eVtl THE FAUNA OF INDIA INCLUDING PAKISTAN, CEYLON, BURMA AND MALAYA Published under the patronage op the Government of India EDITED BY LT.-COL. R. B. S. SEWELL, C.I.E., S^.B., F.R.S., l.M.3. (retd.) COLEOPTERA LAMELLICORNIA LUCANID.E AND PASSALID^ VOL. IV. BY Gi'^Jf'^A'RROW TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LTD. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C 4 AiERE y FLAMMaM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LTD. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. APR 21 1£55 i/BRARl 351818 EDITOR'S PHKFACE -0 It is deeply regretted tliat tlie Author of this volume, Mr. G. J. Arrow, died before the vohinie could he published. The manuscript of the work was first sent to me loi' }>ublicatioii in 1943, but war and post-war conditions made it im})ossible to print and publisli the volume earlier. Fortunately Mr. Arrow was able, before his death, to revise his manuscript and go through the type while it was in galley-proof. It is therefore hoped that few errors or raisprmts have ere])t iji : but should there be any, I must bear the responsibility for them. Zoologists the world (jver will leaiii with great appreciation that the Government of India liave undertaken to contiiuie the ISeries. The grant of full autonomy to India and the separation of the Dominion of Pakistan have, however, rendered necessary a change hi the title of the Sei'ies, and in future this will be " The Fauna of India " and each Monograph will include an account of the faunas of India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma, and, if possible, Malaya. The Governmeiit of India have further decided that from now on all future volumes must be printed and published in Ijidia. The ])resent volume thus concludes a long stage hi the i)rcduction of this valuable series of Monographs : the first volume, that on the Mammalia, by W. T. Blanford, was printed by Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. in the year 1888, and since then 81 volumes have been issued. With the publication of this volume the long association of Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. with the " Fauna of British India " comes to an end, and I therefore take this opportunity of expressmg to them the very great jv editor's preface. degree of indebtedness that I and previous Editors and Authors owe to them, for the very great care that they have throughout taken m the printing of these numerous volumes and for the manner in which the standard of work has been mamtained for over sixty years. R. B. 8EYM0UR SEWELL, C.I.E., 8c.D., F.R.8., Lieut.-Col. l.M.S. {retd.), Editor. The Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge. May, 1949. PEEFACE o- The groujis of Lamelliconi beetles comiirised in tlic ibiii- volumes published between 1910 and the present time, and in the present volume, which is the last, have not followed am- natural sequence, but have been dealt with only as the materials necessary for the purpose have been foinid adequate. The largest subfamily, the Melolonthin^, the very great majority of the types of which are in Germany, has been omitted for reasons which it is perhaps imnecessary to exi)lain. The preparation of the present volume has been made possible by willing help from many kind friends, who have allowed me to study at leisure the specimens in their charge and, in too many cases, to retain them for a veiy Ic^ng time. Through their co-operation I have been able to cxamme ty])e-specimens of nearly every sjjecies, known to inJiabit India or Burma, of the two families dealt with here. Fortius I must ackiaowledge my indebtedness in the first place to two old and lamented friends, ardent entomologists and earnest workers for international goodwill in two once-friendly nations \\Iii(li, it is to be hoped, may in time to come prove worthy of sucii citizens, the late Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches Entomologisclies Institut, Berlin, for the loan of the tyi)es of Kraatz, Zang and others preserved in that institution, and the late Dr. K. Gestro, of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Genoa, for the loan of Boileau's Burmese types. Dr. Gestro's assistant. Dr. Capra, and his successor, Dr. Oscar de Beaux, have also given all possible helj), for which I desire to exjjress my gratitude. •infiio^^ vi author's preface. Even more important has been the assistance rendered by my very old friend, Monsieur Rene Oberthiir, whose death in 1944, at the age of 92, has deprived us of perhaps the most zealous and stimulatmg collector of Coleoi)tera the world has known. His constant interest and encouragement durhig the progress of the present work and the loan or presentation of the numerous types from his wonderful collection, have been of immense value. Others, to whom I also offer my grateful thanks, include Dr. R. Didier, who has lent me types of species described by himself and Boileau, since presented by him to the Paris Museum, Professor G. D. H. Carpenter, of the Hoije Department of the Oxford University Museum, for putting at my disposal the many ty^^es of Hope and West- wood under his charge, Dr. Hem Singh Prutlii, formerly of the Calcutta Museum, for sending me those of Gravely contamed in that collection, and Herr Paul Nagel, of Hanover, for obtaumig for me from the Hanover Museum the highly interesting type of Lucanus gracilis Albers. Many others have helped me by the loan of specimens, and I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. C. F. C. Beeson and Mr. J. C. M. Gardner, of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, Mr. G. M. Henry, of the Colombo Museum, Mr. E. A. D'Abreu, of the Central Museum, Nagpur, Mr. S. H. Prater, of the Bombay Natural History Society, Monsieur Antoine Ball, of the Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels, Mr. E. R. Leach, of Piedmont, California, and Mr. J. W. Angell, of New York. The collections made in India by Mr. T. R. D. Bell and Mr. H. G. Champion have also been of important assistance. In no other group of insects, perhaps, does an adequate conception of the diiferential characters depend to a greater degree than in the Lucamid^ upon a comparison of nuiny specimens. Published descriptions consist, in most cases, of a more or less exact enumeration of the features of a shigle si)ecimen. When this is a female, such a diagnosis api^lics w ith considerable accuracy to any other specimen of the species belonging to the same sex, but Avhen, as is more often the case, the specimen described is a male, it may well Ijc that another specimen of either sex, although of the same species, will .TaO» • .t in^ author's preface. vii accord with it in scarcely any single detail. The extreme variability of male Lucanid^ is the cause of exceptional difficulty in identification and, as a result, the nomenclature of the group is greatly complicated. Only the study of series sufficient to link uji the different phases can resolve the numer- ous problems that arise. Since many Indian species are still known by only a very few examiiles, or even a single one, it cannot be hoped that finality in nomenclature has been achieved in this work. The present attempt, with its rather extensive revision of antecedent work, will itself inevitably need revision when further materials have accumulated. It may at least be hoped that this volume, by bringing together the very scattered records in comprehensive form, will serve to stimulate interest in a very remarkable and attractive group of insects. To illustrate vdih anything like completeness insects so variable as the Lucanid^ would require figures of many examples of each. Such series, in very many cases, are not at present to be found in any collection, and I have been obliged to content myself with one figure of nearly every species of both sexes of a considerable number and of more in a few representative cases only. The photograjjlis, with a few exceptions, are of the exact size of the originals and in many cases are of type-specimens, either so designated by the author of the name or one of the original series from which the species was described. The figures not of the actual size of the specimens are indicated in the " Explanation of the plates". SYSTEMATiG INDEX Page Fam. L u c A X r D .E 35 Subfam. Lf7C.4A7A-.*: 40 1. Lucanus Scopoli 41 1. laminifer Wat 44 2. liinjfer Hope .... 45 3. fiircifer. sj3. n. ... 46 4. fryi Boil 48 5. smitlii Fdrrif 49 6. villosiis Hope .... 50 7. cantori Hope .... 51 8. mearesi Hope .... 52 9. fairmaiioi Plan. . 54 10. groulti Flan 55 11. dohertyi Bo(7 50 12. westennaiini Hope d' Weslw. 57 13. atratus //oy;p ... 58 14. obeithiiri Flan. . . 59 15. lesnei Flan 60 16. gracilis Albers. . . 61 17. siugulari.s Plan. . . 62 2. Cyclommatus Parry ... 63 18. .strigiceps ]\'esfw. 64 19. alber.si Kraalz. ... 66 3. Hexarthrius Hope tO Westiv. 67 20. parrvi Hope 68 21. for Ateri Hope ... 69 22. maiszeclii Tlionis. 71 23. bowringi Parr;/ . . 72 24. aduncu-s Jonl. . . . 73 25. da\isoni Wat. ... 74 4. Gnaphaloryx Jiarnieint. 75 26. opacii.s liiirni. ... 76 5. Dorcus Maclean 77 27. antaeus Hope .... 86 28. curvideiis (Hope) . 88 29. rudis (]lV*7ir.) ... 90 30. dorolictus Pf/>7V/. . 91 Pago 31. opac'ipenni.s Zang. 92 32. ratiocinativiis HV.s'/w 93 33. veliitinii.s Thoins. . 94 34. ur.sulus Arroir . . . 95 35. cylindnis Tf)0)»-s. . 96 36. immimdus Arrow. 98 37. rugcsiis Boil. 99 38. fulv'onotatus {Parru) 100 39. bisignatus (Parry) 101 40. boileaui (Did.) . . . 103 41. titamis (Boil.) . . . 104 42. tityu-s Hope 106 43. siibmolaris (Hope d- We.stir.) 108 44. reichei (Hope) . . . . 109 45. hypprion Boil. . . . 112 46. sewertzowi (Sem.) 113 47. poiiillaudei (Hoiilb.) 114 4S. laterotarsiis (Hoiilb.) 115 49. ciirvipes {Hope (0 11 >••>/»•. 116 50. .spen<'ei (Hope) . . . 117 51. biilbo.sii.s (Hope). . 118 52. perplexu.s (Parr;/) 120 53. polymorphu.s. noiTi. n 121 54. dentifer (Deyr.) . . 122 55. jeakiitsi (We.ftw.) 124 56. inaci'lcllandf (Hope) 125 57. pas.saloiiles (Hoj)e have the body comparatively straight, there arc only two jiairs of functional legs and tliey are widely separated. The third pair are represented by vestiges so minute that they are almost invisible without magnification. They lie clo.se behind the second pair, have lost all trace of their original form as organs of locomotion and apimrently serve only to scrape microscopic ridges upon the surface beneath them, the friction causing a scjueaking noise. Lucanid larvae also squeak by means of a special apparatus upon the two hinder pairs of legs but all the legs are fully developed, as in other Lamelheornia. In the adult beetles there is a very strong contrast between the uniformity of the Pas.salid.^ and the variety of the Lucanid^. The former are shining black insects, narrow- bodied, parallel-sided, with short legs and aiitennje. The latter ma}' be black and shining but they are often brown, red or yellow ; they may dis])lay boldly contrasted combinations of light and dark colours or even (though not in India) tlie most vivid metallic green, golden or iiery red. They may be narrow but are sometimes extremely broad. The legs and antennae may be short liut are often very long. In structural details the two groups have little in common except such as are shared with nearly all Lamellicoriiia. Tn the Passaliu^e the connection between the front and hind l)ody is very tMttiim 2 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^. jieculiar. The mesotliorax is Icngtlioned in such a way as to form a waist such as few other beetles possess. Tlie mesono- tum does not ])rojcct between the elytra, and the bases of these do not, as visual, fit closely against the pronotum. As a consequence of the elongated mesothorax the second pair of legs is capable of swinging forward into a position close to the axis of the body, impossible to most other beetles. The organs of the mouth are also entirely different in the two families. Those of the Passalid^ form a very strong masti- catory apparatus for dealing with woody material, while those of the LuCANiD^ are adapted for juicy or liquid nourishment and of a much more delicate character, their mandibles not being employed for mastication. Another great contrast between the two groups is found in the usually very different males and females of Lucanid^ and their always identical form in Passalid^. A charac- teristic of Lamellicornia in general is the tendency for the two sexes to show considerable differences in form and colouring. The most striking manifestation of this is in the appearance of horns, either peculiar to the males or reaching an exaggerated development in that sex. These horns are either outgrowths of the head or thorax or greatly elongated mandibles. The most remarkable examples of the former type are found in the Dynastin^ and Coprin^, already dealt with in former volumes of this series, and of the latter type the most striking examples occur in the Lucanid^. A few cases of this type have been described and figured in the volume on Rutelin^ {Didrepanephorus, Dicaulocephalus, etc.), and a similar enlargement of the mandibles of the males is met with in particular instances in many families (Ceram- BYCiD^, Brenthid^, Histerid^, etc). But the Lucanid.^ are not only the best examples amongst insects of the enlarge- ment of the male mandible — they are probably unique in exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorpliism in the great majority of the species. In other instances it is observable tliat these differences between male and female are of very irregular occurrence. They may be found in a single species, in several or in many, but closely related forms are almost invariably found in which they are absent. Usually they arc found in the largest forms of a group and smaller closely related forms are without them. In the Lucantdje also they reach their highest development in large species and are absent in certain small forms, but those in which the two sexes are actually alike are so few as to be comparatively unimportant. The PASSALiuiE, on the contrary, are conspicuous amongst the Lamellicornia for the complete absence of external dif- ferences between male and female. Living in similar conditions and, like the LucANiDi^:, feeding in the larval stage in and TNTRODFCTTON. 3 upon (Iccayinii trce-stumji.s or K)jj;s, they aiv strikiiiifly (liHcrciit fiuni them in this rcspiMt and in the absence of tliat extreme variability of size within tiie s])ecies so characteristic of the LuCANlDyE. Like the Copri.N-*;, dealt with in a ])revious vohnne, both groups may be re<^arded as on the whole beneticial to mankind. None are recorded as injurious to any serious extent, and, as the result of their combined activities, i^reat f|uantities of dead tree-stumps and logs are disintegrated and removed, which would otherwise remain to hinder the growth of fresh vegetation. It can perhajDs scarcely be counted as a further merit that certain native races attribute ])eculiar virtue to the strange-looking male beetles. I have been infonued by Dr. Hamid Khan that in Southern India certain liill-tribes use the mandit)les meflicinally, and of a certain Chinese species, Calcodes nitiduf<, the form of the male mandibles is unknown, every specimen brought to Em-ope having had them removed, probably for a similar reason. Larv.«. As already stated, the larvae of the two families differ very considerably, those of the Passalid^ being adaj)ted to a more active existence than those of the Lucanidve, which, like Lamellicorn larvae in general, have very little power of move- ment from place to place. The Lucanid larva differs little from other "" wliite worms," as Lamellicorn grubs are called in various parts of the world. The body is curved into the shape of the letter C and normally lies u])on its side, the three pairs of legs brought close together and useless for locomotion, although well (levelo])ed. The surface of the body is rather smooth, the segments l)eing without transverse fokls and with little or no covering of hairs oi- spines. The 4 or 5 segments forming the ])ostcrior half of the body are large and the anal opening, which in otiier Lamellicornia lies in the same ])lane as the mandibles and other organs of the mouth (generally described as transverse), is here at right angles to that plane (generally described as longitudinal). This serves to dis- tinguish at a glance any larva belonging to the family, at least so far as they are at present kno%vn. The ventral surface of the last segment, as in other Lamellicornia, has on each side a patch of very short close-set sjiines, forming what is sometimes called the raster ; the exact arrangement of these spines differs in different s])ecies. The s])ines ])robably serve to assist the mandibles in holding food-matter or perhaps in cleaning the delicate organs of the mouth. The legs consist of a coxa, trochanter and two other joints, terminating in a single claw. All the legs are of nearly ecpial length, but those of the third pair have an extension of the b2 4 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID.E. trochanter, and the inner side of that joint usually bears a hard straight ridge extending from its base to the tip of this projection. Highly magnified, this ridge is found to be transversely broken up or milled, like the edge of a com. Tlie leg is usually directed a little forward, so that the ridge, wliich is used like a violin bow, rests upon the base of the leg in front of it. The coxa of that leg is crowded with hard granules, so that it may be compared to sand-paper, and the effect of drawing the sharp transverse blades of the " bow " across this jjlate is to set up vibrations which produce a fairly high-pitched note. The granules upon the middle coxa have a definite arrangement which varies according to the species. The structiu-e found in the European representa- tives of the genera Lucanus and Dorcus are shown in the beautiful plates of the Danish work on beetle larvae (Scliiodte — De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum Observationes). In Lncamis the outer edge of the granular area is formed by a single row of larger elevations placed side by side. In Dorcus the arrangement does not differ greatly, but certain other forms less nearly related show well-marked differences in the dis- tribution of the granules. In some these form rows instead of being distributed over the whole surface. In a recent paper (Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol, xcvi, 1935 p. 178) Dr. van Emden has described the distinctive features of the larvae of a number of different genera and Mr. J. C. M. Gardner (Indian Forest Records, vol. i, 1935, p. 6) has compared various Indian larvae identified as belonging to Dorcus, Hemisodorcus, Proso- pocoelus and Euryimchelus, which he says " might all belong to one genus," thus confirming the view taken in the present work. A few other Indian larvae have been described by Dr. Gravely (Records of the Indian Museum, vol. xii, 1916, p. 137). In the genera Jigus and Xigidius the stridulatory surface is less well developed and it seems doubtful if the apparatus is actually functional. Passalid larvae also are rather smooth, the body-segments being without the transverse folds found in most Lamellicorn larvae, but, in maikcd contrast, not only with the Lucanid^ but with all other known Lanu^llicorns, they are active creatures, able to crawl from place to place. Tlio body is com2>;n*atively long and straight, the ten abdominal segments are alike, tlie jiosterior ones not enlarged, antl the ti>rminal one is witliout the usual spiny " raster " on its \n\\vr surface. The anal opening has the normal transverse direction, unlike that of LucANiD^. The most remarkable characteristic is in the legs, which appear to be only four in number. A very close examination is necessary for the detection of the tiny hind legs, seemingly rudimentary, wliich do not jiroject downwards but lie close to the sides, where tliey extend only as far as tlie bases of the second pair. When magnified these miinito INTRODUCTION. O limbs are seen to have the sliai)c of a tiny hand or paw with five or six projections very sharply pointed at the end. The area at the base of tlve [uecediiig leg, upon which this curious limb lies, is darker than the surroundhig surface and, closely examined, is found to bear a number of very line ridges, capable of vibrating when plucked by the claws of the httle " paM." To human ears the sound so j)roduced, as it has been described by Ohaus, is soft but easily audible at a short distance. The four normal legs are rather long and slender. A small distinctive feature of the Passalid larva in its early stage is a pair of hatcliing-spines or egg-bursters. These are sharp projections found one on each side of the upper surface of the mctathorax. They serve to break the egg-shell and are shed when the first skm is cast. The distinctive features of a number of Indian species of l*ASSALii)^E have been described by Dr. Gravely in the paper mentioned above. The larva; of the AuLACOCYCLiNiE and of Leptaulax can be distinguished, according to him, from those of the remaining Indian genera by the form of the terminal lobe of the last ventral segment, wliich is deeply cleft, wliilst in the rest it is entire. The organs of the mouth do not greatly differ in Lucanid and Passalid larvai, but Gardner (Indian Forest Records, vol. i, 1935, p. 2) has recorded that the grinding apparatus of the mouth in the latter is reduced, as compared with that of the Lucanid larva, and says " the difference would be difficult to explain were it not for the observations of Ohaus, who found that . . . the parent beetles attend their progeny throughout their larval period and present them with already masticated food." The larval period appears to be much shorter and the adult life longer than in the Lucanid^. The eggs do not all mature together, but seem to be laid at intervals during several months. In the case of Passalns cornutits eggs, larva; and pui)ai were all found together and the comi^lete metamorphosis appears to be accomi)lished in the course of a single summer. Another LamcUicorn group in which stridulation by the larvai is performed in a similar way to that adopted by the LucANiD.E and PASSALiDyE is that of the GEOTRuno^. In that group tiic larval legs are to some extent intermediate in their stage of development between the conditions found in our two families. The tliird pair are specially adai)ted for scraping the bases of the second pair and are reduced m size, but without the v(;ry great degree of specialization found in the Passalid^. Although the short, compact-bodied adult GEOTRUPiD-^.have little resemblance to either Lucanid^ or Passalid^e, there are many reasons for regarding them as a primitive group related to the ancestors of both. Larval 6 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^. stridulation may tliercfore be regarded as a habit acquired ill very ancient times, before the separation of these three now very distinct groups of beetles. Habits and Metamorphoses. With the exception of the Lucanid^ belonging to the genus Colophon in South Africa, which apparently feed upon the roots of scrubby mountain plants, of the remarkable blind Vinsonella area in Mauritius and of Lej)tinopterus in South America, one of which has also been found among roots, the members of these two families, so far as they are known, feed ujjon decaying wood and are found during the greater part of their lives in rotting logs or tree-stumps. Cocoons of a Lucanid, probably Calcodes siva, have been recorded (Sharp, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1884, p. 18) as found in the thatch of a house in Assam, but there is no evidence that this substance is a food material of that common species. More ])robably the larva fed upon the supporting timber. Although, in the nature of their food, Lucanidje and Passalid^ are alike, their life- histories are actually very different. Upon reaching maturity the LucA^'ID^, as tlieir mouth-organs clearly show, are no longer capable of feeding upon wood. Many appear to take only liquid food, some others are said to attack foliage. The Passalid^ on the other hand are without apparent means of taking liquid nourishment but have strong horny jaws well adapted for masticating the woody substance of the dead stumps and logs in which they live in all their stages. They are more social in their mode of life than the Lucanid.^;, larvae and adults bemg commonly found together. Observers both in Tro])ical America and in the East have reported the discovery of communities, each consisting of two adult beetles and a grouj) of larva?, and this lias given rise to the supposition that the young are fed and cared for by their parents. This was the conclusion arrived at by Dr. Fritz Ohaus, who devoted some time to a study of several species found by him in South Brazil. An account of his experiences, of which the following translation forms })art, was })ublished in the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for 1900 (Bcricht iiber einc entomologische Keise nach Centra Ibrasi lien, p. 164). " Since Passaiida' were common at Petropolis — I found altogether more than 30 species and about 15 genera — and on every excursion I found numerous larvae, I tried several times to breed them like other Lamellicorn larvae, but always with the same want of success. Tliis surprised me the more since the other larva- prospered (luite well in similar circum- stances ... 1 now turned my attention for some time almost entirely to this grouj) and soon observed that in all the tree- trunks in which 1 foimd I'assalid larv;e they were accompanied INTBODUCTION. 7 by two adult beetles, occupying the end of the gallery, which was largely Hljcd with |)ulveriz('(l wood, often boring further into the wood, while closu behind them were the larvae, varying in number from 2 to 7, sometimes in pairs and sometimes scattered. 1 now put the larvai foinid in a single trunk into a breeding-cage together with the two beetles and found that they i)rospered quite well. If 1 removed the two beetles the larvae died, even if I gave them the food-material chewed by the beetles confined separately. As I frequently observed both in the Held and at liome, the larvae ate only the wood chewed by the beetles. If I took a larva from its burrow and examined its mouth-parts I always found between them only spongy chewed woody material and never separate pieces such as one always finds between the jaws of larvae of Lucanidae, Rutelidae, Dynastidae and Cetoniidae. If one carefully examines the mouth-organs of a Passalid larva, one finds that they are not of a kind to masticate the wood in which one finds them. The mandibular teeth are compara- tively feeble and the grinding surfaces at the base are both concave, without ridges for mastication, and lie so far apart that their edges are not in contact ; moreover, the lower lip is without the chitinous piece on the inside, the hypophar^Tix, which is found in all wood-eating Lamellicorn larvae and which serves to grind still smaller the wood wliich has been partly divided between the molar surfaces. The maxillary teeth can only grip and not masticate the food. The operations of the pair of beetles found together with the larva? are, however, not confined to masticating their food, for if one gives the larvae the pulverized wood gnawed by the beetles removed from them, or that taken from the burrows of other LameUicorn larvje found in the same stump (e. g. Rutelid or Cetoniid larvae) the larvae die nevertheless. Although I could not investigate the chemical constitution of the digestive secretion in the moist woody substance eaten by them, I consider it certam that the food of the larvae is predigested by the beetles. The brevity of the digestive tract in Passalid larvae is confirmation of this. In them the enlargement of the last abdominal segment characteristic of all other Lamellicorn larva?, including those of Lucanidae, is entirely wanting. Examination of the internal organs of the two beetles found with the larvae always proved them to be a pair, the parents of tlie larvae, as further observation soon showed. A pair gnaw their way into a suitable stump. They are not particular in their choice, one finds few old stumps near Petropolis witliout P«.s%s'fli».s ; they attack any kind of wood, provided it is sufficiently decayed and quite moist. The burrow^s, which are so wide that botli beetles can work in 8 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^. them close together, ruii in all directions in the wood, not under the bark, and are filled with gnawed wood. In this the female lays her eggs in a heap. The eggs are ohve-green in the small species, blackish-green in the larger ones, almost spherical, with a rather hard elastic shell. The egg does not increase in size after it is laid. At the end of the egg-stage, the duration of which I could not judge, the shell splits from one end to the other, gajjes wide open, like the two husks of a hempseed, and from it crawls the white larva, of which the tips of the mandibles, the tarsi, and tlie spiracles and stiff bristles on the back are yellow. During this movement it increases considerably in size ; for instance the larva of Phoroiicvus rusticus Perch., emerging from an egg 5-5 mm. long, was 13-5 mm. long and 3-25 mm. broad. The adults remain with the eggs and young larvae mitil all the eggs are hatched. Then new burrows are started and, the paionts in front and their brood behind, the whole comjjany advance, chirping all the time . . . The sound produced by the stridu- lating ajjparatus is loud and penetrating. The beetles in a fallen log can be heard before they are seen. In a sjjecimen found late at night, which in the absence of any better vessel, I enclosed in a china receptacle on the washstand, the noise was so loud that I could not sleep until I had removed it from the room. The beetles chirp whether their brood is with them or not ; but that they commmiicate in tliis way with their brood I satisfied myself when I once found a log contaming Rutelid larvae and pupse as well as Passalidae, old and young. As the former were of more interest to me, I put the latter aside about half a yard from the log. During my search for the Rutelidae, I heard the continuous chirjiing of the PassaUds. When I had thoroughl}^ searched the log and, before deimrting, turned over a large jDiece of wood lying near, I found beneath it the parent beetles and four larva. Two others were making for the same shelter over fragments of wood and other obstacles ... The chirj^ing of the larva? is not so loud as that of the beetle, but distinctly audible, especially that of the larger species. The larva is quite active and is even able to climb up rough surfaces and the wire gauze of a breeding- cage. I have never observed that, even when of different species, they bite one another, nor did 1 ever observe the moulting jirocess. The entire devel<)])ment occupies barely a year, even in the large species- — in Paxilloides there are two generations in a year. For i)upation the larva needs no cocoon, the pupa usuall}^ ly"^g ^^^^ ^^ ^^p burrow, the loose woody material merely drawn a httle towards its sides and occasionally lightly cemented together to form a frail cocoon. Tlie change from larva to jmpa and from ])upa to beetle takes about 3 weeks, so INTRODUCTION. ^ that it is hardly possible to determine the intermediate stages, especially as larva' ami pupic do not stand disturbance so well as those of Rutclidie for instance. The parents remain witli their brood until all have i)upated and with the pupae until these have become adult and must even attend to the freshly developed beetles, which take some time to become hardened and their organs so fully mature that they are able to feed themselves. In January and February complete families are connnonly found together still, even close together in the same gallery, the elders only distinguishable from the young by the worn teeth of the front tibiae, scanty hair, missing tarsi, etc. . . . Common as the beetles are in old timber, one rarely sees them in the open ; I believe there were not half-a-dozen times when I found individuals upon the ground or crawhng on old logs in the forest. Usually one finds only one family in a tree-trunk, often together with larva? of other Lamellicornia, but rarely are several families of a species together and I never found different species in company. I only once saw a Passahd in flight — the fhght is slow and heavy." W. M. Wheeler, ui liis book upon ' The Social Life of Lisects ' (1923, p. 27), states that his own observations, made in Central and South America, Trmidad and Australia, confirm those of Ohaus, and 1 have been informed by a well-known entomo- logist, Col. F. C. Fraser, that he has on various occasions found in India Passahd famihes consisting of two adults and a number of larvae. The precise interpretation of the facts observed must, however, be regarded as not yet fuially settled. In a careful review of the subject (' Uber die Biologic der Fassaluskafer '), II. Heymons, who studied the insects in the same regions as Dr. Ohaus, contends that there is no reason to believe that parental care is actually exercised or that the hfe-history of these uisects differs in any important respect from that of other wood-feeding beetles. From an investigation of the contents of the ahmentary canal he concluded that the larv» were capable of assimilating and digesting woody material in the raw state, and were not, as supposed, dependent upon predigested food. Heymons' observations relate chiefly to Fassaliis interstitialis in South Brazil. Experiments with the North American species, Popilius disjunctus 111. {=Passalus cornutusV.), made by a group of students of Duke University, North Carolina, and described by them in ' The Ecology of Passalus cornuius, Fabricius, a beetle wliich lives m rotting logs,' by A. S. Pearse, etc. (Ecological Monographs, 193G, p. 455) led to the conclusion that, although well-growii larvae could be reared independently upon rotting wood, young newly-liatched specimens required material previously dealt with by the iO LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^. adults. When separated from the latter in an early stage they invariably died. The (juestion of j)arental care must therefore be regarded as needing further investigation. It seems certain that the young larvae depend for a time, at least, upon food material ])repared l)y the adults. The degree of dependence no doubt varies in different species and genera. The larva differs greatly from those of all other Lamellicornia and the existence side by side of larvse and adults is highly exceptional and must have some special significance. It occurs also in the " Ambrosia-beetles " (Platypodid^ and Scolytid^) in which a social organization varying in its degree of complexity has been found to exist. Whether or not the stridulatory power of the adults and young is used as a means of inter-communication, as Ohaus maintained, the possession of the faculty so highly developed in both throughout the family seems to indicate a greater importance than it has in any other group of beetles, for in general the occurrence of these organs is rather erratic. The profound structural modifications by which the stridulatory organs have become perfected also show this. Owing to the complete transformation of the third pair of legs of the larvae into stridulating organs the creatures have acquired a method of locomotion by two pairs of legs only which is quite unlike that of other insect larvae. In the adults flight is evidently of less importance than stridulation, for in a number of different species the alteration of the wings, the rubbing of certain specialized parts of which, by bosses situated upon the abdomen, produces the squeaking sound, and the fusion of the edges of the elytra, against which the wings are pressed, has resulted in the complete loss of all power of flight. As to the real use of stridulation, further investigation is much to be desired. In a paper dealing with ' The Origin of Stridulation in Beetles ' (Proc. R. Ent. Soc, A. 17, 1942, ]). (S.3), I have suggested tlie possibility that the vibration resulting fi-om the movements may serve as a protection against [)redators or parasites, the sound being only incidental. Social instincts of an elementary kind have been found to exist in at least one member of the Lucanid^, the European Sinodendron cylindricum . The late Dr. T. A. Chapman described (Ent." Month. Mag. vol. v, 1868, p. 139) his discovery of tliis insect in tlie ])rocess of nidification. A burrow about G inches long, with shorter branch-tunnels, was driven into tlu> dead and lotten wood of an old ash tree by a ])air of beetles working in collaboration. The excavation was begun some- times by the male and sometimes by the female but soon after a pair were found at work together, the female extending the burrow while the male a])peared to employ himself by removing the excavated material. Wideiiings of the burrow INTRODUCTiON. 