slender and a little produced at the base internally. Large
specimens have the elytral intervals very minutely punctured,
the head and jironotum entirely opaque and lightly punctured.
The front angles of the thorax are truncate. The mandibles
are about twice as long as the head and in addition to the basal
tooth there is a second tooth above and a little in front of it.
^. Length (with mandibles), 14-22 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 12-17 mm. : breadth, 5-5-7-5 mm.
$. Length, 14-15 nnn. ; breadth, 6 mm.
Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong {L. Dure!) ; Mangpu
(E. T. Atkinson). Assam : Naga Hills (IF. Doherty).
Type in the Paris Museum.
Genus CALCODES.
Cakodes Westw., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) i, 1S34, pp. 116, 118 ; Arrow,
Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 107.
Lucanus .subg. Calcodes Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1 845, p. 5.
Chalcodes Gemm. & Har., Cat. Col. iii, 1868. p. 947.
Anoplocnemns Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii, 1844, p. 279;
Burm., Handb. Entom. v, 1847, p. 357. (Type, burmeisteri
Hope.)
Lucanus subg. Odontolabis Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 5.
(Type, delesserti Guer.)
_ Odontolabis Leuthn., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 385.
Neolucanus Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1862, p. 415 ;
Leuthn., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 420. (Type, baladeva
Hope.)
Type, Lucanus pcratns Hope.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
Canthus produced backward and united with the gena,
completely dividing the eye into upper and lower halves, the
lower half large and prominent. Antennse with S-jointed
club. Mentum more or less semicircular, the front margin
entire ; ligula sliort, scarcely bilobed, with very long hair-
fringe ; labial ])alpi not long, the last joint oval. Maxilla witli
long densely hairy outer lobe, the inner lobe without chitinous
hook in either sex, maxillary pal])i moderately long. Pro-
stermnn much or little ])roduced behind, sometimes sharjily
])ointed and directed downiward, sometimes very blunt.
Mid.
10 (9) Lateral angle of pronotum not very
j^lmrp . dele^^serti Guer., p. 192.
11 (8) Black sutural area not triangular. Ip. 193.
12 (13) Elytra very shining burmetsteri Hope,
13 (12) Elytra not very shining versicolor Did., p. 188.
14 (7) Black sutural area not extending to
the shoulders.
15 (16) Upper surface'very dull mouhoti Parry, p. 195.
16 (ir>) Upper surface not very dull ele(j(nis Moll., p. 189.
17 (6) Lateral angle of the pmiiotuin very
blunt.
18 (19) Elytra very short ; sutural band very
narrow behind ^r/m/z Leuthn., p. 196.
19 (18) Elytra not very short ; sutural band
less narrow behiml marcjinat us Wat., p.l90.
20 (3) Elytra orange or rust-red (sometimes
with very inconspicuous black
ctlges). [P- 1'^"-
21 ( 22 ) VAyt ra rather narrow, ent irely shining, castatrnptervs Hope,
22 (21) Elytrabroader, dull at the sides ro6»s^;/« Boil., p. 199.
23 (2) L'pper surface entirely dark.
24 (33) Upper surface not very glossy ; lateral
angle of pronotum not very acute.
25 (28) Elytranot very short.
26 (27) Lateral angle of the pronotum sharp . . baladeva Hope, p. 204.
27 (26) Lateral angle of the pronotum bhmt . . latiis Boil., p. 203.
28 (25) Elytra very short and broad.
29 (30) Hind angle of the pronotiun very
blunt : brei-i.^ Boil., p. 2('3.
30 (29) Hind angle of the pronotum sharp,
31 (32) Head produced laterally ])latynotus Hope, p. 201.
32 (31 ) Head not produced laterally caruHdim L., p. 207.
33 (24) Upper surface very glossy ; lateral
angle of the pronotum very acute. LP- -'**^-
34 (35) Black : elytra broad siva Hope & Westw.,
^ ' [Westw., p. 206.
35 (34) Dark brown ; elytra narrow dabnani Hope &
36 (1) Surface partly metallic icratus Hope, p. 209.
100. Calcodes sinensis. (Plate XVI. figs. 1-3.)
Lucent K.s (jazclla, var. fiinensis Westw., Cab. of Oriental Ent. 1848,
p. 54, pi. 26, figs. 2, 3, 4.
OdontoUtbis sinensis Leutliner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885,
p. 450, pi. 91, figs. 1-4.
Black, not very sliining, the outer margins of tlie elytra
conspicuously Ixirdered witli orange or red. Ratlier dejiressed.
Tlie prothorax and elytra rather short, the latter dilated a
little behind the shoulders, with flattened margins and narrowed
to the extremity, opaciue at the sides, feebly and minutely
punctured and scarcely shining internally. The prostcrnum
188 LUCANID^.
produced behind the coxae as a shar])-pomted cone, directed
vertically downwards in the male and backwards in the female.
$. Oval in shape. The head is short and broad, opacjue and
unevenly punctured, the canthus strongly and bluntly pro-
duced outward on each side. The pronotum is lightly punc-
tured, densely granular and very opacjue at the sides, the front
angle is broadly rounded, the lateral mai'gin gently curved to
the lateral angle, which is acute but not spiniform, and strongly
sinuate to the acute hind angle. The abdomen is shining and
gather sparingly punctured.
(J. The head is finely and densely granular, its sides oblique
in front of the eyes and forming an acute but not long process
behind them. The pronotu m also is finely and densely granular,
entirely opacjue and sooty at the sides. The front angles are a
little produced and the lateral angle forms a sharj) spine. The
abdomen is dull and not distinctly punctured. The front tibia
is slender and armed with tlu-ee or four sharp lateral sphies.
Variation of the male. — Inconstant phase. In small males
the head is strongly excised in front, the mandibles are very
irregularly serrate at the inner edge and the right one is much
broader than the left. In specimens of medium size the man-
dibles remain dissimilar, but two or three strong teeth only
remain before the terminal part. In large specimens the
mandibles, although more slender, are asymmetrical, the large
teeth being alternate.
Constant phase. The mandibles are about twice the length
of the head, slender and synnnetrical. They are gently dilated
at the base, and the dilated part is produced into a short, sharp,
oblique tooth. Beyond the middle there is a strong bifurcated
branch and the tip is forked. The front edge of the head is
strongly carinate and almost straight.
^. Length (with mandibles), 44-79 mm. ; (witliout man-
dibles) 39-54 mm. : breadth, 19-26 mm.
$. Length, 32-45 mm. ; breadth, 15-26 mm.
Burma : Loimwe, S. Shan States, 5600 ft. {J. P. Dniuimond,
'Oct.). China : Hongkong ; Canton.
Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
101. Calcodes versicolor. (Plate XX, figs. 4, 5.)
Neolucanus versicolor Did.,* Col. Luc. du Globe, 1931, p. 228.
Black, with the elytra bright yellow, their outer edges very
narrowly and the basal and external edges less narrowly
black. Not very convex ; the ui)per surftice not shining,
exce])t near the elytral suture, the outer margins of the elytra
not distinctly flattened but well rounded.
$. The elytra are decorated witli a moderately broad black
sutural stripe, a little dilated at the base and slightly narrowed
CALCODES. 189
at the extremity. Oval in sliape and not very broad. The
head is finely granular and opaque, except in front, where it is
coarsely rugose. The pronotum is finely and unevenly punctured
ill the middle and densely granular and opaque at tiie sides.
The lateral edges are gently rounded, the lateral angle is moder-
ately sharp and the hhid angle very acute. The base is almost
straight. The elytra are very finely and lightly punctured,
except at the sides, whicli are opaque. The prosternal process
is horizontal and not distinctly produced. Tlie lateral teeth
of the front tibia are rather feeble.
(^. The black sutural stripe of the elytra is rather narrow,
almost parallel-sided, but extends along the front margin
and is slightly narrowed at the extremity. The head is
elongate, flat, densely granular and opaque, with the sides
angularly dilated well behind the eyes. The pronotum
also is densely granular and opaque. The lateral angle is
acutely produced, the margins deeply concave beliind and the
hind angles very acute. The elytra are dull, except in the
anterior dorsal region, wliich is slightly shining and feebly
punctured. The prosternal process is produced slightly dowTi-
wards. The front tibia is slender and has a single sharp lateral
spine in addition to the terminal fork.
$. Length (with mandibles), 38 mm. ; (without mandibles)
32 mm. : breadth, 15 mm.
$. Length, 29-33 mm. ; breadth, 14-15 mm.
S. India : Mundakayam, Travancore {T. V. Lsaac, April) ;
Tinnevelly, Madras (.4. Hamid Khan, ]\Iarch) ; N. Kanara
(H. E. Andretves).
Type in the British Museum.
This species has hitherto been known from a female specimen
alone. I have seen only a single male of small size, in which
the mandibles are shorter than the head. The latter resembles
that of small sjiecimens of C. carinatus. Large males will no
doubt be found to have slender mandibles.
102. Calcodes elegans. (Plate XVIII, fig. 6.)
Odontolabis elegans Moll.,* Insektenborse, xviii, 1901, p. 36.3 :
Deutsche Ent. Zeit.s. 1903, p. 347 ; Insektenborse, xxiii,
1906, p. 31 ; Zang, Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1905, p. 212.
Black, with the elytra bright yellow, except a narrow black
sutural line, gradually dilated anteriorly in the female but not
in the male. The epipleura? of the ehiira also yellow in both
sexes, except at the edges. Rather short and broad, with the
sides of the elytra conspicuously flattened anteriorly. The
upper surface opaque but the elytra moderately shining.
$. The black sutural border is very narrow in the posterior
part of the el^v^tra, but gradually dilates to the base, forming a
190 LUCANID^.
narrow triangle. The head is rugose in front, densely granular
behind, with larger scattered granules, except upon the vertex.
The pronotum is densely granular at the sides and moderately
shining in the middle and there are tine, rather scattered,
punctures over the whole surface. The elytra are rather
oj^aque at the sides and behuid and shining in the middle
anteriorly, where they are distinctly punctured. The pro-
sternum is horizontally produced and fairly sharp.
($. The black sutural border is very narrow. The head is
finely and densely granular and has an angular process on each
side behmd the eye. The pronotum is also finely and densely
granular, but rather less densely in the middle. The front
angles are rather sharply produced, the lateral angles are
sj^inose and the hind angles are acute. The elytra are finely
alutaceous, without distinct punctures. The prosternum is
produced downward as a sharj^ conical process. The front
tibiie bear two or three sharp lateral spines.
Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is deeply
emarginate in front but without sharp edge or ridge. The
mandibles are shorter than the head, very broad at the base
and irregularly toothed to near the tip. In large examples
the head is very broad and its front edge forms a strongly
elevated broad gently curved ridge. The mandible bears a
sharp tooth directed obliquely forward at a little distance from
the base and a bifid process with a similar direction a little
before the end. The tip is strongly bifurcated with one or two
mmute teeth in the cleft.
,^. Lenejth (with niandibles), 39-65 mm. ; (witliout man-
dibles) 33-47 mm. : bremlth, 15-22 mm.
$. Length, '^2 una. ; hreeidth, 16 mm.
Burma : Karen Hills, Cheba, 2700-3300 ft. ; Asciui, 3600-
4000 ft. (L. Fea, Dec.) ; Tenasserim, Sukli, ISOO ft. [B. Malaise,
Oct.).
Type in the Genoa Museum ; co-ty|i3 in the British jMuseum.
One large and one small male specimen, kindly lent to me
by the Genoa Museum, evidently represent the constant and
inconstant phases res])ectively. Zang pronounced this species
identical with the Siamese C. mouhoti Parry, but the elytra,
in addition to the al)sence of any dilatation of tlio sutural
strip3 in the male, are more shhiing in both sexes than in that
insect.
.103. Calcodes cuvera, (Plate XVII, fig. 5 ; Plate XVIII,
figs. 4, 5.)
Odontolabis cuvera Hope,* Trans. ]..inn. Soc. xix, 1845, p. 10a,
pi. 10, fig. 3.
Odontolabis cuvera Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1S85, p. 452, pi. 91,
figs. 7-10.
CALCODES. li»]
Lticanus bicolor Sauiid., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii, 1S37, p. 177,
pi. 16, fig. 3.
Lticanus prinsepii Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. l(j;
Westw., Cab. Orient. Ent., 1848, p. 54, pi. 26, fig. o.
Odontolabis Kaunderfti Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 184.'), p. 105.
Anoplocnemus bicolor Bunn., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 360 (part).
Var. alticoht Moll.,* In.sektenb6r.se, xix, 1902, p. 353.
Oiloiitolabis gestroi Boil.,* Le Naturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 204.
Black, with the elytra pale yellow, except a common black
sutural liand of triangular shape, not quite reaching the
shoulders at the base and gradiiall}' tapering to a point at tlie
end of the suture. The epipleurae of the elytra also yellow in
the male. The prosternal ])rocess produced to a ratlier shar])
point.
$. The black sutural patch tapers evenly and has an
almost straight outer edge. The head is rugosely jjuncturcd
in front and at the sides and finely coriaceous behind. The
pronoUuii is shining and finely and sparsely pimctured, excej^t
at the sides, which are finely granular and oi)a({ue. The front
angles are very blunt, the lateral angulation is fairly sharj) and
the liind angles are acute. The elytra are rather opaque, exce])t
upon the median black area, which is shining, with a fairly
close puncturation. The prosternum is usually produced a little
dOA^Ti wards.
o. Tlie black sutural patch has a concave outer edge and is
narrower beliind than in the female. The head is closely
granular but not entirely opaque, the pronotuiu is densely
granular and opaque at the sides, finely coriaceous and moder-
ately shining in the middle and the elytra are rather shhiing.
The head bears a sharp process behind each eye, the front angles
of the pronotum a.re produced but not very acute, the lateral
angulation is produced into a sharp spine and the hmd angle
is also s])iniform. The prosternal process is produced obliquely
doMiiward. The front tibia is slender and armed witli tliree or
four siiarp lateral spines.
Variation of the. male. — Inconstant phase. Small examples
have the mandibles sltorter than the head, Iiroad, evenly
rounded externally and unevenly toothed from the l)ase to the
tip. The front of the head is sloping, witliout a sliarp ridge.
In larger .specimens the front of the head forms a curvilhiear
ridge and the mandible, in addition to several small irregular
apical teeth, has two strong teeth which alternate with those
of the opposite niandible.
Constant phuse. Tite front of the head foruis a strongly
elevated straight carina. The long mandible bears a small
sharp oblique tooth a little beyond the base and a strong
truncate process beyond the middle and the extremity is
broadly forked, with two or three minute teeth in tlie fork.
192 LUCANID.E.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 43-71 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 40-55 mm. : breadth, 19-25 mm.
o. Length, 36-42 mm. ; breadth, 18-19 mm.
Darjeeling Distr. : Kurseong ; Gopaldhara, Rungbong
Valley [H. Stevens). Assam : Cherrapunji, Khasi Hills
{Col. Buckley); Manipur {W. Doherty). Burma: Bhamo
{T. Selkirk) ; Nam Tami Valley' (R. J. H. Kaulbach, Sept.) ;
Kachin Cauri (L. Fea).
Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
In the var. alticola the black sutural stripe in the male is wider
than in the typical form, resembling that of the female, but
the latter also shows some increase of the black pigment.
Type in the Oberthiir collection.
104. Calcodes delesserti. (Plate XVII, figs. 1, 4.)
Lucanus bicolor var. delesserti Guer., Delessert's Souvenir d'un
Voyage dans ITnde, ii, 1839, p. 40, pi. 12, fig. 3.
Odontolabis delesserti Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885,
p. 454, pi. 92, figs. 1-4.
Black, with the elytra pale yellow, except a common black
sutural stripe, narrow upon the posterior half, dilating grad-
ually upon the anterior half and forming a triangle, the base
of which extends from shoulder to shoulder.
$. The common sutural black patch forms a triangle
occupying the entire basal margin and tapering evenly to the
apex, its sides concave. The upper surface is shining, with the
exception of the head, which is very coarsely and in front very
densely punctured, and the sides of the pronotum, which are
very finely granular, the remainder of its surface bemg finely
and sparsely punctured. The front angles of the pronotum are
very blunt, the lateral angulation is rather sharp and the hind
angles are also sharp. The elytra are rather closely punctured
but more shining than those of the male. The prosternuni is
usually blunt behind.
(^. The common black sutural i)atch forms a triangle upon
the anterior half of the elytra and is continued as a narrow
sutural border to the apex. The head and pronotum are
densely granular and opaque, but rather less so at the middle
of the latter, and the elytra are not very shining. The head
bears a ftiirly strong process behind each eye. The front angles
of the pronotum are produced but not very sharp, the lateral
angulation forms a shar]) spine and tlie hind angles are acutely
produced. The prosternal process is produced obliquely
downward. The front tibia is slender and has only one or two
minute s]Mnes at the outer edge.
Variation of the male. — Inconstant phase. Small specimens
have the mandibles not longer than the head, straight, except
their curved tips, and unevenly toothed from the base almost
CALCODES. 103
to the tip. The head is vertically einarginatc in fVonl, with a
rather sliarp hut not raised u])per ed partly yellow. The elytra short and rather l)roadly
dilated at the outer margins.
$. The black sutural triangle is moderately broad at thc^ base
of the elytra, tapers evenly behind for two-tliirds of their length
and is continued to their extremities as a very narrow marginal
stripe. The body is broadly oval. The head is strongly
punctured in front, densely granular beliind and the cantlnis
is stnmgl}^ produced outwards. The pronotuni is oi)aque, with
minute scattered punctures in the middle, and densely granular
at the sides. The lateral angle is sharp, but not acutely i)ro-
duced. The elytra are rather shinmg, the outer margins broad
and flattened. The pro.itenium is a little produced backwards.
^. The black sutural margin is very narrow but a little
dilated hi the anterior third of the elytra, where its otitHjic is
rather irregular.
The l)ody is rather broad and flat, witii the elytra conspic-
uously dilated a little behind the shoulders. The head and
pronotuni are densely granular and oj}ac|ue. The sides of the
head are oblique 4 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 40-51 mm. : breadth, l!»-24 mm.
$. Length, 4:1 mm. ; breadth, 2i mm.
Burma: Kawkareik, Dawna Hills (.4 rr/f/;oZ<£, Dee.). South-
E.-vstSiam. Cambodia.
Type in M. Rene Obertlnir's collection,
o2
196 LTJCANID^.
]07. Calcodes parryi. (Plate XX, figs. 6, 7.)
Neolucanus parryi Leiitlmor,* Trans. Zool. Soc. J^oiul. ISH"),
p. 424, pi. 85, fig. 4.
N. lentJmeri Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 175.
Black, not shining, with the elytra bright yellow, except for
a narrow black outer margin and a common triangular i)atch
extending from shoulder to shouldei' and narrowing gradually
and evenly to the extremity.
Oval in shape, not very convex, with very short elytra. The
liead and pronotum dull, as well as the elytra, except that the
latter are feebly shining ujjon the black sutural area. The
front angles of the pronotum pointed, the sides gently curved
to the blunt lateral angles and concave to tlie fairly sharp basal
angles. The shoulders of the elytra blunt and the outer
margins rounded and narrowly reflexed. The prostenial
proc(^ss bluntly pointed.
$. The head is short and broad, rugosely punctured in fi-ont.
Tlie mandibles are short, sharp and very broad. The vienliini
is (closely pitted and naked.
(^. A little longer and narrower than the female. The head
is longer, scarcety dilated in front and slightly swollen on each
side behind the eye. The mandibles are short and simjjkN
narrow and rather straight, with the inner edge sharply serrate.
The tnentiim is densely clothed with yellow hair. The legs ditier
little from those of the female, but the middle tibia has a tufted
lol)e at tlie extremity of its inner edge and the tarsi are more
slender.
cJ. Length (with mandibles), 23-3(> mm. ; (witliout man-
dibles) 21-32 mm. : breadth, 10-16 nun.
?. Length, 29-35 mm. ; breadth, 14-17 mm.
Burma : Cheba, Karen Hills, 2700 to 3300 ft. (L. Fea, Dec,
Jan.). Si AM. Tonkin.
Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection ; co-type hi tlu>
British Museum.
This species is a little smaller than C. marginafu.s Wat., the
elytra are rather shorter and the black sutural area is more
narrowed behind, its outer edge forming a rather strong and
regular curve.
lOS. Calcodes marginatus. (Plate XX, fig. 12.)