1 1 occurivd at intervals, enabling the insects to turn ruuiid. In the brancli-tunnels eggs, 20 or more in nuinbci', were laid at regular intervals of about one-eighth of an inch in a s\m'iil line round the wall, each in a slight depression, and the chamber was afterwards packed with wood dust. Each grub, on hatching, bored straight into the wood, the mother- beetle remaining in the main burrow. It is jirobable that the mother usually dies near the entrance to the workings and so bars the way to any insects seeking to prey upon her brood. It has been stated by Katzeburg (Die Forstinsekten, vol. i, 1837, p. 106), that the male and female of a Dorcus (the European D. paralleloplpcdu.s L.) work in association, but this has never been confirmed. It is very likely tliat such collaboration will be found to occur in Lucanid genera, such as Figulus and Nigidins, in which, as in the Passalid^, the two sexes are aUke and there is no extravagant enlargement of the mandibles of the male. It is significant that the genus Hiyiodendron , which contains only three known species, is quite unlike all other LuCANiDiE in having the mandibles of the male very small and the head and thorax provided with horns similar to those of dung-beetles, Copris, etc., in which nidification by the male and female working in co- operation is well known. The thoracic horns in Sinodendron, as in many Coprin^, have become specially modified to adapt them to the purpose of removing excavated material and debris from the burrow. The LrcANin.^ have been charged with the destruction of living trees, but without adequate reason. In his ' Report on Insects destructive to Forests,' Thompson stated " The Stag-beetles are both numerous and connnon in individuals and are, of the whole order of wood-beetles, the most destruc- tive to Uving trees." According to E. P. Stebbing (' Indian Forest Insects ') this statement was the result of confusion with another beetle {Lophostermis) belonging to the family Cerambycid^ ; of the Lucamd^ Stebbing reports, on the contrary, " The tree selected (by the egg-laying female beetle) is invariably a dead one in which the wood has already undergone considerable decay. In no cases have I ever found the grubs or beetles in sound timber, nor have I been able to find any corroboration of the statement made by Thompson that these beetles and their grubs destroy oak timber." Stebbing records, concerning Lucanus lunifer (Indian Forest Insects, p. 71), that fully developed larvie, pupa? and mature beetles were all found in rotten oak stumps during July, and that the beetles are on the wing in June, July and September. The i)upal stage lasts a month or six weeks at most, but the beetle spends some time resting before emergence. The female beetle lavs her eggs in crevices of the l)ark or creeps 12 LTJCANID^ AND PASSALID^. under projecting flakes and deposits them on the outer surface of the sap-wood. A Uttle book, ' The Beetles of the Himalayas,' by E. A. D'Abreu mentions the trees most commonly affected, and the months of appearance of a few of the commoner Indian Stag-beetles. Beyond these scanty details scarcely anything has been recorded as to the habits of the Indian species, but the life -histories of the British Lucanus cervus, of which various congeners are found in India, and of Dorcus parallelojnpedus , representing the predominant Oriental genus of LucANiD^, are fairly well known. The eggs of the former are deposited in much-decayed tree-stumps or sometimes at the base of rotting oak posts. The species is common in the London district and the south of England, as well as in the outskirts of Paris. Its immature stages last three or four years and sometimes perhaps more but probably the duration of life of the related species inhabiting warmer climates is shorter. Like other LameUicorn larvae, that of Lucanus cervus feeds lying upon its side with the body curled in the shajie of the letter C. When fully grown it prepares an oval cell with a smooth lining, within the soft fibrous substance surrounding it, and then turns upon its back to undergo its metamorphosis. The change to the pupal stage and later to the adult condition takes place in the autumn but the beetles remain until the following spring within the pupal cell and the eggs are laid in summer. Dorcus parallelopipedus is found in decaying stumps or trunks of ash and sometimes of elm, walnut, etc. It is probable that the great majority of the Indian LucANiD^ have habits essentially similar to those of these European forms, to which they are closely related. A few, aberrant in their structure, like Aulacostethus, Platyfigulus and Penichrolucamis, have no doubt peculiar modes of life in correspondence with their structure, but of these a few sohtary examples are all that have yet been discovered, and their habits remain completely unknown. Some of the Indian Stag- beetles are found in large numbers, but not a few are known only from single specimens, although in some cases these solitary specimens were discovered many years ago. It is probable that, like their European allies, most of the Indian species are more or less nocturnal in the adult stage, remaining quiescent during the day and becommg active only after sundown. Some of the more gaily coloured members of the family however, like the splendid Australian Lamprima, fly in hot sunsliine and are sometimes seen in hundreds at a time. The common Lucanus cervus has occasionally appeared in very large numbers in Poland and other parts of Central Europe. A swarm drowned in the Baltic near Libau has been rccordcfl arifl a still more remarkable swarm in the south of INTRODFCTION. 13 France is said to have occurred some years previous to 1863, when, during a period of extreme drought, a cloud of the insects sufficient to obscure the sun passed southwards to a less arid region in tlie Department of the P\Tenees Orientales. The latter account, recorded by Planet in his ' Essai Monographique sur les genres Pseudohicane et Lucane ' (p. 41), seems scarcely credible. Perhaps the finding of a few specimens of the Stag-beetle at the time of the passing of this surprising swarm led to a too hasty conchision as to the insects composing it. The active adult life of the Lucanid^ seems to be short. L. cervus ap})ears at the end of May or the beginning of June, and is only occasionally seen after the middle of July. In the Himalayas various species are abundant during the montlis of July and August. Various accounts have been given of the contests that occur between the males of the British Liicanus cervus, which seem to considerably outnumber the females. Kirby and Spence describe them as attacking each other with great fury, but the encounters seem to be generally of a harmless nature, rather clumsy scuffles for possession of the female. It is very doubtful whether the mandibles can be correctly described as weapons in these struggles. The beetles appear to be actually without the means of inflicting injuries, such as often occur in similar contests between male insects not provided with enlarged mandibles. Certain species with shorter and stouter jaws are perhaps capable of inflicting more serious injuries but, although males are sometimes found bearing scratches, probably resulting from these contests, they are generally very superficial. DiMOBPHISM AND POLYMORPHISM. Although the two sexes never differ so completely as in those insects the females of which are wingless and larva-like, sexual dimorphism seems to attain in the Lucanid^e almost the extreme of possible difference for beetles in which both sexes are fuUy developed. Male and female of the same species may be dissimilar in practically every resi)ect, so that their correct association becomes a most perplexing problem. There are a few genera, e. g., Figidus, the species of which are of small size, in which the two sexes are alike externally l)ut this is quite unusual. In other genera dwarfed males may rather closely resemble the females and such specinu^ns often afford the best means of associating the sexes, but the larger the size of a male specimen the less it resembles the female, until in fully developed exani])les the dissimilarity may be comi)letc, so that, in many cases, it is difficult to find any single feature alike in both. 14 LUCANID^ AND PASSALID^. Unfortunately a very considerable number of tlie genera hitherto arcejjtcd in this grou]) are distinguislied solely by peculiarities of tlie male antl, in the case of females of which the other sex is not certainly known, not only must the species remain unknown but even a generic name cannot be supplied. Worse still, since the features distinctive of the male are inconstant and, with diminishing size, tend to fade away, such generic characters are often absent, not only in all the specimens of one sex, but in many of the other. It is obvious that, instead of facihtating it, such a system is a very serious obstacle to nomenclature. I therefore propose to recognize only genera in which distinctive features are to be found both in male and female. In groups of animals in which one of the sexes is rarely found or is rudimentary in character, it may be impossible to apply this rule, but in the Lucanid^ the two sexes are fully developed and approximately equal in numbers. The characters of the females are relatively constant and much more easily defined than those of the males, and experience shows that the features of most importance in classification are to be found in both sexes. When the male alone of a species has been known, a particular feature may have been quite reasonably supposed to be of generic importance ; but subsequent discovery that it is found in one sex only should be accepted as proving that assumption wrong. In these beetles the feature that first strikes the eye is of course the enormous development of the mandibles, or " horns," of the males, which, in most species, differ in toto from those of the females. The mandibles of the latter are rather constant both in size and shape, obviously serving the same practical purposes throughout tlie group. They are short and sharp, the tips crossing one another, the outer edge simply rounded and the inner edge usually bearing a stout tooth for givhig increased gripping power. The mandibles of the male, on the other hand, except in the few genera where the two sexes are alike and in a small number of exceptional species of other genera, such as Dorcus derelictus and Lncamts gracilis, in which the organs are little larger in the one sex than the other, convey no such suggestion of practical efficiencj^ in well-grown specimens at least. In many cases they reach a size (in Lucanus cantori and L. laminifer, Plate III, figs. 1 and 5, for example) which must inevitably restrict the freedom of movement of the bearers and exhibit fantastic shapes which, if we consider them as weajions or tools, suggest only a high degree of inefficiency. The great difierence between the sexes in the mandibles entails other differences. The enlargement of the mandibles may be accompanied by a great enlargement of the head and often, as in the genus hnmnns, the head bears strong ridges or outgrowths wliich INTRODUCTION. l5 give it a form entirely unlike that of the female. The enlarge- ment of the head may entail the widening of the thoia.\ in front. The great develo])inent of the anterior j)art of the body throws forward its centre of gravity and necessitates an adjustment of the suj)ports, and the fore-legs are therefore relatively longer in the male. \'aiious other differences are no doubt due to the different habits of tlie two sexes, the females being more sedentary and usually under the necessity of burrowing for the deposition of their eggs, wiiile the males need no adaptation for that j)urpose and are more active. The legs of the females are accordingly stout and formc^d for digging, while those of the males are slender and sometimes extremely long. In the genus LucanuH the contrast between the very elongate legs of the males and the short and ]iowerful legs of the females is complete and an almost equally striking dissimilarity is found in many of the species of Calcodes. A curious exception to the general rule occurs in the wide-ranging Gnaphaloryx opacus, Plate XV, figs. 11-13, of which the female has the front tibiae more slender than the male and strongly curved — no doubt an adaptation to some unusual mode of life. (A rather similar form is found in another peculiar and apparently rare little Indian species, Dorcus curvipes). The middle and hind tibiae of the female may have stout lateral spines which are absent or feeble in the male, those of the male may have hairy pads, as in Calcodes marginatus, or notches, as in Dorcus hiplagiatus , which are absent in the female. In some species of Calcodes the prosternum is produced in the male. There are many other differences between the sexes, of a very varied kind and affecting almost every part of the bod}- . It is rather remarkable that the abdomen, which in other Lamellicorns is especially apt to show such differences, is here almost the only exception. In Dorcus macclellandi there is a tufted process at the extremity of the abdomen of the male, but I know of no similar case. In some species of Lucanus the male has a remarkably long clypeal process or clypeo-labrum and in various forms of Dorcus the corres- ponding part, instead of being lengthened, is very much widened in that sex. It might reasonably have been suj^posed that the presence or absence of so well-developed a structure as the forked process, very conspicuous in the male Lucanus lunifer, would afford an important means of grouping the species but, like so many other features, the dypeus of the male is liable to an extreme variability. Its development closel}' follows that of the mandibles and it may be narrow or broad, according to the distance separating these at their bases in different individuals. In Dorcus tifnnus it may be deeply divided or entire ; in the Malayan Calcodes somnuri, loivci and 16 LucANiD-a: and passalid^. brookeanus, in which the mandibles have two different phases, in one meeting closely and in the other widely separated, a very conspicuous clyjieal process aj^pears between them in the latter phase but is quite absent in tlie other. The astonishing difference commonly found in the mandibles of the two sexes needs no emphasis but the other organs of the mouth usually differ also. The maxillae in many species have a hooked termination to the lower lobe in the female but not in the male, the palpi are often elongated in the latter and the mentum may differ in shape and sculpture or have a clothing of hair in the male, which is absent in the female. The hook-like backward extension of the mentum in the male Figulus cavicejjs is remarkable, since it occurs in a genus of which the other species have identical males and females. The head of the female is commonly shorter, as well as more roughly sculptured, than that of the male, w^liich is usually rather smooth, and, apart from the head, the sculpture of the upper surface is rarely the same in both sexes. The female may be glossy and the male dull, as in Calcodes mratus and Dorcus wimberleyi, or conversely the female may be less smooth than the male, as in the genus Cydommatus. In Dorcus reichei, curvidens and hyperion, the elytra, smooth in the male, are very deeply grooved in the female. The antennae of the male are generally longer than those of the female, but the much greater development of the sensory part of these organs, so conspicuous in many Lamellicorns and other insects, is rarely found in the Lucaxiu^. In one rather primitive genus, Sinodendron, aheady men- tioned, which is found in Europe and also in North America, there is no enlargement of the mandibles of the male but instead there is a horn upon the head like that of a rhinoceros in the male but rudimentary in the female. In certain Indian species the female (e. g. in Dorcus nepalensis) has a rudimentary horn in the same position, of which there is no trace in the male. Other females {D. reichei, etc.) have two little eleva- tions at that point and in Dorcus derelictus these become rather sharp processes placed at the hinder edge of a sUght depression. They are unrepresented in the males but, strangely enough, the males of certain other sjiccies of the genus, Dorcus foveatus, etc., have a pair of exactly similar sharp processes, also occupying the liinder edge of a dei)ression and not represented in the females. We must conclude that ancestral forms have existed in which both sexes had such processes upon the head. It has been suggested by Lameere that the Lucantd^ are derived from ancestors with liorns but without exaggerated mandibles and tliat, by a comjiensa- tory ])rocess, a gradual enlargement of the mandibles accom- panied the simultaneous (lisa])pearance of the horns. Darwin, INTUdDICTION'. 17 ill ■ Tile Descent ot" Man," luul iJicviously expressed liis belief in suoh a eompen.satory ])roees.s as explain iiij; the disappearance of horns in the C'oprid Malay Peninsula. But in the Darjeeling district and the United Provinces of India, as well as in Tongking and part of China, such specimens are INTRODUCTION. 10 not found. Large males (Plate XIV, fig. 2) occurring tliere have mandibles the curvature of which is uninterrupted from base to tip and the teeth also form an uninterrupted series, of which the largest is always the first, placed before the middle instead of beyond it. Sujjposing these specimens to indicate a distinct species, and unfortunately associating with them a female of a very different species, Dr. Gravely gave them the name of arrowi ; but a careful comparison of females and small males from all districts has compelled me to reject his view and to regard this also as a case of one species with two male phases. A very abundant Stag-beetle, with a wide range in the East, is Dorcus Htanus (Plate VII, figs. 1-4), a large black insect, the males of which have the mandibles long and broad, except at their curved tips, with the widest part toothed like the edge of a saw. Again the large males exhibit two phases, those from India and the Malaj^an region having very broad mandibles (fig. 1), of which the toothed part occupies the middle, Avhile in China and Jaj)an they are narrower and relatively longer (fig. 3), with the toothed jiart of greater extent. These two forms have been regarded as distinct species, and the second named Dorcus jjlatymelus, but, since the females (fig. 4) and small males (fig. 3) are alike ever\^vhere, I regard them as local forms of a single species. The fact that this bifurcation is found in some of the com- monest species, of which large numbers of specimens can be brought together, seems rather significant. It leads to the cjuestion whether other forms, at i)resent kno\A'Ti only from a few specimens of each, may not be found to be similarly connected when long series are available for comparison. Many LucANiDiE are known only from single examples or from specimens of only one sex. Even in common species the phase of greatest development may be of relatively infre- quent occurrence, the majorit}^ of specimens being of medium size. It seems probable that the reason why certain remarkable forms remain known by unique specimens only for long periods is that they occur only at long intervals or under excep ional conditions and perhaps for years together are actually non- existent. A single specimen of a species of Onthophagus now in the Calcutta Museum (0. lemniscatus) has a pair of extremely long horns, hke twisted wire, upon the head, extending backwards for a considerable distance and then bending abruptly and reaching forward beyond the point of origin. The specimen was taken in the Botanical Garden at Coonoor, in Southern India. At my request, Mr. S. H. Butcher, a botanist on the staff, made a prolonged search for further specimens. He sent me numerous examples but every male c2 20 M'rAXID.TS AND rASSALID^. had .short straiuht liojiis without any roseniblaiice to those of the type s})ecinioii. Altliough twenty-five years have passed, I believe no other specimen like tliis original example has been seen. It is easy to form in imagmation a scries of transitional 'forms linking the short-horned Avith the fan- tastically-horned phase, but there is no evidence of the actual existence of such intermediates. In a paper published in Trans. Ent. 8oc., 102.S, J mentioned a South American Dynastid Ijcetle, Enema pan, the male of which has two different phases, forjiierly regarded as specifically distinct. In the ordmary form, ibund in all stages of develojunent, tlu^ head bears a slender pointed horn, directed backward, and the thorax a strongly forked horn directed forward. In the second male phase, the thoracic horn is undivided and slender, while that on the head is divided at the tip. This [jhasc, A^hich occurs together with the other, is never found in different stages, but is confined to specimens of full size. Smaller males always belong to the normal ])hase and females are all of one form. This remarkable type of dimori)hism in the male, which seems to be rare elsewhere, is especially i)revalent in the LucANiD^, the mandibles of which exhibit in certain cases th(^ same phenomenon as the horns of Enema pan. If males of any abundant Stag-beetle are arranged in the order of their size, the mandibles will be found to show a corresponding but more rajiid increase of size, accompanied by a regular advance from a simple to a less simple pattern. In small specimens the inner edges are often capable of meeting from base to tij), })ut in larger ones they become gradually more separated and in the largest meet only at the tijis. The term Priodcmt was applied by Leuthner to the first stage in this development and the last stage he called Telodont. It is a M'ell recognized i)rinciple that the degree of develo]mient of the Lucanid mandibles, like that of the liorns of othei- beetles, bears a fixed, although not a simple, mathematical relationship to the size of the specimen bearing them, their increase being much greater than that of the body. The occu rence in certain cases of an isolated mak' ])hase, more liighL' (levelo])ed than and unconnected by intermediates with the ordinary form, ap])ears to form an interesting excep- tion to the general rule. The Indian Dorcus .sntnralis (Plate II, fig. 4) is a good ex- ample of this curious phenomenon. Ranging the males of this species according to size, \\v find that tlieii- mandibles show a gradual advance from the short anfl broad Priodont condition of the smallest sj)ecimens, fig. 4 a, to a slender form, in which they meet only at the tips, in tliose of full size. fig. 4/. But, together with males showing tliis regular pr. grcssion, others are found in the same j)laces which, although their size is rNTROmTCTTOX. 21 no greater, have longer mandibles oi (jiiitc a (liliereiit iKitterii, fig. 4 rj-i. iSueii speeimens lonn (Hiitc a distinct j)luise, uneonneeted by any intermediates with the j)rogressive series. They are alwaj-s of full size and, unhke the rest, show practically no variation. A very striking examj)le of a Lucanid witii these two distinct phases \s('nlrode.^ iiratus, (Plate XX, figs. H-\ I ), which is found in lunnbers in the Malay Peninsula. It is ratlier a small insect, males varying from 18 to 27 mm. in lengtli, exclusive of the mandibles. It is uni{|ue in its genus for its beautiful metallic colouring and also for tlie fact that, from the smaUest to the largest-sized specimens, tlic maiuHbles show extremely little progressive develo])ment. In a very small male (fig. 8) they are very tiny, less tlian half as long as the head, l)ut as we ])ass to larger and larger slx^eimens we tind only very slight develop- ment, and a specimen of the largest size known may have them only a little more than half the length of the head. But other male specimens occur with very highly-dev^eloped jaws which, as the figure (fig. 10) sliows, bear no resemblance at all to those of the ordinary jjhase. Together they form almost a perfect circle and are toothed internally in a very curious and elegant manner. Again, only large males of this phase are found and no sort of transition a[)i)ears to exist. The genus Calcodcs contains many cases of the occurrence, side by side, of the two ])hases, one inconstant and the other constant, the specimens of the latter being usually less numerous than those of the former. The conunon Indian Calcodcs siva, shown in Plate II, tig. 2, is a good cxamjjle. The males have usually short, stout jaws, fitiely toothed at the inner edge (figs. 2, a, h, r), but .some have them long and slender (fig. 2 d), and between the two forms no links are found. The Briti.sh Museum collection contains thirty-three short-jawed males, ranging from the smallest to the largest size, as well as eleven long-jawed ones, all of large size. The same genus is repre- sented in Ceylon by Calcode-n carinatus (Plate II, tig. 3), which is not unconnnon there, and I have seen about fifty males of all sizes of the varial^le ])hase, tigs. 3 a-c, of which the mandibles show a gradual progress from the short, broad Priodont form of the smallest to a narrow, sU-nder form, with a lobe at the base and a pointed branch before the middle. Together with the fifty exam^jles of this variable j)hasc were taken thirteen specimens of an isolated phase, fig. 3 d. in these the mandibles are much longer, the basal lobe and the pointed branch are both absent and, instead of them, there is a forked branch beyond the middle which is not found in any specimen of the variable phase. In Culcodes cuvcra, dcU's.serti and other species of this geiuis two exactly similar j)hascs are foimd, the nmubeis of each bearing a similar prt>portiou to 22 LUCANIDJE AND PASSALID^. those of C. carinalus. In other cases the isolated phase seems to be very rare. The corresponding phase of the Phihppine C. alces is represented in the British Museum only b}^ a single specimen captured nearly a hundred years ago, and I am not aware that a second has ever reached Britain. The Indian Dorcus spencei (Plate IX, figs. 5 and 6) is another species of which, during very many years, this phase has only once been fomid. Another Indian insect, closely related to D. spencei, is of rather particular interest. This is D. poly- morphus, which is abundant in the Darjeehng district, from which I have seen about 80 males, all but three of them belonging to the variable phase (Plate II, fig. 7). Small specimens have flat triangular mandibles, the inner edges of which are straight and can be brought together from base to apex. In larger specimens they are separated near the base but in the anterior half remain capable of close contact. In two of the 80 specimens the mandibles have an entirely diflferent form, fig. 5. They are slender, curved and far apart, so that only the tips can be brought together, and their inner edges bear only a few scattered teeth, instead of the close rank found in the other phase. There is also an erect tooth upon the upper surface, of which no trace aj)pears in the ordinary form. The remaining specimen (fig. 6), in the Oberthur collection, is a remarkable one. Like the two just mentioned, it is of the maximum size. The left mandible is in every respect that of the rare isolated phase, while tliat on the right is identical with that of a similar-sized examj^le of the ordinary phase. I have seen only one other Lucanid which, hke the last, combines in itself both the constant and inconstant jahases. This is a male in the British Museum of Dorcus forceps, an insect mhabiting Borneo and Sumatra. In this case the right, instead of the left, mandible is that of the isolated phase and the left is that of the variable phase. I have learned from the late M. Oberthur that in his collection is a male Dorcus suturalis in wliich is combined the two forms of mandible I have described above. Dimorphism of this peculiar kind is confined to no particular region. In Madagascar Dorcus serricornis, a species related to D. polymorphus and D. forceps, has two similar male phases, but of twenty-six male specimens only one represents the isolated jihase. Although the predommance of the inconstant form is the general rule it is not invariable. The West African Dorcus faber is an interesting excejation. I have seen 16 male examples of this, 13 of which have long, slender, strongly curved man- -dibles, meeting only at their tips, while only tlu-ee have the tNTRODUCTION. 23 short triangular mandibles which indicate the usually pre- dominant variable phase. In this case the length of the jaws and of the insects themselves is less constant tlian usual in the isolated phase. It seems probable that this phase is replacing the other as the normal form of the species, and that the more primitive form is in course of disappearance. In many Lucanid^, as in those belonging to the genus Lueanus, the primitive tyjie of the male mandibles, meeting at the inner edge, is not found, and it may be that it has been rej)laced by the later-evolved phase which, originally constant, has now become variable, like the form it has replaced. No similar dimorphism is found amongst female beetles. In those Lamelhcorns remarkable for the horns borne upon the head or thorax, these, although generally distinctive of the males, are in some cases well developed in females also, but the occurrence of two phases, as in the mandibles of LucANiD^, is confined to male horns. A single instance has been noted amongst these beetles of the combination of the two phases in the horns of one individual. This is in a South American beetle, Megoxeras jason *, the males of which have a slender horn upon the head and a very massive one upon the thorax. Thirty-eight male specimens of this collected in Ecuador were found to show two horn-j)hases, 18 of all sizes belonging to the variable phase and lb large specimens to an isolated phase, while one example shows the two phases on opposite sides of the body. It is probable that this strange form of polymorphism is less uncommon than appears at present. At least, it is not pecuUar to the LameUicorn beetles. In the magnificent Longicorn beetles of tropical America, belonging to the genus Psalidognathus, the females of which are without wings, and in the related genus Frionocalus, of which both sexes are wingless, enlargement of the male mandibles occurs exactly as in the Stag-beetles, and a similar transition can be traced from small to large individuals. The females of these insects have broad mandibles with sharp cutting edges, which meet and cross one anotlier like scissor-blades, the front half of the imier edge straight, the hinder half a little jagged. The great males, which may be three inches in length, have long, curved calliper-hke mandibles, which meet only at their tips. But in males of very small size the mandibles are precisely like those of the females and the calUper shape only appears gradually as we examuie larger and larger specimens. Exactly similar conditions are found in a South African Long-horn, Cacosceles newniani, the female of which has scissor-hkc mandibles, while in large males they are much longer and * (Seo Proc. Zool. Soc, wr. A, vol. cxii, 1943, p. 113, pi. i. figs. 3-5.) 24 LFCA'NTDiE AXD PA$SALID^. calliper-Dke, and a gradual transition can bo followed from very small males in which the form is identical with that of the female. A related sjjecies living in Southern India, Friotyrannus niordax, is of particular interest. The female has scissor-like jaws, the edges of which bear fine shar]) saw-teeth. In small males the form is the same and increasing size brings little change, except that the proportionate length of the mandibles become slightly greater. In the very largest males, however, the mandibles are calliper-shaped and a series of . twenty . specimens of tliis sex in the British Museum is equally divided between the two jihases, without any i)assage from one to the other. (Proc. K. Ent. Soc. (A), xiv. 1931>, p. 113.) We find then, amongst the Coleoptera, certain forms, likd those of Psalidognathus, in which the transition from the f(Mnale to the male type of mandible is com])lete ; in others, such as most of the Lucanidje, tlie earliest phase, in which the two sexes have identical mandibles, is wanting ; in yet others, like Lucanus, all the early male stages are absent and the dissimilarity is very great, while in Priofyrannus rnordax, Calcodes a'ratus, Dorcus suturalis and such forms, the penultimate male stages have disappeared and we have two distinct phases in that sex. Since sexual dimorphism has an evident connection with large size, those species in which all the stages still exist seem to indicate descent from a smaller ancestor, both sexes of which were alike, the different male phases recapitulating the stages in its evolution that have accompanied increase in size. The disappearance of some, but not of all, the transitional stages is as yet unexplained, and still more difficult to account for is the, no doubt rare, occurrence of two different stages in a single individual. The latter may perhaps be due to some unknown cause operating during tlie pupal period. When we })ass from the consideration of the Li'CANid.e to study the Passaliu^, the change from an extremely poly- morphic family to one of exceptional uniformity is surprising. With only two known exeejjtions the colour of the five hundred described species of Passalid.^: is the same — black. The general form of the body is tlie same tliroughout tlie group, and the legs and antenuie do not vary in ])ro])ortion to the size of the insect to which they belong. Moreovi-r, instead of an extreme inconstancy of form in the individuals of the same sjjccies, we find a lemarkable constancy. AVith certain exceptions, the different s])ecies of Passalid^ consist of individuals luuisually uniform in size. Most remarkable of all, not only are the extravagant developments of the male, so frequent in the Lucanid^, cons})icuously absent in the Passalio.I':, but not a single sjjecies is known in th(> family INTROnrCTION. 25 of which thf two sexes can be distiiiguished l>y any external (lifFerence. Tliis coinj)lete contrast between the two groups is no doubt to be explained by tiie dili'erence in the mode of life. xVfter reaching the adidt stage those Lucanid^ whose life-liistories are known, leave the rotting wood in which they have been living and feeding and henceforth live in the open. Although the female returns to dej)osit her eggs, the male, with his unwieldy jaws and long legs, is (|uite incapable of burrowing into even the softest material. The Passalio.^s, on the contrary, on reaching maturity, continue to inhat:)it the same places, their narrow compact bodies, short legs, and sharp stout jaws enabling them to penetrate and masticate the woody material. A few members of the group (e. g. ('eracupes and Aulacocydus) have processes upon the mandibles and head but tliese have not developed so far as to hinder and may conceivably assist them in the perfi^rmance of their functions. Certain Lucanid.-e also have processes upon the mandibles which are common to both sexes instead of being confined to the males (e. g. ^igidins). These also have attained only a small degree of development. It is evident that the growth of the mandibular i)rocesses of the Pas.salid.e to anything resembling the fantastic structures acquired by many Lucanids would effectively prevent them continuing their burrowing activities and, unless accomj)anied by a simultani'ous change in their niode of life, must bring about extermination. Similarly, the continued develo])ment of sucli outgrowths in l)oth sexes of LrcAMD-l;: would ultimately result in hindering the fi'inales from reaching the proper situations in A\hich to tlcj^osit their eggs. Since the males take no part in this operation, continuance of the species requires only restricted development in the female sex. In the other family male and female live side by side, and there is good reason for believing that their offspring are to a greater or less extent de])endent u[)on both ])arents. The undue development of any a])])endages which hindered their free movements would therefore affect tluj next generation harm- fully, whether in one j)arent or both. In dealing with the Copkin^e, 1 described * an' investigation of the evidence afforded by the wearing down of the teeth upon the tibiai as to the share, borne b}' male and female respectively, in the necessary labours of the species. This investigation led me to the conclusion that " where the two sexes have similarly developed armatures, or when that of the male is of moderate development only, both sexes are likely to show the effects of use in the forelegs in a similar degree ; but where they are very dissimilar and the male * See Arrow, l-'aiiiiu of Jiiit ish Itidiii. ( 'o|)riii;i'. p. .'{(i. ^6 LTJCANTDiE AND PASSALID^. has an exaggerated armature the evidences of labour are found in the females alone." In the LucANiD^ female specimens are often found in which the front tibiae show some amount of wear, although probably few have occasion to i:)erform such strenuous labours as are the lot of many Coprin^. Male Lucanids, however, although their tibial teeth are usually very sharp and spine like, seem never to show any signs of wear, clear evidence that the females alone perform the labours necessary to ensure the existence of the progeny. Inheritance by that sex in any degree of the extravagant mandibular developments of the male would prevent the proper performance of those functions and ultimate^ entail the extinction of the species ; but, so long as the inheritance is confined to the male, the well-being of future generations is not affected. Unless the extravagance reaches a point at which locomotion becomes difficult, it seems to entail no particular disadvantage, as comjoared with other insects in which such a tendency is absent. But in the Passalid^, the mandibles of both parents being important for the well-being of the young, the manifestation of a similar tendency in one sex or both would result in endangering the perpetuation of the species. Only races in which no such tendency existed would ultimately survive. In other words, the complete contrast between the two groups in this respect seems to me to be best explained by the operation of natural selection. As to the significance of the great mandibles of male Stag- beetles, the arguments adduced in my previous volume, in considering the horns of the Coprin^, apply equally to these. Those arguments led me to reject both the sui^jjosition that such ajjpendages can be adequately explained as weapons, offensive or defensive, and that put forward by Darwin, that they may serve as ornaments attractive to the other sex. The accoiuits of contests, which have often been observed between the males of the European Lucanus cerviis, do not indicate that their mandibles show any adaptation for fighting or can be accurately described as effective weapons. Some forms, like Hexarfhrivs parryi with stout sharp-pointed jaws, appear capable of inflicting more serious injuries, and scratches are sometimes found upon these, but I have found none but of a suj^erficial kind. The progressive elongation of the jaws, characterizing most forms, entails diminished instead of increased offensive power. Leuthner, in his ' Monograph of the Odontolabini,' (Trans. Zool. Soc. xi, 1885, ji. 40J, note) speaks of "numerous injuries observed in specimens of (Calcodes) alces of all sizes ; some of these consisted of deep punctures and indentations, generally in pairs, on the hard prothorax INTRODUCTION. 27 and elytra, which were evidently produced by the middle teeth of the mesodont form " and he figures the elytra of a specimen of C cuvera with six symmetrically arranged wounds ; but he has overlooked the fact that no weapon can ])ierce any surface except upon an opposed plane. The two mandibles of C. cuvera could not possiblj^ both pierce the smooth upper surface of another specimen symmetrically and at the same time, and therefore these symmetrical marks must certauily be due to some other cause. Such marks, which 1 have seen in other beetles, 1 believe occur in the pupal state and I am inclined to attribute them to the attack of a fungus. There seems, indeed, to be an almost complete lack of evidence for either of Darwin's suppositions, put forward in support of his theory of Sexual Selection, that larger mandibles afford advantage to their possessor in combat with other males, or that thej' constitute an attraction for the femajes. Mr. R. E. Parsons, who for several days observed many speci- mens of Dorcus foveatus, large and small and of both sexes, which had the habit of congregating uj)on a particular Citrus tree in Assam, found that in the cases he noticed " it was the small males that mated with the females and the large males did not seem to want to interfere with the mating of the small males and did not disturb the latter and their consorts." It may almost be said that the possible efficiency of the male mandibles as weapons is in inverse proportion to their size, for, the muscular force being applied at the base, the pressure that can be exerted at the other end diminishes in proportion to the length. In the primitive state the jaws of the male, as well as those of the female, were no doubt efficient biting organs, but the process of elongation, although sometimes, as in the genus Lucanus, accomjjanied by an increase in the size of tlie head, as thougli in an effort to maintain muscular strength, has generally involved a progressive diminution in biting or gripping power, so that it might be said that the insects as a consequence are preserved from such injuries as are often inflicted by insects with jaws of normal size. The Chihan Chiasognathus granti, perhaps the most extravagantly armed of all Lucaniu.^, the jaws reaching a length greater than that of the bod}', was subjected to experiment by Darwin himself, who has recorded that " the mandibles were not strong enough to pmch my finger so as to cause actual pain." As a beetle "s exterior is far better protected than the human finger and the jaws of Chiasognathus bear numerous fine teeth needmg httle pressiu-e to penetrate the finger, we cannot suppose them to be of importance as weapons. There is still less reason to regard the male mandibles as constituting an attraction for the other sex. Apart from the 28 LtTCANlD^ ANt) PASSALIDiE, absence of any evidence of choice exercised by female insects and the very doubtful existence of the aesthetic sense required for an appreciation of the comparative attractions of their suitors, a comparison of the eyes of the Lucanid^ with those of other insects must soon convince us that their jjowers of vision are quite inadequate for any such appreciation. The compound eyes of insects consist of numerous elements, each with a separate lens and external facet, which receive the light from a small part of the field of vision, the result being a mosaic jjicture, the clearness of which varies according to the number of comj)onent lenses in the eye. In some M^ell-cndowed insects, such as butterflies, these may be from 12,000-20,000 in a hemisphere on each side of the head, so that the light is collected from every jjossible direction. The two hemisj)heres may occupy most of the head, as in some Dragonflies, which may have as many as 28,000 facets in each eye. 8ome beetles, such as the Tiger-beetles (Cicin])E- iadje), wliich are very agile and pre}' u2Jon other insects, also have large prominent eyes witli many facets, but most have rather poor sight and the 8tag- beetles are amongst these. Li most the eyes are very small and consist of a few hundred facets only. In Lucanus cerviis there are about 2,000 and in most Lucanid^ less than that. The eyes are far apart and so placed that no comprehensive outlook is possible. In some of the great sj^ecies, like those comijosuig the genus Calcodes, each eye is comi^letely divided into two halves, the larger placed beneath the head for the perception of objects lymg between the fore-legs, while the other half is level with the upper surface of the head and can receive intimations only of conditions immediately above. There is even a -species of Lucanid^, Vinsonella cwca, in the island of Mauritius which, although sexually dimorphic hke most of the family, is totally' blind. In Aulacostethus archeri, Plate XXI, figs. 7 and 8, the eyes are so greatly reduced that the sight must be Cixtremely feeble, and in others they can be of very little use. Even insects, such as butterflies, with com- paratively good sight are easily deceived by artificial flowers or coloured imitations and only convinced of their error after repeated antl close investigations. The fact is that in uisects many of the fimctions served by the eyes in higher animals are performed by the antenna.', the seat of the olfiictory sense, which is nnich more important to them than that of sight and is develo])ed to greater perfection. It is b}' that sense that insects are able to recognize other individuals of theii- species as well as the substances wliich serve them I'oi' food. The subordinate function of the eyes is shown l)y tlie complicated operations often performed in complete darkness by insects such as ants and bees, the construction of the comb and feeding and tending of the IN'PKODIJCTION. 20 }cmng, as well as the delicate tasks involved in tiic iiidilieation of numerous burrowinji l)eetles like the Lueanid Sinodmdron and the Copkixje (leseril)e'yi' Boil., p. 48. 9 (4) ("lypeal process not forked. 10 (21) 3Iiddle and hind femora and tibise with red or yellow stripes or blotches. 11 (18) Elytra more or less hairy. 12 (17) Elytra not or scarcely metallic. 1.3 (16) Posterior lobes of the head broadly rounded. 14 (l.j) Tronotum and elytra very finely and densely punctured smithi Parry, p. 49. ).5 (14) Pronotum and elytra loss finely and densely punctured villosus Hope, p. .50. 16 (18) Posterior lobes of the head narrowly rounded ". cnntori Hope. p. .51. 17 (12) Elytra inetallic green or coppery inraresi Hope, p. .52. 18 (11) Elytra not hairy. " [P- 54. 19 (20) Prothorax narrow fairmairei Planet, LUCANUS. 43 20 (19) Prothorax broad (jroulti Planet, p. oo. 21 (10) Middle and liind legs viniformly dark. 22 (25) Pronotum not shining. 23 (24) Himl angles of the pronotum rounded, do/ieW^t Boil., p. ob. ^ 24 (23) Hind angles of the pronotum dis- [p. 57. ^j,j,.^ westennanni Hope, 25 (22) Pronotum shining in the middle atratus Hope, p. 58. 26 (1) Front tibia finely serrate externally. 27 (28) Upper surface black obcrthun Planet, p. o9. 28 (27) Upper surface metallic green or coppery. 29 (30) Body short and broad le-'^nci Planet, p. bU. 30 (29) Body long and narrow gracilis Albers, p. 61. Key to the Species (females). 1 (2) Hind angles of the pronotum rounded, /a //h'/;?/?;- Wat., p. 44. 2 (1) Hind angles of the pronotum distinct. 3 (22) Front tibia not finely serrate externally. 4 (11) Lateral angle of the pronotum very blunt. 5 (S) Femora l)lotched with yellow. 6 (7) Elytra yery dull cantori Hope, p. 51. 7 (6) Elytra shiAing fuirmairei Plan., p. 54. 8 (5) Femora not blotched with yellow. 9 (10) Elytra smooth, shining, yery feebly punctured mcaresi Hope, p. o6. 10 (9) Elytra closely punctured and hairy. . lunifer Hope, p. 45. 11 (4) Lateral angle of the pronotum well marked. 12 (21) Head angulate before the eye ; elytra very closely punctured. 13 (81) Head with a slight curved ridge above the eye. 14 (15) Lateral angle of the pronotum very sharp furdjer, sp. n., p. 4/. 15 (14) Lateral angle of the pronotum not very sharj). 16 (17) Sides of the i)ronotum coarsely punc- [P- o/. tured, elytra not long and narrow. . wcslcrmanni Hope, 17 (16) Sides of the pronotum not coarsely punctured, elytra long and narrow . fnji Boil., p. 48. \i (13) Head without curved lateral ridges. 19 (20) Sides of the pronotum very finely sculptured smiihi Parry, p. 49. 20 (19) Sides of the pronotum coarsely sculp- t^ired villosus Hope, p. 50. 21 (12) Head not angulate before the eye, elytra sparsely punctured atratus Hope, p. 58. 22 (3) Front tibia finely serrate externally. 23 (26) Elytra black. . _ 24 (25) Elytra not very shining oberthurt Plan., p. o9. 25 (24) Elytra very shining . (jroidti Plan., p. 55. 26 (23) Elytra metallic lesnei Plan., p. 60. The females of L. dohertyi and gracilis are at present unknown. 44 LUCANID.E. 1. Lucanus laminifer. (Plate III, fig. 5 ; Plate V, fig. 2.) Litcanus laminifer Wat..* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v, 1890, p. 33 ; Aid to the Identification of Insects, ii, 1890, pi. 186, figs. 4 & 5 ; Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899. p. 53, figs. 27 & 28. Reddish-brown or chocolate, with the outer margins dark and parts of the femora and tibi?e red. The body clothed above and beneath with fine close-h'ing greyish hair ; the female darker in colour, with a sparser clothing, the femora and tibiae black. The body is convex and rather elongate. The club of the antenna consists of four long joints of equal length. The prosternum only slightly j^rominent behind and rounded. $. The head is closely and coarsely rugose and rather sharply angulate on each side before the eye. The pronotuni is smooth and shining in the middle, where it is finel}' and s})arsely punctured, closely punctured at the front margm and very densely punctured and opaque at the sides. The front angles are blunt, the sides rounded to the lateral angle, which is blunt but distinct, and nearly straight to the hind angle, which is broadl}" rounded. The scutellum is closely punctured. The elytra are finely punctured and shining near the suture, the punctures becoming closer towards the sides and apices, where they are very dense. ^. The head is short but not wide and the mandibles are very slender and not far apart. The upper surface of the head is coriaceous and opaque and bears three transversely placed strong erect elevations, one in the middle and one on each side near the hind margin, rather widel}- separated and a little oblique. The front angles of the head are sharply produced laterall}' and the eye-ridges fairly prominent at the end. The epistome is long, narrow and sharply pointed, and there is a strong transverse clypeal ridge, sometimes straight and sometimes curved. The pronofutn is finely and closely punctured in the middle, densely rugose and opaque at the sides. The front angles are acute, the sides nearly straight to near the middle, where they are bluntly angulate, and nearly straight from there to the blunt hind angles. The elytra are finely and closely punctured upon the dorsal part, the punctures becoming denser towards the sides, and the lateral part finely rugose and opaque. The front tibia has a rather long terminal fork, succeeded by about four sharp lateral teeth, and there is also a long sliarp tooth at the point of insertion of the tarsus on the lower surface. The mandibles are ver}^ long and slender and bear numerous small tubercles along the inner edge, a tooth at the base on the dorsal side and a longer one beneath, a little farther forward. * -An asterisk after the name of a s[)eeies indicates that a type or co-type has been examined. LUCANUS. 45 Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is rather narrow and the median process is conical and pointed. The mandibles arc arched, the tips gently incurved and the tubercles crowded and irregular. In larger specimens the head is broader, the median process broad and truncated, the mandibles are greatly lengthened with the middle part approximately straight, the tubercles may be more scattered and the tip is forked. In the largest examples the tooth beneath the front tibia is conspicuously long. J. Length (with mandibles), 42-80 mm.; (without mandibles) 32-50 mm. : breadth, 13-20 mm. $. Length, 30-38 mm. ; Jjrcadth, 12-5-15 mm. Assam: Naga Hills {W. Doherty) ; Manipur (IF. Doherty). Burma : Ruby Mines [W. Doherty). Type in the British Museum. 2. Lucanus lunifer. (Plate III, fig. 3 ; Plate V, fig. 1.) Lucanus lunifer Hope, Royle'.s Illustr. Nat. Hist. Himalaya.s, i, 1S,39, p. 55, pi. 9, fig. 4; Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. [2, figs. 5 & 6. Black or nearly black, the elytra reddish-brown in the male, in which sex there is usually a very faint metallic suffusion of ])arts of the upper surface. The body clothed with fine yellowish hair, which is rather long and close upon the metasternum. Each elytron has a longitudinal elevation in its posterior lateral part, sometimes absent in the female. The club of the antenna consists of four long lamellae of equal length. $. The colour is darker than that of the male and the legs are entirely black. The shape broadly oval and convex. The head is coarsely rugose, the ej'e-ridge angulate in front and behind. The pronotum is rugosely punctured at the sides, finely and closely in the middle. The front angles are rather sharp, the sides rounded to the blunt lateral angle and feebly concave to the distinct but obtuse hind angle. The elytra finely and closely punctured, but shining, except at the apices, which are densely piuictured. 3*. Colour very dark brown, the tibiae and the abdomen in part deep red. The head is densely coriaceous and oi)aque, its margins outlined by a strong ridge nearly straight in front and interrupted in the middle behind. The clypeal process is very long and strongly forked at the end, the epistome acutely pointed. The front angles of the head are sharply produced outwards. The pronotum is finely rugose and opaque, except in the middle, where it is rather indistinctly punctured and has a faint median groove. The front angles are strongly produced but not sharp, the side nearly straight to the very strong but blunt lateral angle and again nearly straight to the 46 LUCANID.E. well-marked liind angle. The elytra are extremely finely punctured and slightly shining, except at the apices. The legs are very slender ; the lateral teeth of the front tibia are not strong, the terminal fork is long and there is a long process beneath at the point of insertion of the tarsus. The middle and hind tibiae bear strong lateral spines and terminate in three sharp spines. Variation of the male. In small specimens the front cephalic ridge is only slightly indicated, the clyj^eal fork is represented only by a lobe on each side of the epistome and the mandibles are slender, gently curved and scarcely tootlied excej^t just before the tip. Larger examjDles have the frontal ridge a little elevated in the middle, a strongly diverging clypeal fork, a small tooth near the middle of the mandible and a few minute tubercles between this and the terminal fork. In full-sized males the clyjieal fork is long but not strongly divergent, the frontal ridge is very strongly elevated in the middle and the mandibles are stout, with a strong tootli in the middle and very strongly diverging tips. cJ. Zf?if///i. (with mandibles), 47-82 mm. ; (without mandibles) 36-62 mm. : breadth, 15-23 mm. $. Length, 33^3 mm. ; breadth, 15-19 mm. United Prov. : Dehra Dun [H. Maxioell Lefroy) ; Mussoorie {B. N. Chopra, June, July). Sikkim : Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley {H. Stevens). Bengal : Kurseong, 6000 ft. {E. A. D'Abreu). Punjab : Dalhousie {Cajit. E. P. Sewell). Burma. Tibet (W. Savage Landor). Type unkno\^ai. This species is esj)ecially found in rotten stumps of oak and of Castanopsis hystrix, according to E. P. Stebbing and E. A. D'Abreu. 3. Lucanus furcifer, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 4.) Lucanu.s simjularis Planet, Le Naturaliste, 1903, p. 12, figs. 1 & 2 (not L. singularis Plan., op. cit. 1900 (2) xiv, p. 11) ; Essai Monogr. ii, iS99, p. 22, fig. 9. Black, with the prothorax and elytra of the male steely black and the tibiae deep red. There is a clothing of pale hair, very scanty upon the upper surface of the female, fairly close upon that of the male and dense ujion the lower surface. The club of the antenna comj^osed of four equally long joints and the preceding one not produced. The prosternum j)romi- nent and rounded behind. $. Long and narrow, shining above, uniformly black above and beneath, including the tibiae, tlie elytra non-metallic but occasionally with a very deep brown-black suffusion. Tlie head is coarsely and rugose ly punctured, with an oblique ridge on each side near the eye. The 2>ronotnm is closely punctured LUC ANUS. 47 in front and at the sides. The lateral margins are acutely angulate behind the middle, gently rounded from there to the front angles and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are well marked but not acute. The scutdlum is finely and closely punctured. The elytra are finely and closely punctured but not opaque at tlie sides, shining dorsally, \\here they are very lightly and minutely punctured. The front tibia is produced at the end and not very deeply bifurcated. cJ. The head is finely and densely granular and opaque, and surrounded by a ridge, which is straiglit in front and broadly interru})ted behind. There is a long chijeal j^rocess, dilated- and forked at the end. The anterior angles of the Ixead are rather sharp and prominent. The jjronoiion is finely coriaceous and sliining, with the sides densely punctured and opaque. The lateral margins are strongly angulate in the middle, the front angles are sharply ^jroduced and the liind angles rather blunt. The scutellum is closely punctured. The elytra are moderately shining, finelj' and closely but not deeply punctured, and there are two or tliree lightly indicated longitudinal costa^. The front tibia is very slender, with the tip jnoduced and strongly bifurcated, and a sharj) spine near the base of tlie tarsus beneatli. The long mandibles are a little expanded internally at the base by a feebly serrate ridge and beyond it are bent uj) wards and do\\an^ards. The}' bear a moderately long oblique tooth beyond the middle and are forked at the end. The inner edge before and after the tooth bears a number of fine but conspicuous tubercles. Variation of the male. I have seen only well-developed male speciniens. In the largest the mandibles are more strongly curved downwards than in those of moderate size, and the clypeal process is thickened at the end and its tips less divergent. ^. Length {with mandibles), 54-70 mm.: (without mandibles) 39-49 mm. : brnidfh, 17-21 mm. $. Length, 31-37 mm. ; breadth, 13-5-15 mm. SiKKiM : Lachen Lachung, August (Oberthiir collection). Yunnan. Szechuen : Ouy-8v (i?. P. Mombelg). Type (from Yunnan) in the Britisli Museum. The species described above is that described and figured by Planet in 1903 as Lucanus singularis. L. singular is was originally described by him in 1900 (Le Naturaliste, xxii, p. 1 1 ) from a single female specimen which in my opinion is specifically difierent. The type, as described and figured, is singular in its narrow, parallel-sided form and smooth glossy surface. The female of the species described and figured three years later is not remarkable in these respects. As Planet's excellent figure shows, it scarcely differs from the female of L. lunijer except in the very acute lateral angles of 48 LUCANID.^. the prothorax. A feature particularly noted as distinctive of the true L. singularis is the comparative smoothness of the legs. Those of L. furcifer, on the contrary, are very strongly and closely sculptured. At the end of this genus will be found a translation of the very imj^erfect description by Planet of the unique female type of L. singularis, which I have not been able to examine. 4. Lucanus fryi. (Plate IV, fig. 3 ; Plate V, fig. 3.) Lucanusjryi Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 434, pi. 34, fig. 3. Dark chocolate-brown, the legs entirely dark, the lower surface rather closely clothed with short pale yellow hair, the upper surface entirely bare, with the exception of the head, the scutellum and the base of the mandibles, as well as the sides of the pronotum in the male. It is a large stout-bodied species. The club of the antenna composed of four long, nearly equal lamellae. The jarosternum prominent, rounded and strongly compressed behind. $. Very dark, with the head and legs generall}- black, the upper surface not shining. The head is densely rugose, with the front angles acute and the eye-ridges rather j^rominent behind. There is a strong curved ridge on each side of the posterior part of the head. The jironotum is closelj^ punctured, the punctures upon the anterior half larger and denser than those upon the posterior half. The lateral margin is gently rounded to beyond the middle, where there is a sharply defined angle, and gently concave to the hind angle, which is also sharply defined. The elytra are very finely punctured and rather closely so, except in the anterior dorsal part, where the jDunctures are few and very minute. The legs are stout ; the front tibia ends in a long, very bluntly bilobed process, the lateral spines of the middle and hind tibiae are strong and the hind tibia has three sharp terminal processes. (^. The body is moderately elongate. The head is flat and surrounded by an elevated ridge rather broadly interrupted in the middle behind, the front angles sharp and double and the lateral lobes broadly rounded. There is a long clypeal process, not very broadly forked at the end. The pronotum is short and broad, finely rugose at the sides, where there is a thin clothing of short yellow hairs, and finely punctured elsewhere. The front angles are bluntly produced, the lateral margins very strongly but bluntly angulate in the middle and the hind angles sharply defined. The elytra are very finely punctured, closely, except in the anterior dorsal jmrt, and densely at the apices. The front tibia is sharply toothed externally and the terminal fork is long. The terminal ]irocesses of the hind tibia are not long or sharp. LU0ANT7S. 49 Variation of the male. In small specimens the frontal ridge is not sharp, the clypcal jjroccss is branched on each side before the end and the niandil)U"s are simple and slender, with a small tooth before the ti[). Lai'ger examples liave a distinct clypeal fork, the mandibles ari' f()ri, black in tlie female, the bodj^ dotlied with yellow hair, close on the lower surface, almost absent from the greater part of tlie elytra. The club of tlie antenna consists of four long lamella", and tlie preceding joint is not produced. The prosteiinini slioit and r()un(le(l behind. LtrCANUS. 53 $. The head is closely rugose, with tlu; sides rounded hi front and the eye-iid ft., .lune. Ti/pi in M. lleiie Oberthur's collection. 56 TiUCATs^IDJE. The two specimens described by Planet are without locahty- labels and, as they were not originally associated, there is no reason tt) suj)i)ose that they M'ere found in tlie same place. A i)air presented to tlie Biitish Museum by INIr. E. i\ Cilmour wert^ taken together in Biiawali, but the female does not agree with that described and ligured by Planet, which no doubt belongs to another species. According to the author, it was considered by its former owner, Mniszech, to be a female of L. westermanni. li. Lucanus dohertyi. Lucanus dohertyi Boil.,* 'J'rans. Ent. Soc. Loud. I'Jll, p. 435, pi. 34, fig. 2. L. laininifer var. minor, Wat., Aiui. Mag, Nat. Hist, (li), v, ISUU, p. 33. (J. Black or almost black, with the legs and abdomen very dark red, the lower surface t^lothed fairly closely with greyish hair, longest (but not very long) on the metastenium, the head, prouotum and scutellum clothed with very short, close-lying settB and the elytra almost naked. Broad and compact, with the head and prouotum opaque and tlie elytra ratlier smooth and shining. The head is not very broad, densely graiudar, surrounded by a ridge widely interrupted in the middle behind and a little elevated in the middle in front. The front angles are sharply produced laterally and the eye-i'idge is rather prominent behind. The elypeal process is ratlier sharply produced and without lateral tubercles. The maiidible is evenly rounded externally and bears a not very strong internal tooth beyond the middle and a smaller one midway l)etween the last and the terminal fork. The antennal club consists of four long lamelhv, the first at least as long as those succeeding it. The pwnotiDti is short, rugosely jnuutured at the sides antl lini'ly coriaceous in the middle, the lateral uiargins very strongly angulate behind the micklle, nearly straight from tiie angle to the front and hind margins, the front angle a little produced, the hind angle rounded. The puneturation of the dytra is extremely tine excei)t at the sides and apices ; the latter only are opa(j[ue. The prosterniitii is not ])rominent behind. The outer edge of the front tibiu is feebly crenulate (not tinely serrati') and bears three or four sharp teeth, and the termiiuil fork is long but not strong. The four ])()sterit)r tibia- are very sti'ongly spined externally and the un'ddle ones are s]uir])ly tridentate. Litiijth (with uiaiidibk's), 4S mm. ; (without mancUbles) 38 mm. : hicddlh, l(i i) nnu. Assam : Naga Hills ( I ^^ Do/icrttf). Typi in tlu^ liiili^li .Mu.^eum. LUCANTJS. 57 Tills species closely resembles L. wc Merman ni. Only a single male, [nobaljly not of full dc;velo|)ment, is at prestiit known. It has the ( lark colour and broad form of tvesfrrtnuuni , but the thorax is rather dilferently shaped. It is very short, strongly, not sliarijly, angulated at the side, with blunt hind angles. The mandible has more than one tooth in addition to the terminal fork. The elyj)eal ])roeess is more sharply jjrodueed and without distinct lateral tubercles, although it is j)ossible that these are to l^e found in larger specimens. The sevi'uth antennal joint forms a process at least as long as the succeeding one. 12. Lucanus westermanni. (I*late IV, Hg. 2.) Lucanus westermuimi Hope & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1S45, p. 10 ; Planet, Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 3, figs. 1 & 2. + . Ptii'iidohiciniKfi uiniNZeclii Pliiii.,* op. cil. p. UIO, lig. 52. Dark chocolate-brown, the elytra sometimes a little paler, the legs imiformly dark, the ui)per surface clothed si)arsely and the lower surface rather closely with short yellowish hair. The club of the antenna is composed of four lamella^, the last three long and the preceding one a little shorter. The prosternum is short and rounded behind. $. Convex and rather short and broad. The hud is closely rugose, with a rounded ridge on each side behind, the sides nearly straight and parallel in front of the eyes and the front angles fairly sharp. The jrroiwtmii is tinely and closely punctured in the middle and very dtaisely at the sides. The front angles are very blunt, th(> sides gently roiuuled to the lateral angle, which is fairly sharp, and nearly straight to the well-marked hind angle. The dytra are finel>' and closely punctured, densely at the sides and apices. (5*. Moderately l)r()iul and compact. The hcdd and j)ronotum are o[)aque, the head Hat above, densely granular, surrounded by a ridge which is nearly straight in front and widely inter- rupted behind. The front angles are sliarj) and duiilicatetl beneath and the eye-ridge is rather sharj)l3- prominent behind. The clypeal process is bluntly pointed and bears a small tubercle on each side. The mandibles are not very long. The 2)ronotv7ii is closely and finely rugose, with distinct punctures only in the middle. The front angles are bluntly produced and the sides feebly sinuate to the rounded lateral angles and nearly straight to the rather sharp hind angles. The .sciitfllnm is clo.sely [)unctured. The elijtra are very tuiely punctured but smooth and rather sliining, except at the sides and apices, which are linely rugidose. Tim front til)ia has a long terminal fork and a very sharj) conical process beneath near the base of the tarsus. The hind tibi;! end in two stnmg ])roces.ses with a blunt angle between them. 58 LUCANtD-a;. Varialion of the iiiak. In the smallest sjiccimcns the elypcal process is short, rounded in front and without lateral processes, and tlie mandibles are simi)le, with a very feeble internal tooth beyond the middle. In larger specimens there is also a tooth before the tip and the clypeal process is long, pointed and bears a small tubercle on each side. In large examples the mandible has a fairly strong tooth beyond the middle, there is a very small tooth beneath near the base and the extremity is equally bifurcate. The clj^^eal process is sharply pointed and strongly tuberculate on each side. (^. Length (with mandibles), 29-52 mm. ; (without mandibles) 24-^1 mm. : breadth, 12-17 mm. ?. Length, 26-33 mm. ; breadth, 11-14 mm. SiKKiM : Gopaklhara, Rungbong Valley {H. Stevens). Darjeeling Distr. : Darjeeling, 7000 ft. {F. H. Gravely, April, May); Kurseong, 6000 ft. {E. A. D'Abreu) ; Mangpu {E. T. Atkinson) ; Pedong. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ; that of mniszechi in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. 13. Lucanus atratus. (Plate IV, figs. 7, 8.) Liicaituti atratu-! Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 18.S1, p. 22 ; Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 10. Pseudolucarms atratus Plan., Le Naturaliste, 1896, i^. 278, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; Essai Monogr. i, 1898, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3. Entirely black, rather smooth and sliining, the lower surface clothed with yellow hair, long and close upon the metasternum. 8mall, rather short and convex in shape. The pronotum narrow, its front angles j)roduced and fairly sharp, its sides very strongly but bluntlj^ angulate in the middle and feebly concave from there to the hind angles, which are very sharp but not produced. The scutellum distinctly punctured, with scanty hairs. The elytra very glossy in tlie male and dull in the female. The club of the antenna rather long, the seventh joint a little shorter than the three terminal ones. The front tibiae not finely serrate. The presternum very prominent behind and bluntly pointed. $. The head is coarsely and closely rugose. The pronotum is entirely punctured, rath-^r strongly and closely at the sides and finely and rather evenly elsewhere. The elytra are dull and finely ])unctured, the punctures rather sparse except at the sides, where tliey are moderately close. The front tibiie are broad, with the terminal fork strong but not very divergent. 3*. The head is densely coriaceous and opaque and surrounded by a sharj) ridge, whicli is gently curved in front and broadly interrupted in tlie middle beliind, the front of the head vertical and the clypeal process very sliort, with rounded angles. Tlie front angles of the head are veiy l)Iunt, not jnojecting beyond LUOANUS. 59 the eyes laterally and the eye-ridges are not sharp at the end. The injindibles are sliort and very strongly and regularly rounded, together forming more than half a eirele, and eaeh has a mmute internal tooth near the middle, sometimes al)sent. The pronotum. is distinctly, rather evenly but not closel}', })unctured and very shining, except at the sides, which are dull. The elytra are very smooth and shining, except at the extreme lateral margins and apices. S. Le;igr prothorax and very short. LTJCANUS. 61 The upper surface is closely granular and opaque and has a short oblique ridge on eacli side close to the eye and not continued Ix'hind. The clypeal process is short and broad, witli sliarp angles and acutely produced in the middle. The mandibles are short, not regularly rounded but bent near the middle, the terminal [)art very Hat, straight and sharj). The pronotum is finely granular and opaque, the lateral margins strongly but not sharply angulate in the middle and gentl}' concave to the front and hind angles, which arj> very acute. The ('lijtra are extremely glossy. The legs are very slender, the front tibia very miiuitely serrate between the small latei-il teeth. Vdridtion of the nude. In a small specimen the man lii)l('s are rather stout antl have only a slight indication of a tooth near the middle of the lower edge. In a larger male they are more slender and have a laminar ililatition of the inner edge produced a little downward and forward. 3*. Length (with mandibles), 28-*U mm. ; (without mandibles) 25-29 mm. : breadth, 12-13 mm. 2- Length, 29-32 mm. ; breadth, 13-14 mm. Burma : Mishmi Hills, 2000 ft. (March to June). Type probably in the Paris Museum. The strong metallic lustre and very glossy elytra rendei' this a readily recognizable species. 10. Lucanus gracilis. (Plate V, fig. 8.) Liicanus gracilis Albers,* Dents. Ent. Zoits. 1889, p. .319; Plan., Es.sai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 130. .Vrrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Load. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. l()(i. Coppery-black, slightly shining above, excej^t at the .sides, which are dull and darker in colour, the head entirely black and dull, and the lower surface clothed with pale yellow hairs, fairly long and close upon the metasternum. Elongate and convex in shape. The club of the antenna consists of three moderately long joints and the seventh joint is |)roduced. The prosternal process pointed but blunt. (J. Long and narrow, with very slender legs. The head is small, with very short mandibles, finely coriaceous, excejjt at the sides and in front, where it is rugosely j)tmctured. The mandibles are extrcMuely small and have the aj)])earance of female organs, acutely pointed and interlocking, but shining, fairly slender and bearing a short but rather sharp tooth beyond the middle of the inner edge. The clypeal jorocess is broad, dilating a little to the front edge, which is almost straight, with a short sharj:) tooth in the middle. The antenna? have a long, extremely slender scape, clubbed at the end, the sixth joint is a little produced and the seventh not mtu-h shorter than the three terminal joints. The eyes are small. 62 LTJCANIDiE. but prominent, the eye-ridge small, rovmdedand less prominent than the eye. The head liears a slight l)ut sliarj) anterior ridge, a slight transverse depression behind the ridge and a short curved ridge on each side adjoining the eye. The pronotiim is narrow, finely coriaceous, opaque at the sides but shining in the middle : tliere is an almost round depression just in front of the middle of the basal margin. The front angles are produced and fairly shar]), the sides curved to the middle, where they are bluntly angulate, and almost straiglit to the very blunt hind angles. Tlie base is gently trisinuate. The elytra are moderately sliining, except at the sides and apices, which are finely coriaceous, the shoulders rounded. The tibix are long and slender, the front tibia finely and closely but unevenly serrate, the middle tibia armecl with about three fine lateral spines and the liind tibia with a single small spine placed at two-thirds of its length. J. Length (with mandibles), 31 mm. ; (without mandibles) 28 mm. : breadth, 13 mm. SiKKiM : Ratong Valley. Type in the Hanover Museum. Owing to its deceptive appearance the t^^je-specimen was described as a female. By the kindness of Herr Nagel I have been able to examine it and to compare it with an exactly similar specimen in M. Rene Oberthur's collection. Both proved to be males. Females probably belonging to the same species are to be found in M. Oberthur's collection and in the British Museum. Those of the hitter collection were taken in Tibet, one by Major R. W. G. Hingston in Rongshar Valley, ]0,0C0 ft., June 1924, and two at Yatong, 10,500 ft., by Mr. A. E. Hobson. They resemble the male rather closely but the head is coarsely rugose and not dull, the pronotum roughh' punctured at the sides and the elytra brownish and onl}' feeblj^ metaUic. The legs are much less slender, the spines upon the middle and hind tibi?e much stronger and the antennae shorter. 17. Lucanus singularis. Lucanus singularis Planet, Le Naturaliste (2), xiv, 1900, p. 11, fig. ; Essai Monogr. ii, 1899, p. 22, fig. 9. I have not been able to examine the unique female specimen , the type of this species, which almost certainly does not belong to that described and figured under tlie same name three years later, to which I have given the name Liicanus furcifer. I therefore give here a translation of the original description of that specimen, identical in the two references quoted above. " Tlie male of this species is not known, but, to judge by the female, it must be near L. Innijer, for the resemblances CYCLOMMATUS. 63 between the females of the two species are very great. The prmcipal difTereiice is in the form oi tiie thorax, which, in L. simjidaris is niucli less convex, more angular at the median angles and much more contracted in front. It is also more finely bordered. It may be added that the mandibles are proportionally longer and that their inner edge, instead of being securiform, presents two distinct and separate teeth, that the epistome is longer and more slender, the grainilation of th(> head less deep and the elytra more regularly ])arallel. Tiie lamella? of the antenna are shortei'. The legs have the same structure l)ut their granulation and jnmcturation are much feebler. The only examjjle L know of tliis interesting species has been lent to me by M. H. Boileau and bears as sole indica- tion of its origin : Incles orientales. The colour of this female is entirely black, the thorax and elytra are smooth and shining ; it is probable that they are covered with villosity in the natural state." A single female specimen in the British Museum fiom S.E. Til)et (Zayid, 8000 ft) taken by Messrs. F. Kingdon Ward and R. J. H. Kaulback, probably belongs to this sjjecies. Genus CYCLOMMATUS. Cijclommatus Parry, Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. 186.3, p. 449. Liicanus subg. C yclophthorus Hope & Westw. (part). Cat. Lur. Col. 184.'5, p. 5 (preoccupied name). Meyaloprepes Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii, 18(52, p. 420 (preocc). C'ljcloininalinus Did., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1927, p. 10,3 ; Arrow, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 50. Ci/doininiielliis Nagel, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xcvii. l!).3(i. p. 293; Arrow, loc. n't. Type, Lucanus tarandus Thunb. (Borneo.) Range. The Indo-Malayan and Papuan regions. The two sexes very dissimilar. Eyes prominent and entire. Antennae with a three- jointed club, the seventh joint sometimes strongly produced. Pro- thorax strongly contracted at the base, where it is much narrower than the el3^ra at the shoulders. Shoulders not sharpl}^ angular. Prosternum elevated between the front coxaj and sometimes a little produced. Legs slender, the front tibia acuminate, not forked at the end ; middle and hind tibiae with a single lateral spine in the female, without spine in the male. Claws and jnilvillus long. Maxilla long and narrow, with a chitinous hook at the inner edge in the female. Ligula slender, bilobed, the lobes narrow and diverging ; labial })al[)i with the first joint long, second short and third oval. 64 LUCANIDiE. The anteniife of the male are extremel}' slender. The mandibles of the female are not flattened but compressed laterally, very strongly curved and bifid at the end. Those of the male arc flattened and in Avell-developed specimens extremely long. The clyi)eal jjrocess of the female is more or less semicircular, that of the male produced. The front tibia of the female is sharply toothed laterally, that of the male is not, or only microscoincally, toothed. Tlie tip in both sexes is simple and not forked. This is a well-marked genus more nearly related to Dorms than to Lucanus. It is characterized es])ccially by the simply acuminate tip of the front tibia. The dissimilarity between the two sexes both in size and form is remarkable. Another generic name, Cydomynatinns, has been introduced by Dr. Bidit r for C. strigiceps and related forms on account of the oblique scratches at the sides of the head in well- developed males, but, since these are absent in females and small males, its adoption would obviously entail difficulty which it is desirable to avoid. This applies equally to Cyclorn- mafdhis of Nagel. Key to the Species of Cyclommatns (males). Houd not dark, scarcely metallic ; pronotum without dark lateral patch ■■strigiceps, Wostw., p. ()4. Head dark, strongly metallic ; pronotum with dark lateral patch albersi, Kraatz, p. (Ki. Key to the Species (females). Upper surface very closely punctured, not .shining strigiceps, Westw.. p. (U. Upper surface shining, not very closely punctured albersi, Kraatz, p. Ofi. IS. Cyclommatus strigiceps. (Plate V, fig. 11.) Lucaniis strigicejis Westw., Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, 1848, p. IS, pi. 8, fig. 5. Lucanus multidentatus Westw.,* op. cit. p. 17, pi. 8, fig. 3. Orange-yellow or rusty-red, with the front and hind margins of the ]ironotum, the scutelhun, inner and outer edges of the elytra, the antcnnse and tarsi black or very dark. The pronotum may also have a dark longitudinal median stripe. Parts of the upper and lower surfaces of the male and th(> sides of the metasternum of the female slightly suffused with a greenish metalhc lustre. $. Rather reddish in colour with the sides and middle line of the ])ronotum darker. The shoulders of the elytra are also dark and tliere may be a vague indication of a longitudinal dark line along the middle of each. Tlie head is coarsely and rugosely ])unctured, with a ])air of / OYCLOMMATUS. 65 ill-(l(ifiiu'(l rcjiUKlish rlevaticjiis in the middle. The pronoluni is stioiigly and closel}', and at the sides rugosely, punctured. The front angles are rounded, tlie sides feebly curved to the lateral angles, which are acute, and concave to the hind angles, which are rather sharp. The scutellinn and the sutural edges of the elytra are sluning. The elytra arc densely [junctured, but rather less so towards the suture than at the sides. The nientuMi is rugose, tlie inetasternuni bears rather scattered ])uncturcs and th(^ abdomen is very closely [)unctured beneath. The front tibid bears about three or four fairly strong lateral teeth, the middle tibia, a strong lateral spine and the liind tibia a very minute one. The seventh joint of the antenna bears a short process. (J. Bright orange-yellow, with the mandibles, legs and lower surfa(;e reddisii, the tibia^ and tarsi bearing conspicuous t)right yellow fringes. The upper surface very smooth, the head and sides of the pronotum micros(;opically granular and (jpaque, the middle of the ])ronotum and the elytra shining. The front angles of the head rather prominent and the sides straight and l)arallel behind the eyes The head is rather hollowed in front and the clypeal process is triangular. The pronotum is short, with the front angles produced and rather sharp, the sides almost straight to the lateral angle, which is spiniform, and concave to the strongly marked hind angles. The antenna and legs are very slender, the three club-joints of the former fairly long and the seventh joint produced into a long spine, as long as the club-joints. The tibiae without lateral teeth or spines and the tarsi long. Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is quite smooth, the mandibles flat, with their inner edges straight, close together and entirely serrate. In larger specimens only the basal part is serrate, the rest slender, with a tooth near the middle and another near the tip. Two or three longitudinal folds are visible on each side of the head. In full-sized males about six such folds can be counted on eacli side and the mandibles are long, curve gently downwards and have the lower edge armed with a strong tooth a little beyond the base, a smaller one past the middle and another before the apex. The hollowed anterior part of the head is limited behind by a fairly sharp curved carina. cJ. Length (with mandibles), 7-9 mm. ; (without mandibles) 17-22 mm. : breadth, 7-i) mm. ?. Length, 1(5-18 mm. ; breadth, 7 nun. SiKKiM : Maria Basti. Darjekling Distr. : Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley (IF. A'. Webb). Ti/pe in the Geneva Museum ; that of multidentatus in the British Musemu. 66 LTJCANTDiE. 11). Cyclommatus albersi. (Plate V, figs. 9, 10.) C'yclonmiatus albersi Kraatz,* Deuts. Ent. Zeitschr. xxxviii, 1894, p. 268. Cyclommatus vitalisi Pouill., Iiisecta, iii, 1914, p. 335, fig. 5. Gyclommatinus vitalisi Did., Luc. du Globe, 1930, p. 131. Bright yellow, with the head reddish in the female, brown, with a greenish metallic lustre in the male, the pronotum with the front and hind edges, the middle line and a lateral patch on each side black (with metallic suffusion in the male), the elytra with the shoulders and the imier and outer edges narrowly black. Tlie antennae and tarsi also black and the greater part of the legs and lower surface of the male dark metallic green. The elj^ra rather more elongate than those of C. strigice.ps. ?. Like that of C. strigiceps, but lighter in colour and more shining above, with the head strongly punctured, the pronotum strongly but not very closely, except at the sides, and the elytrd rather closely but not densely. The lower surface has a slight metallic suffusion ; the metasternum is very finely and sparsely punctured and the abdomen closely. (J. Like that of C. strigiceps, but the head and mandibles darker, with a very distinct metallic sufi'usion ; the pronotum has a dark lateral patch on each side, also with a metallic sufi'usion, and the elytra are a little paler in colour. Variation of the male. I have seen only well -developed specimens of this species, which appears to attain a rather larger size than C. strigiceps. All the specimens have six or seven well-marked longitudinal folds on each side of the head. No doubt small examples closely resemble those of the related form. ^. Lew(/ j)r()(luced outwards as irregularly rounded lobes in front, then gently bisiiuiate to far beliind the middle, where there is a very sliarp s2)ine, and gently concave to the obtuse but well-marked hind angle. The elytra are dull, except upon the innei- posterior part, and the base and sides HEXARTHRIUS. 09 are tiiu'ly and clost'ly |»uii('tiin'(l. 'I'lir i'loiil Hhl ; Plate VI, fig. 1.) LucdHiis forsteri Hope.* Trans. Linn. Sor. Lond. xviii, 1841. p. .")S7. pi. 40, %. I. He.rarthrhi.s forsteri Boil., Tnms. Knt. Soc. Lond. 191.3, j). 222. Rather narrowly elongate, the male reddish-brown in colour, with the mandibles and eh'tra very glossy, the female black and rather dull. The lateral margins of the prothorax finely and irregularly serrate or crenulate and the hind angles well marked. The ])rosternum jirominent and com])re.ssed but not produced behind. The fifth joint of the antenna strongly produced. ^. Entirely black, not shining, not very long. The head 70 LUCANID^. is opaque and strongly and closely j)mi(lured, except in the posterior median part, which is feebly ]>un(tured. The pronoluw is short and broad, strongly narrowed at the base, very finely coriaceous, with fine punctures at the sides. The lateral margin is gently rounded to the lateral angle, which is not very well marked, and concave to the very distinct hind angles. The elytra are opaque at the outer margins, becoming gradually less so towards tlie suture, where they are almost shining. The front tibia is faii'ly slender, minutely serrate externally and feebly toothed, the extremity forked ; the middle tibia has a very strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a feeble one. (J. Reddish-brown, with the sides of head and pronotinn, the inner and outer edges of the elytra, the antennae and tarsi darker and the femora and tibiae rather bright red. The head is densely granular and oj^aque, rather sliort, broad in front and narrowed behind the eyes, with a sharp angular prominence on each side before the eye and another less sharp behind it. The clypeal process is transverse, the angles sharply pnxluced. The pronotimi is short and broad, densely granular and opaque, its median part more lightly sculi^tured, with a faint median groove. The front angles are very blunt, the sides irregularly crenulate and feebly rounded to the sharp but minute lateral angle, wliich is situated far behind the middle, and concave to the hind angles, which are very distinct but not acute. The scutellum is smooth. The elytra are long and narrow, very smooth and shining, except at the extreme margins. The middle tibia has a strong spine and the hind tibia has none or a vestige only. Variation of the male. Li small males the angles of the elypeal process are scarcely produced and the mandibles are fiat, very gently curved outwards but not arched. They bear only two or three miiuite teeth at the inner edge a little before 1 he tip. In larger exam])les the mandibles are compressed and arched in the basal part and more strongly curved. There is a sharj) tooth above at the base, directed oblic|uely backward, and another beneath just beyond the base, direct(xl obli(juely ^orward. The imier edge bears rather ninnerous small tubercles, very irregularly i)laced, from beyond the base to about the middle, followed by three rather larger isolated teeth at nearly e(|ual distances. In large specimens the arching of the mandililes is accentuated, the outward curvature is very strong near the bas(^ and the upper and lower basal teeth are very large, the small tubercles in tlie middh' region are reduced in si/e and extent and the thice tcTininal teeth are enlarged, the middle one the longest and marking the situation of a lathcr abrupt invvaid bending of the extremity of tlie mandible, HEXARTHRrUS. 71 ^. Loxjili (with itiaii(lil)lcs), .'{0-70 mm. ; (vvithuiit maiulibless) 28-ol mm. : hrcadfh, 12-20 mm. 9. Length, 38 mm. ; hnndth, IT)-;") mm. Assam : Shillong, Khasi Hills ; Jaintia Hills. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Mnscuim. 22. Hexarthrius mniszechi. (Plate VI, fiji. 5.) Liiamun (Hexafthriuti) mniszechi Thom.s., Arch. Ent. i, ISoT, p. ."^00 ; Lacord., Gen. Col. Atlas, pi. 24, fig. 5. Black or very dark red-brown, the abdomen and elytra of the male a little more nnldisli than the I'est of the body ; the female entirely black. $. Entirely black, Jiarrow in sliape, the surface dull. The head is flat and strongly punctured, excei)t in its posterior part, the canthus rather prominent laterally. The pronolum is not very broad, smooth, with the sides finely and not very closely punctured, tlie lateral margin feebly angulate behind the middle, very feebly curved to the front angle and almost straight to the hind angle, which is obtuse. The elytra are smooth, except at the outer margins, where they are very shallowh' punctured and very opaque. The front tibia is minutely serrate, sharply and finely toothed, the middle tibia armed with a strong lateral spine, the hind tibia witb a feeble one. Q. Rather narrow, with the mandibles, head and pronotum dull and the elji:ra very smooth and shining, except at the extreme margins. The head and mandibles are clo.sely granular and opaque. The sides of the head are ratlier sharply angular in front of the eyes, convergent and rf)UHded behincl them. Tlie canthus reaches the middle of the eye. Tlie clyi)eal 2)rocess is pointed in front and angular at the base on each side. The pronotum is closely granular, like the head, but more finely in its median part ; it is short and (ton vex, the front angle produced, the outer margin almost straight to beyond the middle, where it is roundly and strongly Ijent. The hind angle is rounded and obsolete. The scutdlum is finely granular. The (lytra are very smooth and shining but the extreme basal and lateral margins ar*.' finely coriaceous. The pro.stcrnum is a little ct)mj)resscd behind but not pointecl. The front tibia is long, its outer edge is finely serrate between the teeth, the terminal fork is hmg and the terminal spur hooked. The middle tibia bears a strong lateral sjiine and tlie hind tibia none or a vestige only. Variation of thp male. A small male is very narrow, the head (across the eyes) is only very slightly wider than the thorax, the sides are rather strongly swollen behind the eyes, tlie dyijcal process is transversely pentagonal, the mandibles 72 LUCANID^. slender, flat, u;ently curved, with uumcrous line teeth at the inner edge in the front half. The front angles of the pronotuni are little produeed and the hind angles very obtuse. In well-developed males the head is nnuh broader than tlie prothorax and elytra, a little hollowed in the middle, strongly contracted and only a little swollen behind the eyes, the outer angles of the clypeal ])rocess are sharply produced, the mandi bles are very stout, not flat, rather straight excejft at tlie base and apex and deflected })eyond the base, with a strong inteinal tooth placed considerably past the middle, a very minute one a little behind it, a small one just behind the tip and fine irregular tubercles between this and the strong tooth. The sides of the j)ronotum are perpendicular and the hind angles are broadlj^ rounded and obsolete. ^. Length (with mandibles), 48-77 mm. ; (without mandibles) 85-52 mm. : breadth, 15-19 mm. $. Length, 35 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm. Assam : Sylhet ; Sibsagar {E. T. Atkinson). Burma : Kauri, Kachin Hills {L. Fea, August, November). Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. The two sexes were taken together by Fea and examples have been kindly lent to me for description by the Genoa Museum. The British Museum contains only large males. 23. Hexarthrius bowringi. (Plate VI, fig. 6.) Hexarthrms hoicnngi Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. lOS; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 12, pi. 9, figs. 5 & 7. ^. Deep chocolate-red, with the head and pronotmn, the antennae and tarsi almost black. Narrow in shape, the surface dull but with very glossy elytra. The head is uniformly and densely granular, not very broad in front, the front angles mod(!rately sharj), the sides gently rounded but not strongly convergent behind the eyes. The clypeal j^rocess is narrowly triangular and bluntly pointed. The middle of the head is slightly depressed . The mandi bles liave a downward curvature and are gently rounded externally. There is a short, rather broad, truncate tooth internally at a short distance from the base, a strong sharj) tooth near the tip and a small one at a little distance behind it. The club of the antenna consists of live short lamella' and the preceding joint is pointed but not produced. The pronoturn is also densely granular and oj)aque, but less so in the middle than at tlie sides. It is rather narrow in front, the front angles are t)luntly j)roduced, the sides almost straight to the rounded lateral angles and almost straight from there to the strongly marked but not acute hind angles. The elytra are without distinct ])unctura- tion, the shoulders acute and the apices a little produced. HEXARTHRTUS. 73 TIic trout lil>i;r mv slcmlcr, tlio lateral ttctli tew and iiiiimte and tlu* terminal fork I(tnL^ Tiic middle tiltia has a striini! lateral spine and the hind til»i;i has none. (J. Length (with mandil)les), 7(1 mm. : (witlioiit mandibles) 40 mm. : brefidth, 20 mm. " India." Type in the British Museum : eo-type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. I liave seen only the sini^le male s])eeimen in the British Museum, derived from the Bowring collection and of unknown origin. It may ])erhaj»s he an inhabitant of Burma. 24. Hexarthrius aduncus. (Plate VI, tig. 2.) Hexartkrius aduncus Jord., Xov. Zool. i, 1S94, p. 4S4, pi. 13, fip. 1 (J. Reddish-chocolate, with the head, mandibles and tarsi nearly black, the el>i:ra deej) reel and the abdomen, femora and tibi» bright red. Bather narrow in shape, with the head and pronotum dull and the mandil)les and elytra smooth and shining. The head is densely granulai-, the front angles are rather sharp and the sides swollen behind the eyes. The tifth joint of the antenna sharply produced. The mandil)les are slender, not strongly curved or detlected. The cly])eal process is bluntly pomted and not toothed at the base. The sides of the pronotum are densely granular but the granules are finer and less dense in the middle. The front angles are rather sharp, the lateral maigins irregularly dentate, almost .straight to the middle, then rounded, with an acute lateral tooth beyond the middle, and almost straight to the hind angle, whiQh is W'cll marked. The ■^cntellnw is tinely granular. The elytra are very smooth but the anterior part of the lateral margin is a little dull. The front tibia is slender, minutely serrate externally, with a few short teeth, the terminal fork is strongly bent downwards and there is a sharj) s])ine beneath at the base of the tarsus. The middle tibia bears a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. The prosternnm is a little compressed behind but not ])ointe(l. Variation of the male. In small sjjccimens the mandibles are tlattened, horizontal, gently curved externally and bear a small sharp internal tooth at the base and another a little before the tip. In medium-sized males a small internal tooth appears a little beyond the basal one and a still smaller one innnediately Ijcfore the tip. In large specimens the mandibles are not tlattened, they are curved downwards but ap])ear . rather straight as seen from above, exce])t at the base and extremity. The basal tooth is bhmt and directed obliquely backwards and, in addition to the teeth, a few ill-defined and variable tubercles ma}' be found at the inner edge. 74 LUOANID^. The iViualc is unknown. o. LoK/fh (witlnnaniUhles), 30-00 nun. : (\vitlu)ul mandibles) 27—40 nun. : hnadth. 12-15> mm. Assam : Sliilloiiii, Khasi' Hills : Maiiipur (W . Doherty). Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. •2~>. Hexarthrius davisoni. (Plate VI, fig. 4.) He-cirthriits daclsoni Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (0) i, 1 SSS, p. 260 ; Boil., Trans. Knt. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. -111. H. caatetsi Boil., Aim. Soe. Ent. Fiance. Ixvi. 1S97, p. 581. figs. H. coiesi Xonfr.. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. xxxvi, 1892. p. 365 Black, the eMra deep brick-red, with the sntural and lateral margins narrowly black, not sharply detined but passing into the red coloiu-, the upper surface dull, not shining. Rather narrowly elongate, moderately convex, with slender legs, the four posterior legs eacli bearing a lateral spine. The antennal club consists of five joints, the preceding joint slightly produced. The presternum prominent and compressed behind but not pointed. 2. The upper surface is a little less dull than that of the male, but the head and the sides of the pronotum are rugosely l)unctured. The head is not very broad, the canthus not projecting laterally. The mandibles are ratlier narrow at the base and eacli has a small, rather sharp, tooth near the middle of the iimer edge. The pronotum is tinely and sparsely pimctured in the median part and tlie punctures become progressively stronger and closer towards tlie sides. The front angles are bhmtly produced, the lateral margins very feebly curved to beyond the middle, where the}- are bluntly angulate, and concave to the hind angles, which are fairly sharp. The elytra are very finely and closely pimctured, the punctures becoming jirogressively closer from the sutun> to the outer margins, wiiich are punctate-rugose and opacjue. The front tUna is fairly stout, tlie outer edge unevenly .serrate and the tip broadly forked. Q. Entirely opaque above, except close to tlie el^^tral suture. The head is densely granular, the cantluis ])rojecting a little beyond the eye but not very sharply angular. There is a slight blunt jirominence behind the eye. The clypeal })roce.ss is triangular, fairly sliarp, in fn nt and bearing a blunt process on each side of the ba.se. The mandibles are slender ami not ver\' stout. The pronofiitn is tinely and very densely granular. The front angles are bluntly jiroduced, tlie sides nearly straight and feebly divergent to beyimd the middle, bluntly angular there and gently concave to the hind angles, which are well juarked but not sharp. The elytra are opaque, except at the suture, where they are shining and almost smooth, but become gradually more doselv coriaceous froni there to the outer ONAIMIAT.ORYX. 75 niarjiins. Tlic sIi<»uI<1^le of the truncation in the lar ; l.acord., (!cn. ("ol. iii, 18o6. p. .30 ; Arrow, Trans. Knt. Soc. J.orul. Ixxxiii, 193.5. p. 113. Type, G. opaciis Burm. Range. The Malayan Region. Moderately elongate and depressed, the surface dcjisely covered with pits containing an earthy matter and very short mimitc S(!ta». Legs slench-r, the fcinora very narrow, tlujse of middle and hind legs rather strongly curved, the middle and hind tibiie each bearing a single mimite lateral sj)ine. The four basal joints of the tarsi short, the fifth long, tlu^ pulvillus strongly developed. Eyes small but fairly prominent, not divided, the sides of the head toothed behind the eye. Mentum short and broad. Ligula very small, without produced lobes, th(^ pal])i with tlie first and third joints long and slender'. Maxilla? with the lobes very small, without horny hook in either sex ; ])alj)i well develo])cd, the second and fourth joints very long. Pronotum short and ])road, with the fiont angles truncate and shar])ly ])roduced, the lateral angles sharp, the hind angles well marked and the l)ase rather narrow. Scutel- lum not very broad, obtuse. Elytra rather long. Prostcrnum little elevated behind the front coxa% not pointed, 76 LUCANID^. J. Maiind, with very minute lateral teeth and three a])ical ])rocesses,the two outer ones directed downwards. The middle and hind (ibi;e have each a lateral spine. GNAPHALORYX. 77 1^. The head is short, broad and flat, the posterior punctured area very sht)rt. The ocular eantluis is rather strai<^ht and anguhir and the post-oeular lobes are strong but very bhiut. The mandibles are widely separated at tiie l>ase, not very long, feebly curved externally, and generally bear three snudl teeth internally. The clyi)eal ])roeess is very short and brcjad, with the outer angles produced forward. Tiie [)ronotuni is dilated in front and the angles pro(hiced outwards, narrow behind, with very blunt angles. The elytra very finely and densely punctured. The front tibia is straiglit, the lateral teeth are minute and the prongs of the terminal fork strongly hooked. The middle tibia bears a miimte lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. Variation of the male. In small males the head is not very broad and the post-ocular process is feeble. The mandibles are scarcely as long as the head ; there is a small blunt tooth close to the base, another above and just beyond it and a third close to the tiji. In larger specimens the head is broader, the post-ocular process more prominent but very blunt. The number of mandilndar teeth remains constant, the second becoming only a little more prominent. Lengthening of the mandible usually occurs between the second and third teeth, so that in large examples there is a wide gap before the terminal fork ; but the lengthening may occur between the first and second teeth, the latter remaining close to the terminal fork. This seems to occur most commonly in the Andaman Islands and the name andamanus has been applied to the phase, although it is found in many other localities and perhaps wherever G. opacus is to be found. J. Length {with mandibles) , 17-35 mm. ; (without mandibles) lG-28 mm. : breadth, 0-5-12-O mm. 9. Length, 18-27 mm. ; breadth, 7-12 mm. Andaman Islands. Nicobar Islands. Malay Penin- siiLA. Tonkin. Philippine Islands. Sumatka. Java. BoKNEo. Molucca Is. : Batchian, Waigeou. Type probably in the Halle Museum. Genus DORCUS, iJorcus Macleay, Hone Ent. ISIO, p. Jll : J^iuoidaire, Gen. Col. iii, 185G, p. 27 ; Arrow. Truns. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Lxxxiii, 1935, p. 109. Liicanii.s «iibg. Mctopodoiilufi Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, pp. 4, 3U. (Type, savagei Hope.) Lucanus subg. Frospocoilvs, id., lo". n't. (Type, cavifrons Westw.) Lticantis subg. (\i/cloph(liai)»iis, id., op. cit. p. 5. (Type, jyhiti/cepJidlii.s Ho})e.) LucfDiuf! subg. Macrognntliiis. id., op. cit. pp. 5, 31. (Type, ijirajja Oliv.) Lucanu.s subg. Plalyprosopus, id., oji. cit. pp. (i, 31. (Type, titutms Boisd.) 78' LtrCANTD^. dadognathus Burm., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 364 {new name for Macrognathus Hope & Westw.)