Neolucanus viarginotus Wat.,* Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1873, p. 53 ;
Lenthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 42(5, pi. 85, fig. 1 (not
fig. 3) ; Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 247.
Neoliicamis dohertyi Houlb.,* Insecta, iv, 1914, p. 281.
Black, not very sliining, with the elytra l)right yellow, except
a narrt)w black outei- margin and a connnon triangular sutural
patch extending from shoulder to shoulder at the base and
jiarrowing gradually, but not quite evenly, to the (extremity.
Oalcodes. 1JJ7
Elongate-oval and not very convex, 'llio head and pro-
nntuiu opaque, the elytra dull at the sides and slightly shining
ui)on the black sutural triangle. 'J'he front angles of the thorax
l)ointed, the sides gently cnn-ved to the blunt lateral angles and
then concave to the rather sharj) basal angles. The o\iter
margins of the elytra distinctly flattened and well roundetl
and the shoulders blunt. The |)r()sternuni very blunt behind
the front coxai.
$. The head is short and broad, c(uu>ely and rugoscly
])unctui-ed in front. Tlie nuuidible is strongly romided extern-
ally and bluntly toothed on the inner edge. The mentuitt, is
rugoscly punctuicd and bare. The terminal fork of the front
tibia is long and the tarsi are shorter than the tibiae.
(J. The body is a little narrower than that of tlie female.
The head is a little longer, not broad in front and slightly
swollen behind the eyes. The mandible is a little longer and
narrower, less curved externally and finely and sharply toothed
at the inner edge. The nienttoii is densely clothed with yellow
hair. The legs are little longer than those of the female, but
the front tibia is a little narrower and the middle tibia bears a
tufted lobe at its extremity hiternally. All the tarsi are a little
longer than the tibia\
i^. Length (with manilibles), '.i'y-.il mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 29-33 mm. : breadth, 14-5-lt)-5 mm.
$. Length, 'i4i-4\ mm. ; breadth, ll-lQ-o mm.
AssABi : Naga Hills (If. Doherty) ; Manij)ur (IT. Dohcrtii).
Burma: Ruby Mines {W . Doherty); 8ima [li. J. Lionurd,
Aug.) ; Kambaiti, 7000 ft. {R. Malaise, June).
7'//;>r hi the British Museum ; that of dohertyi in M. Ober-
thiir's colle(;tirt'ii(^tum bearing only minute and indistinct
l)unctures, its front angles bhnitly produced, the lateral
margins gently rounded to beyond the middle, where there is an
extremely blinit angulation, and feebly concave to the hind
angle, which is distinct but obtuse. The elytra scarcely visibly
punctured, the shoulders blunt and the sides with distinct
flattened and reflexed margins. The legs rather short and
stout, and the mandibles very short in both sexes.
$. Rather more broadly oval than the male. The Juad is
coarsely rugose, except behind the eyes, the canthus rounded
and a little prominent laterally. The mandibles are a little
shorter, broader and more rounded externally than those of the
male. The j^^'onotum is opaque, its front angles are blunt, the
sides well rounded to the lateral angle, which is very obtuse.
The mentuni is coarsely-pitted and bare. The front tibia is
short and broad.
(J. Elongate-oval. The head is smooth and opaque, its sides
nearly parallel in front of the eyes and rounded behind them.
The anterior part is hollowed beliind the mandibles. The
numdibles are narrower, but scarcely longer than those of
the female, less rounded externally and serrate at the
inner edge. The lateral angle of the pronotum is a little sharper
than in the female and the elytra are a little longer. The
mentum is densely clothed with erect yellow hair. The tarsi are
nearly as long as the tibiae and have conspicuous pads of yellow
hair beneath.
^. Length (with mandibles), 28-80 nun. ; (without man-
dibles) 26-27 mm. : breadth, 11-12-5 mm.
$. Length,'2'^-'liS www. ; ^/carf///, 10-5-1 1-5 mm.
Nepal (Maj.-Gen. Hardivicke). Sikkim : Gantok 4000 to
5000 ft. [li. W. 0. Hingston, July). Bengal : Kurseong
[R. P. Lebas). Assam : Cherrapungi, IShillong {H. M. Parish,
Aug.); Manipvu- {W. Doherty). Burma: Ruby Mines {W .
Doherty).
Type in the British Museum ; those of Jlavipennis Boil, and
nu'las Did. in Dr. Didier's collection ; that of parvus Nagel
destroyed, co-types in the Oberthiir collection.
In this species the two sexes differ little and there is no
important variation in the males.
In certain Buiiuese specimens the antennse have a 4-jointed
club, the 7th joint being spongy and of similar form to the last
three. M. Boileau, who possesses one such specimen, kmdlj'
submitted to nu- by Dr. J^idier, regarded
and bare. The ahdouitn is shining and strongly ])unct\nid
at the sides and ajjcx. The legs are short and the front tibia
very broad.
200 LUCANID^.
(^. The body i« longer anau.s. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1885, j). 4;50,
pi. 8(j, fig.s. 1-7.
Calcodes sim Arrow, Traus. H. l']nt. Soc. Load., 8(5. 1937, p. 241,
pi. 1, fig. 2.
Black and shining, with the head and the sides of the
j)ronotum opaijiie, the elytra very glossy, with very narrow
opacjue and flattened margins. The body not very broad,
and the prolhoi-ax with very strongly and shai-])ly ])roduced
lateral angles. The ])rosternuni lather feebly ])()inte(l behind.
$. The head is I'ligosely ])unctui'c(l and opaque, with bluntly
triangulai- lateral lobes. The pronotum is very smooth antl
shining, with very minute s])arse punctures, the sides densely
granular and o])aque. The scufelhim is finely ])unctured. The
mention is coarsely rugose.
(^. The head is finely and densely granular and ojtaque, with
the front ])art a little hollowed and its u])per margin gently
excised, i\\v side lounded iji front of the eye angs shmmg, the soles of the tarsi and the inner face of the
middle and hind tibiae of the male densely clothed with short,
bright yellow hairs. Rather short and broad, with the legs
fairly long. The head, sides of the pronotum and elytra
entirely opaque, the middle of the pronotum, the scutellum and
the sutural margins of the elytra a little less so. The front
angles of the pronotum blunt, the sides very gently curved
to the lateral angles, which are strong but not acute and
almost level with the base, then rather strongly concave to the
hind angles, which are acute. The sides of the elytra rather
strongly rounded and a little flattened. The prosternum
strongly compressed behind, a little produced and pointed.
$. The head is short, rugose in front, with the margin not
excised, the canthus angularly-produced and the side without
process behind the eye. There are fine punctures upon the
middle part of the pronotum and the inner posterior part of the
elytra. The abdomen is rather strongly punctured beneath.
The lateral teeth of the front tibia are minute and the tip is
rather feebly forked.
^. The front of the head is excised, the canthus rounded or
very slightly prominent laterally and there is a strong pointed
process behind the eye on each side. The lateral angle of the
pronottim, is rather sharper than in the female. The lower
surface is almost unpunctured. The prosternal process has an
oblique direction. The front tibia is shortly but sharply
forked at the end. All the tibial spurs are very short and that
of tlie front tibia and the lower ones of the middle and hind
tibiae are hooked. The tarsi are long.
Variation of the male. The j^ostocular processes of the head
are sharp in small specimens and become broader and blunter
with increasing size. The mandibles in small examples are
very short, with their inner edges in close contact and irregu-
larly toothed. In medium-sized examples they are rounded
externally and a gap occurs between the two or three basal
teeth and those succeeding, which remain in contact. With
increase of size the gap becomes longer and the terminal teeth
become fewer. In the largest specimens the mandibles are
slender and capable of (contact only at the base and extremity,
the latter usually composed of four minute teeth.
J. Length (with mandibles) 26-42 mm. ; (without man-
dibles 24-1} 1 nun. : breadth, 12-15 mm.
$. Length, 24 nun. ; breadth. 12 mm.
Burma : Cheba, Kaivn Tlills, 270()-3:}0() ft. {L. Fea, Dec).
Tonkin. China : Shaiigluu : Hongkong.
Type in the Hoi)e Department, Oxford University Museum,
that oi emarginalus Saund. in the British Museum.
CALCODES. 203
11:J. Calcodes latus. (Plate XXI. tig. 3.)
Neoiucanus IuIuh Boil.,* Le Nuturalistc, xxiv, HH)2, \). i'04.
.V. brevis Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fmuce, 1899, p. 197.
N. upricatis Moll.,* Int. Ent. Zeitsehr. v, 1912, p. :i(l2.
Entirely blaek, the upi)ei' surface opaque except sonietinies
the middle of the pronotum, the scute llum and i)art of the
elytra.
Rather short, parallel- sided, not very convex. The pronotum
siiort and broad, with the side gently rounded to far beyond tlie
middle, where it is very obtusely angulate, and from there
gently concave to the obtuse hind angle. The elytra very
broad at the base, the lateral margins distinctly flattened and
very gently curved. The prosternal process very short but
sharjily pointed.
$. The upper surface is entirely opaque . The head is rugosely
punctured in front and at the sides and the eanthus is roundetl.
The mandibles are strongly rounded externalh^ and very
bluntly toothed internally. The mentuni is bare, very coarsely
and closely pitted. The tarsi are leather shorter than the tibiae.
(^. The head is larger than that of the female and finely
coriaceous, a little depressed in the middle and emarginate in
front, the eanthus bluntly angular and not very prominent,
the sides a little swollen behind the eyes. The mandibles are
short, with the outer edge feebly curved and the inner edge
serrate. The mentum is densely clothed with short yellow
hairs. The middle and hind tarsi are as long as the tibiae, the
front and middle tibiae have each a hooked spur and the middle
tibia has a prominent tufted lobe at the end of its inner edge.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 29-38 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 26-34 mm. : breadth, 13-5-17 mm.
$. Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, 30 mm.
Assam : Kohima, Xaga Hills. Burma : Cheba, Karen
Hills, 1800-3500 ft. (L. Fea, Xov.) ; Thandaung, 5000 ft.
{O. C. Ollenbach, July) ; Rangoon.
TyjJe in the Genoa Museum, co-type in Dr. Didier's collection,
type ofapricans Moll, in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection.
1 1 4. Calcodes brevis. (Plate XXI, fig. 9.)
2\'toliauiiti.s brevi/i Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 197 ; Le
Naturaliste,xxiv, 1902, p. 204.
A', birmancnsis Moll., Notes Leyd. Mus. xxii, 1900, p. 40 ; Zang,
Deuts. Ent. Zeitsehr. 1905, p. 212.
Entirely black, opaque above, except at the middle of the
pronotum, the scutelhmi, and adjoinmg part of the el^*tra.
Rather short-bodied, witli the head large, anil the pronotum
not very closely a])plied to the elytra, which an- nanoA\ at tlie
base. The head broad and opaque, the eanthus rounded but
very prominent laterally, and the sides of the head a little
204 lucanIdJJ.
swollen behind the eyes. The mandibles very short and
broad. The in'onotimi with strongly raised lateral and basal
margins, the sides gently rounded to bej^ond the middle, very
bluntly angular there, and then feebly eoncave to the very
obtuse hind angles. The elytra relatively small, a little
narrowed at the shoulders, which are rounded, and the sides
distinctly flattened and rather strongly rounded. The pro-
sternum feebly jiroduced and acute.
$. The head is flat and rugosely punctured, with the canthus
laterally promijient and narrow. The mandibles are very
short, broader than they are long, coarsely punctured and not
reflexed at the tip. The nwntum is coarsely punctured and
bears only a few hairs. The legs are a little shorter than those
of the male, and the tarsi are distinctly shorter than the tibiae.
cJ. Very similar to the female, but the head is smooth,
opaque and a little larger and less transverse, with the canthus
broader and more rounded. The mandibles are very short
but more strongly serrate at the inner edge, and reflexed at the
tip. The menturn is entirely covered with short erect reddish
hairs. The front tibia is a little longer than that of the female,
its terminal spur is hooked, and the middle tibia has also a
liooked terminal spur, as well as a small tuft of yellow hairs
at the end of its inner edge.
Variation of the male. I have seen only two males, in both
of which the mandibles are shorter than the head. In the
smaller specimen (in the British Museum) the inner edges of
tlie mandibles are in contact throughout. In the larger
exain2)le (from the Genoa Museum) they are separated except
at the tips.
^. Length (with mandibles), 30 mm. ; (without mandibles)
26 mm. : breadth, 13 mm.
$. Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm.
Burma : Cauri, Kachin Hills (L. Fea) ; Thandaung, 5000 ft.
(0. C. 0//ew/>ac/i,July).
Tyjie in the Genoa Museum, co-type in the British Museum.
1 1."). Calcodes baladeva. (Plate XXI, figs. 1-3.)
Odontolubi.s bdludeva H()j)e,* Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 1843, p. 105.
Liiauiiin angnlatii-s Hope AWestw.,* Cat. Lnc. Col. 184"). p. 17.
Neolucunn.s .saundersi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18(54, |). -ts Hovilh., Insocta, ii. 1912, p. 193, figs. 1-11.
Ncoliianui.-ihdliiderd Did.. Col. Luc. du (ilohc. 1929, p. 83.
Calcodes biilddrra Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. 80, 1937, p. 243.
Neoliianiii.s ollenbuchi Did.,* Col. Luc. dn Globe.
Very dark br()\\ii, with the head and sometimes the whole
upper surface black. The surface above and beneath smooth
CALCODES, 205
and devoid of luiir or sota>, the hoad and tlio sides of the pro-
notum entirely o|)a(|ue and the elytra moderately shinintr,
exce])t at the niar»iins. Th(i j)rosternuin rounded hehiiid and
not ])roduced, hut occasionally there is a small conical process.
The elj-tra not very broad, but have well-marked, flattened
lateral margins. The legs not very slender.
$. Oval and convex, not very broad. The head is closely
punctured in front and very sparsely l)ehind, with the canthus
rather prominent laterally, but not angular. The inaiidiljles
are broad, but have acutely produced tips and about four blunt
teeth. Tlie pronotum is hnely and tlensely giamdar, sometimes
lather shining in the middle and liglitly punctured tliere, the
sides always completely opaque. The front angles ai-e very
blunt, the lateral margins gently rounded to well beyond the
middle, where they are strongly but bluntly angulate, and then
concave to the hind angles, which are well marked ))ut not
shai-j). The elytra are very smooth, with the sides and a[)ices
opaque, the outer edges gently rounded. The mentum is
closely rugose and bare and has on each side a strongly elevated
ol)lique curved ridge. The metasternum and abdomen any
lather closely punctured at the sides.
(J. Elongate and rather i)arallel-sided. The head is densely
granular and opaque, without punctures, emarginate in front,
the canthus rather sharply angular laterally but not very
prominent, the sides of the head very gently rounded behind
the eyes. The mandibles are very short and never reach
a length much greater than that of the head. The pro-
notum is finely and closely granular, entirely opaque at the
sides, very convex in the middle, scarcely shining there. The
front angle is rather blunt, the lateral margin gently rounded
to much beyond the middle, where it is strongly angulate but
not spiniform, and concave to the hind angle, which is rather
sharp. The elytra are rather narrow, with the sides nearly
straight ; the surface is very smooth. The mentum is closely
clothed with short erect reddish-yellow hair. The metasternum
and abdomen are scarcely ])unctured. The legs are very little
more slender than those of the female, but the s])ur of tlie front
tibia and the outer s])urs of the middle and hind ti})i;x> are very
short and hooked.
Variation of the mule. The mandibles of small specimens
are about as long as the head, narrow and rather straight,
curved only towards the tij) and entirely serrate at the imier
edge. In larger s])ecimens the mandibles are rather compressed
laterally and carinate on the upj)er surface, the carina ending
abruptly before the tip. In well-developed examples the end
of the carina is elevated into a sharp erect tooth. A slight
conical elevation occurs at the base of the mandible close to the
front margin of the head and in the rare large phase, called
206 LFCANinjR.
smindersi, which is found together with the ordinary phase,
this is enlarged and bect)nies an ca-ect process witli a truncate
sunnnit, the mandible is very strongly compressed, curved
instead of straiglit, with its iraier edge smooth in the basal part
antl serratt^ t)nly towards the entl. In this phase the front
angles of the head are generally rather more acute than in the
ordinary form, \\\v front margin more nearly straight, the;
lateral angle of the ])i'()notum generally blunter, and the
prosternum more or less produced behind.
These features, however, cannot be relied upon as constant.
S]iecimens have been found together with the common fm-m
both in India and Burma.
1^. Length (with mandibles), 43-60 mm. ; (witliont mandibles)
37-55 mm. : breadth, il-'liS mm.
$. Length, 37-53 mm. ; breadth, 17-20 mm.
Darjeei.ino Distr. : Mang])u (E. T. Atkinson) ; Pedong
{L. Diirel). Assam : Jaintia Hills (C. ^loinhce) ; Naga Hills
(O. C. Ollenbach) \ Ma,ni]mr {W. Doherty). Burma: Cheba,
Karen Hills, 270()-33f)O ft. (L. Fe.a).
Types of baladeva and angulatus i]i tlie Hojie Department,
Oxford University Museum ; tliose of waterhousei and ollen-
bachi in the British Museu]ii ; that of parryi in M. Rene
Oberthiir's collection.
This s])ecies is very conunon in the Darjeeling District during
Jidy and August. It is not, as was long supposed, the Lucanns
lama of Olivier, the original figure of which is a very bad one.
Examination of the tyjie specimen of that insect in the Paris
Museum has showii it to be, as Dr. Didier supposed, a female
of the Philippine Calcodes alces F. The name Neolucanus
maximus was given by Pouillaude to the large male phase
(saundersi) and small males were called angulatus by Hope.
The types of waterhousei Boil, and ollenbachi Did. are small
males of reddish colour, perhaps a little innnature.
1 !(). Calcodes dalmani. (Plate XIX, figs. 3, 6.)
Luciniii.s dahiicnini Hope & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 17.
Odontolnhis dalmani Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 439,
pi. 87, figs. 4-7.
Very deep chocolate-brown, with the mandibles, head,
thorax and legs black or almost black, the male clothed, fjiirly
(4osely upon tlie elytra, with very minute rusty-yellow setae,
tlie female almost bare. Moderately elongate, convex, with
the prothorax bilobed on each side and the elytra rather
shining. The ])roster]ium produceing unuiterrupted
to beyond the middle, where there is a truncate or double-
(rusped oblique branch. The apex is forked and there are one
or two minute denticulations in the fork. The head is rather
CALCODES. 209
broad and a little dilated in front, with its front edge straight
and sharjjly ridged. Specimens of this phase may be slightly
larger or a little smaller than the largest examples of the
inconstant phase and both jihases occur together. The strong
2-cusped branch of the mandible in the constant phase has no
apparent correspondence with the median tooth found in large
specimens of the variable jjhase, which is pointed, has a
downward direction and is placed before instead of after the
middle.
^. Lemjth (with mandibles), 30-67 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 27— 47 mm. : hriadth, 12-21 mm.
$. Length, 2^-^ A:\x\n\ ; breadth, \\-\Q www.
Ceylon : Maskeliya (£". E. Green, March) ; Ohiya, W.
Haputale (May) ; Mousakande (June) ; Bulutota (May) ;
Haldumulla ; Labugama (Aug.).
T\i)e in the Uppsala University Museum.
There seems to be no reason to doubt that C. carinatus is
confined to Ceylon, although owing to careless labelling of
specimens it has long been believed to inhabit the mainland
of India, and even to range as far as Calcutta.
De\Tolle considered that three species could be distinguished
amongst the forms here united and Boileau, whilst rejecting
intermedins Deyr., believed that the very smooth and shining
specimens called by Deyrolle Odontolahis nigritus, formed
a distinct species. Comparison of a very large series, many of
them kindly lent by ^Ir. C. Henry, of the Colombo Museum,
appears to me to show conclusively that no breaks whatever
occur except that between the two male phases.
118. Calcodes aeratus. (Plate XX, figs. 8-11.)
Calcodes xratus Westw. (undescribed), Ann. Sci. Xat. (2) 1, 1834,
p. 118 ; Arrow, Tran.s. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 86, 1937, p 241, pi. 3,
fig. 3.
Lnicanus aeratus Hope,* Trans. Zool. Soc. 1, 188.5, p. 99, pi. 14,
fig. 2.
Odontolabis ieratus Leuthner, Tran.s. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188.5, p. 473,
pi. 97, figs. 4-6.
Coppery, with variable greenish or purplish reflections, the
up])er and lower surfaces dull in the male, more shining in the
female. The body rather short and broad, not very convex,
the legs fairly long.
5. Darker in colour than the male and shining except at the
sides and extremities. The lx)dy is oval, more convex than
that of the male, with much shorter legs. The head is closely
punctured, rugo.se in front, bluntly produced laterally, with
fairly large eyes. The pronotum is rather strongly punctured,
closely at the sides but not in the middle. The front angles
are not ve-ry sharp, the sides are gently rounded to the lateral
210 LUCANID^.
angles, which are very blunt, and a little concave to the basal'
angles, which are weU marked. The elytra are finely and
rather closely punctured and dull, except upon a triangular
basal area the apex of which nearly reaches the middle of
the suture, where they are shining and less punctured. The
mention is very coarsely punctured and not hair}'. The
prosternum is strongly elevated between the coxse, short and
romided behind. The metasternum and abdomen are shining,
strongly punctured at the sides and finely in the middle. The
front tibia is broad, bluntly l^ifurcatecl at the end and scarcely
perceptibly toothed at the side.
(J. The head is finely and densely granular, except at the
sides, where it is coarsely rugose, the sides are rounded in front
and feebly rounded behind the eyes. The pronotum is very
finely and densely granular, with the front angles rather sharp,
the sides diverging, at first strongly, then less strongly, to the
lateral angles, which are very jirominent, and then strongly
concave to the basal angles, which are very sharp. The
scntellvm is rather shining. The elytra are very finely and
fairly closely punctured, the punctures distinct upon the inner
part, finer and less distinct upon the outer part. The outer
margins are rounded and rather broadty flattened. The lower
surface is finely coriaceous, opaque at the sides and shining
in the middle. The menturn is densely clothed with fairly long
yellow hairs. The j)^'osi^^'num is produced behind into a
doAniward pointing process. The tihix are fairly stout, the
front ones rather long and genth' curved, the short termiiial
fork succeeded by two extremely minute lateral spines. The
middle and hind tibiae bear close fringes of yellow seta? at the
imier edge and the long tarsi are clothed beneath with rather
long jtUow hair
Variation of the male. — Variable phase. The head is long and
the mandibles are short, in close contact, gently curved
externally, acutely pointed at the tijD and bearmg a few short
stout teeth at the inner edge. The front margin of the liead
is strongly excised and the clypeal process small and narrow.
In the smallest specimens the mandibles are about half the
length of the head, and in full-sized males about three-quarters
of its length, otherwise there is little difference.
Constant phase. The head is short and broad, and the
mandibles are long, slender, far apart at the base, strongly and
evenly rounded, enclosing a nearly circular space when in
contact at the tips, Avhich consist of two nearly equal short
branches. The imier edge of the mandible is unarmed basally
for less than half of its length and the remaining part is fijiely,
closely and evenly toothed, the first tooth a little larger than
the rest and placed upon a rather higher level. The ch^jeal
process is rather broad and rectangular.
HETEROCHTHES. 211
(^. Length (with mandibles), 14-30 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 13-23 mm : breadth, ^^Alxwrn.
$. Length, 15-18 mm. ; breadth, 7-8 mm.
TeNASSERIM. M.\LAY PENrSSULA.
Type in the Hope Dei)artment, Oxford University Museum.
This rather peculiar and isolated species, which has been
found in considerable num})ers in the Malay Peuhisula. is
especially remarkable for the com})lete contrast between the
two male i)hases, the very \musual form of tlie mandibles in
the constant phase and their feeble development in the incon-
stant phase. The largest examples I have seen belong to the
latter, which is more abundant than the former.
Genus HETEROCHTHES.
Heterochthes Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) ii, 1864, p. 17 ;
Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188.5, p. 479.
Type, Heterochthes brachypterus Westw.
Range. Cambodia, Andaman Is.
Body short and broad, with the legs not long, the tarsi very
short and thin. Eyes completely divided by the canthus and
the upper and lower halves very small ; the head a little
swollen behind tlie eyes in both sexes. Pronotum short, with
the sides vey bluntly angulate and hijtid angles absent. El\-tra
very short, with rounded sides and blunt shoulders. ^liddle
and hind tibiae short, without lateral spines. Prosternum
grooved between the coxae, slightly compressed behind bnt
not very prominent. Clypeal process extremely short.
(J. Head very broad, not emarginate in front, feebly prom-
inent in front of and behind the eyes. Elytra extremely short.
Front tibiae slightly elongate. Antennae rather short .
O. Head bluntly prominent in front of the eye. IMandibles
narrowed beyond the base, l)road and opposable at the end ,
leaving an intermediate gap.
Heterochthes differs markedly from Calcodes by its peculiar
shape, very small eyes, the complete absence of hind angles
to the pronotum, the short thin tarsi, abbreviated elytra of the
male and peculiarly shaped mandibles of the female.
119. Heterochthes andamanensis. (Plate XXI, figs. 10-12.)
Heterochthes andamanensis Westw.,* Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874,
p. 359, pi. 3, fig. 2 : Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885,
p. 480,pl. 84, figs. 9-12.
Black, with the elj-tra very dark brown, the tibiae and tarsi
bearing inconspicuous pale hairs.
5. Tlie head is rather finely punctured and opaque, except
beliind and at tlie sides, wliere it is very coarsely punctured
and shming. It is strongly and almost angularly dilated on
each side in front. The mandibles are fairly long, very coarsely
p2
212 LUCANID^.
and closely punctured, narrowed beyond the base, leaving
a wide gap between them, dilated, serrate and capable of close
contact in the terminal lialf and acute at the tip. The pro-
notum is more shining than that of the male, strongly ])unctured
at the sides and base, and finely in the dorsal part. The elytra
are relatively a little longer than those of the male. The front
tibia is rather broad, with very strong lateral teeth.
1^. The head is very short and broad, finely coriaceous and
opaque, with very large punctures at the sides behind the eyes.
The front margin is almost straight in the middle, the sides
project outwards a little beyond the eye and are feebly angulate
behind the eye. The jironotmn is also finely coriaceous and
opaque, with the sides coarsely pitted and rugose. The front
angles are blunt, the sides nearly straight to far beyond the
middle, where they are very bluntly angulate, and almost
straight to the base. The elytra are conjointly almost as wide
as they are long, very smooth and glossy, with the sides and
a})ices closely punctured, and the lateral marguis well rounded.
The legs are scarcely longer than those of the female, except the
front tibia, which is slightly elongate with sharp lateral teeth.
Variation of the male. In small males the mandibles are
about as long as the head, rather triangular in shape, almost
straight externallj^ the terminal half slightly bent upward
and closely set internally with fine co-adapted teeth, the basal
half bearing on a higher level two larger and ver}' blunt teeth,
not meeting those of the opposite side, the closed mandibles
.showing a wide basal gap. In larger specimens the gap is larger,
a single strong tooth remains beyond the base and the terminal
teeth are reduced in number. At a further stage the mandibles
are gently curved externally and meet only at the tips, the
single tooth is reduced and farther from the base. The,
mandibles become longer and the single tooth, still dimmishing,
removes nearer to the apex than the base, and finally the
mandibles are slender, twice as long as the head, quite devoid
of teeth but a little hooked at the tip. The head increases in
breadth according to the size of the specimen and is very
broad in large examples.
(^. Length (with mandibles), 29-40 mm. ; (without man-
dibles) 25-31 mm. : breadth, 13-16 mm.
$. Length, 31 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm.
Andaman Islands (Capt. Wimherley, Rcepstorff).
Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
Subfamily Figulin^e.
Figulitx Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1862, p. 391.
Usually small, ])arallel- sided and rather narrow-bodied
insects, alike in both sexes. Antenna? composed of 9 or 10
NIGIDIUS. 213
joints, the club composed of 3 very short, scarcely movable
joints, usually very hard and chitinous. Legs not very long,
the tarsi without ])ulvillus. Scutelhun small, narrow and
acute-angled, somc'times wanting. Cantluis strongly developed,
completely dividing the eyes into u})per and lower halves.
Mandibles not very long, sometimes short and sim|)le. Maxilla
with the inner lobe terminating in both sexes in a strong
chitinous hook. Ligula forming two slender divergent lobes ;
labial palpi with a long basal joint.
This group is especially noteworthy for the fact that the
two sexes are alike. Although in the genus Nigidnis the
mandibles bear antler-like processes above, these are not, as
is usual, ])ecidiar to tlie male.
The short rigid joints of the antennal club peculiarly hard
and smooth.
Key to the Genera of FiGmjiN.a:.
1 (6) Botly not extremely flat ; mid-
dle and hind tibiae bearing
lateral spine.s.
2 (3) Sc'UtclIum distinct, triangular;
mandible with appendage
above NiGiDius Macl.. p. 213.
3 (2) Scutellum invisible or reduced
to anarrowvestige : mandi-
ble without appendage.
4 (5) Front femur not very short
and broad Figulus Macl., p. 2U».
5 (4) JVont femur \'ery short and
broad Cakdanus Westw., p. 226.
6 ( 1 ) Body extremely flat ; middle
and hind tibia^ without lat-
eral spines Platyfigulus Arrow, p. 227.
Genus NIGIDIUS.
Nigidius Macl, Horse Ent. i, 1819, p. 108.
Type, Nigidius cornutus Macl. (Malay Pedinsula).
Range. Africa, Madagascar and the Oriental Eeg.'on.
Body ratlier clylindrical and parallel-sided, almost naked.
Legs not very long, the front tibia with a short terminal fork
and short, more or less equidistant, lateral teeth, the middle and
hind tibise each with several lateral spines. Tarsi without
distinct pulvillus. Antennae short, composed of 10 joints,
a moderately long scape, a freely articulated 2nd joint, a very
closely articulated 5-jointed funide and a club of 3 very short
joints, completely chitinised, smooth and shining externally,
the sensory area confined to the terminal portion of each.
Head broad, the edges completely divided into u])per and lower
halves by the very prominent canthus. Mandibles short, each
usually bearing an erect process arising near the base and
214 LUCAI^ID^.
curving inwards at the end. Imier lobe of the maxilla with
a strong chitinous hook at the end in both sexes ; the outer
lobe broad, rounded, bearing a long close marginal fringe of
stiff hairs ; maxillary palpus fairly long, the terminal joint
about as long as the preceding two together. Mentum
transverse, bilobed ; ligula divided into two strongly diverging
slender lobes, with long fringes at the anterior edge ; labial
paljDUS with 1st and 3rd joints long, the 1st very slender, the
2nd short. Pronotum more or less rectangular and parallel-
sided, Avithout lateral angulation, finely margined at the sides
and base. Scutellum distinct, narrow, acute at the apex.
Elj-tra parallel- sided, convex, striate or broadly sulcate with
narrow intervals Prosternum little elevated behind the front
coxse.
The two sexes are alike in this genus.
With very few exceptions all the species are recognizable
by the remarkable appendage arising near the base of each
mandible.
Key to the Species of Nigidius (male and female).
1 (10) Pronotum with a broad, strongly
punctured front margin.
2 (9) Body rather long and narrow.
3 (6) Sides of the head straight or
concave.
4 (5) Lateral angles of the head sharp distinctus Farry, p. 214.
5 (4) Lateralanglesof the head blunt birmanicus Boil., p. 2\ 5.
6 (3) Sides of the head rounded.
7 (8) Base of the mandibles with a
posterior lobe himalayx Grvl., p. 216.
8 (7) Base of the mandibles without
posterior lobe elongaius Boil., p. 217.
1) (2) Body very short and broad ... dauiix Grxl., p. 217.
10 (1) Pronotum with a narrow, shining
front margin impressicoUis Boil., p. 218.
120. Nigidius distinctus. (Plate XXII, fig. 11.)
Nigidius distinctus Parry,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 341,
pi. 5, fig. 7.
Nigidivs andamanus Kriesche, Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxvi, A, pt. 8, 1921
(1920), p. 105.
Black and shining above and beneath, the body convex,
cylindrical and moderately elongate. The head is broad,
uneven, coarsely, closely and unequal^ punctured, with a wide
smooth area between the eyes, the region behind the eyes
rather finely and evenly punctured. The lateral margin of the
head is concave and produced in front and behind into a rather
blunt angle. The mandi])ular process is simple, rather narrow,
strongly curved and not lobed at the base. The prowtum is
tr.odt^rately broad and has a rather well-defijied, broad,
NIGIDIUS. 215
coarsely punctured front margin, divided in the middle by
a sharp longitudinal ridge. The lateral margins are straight
and paralk'l to well beyond the middle, and then converge
almost rectilinearly to the hind angles, which are very blunt ;
the base is gently trisinuate ; the front angles are broadly
rounded. There is a strong longitudinal median groove
reaching tlie median carma in front and containing numerous
strong punctures. The sides are strongly, closely and very
bnmdly punctured, and the narrow space between the median
groove and the strongly punctured sides is finely but distinctly
punctured. The elytra bear strongly elevated narrow costae
and each interval contains a regular row of larg^' round shallow
pits and a series of fine and less regular punctures on each side.
The apices are densely and coarsely pitted and opaque. The
mentum is coarsely rugose and the submenium coarsely pitted.
The prosternum is closely rugose, the metasternum very coarsely
and closely pitted at the sides and spar.sely punctured in the
middle. The abdomen is rather strongly punctured, more
closely in the middle than at the sides.
Length (with mandibles), 12-15 mm. ; breadth, 5-(> mm.
Assam : Tura, Garo Hills, 1200-150(1 ft. {Dr. Stanley Kemp,
June, July) ; Duars {Dr. C. F. C. Beeson). Andaman Islands
{Roepstorff). Malay Peninsula. Tonkin.
Tijpe in the British Museum.
Dr. Beeson found this species in dead ]\Ialatta Wood {Maca-
ranga pustnlata).
121, Nigidius birmanicus. (Plate XXII, fig. 10.)
Nigidius bir)namcus Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 191 1 , p. 446.
Black and shming, the body moderately elongate, convex
and clyindrical. The head is strongly, closely and unevenly
punctured in front, with a small, smooth depression on each
side, and has a finely and closely punctured band beliind the
eyes, with a broad, smooth area in the middle. The canthus
is broad and rectangular in front, with the lateral margins
nearly parallel, the front angle blunt, the hind angle stroi^gly
produced at a right angle with the head, the apex ratiicr blunt.
The mandible bears a simple strongly curved appendage above.
The pronotum has a rather broad, closely punctured anterior
marginal band, divided in the middle by a sharp longitudinal
ridge. There is a deep, irregularly punctured median groove,
extending froni the front marginal band almost to the base, and
the sides between the groove and the lateral margins are
punctured, strongl}^ and closely except near the groove, where
the punctures are very fine. The front angles are produced
and broadly rounded, the sides straight and parallel to beyond
216 LLTCANID^.
the middle and gently concave from there to the base. The
elytra bear strongly elevated narrow shining costae and each
interval contains a row of very large, round, shallow pits, on
each side of which is a row of fine punctures. The apices are
closely and rugosely punctured. The mentiim is transversely
rugulose, the submentum coarsely rugose, the metasternum
finely punctured in the middle, coarsely rugose at the sides, and
the abdomen rather finely punctured.
Length, 17 mm. ; breadth, 6 mm.
Burma : Rangoon.
Type in the British Museum.
122. Nigidius himalayae. (Plate XXII, fig. 9.)
Nigidiiis hitiiukii/ii Gravelj^* Rec. Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 429, pi.
29, fig. 6.
Black and shining above and beneath, the body elongate,
convex and cylindrical. The head is broad, uneven, coarsely
and closely but unecjually punctured, with a smooth transverse
posterior strip behind the eyes. The canthus is produced
obliquely backward as a pointed beak-like process with its outer
margin rounded. The mandibles bear blunt erect processes
above, curving towards each other at the apex and bluntly
lobed near the base. The 'pronotum is broad, with a broad
well-defined coarsely punctured front marginal band, divided
in the middle by a sharp longitudinal ridge. The lateral
margin is gently dilated and broadly hollowed in the anterior
half ; the front angles are rounded ; the base narrowed and
gently rounded. There is a narrow and rather shallow median
groove, not reaching the front or hind margin and very finely
and scantily punctured. The sides are very broadly, strongly
and fairly closely punctured, and the space between the punc-
tured sides and the median depression is sparsely and minutely
punctured. The elytra bear strongly elevated narrow costse
and each interval contains a row of very large closely contiguous
shallow rounded pits, with finer and less regular punctures
on each side. The apices are flat, densely pitted and opaque.
The mentum and submentum are coarsely rugose. The
prosternum is rugose in front, the metasternnm is very closely
and coarsely pitted at the sides and very finely and sparsely
punctured in the middle, and the abdomen is strongly punctured.
Length (with mandibles), 15-10 mm. ; breadth, 5-5-7 nmi.
East Himalayas : Pashok, Darjeeling District, 1000 ft.
[L. C. Hartless). Bengal : Samsingh, Kalimpong, 1800 ft.
(Balurmt Singh, Nov.). Burma : Upper Chindwin (C. E.
Bobbins, Nov.).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
NIGIDUS. 217
123. Nigidius elongatus. (Plate XXII fig. 8.)
Xigicliiis clonijattis Boil., Le Xaturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 205.
Black and shining above and beneath, with the b(jdy rather
narrowly elongate, convex and cylindrical. The hedd is very
brc^ad, with the whole middle part senii-circularly hollowed
and coarsely, unequally j)unctured, with an almost smooth
anterior median ])atch and a slight rounded elevation on each
side behind the front margin. The canthus is strongly and
evenly rounded, broadest behind, where it is truncated at
a right angle. The mandibular })roeesses are rather slender,
strongly curved inwards, not lobed at the base, but bearing
a very small lobe at the inner edge just before the tip. The
j)ronotH7)i is extremely smooth but has a well-defined, coarsely
but sparsely pinictured, dull, broad front marginal band,
divided in the middle by a longitudinal ridge. The lateral
margins are strongly and abruptly dilated, straight and parallel
in the anterior half, first strongly rounded and then feebly
concave in the posterior half ; the hind angles are extremely
blunt and the base is feebly rounded. There is only a faint
vestige of a median depression containing a few mmute
punctures. The sides are broadly punctured, very strongly
and closely except in the inner part, when the puncturation
becomes fine and scanty. At the outer margins it is rugose.
The elytra bear three very strong closely punctured dorsal
grooves with convex shinmg intervals. These are succeeded
laterally by broad grooves, containing very large shallow
contiguous pits, and separated by very narrow ridges. The
outer margins and a})ices are densely pmictured and opaque.
The mentum and submentum are very coarsely and densely
pitted or honeycombed. The metasternum is rugosely punc-
tured at the sides, but has only a few very fine punctures in the
middle. The abdomen is shining, with large punctures near
the front and hind margins of each sternite, except in the middle,
where they are fairly closely pmictured.
Length, 18 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
Bi'RMA : Ruby INIines ( W. Doherty) ; Cheba, Karen Hills^
2700-3300 ft. (L.>m, Dec.) ; Rangoon {F. J. Meggitt).
Type in the Genoa IMuseum.
124. Nigidius dawnae. (Plate XXII, fig. 7.)
Xigidiiis dawnie Gravely,* Rec. Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 427, pi. 29,
fig. 7.
Black, ver}'' shining above, opaque beneath, convex,
cylindrical, very short and broad. The tarsi are very short.
The hmd is broad and uneven, coarsel}' and iniequally
punctured, with a very small smooth anterior space on each
218 LUCANID^.
side. The canthus is abruptly produced outward in the
anterior part of the head, forming a strong horizontal lobe,
rounded in front and bluntly angular behind. The mandibles
bear strong erect processes, curving towards each other at the
apex and strongly lobed behind at the base. The pronotum is
short and lias a closely punctured front marginal band in its
median part and a strongly pvmctured narrow median gi'oove.
The sides are very broadly, strongly and closely punctured, and
the space between the punctured area and the median groove
is very minutely and sparsely punctured. The sides and base
are strongly margined, the anterior part of the lateral margin
for rather less than half the length rather abruptly dilated and
thickened, the posterior part nearly straight, the front angles
very obtuse, the hind angles broadly rounded and the base
gently curved. The elytra are very short and bear strongly
elevated narrow shining costse, with the intervals closely
punctured, each containing a chain of rather large contiguous
pits and a series of smaller and less regular punctures on each
side. The apices are coarsely and closely pitted and opaque.