- Prismoynathus Motsch., Schreneks Reise, 1860, p. 138. (Type, dauricns Motsch.) FsalidogtMtlms, id.. Etudes Ent. x, 1861, p. 15. (Type, inclinattis Motsch.) Serrognathus, id., loc. cit. (Type, titanus Boisd.) Macrodorcas, id., loc. cit. (Type, rectus Motsch.) Psalidorenius, id., op. cit. xi, 1862, p. 55 (new name for Psuli- dognathus). Cijciorasis Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii, 1862, p. 397 (new name for Cyclophthalvius Hope & Westw.). Eurytrachelus, id., op. cit. p. 421. (Tjrpe, titgin^ Hope.) He.misodorcus, id., loc. cit. (Type, nepalensis Hope.) RhiBlus Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. (3) ii, 1864, p. 10. (Type, iveslwoodi Parry.) Ditomoderus, id., op. cit. p. 45. (Type, mirabilis Parry.) Rhxtulus We.stw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1871, p. 353. (Type, crenatus Westw.) Metallactus Albers, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1884, p. 301. (Type, parvulus Hope & Westw.) MetaUactulus Kits., Notes Leyden Mus. vii, 1885, p. 54 (new name for Metallactiis Albers). Falcicomis Planet, Le Natural, xvi, 1894, p. 44. (Type, groulti Plan.) Digonophorus Wat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, 1895, p. 157. (Type, elegans Parry.) Metopodontus subg. Hoplitocranum Jakowl., Horaj Soc. Ent. Koss. XXX, 1896, p. 172. (Type, Jenfcirm Westw.) Oonoinetopus Houlb., Insecta, v, 1915, p. 19. (Type, triupicalis Houlb.) Pelecognathus, id., op. cit. p. 52. (Type, prosopocadoides Houlb.) Durelius, id., op. cit. p. 92. (Type, derelictus Parry.) Tetrurthrins Did., Encycl. Ent., Col. ii, 1926, p. 28. (Type, castaneus Did.) Eurytrachellelus [sic, not -cUus], Did., Col. Luc. ilu Globe, 1931, p. 185 (new name for Eurytrachelus Thorns, not Motsch.). Type, Sairabieus parallelipipediis L. Ranffe. Almost world-wide. Shape various, the two sexes generally dilToring greatly hut sometimes, as in D. cylindricus, etc., very similar. Body generally almost without hair, exeej)t upon the legs and mouth, but oecasionally {D. velntinuH, ursulufi) clothed with short setae. Legs rather slender. Front coxae well separated b.\- the prosternum, which is sometimes broad and flat behind, sometimes elevated, compressed, pointed or produced. Front tibia rather irregularly toothed externally, the t\\) bifurcated in the male and generally in the female, but sometimes palmate in the hitter [l. e. divided into tliree or four short lobes). Middle and hind tibiae nearly always in the female (although not in f). irinibcrlei/i) and frequently in the male, bearing a single shar[) s})ine a little past tlie middle of the outer edge, never with more than one sjiine. Tarsi slender, with h^ng claws and pulvillus. Antemiai 10-johited, with 3-jointcd club, DORCFS. 79 the seventh joint sometimes drawn out into a sharp supjjie- mentary process. Head in females (and occasionally in males) very short behind the eyes, so that the latter are close to the front angles of the ])rothorax, sometimes lengthened behind the eyes in the male, the posterior ])art then sometimes a little swollen beliind the eyes or producetl into a blunt or ])ointed process. Eye generally divided by tiie canthus in front, rarely (/>. rugosus, etc.) almost completely divided, but the canthus never com})letely united witli the cheek. Clypeal process various, generally tongue-like in the female, pointed, rectangular or cleft in the male. Maxilla long, tiie inner lobe bearing a horny hook in the female but not in the male. Mentum large and broad, naked, covering the ligula, which consists of two narrow nxl-like diverging branches, bearing long hair-fringes anteriorly, the labial palpi with the first and third joints long and the second short. This genus, i)rotean in its outward aspect, at least in the male sex, but fairly homogeneous in its essential characters, is one of those aggregates which remain in nearly ever}' large family of insects when tlie more circumscribed groups of species have been generically defined and separated. It has often happened that man}' of the individual forms composing such a mass of closely related si)ecies have, ui)on their fiist discovery, been considered generically distinct and given names accor- dingly but contiiuial discovery of other forms filUng the gaps in the series I'enders the subsequent abandonment of many such names inevitable. The striking nature of the features distinctive of many of the nuiles in tlie present family has led to a particularly liberal creation of generic names based only upon those features, which, as a result of their invariable inconstancy, are usually wanting in small specimens of the male sex, as well as in all specimens of tiie other sex. For this reason, 1 have been obliged to treat as synonyms of Dorcas a considerable number of names hitherto accepted as valid. Attempts have been made by Tliomson (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 18(32, \). 421) and by GraVely (Rec. Ind. Mus. xi, . 11)15, p. 407) to define certain of these according to the form of the prosternum or of the clypeal process, but the latter, in addition to bemg very inconstant, is of use only for the males and the study of many more s])ecies than were known to these authors has shown that both features are found in every stage of transition. Unwillingness to abandon names which are no longer useful often leads, as an alternative, to the introduction of still more names and consequently to ever increasing confusion. It has not ev'cn been j)ossil)le to retain the existing grouping for subdividmg the genus Doicus, the great differences generally found between the two sexes making features taken from the 80 LUCANID^. males entirely inapplicabk; to tlie females. A more natural grouping is in my opinion to be ol)tained by employing tlie more constant cliaracters of the female sex. Tlie study of such larvae as are known has served to confirm the view I have exj)ressed. Mr. J. C. Gardner (in ' Indian Forest Records,' vol. i, 1935, p. 7) writes — " The few identified larva) belong to the genera Dorcus, Hemisodorciis , and Prosopo- ccelus ; these, with an unknown species of Earytrachdus, miglit all belong to one genus." Key to the Specitfi of Dor can (males). 1 (9(5) Lateral margin of tho head without a sharp angle before the eye. 2 (83) Side of the head without a distinct post-ocular process. 3 (72) Pronotum narrower at the base than the elytra. 4 (29) Head very short ; eyes near the front margin of pronotum. 5 (28) Lateral margins of the pronotum not pectinate. (5 (25) Elytra uniformly coloured. 7 (16) Head and pronotum smooth or very finely granular. 8 (11) Shoulders of the elytra sharply angular. 9 (10) Hind tibia bearing a lateral spine. . . antaiu-s Hope, p. 80. 10 (9) Hind tibia without a lateral spine. . curviden/i H.ope, p. ^H. 11 (8) Shoulders of the elytra not sharp. 12 (13) Elytra sliindng derelictus Parry, p. 91. 13 (12) Elytra dull. [p. 92. 14 (15) Lateral angle of the pronotum blunt. opacij)ennis Zang, 15 (14) Lateral angle of the pronotum [p. U'.i. acute ratiocinulivus Westw., IG (7) Head and pronotum rugose or strongly punctured. 17 (20) Shoulders of the elytra rounded. IfS (19) Basal part of the elytra bearing con- |p. 91. tinuous rows of setae vvltUiniwi Thorns., 19 (18) Basal part of the elytra bearing interrupted rows of setae ursulun Arrow, p. 95. 20 (17) Shoulders of tho elytra sharply angvdar. 21 (22) Pronotum without sharp lateral [p. 9(j. angle cylindricus Thoms., 22 (21) Pronotum with sharp lateral angle. [p. 98. 23 (24) Klytra moderately long iinniundus Arrow, 24 (215) Elj'tra very short and broad ruyonus Boil., p. 99. 25 ((3) Elytra very glossy, decorated with pale markmgs. 20 (27) Pronotiun spotted, its sides rounded [p. loO. in front fidvonotatus Parry, 27 (20) I'roMotum not spotted, its sides not [p. 101. round(>d in front bisignatus Parry, 28 (5) Lateral margins of the pronotum pectinate boUeaui Did., p. 103. DORCUS. 81 29 (4) Hetwi not very short, oyos far from front margin of tin* pronotiim. 30 (39) Body broml and (lat. 31 (38) Clypeal process broad and con- spifuious. 32 (33) 7th joint of the antenna as lonjj as tlu' 8tli titnnu.t Boisd., p. 104. 33 (32) 7th joint of the antenna not as long as the 8th. 34 (37) Mandible with small teeth only or none. 35 (30) Mandibles much longer than the head, except in small specimens with closely sulcate elytra titi/us Hope, p. 100. 30 (35) Mandibles not much longer than the [p. lOH. head ; elytra never closely sulcate fnihtunlan'-'^ TT. iV W., 37 (34) Mandible bearing a single strong tooth close to the base in small specimens, advanced and dovible in larger ones reichei Hope, p. 109. 38 (31) Clypeal process invisible from above, hypprion Boil., p. 112. 39 (30) Body convex, not very broad. 40 (69) Prothorax not abruptly narrowed in front. 41 (66) Upper surface dark. 42 (55) Body not narrow, legs not very slender. • [p. 1 13. 43 (44) Clypeal process short and broad . . . fipwertzoin Snjn., 44 (43) Clypeal process minute. 45 (52) Clypeal process single. 46 (51) Lateral margin of the pronotum finely serrate, lateral angle spini- form. 47 (48) Eyes not very .small, head not ||>. 116. narrowed behind cvrripen IT. iV W'.. 48 (47) Eyes very small, head narrowed behind. 49 (50) Eyes almost completely divided, lateral margiii of pronotum deeply excised behind, submentmn not lobed spencei Hope. p. 1 1 7. 50 (49) Eyes less divided, lateral margin of pronotum feebly excised behind, >. 65 (52) Elytra densely punctured dorsally. 56 (57) Sides of the pronotuin coarsely punctured bulbosus Hope, p. 118. [p. 121. 57 (50) Sides of the f)ronotum rugose polymorphns, n. n., 58 (47) Hind angle of the pronotiun sharp. . scvertzowi Hem., 59 (46) Upper surface entirely dull and [p. 11. "5. rugose. [p. 98. 60 (61) Elytra not very short imniundns Arrow, 61 (60) Elytra very short rugosus Boil., p. 99. 62 (45) Front tibia slender. 63 (64) Elytra not shining dentifer Deyr., \). 122. (>4 (63) Elytra smooth and shining hiuniliti Arrow, p. 140. 05 (44) Front tibia ending in three or naore short lobes. 66 (67) Upper .surface rugosely punctured, dull catidczci Boil., p. 146. 67 (66) Upper surface partly or entirely shining. 68 (81) Upper surface decorated with spots or stripes. 69 (72) Elytra yellow, with black sutural stripe. 70 (71) Pronotum yellow, with three black [p. 147. spots occipitulin H. &, W., 7 1 ( 70) Pronotum yellow, with black median stripe suturalis Oliv., p. 136. 72 (69) Elytra black, with orange bands. 73 (80) Front tibia straight. 74 (75) Pronotimi with blunt hind angles. . histno Arrow, i>. \3\. 75 (74) Pronotum without hind angles. 76 (77) I'jlytra rather long speciosus Boil., p. 133. 77 (76) Filytra short and broad. [p. 145. 78 (79) Pronotum entirely black inquhudus Westw., 79 (78) Pronotum with two orange bands . . btjilagiatus Westw., [p. 143. 80 (73) Front tibia curved wtinbcrlei/i Parry, 81 (68) Upper surface not decorated with [p. 153. spots or stripes. 82 (95) Upper .-surface entirely black. 83 (88) Front tibia straight. 84 (87) Head with lateral process beiiind the eye. 85 (86) Lateral process of head blunt pa-scoci Boil., p. 150. 86 (85) Lateral proce.ss of head sharp oweni H. &, W., p. 151. 87 (84) Head without lateral process giraffa Oliv., p. 154. 88 (83) Front tibia curved. 89 (90) Pronotum strongly and closely [p. 114. punctured pouillaudei Houlb., 90 (89) Pronotum shining in the middle. 91 (92) Elytra sharply divided into shining [p. 115. (inner) arul thill (outer) halves. . . late rota ra us Houlb., 92 (91) Elytra not sharply divided. [p. 116. 93 (94) l*ronotiun with sharp lateral angle. . curvipes H. & W.f 94 (93) I'ronotuTii without .sharp lateral angle biiddlia Hope, p. 141. 86 LUCANID^. 95 (82) Up2Jer surface not entirely black. 96 (97) Front tibia straight foveaius Hope, p. 165. 97 (96) Front tibia curved. 98 (99) Body rather short ^joZi"tra irregularly striate, with the intervals flat and, in the posterior part, broad and closely punctured. At a further stage the head and l)ronotum are minutely granular and opaque, without punctures, the latter is broader in front and a slight excision of the lateral margin appears near the front. The elytral striae, though strong near the rugose sides, become feeble in the imier part, where the close punctures also are finer. Punctures and striae finally disappear, except close to the base, the elytra becoming relatively shorter and broader. At this stage the lateral excision of the pronotum is deep and there is a strong angulation of the margin behind it, the mandibles have increased in length, they are less evenly rounded externally and the tooth is farther from the base. In large specimens the mandibles are almost straight in the middle part, slightly barbed near the tip, and the strong tooth is situated past the middle and tlirected obliquely forward. The elytra are smooth and shining, with the base and sides rugose. ^. Xc/tgrM (with mandibles), 38-73 mni. ; (without mandibles) 33-54 mm. : breadth, 15-28 mm. $. Length, 32^0 mm. ; breadth, 13-19 mm. Bhutan {Capt. Pemberton). Darjeeling Distr. : Kur- seong, 6000ft {E. A. D'Abreu, June, July); Gopaldluira, Rungbong Valley (If. A'. Webb); Pedong (L. Durel). Sumatra. Java. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. D. curvidens is very closely related to D. hopei Saund., ol China and Japan, the average size of which is a little smaller. The males, altliough that of hopei is rather shining, can only be distuiguislu'd with a little clifficulty, but the female of I), hopei is easily recognizable, being without the deeply grooved elytra of ]). curvidens. It seems to me pr(ibal)le that Hope described (he same specijuen iirst as ciirvidois and four years later as di/uiuui. 90 LUCANID^. Butli liis descriptions iipply to a spccinicu in the Hope collection, except that the length is given as 21 lines (breadth 6| lines) in the first and 22 lines (breadth 7| lines) in the second. Hope's label records " curvidens, Hope. Assam. 8. Jones," but the measurement he gives for dehaani fits the specimen more exactly than that given for curvidens. In the ' Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera,' Westwood has rei^rodueed the (inac- curate) measurements given for curvidens but he described another and smaller specimen, only 17 lines long, as dehaani. The elytra, described as smooth in the original type, are striate in Westwood's specimen. Hope's red label, bearing the name dehaani, has been placed by mistake upon a female specimen and this apparently deceived both Westwood and Boileau. The latter referred to this female as the type of the species, but Hope knew only the male. The specimens all belong to the same species. 29. Dorcus rudis. (Plate XII, fig. 20.) Cladognathus rudis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 35, pi. U. fig. 5. Dorcus rudis Boil., T.E.S. 1913, p. 254. Prosopoccelus sulcatipennis Houlb.,* Insecta, v, 1915, p. 51. 2. Black, shining, with the lower surface deep red. Rather narrowly elongate, convex, with slender legs. The head is closely rugose, with a pair of minute tubercles placed trans- versely between the eyes. The canthus is narrow^ extending beyond the middle of the eye, and not prominent at the end. The pronotum has a very irregular double series of punctures along the middle line and the sides are very broadly and closely punctured. The short interval between the median and lateral group.-; of punctures bears very fine scattered punctures . The lateral margins are gently rounded to well beyond the middle, where tiiey are rather sharply angulate, and from there strongly excised to the strongly marked hind angles. The elytra have each five shining costs?, placed wide apart, and diminishing in width outwards from the sutural one, wliich alone extends to the apex. The fourth costa arises at the shoulder. The space between the first and second costse is deeply striate, leaving two narrow, shining intervals. The remaining interspaces are less deeply striate and the intervals are rugose. The ai)ices are very finelj' and closely rugose. The mentvm is coarsely rugose. The prostermi^n is narrowly com])ressed and rather sharply produced behind. The sides of the metasternum are rugosely j)unctured and clotiied with fine yellow hair. The abdomen bears scattered ])unctures, except upon the last sternite, which is closely punctured. The front tibia is rather narrow, sharply forked at l\u' end, ;ind has three sharj) lateral teeth. DORCUS. 91 ^. Unknown. Lcmjlh, 18 mm. ; breadth, 7-5 mm. Bhutan {L. Durel). Bengal : Kuisc-ong (Bius.scLs Mu.sfum). Type in the British Museum ; that of sulcatipennis in tile Oberthur collection. .'}0. Dorcus derelictus. (Plate IX, lig.s. 3, 4.) Dorcuti derelictus Parry,* Proc. Eiit. Soc. Loud. 18(53, jj. Ill'; Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 50 ; ojJ. cit. 1870, p. 92, pi. 2, fig. 3 ; Boil., op. cit. 1913, p. 254. Durelius derelictus Houlb., Insecta, \', 1915, p. 92. Black, smooth and shining in both sexes, with the head opaque. Rather elongate, with fairly slender legs and short mandibles in both sexes, wliich are similar, but the female with a pair of strong sharp tubercles upon the head, the male with the pronotum sharply angulate at the side and contracted behind. The head broad in front, contracted behind the eyes, which are very small. The pronotum smooth and sliining in the middle, coriaceous and dull at the sides. The front margin rather prominent in the middle, tlie front angles blunt, tlie sides gently rounded to the lateral angle and almost straight to the base. The elytra densely punctured at the sides with a shallow longituduial depression beliind each shoulder, the shoulders not sharply angular. The lower surface rather shining. The prosternum elevated behind but scarcely compressed or pointed. Only the middle tibia bears a lateral spine. 9- The head is closely rugose except in the i:)osterior part and the anterior part is a little hollowed. A pair of sharp tubercles placed at the hind margin of the hollowed part project forward a little. The numdibles are narrow, very acute, uniformly rounded externally and have a rather sharp internal tooth. The pronotum is broad and very shining, except at the sides. The elytra are very shining upon the inner half and densely punctured and opacjue upon the outer half and at the end. The front tibia is slender, finely toothed laterally, curving slightly outwards at the tip and terminating in four lobes, two short ones above and two longer ones beneath. (^. The head is closely granular, the front angles are very obtuse and the canthus extends past the middle of the eye. The mandibles are ver}' little longer than those of the female, less rounded externally, abruptly dilated internally just beyond the base, serrate at the inner edge and acutely produced at the tip. The pronotum is not broad and is rather narrow at the base. The elytra are minutely granular, sparsely upon the imier part and closely at the sides, where. Iiowever, they are not opaque. 'J'he lee/s and antenna' are a little longer 92 LUCANID^. than those of the female, the termmal fork of the front tibia is short and abrupt and the tarsi bear rather long 3'ellow hairs beneath. No variation of importance is at present known. i^. Length (with mandibles) , 80-34 mm. ; (without mandibles) 27-31 mm. : breadth, 12-13 mm. $. Length, 32-36 mm. ; breadth, 13-14 mm. Dabjeeling Distr. : Pedong (L. Durel). Type in the British Museum. The very feeble sexual dimorphism of this species is remarkable in an insect of fairly large size. It is noteworthy that there is at the same time an accentuation of the female characteristic in the tubercles upon the head. The form of the male mandibles seems to suggest that they may be employed for some practical purpose. The tyj^e of D. derelictus is a female and the male was for many years unknown, perhaps because it was regarded as belonging to the other sex. 31. Dorcus opacipennis. (Plate IX, figs. 10, 11.) Dorcus opacipennis Zang,* Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1906, p. 184; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 109 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 53. D. svturalis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 358, pi. 8, fig. 5 ; Wat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, 1887, p. 289 ; Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 263. D. rotundopimctatus Nagel,* Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. iii, 1936, p. 209. Black and opaque, the jironotum and a triangular basal area common to both elytra shining in the female. Moderately elongate, rather parallel-sided, with fairly stout legs, the middle and hind tibiae each armed with a lateral spine. The cantlius produced beyond the middle of the eye. The antemia* short, the joints of the club short and the seventh joint sharply ])roduced. The shoulders of the elytra rounded. The pro- sternum broad and rounded behind. $. The head is coarsely rugose, with a strong median tubercle between the eyes, the canthus rounded and slightly promuient in front. The mandibles are short, with a sharp internal tooth and a blunt one directed upwards. The clypeal process is feebly bilobed. The pronotum very smooth and shining, but the sides rather narrowly opaque and densely punctured. The front angles are very bluntly produced, the lateral margins first a little sinuate, then straight to the lateral angle, which is obtuse, and then straight again to the base. The elytra are very closely ])unctured and opaque, with the exception of a triangulai- basal area not extending to the shoulders nor to the ends of the elytra : this area is very shining and very minutely but not closely ])unctured. The front tibia is iaicly strongly tootlied laterallv and forked at the end. DORCUS. 93 (J. The body is a little depressed. The head is slujrt and broad, densely mieroscopieally granular, the elypeal jjrocess very short and broad, with straight front margin. The man- dibles are strongly roundetl, far apart at the base and rather short. The canthus is obtusely angular in front of the eye and the sides are contracted behind the eye. The pronotum is short and broad, microscopically granular, the front angles are rounded, the sides strongly sinuate in front, straight behind and the lateral angle obtuse. The .scutellitni is slightly shining. The elytra are very opaque, witli a feebly shining sutural area, which dilates a little at the base and is finely punctured. The mentum is rugose. The tnetasternutn is smooth and shining in the middle, densely granular at the sides, where there is a thin clothing of fine hair. The abdomen is opaque beneath, with the sides slightly rugose and the last sternite finely punctured. Variation of the male. In small specimens the short, strongly curved mandibles are quite simjile in shape, but have a slight blunt internal tt)otli upon the upper edge near the base. With increasing size this tooth becomes stronger, forming an acutely pointed triangle, and is situated farther from the base. In the largest male I have seen it occupies the middle of the mandible, which is about twice as long as the head. tJ. Le^ig^^/i (with mandibles), 30-46 mm. ; (without mandibles) 27-32 mm. : breadth, 11-14 mm. $. Length, 30-36 mm. ; breadth, 12-15-5 mm. Kashmir : Gulmarg, 9000 ft. {C. F. C. Beeson, July) ; Sonamarg (T. R. D. Bell). Punjab: Thobba, Murree Hills {Major Hoivland Roberts). Type in the Berlin Entom. Institute, also that of rotiindo- punctatus ; that of .suturalis in the British Museum. I am indebted to Dr. Walther Horn for enabling me to examine the two types in the Berlin collection. The oldest name of this species, that given by Westwood, cannot be adopted on account of the existence in the genus of an earlier descril)ed species of the same name. 32. Dorcus ratiocinativus, (Plate IX, fig. 12.) Dorcus ratiocinativus Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. .^.Ifi. pi. 8, fig. 2 ; Boil., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. ix, 1902, p. r>9, n| 1 figs. 2 & 3 ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 253. Dark chocolate-red, with the head, legs and lower surfocc black, the surface dull, except upon the inner anterior jxirt of the elytra. Narrowly elongate, moderately convex, with rather short anteim* and legs. The front angles of the head very obtuse, the eyes small, the canthus extending past the middle of the eve and the sides feebly prominent i)ehind the 94 LUCANID^. eye. The pronotuin smooth, its lateral margin gently rounded to the acute lateral angle and concave to the very obtuse hind angle, the base gently rounded. Tlie scutc^hnn smooth or punctured. The elytra very hnely and closely jjunctured, excei)t close to the suture, where the punctures are very sparse and minute, the shoulders rounded. The prosternum rounded behind, not compressed nor pointed. The three lamellae of the antennal club short and the seventh joint little produced. The front tibia is forked at the end in both sexes and the middle and hind til)i8e have each a strong lateral spine. $. The head is roughl}^ and irregularly punctured and bears a pair of tubercles placed close together in the middle. The clypeal process is feebly bilobed and not broad. The pronotum has a few scattered punctures at the sides. The last ventral sternite. is finely and closely punctured. ^. The head is flat, smooth and very opaque, the mandibles short, very strongly rounded and for apart at the base. The clypeal process is short and broad, with the front edge straight and fringed with yellow setae. The mandibles are flat at the base, where they are a little dilated externally, and bear a sharp internal tooth, directed slightty backwards. The pronotum is minutely coriaceous, without visible puncturation, and the front angles are obliquely truncate. The lower surface is very smooth. Variation of the male. There is very little variation. In small examples, where the mandibles are scarcely as long as the head, the tooth is not far removed from the base. In large ones the mandibles are a little longer than the head and the tooth approaches the middle of their length. (J. Lengr^/i (with mandibles), 27-30 mm. ; (without mandibles) 23-25 mm. : breadth, 9-5-10-5 mm. $. Length, 27-28 mm. ; breadth, 11-12 mm. SiKKiM : between Padamtsin and Lmgtou (July) . Tibet : Chumbi Valley, 10,000 ft. {R. W. O. Hingston, July). Type in the British Museum. 33 Dorcus velutinus. (Plate XII, fig. 12.) Dorcus velutinus Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) ii, 1862, p. 420 ; Arrow, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 55, pi. 4, fig. G. Onaphaloryx cinereus Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1902, p. 321. Black, closely covered above with a brown earthy matter and short erect setae and rather less closely beneath with rusty-red setae and short hairs. Elongate, parallel-sided, moderately de])ressed, with rather short legs and antennae, the upj)er surface entirely opaque, the head and pronotum rather closely clothed with short erect tufts of bro\\ii setae. The head flat, tlie eye fairly large and almost divided by the DORCUS. 95 rounded, not very prominent, canthu.s. The frrmt ;iii<,'lt's of the pronotum not very hhuit, the sides gently loiiiuled in front and strongly behind, without distinct lateral or hasal angles, and the base almost straight. The elytra each bear five longitudinal series of short I'rcct setae, eomjxjsed of suiall tufts upon the posterior lialf but almost continuous upon the anterior half, the intervals containing two or three rows each of very close punctures, generally obscured by earthy matter, and minute setose tufts, the shoulders not angulate. The middle of the metasternum fairly closely jnmctured, the sides densely rugose or granulate and the abdomen very stronglv and closely innictured beneath. The prosteinum elevat<'d and angular behind but not ])ointed and scarcely compressed. The joints 2-7 of the antenna very short and the three club-joints of moderate length. 9. The head bears a })air of small shining tubciclcs in its anterior part. The mandibles are rather straight and narrow, with a sniall and rather sharp internal tooth. The clyjieal process is prominent, narrow and tongue-like. The cejihalic tubercles are small and sometimes difficult to distinguish. The front fihia is palmate witli three short terminal teeth and a fourth on the upper surface and the middh' tibia has a lateral spine. (^. The head is flat, short and broad. The mandibles are larger than those of the female, strongly curved, broad at the base, wher(^ the}^ are rather sharply angulate externally, and far apart. The 5^ are finely pmictured and opaque above and smooth and shining beneath and each has a slight rounded expansion of the ujjper surface internally a little before the tip, which is acutely pointed. The clypeal ])rocess is straight, broad and very short. The front tibia has a short terminal fork and is rather feebly toothed externally and the middle and hind tibi;e are setose and without lateral spines. 3*. Le«(7//i (with mandibles), 22-2") nnn. ; (without mandibles) 20-22 mm. : breadth, 7-5-9 mm. $. Length, 19-21 mm. ; breadth, 7-r)-8-5 mm. Burma : Ruby mines (If. Doherty). Darjeeling Distr. • Pedong (L. Durel) ; Pashok, 2000 ft. (L. C. Hartles.ta^ and covered with a brown earthy matter, the lu^ad 96 LUCANID^. and pronotiim rather closely clothed with short erect tufts of brown setae. Elongate, parallel-sided, depressed, with short legs and antemise. The eye almost completely divided by the rounded canthus. The sides of the pronotum not toothed, strongly rounded behind. The elytra each bear five longitu- dinal lines composed of tufts of erect setae, the tufts upon the anterior half longer than those of the posterior half, and the shoulders are blunt. The prosternum elevated and angular behind but not produced. The metasternum finely and closely punctured in the middle, densely granular at the sides, tlic abdomen strongly punctured beneath. $. The head bears a jjair of very small shining tubercles, not far apart, between the eyes. The mandibles are narrow and almost straight, with a small sliarp internal tooth, and the clypeal process is rounded and very small. The front tibia is narrow, with a broad extremity, a blunt tooth on the upper surface and three short terminal teeth. The middle tibia has a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia is unarmed. (^. The head is short and broad, the cXj^edl process very broad, short and straight. The mandibles are short, rounded, far apart at the base, where they are angulate externally, and armed internally with a small quadrate tooth placed obliquely, a little before the tip. The front iihia bears minute lateral teeth and the terminal fork is short. The middle and hind tibiae are setose and without lateral spines. (^. Lewgr^/t (with mandibles) , 23-26 mm. ; (without mandibles) 20-23 mm. : breadth, 8-5-10 mm. $. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong (L. Durel). Type in the British Museum ; co-types in the Rene Oberthiir collection. Tliis is a rather shorter and broader insect than D. velutinns and the longitudinal lines formed by erect setae are not con- tinuous upon the anterior half of tlie elytra but broken up into short tufts. In addition, the mandible of the male, instead of a gradual dilatation of the inner edge, as in velutinus, has an abrupt and very blunt tooth a little before the end. Full- sized males have the prothorax very broad and the outer edges not parallel l)ut diverging forwards. 3"). Dorcus cylindricus. (Plate XII, fig. 10.) Dorcus cylindricus Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1862, p. 427. Onaphaloryx cylindricus \'an Roon, Coleopt. Cat. Lucan. 1910, p. 39. Dorcus rosti Zang,* Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1906, p. 184. Dorcus bobi Did., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1927, p. 191, figs. 1-3. Black, with an opaque sooty bloom on the upper surface and a clothing of very minute erect setae, forming longitudinal lines upon the elytra, but sometimes denuded ; the sides of DORCUS. 97 the inetast(M'niiin tliinly clothed with yellow hair. Narrowly elongate, parallel-sided and eonvex, with the legs short and slight. The head densely rugose, with a pair of tubercles, sometimes very inconspicuous, in the middle, the eyes almost divided by the canthus. The epistome almost semicircular. The jjronotum rugose at the sides and coarsely and confluently punctured in the middle. The front angle blunt, the lateral margin feebly curved to the lateral angle, which, like the hind angle, is ill-(lefined, and the base almost straight. The elytra bear numerous series of sliallow confluent punctures, separated by narrow eostse, but confused at the sides and apices. The shoulders are acute. The prosternum elevated but not com- ])ressed nor ])ointed behind. The metasternnm shining and strongly pimctured in the middle, where there is a deep median groove, and densely rugose or granular at the sides. The abdomen strongly and densely punctured beneath. The antenna very short, with all the jomts, except the scape, strongly transverse. $. The head bears a pair of minute rather inconspicuous tubercles. The mandibles are rather narrow, acutely pointed and furnished with a short sharp internal tooth directed slightly downward. The front tibia is broad, palmate at the end, with three short external teeth and an upper supple- mentary tooth. The middle and hind tibise have each a sharp lateral spine. ^. The head bears a pair of small transverse elevations, sometimes uniting to form a slight short ridge. The mandibles are very short, scarcely longer than those of the female but rather more slender, each armed with a small blunt tooth directed obli(![uely upward. The front tibia is more slender than that of the female and has a short broad terminal fork. The middle tibia bears a sharp lateral spine and the hind tibia a very minute one or none. Length, 13-1 9-5 mm. ; breadth, 5-7-5 mm. Kashmir : Aish Mugam, 5500 ft. {T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, July) ; Ajan, Lolab Valley, 5500 ft. {B. M. Bhatia, May) ; Munda, 7200 ft. {('. F. C. Beemn, May). Punjab : Kulu, Parbatti Valley, 6000-8000 ft. (H. G. CJmmpion). United Province : Kumaon, W. Almora (//. G. Champion, July, August) ; Kathian, Chakrata, 7000 ft. {J. C. M. Gardner, June). Found in rotten wood and under bark. Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher took a j)air uj)on a Walnut tree. Type in the Rene Oberthiir collection ; that of rosti in the Deutsche Ent. Inst., Berlin; that of bobi in Dr. Didier's collection. The two sexes are almost alike and very careful examination js needed to discover the slight differences in legs and mandibles. H 98 LUOAMi).*;. Tlie figure stated to represent the female ((|iioted above under D. hohi), althoujili it has the broad front tibia^ of the female, shows the mandibles of the male. :5(1 Dorcus immundus. (Plate XTT, \\\i. 14.) Dorcus immunduH Arrow,* .\nn. Mag. Xat. Hist. (11) ii, 193S, p. 50. pi. 4, fig. 8. Sooty- black, the surface very dull and closely sculptured above and beneath ; moderately elojioate, parallel-sided, the legs and antenna' short, the canthus long and narrowly separated from the cheek. 