The lower siu'face of the body is densely punctured or rugose,
except parts of the head, the mentum very coarsely rugosely
punctured, the metasternum coarsely rugose at the sides and
strongly punctured in the middle, the abdomen rugosely
punctured, except the last sternite, wliich is more finely
punctured.
Lfngth (with mandibles), 15 mm. ; Imadih, 6 mm.
Burma : ]\Iisty Hollow, west side of Dawna Hills, 2200 ft.
{F. H. Gravely, Nov.).
Tyj)e in the Indian Museum ; co-type in the British Museum.
Dr. Gravely found adults and larvae in one piece of hard dry
wood on the higher slopes of the Dawna Hills.
125. Nigidius impressicoUis.
Nigidius im2yressicoUis Boil., LeNaturalisto, xxvii, 1905, p. GO.
Black and shining above and beneath, the body ejdindrical
and convex, not very elongate. The head is very broad,
depressed in the middle, strongly and evenly punctured, very
smooth and shining in front. The cantlius is strongly and
evenly rounded, broadest behind, where it forms a rounded
lobe. The mandibular process is very strongly curved inwards
and broadly lobed at the base behind. The j)ronotiim is broad
and smTounded by a marginal groove, deejjcst on each side of
the trisinuate front margui. There is a median tubercle a little
behind the front margin and a deep short oval depression,
containing scattered punctures, behind it, not reaching the
tubercle or the base. There is also a small deep roundish
FIGULUS. 219
depression on each side of the median one in the anterior half,
usually another less sharply defined, strongly punctured
depression between the last and the lateral niargui, and
a punctured area, more or less depressed, lying behind the two
last-mentioned areas. There are a few other scattered
punctures in the lateral part and strong punctures in the
marginal groove. This is dilated at the front angles, which are
well defined, and the lateral margin is very strongly rounded
about the middle and feebly concave to the hind angles, which
are very ill-defined. The base is feebly roundel. The elytra
bear strong narrow shining costae and each interval contains
a row of large, closely contiguous, round sliallow pits and
numerous fine and less regular punctures on each side. The
apices are densely punctured. The mentum and suhmentum are
coarsely and closely punctured. The metasternum is smooth
in the middle and very coarsely punctured at the sides and the
abdomen very strongly, more coarsely and less closely at
the sides.
Length, 14-17-5 mm. ; breadth, 5-0-6-5 mm.
Assam : Maflong, Khasi Hills, 5900 ft. {Dr. Stanley Kemp,
Sept.).
Type in the Paris ]\Iuseum.
Dr. Kemp' found the larvie and adults of this species together
in thoroughly damp and rotten wood.
Genus FIGULUS.
Figulus Macl., Horje Ent. i, 1819, p. 109 ; Lacord. Gen. Col. iii,
1856, p. 35.
Type, Figulus confusus Westw.
Range. Africa, Madagascar, the Oriental Region, Polynesia
and Australia.
Body elongate, parallel-sided and generally a little depressed.
Legs not long, the front femur not very broad, the front tibia
with several nearly ecjuidistant lateral teeth and short terminal
fork, the middle and hind tibiae each with two or more lateral
spines, the tarsi without pulvillus. Antennae very short,
composed of 9 or 10 joints, a moderately long scape, a freely
articulated 2nd joint, a nearly rigid funicle of 4 or 5 very short
and clo.sely articulated joints, and a club of 3 very short,
strongly chitinised lamella^, smooth and shining externally, the
sensory surface being confined to the terminal portion of each.
The head broad, the eyes completely divided into upper and
lower halves by the fusion of the canthus with the posterior
region of the head. Mandibles simple, not large, bluntly
toothed at the inner edge. Inner lobe of the maxilla ending
in a strong chitinous hook in both sexes, the outer lobe broad,
rounded, bearing a long close marginal fringe of stiff hairs, the
220 LUfANII)^.
maxillary palpus fairly long, the terminal joint about as long
as the preceding two together. Mentum transverse, emarginate
in front ; ligula divided into two strongly diverging slender
branches, with long fringes at the anteri(jr edge ; the labial
palpi with the basal joint very long and slender, the 2nd short,
the .'}rd long. Pnmotum more or less rectangular and parallel-
si and not pointed behind.
The two sexes do not differ externally, the only exception
known to me being Fujidus caviceps, the male of which has
a very remarkal)le backward extension of the mentum.
A small but imj)ortant distinctive feature of the genus is
the reduction of the scutellum, which is either absent or
represented only by a very narrow vestige. Various other
distinctive features render the genus quite unmistakal)le, viz.,
the elongate shape, the strongly deveio})ed canthus com[)letely
dividing the eye and the very peculiarly formed club of the
very short and compact antenna. The three-terminal joints
have not the usual dull downy inner and outer faces, but are
hard and shining, with the sensory surface confined to the
hollowed terminal ])art alone of the very short joints.
Key to the Species of FiynUtN (male and female).
Body shining above, with the
elytra .striate.
Elytral interviils broad and flat
dorsally.
Outer margins of the proriotum
not, or only \n-y n\inut(4y.
|)iitict iircd
lleail closely punctured .... caiiibodiensiti Deyr., p. 221.
Head not closely punctured.
Abdomen well jninctured ;
mentum rugose internij:)tiis Wat., p. 221.
-Ahdonien smooth ; mentimi
smooth at the base horni Zang, j). 222.
Outer margins of the prono-
tum strongly pimctured.
Pronotmn with an anterior
nunlian tubercle ; head
without tubercle andininniii.s Kriesclie, p. 223.
Head with a median tubercle ;
pronotum without tu})orcl(^ airiccps Boil., p. 223.
Dorsal intervals of the elytra
con\ex aratus .Arrow, p. 224.
Body not shining above ; ely-
tra with narrow costae.
Not entirt>ly opaque above. . . linearifi Did., p. 225.
Entirely (jpaque above cicatn'cosufi Boil., p. 22.'>.
1
(12)
2
(11)
3
(8)
4
5
6
(5)
(4)
(7)
7
(<})
8
(■•{)
9
(10)
10
('>')
11
(2)
12
(1)
13
14
(14)
(13)
FIGULUS. 221
120. Figulus cambodiensis.
Figulits cauxbodiensisDsyT., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1874, p. 414
Black, smooth and .shining, rather narrowly elongate. The
antennae consist of nine joints. The head is broad, hollowed
above, with fairly numerous large annular punctures but
without distinct tubercles, the canthus very prominent, very
obtusely angular in front, almost straight at tlie sides and
rather obtusely angular behind, tlie ocular ridges sharply
elevated. The pronotum is little wider than it is long, all the
angles are rounded, there is a sharp tubercle beliind the middle
of the front margin, and a deep narrow longitudinal median
groove extending from tlie tubercle almost to the hind margin
and containing large punctures, and a deep triangular de])ression
at the front margin a short distance from each front angle.
The sides are strongly and rather closely punctured, but the
punctures of the outer portion are minute. The elytra are
deeply striate dorsally, the intervals are smooth and rather
flat, the stria? closely and incons])icuously punctured ; the
sides bear rows of strong ])unctiu-es and the ajjices are finely
punctured and shining. The mentuni is smooth, shining and
convex at tlie base, hollowed and rugose in its anterior part.
The metasternum and abdomen are very smooth in the middle
and the sides, as well as the last stemite, are very strongly
punctured.
Length, 9-10 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm.
Burma. Cambodia.
Type in M. Oberthiir's collection.
I have seen only two specimens, without precise locality.
127 Figulus interruptus.
Figulus interruptus Wat.,* Ent. Month. Mag. xi, 1874, p. 7.
Black, very smooth and shining, narrow and a little dejires.sed.
The antennae are comjiosed of 10 joints. The head is sliining
and bears strong and rather scattered })unctures, leaving
a small smooth area in front on each side. There is a rather
stong tubercle on each side close to the front margin of the eye
and a less widely separated posterior j)air in line A\ith the
hiiider margin of the eye. The canthus is only moderately
prominent, gently rounded laterall}^, scarcely angulate in front
and very obtusely behind. The pronotutn is a little broader
than it is long, with the sides straight in front ajid broadly
rounded behind, the hind angles entirely obliterated. There
is a well-marked median tubercle just behind the front margin
and a narrowly oval median de])ression, rather finely punctured,
not quite reaching the tubercle or the base. There is a broad
lateral band of moderately fine and close punctures on each side
222 LUCANIDiE.
and the space between this and the outer edge bears only very
minute and scanty punctures. The elytra are finely striate,
with smooth flat dorsal intervals. The striae are closely
punctured and are replaced at the sides and upon the posterior
part by fine discoimected punctures. The shoulders are acute.
The mentum is broad and very coarsely rugose. The meta-
sternum is smooth in the middle and strongly punctured at the
sides ; and the abdomen is rather sparingly punctured.
Length, 10-5 mm. ; breadth, 3-5 mm.
India.
Type in the British Museum.
Onlj' the unique type specimen is kno\\ii. It has been in the
British Museum for over a century and its origin is uncertain.
128. Figulus horni.
Figulus horni Zang, Deuts. Ent. Zeits. 190.5, p. 161.
Black, very smooth and shining, long and narrow. The
antennae consist of nine joints. The head is strongly but not
closely punctured, hollowed ui the middle, where there are
a few large araiular punctures, and with a small smooth area
on each side towards the front. The canthus is very prominent,
not distinctly angular in front and almost right-angled Ijchind.
The pro7iotum is almost as long as it is wide, its sides are almost
straight and parallel, the front angles very blunt and the hind
angles gently rounded. A deep, rather narrow, coarseh' and
closely i^unctured median groove extends almost to the front
and hind margins, a small prominent tubercle separating it
from the front margin. There is a broad band of large and
rather close punctures on each side, but the outer margins are
smooth and shining, as well as the intervals between the
punctured areas and the median groove. The scutellum is
invisible. The elytra are very deeply striate, tlie dorsal strije
narrow, very finely punctured and separating wide flat smooth
intervals, the outer striae contahiing larger ])unctures and the
intervals more convex. The sides of the el\i;ra bear rows of
disconnected punctvu'cs and the apices are opac^ue and coarsely
pitted. The lateral margins are feebly serrate at the base and
the shoulders are acute. The mentum is transversely elevated,
smooth at the base and closely rugose in front. The meta-
sternum is very smooth, witli large horseshoe- shaped impres-
sions on each side ; the basal sternite of the abdomen bears
similar imjiressions and the remaining sternites are smooth,
each with a basal series of short elevations.
Length, 8-9 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm.
Ceylon : Habarane (E. E. Green, Oct.) ; Colombo, coast
level {G. Lewis, April).
Type in the Entomological Institute, Dahlem, Berlin.
FiouLus. 223
129. Figulus andamanus. (Plate XXII, fig. 2.)
Figulus andatnanus Kriesche, Arch. f. Nat.,lxxxv'i A, pt. 8, 1920
(1921), p. 106.
Black and shining, moderately elongate. The antennae
consist of nine joints. The head is strongh* punctured,
hollowed in the middle, where the punctures are large but not
close, the depression extending to the eye-ridge on each side.
The canthus is rounded, not distinctly angular in front and
obtusely behind. The j^^'onotum is parallel-sided, a little
wider than long and has a narrow, strongly punctured median
groove, extending almost from the front to the liind margin,
but with a minute tubercle se])arating it from the front margm.
There is a strong, vaguely triangular depression at the front
margui on each side. The sides are strongly and rather
closely punctured, but there is a narrow, less strongly punctured
outer margin, and a very smooth shining space between
the strongly punctured area and the median groove. The
front angles form rounded lobes, the sides are nearly straight
and parallel, and the hind angles are broadly rounded. There
is a narrow vestige of a scutellum. The elytra are very strongly
and deeply striate, the dorsal strise containing indistmct
coalescing i)unctures, and the intervals broad, flat and very
shining. The sides bear three or four rows of strong punctures,
and the apices are strongly and closely punctured. The outer
margins are finely serrate at the base and the shoulders are
acute. The mentum is verj* smooth at the base, and hollowed
and rugose on each side of the anterior part.
Length, 10-12 mm. ; breadth, 3-4 mm.
S. Andaman Is. : Chatham (C F. C. Beeson). In rotten
wood.
Type in Herr Kriesche's collection.
130. Figulus caviceps. (Plate XXII, fig. 3.)
Figulus caviceps Boil.,* Le Xaturaliste xxiv, 1902, p. 205.
Black, shining, strongly punctured above, not very slender.
The antennae are composed of 10 jomts. The head is not very
broad, its lateral marguis are evenly rounded, not diverging
behind, the hmd angles very blunt. The posterior part is
elevated in the middle, forming a double hump, ui front of
which there is a depression, shallowly and not very coarsely
or closely punctured, witli a rounded median tubercle behind
tlie front margui, and an oblique elevation on each side in
front of the eye. Between the e^-es and the posterior hump it
is strongly pmictured. T\\^ pronotum is broadly, coarsely and
closely punctured on each side, the punctures extending to
the entire outer edge. A strongly punctured longitudinal
median depression, smooth in the middle, extends almost-
:224 LUCANID.^.
from the front to the hind margin. There is no anterior
tubercle. The surface bordering tlie median depression on
each side is very finely punctured. The front angles are
strongly rounded, the sides almost straight and parallel, and
the hind angles broadly rounded, with a few fine serrations.
There is a very narrow vestige of a scutdlum. The elytra are
strongly striate-j)unctate, but the juxta-sutural stria is
uninterrupted. The punctures of the dorsal stria^ are longi-
tudinal, and those at tlie sides large and round. The dorsal
intervals are flat and smootli. The apices of the elytra are very
coarsely and closely punctured, and o])aque. The nientum is
hollowed and coarsely rugose. The metasternum is smooth in
the middle and bears crescent-shaped impressions at the sides.
The (ihclomen bears very large annular ])unctures at the sides
and the last sternite is very strongly j)unctured.
Q. The snbmentum is i)rodueed backwards, formmg a
lammar appendage tapering to a jjoint and curving do\\nwards
at the end.
Length, 9-5 mm. ; breadth, 3-5 mm.
Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong {L. Dnrd). Centr. Prov. :
k5upkhar, Balaghar (J?. M. Bhatia, June). Burma : Teinzo
{L. Fea, May). Tonkin.
Type in the Genoa Museum.
The single tyjje specimen from Teinzo is a female. The
hook-like extension of the submentum of the male is a remark,
able feature which, so far as I know, has no counterpart in the
Lueanidse.
131. Figulus aratus. (Plate XXII, fig. 1.)
Figulus aratuH Arrow,* Trans. Ent. Soc. J-,oncl. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 119;
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1 1) vol. ii, 1938, pi. 4, fig. 4.
Black and shining, but strongly ])uncture(l above antl
beneath. The head is coarsely and almost rugosely j)unctured
and bears three tubercles placed transversely behind the front
margin. The lateral margins are evenl}^ rounded. The
pronotum is long and strongly ])unctured on each side, but with
the lateral margins smooth and only very minutely j^unctured.
There is a narrow median groove extending almost from front
to hind margin and containing numerous large punctures.
The front angl(\s are blunt and a little j)roduced, and the sides
are nearly straight to beyon,rus, as a distmctive feature, but this also fails, for the
scar is extremely simple in .4. devrollei, which cannot be
excluded from Tcvniocerus, if that name is to be retained.
ACLACOCYCLUS 243
Key to the Species of Aulacocyclus.
Head bearing a slender hooked process :
lateral scar of the pronotuni punctiform andrewesi Gravely, p. 2 43 .
Head bearing a sliort erect process : lateral
scar of the pronotiuu branched bicuspis Kaup, p. 2-43.
139. Aulacocyclus andrewesi.
Aulacoojclus andrewesi GTA\e\\* Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, l'Jl-4, p. I'll,
pi. 11, fig. 10.
Very narrowly elongate, very slightly Hattenecl above and
extremely glossy. The head is hollowed above, very smooth
and shining, and bears a slender median process directed
obliquely backward, hooked and slightly bifurcated at the end.
The labrum is rather strongl}- dilated in front and divided into
two roun(kxl lobes. The front margin of the head is gently
excised, the ocular canthus is blunt, not angular, and the
supraorbital ridge is rounded in front and behind. The
proiotum is almost unpunetured, deeply sulcate along the
middle, broadly margined in front, the margin deeper and
wider on each side, where there are a few fine punctures. The
front angles are rather blunt, the sides almost straight in front,
gently rounded behind. The lateral scars are reduced to a very
small rounded pit on each side. The elytra are very long,
deeply sulcate, with very convex intervals, the sulci containing
feebly impressed punctures, those of the dorsal sulci very
mmute, tlie lateral ones a little larger. The metasternuyn is
smooth, with a few very fine punctures at the sides bearhig
short hairs. The abdomen is very smooth. Tiie three lamellge
composing the club of the anteima are very long.
Length, 23 mm. ; breadth, 8-5 mm.
S. India : Anaimalai Hills, 3500 to 4000 ft. {H. L. Andretves,
June).
Type in the British Museum.
The tjipe is unique. This is a remarkal)le and isolated
species, the nearest allies of which arc found in Australia and
the Papuan Region.
140. Aulacocyclus bicuspis. (Plate XXIII, fig. 7.)
Aulacocijclus bicuspis Kaup, Col. Hefte iii, 1868, p. 5.
Tivtiiocenis bicuspis Gravely, Mem, Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p 210
pi. 11, fig. 9.
Cylindrical, very convex, moderately elongate. The head
is very smooth and shining, but with some large deep ])unctures
on each side behintl. The lal)rum is dilated in front and very
gently excised at the front margin. The front margin of the
head is gently trisinuate, the su})raorbital ridges are almost
parallel, sharj), sharply angular in front, the median process
short, quadrate at the base, broadly longitudinally grooved,
b2
244 PASSALID^.
the anterior angles produced vertically as short points. The
sides of the ocular canthi are straight and 2:)arallel, and the
front angles are fairly sharp but not produced. The pronotum
is a little broader than it is long, completely margined, the
jDunciures confined to the marginal groove and lateral scars,
the front marginal groove very deep. The front angles are
rather blunt, the sides almost straight in front. The elytra are
rather short and broad, the stria? very deep and conspicuously
2:)unctured, the intervals very convex. The meiasternnm is
very smooth, excejit for a narrow, parallel-sided, finely rugose
lateral band, not deeply impressed, and the extreme anterior
angles, which also are finely rugose. The two basal abdominal
sternites are short and finely rugose, the three last stemites
broad and smooth. The lamellae composing the club of the
anteraia are not long. The front tihia bears an oval patch of
long stiff yellow hairs on its upper surface.
Length, 20 to 27 mm. ; breadth, 7-5 to 10 mm.
Bhutan. Daejeelixg Distr.: Mangpu {E. T. Atkinson).
Assam : Mishmi Hills, Delei R., 1700 ft. [Miss M. Steele, Feb.).
Burma : Nam Tamai Valley, 3000 ft. (i?. Kaulhach, July) ;
Mali Hka Valley, Kachm Hills, 1000 to 2500 ft. [F. Kingdon
Ward, Dec). Malacca (according to Kaup).
Type in the Darmstadt Museum.
Burmese specimens are larger than those from other regions,
but do not appear to differ otherwise.
Genus CERACUPES.
Ceracitpes Kaup, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. xv, 1871, suppl., p. 16 ;
Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 192.
Type, Passalus fronticcrnis Westw.
Range. N. India, Burma, Siam.
Body long and narrow, very convex, almost devoid of hair
above and beneath, the legs with very scanty hair, the middle
tibia bearing two or three strong lateral spines. The median
process of the head extends to the front margin and is produced
obliquely forward and ui)ward as a narrow horn, grooved
above and bifurcated or blunt at the end. The front angles
of the pronotum are produced into short rounded lobes, and
the front margin has a deep sulcus on each side, the two sulci
not meeting as in Aulacocydus. There is also a deep median
sulcus. The antennal club is composed of three long lamellae
and the three ])receding joints bear very short supplementary
lol)es. The mandible is without a movable tooth, the tip is
acutely tridentate, and the outer edge is provided ^ith a
narrow rod-like ])rocess directed obliquely forward and upward
in corresi)ondenc(> with the cephalic horn. The outer lobe of
the maxilla is long and sharp, the inner lobe has two prongs.
CERACTJPES, 245
the outer one cleft at the tip. The Hgula is promuient, trilobed
at the end, the middle lobe acutely pointed, the labial palpi not
dilated, the tenninal joint long.
141. Ceracupes fronticornis. (Plate XXIII, figs. 5, 6.)
ra.fmhis fronticornis Westw.,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, viii, 1842,
p. 124."
Ceracupes fronticornis Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 277,
pi. 11, fig. 12.
Cylindical, very smooth and shining. The head is smooth,
the median liorn abru])tly elevated at the vertex, compressed,
produced forward ancl ui)\vard, rugose ami feebly grooved on
the posterior surface, transversely wrinkled on the anterior
face, dilated a little towards the end and forked. Canthus
produced laterally and more or less pointed, and the supra-
orbital ridge produced to a point in front. The erect mandi-
bular process is as long as the frontal horn, triangular in section,
and very bluntly pointed. The pronotum is a little shorter
than its width and very smooth, without punctures except in
the deep marginal grooves and the oblitjue lateral scar. The
elytra are very deeply sulcate, with conspicuous ])unctures in
the grooves and the intervals strongly convex. The meta-
sternum is very smooth, but the anterior angles are evenly
punctured and there is a narrow rugose lateral band.
Lerngth, 22 to 30 mm. ; breadth, 8 to 10 mm.
United Pro vs. : Almora, Bajwar (J. C. M. Gardner, June).
DarjeelinCx Distr. Assam : Lohit Valley, 1000 to 3000 ft.
{F. Kingdon-Wnrd and 7?. J . Kaxdback, Mar.). Burma : Sen
Bin Ti, N.E. Burma {Dr. Murray Stuart, Feb.) ; Sin Lum,
Bhamo, 6000ft. {T. Sdhirk) ; Ruby Mines {W. Doheity).
Siam. Tonkin.
Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum.
Although the following form is usually distinguished easily
by the narrow uncleft frontal horn, eertam specimens from
Assam seem to form a complete transition, and I therefore
regard it as a variety of C. fronticornis.
142. Ceracupes fronticornis, var. austeni.
Ceracupes austeni Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlii, 2, 1873,
p. 151 ; Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 212, pi. 11, fig. 11.
This variety is like the typical form, but the cephalic horn is
narrow, tapering anteriorly and bluntly pointed at the end
instead of being bifurcated. The pronotum, in addition to the
punctures in the marginal grooves and lateral scars, has a few
scattered punctures on each side near the scars, and the
punctures in the elytral grooves are generally a little larger
than those of typical specimens.
Length, 21 to 27 mm. ; breadth, 7-5 to 9 mm.
246 PA^-SALID^.
Assam : Mawphlong, Khasi Hills (Gopi Bam, April) ; Naga
Hills (0. C. Olknback, April) ; Manipur (W. Doherty) ; Mishmi
Hills, 4840 ft. {Miss M. Steele, Dec). Burma : Adung Valley,
6000 ft. {Lord Cranbrook, June) ; Ruby Mnes {W. Doherty) ;
Kambaiti, 7000 ft. {R. Malaise) ; Dikrang, Dafla Hills
{E. T. Atkinson).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Subfamily Passaltx^.
Body generally more or less depressed or flattened, the sides
and the middle and hind tibise sometimes thickly clothed
with coarse hair. Front coxse not very prominent, distinctly
separated by the prosternum. Club of the antenna generally
composed of three long and three short lamellae. Head
Avithout distinct cljqieus, the front margin bearing two or four
marginal processes, often asymmetrical. Mandibles with
movable tooth. Labium broad, the ligula enclosed by the
lateral lobes of the mentum, the labial palpi with the 2nd joint
dilated and the terminal joint usually reduced.
Key to the Genera of Passalin^,
1 (4) Antennal club 3-jointed.
2 (3) Lamellae of the antennal club
long Leptaulax Kaup, p. 246.
3 (2) Lamellae of the antennal club
short Pleurarius Kaup, p. 250.
4 (1) Antennal club composed of six
joints.
.5 (12) Supraorbital ridges of the head
united behind.
6 (9) Inner lobe of the maxilla double.
7 (8) Base of the mentum with lateral
grooves Pelopides Kuw., -p. 252.
8 (7) Base of the mentum without lat-
eral grooves Tiberioides Grvl., p. 253.
9 (6) Inner lobe of the maxilla single.
10 (11) Pronotum without bristles at
sides Epi,sphe)uiti Kaup, p. 255.
11 (10) Pronotum with bristles at sides. . .4 cera«(/A" Kaup, p. 259.
12 (5) Supraorbital ridges of the head
not waited behind Macrolinus Kaup, p. 263.
Genus LEPTAULAX.
Leptaulax Kaup, Col. Hefte iii, 1S6S, p. 11 ; Gravelv, Mem. Ind.
Mus. iii, 1914, p. 302 ; o;j. aY. vii, 1918, p. 112.
Type, Passalxs dentatns F.
Range. The Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions.
Body flattened, almost devoid of hair except upon the legs
and antennae ; the middle and hind tibia? witli only scanty and
inconspicuous fringes. Club of the antenna composed of three
LEPTAULAX. 247
long lamellae only. Head symmetrical, the front margin
bearing four straight, narrow teeth. Pronotum with strong
complete median groove and sharp or rather shaq) front
angles. El\-tra long and wings fully developed. Metasternum
with the ])rimary lateral de])ression very narrow, and a secon-
dary and much broader lateral depresst^l area very shar|)ly
defined on each side of the smooth median area. Mandible
with a shai-jj tooth at the outer etlge. Maxilla with the outer
lobe not very slender and the inner lol)e short and simple.
Mentum rather short, the basal part relatively long with very
deep lateral scars ; the ligula short and bluntly pointed at the
extremity ; the labial palpi with the terminal joint well
developed and the i)receding joint not much dilated.
The species of this genus, all of Avhich are rather flat, are
found, together with their larvse and i)up;o, just beneath the
bark of decaying logs. They seem to ])cnctrate less deeply
than other Passalid^ into the substance of the wood.
Key to the Species.
1 (4) Sides of the elytra with sealari-
form piinctiiratioii.
2 (3) Metasternum without irregular
puncturation on the median
area dentatun F., j). 247.
3 (-) Metasterniim irregularly punc-
tiu-ed on tlie median area . . . cydotunius Kuw., p. 248.
4 ( 1 ) Lateral grooves of the elytra sim-
ply punctured.
5 (8) Abdomen not entirely punrtured.
6 (7) Marginal gi'ooves of the pronotiun
eoarse bicolor F., p. 249.
7 (6) Marginal grooves of the pronotum
fine rcepstorjji KuSv., p. 249.
■8 (5 Abdomen entirely and coarsely
punctured planus 111., p. 250.
143. Leptaulax dentatus. (Plate XXIII, fig. 8.)
Pasmliis dentatus F., Ent. Syst. i, 2, 1792, p. 241.
Leptaulax dentatus Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 252, pi. 13,
fig. 52 ; op. cit. vii, 1918, p. 116.
Very shining, rather flat. The head bears large scattered
annular punctures, the front margin bears four equal and
nearly ecjuidistant teeth in a straight line and a smaller one in
the middle, the median area is narrow and bisecteplementary short
ones. Middle tibia very thickly clothed with hair above.
Maxilla with the inner lobe tlouble. ^Mentum broad at the
base, with the ligula longitudinally ridged and its front margin
excised ; the labial palpus with the second joint dilated and the
terminal joint long and narrow.
Key to the Species.
1 (2) Sides of tlie elytra with scalariform
sculpture kuwerti Arrow, p. 253.
2 ( 1 ) Sides of the elytra very finely punc-
tured in the lateral grooves.
3 (4) Elytra not much dilated behind .. . ai/«ercles strong, not close together,
the marginal processes broadly triangular and sharp ])ointed.
The pronotum is relatively rather narrow, very smooth, with
a faint trace only of a median groove, the lateral scar small,
rather round and contaming a few fine punctures. The
elytra are rather narrow at the shoulders, which are rather
sharj), and the sides diverge and are strongly rounded bej'ond
the micn}N--i Kaiip, op. cit. p. 55.
Ladies Kiiup, op. cit. p. 48.
C'ltilo)nazu{i Zang, Zocl. Anz. xxix, 1905, p. 154.
Type, E. moorei Kaup.
Range. Ceylon, India. Annam.
Upper surface smooth, not much flattened above, the pro-
notum with a median groove, generally strong and complete,
but entirely without hairs or set» at the sides, the el^iira also
without hair at sides. Head symmetrical or asymmetrical,
the front margin bearing two or four processes. The antennal
club composed of six lamellae, the last three usually, but not
always, distinctly longer than the preceding three.
The essential difference between this genus and Aceraius is
the complete absence in Episphenus of the bristles, sometimes
few and inconspicuous, to be found at the sides of the pronotum
in Aceraius. There is always a median thoracic groove^
although in E. comptoni it is incomplete and rather feeble.
256 PASSALIDJE.
Key to the Species.
1 (4) Marginal processes of the head
very asjTiimetrical.
1* (3) Outer marginal processes dis-
tinctly produced indicus Stol., p. 256.
3 (2) Outer marginal processes' scarce-
ly produced neelcjhe.riensis Guer., p. 257.
4 (1) Marginal processes of the head
not very asymmetrical.
o (8) Inner marginal processes strong
and sharp.
G (7) Last four joints of the antennal
olubeqvxal, very long comptoni KaujD, p. 257.
7 (6) Last four joints of the antennal
club vinecjual, shorter flachi Kuw., p. 258.
8 (o) Inner marginal processes feeble //iooret Kaup, p. 259.
153. Episphenus indicus.
Bdsilianus indicus Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. 8oc. Bengal xlii, 2,
1873, p. 159.
Episphenus indicus Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 220,
pi. 11, fig. 20 ; op. cit. vii, 1918, p. 86.
The three termmal joints of the antenna are long and the
three preceding them short. The middle tibise are very
thickly clothed with reddish hair above. The margmal
processes of the head are very asymmetrical, the outer ones
distinctly produced, the left imier process long and bent
inwards, the right one short, sharjj and triangular ; the frontal
area short and strongly transverse. The pronofmn has a fairly
deep median groove and is extremel}^ smooth, without punc-
tures, except, usually, a very few in the short lateral scars.
The lateral groove is a little deflected and very deep at the
sides of the front margin. The elytra are deeply grooved and
the grooves very minutely punctured dorsally and laterally.
The mentmn is strongly and closely punctured at the sides and
smooth at the base. The lateral scars of the mesosternum. are
deep and opaque. The sides of the meiaste.rnvm bear uneven,
sometimes confluent, punctta-es, with smooth areas interspersed
Length, 29 to 41 mm. ; breadth, 10 to 14-5 mm.
S. India : Palni Hills, Kodaikanal, 5000 to 7000 ft. (S. Kemp,
Aug. ; L. V. Newton, June) ; Camp Valparai, Coimbatore,
3500 ft. ; Nilgiri Hills {H. L. Andrewes) ; Anaimalai Hills ;
N. Kanara {T. R. D. Bell) ; Trichinopoly (J. Castets).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
This is a very variable species both in size and in the degree
of ])r(Mluction of the outer marginal proceisses of the head.
Sjiecimcns in Avhich the procej-«es are short are not easily
distinguishable from E. iieelgheriensis, which is found in the
.same localities.
EPISPHENUS 257
154. Episphenus neelgheriensis.
Pas-salus neelgheriensis Perch., Mag. Zool. xi, 1841, p. 4, pi. II,
fig. 1.
Episphenus neelgheriensis Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 222,
pi. 11, fig. 21.
This is the smallest of our five species of Episphenus. The
three terminal joints of the antenna are long and the three
preceding ones not very short. The middle tibia has a rather
thick fringe of reddish hairs above. The marginal processes
of the head are asymmetrical, the outer ones very short and
obtuse, the inner ones not far apart, that on the left long and
bent inwards, that on the right, short, the frontal area not very
transverse. The jironotum is without punctures except in and
near the lateral scars, which, as well as the median groove, are
not strong. The marginal groove is scarcely at all dilated at
the sides of the front margin. The dorsal striae of the elytra
are scarcely visibly punctured, the lateral striae minutely.
The mentum is very coarsely and densely punctured at the sides
and smooth in the middle. The lateral scars of the meso-
sternum are large, deep and finely rugose, the lateral depressions
of the metasternum are narrow, finely rugose and hairy, and the
sides of the median area bear not very numerous, irregular,
sometimes confluent punctures, with smooth interspersed
areas.
Length, 28 to 30 mm. ; breadth, II mm.
S. India : Nilgiri Hills, Ootacamund, Gudalur {J. C. Fernan-
dez, Oct.) ; Anaimalai Hills ; Palni Hills, Kodaikanal, 5500 ft.
{S. Kemp, Sept.) ; Trichmopoly (R. P. Castets).
Type unknown.
155. Episphenus comptoni. (Plate XXIII, fig. 13.)
Aceraius comptoni Kaup, Col. Hefte iii, 1868, p. 28 ; op. cit. iv,
1868, p. 3.
Laches comptoni Kaup, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xv, 1871, suppl. p. 49,
pi. 4, fig. 5.
Episphenus comptoni Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, pp. 218,
262, pi. 11, fig. 18.
This is the largest of the five species from Ceylon and
Southern India comprised in the genus. The club of the
antenna consists of four very long and equal lamellae ])receded
by two short ones. The middle tibia bears a rather thick but
not long fringe of red hairs upon its upper face. The head is
well punctured, the marginal processes very slightly as^Tiimetri-
cal, the outer ones short, the inner ones rather far apart, shaq),
that on the left a little longer than that on the right. The
frontal area is very short and broad, the supraorbital ridges
are rather sharp, the parietal ridge feeble. The pronotuw is
extremely smooth, the median groove incomplete and rather
s
258 PASSALID^.
feeble, the marginal groove very fine and not dilated in front,
the lateral scars very small. The elytra are deejjly grooved,
the dorsal grooves scarcely punctured, the lateral ones very
minutel3^ The mentum is very strongly and closely punctured
at the sides, and the base has a strong rounded elevation in the
middle. The lateral scars of the mesosternum are large, deep
and opaque. The sides of the metastzrnum are verj' unevenly,
and in part confluently punctured, with interspersed smooth
areas.
Length, 38 to 43 mm. ; breadth, 14 to 16 mm.
Ceylon : Ohiya, Uva Prov., 5800 ft. {Gauri Dutt, Dec.) ;
Dikoya, 3800 to 4200 ft. {G. Lewis, Feb.).
Type in M. Rene Oberthur's collection.
Mr. Dutt found this species in Calophyllum icalkeri and
Somocarpus thwaitesi.
150. Episphenus flachi. (Plate XXIII, fig. 16.)
Laches flachi Kinv., Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1891, p. 167.
Episphenus comptoni xar. flachi Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914,
pp. 219, 282, pi. 11, fig. 19.
Although regarded by Gravely as specifically identical with
E. comptoni, comparison of considerable series of sj^ecimens
has compelled me to treat it as distinct. It is markedly
smaller, the lamellae of the antennal club are not quite so long,
and the three last are distinctly longer than the preceding one.
The middle tibia is less thickly fringed. The head is generally
rather smooth, with fewer punctures than in E. comptoni,
the outer processes very short, as in that species, the inner ones
far apart, sharply pointed and almost alike. The frontal area is
very short and transverse, the supraorbital ridges are fairly
sharp, the parietal ridge feeble. The pronotum is extremely
smooth, without punctures, except in the short lateral scars,
the median groove is well marked and the marginal groove is
very fine and not dilated at the sides of the front margin.
The sides of the mentum are strongly and closely punctured
and the base bears a rounded elevation in the middle. The
lateral scars of the mesostermim, are deep and ojiaque. The
sides of the mptasternum are closely and rugosely puncture. cantori subsp. dintsirien.si.'i Gravely, /. c. pi. 11, fig. 23 ; op. cit.
vii, 1918, p. 87.
Assam: Mani])ur (W. Doherty). Burma: Ruby Mines
{W. Doherty) ; Sin Lum, Bhamo, 6000 ft. {T. Selkirk) ; Adung
Valley, 2000 ft. (F. Kingdon Ward, May).
Burmese representatives of the s])ecics are a little smaller
than those from the Himalayas, but in Assam the size is
variable. The name dunsiriensis was given to certain specimens
from Assam in whicli the mentum has a basal ridge extending
MACROLTNUS. 263
from «ide to side, but tlie author later abandoned this name as
a synonym of convexifwrn.
162. Aceraius birmanicus.
(Jplin/goniiis biniKniioisGraveW,* Mem. Ind. Miis. iii, 1!)14, p. 226,
fig. 3 a, pp. 285, 320.
The six lamella' compo.sinj; the aiiteunal club are exception-
ally long, and the difierence between the seventh joint and
those which precede it is small. The head is strongly but not
very closely punctured, and the frontal area is broad. The left
inner marginal process of the head is slender and inclined
strongly to the right. The jnonotum has a vestige of a median
groove in the basal half and the lateral margiixs are fairly
closely and finely punctured, the pinictures bearing erect setse.
The mesosie.rnal scars are deej) and opaque, the sides of the
metasternnm very broadly and densely punctured and clothed
with hair.
Length, 35 to 37 mm. ; breadth, 13 nnn.
Burma : l^>\\hy Minea [W. Doherty) ; Kambaiti,N.E. Burma,
7000 ft. {R. Malaise, March to May). Malay Peninsula :
Perak.
Type in the British Museum.
Genus MACROLINUS.
Macrolinus Kaup, Col. Hefte iii, 1868, p. 18 ; Gravely, Mem. Ind.
Mus. iii, 1914, p. 323 ; op. cit. vii, 1918, p. 80.
Type, Passalus latipennis Perch.
Range. Ceylon; Indo-Ma la j^an Region ; Celebes.
Form very various, convex or more or less flattened, elongate
and winged or short and wingle.s.s. The club of the antenna
consisting of three teiminal lamella> and three supplementary
ones, generally short, but sometimes long. The head sym-
metrical, the front margin bearing two shaq) triangular
processes, the supraorbital ridges short, ending abruptly
behind and not united by a posterior ridge. The middle tibia
bears scanty hairs or fringes of close but not long hairs.
The genus is easily recognizable by the absence of a po.sterior
ridge uniting the two su])raorbital ridges of the head.
Key to the Species.
1 (14) Elytra long, not very convex.
2 (9) Pronotum without complete
median groove.
3 (8) Lateral grooves of the elytra fine-
ly punctured.
4 (5) Antenna with six very long lam-
ella? latipennis Perch., p. 264.
.5 (4) Antenna with three long and three
short lamella?.
'?64 FASSALID^.
t) (7) Frontal area of head short, apical
angle acute nicobaricus Gravely, p. 264.
7 (6) Frontal area of head ecjuilateral,
apical angle not acute andamanensis Stol., p. 265.
8 (3) Sides of the elytra with scalari-
form puncturation tiikkimensis Stol., p. 266.
9 (2) Pronotum with complete median
groove.
10 (13) Pronotum punctured at the sides.
11 (12) Elytral grooves very strongly
■ punctured crenalipennia Kuw., p. 266.
12 (11) Elyt ral grooves not very st rongly
punctured rotimdifrons Kaup, p. 267.
13 (10) Pronotum unpunctured waterliousei Kaup, p. 267.
14 (1) Elytra short and verj' convex .. . oto.s^.s' Gravely, p 268.
163. Macrolinus latipennis.
Passcdus latipennis Perch., Mag. Zool. xi, 1841, p. 8, pi. 77, fig. 3.
Macrolinus latipennis Kaup, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xv, 1871, suppl.
p. 43 ; Gravely, Mem. Ind. INIus. iii, 1914, pp. 245, 296, pi. 13,
figs. 45, 46.
Rather small, elongate and a little depressed, the head and
the sides of the body beneath bearmg short reddish hairs or
setae. The club of the antenna consists of six long lamellae,
their extremities reaching a uniform level, and the last three
not conspicuously longer than the rest. The head is closely
punctured, the frontal area is nearly equilateral, the frontal
tubercles jolaced close to the front margin and the inner mar-
ginal j)rocesses acute. The pronotum is without marginal
groove or has only a slight vestige. The lateral scar is rather
large and contains fine setigerous punctures, which are also
numerous along the lateral margin and in a roundish patch
near the front angle. The elytral stripe are very finely punctured
and the punctures in the lateral striae are onlj^ a little stronger.
The basal part of the mentum is smooth in the middle. The
mesosternal scars are long and rough, the intervening area
more or less opaque, sometimes with a median keel. The
median area of the metaste.rnum has finely and scantily
punctured hind angles. The middle tihix bear short and not
very close fringes.