9. Moderately elongate, very convex. The head is very closely and rugosely juincturcd, the canthus narrow, very little separated from the cheek but not laterally prominent. The pronotum is strongly and closely punc^tured dcrsally, densely rugose at the sides. The front angle is rather sharp, the lateral margin lounded to the blunt lateral angle and feebly concave to the distinct but ver}' blunt hind angle. The elytra are very densely rugose, with the lateral margins serrate and with uneven costse upon the anterioi' dorsal jiart. J. Rathei' narrow, not very convex. The head is short and broad, the e])istome very short and broad, the eyes very small, the sides with a very small prominence behind the eyes, which does not meet the canthus. The mandibles are short, strongly rounded, with a short truncate tooth placed beyond the middle on the upper surface. The pronotum is short, a little wider than the elytra, the sides a little rounded in front, with the front angles bluntly ))roduccd, straight to the latei'ul angles, which are sharji, and gently concave to the basal angles, which are very blunt but well mai'ked. The clytrd, are distinctly but not evenly striate, with the base, sides and apices closely punctured, the striic and the inteivals very irregularly ])unctured. The mentum is rugose, the prosternum slightly compressed and ])ointed behind, the metastcrnvni closely and coarsely granular and the abdomen closely ])unc- tured. The terminal fork of the front fihia is short but sharp, the middle tibia has a lati-ial s])ine and the hind tibia has non(>. VaridtioH of the male. In a small specimen the head and ])ronotum are closely punctured and the mandibles scarcely as long as the head. Larger males have the head only finely and lightly punctured and the mandibles a little longer than the head. ^. />fw^ mm. 9- Length, 22 mm. : breadth, \) nun. 8. India : Valparai, Coimbatore, .'{500 ft, (/-•. .S'. Xathan. ()<-t.) DOKCUS. 99 Four spi'ciinciis of this insect wtMv sent to inc by M. OI)eFthiir, who kindly allowed the type to be retained by the British Museum. A i^ood series has sinee been received. This species is very closely related to I), rugosus Boil. l)ut a little narrower in shaj)e. The eyes, as in that species, are almost completely divided. The side margins of the ])ro- thorax. which in both sexes of D. rugosus are rather strongly concave behind, are here only very gently excised so that the hind angles are less sharj) and the lateral angle is also com- paratively blunt. The prosteruum is more ])rominent and angulate Ix-hind. The male is distinctly more elongate than that of I). nigosK.s, less convex and more ])arallel-sided. The mandil)les attain a rather greater length and the tooth, which is of the same form, is placed before, instead of aftei", the middle. The i)ronotum is less coarseh' sculptured and entirely dull, its side margins rather straight and the front angles ver\- l)Iunt. The elytra are less rugose and distinctly striate. :J7. Dorcus rugosus. (Plat(> XII, tig. 13.) I)arcii.s ruiio-siis Uoil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1!»()4. \). .'{!). Kiirijtnwliclii.f tntrinicorini (;ra\('l\",* Wvv. Ind. .ATiis. \i. I'.tl.", p. I2.">. pi. 2i). (iti. .-). Black, very closely sculptured and clothed u])<)n tiie de- j)i'essed parts of the upper surface with a brown earthy matter and u])on the lower surftice with rather scanty decumbent hairs or set;e, the tibia> and tarsi with a conspicuous clothing of yellow bail's. Hather broad, compact and convex, with short antenna' and legs. The eyes are very nearly, but not (piite, divided into upper and lower halves by the canthus, which is narrow and not prominent. The ])ron<)tum is coansely j)unctured in the middle, with a feeble and indetinite median depression, and closely rugose at the sides. The fi'ont angles are acute, the lateral margins gently rounded to the lateral angles, which are sharj), and strongly concave to the hind angles, which are well marked but obtuse. The base is almost straiglit. The scutellum is closely rugose. The elytra are clo.sely and finely rugos(>, with numerous ill-defnu'd elevated longitudinal lines, which disa])pear at the sides and ajjices. The shoulders are acute. The metastenuun is very coarsely and closely punctured in the middle and rugose at the sides and the abdomen is very strongly and closely punc- tured. The prosterjnnu is elevated, rounded, not ])ointed or compressed behind. The third to seventh joints of the antenna are very- compact and the three club-joints not very short. The micltlle and hiiul tibiiie have each a lateral spine. 9. The head is coarsely lugose and without post-oculitr 100 LUCANID^. processes. The mandibles are acute, not broad nor strongly curved and there is only a feeble internal tooth. The elypeal ])rocess is prominent, rounded and not broad. (^. The head is strongly punctured and has a slight lateral prominence behind the eye on each side. The mandibles are not much longer than those of the female but far apart. They are strongly curved and have a prominent blunt internal tooth placed just before the middle and directed obliquely upward. The elypeal process is very short and broad, witli the front margin straight. Variation of the malt. In the smallest examples the head is rugosely punctured and the jjost-ocular process scarcely apparent. In larger specimens the head is broader, flatter, more finely and sparingly punctured, with the post-ocular prominence very small but distinct. The mandibles are relatively longer but always shorter than the head. ^. Length (with mandibles), 16-23 mm. ; (without mandibles) 14-5-20 mm. : breadth, 7-9 mm. $. Length, 18-22 mm. ; breadth, 8-9-5 mm. S. India : Madura ; Shembaganur, Palni Hills, 6000 ft. ; Kodaikanal, 5000-7000 ft. ; Travancore, Higli Range, 6000 ft. Type in the British Museum ; that of travancoricu.s in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 38. Dorcus fulvonotatus. (Plate XI, fig. 18.) Cladognathus fulvonotatus Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, Lond. 18G.3, p. Ill ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 28, pi. 6, fig. 3. Black, sometimes with a feeble metallic lustre upon the elytra, the sides of the pronotum usually decorated with small anterior and posterior orange spots and each elytron showing a curvilinear orange streak near the extremity, almost reaching the suture, sometimes continued in a straight line to near the shoulder but more often interrupted in the middle and nv appearing behind the shoulder. The femora orange-coloured in the middle and the tibia? and abdomen may b(^ red. Nar- rowly elongate, and not very convex, with the elytra extremely smooth and shining dorsally but with broad closely jjunctured outer margins. The pronotum short and broad, with the lateral margins rounded and the front angles a little produced. The prosternum strongly elevated behind and vertical, not pointed. The antennae short, the three club-joints moderately long and the seventh joint sharply produced. $. The head is coarsely punctured, longitudinally grooved behind with a minute tubercle on each side of the groove. The clypc^al process is transversely rounded and the mandibles aie narrow, very acute, each with a strong internal tooth. The pronottitn and elytra are very shining, the former very DORCUS. 10] strongly punctured at the sides, witli tlie lateral margins rounded and not angulate and the front angles produced. Tlic sides of the elytra are closely junictured but not opaque. The front tibia is very broadly and shortly fork(!d at the end and the middle and iiind tibiu' have each a miiuite spine. (^. Thv head is broad, flat and entirely ojjaque, with the eyes ratiier prominent and tlie sides of the iiead very obtusely angulate in front of tliem and convergent behind. The cl_yj)eal process is broad, its front margin nearly straight and the angles sharply produced. The pro7iotum is very short and broad, very opaque at the sides and a little less so in the middle. The front angles are bluntly ])roduced, the sides rounded and bluntly toothed far behind the middle. The i^cutelhim is opaque. The elytra are extremely glossy, with the outer margins coriaceous and o])aque. The front tibia is finely serrate externally, with small scattered su])plementary teeth, and the terminal fork is short. The middle tibia has usually a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia is without one. Variation of the male. In small specimens the mandibles are shorter than the head and each has a broad serrate lamina equidistant from the base and ti]). The tip is simple and sluirp. Full-sized males have the head broader, the mandibles from l\ times to twice the length of the head, flat, of nearly uniform breadth, gently and uniformly curved, with a small tooth just before the tij) and a small j^rocess ending in two or three cusps a little behind the tooth. 1 have not seen any intermediate condition. cJ. Le/if//^ (with mandibles), 20-2S mm. ; (without mandibles) 17-21 mm. : breadth, 7-8-5 nnn. 9. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 7 nun. 81KKIM : Tendong, 5000 ft., July. Darjeeling Distr. : Kurscong, (5000 ft. (E. A . rfAlneu) ; Mangpu (E. T. Atkinmn ); Pedong (L. Dnrel). rMTEi) PROVINCE : W. Almora, Kumaon (//. (J. Champion, February, June). Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. 39. Dorcus bisignatus. (Plate XI, fig. 17.) CludogiKithuti bittirjndtus Parry, Proc. Knt. Soc. LoikJ. I8fi2, p. Ill ; Trarus. Ent. Soo. Lond. 1864, p. 28, pi. 7, figs. 3 side and feebly serrate. In larger s])ecimens the mandibles are al)out twice as long as the head, fiat and nearly straight, exce})t near the base and tip, with a small tooth just befori' the tip and a short serrate lamina a little behind the tootii. J. Length (with mandibles), 18-1} I mm. : (without mandil)les) lG-23 mm. : breadth, 7-10 nun. 9- Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, S-o nnn. A.S.SAM: Manipur (If. Doherty). Darjeelin(; Distk. : Kur.secmg [R. P. Lebas) : Pedong (L. Dnrel). Tiipc ill the ileneOberthiir collection, also that oi rnJonotatiiH PouiU. There is a close resemblance between this s])ecies and 1). fulvonotatu.s, but the sides of the pront)tum are not strongly rounded in front, as in that species, and the pale thoracic spots of f). fHlronotiilii.s appear to be always absent. 40. Dorcus boileaui. (Plate XIV, liti. 7.) Rliirtubit fi])rcioNii.s Boil.,* Trans. lOnt. Sor. Ivunl. inil, p. VM, yt). .'J7, fig. 3 (prc'ocf'iii)if'(l riiiinc). lifi;i'tiihi.s .sprcio.SK.s vnv. Iioi/rani Did., Hull. Soc. lOiit. I'V. lltJ."), J). 1.14 ; id. Col. Lur. tiii Ololje, I!):{0, pi. 2. lig. I. J{. .speciosu« var. ijurdneri Did.,* Col. Liic du (iioln-, l!i:5<), p. i2)S, pi. II. l\ii. 1. Sliiniii^r hlack (;); dull black, with the Boisd., Voy. tie I'Astrolabe, Ent. ii, 1835, p. :237. Dorcus titan Burm., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 384. Platyprosopus platymelus Saiind.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1854, p. 50, pi. 3, fig. 7. Dorcus niarginalis Saund., op. cit. p. 53, pi. 4, fig. 6. Dorcus obscnrus Saund., op. cit. p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 7. Dorcus westermanni Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soe. xix, 1843, p. 106. Dorcus titanus Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 1937, p. 244. Entirely black, smooth and sliining above in the $, dull ((^\cej)t in small examples) in the male. The canthus reaches far beyond the middle of the eye and almost divides it. Tiie prosternum is scarcely elevated behind the coxa?, and not produced. $. Elongate-oval, not very convex, tlie legs fairly stout. The head is rather coarsel}^ closely and evenly rugose, slightly convex in the middle, where there is a pair of rather inc-on- spicuous tubercles placed transverse!}'. The heatl is broad but the lateral angulation is feeble. The clypeal procet^s is rounded DORCUS. 106 and feebly bilobed. Tlic pronoium is very smooth, the sides strongly and closely ])uiictured, densely and rugosely at the margins. The punctures extend narrowly along the basal margin. The lateral margins are gently rounded t(^ far beyond the middle, where they are very bluntly angular, and the hind angles are scarcely perceptible. The dytrd are rather closely punctured, the punctures very minute and inconspicuous near the suture but becoming gradually more numerous, those of the sides and apices dense and confluent. There are tliree narrow pairs of fine longitudinally arranged })unctures. The nientum is very coarsely rugose. The front tihia bears numerous rathei- close short teetli and the terminal fork is very short. Tlie middle and hind tibiie have each a sharp lateral spine. ^. The body is rather dejjressed, the upper surface (except in small specimens) densely granular and (jpaque. The sides of tlie head are very obtusely angular in front and feebly rounded and a little contracted behind the eyes. The clypeal i)rocess is rather short and broad, notched in the middle and angularly produced on each side. The pronoium is broad, its lateral margins bisinuate to the lateral angle, which is sharp and placed before the middle, then rather straight to the hind angles, which are also sharp. The ehjtra are rather short, with the shoulders very sharp and the outer edges gently rounded and converging to the apex. The uieHfiim, is broad, closely granular and densely clothed in the anterior half with short reddish hairs. The front tibia bears numerous short shar[) lateral teeth and the terminal fork is very short. The middle and hind tibia) have each a sharj) lateral spine. Variation of the male. In small specimens the up])er surface, instead of being dull, is very smooth and shining. Tlic head is strongly punctiired, except its posterior j)art. Th(^ ])ronotum is rugosely punctured at the sides and very glossy on tlie disc, with its lateral and basal angles feeble. The elytra are distinctly punctured, strongly and closely at the sides, and more parallel -sided than in larger examples. The clypeal process is only feebly notched, the mentum is coarsely rugose and the mandibles are short, not continuous, strongly curved, with a feebly serrate dilatation of the inner edge not reacliing the base or tij). In larger specimens this dilatation is strongly serrate and has a strong tooth at its posterior end, the punctures of head and thorax become gradually rei:)laced by fine graiuda- tions and. those of the elytra become much finer and more indistinct. As the mandibles increase in length the strong basal tooth removes farther from their base and a minute tooth appears shortly before the tip. In large specimens the labrum is so deeply notched as to become bilobed and the entire upper surface is dull and sooty. i06 T.FCANtD>*. ^. Lrnyl/i {\vithincindib]cH),:i^~W mm. ; (witliout mandibles) 30-67 mill. : hrpcidth, 12-28 mm. 9. Length, 21-40 mm. ; breadth, 8-5-K) mm. Darjeelinu Distr. : Pedong {L. JJvrel) ; Mang])u (IC. T. Atkinson). Assam : Clierra])iinji ; Sylhct ; Sibsagar {K. T. Atkinson). Burma: 8um])ra l)um, Putao Distr. [B. Fischer, April, May). Tonkin. China. Japan. Malay Peninsula. Borneo. Philippine Islands. Celebes. Location of the type nnknown, that of j)lafi/nieliis Saund. in the British Museum, those of marqinalis and ohscnrus Saund. perhaps also there but unidentified, that of wester manni Hope in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. Burmese specimens belong to the form called platijmelus, in which the mandibles of well-dcvclopcd males are relatively narrower than in tliose of India proper. This form is foiuid in Japan and China. Females and small males, however, are indistinguishable. 42. Dorcus tityus. (Plate VIll, figs. 2-().) Dorcus tityus Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Loud. 1842, jj. s:1. Erin/trachelus titijii.9 Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, [>. til, pi. .3, fig. 3 : Boil., Trans. Ent. Sot-. Lond. 1913, p. 249. Eurtjtraclielwi ■sctnirugosv.s Thorns.. Ann. Soc. Ent. J'Vance (4), i, 1862, p. 422. EvrytracheVpbis tet/i(/.sDid., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1929, p. Ho, figs. OG, (59, 70, 72. Euriftraclieiux tcl/ii/.s Did., ojj. cit. 1930, ]). 185. EurijtrncheJvs fitliqinofsiis Did., Col. Luc. dii Globe, fig. 33 (but not description). ^. Lacatius litientopimctatu-s Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22. Dorcii.'i piinctalo.'itriaty.s Redt., Hiigel's Kaschrnir, 1848, iv. p. 532. Black, with a scanty clothing of inconspicuous yellowish hair beneath. The j)rosternuni feebly elevated and not ])()inted, forming a lounded ])rojection behind the coxa'. The middle and hind tibia> have each a sharp lateral spine. $. Elongate-oval, moderately shining above, but with the elytra very closely and dee|)ly sulcate. The head is strongly and closely i)unctured, rugosely in front, with a narrow smooth area behind, and bears two small inconspicuous tubercles ])laced transversely in the middle. The canthus extends far beyond the middle of the eye but is not prominent. The pr())(()tH)n is shining, with the sides strongly punctured, the punctures dense and rugose externally and extending along the basal margin, 'i'here is a (h)uble series of [)unctures in the middle of the pronotum, generally enclosing a narrow oval area. The lateral margin is gently rounded, the lateral angle not distinct. The scutellum bears a few fine ])unctures. The elytra have al)out twelve deep grooves, confluently and unequally ])unctured, with narrow shining intervals. The grooves are obliterated at the sides and a{)ices. whicli arc DORCFS. 107 deiiseiy ruiioso and ()j)Msoly rugose at the sides and the abdomen is closely ])unetiM'ed. The terminal fork of the front tibia is short and broad. (^. Rather depressed. The head is smooth, with the clyju^al process short and rather broad, the angles rather sharp. The eye is small and almost divided by the eanthus, which is very narrow and not at all prominent. The sides of the head are feebly prominent behind the eyes. The protwhim is smooth, margined at the base but not in front, the lateral mai-gins excised behind the front angles, forming a sharp angle behind the e.xcision, and straight and conv^ergent to the basal angles, which ait' shar|). The 'li/tra are smooth or sulcate. Variation of the male. 8mall specimens resemble the female. The pronotum is shining, with the sides rugosely ])unctured, and the elytra are closely grt)oved, with densely rugose sides and apices. The head is smooth and shining, with its anterior part closely punctured. The niandibles are short, strongly curved, with a very small blunt tooth near the middle of the inner edge. The anterior excision of the sides of the thorax is absent in small specimens. In larger examples the j)unctures disappear from head and thorax and the surface becomes coriaceous and dull ; the elytral grooves gradually disap})ear, leaving only a close and fine puncturation, except for the rugose sides. In large specimens the elytra are slightly coriaceous and without punctures. The mandibles become longer and less curved, the internal tooth becomes broad and at a further stage a|)pears as two separate teeth, which are suj)plementcd by another near the ti}). The hindmost tooth is always more ])rominent than the rest and in large s])ecimens is rather strong. A very variable number of minute teeth may ap])ear be;^ond it, not always alike on the two sides. The situation of the large tooth varies greatly. It is often near the base {tityiis type) but sometimes more advanced and may even approach the middle {tethys). ^. Le)iyt}i (with mandil)les), 2S-7() lujn. ; (witliout mandibles) 24-52 mm. : breadth, I 1-2") mm. 9- Leuffth, 2l-2!> nun. ; breadth. H-12 nun. Xki'.vl : {Ma.j.-(ien. Hardwicke). Sikki.m : ( Jo|)aldhara, Kungbong Valley [H. Stevens). Darjeelini; Distk. : Pedong (L. Durel) ; Kin-seong {E. A. DWbreu) ; Mang])u (E. T. Atkinson). Ass..\m : Sylhet. Birma : Rubv Mines (If. Doherty) ; Seinghku \'alley, G(MM) ft. {R. J. //. Kaidliach). Types of tityiis and lineatopunctatus in the British Museum ; that of semiriKjosKs in the 01»erthur collection ; of ])iinrta- tostriatiis in the \'iciuia Museum, and (A' fithys in Di-. Didici^'s collection. 108 LUCANID^. The figure 33 of Dr. Didier's work, although called Euri/trachelus fidir/inosus, does not agree with the accom- panying description and was probably included by accident. 43. Dorcus submolaris. (Plate IX, fig. 9.) Tmcanus submoUxris Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 2.3. Eurytrfichelus aubmolarif Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 251, pi. 9, fig. 10 ; Gravely, Ind. Mus. Rec. ix, 1915, p. 424, pi. 29, fig. 4. Dorcus brachycerus Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1904, p. 27. Eurytrachelus fuliginosus Did.,* Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 77, fig. 34. Black, fairly broad and depressed, more or less shining above, the female with closely striate elytra, the male rather smooth above, except in dwarfed specimens. The eyes small, the ocular canthus narrow and not prominent, but extending far back and almost dividing the eye. The prosternum not pointed but forming a rounded projection behind the coxae. 9- Elongate -oval, with the legs short and stout. The head is strongly, closely and rather rugosely jjunctured, with two slightly elevated tubercles placed transversely in the middle and not far apart. The sides of the head diverge a little behind but are not prominent. The pronotum is very smooth and shining, with a few fine jmnctures, generally forming an imperfect double series in the middle of the posterior half. The sides are very strongly and closely punctured, the punctures extending round the basal margin and forming a smgle series in the middle. The front angles are blunt, the lateral edges feebly curved to the lateral angle, which is obtuse, and almost straight from there to the base. The scutellnm is very minutely jjunctured. The elytra have very acute shoulders, the dorsal ])art is punctate-striate but not very deeply, the second interval broad and shining with a few punctures along the middle, and the sides are densely and rugosely punctured. The metasternum is densely and rugosely grarmlar at tiie sides and finely punctured in the middle and the abdomen is finely punctured in the middle and coarsely pitted at the sides. The front tibia is broadly bifid at the end and the middle and hind tibiae have each a rather strong spine beyond the middle of the outer edge. (J. Smooth, not very shining, except in dwarfed specimens, the head and pronotum opaque, the sides of the head slightly convergent in front of the eyes, bluntly angular behind. The clypeal process is short and broad (about one -third the width of the head), with the angles feebly produced. The pronotum is smooth, with the sides finely and feebly pmictured. The outer edge is feebly curved to the obtuse lateral angle and nearly straight from there to the base. The scutellnm is DORCUS. 109 finely punctured. The elytra are rather parallel-sided, with acute liumeral angles and th(> sides and apices densely ])une- tured. The >n<'fa.' at the sides. Tlie ahdompn is finely punctured in the middle and more strongly at the sides. The legs are rather closely clothed with reddish setae, the middle tibia bears a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one. Variation of the male. In dwarfed males the head is finely punctured, the pronotum smooth and shining, except at th(i sides, and the elytra are striate, as in tlie females, but l^^ss deeply. The short mandibles have only a very slight indication of a tooth internally. In larger examples the strite gradually disappear, leaving only a finely pimetured surface to the elytra. This also disappears and the entire upper surface is smooth and opaque in large specimens. The mandible exhibits first a second and finally a third tooth, the last near the tip. (J. Lewg^A (with mandibles), 21-41 mm. ; (without mandibles) 19-33 mm. : breadth, 8-5-14 mm. ?. Length, 20-29 mm. ; breadth, 8-12 mm. N.W. Frontier Province. Kashmir : Raj])ur Rampur {F. Selous). Punjab : Murree Hills, Thobba {Major Howland Roberts) ; Campbellpore ; Dalhousie. United Provinces : Naini Tal. Type, in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ; those of brachycerus Boil, and fnliginosus Did. in the Paris Museum. This species closely resembles D. tityns, but the female has less deeply striate elytra, and this applies also to the small males. Well-developed males, in which the upper surface is cjuite smooth, closely resemble medium-sized males of D. tityus in form, as well as in the mandibles, but the elytra are striate in D. tityu-s at this stage. The large specimen represented by Didier (fig. 33) as belonging to E. fuliginosus corresponds exactly with one in the British Museum taken by W. Doherty in Burma (Ruby mines) and appears to me to be a variety of D. tityvs Hoj)e. Jt is a glossy insect, differing markedly from specimens received from Dr. Didier as D. fuliginosus and from his des- cri[)tion of the species, the type of which is said to be from Kashmir. The latter entirely agrees with the present insect. The name fuliginosufi evidently designates a non-glossy insect. The type in the Oxford Museum is labelled as taken in Assam by Dr. Cantor. This is no doubt an error. 44. Dorcus reichei. (Plate VIII. figs. 7-9.) Liiritnus veiclici Hope,* Prop. Ent. Soc. Lontl. 1S42, p. 8.3, LucdiiiiN co)ope,* op. rit. p. S4. li. puttctilubriii Hope, /. c. 1 10 LUCANID.E. Dorcas glubripennif Westw.,* Trans, lilnt. Soc. Lontl. 1871, p. 359, pi. 8, fig. (). Eurytrachelioi prtvcellerus Moll., Insektenborse, xix, 1902, p. 283 ; Deutsclie Ent. Zeits. 1903, p. 344. Eitrytrachelus reichei Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 249. var. Euri/trachehifi castelnaudi Deyr., Ann. Hoc. Ent. Belg. ix, 1865, p. 31, pi. 2, fig. 3. Eurytraciielus hansteini Albers, Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1889, p. 235. Eurytrachelus cervuhis Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1901, p. 284. Black, the male very smooth above when well developed, the female with deeply sulcate elytra. The shoulders of the elytra very acute. The legs fairly short and stout. The prosternum not pointed behind the front coxae but forming a slight rounded protuberance, except in the males of the variety castelnaudi, where it is flat and not at all elevated behind. The middle and hind tibiae have each a sharj) lateral spine. ?. Elongate -oval, shining above but with the elytra very closely and deejjly sulcate. The head is strongly and closely ])unctured, rugosely in front, with a narrow smooth area behind, and bears two small, not very conspicuous, tubercles placed transversely in the middle. The canthus extends well beyond the middle of the eye but is not prominent. The pronofum is very smooth and shining, with the sides strongly ])unctured, the punctures very dense and rugose externally and extending completely along the basal groove. The front angle is bluntl}^ jjroduced, the lateral margin gently rounded, the lateral and basal angles rounded and imperce])tible. The wuiHlmn bears a few tine })unctures. The elytnt have each about 10 or 12 deep grooves, with narrow shining intervals, tlie grooves confluently and unequally punctured. The grooves become obliterated in the lateral part and the apices, which are densely rugose and opaque. The mentum is coars(^ly rugose. The rneki'^termmi is clo.sely punctured, rugosely at the sides, and the abdomen strongly l)ut less closely. Tlie terminal foi'k of the front tibia is short and broad. ^. In well-develo])ed males the body is broad and flat, very smooth above, the head very broad and tlie mandibles long, but every stage of transition occurs, in accordance with diminishing size, to small specimens, which sho\v most of the superficial features of the female. Variation of the male. In the smallest specimens the heatl and thorax are shining, the head of moderate size, closely and rather strongly ])uncturcd, except in the ])osterior part, the ])ron()tum coarsely and lugosely punctured at the sides and base, usually with scattered punctures along the middle line, the sides evenly rounded, the lateral angle indistinct. The elytra are grooved like those of the female, the grooves wide and deep and the intervals very narrow and sharp. DOKCUS. Ill The luandibles arc slioitcr tluui the head, simijlc, fahtifnnn, far apart at the base and very acute at the tip. There is a slijilit indication of a tooth at the base. The clyi)eal process is very sliort, broad, with the froiit edije straij^ht and frinears near the front angle. The grooves of the elytra are sliallowcr and the intervals wider. In moderate-sized males tlie head and thorax aie dull and unpuiuturcd, the head is longer behind the eyes, whicli are less prominent, the elytra arc smooth dorsally, with traces of lateral striu', the sides strongly and closely punctured. The mandibles are longer, the tooth a little removed from the base and shorter and broader in shape. With still lengthening mandibles, the tooth continues to advance to the middle and to become shorter, while a second tooth ajipears in front of the first and another minute one behind the tij) of the mandible. The angles of the cly})eal process are a little j)roduced and its front margin becomes curved. In large males the mandibular process is in front of the middle, short and 2-cus))ed, the head and thorax are very broad, the inden- tation of the lateral margin of the latter is farther from the front angle and leaves a rather sharp tooth behind, near the middle, the lateral angle is also sharp, the elytra are glossy, without trace of striation, the sides closely and regulai'ly l)unctui'ed. In the largest examples the mandibles arc slender but flattened, rather straight, twice as long as the head, the 2-cus|)ed ])rocess is situated much before the middle and directed obli(juely forward. J. Lf'nglh (with mandil)les). 20-.'i<) mm.: (without mandil)lcs) 18-43 mm. : hnadth, S-2() nun. $. Length, Ii)-2<> mm. : breadth, 8-13 mm. Darjeelixu Distr. : Kurseong (E. A. D'Ahreu) ; Mang|)u {E. T. Atkinson) ; Gopaldhara, Hungbong Valley (H . Stevens) ; TVdong {L. Durel). Assam. Bitrma : Iluby Mines ( U'. Dohcrtij). W. China. Siam. Malay Peninsula. Si-matra. Borneo. Tt/pes of reichei, cognatus and glahripennis in the British Museum, those of castelnandi and pnrcellens in the Obcrthiir collection, that of cerriilus in the (Tcnoa Museum. Specimens from the Ea.stern j)art of the range of this species con.stitute a j)hase which has been .separated by various authors and given the names castelnandi, cervnlns and hanstelni. In the males not of very small size the surface of the elytra, as well as that of the head and pronotum, is dull and sooty, 112 LUCANID^. tlie prosterniim is very flat behind and not at all elevated. In small si)eciniens, however, and in the female this is elevated exactly as in the tyjjieal form. Occasionally, as in the type- specimen oi castelnaudi Deyr., the elytra are not quite black, but, at least in part, very dark red or l)rown, probably owing to slight immaturity. In my o])inion, the Borncan Eurytrach(dvs prosti Boil., will also he found inseparable from this form. I have seen examples of tliis form from Assam, Burma, Siam, Yunnan, Sumatra and Borneo. 4"). Dorcus hyperion. (Plate VIll, lig. 10.) Dorcns hyperion Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 177. Black, smootli, not very shining, the elytra deeply- striate in females and small males, the sides clothed beneath with very fine inconspicuous yellowish pubescence. The eyes very small, almost divided by the narrow canthus. The metasternum coarsely granular at the sides. The legs are not long, the front tibia has a short terminal fork and is sharply and regularly toothed externally and the four ]iosterior tibiae have each a lateral sjiine. 9. Rather narrowly elongate, moderately convex. The head is rugosely ])unctured, with a pair of small tubercles not far apart in the middle, the canthus is obliquely rounded and extends far back but is only slightly j^rominent. The pronotuni is dull but very smooth, with the sides narrowly but strongly and closely punctured. The front angles are strongly produced, the lateral margins gently rounded, the lateral angles feebly indicated and the hind angles obsolete. The dytra are fairly long and very deeply striate, with large confluent punctures in the stiia>, the intervals between the stria- shining, the inner ones fairly broad, the outer ones very narrow, the striae obliterated at the sides and a])ices, which are densely rugose. The shoulders are sharply angular. The nienfurti is closely rugose. The prosternum is elevated and rounded hehlncl. The front tibia is fairly stout and the middle and hind tihia^ have each a strong lateral spine. (^. Broad and depressed, with the elytra rather short, tapering behind. The head and jjronotum are broad and flat, minutely granular and opaque, finely ])unctured in small specimens. The sides of the head are rather })arallel, the eyes minute and almost divided by the very narrow canthus, the sides with a slight bluntly angular process far behind the eye. The clypeal ])rocess is very short and has two slight cusps. The pronotmn is short, the front angles are bluntly pointed, the sides a little excised in front, leaving a distinct angle behind the excision, almost from this to the obtuse lateral DOROUS. 113 angle, which is situated far hack, and gently curved to the base. The dytrd are shining and finely punctured, the shoulders sharply angular and the sides rounded. Tlie nientuni is very broad and oj)a(iue. The proMernum is broad. Hat, truncate behind and not at all elevated. Variation of the. male. In small specimens the head and pronotum are shining and bear very fine scattered jnuictures, and the elytra, as in the female, are deeply striate, the inner intervals broad, minutely punctured and very shining, the outer j)art linely rugose and dull, with very narrow intervals. The mandibles are short and sharp, evenly curved and armed internally close to the base with a strong blunt process set at right angles. With iiu-reased size the elytral grooves disappear, as well as the punctures of head and thorax, which become (juite dull. In full-sized males the elytra are smootli and shining, with minute punctures, the outer margins slightly dull but not more closely punctured. The head is very broad, the mandibles are about twice the length of the head, almost straight in the basal ])art, the basal process flat and two-cusped, with a miiuite ante-a])i(al tooth internally. The excision of tlie lateral margin of the prothorax is well marked. o. //P/?(7 and S-IO not very short. The front tibia broad and strongly toothed and the middle and hind tibia; eaeh having a lateral spine. '.?. The head is coarsely rugose, exce])t in the posterior median ])art. The clypeal process is rounded and jn-oininent and the mandibles are not much curved and rather feebly toothed at the inner edge. ,j'. The Imid is rather evenly punct uied, except in the ]»()sterior me outer angles slightly ])romiiient. The front tibia, has a broad t"rminal fork. Varialion of flu mah'. iSmall specimens liaAC the head strongly and densely punctured and the mandibles only vc^ry slightly dilated at the base. In larger ones the head is more finely and sparingly puiUitured and tlu^ mandibles are aiigiilatly dilated externally and more strongly toothed. (J*. /.r^^f//// (with mandibles), 17-2.'