Length, 25 to 27 mm. ; breadth, 9-5 mm.
Burma : (according to Gravely). Malay Peninsula.
Borneo. Java.
Type unknown.
164 Macrolinus nicobaricus.
Macrolinus nicobaricus Gravely,* Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 241,
pi. 13, fig. 40.
Elongate and moderately convex. The pronotum very
smooth, without median groove. The lateral grooves of the
elytra very minutely punctured. The middle tibiae bearing
not very close fringes of short liairs.
MACROLINUS. 265
This species lias a very clo.se relationshii) with J/, andaman-
ensis, from which it dift'ers onl}- in a few small details. The
club of the antemia is composed of rather shorter lamella?, the
marginal processes of the head are not vertically bifurcated,
the frontal ridges end in shaq) tubercles and are strongly
bisinuate, making the apical angle very acute, so that the
frontal area a])|)ears shorter and less regularly triangular in
shape. The mesosternum has on each side of its base a small
roundish area covered with fine close scratches, and tlie median
area of the metasterum is without punctures in the hind angles.
Length, 34 to 35 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm.
NicoBAR Is. : {F. A.RoepstorJf).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; co-type in the British
Museum.
The name Acerahis nikoharicus was given by Redtenbacher
(Reise der Xovara, Zool. ii, 1867, \). 49) to a specimen presum-
ably to be found in the Vienna ^luseum. The description,
according to Dr. Gravely (Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 291), is
made from the anterior half of a s]3ccimen of the present
species, to which the posterior half of an Aceraius has been
fixed. The name can therefore be ignored. A good many
other puzzling " species " of insects are no doubt to be
accounted for liy mistakes of the same kind.
165. Macrolinus andamanensis. (Plate XXIII, fig. 14.)
Bitsilianus andamanensis 8tol., Jouni. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlii, 2,
1873, p. 160.
Macrolinus andamanensis Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914,
p. 242, pi. 13, fig. 41.
Elongate and moderately convex, the pronotum very smooth,
without median groove. The club of the antenna consists of
three long terminal lamellae and three shorter preceding ones.
The middle tibia is fringed with short, not very dense reddish
hairs. The head is finely ])unctured, the median tubercle
rather sharj3, the supraocular ridges short and broad, the frontal
area not very short, the frontal ridges meeting in a slightly
obtuse angle and not strongly bisinuate, the marginal processes
triangular, rather sharj^, bifurcated as seen in profile. The
lateral margins of the pronotum, and the lateral scars are
finely and very closely punctured, and the lateral grooves of
the elytra are very minutely punctured. The median area of
the metasternum bears only a few very fine punctures in the
hind angles.
Length, 35 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm.
Andaman Is. : Ponighat, Hopetown (i?. B. S. Sewell, July) ;
Homfray's Sts. {G. Rogers).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Dr. Gravely has described the larva of this species taken
266 PASSALID.E.
from a Popita tree at Bora liingta, Andaman Is. (Rec. Ind.
Mus.xii, 1916,p. 143).
166. Macrolinus sikkimensis. (Plate XXIII, fig. 18.)
Basilionus sikkimensis Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal xlii, 2,
1873. p. 161.
Macrolinus sikkimensis Gravely, Mem. Ind. Miis. iii, 1914, p. 243,
pi. 13, fig. 42.
Elongate, a little flattened above, almost devoid of hair
above and beneath, the tibiae with very short and inconspic-
uous hair-fringes. The club of the antenna consists of three
not very long lamellae preceded by three very short ones. The
head is closely and rugosely punctured and finely setose, the
frontal area short and broad, the frontal ridges bisinuate,
meeting in an acute angle, the marginal processes very sharji-
pointecl. The pronotii^n is short and convex, without median
groove or with only a slight vestige, but with numerous close
deep punctures at the sides, in and near the deep lateral scars
and near the front angles. The dorsal striae of the elytra bear
very distinct fine close punctures and the sides bear narrow
costae comiected by close transverse bars. The prosternum is
opaque behind the front coxae. The mesosternum has a finely
rugose patch in the middle and the deep lateral scars are
opaque. The metasternum has a narrow, finely rugose lateral
depression, the anterior angles of the median area are very
closely and finely punctured and the hind angles coarsely and
confluent ly punctured.
Length, 21 to 32 mm. ; breadth, 10 to 11 mm.
Bengal: Pankabari, 1500 ft. (*S7o/zc~A-a). Assam: Patkai
Hills ( W. Doherty) ; Lohit Valley, Mishmi Hills, 1000 to 3000 ft.
(R. J. Kaulhack and F. Kingdon Ward, Mar.). N.E. Burma :
Sen Bin Ti {Dr. Murray Stuart, Feb.).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
var. tavoyanus Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mus. iii. 1914, p. 243.
This differs from the t^-jjical phase only in having the lateral
scars of the mesosternum more or less punctured. The
author mentions an intermediate specimen from Assam and
anticipates that the transition will be found to be complete.
Burma: Dawna Hills, 900 to 2500ft. {F. H. Gravely).
Tenasserim : Tavoy. Indo-China.
167. Macrolinus crenatipennis.
Macrolinus crenatipennis Kuw., Nov. Zool. v, 1898, p. 185 ;
Graveh', Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 244.
According to Gravely, this " differs from M. rotnndifrons
only in its smaller size, and in the extremely coarse puncturmg
of all the grooves of the el^lra, the dorsal grooves of M. crenu-
MACROLINUS. 267
tipennis being as coarsely puncturotl as the lateral ones ot
M. rotundifwrn.'' Only the two origmal specimens, which
I have not seen, appear to be knov\ii.
Length, 21-5 mm. (according to Gravely).
Ceylon.
Type and co-type in the Berlin University Museum.
168. Macrolinus rotundifrons.
Macrolinus rotundiJron>i Kaup, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xv. 1871, siippl.
p. 44 ; Gravely, Mem. Ind. Mas. iii, 11H4. p. 244, pi. 13, fig. 43.
Tiberius rotund if ron.s Zang. Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 190"), p. 1(53.
Elongate and a little depressed, the head and the sides of the
pro- and metasternum bearing short erect setse, the middle
tibiiie with thick hair-fringes. The three terminal lamellae of
the antenna are moderately long and the preceding three
distinctly shorter. The fteftd is clasely and roughly i)unctured,
the median tubercle rather sharp, the frontal area triangular
and almost equilateral, the frontal tubercles rather strong,
the marginal ])rocesses acute, the left one more so than the
right. The pronotmn has a strong complete median groove
and there are scattered punctures before and behind the lateral
scar as well as a small crowded group of punctures near the
front angle. The lateral grooves of the elytra bear numerous
fine but distinct punctures. The median area of the rneta-
sternum has its hind angles coarsely rugose.
Length, 29 to 31 mm. ; breadth, 1 1 mm.
Ceylon : Matale (E. Senior-White, March) : Kandy (G. B.
Longstaffe, Feb., E. E. Green, Sept.) ; Peradeniya {E. E.
Green, Oct.).
Type m the Darmstadt Museum.
M. rotundifrons is abundant in rubbish-heaps in the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya.
169. Macrolinus waterhousei.
Macrolinu,s' waterhousfi Kaup, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xv, 1S71, siippl.
p. 43 ; Gravely. Mem. Ind. Mus. iii, 1914, p. 245, pi. 13, fig. 44.
Elongate and a little depressed, the head and the sides of the
pro- and metasternum clothed with short inconspicuous setse,
the middle tibije with rather scanty fringes. Tlie three
terminal lamellae of the antemia are long and the preceding
three distinctly shorter. The head is rugosely punctured, the
frontal area transverse, the frontal tubercles are close to the
front margin and the marginal jjrocesses are acute. The
pronotum is very smooth, with a complete fine median groove,
but without punctures at the sides. The lateral grooves of
the elytra are finely 1)ut distinctly punctured. The vientum,
is very smooth in the middle. The median area of the meta-
sternum has the hind angles coarsely rugose.
268 PASSALID^.
Length, 32 to 33 mm. ; breadth, 12 jnm.
Ceylon : Ratnaijura District (according to GVareZ?/).
Type ? in the Berlin Zoological Museum.
Differences noted by Gravely between this and M. rotund-
ifrons in the jjuncturing of the mentum, dejiressions in the
anterior angles of the thorax and the mesosternal scars, do not
seem to be constant ; but the three specimens in the British
Museum have markedly thinner fringes to the middle tibiae
and longer terminal lamellae to the antemise. One of the three
specimens is probably a co-tj'pe of the species.
170. Macrolfnus obesus. (Plate XXIII, fig. 12.)
Macrolimis obesus Gravely,* Mem. Ind. Mus. vii, 1918, p. 80,
fig. 9 (1).
Rather short, very convex, not parallel- sided, the elj^tra
fused together and immovable, with rounded sides. The
middle tibia bears a fairly long and close brush of hairs iqjon
the uj^per surface. The club of the antemia consists of three
moderately long lamellae and three very short ones. The head
is rather smooth, with only a very few jDunctures and almost
destitute of hairs. The front margin is straight, the marginal
processes are symmetrical and triangidar, the median process
rather sharply elevated, the frontal ridges strongly bisinuate,
forming an acute angle, and rather wide apart in front, where
they are united by a sharp ciu'ved carina. The eyes are small,
the supraorbital ridges short and rounded. The labrum is
shming and bears only a few setigerous punctures. The
projwtiim is relatively long and has a very slight incomplete
median groove and a fine lateral groove, which extends only
a short distance along the front and hmd margins. There are
a very few punctures in the front angles and in the lateral scar,
which is very small. The elytra are rather narrow at the
shoulders, dilating behmd and fairly broad beyond the middle.
They are deeply sulcate, with convex intervals, the dorsal
grooves are very minutely punctured, the lateral grooves
broad and finely but conspicuously punctured. The tnentum
is strongly 2)unctured at the sides and the base has an oval
impression on each side and a few punctures in the middle.
The metasternum is widely and densely punctured at the sides
and coarsely and closely on each side of the base.
Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm.
Ceylon : Belihul-oya (/. Z. Kamiegieter, April to June).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; co-type in the
British Museum.
As indicated by the abbreviateJ(diis)^
267.
ran'naliis {Sriirah;t ii.'t).
■201.
(•astaiu'ifolor (Dorcus),
167.
Cdxtaneicolor ( Tdrnrlli -
riii.i), 167.
castan.o])t('i'us (( 'al-
codes), 197.
casta no pirnis ( Ijiinin-
v(.s'), 197.
casta nopterun (\eo-
lucanus), 197.
castanopterus, var.
nielas {Xeolucanus),
197.
castelnaudi {Eury-
trachelus), var., 110.
castetsi (Hexarthrius),
74.
eavipes (Figiilus), 223.
Ceracupes, 244.
Ceruchus, 229.
cermdus {Eurijtrache-
lus), 110. ■
Chalcodes, 184.
chelifer (^gus), 176.
Cldloinazus, 255.
cicatricosns (Figulus).
225.
cilipes (Dorcus), 130.
cilipes (( 'fadof/natltus),
130.
cincreus ((hiaplKdon/.f).
94.
ci)ujnati])einiis (Macro -
liuus). 266.
creri icollis ( Prosopo -
ca/us), 117.
croccus (Mi'topodoutus),
165.
curvidoiis (Dorcus), 88.
rurridens (Lucanus),
88.
curripes (Chidog-
nathus), 116.
curvi])cs (Dorcus), I Ki.
curriprs (Lucanus).
lit).
cuv(M-a. (Calcodes). KM).
currra (Otloulolahis),
190.
(' llchjunnalrU us, (i.'{.
Ci/rlntunuilinus, ti,'!.
Cyclommatus, 63.
Cijclophthorus (siibg.
Luca)ius), 63.
Cijclorasis, 78.
cycloticnius (Lep-
taulax), 248,
eylindricus (Dorcus),
96.
(■ jjlindricus (Gnapha-
lortjx), 96.
dalmani (Calcodes),
206.
dcduianni (Lucanus),
206.
didmani (Odontolabis),
206.
(lavisoni (Hexarth-
rius), 74.
tlawua^ (Xigidius),
217.
dchaani (Dorcas), 88.
d(duiani (Lucanus), 88.
delesserti (Calcodes).
192.
delesserti (Odontolabis),
192.
dentatus (Leptaulax),
247.
de)d(dus (Passalus),
247,
dentijer (Cladoijnathus),
122.
dentifer (Dorcus), 122.
derelictus (Dorcus), 91.
derelict us(Durelius),
91.
Digonophorus, 78.
distinctus (Nigidius),
214.
])ito)uoderus, 78.
(lohcrtyi (Lucanus),
dohertiji (Xeolucanus),
1 9()'.
douckiei'i (Doicus).
1 60.
donckicri (Heruiso-
(lorcus), 160.
Dorcus. 77.
dorsalis (Eriociirni is),
252.
dorsalis (Pelopidos).
252.
ilors(dis (Trapezo-
chilus), 252.
/Jurellus, 78.
dralin (Henrisodorcus),
153.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
'171
elegaiis (f'alct)des), IS!).
clerjans ((.'Indoijnatli ns),
135.
olegaus (Dorcas), 135.
cleffdits (Hcuiisodorcus),
135.
cler/an-s (Odunlulabi-s),
189.
elotigatiis (Nigidiu.s),
217.
einartjinntii.s (Otlonlo-
lilbis), 1>()1.
l^pispliiMius, 255.
Eriooiicmi'i, 252.
eschscholtzi (.^gus),
182.
cach-scholtz i (Liica u (/«) ,
182.
J'Jiiri/lrdchpllcliis, 78.
Eiiri/trachclufi, 78.
f'aiinuiirei (LiR-aiiu.s),
54.
Fulcicorniii, 78.
feai (Dorcu.s), 12!J.
feat (Pru.sopuco.liis),
129.
FiGLLlNVE, 212.
iMgLilus, 219.
liarhi (Hpispheiius),
258.
Jluclti (Laclic-s), 258.
JlavijKunifi (A'eo-
lucaniti), 197.
ibrsteri (Hcxarthriu.s),
U9.
foisteri (Lucanus), 69.
i'o\'(nitus (Dorciis), 1(55.
Jorc(ttt(!i {LiicniiK-s), 105.
fvceutiis {Mctopo-
donti(.s), 165.
Jraternus (Lucaiuis).
165.
I'routicoriiis (Cera-
ciipcs), 245.
jruHticonii-s (l'fi,s{>ali<.y),
245.
i'roiiticoruis, \ ar.
au.steai (Ceracupes),
245.
I'rj^i (Liicami.s), 48.
fiiliginonKv [Eiinj-
traclicln.s), 106, 1M8.
fiihonotatiLs (Dorcus),
100.
fidcviioldtiis (Cladoy-
Hdlhii.s), 10(1.
iiircifer (Lucaniu;), 46.
ijnzcUa {Lucaniifi), 187.
ijcitrui ((Jdoiilulabis),
191
giraffa (Dorcus), 154.
ijinijja (Lucanus), 154.
(jlabrlpcnnis (Dorcia),
1 10.
C)iiaphalory.\, 7.5.
(loiioinetojjiis, 78.
gracilis (Lii<-aiuis), (il.
graiidis (Accraius), 2()0.
(jniiidi-i [Puaisalwi),
260.
groulti (Dorcus), 142.
fjroidti (Falcicornis),
142.
groulti (Lucanus), 55.
(jruiilti [Pseudo-
liicaniia), oo.
Iianvteiui (Eanj-
tnichelus), 1 10.
hell'eri (Aceraius), 261.
Heiiiisodorcd.s, 78.
licuryi (Dorcus), 149.
lletcroclitlics, 211.
Hexarthrius, 67.
liiinalaya? (Xigitlius).
216.
/tinidldi/enain (Accra-
iii-s), 261.
liistrio (Dorcus), i:il.
lujrui (Kigulus), 222.
huinilis (Dorcus). 140.
liypcrioii (Dorcus), 112.
imiuuudus (Dorcus),
98.
iuiprcssicoUis (Xigi-
dius), 218.
iinjjren-sus (( 'laduij-
nathim), 165.
iinpre-s-fna ( Melopo-
dontufi), 165.
iiidicus (Episplieuu.s),
256.
indicwi (Banlianuv),
256.
intenncUid-s (Odoido-
l(dji.<<). 207.
interrupt us (l''igulus),
221.
iiHluiiiatus (Dorcus),
145.
iuq(iinalti,s (Lucanda),
145.
jtMikiusi (Dorcus), 124.
jcnkinNi (Ldcaitds),
124.
jiiikiii.'ii (Metopo-
doiUud), 124.
Uaudierisis (^Egus),
177.
kuwcrti (Tilii'iioides),
253.
kdU'crll (Tibciid.s), 253.
labilis (yEgus), 180.
Laches, 255.
Id did (A'coldCdnus),
204.
lamiuii'cr (Lucanus),
44.
Idininifcr, var. minor
(Ldcanus), 56.
laterotarsus (Dorcus),
1 1 5.
Idterolarfid.s (Prvsu-
pocald-s), 1 15.
laticeps {Pro-wpo-
cu'ld-s), 117.
latipennis (Macro-
linus), 264.
Idtipc'iiitis (Pds.sdid.s),
264.
latus (Calcodcs), 203.
Idlus {XcaldCdudf),
203.
Lcptaulax, 24().
Icsnci (Lucanus), 60.
Icsnci (P.scddo-
Idcddd-s), 60.
kuilttterl (XeoldCiiHds) ,
196.
linealis (i^gus), 183.
linearis (Figulus), 225.
linearis (Cardanus),
225.
[ineopanctald.s
(Ldcanax), 106.
LuCANIDyK, 35.
LuCANlNyE, 40.
Lucanus, 41.
Lvcaniis subgen.
Calcode.s, 184.
Ldcatids subgen.
C'l/clophflidhiids, 77.
LdCddds subgen.
Cijclophtliords, 63.
LdCddds subgen.
Hcvurtliriud, 67.
■212
ALPHABETICAL IMDEX.
Lucanun subgen.
Miicrogndtliiiv, 77.
Liicattus siiljgcn.
I'hitijpros'jpu.s, 77.
Lucunu-s siibgen.
Frospocoilus, 77.
Liicanus siibgen.
MetopodontuN, 77.
Lucanus subgen.
Odontolabis. 184.
hiciclus (Dorcus), 170.
lacidu.s (Primiioij-
IKlt/lHfi), 170.
luiiiier (Lucanus), 45.
maoleaji (Doreiis),
158.
inacleaiji {Hetniso-
dorcus), 158.
■iiiadeayi (Lucanus),
158.
niacclellaiicli (Dorcus),
125.
macclellandi (Metopo-
dontus), 125.
Macrodorcas, 78.
Macrolinus, 263.
inulabaricus (Lucanus),
179.
iiianiinalis (Dorcus),
104.
margiuatiis (Calcodes),
196.
iiiarfjinatus (Cludoy-
nuthii.s), 148.
murginatus {Neolu-
canvs), 196.
inaxhnus (Neoluccuiiis),
204.
McClellaiidi (Lticanus),
125.
mearesi (Lucanus), 52.
Megaloprepes, 63.
Metalldclidii.s, 78.
Mctdlldctus, 78.
Mctopodontufi suljgeu.
HopHtocrunv))!, 78.
mniszechi (Hexartb-
rius), 71.
niniszech i {Lucditns)
(Hexartlirii(b), 71.
inni.szeciti (Pseudo-
liicunus), 57.
moorei (Episphenus),
259.
iiiordax (Prosopo-
ccelus), 117.
mouhoti (Calcodes),
195.
inoulioli [Odontolabis),
195.
multidentatus {Lucanus)
64.
nageli (Dorcus), 137.
neelgberiensis (Epi-
sphenus, 257.
rteelgheriensis (Pas-
salus), 257.
Neolucanus, 184.
nepalensis (Dorcus),
161.
nepalensis (Heiniso-
dorcus), 161.
nepalensis (Lucanus),
161.
nicobaricus (Macro-
linus), 264.
nicobaricus (Penicliro-
lucanus), 234.
Nigidius, 213.
iiigripes (Lucanus), 52.
nigritus (Odontolabis),
207.
nitidus(^-Egus), 176.
nobilis (Phraortes), 252.
nobilus (Trapezochilus),
252.
oberthuri (Lucanus),
59.
oberthuri (Pscudo-
lucanus), 59.
obesus (Macrolinus),
268.
obscurus (Dorcus), 104.
occipitalis (Dorcus),
147.
occipitalis (Lucanus).