{ mm. : (witlioul mandibles) l()-2() mm. : breadth, 7~!) mm. ?. L'tKjIh, 17 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Kashmir (<". Host). Piin.iah: Hashahr Stale. (i()(»(> SOOO ft. {It. N. Parker, M;\\). K. lioKilAHA. ^/'i//)e in the iicningrad Museum ; that of nigatiis in Dr. Didier's collection. A male specimen in the Biitish Museum, rec(Mved from Dr. Didicr, altliougii not rcfeircd to in the original description, a|)pears to be one of the typical series. 17. Dorcus poulllaiidei. (Plate Xii, lig. IS.) I'fo.sojioCii Iks ji(iiiill, p. i*l, tig.s. ;") & (i. ?. Black and shining, witii the head and broad, shaiply detined, lateral margins of pronotum and elytra densely and rugosely punctured. Kather narrowly elongate and not ver-y convex. The head is coarsely rugose, with a small smooth posterior area, the canthus rounded and not very ])rojninent. The pronotum is smooth and shining upon the median third, elosely and strongly punctured upon the outer third, rugosely at the outer margin. The front angles are blunt, the lateral edges mimitely serrate and gently rounded to beyond tlu* middle, where there is a minute s])hnform angle, and then straight to the very l)roadly rounded hind angles. The snitelluin bears a few fine ])unctnres. The eli/tra. are very glossy upon the inner half and very densely and rather coarsely l)unctured ujum the outer half, which is very sharply defined and extends narrowly to the scutellum and broadly to the suture at the apex. The shoidders are very acutely angular and the apices a little producc(|, The prostrni.iini is comprcssc(l 116 LUCANID^. and shortly pointed behind ; the metasternum bears scattered punctures and is dull at the sides and the abdomen is very smooth, except the terminal segment, which bears large, fairly closely and evenly distributed punctures. The tibiai are slender, the front ones sliglitly curved, with the outer edge very minutely toothed and the extremity ])roduced into a palmate lobe. The middle and hind tibi* are without lateral spines and all the tarsi are rather short. cJ. Unknown. Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. Assam : Patkai Hills {W. Doherty). Type in the Oberthur collection. The British Museum possesses several specimens from the Frj^ collection, taken by Doherty at the same time as the type. 49. Dorcus curvipes. (Plate VI, fig. 1.) Lucanus curvipes Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 25. Cladognathvs curvipes Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1864, p. 35. Black, the female shining, the male dull above, very small, convex, rather compact, with slender but not long legs. The head is small, with rather large and prominent eyes, the canthus extending to the middle, the pronotum convex, a little wider in front than at the base with the lateral edges very minutely serrate, with an acute spine beyond the middle, feebly curved from there to the front angles, which are rounded, and straight to the hind angles, which are obtuse but distinct. The elytra short, entirely punctured, closely at the sides, with the shoulders sharply pointed. The prosternum a little compressed, bluntly pointed but not produced behind. The metasternum and abdomen smooth and shining, the former with scattered punctures. The middle and hind tibijp have each an extremely minute lateral spine. 9. Shining black, oval. The head is very small, a little contracted behind the eyes, densely and rugosely ])imctured. The mandibles are narrow and straight, with very sharp curved tijjs and a strong tooth near the middle of the inner edge. The pronotuni is coarsely and densely pimctured at the sides and fairly strongly and closely in tlie middle. The elytra are rather less strongly punctured than the })ronotum, closely upon the outer half and not very (closely upon the inner half. The legs are not much shorter than those of the male, the front tibiae slender and curving outwards, with tlie extremity broad and four-lobed. c^. The head is dull, rather finely and evenly punctured, a little de])ressed in the middle and slightly dilated on each side behind the eye. The mandibles are short and thick, rounded externally, with the tij)s inclined uj)wards and hollowed internally, with the lower edge serrate, The pronotiitH is DORCUS. 117 entirely punctured and opaque, especially at the sides. The elytra are finely and closely punctured. The front tibia is straight, slender, and rather narrowly forked at the end. Variation of the male. In small specimens the head and pronotum are closely and fairly strongly punctured and the sides of the latter densely and rugosely. The mandibles are shorter tiian the head and the upward curvature is not strong. In fairly large males the mandibles are about as long as the head and strongly bent upwards, with the lower edges meeting except at the base. The punctures of the head and pronotum are fine and not very close. ^. L^^grM (with mandibles), 12-20 mm.; (without mandibles) 11-14 mm. : breadth, 4-5-7o mm. $. Length, 15-5 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Bombay Pres. : N. Kanara (T. li. D. Bell, July) ; Poona {Hope collection). Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. ")(». Dorcus spencei. (Plate IX, figs. 5, 6.) Lucami.s .speticei Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii, 1841, p. 589 ; Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 19. Pronopocoelus spencei Boil., Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 233. Dorcus spencei Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 1937, p. 242, pi. 2, fig. 1. Prosopocuhts crenicoUiN Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), ii, 1862, p. 418 ; Boil.. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 232. Pro.sopocu'lus mordax Boil., Le Natiiraliste, 1904, p. 285. Proso]}oc(jeliis laticeps Moll.,* Insektenborse, xxi, 1904, p. 402. Deep chocolate -brown, with the greater part of the head and mandibles, the antennae and tarsi black, the femora rather l)right-rc(l. Elongate, very convex and moderately shining above. The club-joints of the antenna are moderately long and the seventh joint almost the same length. The prosternal process strong, com[)ressed and right-angled. (j*. The head is broad and fiat, finely and densely granular and opacpie, the canthus rounded in front, extending past the middle of the eye and rather prominent laterally at the end. The front margin is excised and the clypeal process minute, simple and tongue-shaped. The pronotum is finely coriaceous but rather shining, except at the sides, which are densely granular and ojiacpie. The front angles are truncate, the lateral margins roughly serrate and nearly straight to beyond the n\id(i!e, where there is a sharp spine, and concave from there to the hind angles, which are roiuided. The elytra are also coriaceous, moderately shining dorsally and dull at the sides. The mentum is hollowed and the front edge of the submentuni is not sharply carinate nor trilobed. The front tibia is finely serrate externally, with strong sharp lateral teeth, and the middle and hind tibia) have each a strong lateral si)ine. 118 lt7canti);e. Variation of the male. In a small example [crenicolli'i Thoins. , type) the mandibles are of rather triangular sliape and the inner edge is finely and closely serrate beneatli almost from base to apex, with a single small basal tootli on a higher level. In a larger male (the type of laticeps ^loll.) the gap between the basal tooth and the serrate edge is wider, there is a large rounded basal lobe externally, a ridge extends from the basal tooth to near the tip upon the upper face and the anterior half of the mandible curves upward. The type of spcnrn Hope represents the very different constant phase, of wliich it is the only known siJecimen. In this the mandibl(>s are slender, twice as long as the head, strongly and evenly romuled, forked at the tij) and smooth, with a single small tooth at the inner edge a little distance from the base. The female is unknowai to me. <^. Length (with mandibles), 31-44 mm. ; (without mandibles) 25-36 mm. : breadth, 10-5-15 mm. Assam : Shillong, Khasi Hills. Burma : iMyitkyina (I*i. The terminal fork of the front tibia is strongly deflexed, the middle tibia has a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one. Variation of the. male.— Variable phase. 'J'he mandibles are a little longer than the head. Small examples have the ui)|)(>r surface very dull and not very convTX. With increasing size \\\(\ surface, esjK'cially of the j)ron(;tum, l)ecomes v(!ry convex and less dull in the middle. The mandibles are almost straight externally and l)ear rounded, bead-like teeth at the iimer edge. In the smallest specimens there is cmly a very small gap at the base between the closed mandibles. 'J'liis gap becomes progressively larger until only the anterior halves are in contact but otherwise little change occurs even in full-sized specimens, although the head is relatively much broader. Constant phase. Tiie mandibles are slender, gently curved, a little compressed laterally, smooth internally and externally, with a small rounded basal process internally and a strong erect curved antl jjointed process at the middle of the upper edge. The tips are biHd. ^. Lf^wjy^/i (with mandibles), 28-39 mm. : (without mandible 24-32 mm. : breadth, 10-14 mm. $. Length, 22 mm. ; breadth, U mm. Assam: Khasi Hills, Shillong ; Oaro Hills, above Turji. 3500-3900 ft. (S. Kemp, July, Aug.). 120 LUCANID^. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford. D. bulhosus has the closest resemblance to D. polymorphus but the males can be separated without difficulty by the difference in the minute clypeal process. 52. Dorcus perplexus. Cladognathus perphxus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. Ill ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 26 ; op. cit. 1870, p. 82. (J. Very dark brown, with the head and the sutural region of the elytra black or chestnut-red, with the antennae and tarsi black, the mandibles and tibise dark red, and the outer margins of the head, pronotum and el^'tra, as well as the sutural margins of the last, more or less darkened. Elongate in shape and dull above and beneath except in the region of the el}i}ral suture. The head is densely granular, flat, with a strong curvilinear emargination in front, the clypeal process very small, simple and tongue-like. The front angles of the head are obtuse, the sides oblique in front and feebly angulate behind the eyes. The mandibles are triangular, with the outer margin a little concave, the inner edge nearly straight, with strong blunt serrations almost from base to tip. The j^^'onotum is finely and densely granular, very opaque at the sides but less so in the middle. The front angles are blunt, the lateral margins not serrate, gently rounded in front, obtusely angulate behind the middle and straight from there to the rounded hind angles. The scutellum is finely ])unctured. The elytra are closely and minutely ])unctured and opaque except near <;he suture. The prosternal process is vertical in front and a little compressed. The Z^grs- are fairly slender, the front tibia finely serrate externally and with very minute teeth, the terminal fork short, the middle tibia with a minute lateral spine, the hind tibia without spine. Length (with mandibles), 25-27 mm. ; (without mandibles) 20-23 mm. : breadth, 9-10 mm. " India." Type in the Oberthiir collection. Only specimens of small size are at ])rescnt known of this species but it is probable that a higher degree of develoj)ment will be found to occur. Parry has mentioned female specimens in the British Museum but I have found none that can be referred with any certainty to D. perplexus. The above descrijition is taken from the unique male type and a rather larger but otherwise exactly similar male in the British Museum. The exact habitat of both is unknown, but the latter is from the East India Comjmny's collection. The species may prove to be Indo-Chinese, as a female sjiecimen perhaps belonging to it has been sent to me from Tonkin b^' M. de Cooman. DORCUS. 121 A large dark brown male ,s{)etiiuen from Laos, Tonkin, in Mr. Bernard Benesh's collection, resemhlinii ratlier closely the large ^ IJ. buddka Hope (PI. 15, tig. 8) but with dull", not glossy, elytra, very likely belongs to this species. 53. Dorcus polymorphus, nom. u. (Plate 11, tigs. 5rt, b, c; PhitelX, tigs. 1, 2.) Prosopoca'lus parryi Boil., Trans. Eat. Soc. Loud. l'J13, p. 233 (pre-ofcupied name). Lucanus bulbosu.s Hope & \Ve.st\v.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 20 (not Lucanus bnlbosus Hope, 1841). Dorcus jmrryi Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soe. Loud. Ixxxvi, 1937, p. 242, pl. 2, fig. 3. Prosopocalus parryi vars. latus, angimtus Did., Col. Lue. du Globe, 1929, pp. 98-101, fig.s. 50-53. The female is black or almost black, the male deep red or reddish- black, Avith the mandibles and sides of the head black, the femora and tibite sometimes bright red and the tarsi bearing conspicuous ])ads of bright yellow hairs beneath. The sha})e rather narrow and the lateral margins of the pronotum are hnely serrate. The prostcrnum bluntly produced behind. The eyes small and the canthus extending past the middle. 9- The upper surface is strongly punctured, rugosely at the sides, but very shining in the median part of the pronotum and close to the elytral suture. The head is coarsely rugose and sometimes shows an ill-defined shining elevation on each side of the middle. The pronotum is finely punctured, sometimes with a narrow smooth median line, the sides very strongly and rugosely i)unctured. The elytra are very closely pun(!tured except near the suture, where they are very shining, and the j)uncturcs are very strong and dense at the sides. The front tibia is broadl}^ forked at the end. (^. The pronotum and elytra are feebly shining along the middle line. The head is densely granular and opaque, short and broad, with the front angles rounded and the cheeks very slightly swollen behind the eyes. The front margin is curvilinearly excised and the clypeal process is small and bilobed. The pronotum is very finely coriaceous, densely at the sides, less so and feebly sliining in the middle. The front angles are very bluntly rounded, the lateral margins evenly rounded to beyond the middle, where there is an acute s})ine, and concave to the broadly rounded hind angles. The elytra are closely and very minutely punctured and feebly shining dorsall}^ densely' coriaceous and opaque at the sides. The mentum is hollowed and the front edge of the submentum is sharply carinate and more or less trilobed. The front tibia is strongly forked at the end, the middle tibia has a strtjng lateral spine and the hind tibia a feeble one. The extremities 122 LUCANtniE, of the four posterior tibia' internally, as well as the lower surface of the tarsal joints, bear conspicuous jjads of bright yellow liairs. Variation of the wale. In the ordinary form of male the mandibles are of the j)riodont tyi)e, about as long as the head, triangular in shajje and toothed almost fi'om base to tip. In small si^ecimens the outer edge is gently rounded, in larger ones it is straiglit or sliglitly concave and the first two teeth of the inner edge are large and bead-like, with a ga]) between them. ■ There is a ridge u])ou the upper surface and in large specimens this forms a prominent lobe at the base of the mandible. Large males may have another (constant) form of mandible, evenly curved and fairly slender, with a strong erect tooth before the middle of the up])er surface, a rounded basal tooth at the inner edge and two or three small blunt teeth before the extremity, which is bifurcated. I'his |)hase occurs together with the normal one, but is comj)aratively rare. 1 have figured (PI. II, lig. ob) a remarkable specimen in which the two mandibles are of the two different forms. ^. Length (with mandibles), 22—40 mm. ; (without mandibles) 19-33 mm. : breadth, 8-14 mm. $. Length, 20-25 mm. ; breadth, 8-10 mm. Darjeelixg DisTR. : Mangpu, 5000 ft. (*S'. 11'. Kemp, A])ril, May) ; Vedong {A . Desgodin.'^) ; Pankassari, Kalhnpong (Aug.). 7\>/pe in the Hope Dept., Oxford Universitj' Museum. Tliis species, wrongly described as bulbo-nis in Ho])e and Westwood's Catalogue, Avas renamed parr//i hy Boileau but, since that name had been j^reviously applied to other species of Dorcus, it is necessary to find yet another name for it. _ The ordinary males bear a very close resemblance to those of the true bulbo.sus but the clypeal process, thougli minute, has (juite a different shajjc and the head is a little dilated and not contracted behind the eyes. 54. Dorcus dentifer. (Plate Xll, fig. (5.) Cladognathus dentifer Devr.,* Ann. Soc. Knt. ficlg. i.x, IISG.">, p. 2!), pi. "l, fig. 5. Prosopocoelus jxirallelus Did.,* Liic. du (ilobe, 1931, p. 231 (new syn.). Black, snu)()th and shining beneath and upon the pronotuni and the sutural margins of the elytra, the remainder of flu- elytra densely ])unctured. The lateral edges of the ])ronotum finely s seem to be distinctive of the males of this species alone. 56. Dorcus macclellandi. (Plate X, figs. 6, 7.) Lucanua McClellandi Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 83 ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iv, 184."), p. 74. Metopodontus {Hoplitocranum) macclellandi Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 225. Cladognathu/i quadrinodosus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 109 ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 22, pi. 8, fig. 4. Deep red or chocolate, witli the antenna?, tarsi, knees, the front of the head and the margins of the thorax and elytra darker, the tarsi with conspicuous pads of bright yellow hair The male entirely opaque above, the female shining except at the sides, with a broad dark sutural stripe. The prosternum very short and rounded behind. $. Rather bright chestnut-red, with the scutellum and a broad sutural stripe upon the elytra black and shining. The head is rugose in front and coarsely punctured behind, with a small smooth median posterior space. The pronotum is shining but well punctured, the punctures moderately fine in the middle, becoming progressively stronger to the sides, where they are very coarse and close. The lateral edges are finely serrate and gently rounded from the front angles, which are fairly siiar[), to tlie acute lateral angles and feebly concave 126 LUCAMD.^i;. from tliere to the obtuse hind angles. The clijlra are shinuig in the inner lialf, wliere they hear numerous rather fine but deep punctiu'es, coarsely and denseW punctiu'cd on the outer half, and the apices rugose. The lower surface is very finely and sjjarsely punctured except the middle of the metasternvm and the last ventral sternite, which are coarsely and closely j)unctured. The front iU)ia is slender and slightly curved, its extremit}^ palmate, with several vei-y short blunt lobes ; the middle and hind tibiae have each a sliarp lateral spine. ^. Red or chocolate, with the femora anfl tibiae brighter red. Long and narrow, Avith very slender legs, the upper surface entirely opaque except close to the suture. The head and pronotum are finely and densely granular, the front angles of the head obtuse, the sides gently rounded behind the eyes. The clyjjeal process is small, cjuadrate and lathei- tridentate in front. The mandibles are slender. Tlie front angles of tlie pronotum are jiroduced but blunt, the sides almost straiglit to far beyond the middle, Avliere they are shari)ly angular, and feebly excised from there to the very blunt hind angles. The elytra are smootli and finely punctured near the suture and very densely confluently punctured elsewhere. The shoulders are acutely angular. The abdomen is smooth and has at its extremity a longitudinal ridge ending in a tufted process. The front tibia is minutely serrate and feebly toothed externally, with a fine terminal foi'k. and the middle and hind tibi* are without lateral spine. Variatio7t of the male. \n small specimens the liead is simply convex, with fairly numerous distinct jnmctures, the l)asal half of the mandible sti-aight and serrate internally, the terminal half gently curved. In larger specimens, in addition to the basal serration, there are two or three teeth towards tlie tip. Indications also appear of four transversely ]ilaced tubercles u})on the vertex of the head. IModei-ately largei- males have two very small but sliarply-elevated tubercles, with two very feeble ones ])etween them, the inandibles are about as long as tlie elytra and gently curved, with a short stout tooth a little beyond the base, a minute one before tlu apex and just before the latter, a short lamina, a little \)vo- duced at the distal end. Specimens from Assam ar(> hiighter red than those from the Darjeeling district, and the largest males are longer, they have four strong cephalic tuberc-les and the mandibles ai-e very long, with a strong sharp tooth placed at a right angle about one third from the base, a smaller tooth at lu^ai'ly two-thirds of the length, followed by a slioi-t laminar ])rocess and a ilat triangular tooth between this and the tip. fj. />f'/ij7/// (with mandibles), I!) 40 mm.: (without mandililcs), ]((-25 mm. : breadth, 7-10 mm. DO HO us. 127 $. Lentjth, IS mm. ; Incaillh, 7 jum. Darjkelino Djstk. : I'cdong, Maria Basti (/>. Diirel). Ass.AM : Sadiya (7\ B(unhrigia has a nairow tciniinal fork, the middle tibia a small lateral spine and the hind tibia none oi- only a very minute one, 128 LUCANID^. Variation of the male. In small males the head and pronotum are closel}' })unc'tured, the liead dull, the ])ronotuni rather shining. Tlie mandibles are short' and irregularly toothed almost to the base, where they are rather broad. In larger specimens the head and pronotum are entirely opaque, very closely punctured at the sides, but finely and simrsely in the middle. The mandibles are fairly long and straight, still with irregular teeth from near the base to near the tip. The largest specimens have head and pronotum very finely and sparingly punctured except close to the lateral margins, and the mandibles are about H times as long as the head, straight with strongly curved tips, 'the teeth very irregular and feeble, except the first close to the base and the last just before the curved tip. (^. Le»^f/t (with mandibles), 16-27 mm. ; (without mandibles) 14-20 mm. : breadth, 5-8 mm. $. Length, 15-19 mm. ; breadth, 6-7 mm. Andaman Is. Malay Peninsula. Borneo. Sumatra. Java. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. This is a common and widely distributed Malayan insect. The single Bornean specimen, called tigrinus by Dr. Didier, will very likely prove to be the same. 58. Dorcus boreli. (Plate X, fig. 11.) Prosopoccel'us boreli Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxvi, 1904, p. 284. ^. Black, or blackish-brown with the head and pronotum black, the tarsi clothed beneath with fairly long yellow hairs. Narrowly elongate, with slender legs. Entirely opaque above and almost entirely beneath. The prosternal process is vertical in front and rather bluntly pointed. The seventh joint of the antenna is acutely produced and the three club- joints are rather short. The anterior part of the head slopes obliciuely but without a sharjj carina at its upper edge. The front angles are rounded and the sides of the head are very feebly swollen behind the eyes. The clypeal jirocess is small and bluntly triangular. The mandibles are rather longer than the head, gently and evenly curved externally, minutely bifurcate at the end, with a fairly broad, blunt tooth at the base, a small blunt one before the middle and a still smaller one between the last and the tip. The pronotum is short and broad and entirely coriaceous. The front angles are produced but not very sharp, the sides evenly rounded from the front angles to the acutely spined lateral angles and sinuate from there to the obtuse but well-marked liind angles. The base is straight and very narrow. The scutelhnn and elj/tra. are coriaceous, the latter narrow but nmch broader at the shoulders DORCUS. 129 than the base of the pronotiiin. The front fihia is very finely serrate externally, with a few small, sharj), widely separate teeth, tlie middle tibia bears a stronj^ lateral spin(^ and the hind tibia has a very minute spine or ncme. Length (with mandibles), 2()-29 mm. ; (without mandibles) 22-24-5 mm. : breadth, 8-9 mm. Assam. $. Unknown. Type in Dr. Didier's collection. 59. Dorcus feai. (Plate X, figs. 9, 10.) Prosopocoflus feai Boil.,* Le Naturaliate, xxiv, 1902, p. 204. Reddish-chocolate, with the margins of head, pronotum and elytra and sometimes the entire head or the head and thorax black, or (5) the whole insect black, the lower surface of th(^ tarsi and the inner face of the tibiae bearing fringes of ratlier long golden-yellow hairs. The prosternum prominent behind but rather broad and bluntly rounded. The seventh joint of the antenna acutely produced and the three joints of the club short. $. p]ntirely black and shining, fairly narrow but less slender than the male. The head is closely rugose in front and strongly and closely punctured beliind. The pronotum is almost imperceptibly punctured in the middle but the punctures become gradually stronger and more numerous towards the sides and form wide, strongly and very closely })unctured, borders. The , minutely and closely punctured. The sides are feebly rounded and the shoulders acutely spinose. The legs are very slender, the front tibia strongly produced beyond the point of insertion of the tarsus, the middle and hind tibiae with close yellow fringes at the inner edge, the former bearing a fine lateral spine, the latter with none or only a vestige. The tarsi are very long and clothed with long yellow hairs beneath. Variation of the, male. In a very small specimen in tlie Genoa Museum the head and ])ronotum are finely, not closely, punctured and the mandibles flat, simple at the tip and serrate at the inner edge. In larger examjiles the entire upper surface is dull and finely granular and the mandibles are slender, not flat, and bifid at the tip. One of moderate size in the British Museum has numerous short teeth at irregular intervals along the mandible and a small double tooth near the base. The large male type in the Genoa Museum has a single basal tooth and three similar ones only in the outer half of the mandible. ^. Length {vfiih mandibles), 17— 40 mm. ; (without mandibles) 13-28 mm. : breadth, 6-1 1 mm. $. Length, 21-24 mm. ; breadth, 8-10 mm. Burma : Cheba, Karen Hills, 2700-3300 ft. {L. Fea, Dec.). Type in the Genoa Museum ; co-type in the British Museum. The female closely resembles that of D. cilipes Th., but the pronotum and elytra are smoother and the sides of the former less broadly punctured. 60. Dorcus cilipes. (Plate X, fig. 12.) Cladognathus cilipes Thorns.,* Ann. Soc. Ent. Franoe (4), ii, 1862, p. 416. Black or very dark chocolate-brown, the tarsi clothed with rather long yellow hairs beneath. Katlier elongate and not very conv(\x, the up})er surface opaque or dull in the male, feebly shining in the female. The prosternum ju'ominent behind, but rounded and little comj)ressed. The three joints of the antennal club short and the seventh joint strongly and sharply produced. The middle and hind tibia; have each a sharp lateral spine. $. Black, with the upper surface feebly shining. The head is rugosely i)im(!tured, the canthus almost dividing the eye and slightly ])rominent laterally. The pronotum is very minutely and sparsely ])unctured in the middle and very coarsely and closely at the sides. The front angles are ])rodueed, the sides feebly rounded to the sharp lateral angle and almost straight to the base. The elytra are entirely j)unctured, ?ninutely in the iimer anterior region, strongly and closely DORCUS. 131 at the base, the outer and })osteiior j)arts. The front tibia is broad, strongly tootlied laterally and shortly l)ilol>ed at the end. J. Long and narrow, with very slender legs, the u])j)er sin-faee opaque. The head antl pronotuni are hnely and densely granular, the front angles of the head are very obtuse, the canthus narrow, extending to about the middle of the eye, the head })roduced behind and gently rounded behind the eye. The front angles of the pronotuni are j)roduced, the sides gently rounded to far beyond the middle, where they are acutely angulate, and slightly eoncave to the blunt hind angles. The elytra are entirely opaque and the shoulders are acutely angular. The front titna is slender, finely toothed externally, narrowly forked at the extremity, and is tufted beneath at its inner extremity. Variation of the male. Small si)ecimens are redder in c(jlour and the upper surface is less dull than in larger ones. The head, pronotuni and elytra are also distinctly and finely punctured, the el^'tra rather strongly and densely in the anterior part. The mandibles in the smallest s])ecimens are as long as the head and feebly serrate internally from the base almost to the apex. In larger examples the teeth are stronger, the basal one broad, the last a little detached from the rest. Well- developed males have the mandibles twice as long as the head, gently and evenly rounded, the teeth unevenly s])aced, the basal one bifid and the apex shortly and equally forked. (J. Length {vi'\i\\ mandibles), 20-39 mm. ; (without mandibles) 17-28 mm. : breadth, 7-11 mm. ?. Length, 22-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-10 mm. Assam: Naga Hills (If. Doherty) ; Kiiasi Hills, Sylhet, Shillong ; Manipur {W. Doherty). Type in tlie Rene Oberthiir collection. 01 Dorcus histrio. (Plate XI, fig. 10.) Dorcus histrio Arrow,* Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lonfl. Ixxxiii, 15)3.'), p. 109, pi. 6, fig. 4 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (11) ii, 1938, p. 54. Head, lower surface and legs dark reddish-black, the sides of the metasternum anteriorly marked with a triangular orange patcli ; the ])ronf)tinn of the male bright yellow, with three longitudinal black stripes, the elytra yellow, with a black sutural stripe; the female with bright yellow elytra, decorated with a large common black triangle extending fiom the slioulders to tlie eiul of the suture. The prosternum })rominent behind but not ]>ointed. 2. The body is oval and convex, not long, glossy above and beneath. The head and pronotuni are dark, the latter with three rather indefinite reddish marks on each side, the k2 1 32 LFCANTD^E. elj^ra bright yellow, with narrow black outer margins and a large black inverted triangle extending from the base to tlie apex. The head is very coarsely and riigosely punctured, the eyes small, with the cantlius reaching beyond th(^ middle. The pronotum is very finely and sparsely punctured in the middle, very stronglj- but not densely at the sides, the lateral margins are gently rounded to past the middle, where they are obtusely angled, and feebly concave to the blunt hind angles. The firntellum bears a few punctures. The elytra are finely but distinctly ])unctured, the sides rather more strongly and closely and the apic(\s I'ugosely. The mentiun is coarsely rugose, the ntetadernum. unevenly, not closely, ])unctured, the abdomen very sparsely and uiinutely, except the first and last sternites, which are strongly punctured. The front tibia ends in four short blunt lobes. ^. The head, mandibles, lower surface and legs are bro\vnish- black and the pronotum and elytra bright _>'ellow, witli the extreme edges black and Avith three irregular black longitudinal stripes upon the pronotum and a regular stripe, common to both elytra, whicli tapers a little before the apex. There is also a triangular yellow patch on each side of the metasternum anteriorly. The body is elongate and not very convex, tlie surfac(! dull above and beneath and only a little more shining near the elytral suture. The head and pronotum are very finely and densely granular, the head is rather convex and lias two slightly indicated elevations near the middle, the front angles are: obtuse, the eyes small, with a very narrow canthus extending to the middle, the head a little produced behind the eyes and rounded behind them at the sides. The dypeal process is narrow and feebl}'^ bilobed at the end. The mandibles are slender, straight from the base to within a short distance of the tip, where they are evenly curved, the inner edge serrate for nearly the whole length but with a small single tooth a short distance from the tip. The front angles of the pronotum are produced and blunt, the lateral margins gently curved to the lateral angles, wliich are sharj), and concave to (he well-marked hind angles. The elijtra ar(> densely punctured, the a})ical part more coriaceous, the shoulders sharply angular. The mentum is granular, the metastenunn feebly punctured and the abdomen abnost unpunctui'ed. The legs are slender, the front tibia witli a minutely serrate outer edge and feeble teeth, the terminal fork not strong, and the middle and hind tibia^ are without lateral spines. ^. /y^n^^// (with mandibles), 25-27 mm.; (without mandibles) 20-21 mm. : breadth, 8-5 mm. $. Length, \H mm. ; breadth, T-H mm. S. Tni)I.\ : Pcriambadi Dhat, Coorg (May) ; Kumali Hill DORCirs. 1 33 {K. Govindaraj, April) ; Pirmaid, Travancore, 3000 ft. (Mrs. R. Iniray). Type in tfu; British Museum. I liavo seen only two males and one fciinale of this s[)e(!ies. It is possible that the mandibles of the male reach a higher degree of development than that described above. 02. Dorcus speclosus. (Plate XI, figs. 4, 5.) Metopodontus apecioaus Boil.,* Le Naturaliste, 1904, p. 278. Black or dark blackish-brown, with the sides of the elytra (very broadly in the male, more narrowly in the female) bright yellow, exce])t the extreme edges, wliieh are black, an (ival yellow spot on each side of the metasternum in both sexes and, in the male, the sides of the pronotum more or less I)ale. The eyes rather prominent, the pronotum short, its sides feebly curved to far beyond the middle and then strongly rounded, without distinct lateral or basal angle. The prosternum strongly compressed and acutely produced behind. The club-joints of the antemia fairly long and the seventh joint ])r(jduced into a long slender process. The outer edge of the front tibia very finely serrate and almost without larger teeth. $. Black, very glossy above, each elytron with a bright yellow lateral band not quite reaching the shoulder in front or the suture behind. The shape is rather narrowly oval. The head is rugosely punctured, the mandibles small and narroM'. The pronolutu and elytra are very shining, sparingly punctured dorsally and clo.sely at the sides. The shoulders are V(^ry sharj). The front fihia (>nds in four short lobes and the middle and hind tibite have each a very small lateral spine. (J. Black, not very glossy, the head and pronotum partly or entirely dark brown, the sides of the pronotum more or less yellow or red and the elytra bright yellow, with the extreme outer margins and a narrow sutural triangle, extending from the middle of the base of each elytron to the extremity of the suture, black. The head and pronotum are densely granular and oj)aque, the former with the front n\argin rather strongly excised, the front angles blunt, tlie cheeks a little rounded behind tiie eyes. The clypeal process is narrow, moderately long and tongue-sliaped. The elytra are finely and closely j)unctured, rather shining in the anterior sutural region and coriaceous and dull at the sides and apices. The front tihia is rather feebly forked at the extremity, the middle tibia has a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. Variation of the male. In a small specimen the liead is a little convex behind, the mandibles are about as long as the 134 LTJCANID^. liead, evenly curved externally and serrate from the base almost to the tip. In a much larger example (the type) the head is a little depressed anteriorly, the mandibles arc a little longer than the head, the apical half only is serrate and there is a broad basal ])rocess. ^. Length (with mandibles) , 20-33 mm. ; (without mandibles) 18-26 mm. : breadth, 7-5-11 mm. $. Length, 19-22 mm. ; breadth, 8-9 mm. S. India : Ouchterlony Valley, Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft. {H. L. Andrewes, June). Bombay : Gersoppa, N. Kanara {C. McCann, June). T7jpe in the British Museum. 