147.
occipitalis (Metopo-
dontus), 147.
Odontolabis, 184.
ollenbachi (Neo-
lucanus), 204.
omissus (Lucanus), 165.
opticipeiuxis (Dorcus),
92.
opacus (Gnaphaloryx),
76.
Opiirygonius, 259.
ou-eni (Cladognathus),
151.
oweni (Dorcus), 151.
oweni (Luca7ius), 151.
oweni (Prosopocaius),
151.
parailelus (.^gus), 179.
purallelus (Dorcus),
179.
parailelus (Lucanus),
179.
parailelus (Prosopo-
coehis), 122.
parryi (Calcodes), 196.
parryi (Dorcus), 121.
parryi (Hexarthrius),
68.
parryi (Lucanus), 161.
parryi (Neolucanus),
196,
parryi (Prosopocaius),
121.
parryi (Rhsetus), 86.
■parvus (Neolucanus),
197.
■parvus (Prisniog-
nathus), 168.
pascoei (Dorcus), 150.
■pascoei (Prosopocaius),
150.
Passalid^e, 234.
Passalin^, 246.
passaloides (Dorcus),
127.
■passaloides (Heniiso-
dorcus), 127.
passu lo ides (Lu ca tius ) ,
127.
pearsoni (Episphenus),
259.
Pelecognathus, 78.
Pelopides, 252.
PenICHROLVC ANIN^,
233.
Penichrolucauus, 233.
perplexus (Dorcus),
120.
perplexus (Cladog-
nathus), 120.
planiLs (Leptaulax),
250.
planus (Passalus), 250.
platycephalus (C'yclo-
rasis), 171.
platycephalus (Dorcus),
171.
platycephalus
(Luca)ius), 171.
■platycephalus (Lucanus
( Cyclopthalvius)),
171.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
i73
imthii.s), 171.
I'latytigiiliis, 'I'll.
pUttijineln.s (Plalo-
prosopim), 104.
pliityiiotu.s (Calcodos),
201.
pkil'/nolii.s {Lucanu.b),
I'OI.
philipiolii.s {Odoiito-
labis), 201.
J'lenrarius, 2.")0.
politun (Cladoijnuth la),
1 5(5.
IJolitiis (Dorcu.s), 150.
polj'inorphus (Doreu-s),
121.
puiiillaiukM (Dt)ix-iLs),
114.
pouillaudei (Prowpo-
cixlus), 114.
poidtoni {Metopo-
donlu/s), 165.
prancellethv [Eurij-
trachelufi), 110.
prinsepii (Litcanas),
I'Jl.
Fri.smoynuthuts, 78.
pro.sopocceloides
(Dorcus), 134.
proaopocaloides (Pcle ■
coynathuc), 134.
Faalidognutkus, 78.
PfsaUdoretnufi, 78.
P.sviidolucanii.'i, 41.
piiNctatofilriatKs
(Dorcus), 100.
pinictiger {Lucaniia),
118.
pinictilabris (Liican ii.s),
109.
quadrinodoiiUfi [CUidoy-
nathiis), 125.
nijflc.si (Liicaitii.s), 101.
ratiociiiutivuts (Dorcu.s),
03.
reifhei (Dorcu.s), 10J».
rcichci (Eurytrachelua),
110.
rcichei (Liicanus), lOU.
P/miuliiti. 78.
Bluvlii.s, 78.
robiLstiis (C'alcodes),
199.
robii'ituii {Ncolucunuii),
199.
ruip.storli (/Egus), 178.
icEp.storfH (Leptaulax),
249.
rwp'itorj/i (Mclopu-
donlii-s) var., 148.
rusti (Dorco-s), 9(5.
rotuudiiroiis (Macro-
liuus), 207.
rutnndifronn (Tibcrian),
267.
rotnndopunctutu!s
(Dorcus), 92.
rudis (Dorcus), 90.
radis (Ckido'jnathun),
90.
rujonotulus (Heiaiisu-
dorcus), 101.
rutjalus (Dorcu.s), 113.
rugosus (Dorcus), 99.
tiuundersi (A'co-
iucanu.s), 204.
.vaundemi (Odonto-
labis), 191.
acaritides (Lucunus),
86.
Scorpio (Platyfiguius),
228. -
seniiruyosus (Eury-
truchelus), 106.
SerroijnuUiu.s, 78.
sewertzowi (DorciLs),
113.
sik'kimoisi'i (Busiii-
(iHus), 266.
sikkimeiisis (Macro-
linus), 266.
siiniiis (Luainus), 161.
sinensis (Calcodes),
187.
sineiiisis (Ceruchus),
232.
■sinensis (Odontolubis),
187.
singidaris (Lucanus),
62.
sinyularis (Lucanus),
46.
siva (Calcotlcs), 200.
sica (Lucanus), 20(1.
sica (Udontolabis), 200.
sraiithi (Lucanus), 49.
speciosus (Dorcus).
133.
speciosus (Melopo-
dontus), 133.
speciosus (E/tiL'tulus),
103.
spencei (Dorc»»s), 117.
spcncci (Lucunus), 117,
s pence i ( l'ro.sopocu:lus).
117.
strigiccps (("yclom-
niatus), 64.
slri(/iceps (Lucanus),
64.
sabunyulatus
(Lucanus), 1.51.
subcat ipennis (Prosopu-
co-lus), 90.
submolaris (Dorcus),
108.
submolaris (Eunj-
trachelus), 108.
submolaris (Lucanus),
108.
subnilens (C'l/clorasis),
168.
subnitens (Dorcus),
168.
subnitens (Prismoy-
nnthus), 168.
suturalis (Cladoy-
nuthus), 136.
suturalis (Dorcus),
136.
suturalis (Dorcus), 92.
suturalis (Metopo-
donlus), 136.
Tivniocerus, 242.
taurus ( Onaphaloryx),
76.
taurus, var. andamanus
(Gnap/idlori/x), 76.
tavoyanus (Accraius),
261.
telhys (Eurytruchel-
lelu.s), 106.
tethys (Eurytrachelus),
106.
Tetrartlirius, 78.
thibeticus (Lucanus),
141.
Tiberioides, 253.
tiyrinus (Prosopo-
cwlu.s), 127.
titan (Dorcus), 104.
titanus (Dorcus), 104. '
titan us (Lucanus),
104.
titjiis (Dorcus), 106.
tilyus (Eurytrachelus),
106.
truvancorica (Eury-
trachelus), 99.
174
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Ursulas (Dorcus), 95.
variolo.su« (Cardaims),
227.
xehttimis (Doivu.s), 94.
vemicatu.s (Durfus),
1,38.
\'er.sic<)lor (Cak-odes),
188.
versicolor (Neo-
hicarmn), 188.
villosus (Lucauiis),
50.
vital i-si (( 'i/clom-
iiKitinuN), 6().
citalivi {Cydom mat us),
m.
wardi (Dorcus), 1G2.
waterlioiisei (Macro-
liiius), 267.
waterhovsei {Neo-
Lucunus), 204.
ivestemtuntd (Dorcus),
104.
westerinauui
(Lucanus), 57.
westwoodi (Dorcus),
io:{.
westwoodi (He.carth-
rius), Hi'.i.
west wood i { Rlmt us),
KV.i.
wiiiiherloyi (Dorcus),
153.
wimherlcyi {Frosopo-
cuius), 153.
ijukshu (Dorcus), 80.
I'riutcd l).\ Taylor A: I'raiicis, Ltd., Kcd Lion Court, Fleet Street, 1'].C.4
Addenda and corkigendA.
Addenda.
On ])H}iv HH, alU-r 28. Dorcu.^ ciiividtn.s. (Plulf VII, lig. 7)
add lM;ite IX, li-;. S.
Oil jM^rc I ;},-,, alter (34. Doirns dcyam. ( Piatt- XI, fig. 20)
add Plate XV, lig. 1.
('itKKl(iENI)A.
Oil page l'2, ill line l-, Jor I'late II, fig. 7, rr.ad lig. .") c.
,, ,, i^, for lig. 5, K:;a(/ tig. -la.
,, ,, 23, for fig. (5, /Y;afZ fig. .") /;.
On page r)0, after (5. LiicaitK.s villo.sus for I'late V r(.ad Plate IV.
On page llti, after 49. Dorcua curvipes for Plate \^l, tig. I
;vr/rf Plate VllJ, Hg. I.
On i)age 204, after 11."). Calcodrs haludcva for J*late XXJ
tigs. 1-3 read Plate XVII J, lig.s. 1-3.
Fig. J. Calcodcs barmciskrl {iVo\)v), (^.
4 2
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/t
PI. 1
PLATE II.
Fig. 1 a-h. Dorcus reichei (Hope).
2. Calcodes siva (Hojae & Westw.).
3 a-d. Calcodes carinatus (Linn.).
4 a-i. Dorcus sutnralis (Oliv.).
f) a~c. Dorcus polymorjjhus, sp. n.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. II.
I lilt
0 b c d ^
f
PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Lacanus cantor i Hope, <^.
2. Lucanua mearesi Hope, $.
3. Liicanus lunifer Hope, (^.
4. Lucanus furcifer, sp. n., (^.
5. Liicanus laminifer Wat., (^. (Type.)
6. Lucantus mtaresi Hope, ^.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/C
PI. Ill
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Lucanus villosus Hope, cJ. (T\-iie.)
2. Lucanus westermanni Hope & Westw.. ;^.
3. Lucanvs fryi Boil., cJ.
4. Lucanus smithi Parry, (^.
5. L^icanus fairmairei Planet, ^.
6. Lucanus lesnei Planet, (J.
7. Lucanus afmtus Hope, $.
8. ,, ,, ,, (^.
9. Lucanus fortimei Sannd., $.
10. Lucanus lesnei Planet, $.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. IV.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Lucanns lunifer Hope, (J.
2. Lncanus laminifer Wat., $.
3. Lticanus fryi Boil., $.
4. Lncanus canton Hope, $.
;"). Hexarthrius for-teri (Hope), 2.
G. Hexarthrivs parryi Hope, ?.
7. Lucanvs smithi Parry, $.
8. Lucanus gracilis Albers, ^.
9. Cyclommatns alhersi Kraatz, ^.
10. „ „ „ ?.
U. CyclommaUis stru/iceps (Westw.), (J.
LUCAN1D>E and PASSALID/E
PI V
PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Hexarthrivs forsteriHoiie, (^.
2. Hexarthrius adunctis Jord., ^.
3. Hexarthrius jmrryi Hope, (^.
4. Hexarthrius davisoni Wat., (J.
5. Hexarthrius mniszechi Thorns., ^.
6. Hexarthrius bowri7igi Parry, (^. (T^-pe.)
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/t
PI. VI.
PLATE VTT.
Fig. 1. Dorcvft tifrmns (Boisd.), ^.
2
•^' 55 55 55
8. ,, ,, ,, f. plaiymelus Saund.
^' 55 55 55 +•
5. Dorcus antseus Hope, ^.
7. Dorcus cnrvidens (Hope), ^.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. VII.
iviSSKti. ^t
■^^^'JtjatSLrj^-'
PLATE Vlll.
Pig. 1. Dorcus curvipes (Hope & Westw.).
2. Dorcus tityus Hope, i^. {Tx]}e.)
"• 5J 5> >5 O*
•4. „ „ „ f. Mlnj.s Did., <^.
•5. ,5 ,} 5j o-
'-'• )> J5 }J +•
7. Dorcus reichei (Hope), 3*- {prsecellens Moll., Type.)
8. ,, ,, ,, o.
"• 5> >> JJ +•
10. Dorcus hyperion Boil,, ^.
LUCANID/€ and PASSALID/E
PI. VIII.
PLATE IX.
Fig. I. Dorcii-^ j)olijtn<)rj)/iif-s, num. iiov., (^, isolated phase.
2. ,, ,, ,, 1^, variable phase.
3. Dor CVS derelict us Parry, (^.
5. Dorcus sj)encei (Hope), ^. (Typo), isolated phase.
G. ,, ,, ,, f. mordax Boil.
7. Dorcus politus (Parry), ^. (Type.)
8. Dorcus curvidens Hope, 2.
9. Dorcus submolaris (Hope & Westw.), (J.
10. Dorcus opacipennis Zang., 3*.
11 c^
12. Dorcus ratiocinativus Westw., (^.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. IX.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Dorcvfi oweni (Hope & Westw.), <^.
2. „ „ „ ?.
.'}. Dorrvs hulhosus (Hope), ^.
4. „ „ „ ?.
5. Dorcns jmfisaloidefi (Hope & Westw.), q.
(), Dorcvfi macdellandi (Ho])e), (J.
7. ,, ,, ,, c?-
S. DorcHs jenkinsi (Westw.), (J.
9. ])oi-ci(s feai {Boil.), (^.
10. „ „ „ S.
1 1 . Dorcu.'i bordi (Boil.), (^.
12. DorcAis cilipcs (Tlioms.), rS-
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI X.
PLATE XI.
Fig. 1. Dorcv fi biplagiafKS (Wefitw.), (^.
Z. ,, )5 J> O-
O. ,, 5) 5) +•
4. Dorcus spsciosus (Boil.), 3*.
O. ,, )> )) +•
6. Dorcus inquinafuft (Westw.), S.
7. „ „ „ ?.
8. Dorcus suturalis (Oliv.), ^.
". jj >> )' o-
10. „ „ „ c?, isolated phase.
11. Dorcus occipitalis (Hope & Westw.), ^.
12. ,, ,, >j +•
var. raspstorffi Wat., $.
14. Dorcus wimberleyi (Parry), ^.
lo. ,, j> ?» +•
16. Dorcus histrio Arrow, <^. (Tyiie.)
17. Dorcvs bisignatus (Parry), (J.
18. Dorcus fulvonotatu, 5) )> CD-
4. Dorcus castwieicolor, nom. nov., (^.
5. Dorcus henryi Arrow, 3*. (T3i)e.)
6. Dorcus dentifer (Deyr.), (^.
7. Dorcus groulti (Planet), (J.
8. Dorcus snbnitens (Pan-y), 3*.
9. Dorcus kumilis Arrow, (^. (Type.)
10. Dorcus cylindricns Thorns., ^.
11. Dorcus ursidus Arrow, ^J. (Type.)
12. Dorcus velutinus Thorns., ^.
13. Dorcus rugosus Boil., t^.
14. Dorcus immundus Arrow, ^. (Tx^je.)
15. Dorcus candezci (Boil.), 3*-
16. Dorcus vernicatus Arrow, ^. (T}^e.)
17. Dorcus nageli Arrow, i^. (Type.)
18. Dorctis pouillaudei (Roulh.), '^. (Type.)
19. Dorcus laterotarsus (Houlb.), $.
20. Dorcus rudis (Westw.), 3*. (Type.)
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XII.
r^
* 1
y
1
10
8
12
13 14 15
16
17 V 18 / 19
20
PLATE Xnl.
Fig. 1. Dorcas titpaltnsis (Hope), ^.
^' n >> >J 0«
3. „ „ „ ?.
4. Dorcus macUayi (Hope & Westw.), (J.
5. Dorcus dotickieri (Boil.), (J.
6. Dorcus arrowi (Boil.), (J. (Type.)
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/t
PI Xlll
■/ 4
PLATE XIV.
Fig. i. DorcKi fjirajja (Oliv.), J.
2. ,, ,, ,, 1. arrowi Gravely, ^.
3. Dorcus westwoodi (Parry), ^.
4. Dorcus giraffa (Oliv.), J.
6. Dorcuis westwoodi (Parry), $.
7. Dorcus boilcaui (Did.), >;J.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XIV
PLATE XV.
Fig. 1. Dorcus elegana (Parry), ^.
2. Dorcus f uveal n-'i (Hope), $.
3. ,, ,, ,, (J. (Tyi)c of im/>re55ws Wat.)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Dorcus buddhu (Hope), (J.
"• 5) >) 5) O"
11. Gnajihaloryx opacus Burm., ^.
12.
13.
var. a/tdamanus, ^.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XV.
PLATE XVI.
Fig. 1. Calcodes sinensis (Westw.), ^, isolated phase.
2. ,, ,, ,, o-
3. „ „ „ ?.
4. Calcodes monhoii (Parry), ^.
r. Q
.J. ,, ,. ?^ T •
0. Calcodes burmeisteri (Ho])o), 2.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XVI
PLATE XVII.
Fig. ]. Cahodes deksserti (Guor.), ^.
2. Calcodes burmeisteri (Hope), cJ.
3. „ ,, ,, o-
4. Calcodes ddfsserfi (Guer.), (^.
5. Calcodes cuvera (Hope), (J.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XVII.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 1. Calcodfs baladeva (Hope), ^.
^- II 11 11 +•
3. ,, ,, ,, var. iiaundersi Parry, ^.
4. Calrodes cuvera (Hope), ^, isolated ])liase.
5. ,, ,, ,, i^, var. alficola Moll.,
isolated j^hase.
6. Calcodes elegans (Moll.), ,^, isolated jjliase.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XVIII.
PLATE XIX.
Fig. 1. Calcodes siva (Hope & Westw.), ^, isolated phase.
2. ,, ,, ,, ^, variable phase.
3. Calcodes dalniani (Hope & Westw.), (^.
4. Calcodes fiiva (itope & Westw.), (J, variable phase.
5 9
6. Calcod('..t dalmani (Hope & Westw.), $.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XIX.
PLATE XX.
Fig. 1. Cakode-s caiinatiAs (Linn.), J, i8(jlatc(l j.liasc.
2. „ „ „ (J, viirial)k' ])liase.
o. ,, ,, ,, ^-•
4. Calcodc^ vcnncolor (J>id.), J.
.-. . (Type.)
(). Cakodca purriji (Lcutliuer), J-
7. „ „ „ ?.
8. Cakodes mmlns WestM-., cJ, varial)li' pliasc.
<-'• )) )! >! O •
10. „ ,, ,, 3", isolated phase.
11. „ „ ,, ?.
12. Cukudc-s tnaryinatufi (Wat.), (J.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XX.
PLATE XXI.
Fig. 1. Calcodes platynotus (Hope & Wcstw.), ^.
2. „ „ „ $.
3. Calcodes latus (Boil.), (^.
4. Calcodes robustus (Boil.), J.
5. Calcodes castanoptents (Hope), ^.
6. „ „ „ ?.
7. Aalacostethus archeri Wat., ^. (Type.)
y. Calcodta brevis (Boil.), 3*.
10. Heterochthes andamanensis Westw., ^.
II- }> » >j o-
12. „ „ „ if.
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XXI
PLATE XXll.
Fig. 1. F iyn lu'i aral us Arrow. (Type.)
2. Figulu-s andamanus Kriescho.
3. Figidus cavicejjs Boil.
4. Figulus cicalricosu'^ Boil.
5. Cardanus variolosus Arrow. (Type.)
C. Platyjigulus scorpio Arrow. (Type.)
7. Nigidius dawnse Gravely.
8. Nigidius elongatus Boil.
9. Nigidius himalayse Gravely.
10. Nigidius birmanicus Boil. (Type.)
1 1 . Nigidius distinctus Parry.
12. Mgus kandiensis Parry, (^.
io. ,, ,, ,, cJ.
14. „ „ „ ?.
15. Mgus labilis Westw., ^.
16 ^
17. Mgus parallelus Hope & Westw., (J.
18. ,, ,, ,] o-
IQ O
•■•"• )j >) »> -i-'
20. JS^W6' /a6^7^6• Westw., J. (T>ije.)
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI XXII.
f f i 1
12 3 4 6
I
8
10
12
'ft M
15 14
15 16
vv
PLATE XXIII.
Fig. 1. ^yuii eiickscholf ziKoim SiWasiw'.,^. (']'.vi)e.)
2. Mfjus linealis Did.
3. Ceruchiis atavus Fairm., (^.
5. Ceracupes fronticoniix (Westw.).
6. ,, ,, ,,
7. Aulacocyclus bicuspis Kaiip.
8. Leptaulax dental i(s (Fabr.).
9. Lcptaulax roep.storffi Kuw.
10. Leptaulax bicolor (Fabr.).
11. LejMulax planus (III.).
12. Macrolinus ohesufi Gravely.
13. EpispheMii'S comjdoni (Kaiip.).
14. Macrolinus andamanensis (Stol.).
15. Pleurarius braclnjphnllus Stol.
10. Episjihenus flachilLww .
17. Aceraius (jrandis Burm.
18, Macrolinus silckimensis (Stol.).
LUCANID/E and PASSALID/E
PI. XXIil.
The Fauna of British India,
including Ceylon and Burma.
Formerly published under the patronage of the Secretaiy of
State for India.
Tlie series will be continued under the title
THE FAUNA OF INDIA, INCLUDINr; PAKISTAN,
CEYLON AND BURMA
and will l)e printed and publislied by the Goveramenti of India.
LIST OF VOLUMES PUBLISHED AND IN PREPARATION.
APRIL, 1950.
(Those marked * are out of print. Except where publication is known
to liave been earlier, dates quoted are those on, which the
volumes were first received at the India Office.)
VERTEBRATA.
MAMMALIA.
[First Edition.] By W. T. Blanford.
♦Part I. [Primates, Camivora. Insectivora]. Pp. i-xii, 1-260, text-figs.
Aug. 31, 1888.
♦Part II. [Chiroptera, Rodentia, Ungulata, Cetacea. Sirenia, Edentata]. Pp i-xx.
251-617. text-figs. Dec. 18 1891.
Second Edition.
*Vol. I. [Primates and Camivora, Families Felidi« and Vivenichv]. By H.I. PocooK
Pp. i-xxxiii, 1-464, .31 pis., map, text-figs. 30/- March .31, 1930.
*Vol. II. [Camivora, Suborder.s ^Eluroidea and Arctoidea]. By R. I. Pocock.
Pp. i-xii, 1-504, 12 pis., map, text-figs. 3.-)/- Sept. IT). 1941.
This edition will probably occupy three volmtics.]
BIRDS.
[First Edition.]
*Vol. I. [Passeres]. By Eugene W. Gates. Pp. i-xx. 1-556, text-figa.
Dec. 30, 1889.
*Vol. II. [Passeres, concluded]. By Eugene W. Gates. Pp. i-x, 1-407, text-figs.
Dec. 8, 1890.
Vol. III. [Eurylaemi, Pici, Zygodactyli, Anisodactyli, Macrochires, Trogones.
Coccyges, Psittaci, Striges, Accipitres]. Bv W. T. Blanford. Pp. i-xi\-.
1-450, text-figs. 21/- ' Oct. 2, 1895.
Vol. IV. [Columbae, Pterocletes, Gallinae, Hemipodii, Grallae, Limicolae, Gavise,
Steganopodes, Tubinares, Herodiones, Phoenicopteri, Pygopodes]. By W. T.
Blanford. Pp. i-xxi, 1-500, text-figs. 21/- April 25, 1898.
Second Edition. By E. C. Stuart Baker.
Vol. I. [Passeres, Fam. I. Corvidse— VIII. Troglodytidtt]. Pp. i-xxiii. 1-479, 8 col.
pis., text-figs. 30/- Aug. 24, 1922.
Vol. II. [Passeres, Fam. IX. Cinclidse— XVII. ReguUdic]. Pp. i-xxiii, 1-561, 8 col.
pla., text-figs. 30/' April 30, 1924.
[1 ]
Vol III. [Passeres, Fam. XVIII. Irenidae— XXXIIT. Eurylaiiiiidae]. Pp. i-xx.
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Vol. IV. [Coraciiformes]. Pp. i-xxiv, 1-471, 7 col. pl;^., text figs. 30/- July 28, 1927.
Vol V [Accipitres, Columbae, Pterocletes, Gallinje, Hemipodii]. Pp. i-xviii, 1-469,
col. pis., text-figs. 30/- March 21, 1928.
Vol, VI. [Grallie, Charadriiformes, Steganopodea, Tubinares, Herodiones, Phoeni-
copteri, Anseres, Pygopodes]. Pp. i-xxv, 1-499, 3 pis., text-figs. 30/-
March 26, 1929.
Vol VII. rSynonymical Catalogue, Passeres — Grallse]. Pp. i-viii, 1-484. 30/-
^ "^ March 30, 1930.
Vol VIII. [Synonymical Catalogue, Grallse — Pygopodes ; Corrigenda and Addenda;
Index]. Pp. i-iv, 485-801. 15/- Sept. 26, 193(».
REPTILIA and BATRACHIA.
[*FiRST Edition, complete m 1 vol.] By George A. Boulenoer.
Pp. i-xviii, 1-541, (ext-figs. Sept. 4, 1890.
Second Edition. By Malcolm A. Smith.
Vol. I. Loricata, Testudines. Pp. i-xxviii, 1-185, 2 pis., map, text-figs. 15/-
March 27, 1931.
Vol. II. Sauria. Pp. i-ix, 1-440, 1 pi., 2 maps, text-figs. 30/- I'eb. 7, 1935.
Vol. III. Serpentes. Pp. i-xii, 1-583, 1 map, text-figs. 45/- Dec. 31, 1943.
[A vohwic on the Amphibia has been sanctioncil.]
FISHES.
[First Edition.] By Francis Day.
*Vol. I. [Chondropterygii, Teleostei (Physostomi ; Acanthopterygii : Percidae)].
Pp. i-xviii, 1-548, text-figs. 28/- Jul.V H. 1889.
*Vol. II. [Teleostei (Acanthopterygii excl. Percidae ; Anacanthini ; Lophobranchii ;
Plectognathi), Leptocurdii]. • Pp. i-xiv, 1-509, text-figs. 28/- Sept. 21, 1889.
[A second edition, by Dr. Sunder Lal Hora, is in course of preparation . It is
anticipated that this edition will extend to at least five volumes.]
ARTHROPODA.
LEPIDOPTERA.
MOTHS. By G. F. Hampson.
*V()].I.[Fam. l.Saturniidie— 23, Hypsidse]. Pp. i-viii, 1-527, text-figs. 28/-
Jan. 10, 1893.
Vol. II. [Fam. 24, Arctiidse ; 25, Agaristidas ; 26, Noctuidse]. Pp. i-iv, 1-609,
text-figs. 28/. March 9, 1894.
Vol. III. [Fam. 26, Noctuidae (Subfam. Fociliina', Deltoidinse); 27, Epicopiidse ;
28. Uraniidse ; 29, Epiplomidc-e ; 30, Geometridii']. Pp. i-xxviii. 1-546, text-figs.
28/. Feb. 21, 1895.
* Vol. IV. [Fam. 31, Pyralidae; additions and conoctious to Fam. 1-30], Pp. i-xxviii,
1 -594, text-figs. 28/- Dec. 1, 1896.
{Dates of jnMication as stated in MS. notes by Sir G. Hampson,
"teste Taylor & Francis.")
Vol V. [Sphingidse]. By R.D. Bell and F. B. Scott. Pp. i-xviii. 1-537, 15 pis.,
text-figs. 32/6. -T"ne 15. 19^7
[ ^ ]
BUTTERFLIES. [First Edition] By C. T. Binodam.
*Vol. I. [Nymphalidse, Nemeobiidse]. Pp. i-xxii, 1-511, 10 col. pis., text-figs.
March 2, 1905.
*Vol. II. [Papilionidse, Pieridiu, Lycseaidto (part)]. Pp. i-viii, 1-480, 10 col. pis.
text-figs. 28,- March 25. 1 'JO 7
[Vol. III. of (lie first edition was never completed.]
[Second Edition.] By U. Taxbot.
Vol. I. [Papiliomdie, Pioridse.] Pp. i-xxix, 1-600, 3 pis., map; toxt-Hgs. 35/-
March 8. Iy3<«.
Vol. II. [Daiiaidte, Satyridaj, Ainathusiidac. Acijeidse.] Pp. i-xv, 1-500, 2 col. pis.,
map, text-fig.s. 55/- December 31, 1047.
[This edition will embrace all the Butterflies and will probably
extend to five volumes.]
COLEOPTERA.
ADEPHAGA.
*Geiieral Introduction, and Cicindelidse and Paussidae. By VV. W. Fowlek. Pp. i-
XX, 1-529, text-figs. 28,- Received in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Fob, 18, 1912
Carabidae: Vol. I. Carabines. By H. E. Andbewes. Pp. i-xviii, 1-431, 9 i)ls.,
text-figs. 22/G May 15, 192i>.
("arabid;c: Vol.11. Harpaliiuu — I. By H. E. Andrewes. Pp. i-xvi, 1-323, Spls.,
map, text-figs. 22/6. Oct. 23, 1935.
[A volume on Dytiscidse, Gyrinidae, and Haliplidae, by Mr. J . BAiiFOUR Brownb.
is in preparation.]
STAPHYLINOIDEA.
Staphylinidse. By Malcolm Cameron.
Vol. I. [Subfani. Micropeijlinse, Oxytelinai, Oxyporina;, Megalopinas, >Steninas
Enaesthetinse.] Pp. i-xvii, 1-471, 3 pis., map, text-figs. 30/- March 31, 1930.
Vol. II. [Subfam. Paederinae.] Pp. i-viii. 1-257, 2 col. pis., text-figs. 15/-
Feb. 28, 1931.
Vol. III. [Subfam. Staphyiininae, Trichophyinae, Termitodiscinaj, Pygostenina',
Tachyporinae.] Pp. i-xiij, 1-443, 4 col. pis., text-tigs. 30/- March 30, 1932.
Vol. IV. Part I. [Subfam. Pseudoperiiithin;c and Aleocharinae (part)]. Pp. i-
xviii, 1-410. map, te.xt-fig.s. 2.1/- Aug. 11, 1939.
Part II. [Aleocharinae.] Pp. 411-691, 3 col. pis., map, text-figs. 15/-
Aug. 11, 1939.
CLAVICORNIA.
lOrotylidae, Langxiriidae, and Endomychidae. By G. J. Arrow. Pp. i-xvi, 1-416,
1 col. pi., map, text-figs. 30/- March 21, 1925.
PHYTOPHAGA.
*Cerambycid;o. By C. J. Gahan. Pp. i-xviii, 1-329, text-tigs. 14/- Nov. 9, 190G.
Chrysomelidae.
*Vol. I. [Eupodes, Camptosomes, Cyclica]. By Martin Jaiobv. Pp. i-xx, 1-534,
2 col. pis., text-figs. 28/- March 14, 1908.
Vol. II. [Hispinae and Cassidinae]. By S. Maullk. Pp. i-xi, 1-439, text-figs. 21/-
Aug. 9. 1919.
Vol. III. [Chrysomehnae and Halticinae]. By S. Maulik. Pp. i-xiv, 1-442, map,
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Vol. IV. [Galerucinae]. By S. Maxtlik. Pp. i-xvi, 1-C48, 1 col. pi., map, text-fig.s.
35/- .Jan. 3o, 1936.
L 3 J
RHYNCHOPHORA.
Oiirculionidae. [Parti. Brachyderinae, Otiorrhynchinse.] By Guy A. K. Mabshaix.
Pp. i-xv, 1-367, text-figs. 21/- Nov. 28, 1916.
.1 second voiuine on t/ie Cireiilionidae hy Sir GtUV Maksuall i*- iit, prcpuration.]
yA volume on Platypodidae, by Dr. C. F. C. Beeson, is in preparation, and ivill
be followed by a volume on Scolytidae.]
LAMELLICORNIA.
Scarabseidaj. By G. J. Arrow.
*Part I. Cetoniinse, Dynastinse. Pp. i-xiv, 1-322, 2 col. pis., text-fige. 14/-
Sept. 13, 1910.
Part II. Rutelinse, Desmonycinffi, Euohirinse. Pp. i-xiii, 1-387, 5 pis., text-fige. 21/-
May 6, 1917.
Part III. CoprinsB. Pp. i-xii, 1-428, 13 pis., map, text-figs. 30/- Dec. 15, 1931.
Part IV. Luoanidse and Passalidaj. I'p. i-xi, 1-274, 23 pis. (1 col.). 50/-
April 28, 195U
HYMENOPTERA,
*Vol. I. Wusps and Bees. [Fossores, Diploptera. Anthophila.] By C. T. Bingham.
Pp.i -xxix, 1-579, 4 col. pis., text-figs. 28/- March 29, 1897.
Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. [Fomiicidae, Chrysididae.] By C. T. Bingham.
Pp. i-xix, 1-506, 1 col. pi., text-figs. 28/- April 7, 1903.
\'ol. III. Ichneumonidse : I. Iclineumones Deltoidei [Pimplinte, Tryphoninse, Ophio-
ninse]. By Claude Morley. Pp. i-xxxvi, 1-531, 1 col. pi., text-figs. 28/-
March28, 1913.
DIPTERA.
[V^ol. 1.] Nematocera, excluding [Cecidomyiidse], Cliironoinidaj, and Culicidse. By
E. Brunetti. Pp. i-xxviii, 1-581, 12 pis., text-figs. 28/- Dec. 17, 1912.
[Vol. II.]Brachycera, Vol. I. [Stratiomyiidse, Leptidae, Nemestrinidse, Cyrtidae, Bomby-
liidae, Therevidae, Scenopinidae, Mydaidae, Enipidae, Lonchopteridte, Platy-
pezid*]. By E. Brunetti. Pp. i-ix, 1-401, 4 pis., text-figs. 35/- May 28, 1920.
Vol. III. Pipunculidse, Syrphidse, Conopidse, OSstridae. By E. Brunetti. Pp. i-xii,
1-424, 6 pis., text-figs. 30 - March 1, 1923.
\'ol. IV. Culicidae, tribe Anoplielini. By S. K. Christophers. Pp. i-xi, 1-371.
3 pis., text-figs. 22/6 Oct. 27, 1933.
Vol. V. Culicidae, tribes Megarhiniui and Culicini. By P. J. Barraud.
Pp. i-xxvii, 1-463, 8 pis., text-figs. 30/- March 14, 1934.
Vol. VI. Calliphoridae. By R. Senior- White, Daphne Aubertin ami J. Smart.
Pp. i-xiii, 1-288, map, text-figs. 18/- March 28, 1940.
[Further volmnes on Asilidsc, by Dr. B. IM. Hobby, Tabanidae, by Mr. H. Oldroyd,
axd Muscitlae, by Dr. F. van Emden. are in course of preparation.}
APHANIPTERA.
[A Volume on the Flean^ by Dr. M. Sharif, is in course of preparation.]
RHYNCHOTA.
By W. L. Distant.
*Vol. 1 Heteroptera [Pent.ilomidse, Coreidee, Berytidae]. Pp. i-xxii, 1-438, text-figs.
23/- Aug. 18, 1902.
*Vol. II. Heteroptera [Fam. 4, Lygseidae — 16, Capsidse.J Pp. i xvii. 1-503, text-figs.
28/- 1903-4.
[Fir.sl pubiishedi in two parts : Part I, pp. 1-242, v// Dec. 1903; Part II, pp. 243 503,
in April, 1904. The two parts later re-issued as one volume with fresh preface.]
[4 ]
*Vol. III. Heteroptera — fiomoptera [Anthocoridae, Polyctenidse, Cryptocerata.
Cicaclidae, Fiilgoridffi]. Pp. i-nv, 1-503, text-figs. 28/- March 19. 1906.
Vol. IV. Homoptera [Membracidse. Cercopidse, Jassidae] and Appendix [to Pentato-
midae, Coreidae, and Berytidae]. Pp. i-xv, 1-501. text-figs. 28 - 19t»7-8.
[First jyuiiliahed in tttw parts : Part I, pp. 1-264, in Nov. 1907 ; Part II. pp.. 265 -501 ,
//' Aug. 1908. Later re-issued as one volume.']
Vol. V. Heteroptera : Appendix [Lygasidse to Cryptocerata]. Pp. i-xii, 1-362.
text-figa. 14/- Jan. 24. 1911.
Vol. VI. Homoptera : Appendix [Cicadidae. FulgoridsR, Membracidae, Cercopidae.
Jassidae (pt.)]. Pp. i-viii. 1-248, text-figs. 14/- March 31. 1916.
Vol. VII. Homoptera: Appendix [Jassidae (pt.)]; Heteroptera: Addenda [Penta-
tomidae, Coreidae. Berytidae. Lygseidae]. Pp. i-viii. 1-210, text-figs. 14/-
May 9. 1918.
ORTHOPTERA.
Aoridiidae. By W. F. Kikby. Pp. i-ix, 1-276, text-figs. 14/- June 9, 1914.
Volumes on the Gryllidae, by Dr. L. Chopard, and the Tettigoiiiidae by
Mr. G. M. Henby, arc in ])rep(ira(iov .]
DERMAPTERA.
(Earwigs).- By Malcolm Burr. Pp. i-xviii, 1-217, 10 col. pis., 2 text-figs. 14/-
Feb. 3, 1910.
ODONATA.
Vol. I. [CoenagriidaB]. By F. C. Fraser. Pp. i-xiii, 1-423, map, text-figs. 25;-
March 1. 1933.
Vol. II. [Agriidae and Gomphidae]. By F. C. Fraser. Pp. i-xxiii. 1-398. 4 col. pis.,
text-figs. 25/- Oct. '29. 1934.
\ol. 111. [Cordulegasteridae, ^lislmidae, Libellulidae]. By F. C. Fraser. Pp. i-xi,
1-461, map, 2 pis., text-tigs. 3o/- Dec. 21, 1936.
ARACHNIOA.
*Scorpione8, Uropygi, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Araneae (pt.). By K. 1. Pocock.
Pp. i-xii, 1-279, text-figs. 14/- Dec. 21. 1900.
[A volume on the Ticks, by Dr. M. Sharif, is in course of preparation.]
CRUSTACEA.
\_A volume on the Cirripedia, by Dr. C. A. Nilsson-Cantell. a volutne on Brachyura
(Oxyrhyncha), by Dr. B. N. Chopra, attd a volumeon Copepoda (Calanuida), by
Dr. R. B. Seymour Sewkll, are in course of preparatioji.]
ECHINODERMATA.
{A volume on the Echinoidea, by Dr. Th. Mortensen, /» //( cuiir-vv of preparation.]
MOLLUSCA.
[Vol. 1.] Teatacellidte and Zonitidae. By W. T. Blanfoku and H. H. Godwin -
Austen. Pp. i-xxxii, 1-311, text-figs. 14/- Dec. 7, 1908.
Vol. II. Trochomorphidae — Janellidae. By G. K. GUDE. Pp. i-xii, 1-520, text-figs.
28/- Nov. 24, 1914.
[5 ]
Vol. til. Land Operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae. Assimmeidae, Hehci-
nidae). By G. K. Gude. Pp. i-xiv, 1-386, 2 pis., text-fige. 35/- April 5. 1921 .
[Vol. IV.] Freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda. Bv H. B. Preston. Pp. i-xi,
1-244, text-figs. 14/- " March 31, 1916.
[A fifth volume, 6// Dr. B. Prashad. dealing with Pelecypoda, /-- in preparation.^
WORMS.
OLIGOCH^TA.
[In 1 Vol.] By J. Stephenson. Pp. i-xxiv, 1-518, text-figs. 30/- June 30, 1923.
POLYCH^ETA.
[A volume on the Polychaeta, hy Prof. Pierre Fauvel, is in preparation.']
HIRUDINEA.
[In 1 Vol.] By W. A. Harding [Rhynchobdellse] and J. Percy Moore [Arhyncho-
bdellte]. With an Historical Preface by the Editor, A. E. Shipley. Pp. i-xxxii,
1-302. 9 col. pis., map, text-figs. 25/"- March 23, 1927.
CESTODA.
By T. Southwell.
Vol. I. [Cestodaria, Eucestoda (excl. Tsenioidea)]. Pp. i-xxxi. 1-391. map, text-figs.
22/6 May 29, 1930.
Vol. II. [Taenioidea]. Pp. i-ix*. 1-262, text-figs. 15/. Dec. 29, 1930.
TREMATODA.
[A volume on Trematoda //r/v Jiecii sdnrtioiied.]
NEMATODA.
Vol. I. Ascaroidea and Strongyloidea. By H. A. Baylis. Pp. i-xxxvi, 1-408,
map, text-figs. 25/- March 23, 1936.
Vol. II. Filarioidea, Dioctophymoidea and Trichiiielloidca. By H. A. Baylis.
Pp. i-xxviii, 1-27-1, map, text-figs. 17/6 Aug. IS, 1939.
CCELENTERATA, etc.
Freshwater Sponges, Hydroids and Polyzoa. By N. Annandaijc. Pp. i-vjii.
1-251, 5 pis., text-figs. 14/- ' Sept. 21, 1911.
PORIFERA.
[A volume on Marine iSpoitges, by Mr. ^I. J!ui