63. Dorcus prosopocceloides. (Plate XI, fig. 19.) Pelecognothus prosopocceloides Houlb.,* Insecta, v, 1915, p. 53, figs. 12 & 13. (^. Very dark reddish-brown, with the sides of the head, the extreme edges of the pronotum, the scutellum, the inner and outer margins of the elytra, the antennae, knees, upper edges of the tibise and the tarsi black ; the surface without clothing of hairs or setse, except the pale hairy pads of the tarsi. Long and narrow, with rather slender legs. The prosternum is very short behind the coxae, slightly compressed and very blunt and rounded. The head is narrow and elongate, finely granular and opaque, the front angles very obtuse, the canthus not very prominent, slightly oblique, reaching the middle of the eye, which is very small, the head behind the eyes long, very feebly swollen at the side. The head is a little hollowed in front, its upper margin gently arcuate. The cly])eal process is bilobed and very short. The mandibles are flat, very acute at the tij^s and bear a broad internal lobe which is sharply toothed in front and rather bliuitly at the base. The j)ronotum also is densely granular and opaque, especially at the sides. The front angles are produced but blunt, the sides rather abruptly contracted in front and rather straight and jiarallel behind to the spiniform lateral angles and oblique and nearly straight from there to the rounded hind angles. The base is straight. The scutellum bears a few punctures. The elytra are coriaceous and opaque, with the sutural margins more shining. There arc incom})lete lines of fine shalloM' punctures as well as similar close irregular punctures, which are larger and closer at the sides. The shoulders are very sharp. The prosternum is very short and bluntly rounded behind. The legs are fairly slender, tlie front tibia with very minute sliarp serrations in its anterior half and a very short and feeble terminal fork, the middle and hind tibiae are without lateral spines. $. Unknown. DORCUS. 136 cJ. Length (with mandibles), 18-20 mm, ; (without mandibles) 17-18 mm. : hreridth, 7 nmi. Bhutan : Maria Basti. Type, in the Oberthur collection ; co-tyi)o in the British Museum. The peculiar features of this species are in many respects similar to those of D. clpgans and it is probable that the known specimens, consisting only of males, are not of full development and that larger examjjlcs will be found to have the mandibles, as in D. elegaiis, very long for an insect of such small size. 64. Dorcus elegans. (Plate XI, fig. 20.) Clddognathus elegans Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 110 ; Truns. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 27, pi. 8, fig. 3. Digotiophorus AtkirinSoni Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, 1895, p. 157. Hemisodorcus elegans Nagel, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1928, p. 277. (^. Bright reddish-yellow, with the tips of the mandibles, the elytral suture, the knees, tarsi and antennae black, the surface rather dull, l)ut with the scutellum and eh'tral suture glossy. Very narrowly elongate, with slender legs. The head is long, very finely coriaceous and opaque, flat above, widest across the eyes, which are very small and not prominent, and gradually narrowed behind them. The front angles are very blunt, the front margin vertical, with a sharp arcuate ridge above. The dypeal process is very short and transverse, separated by a fine suture from the front. The antennal s(^ape is flattened, extremely thin and very slender at the base, the three joints of the club arc very short and the seventh joint is not ])rodu(ed. The pronotinn is also very finely coria- ceous and dull but h-ss so in the middle than at the sides. The front angles are produced but rather blunt, the lateral margins are gently sirmate in front, leaving a blunt projection beliind, in front of the spiniform lateral angle, and sinuate from the latter to the hind angle, which is well marked but blunt. The elytra are rather flat and produced to a point behind, coriaceous and opaque except close to the suture, where they are very smooth and shining. The prosternal process is strongly compressed and rather sharply pointed. The lower surface is very smooth. The front tibia is very slender, rather feebly bifurcate at the extremity, with a few minute sharj) lateral teeth, close together near the end, and the middle and hind tibiae are without lateral spines. Variation of the male. In the ty^e specimen (a very small example) the head and thorax are more transverse than in larger specimens and the mandibles are little longer than the head. They are flat, paraUcl-sided and straight at the base, 136 LUCANID^. curved at the end, acutely cleft internally before the tip, which is very sharp, the inner lobe truncate. The pronotum has a few large punctures in the middle and finer, more numerous, ones at the sides. The el>i:ra show rather faint, finely ])unc- tured, striae. Both jjunctures and stricTe disap])car in larger examples, the head and prothorax are cxce])ti()nally narrow and the mandibles long and slender. In large examples, such as the type of atkinsoni Wat., the mandibles are perfectly straight for f of tlieir length, the truncate inner lobe has three minute cusps at the end and the shari:»-pointed outer lobe bears three or four blunt teeth beneath. $. Unknown. Herr Nagel has described a specimen of unknown origin which he considers to be a female of this si^ecies but, until adequate grounds exist for associating the two sexes, it will be safer to regard the female as yet unknown. (^. Le7igfh {with mandibles), 27-34 mm. ; (without mandibles) 19-22 mm. : breadth, 6-5-7-5 mm. Darjeeling Distk. : Pashok, 5500 ft. {F. H. Gravely, June) ; Pedong {L. Durel) : Kurseong {Rev. Pere Bretandeau). % Malay Peninsula. Type in the Oberthiir collection ; that of atkinsoni in the British Museum. In my opinion the locality Singapore attributed to this very curious species by Waterhouse is probably incorrect. 65. Dorcus suturalis. (Plate XI, figs. 8-10.) Liicunus sviuralis Oliv., Eut. (1) i, 1789, p. 16, pi. iv., fig. 12. (Jladognalhus suturali-'i Parry, Trans. Ent. So(-. Loncl. 1864, p. 25. Metopodontus suturalis Planet, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 225, figs. cJ & V- Dorcus suturalis Arrow, Trans. K. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxvi, 19.37, p. 240, pi. 3, figs. 1 & 2. Bright yellow above, with the antenna^ legs (except the femora in part) and lower surface darker and the edges of the mandibles, head, thorax and elytra, a V-shaped mark upon the head and the middle line and a small latei'al spot u])on the pronotum black or very dark brown. The male opaque above and the female very glossy. The three club-joints of the antenna moderately long and the seventh joint shar])ly produced. The prosternum compressed and i)rominent behind, but rounded and not pointed. ?. Very shining above, oval and convex. The head is very coarsely punctured. The pronotum is very coarsely and closely punctured at the sides and sparsely and finely elsewhere. The front angles are blunt, the sides strongly rounded, without distinct lateral or basal angles. The elytra are rather strongly j)un{^tured and fairly closely, excei)t u])on the imier anterior part. The apices are very coarsely and densely pitted. The DORCUS. 137 front tibia is gently curved, the extremity palmate, the outer edge serrate, with a few very tine prominent teeth. (^. Ojiaque above, with the middle line of the pronotum and the elN-tral suture feebly shining. Rather depressed in form, with the legs very slender. The head is finely and densely granular, rather long, with the sides nearly straiglit and parallel, the front angles very obtuse. The pronotum is short and broad and densely granular. The front angles are bluntly produced, the sides very feebly rounded to the lateral angles, which are almost obsolete, and placed far back near the very obtuse hind angles, with ^\■hich they are united by a short straight line. The elytra are very finely and densely punctured, except close to the suture, where the punctures are scattered, The front tibia is very mhuitely serrate at the outer edge, without any distinct outstanding teeth, and the middle and hind tibiaj are without lateral spines. The clypeal process is pentagonal. Variatioi of the male. The front of the head, sloping in small specimens, is vertical in well-developed ones, the upper margin sharply carinate. In small examples the mandibles are as long as the head, simple, with the inner edge serrate in the basal part only (Plate XI, fig 8). In larger specimens a gap appears between a broad basal tooth and the succeeding serrations. At maximum size they are little longer than the head and relatively rather broad (Plate XI, fig 9). Constant phase (Plate XI, fig. 10. The mandibles assume another form in certain full-sized specimens. The}' are long and slender (about twice as long as the head), gently curved, with an internal tooth at about f)ne-third of their length, another at al)()Ut two-thirds and two teeth between the last and the tip. ^. Length (with mandibles), 23-44 mm ; (without man- dibles) 19-28 mm. : breadth, H~\ 2 mm. $. Length, lH-22 mm. ; breadth, (>*5-lO mm. SiKKiM : Mangpu {E. T. Atkinson). Ass.\m. To.vkin. Type in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinbiirgh. I have examined 1 1 specimens of the inconstant and 10 of the constant phase, which are very sharply separated. There is apparently no transition from one to the other. ti(). Dorcus nageli. (Plate XII, fig. 17.) JJorcujs nageli Arrow,* Trails. Ent. Soc. Lond. xxxviii, 1935, p. 1 IJ, pi. 6, fig. 1. Brownish-black, with the elytra, lateral margins of the pronotum and the lower surface chocolate- brown, the lower surface of the tarsi and the inner edge of the four posterior femora and tibite fringed with close-set short yellow hairs. Opaque above and not very shining beneath, depressed, rather 138 LUCANIDiE. narrow but with the prothorax broad. The sides of the latter gently and evenly rounded, without lateral angulation, the base very broad and the hind angle rounded. The scutellum evenly punctured. The sides of the elytra nearly straight and parallel and the shoulders acute. The jirosternal process short and rather bluntly pointed. The entire outer edge of the front tibia is finely serrate, with larger l)ut rather minute sharp teeth, rather widely spaced, and tlu^ middle and hind tibiae have each a well-marked lateral spine near the middle. The club of the antenna moderately long and the seventh joint sharply produced. (J. The upper surface is entirely opaque, the head rather closely and evenl}^ but not strongly or densely punctured, the pronotum with the punctures fine and not very close in the middle and becoming strong and dense at the sides. The head is flat and moderately broad, with very blunt front angles and without trace of prominence behind the eyes. The clyt^eal process is short and rather broad, with the front margin straight and the angles blunt. The mandibles are very short, strongly and evenly curved, very sharjjly pointed, with a short truncate or two-cusped horizontal tooth above, near the middle of the inner edge, united by a curved line to the basal part and forming an acute angle with the apical part. The jnonotum is much broader behind than in front and the front angles are produced but not very sharji. The elytra are finely and very densely punctured, a little less densely near the base, with a narrow smooth sub-nitid sutural strip marked off by an irregularly j)unctured stria. The mentum is very densely clothed with erect yellow hairs. $. Unknown. Length (with mandibles), 17 nun. ; (without mandibles) IG nnn. : breadth, 7 mm. Assam Type in the British Museum. Closely resembling M. humilis, it is distinguished at first sight by its entirely opaque upper surface. The prothorax is relatively wider and the elytra are narrower than those of M. humilis. The tarsal fringes are shorter than in that species, the front tibiae are rather more strongly tootlu^d and the four posterior tibiae have larger spines. The prosternal process is shorter and blunter. 07. Dorcus vernicatus. (Plate XII, fig. 16.) Dorcus vernicatus Arrow,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) ii, 1938, p. 58, pi. 4, fig. 7. (^. Black, with the femora blood-red, except at the base and tip, the tarsi conspicuously clothed with yellow hair beneath. DORCtJS. 139 The bod\' is long and narrow, tlic legs fairly short, the liead and pronotum opaque and almost un])unctured, the elytra very smooth and shining. The hressed and rather sharply angular behind. The front tihia is finely serrate externally, with two minute but larger teeth and the terminal fork is not long. The middle and hind tibiae are without lateral spines. 9. Unknown. Length (with mandibles), 19 mm. ; (without mandibles) 16mm. : breadth,! mm. Assam: Shillong district. Type in the Rene Ob,crthiir collection. 1 know only the unique type. The close relationship of this little insect to D. migcli and humilis is evident. It is of almost the same size and shape as the former, but the elytra are still more narrow amd elongate; and extremely glossy, instead of being, like the head and pronotum, dull black. The prothorax is vey short and broad, as in D. nageli, but, together with the head, is scarcely visibly punctured, and the sides are straight and convergent from near the base to the front angles, which are strongly produced but very blunt. The sides of the head in front of the eyes are more straight and parallel than those of nageli and the ch'peal process is rather more prominent, with sharper angles. The mandibles are a little longer, the lobe at the inner edge is more developed, arises rather nearer the base and is produced to a sharp point. The legs and antenn» are more slender than those of the related s])ecies and the middle anfl hinil tibia> are without the strong spine at the outer edge. The prosternum is more elevated and produced behind. 140 LUCANID^. * OS. Dorcus humilis. (Plate XII, Hg. 9.) Dorcus humilis Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 11(35, p. HI, pi. 6, fig. :i. Black, with the fc^inoni j^encrally dark red, llic inner cd^c of tho foiM' posterior tibia' and the under surface of tlie tarsi clothed with close yellow hairs. .Small, rather, narrow and not very convex. The ])ronotum rather broad behind and its sides strongly and evenly roiuidcd there, without trac^e of a lateral angulation or hind angle. The scutelluni bears a few ])uncturcs. The sides of the elytra nearly straight and ))arallel and the shoulders acute. 't'he ])rosternuni ])roininent behind, a little compressed and bluntly jxunted. The entire outer edge of the front til)ia finely serrate^ with three or four slightly lai-gcr teeth in the apical part , and the middle and hind tibia' are faii'ly stout. The seventh joint of the antenna acute and the three club-joints short. $. The uj)])er surface is very shining. The head is strongly and (dosely j)unctured, with a slight indefinite elevation on each side. The n^andibles are narrow, a little com))ressed, less strongly curved than those of the male, with an interior tooth at the lower edge and another at the upper edge. The pronotiini is punctured, very linely and not closely in the middle, mor<^ strongly lomid the margins and very closely and rugosely at the sides. IMie ili/trd bear each a juxta-sutural row aiul three double dorsal rows of punctures and the sides and a])ices are closely punctured. The middle and hind tihin' have each a minute lateral spine. J'. The head and ])ronotum are opacpic, the former with scattenMl puncttu-es, generally conlined to the sides, the latter with very line punctures in the middle, becoming more nmner- ous and distinct near tlu^ margins and at the sides. The hfad is rathei' broa,d in front, but with the front angles blunt, and there is no trace of })romincuce behind the eyes. Tlu' clypeal |)rocess is transversely rectangular, with the angles blunt. The mandibles are very short, strongly and evenly curved, very sharply pointed, with a strong horizontal tooth above, near the middle of the inner edge, bluntly rounded at the end, unit I'd by a curve of the pronotuin, and tapcrinif to the extremity. They are finely and closely punctured, the jiunctures becoming gradually stronger and closer towards the outer margins ; eacli has a juxta-sutural Une and three paired lines of punctures, the latter not reaching the extremity. The shoulders are acute. The legs are not very slender. The front tibia is rather feebly forked at the tip and the outer edge is very minutely serrate, with two or three very small teeth ; the middle and hind tibijp are closely fringed at the inner edge and without lateral spines. The tarsi have long hairy fringes. Variation of the male. A small specimen in M. Oberthiir's collection has the head and prothorax only moderately broad, the sides of the former and most of the surface of the latter, finely but distinctl}' punctured and the sides of the i)rothorax very slightly converging towards the front. The mandible is short, straight to just beyond the middle and uniformly curved from there to the tip. The basal half has an abrupt, rather rectangular, dilatation internally. In well-developed specimens head and thorax are very broad, the latter not at all narrowed in front and strongly lobed at the front angles. The punctures are very fine and inconspicuous. The mandible is abruptly bent in the middle, the basal and apical halves almost straight and at right angles to each other, the basal half with a tri- angular dilatation internally, produced to a sharj) point 5. UnknoAvn to me. Both sexes are figured by Planet. Q. Length (with mandibles), 16-2.3 mm. ; (without mandi- bles) 14-18 "5 mm. : breadth, 0-9 mm. Assam : Khasi Hills, Shillong. Types. That of barbarus Jord. in M. Oberthiir's collection ; location of that oigroiilti uncertain. Although the well-developed males of Dorcus groidti which have been figured both by Planet and Jordan ])resent a marked difference from the males of D. humilis, the two species are cer- tainly closely related. D. (jronlti, however, is lighter in colour and the male, like; the female, has clearly punctured elytra, with three distinct double rows of punctures. I have not seen the female of that species but it is described as having the pronotum very closely i)unctured and marked with a roimd ])ale spot on each side. The generic characters of Falcicornis are confined to the well-developed males and in my opinion the genus cannot be maintained. 71. Dorcus biplagiatus. (Plate XT, figs. 1-3.) Lmcanufi biplagiatus Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 185;"(, p. 200, pi. 10, fig. 4. Metopodonltis biplagintiiK Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mas. xi, 191.'), p. 420, lig. 3 c, 144 LTJCANID^. Metopodonius biplagiatus var. nigripes Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxvii, 1005, p. 17. Prosopoccehis hiplnqiatun var. .m?>, June, July) ; Naga Hills (IF. Z>o/(^ri/y) ; Maiiipur (IF. Dohertij) \ Dilkoosha (Inglis); Sadiya (T. Bainltiiggi Fletcher, May). Burma : Washaung, Myitkyina (R. Malaise, July); Momeit (IF. Doherty). Texasserim. Andaman Is. iSfAM. Tonkin. Cambodia. Type in the British IMuseum. h\ males from the Andaman Islands (var. andamaniis), but not in the females, the black sutural stripe does not dilate in fiont as in specimens from other regions and the lateral strijie is rather narrow. 72. Dorcus inquinatus. (Plate XI, figs. 6, 7.) Lucnnus inquinatus Westw.,* Cabinet of Orient. Ent. 1848, p. IS. pi. 8, fig. 4. Metopodontiis biplagiatus var. indicus Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mils, xi, 191.5, p. 420 (newsyn.). Black and shining a])ove and beneath, with a broad bright oi-ange stripe upon each elytron near and parallel to the outer edge, beginning close to the base and almost reaching the suture. Body rather broad, compact and convex. The prothorax and elytra short, the lateral margins of the former gently refunded, the front angle very blunt, the hind angle distinct but incons])icuous, and the base rounded at the sides and straight in the middle. The prosternum rather flat behind the coxae, not at all jjointed or elevated. The antennal club is composed of three moderately long joints and the seventh joint slightly produced. $. The head is coarsely and confluently punctured, with a very sliglit lateral angulation immediately behind the eye, and the mandibl(>s are rather narrow, with a small internal tooth. The ])ronotiim is a little longer than that of the male and rather more: strongly punctured. The elytra also are rather more distinctly punctured than tho.se of the male, but not less shining. The sides are very strongly and clo.sely punctured. Tlie vietaKti'rnuin is entirely shining, with a few line jiunctures at the sides, and the abdomen is smooth and shining, excejit the last sternite, which is strongly punctured. The fiont tihia lias a broad, four-pointed extremity and the middle and hind L 146 LUCANID^. tibiae have each a small lateral spine placed far past the middle. (^. The head is rather convex, with the ocular canthus extending past the middle of the eye, very bluntly angular in front. Beliind the eye tliere is a blunt, obli({uely })laced, process on each side. Tlie u])i)er surface of the head is closely punctured, excejjt in the median posterior part, where the punctures are fine and scattered. Elsewhere there are fine and coarse punctures together, those at the sides very coarse. The pronotum bears fine scattered punctures, except at the sides and the lateral part of the front margin, which are rugosely punctured. The elytra are very smooth, very minutely punctured, except at the sides, which are densely and rather more strongly punctured. The metastermim and abdomen are smooth and shining but the former is opaque at the sides and has a finely punctured depression in th(> middle. The front tibia is minutely toothed externally and has a terminal dilatation externally, carrying a short liooked spur. The middle and hind tibiae are without distinct lateral spines, the former has also an abrupt internal dilatation at the end, with a short hooked spur, and the hind tibia has a blunt internal tooth a little before the end and is without the usual spurs. Variation of the male. In a small male the mandibles are much shorter than the head, strongly curved, with a blunt basal tooth and another near the tip. A rather larger example (the type) has them a little longer than the head and more slender, with the second tooth farther from the base and tip but not larger. It is probable that a greater development occurs. (^. Length (with mandibles), 29-33 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 25-27 mm. : breadth, 11-12 mm. $. Length, 26 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. Southern India : Somwarpett, Coorg {L. Newcome, July). Type in the British Museum. 73. Dorcus candezei. (Plate XII, fig. 15.) Metopodontus candezei Boil., Le Naturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 203. Black, closely sculptured above and not shining, except upon the pronotum of tiie male. Very short, compact and convex, with rather short legs and antennge. The sides of the head oblifjue in front of the eyes and slightly and bluntly prominent behind them. The pronotum strongly ])unctured and without lateral angulation. The elytra densely punctured and tlie shoulders acute. The lower surfixcc closely |)imctured, except the middle of the metasternum. The prosternuin slopuig behind and not compressed but witli a minute sharp prom- inence. $. Oval in shape, with the whole upper surface densely and rugosely punctured, not sliining. The head is very coarsely DORCUS. 147 punctured and the postocular process is feeble. The pronotum is very stroniily ])unctured but less densely in the middle tlian at the sides. Tlie lateral niarsziiis are feebly rounded, the front angles very blunt and the hind angles broadly rounded. The scufellmn is strongly ])unctured. The lateral and ])osterior parts of the elytni are Hnely and tlensely rugose, the inner part rather less so. The lower surface is shining but the meJu- sternntn is strongly pinictured, except in the middle, and the abdornen finely and closely punctured. The front tibia is slender, curved outwards, minutely toothed externally and palmate at the end. The hind tibia is also a little curved. The lati'ral s])ine of the middle tibia is minute and that of the hind tibia is often wanting. (^. The hrad is opa{|ue and bears rather fine scattered ])unc- tures. The postocular process is short and rounded. The pronotii))! is strongly ])uuctured, shining in the middle, where the punctures are not very close and opaque at the sides, where they are very close and rugose. The front angles are Bluntly produced, the sides straight and parallel or very feebly excised near the middle, the hind angles rounded and the base broad and almost straight. The scutellum is punctured on each side and smooth and siiining in th(^ middle. The elytra are finely and very closely punctured and dull })ut with the sutural margins slightly shining. The front iihia is slender, the front and middle tibia> have each a short hooked terminal s])ur, the mi(hlle tibia has a minute lateral spine and all the tibia? have a brush of yellow hairs at the end of the inner edge, that of the hind leg rather large. Variation of the male. Small males have the head rather strongly punctured, the mandi})les simple, gently curved, not serrate, with a sliglit basal ])rominence. Larger exam])les have the liead finely and scantily ])unctured, the mandibles only a little longer, with a feeble internal tooth near the middle. The largest males have the tootli nearer the tij), the head is more opaque, with rather indistinct punctures and the i)ostocular process is stronger. ^. Length (with mandibles), 20-28 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 17-23 mm. : breadth, 8-10 mm. $. Z/f /igr< A, 19-20 mm. ; breadth, 9 mn\. S. India : Agsur, N. Kanara {T. R. D. Bell Feb.) ; Nilgiri Hills (//. L. Andrerves); Tinnevellv. Madras (.1. Hamid Khav, March). Type in tlie Brussels Museum. 74. Dorcus occipitalis. (Plate XT, figs. 11-13.) Lucanus occipitalis Hope & Westw.,* Cnt. Lnc. Col. 1845, p. 13. Meto'podontu.'i occipitalis Boil., Trims. Ent. Soc. I.oiul. 191.1, p. 226. 1.2 148 LUCANID^. CladogiuUhus marginatus Burm.,* Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 369; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 107. Var. Metopodontus roepstorffi Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v, 1890, p. 35. Bright yellow, opaque above in the male, mainly shining in the female, the mandibles and tibiae more or less reddish, the antennae, tarsi, three spots placed transversely upon the pronotum and the extreme edges of the prothorax and elytra l)laek, the thoracic spots placed one in the middle and one near the lateral margin on each side. Compact and moderatelj^ broad. The lamellae of the antennal club short and tlie seventh joint produced into a spine-like process. The prostei-num produced and pointed behind. $. The upper surface is shining, strongly j^unctured and more convex than tliat of the male, the mandibles, the sides of the head and the scutellum are black or very dark red and there is a well-marked black sutural stripe upon the elji^ra. The head is coarsely and in front rugosely punctured. The pronotum is strongly and closely punctured, with a narrow smooth median stripe, and the lateral margins are rugose. The elytra are densely punctured. The lower surface is strongly punctvu-ed, excejjt the middle of the metasternum, where the punctures are fine. The front tibia is broad at the end, where it has four short lobes. cJ. The upper surface is opaque, but the middle of the head and pronotum less so than the sides, and tlie scutellum and elytral suture are rather shinmg. The front angles of the head are rounded or very obtuse, the eyes are small and not at all ])rominent and there is a pointed lateral process behind each eye. The pronotum. is short and broad, the front angle is produced but blunt, the sides are rounded to far behind the middle, where there is a distinct but not acute angle, and straight to the base, the hind angle very obtuse. The elytra are finely and closely punctured but more sparsely in the anterior part. The shoulders are acute-angled and the apices a little })roduced and flattened. The lower surface is opaque, except in the middle of the sterna. The front tibia is very finely serrate at the outer edge, with four or five very small sliarp teeth, and dilated internally at tlie; end, where it bears a strongly hooked terminal sp\ir. The middle and hind tibiae are without lateial spines. Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is flat above and the mandibles an^ broad and flat, with their iimer edges contiguous and irregularly serrate. In larger specimens an oblique dark-])igmented carina appears on each side, the two carinas converging behind. The mandibles are longer, less flat and more widcOy sc^j)arated and liave two sti'ong alternating teetli near the base and ;i 1)ifid tip. Al a. more juoRcus. 149 advanced stage the head is very large, the two lateral carinac form a black semicircle, interru})ted in the middle, and the mandibles are slender, though scarcely longer than the head, strongly curved, witii a broad bil()l)ed basal lamina, and trifid at the end. In very well-developed males tlie mandibles are about twice as long as the head, bifid at the tip, with an oblicjue tooth at a short distance from the end and another a sliort distance from the base. In the largest specimens the preapical tooth is bifid. ^. Length (with mandibles), 22 '5-37 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 19-30 mm. : breadth,! -^-I'l'^ mm.. $. Length, 17-21 mm. ; breadth,! '5-^' b mm. Tenasserim. Andaman Is. Malay Peninsula. Borneo. Philippine Isles. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum ; tliose oimarginatHS and roepMorffi in the British Museum. hi the Andaman Is. the dark sutural stripe of the female dilates, whether invariably or not it is not yet })ossible to say, into an oval patch of variable size. The name rcepfitorffi was given to this form. The type is a male of low developmcJit in wliicli the female coloration appears. A weU-developed maU; from the same islands has the tj-pical male coloration found in continental localities. 75. Dorcus henryi. (Plate XII, fig. 5.) Dorcus henryi Arrow,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 110, pi. 6, fig. 5. Entirely black, with the head and pronotum shinmg, excej)t at the sides, and the elytra rugosely ])imctured and dull, except near the suture ; subcylindrical in shape, with the l(*gs short ; the prosternal process vertical in front, not distinctly com- pressed or pointed. (J. The head is lightly coriaceous, fairly strongly but not closely punctured, a little depressed in front, with the front angles roimded and a strong pointed process on each side beliind the eye. I'lie clyjieal process is tongue-like, a httle broader than long. The mandibles are short, stout and laterally comjiressed, each with a strong pointed tooth beneath, directed forward and inward, the extremities of the mandibles obli(juely truncate, co-ada])ted and closely serrate. The pronotum is shining, minutely and sparsel}^ punctured, except at the sides, w hich are strongly and c-losely punctured and opaque, with a marginal depression near the middle on each side. The front angles are blunt, tlie lateral margins rounded and not distinctly angulate, and the hind angles completely obsolete. The Kcutelluin is well punctured. The elytra are closely punctured, rather fin(^ly t\(\ir the suture, but the puncturation becoming 150 LUCANID^. dense and rugDsc towards the sides and apices. The legs are sliort, the front tibise fairly slender, the extremities a little produced and minutely tridentate, the outer edge with very minute scattered teeth, the middle and hind tibise each with a small spine near the middle, all the tarsi very short and filiform. Length (with mandibles), 26 mm. ; (without mandibles) 23 mm. : breadth, 10 mm. Ceylon : Pulmoddai, Trincomali district {G. M . Henry, Aug.). Type in the British Museum. I have seen only a single male specimen, taken by Mr. Henry at light in a jungle village near the sea, about 30 miles north of Trincomali, in the dry season and jiresented by the captor to the Briti-sh Museum. Although differing in certain well-marked details, this species is very closely related to M. oweni Hope and M. pascoei Boil., and closely resembles them in form and size. The most important difference is in the much shorter tarsi, those of the male type specimen being distinctly shorter than those of the female of M. oweni, in wliich they are much shorter than in the male. Another important difference is found in the strong punctur- ation of the upper surface. In contrast to the other two sjjeeies the head and thorax are shining, except at the sides, and the elytra are dull, in consequence of their subrugose puncturation. The head and mandibles have the same form as those of the two allied species, the mandibles having each a single strong process beneath, as in M. pascoei. The prothorax has no lateral angle. 76. Dorcus pascoei. Prosopoccelus pascoei Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1913, p. 331). figs. 1 & 2. Black or very dark reddish-brown, not very shining, the femora of the male bright red or orange, the tarsi clothed beneath with yellow setae, the body otlierwise without hairy clothing. Moderately compact and convex, with fairly slender legs. The cantluis extentling past the middle of the eye and the sides of the head triangularly produced on each side behind the eye. The pronotum sliort, the front angles broadly rounded, the sides very gently curved to the sharp lateral angle and straiglit from there to the base, the hind angle rounded. The sides of the (>lytra rounded, the shoulders not very acute. The prosteruuui cfmipressed and slightly pointed behind. $. Oval and convex. The h( mm. Bhutan. Darjeelino Distr. : Pedong {A . De godins) Bagdogra llauge, Kurscong {IS . C. Chatterjee, June) ; *Mangp DORCUS. 153 {E. T. Atkinson). Assam : ClieiTapiinji, Kliasi Hills ; (Jaro Hills, above Tura, 1200-1500 ft. (*S'. If. Kemp, June, July) ; 8ibsagar (>S'. E. Peal). Tonkin (//. Perrot). Ti/pes oi oweni and suhaiigulatus in tlie Hope Dept., Oxford University Musemn. Mr. Chatterjee found specimens in rotten Kaula wood. 78. Dorcus wimberleyi. (Plato XI, figs. 14, 15.) Prosopocoelus wimberleyi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 161 ; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 106. $. Hemisodorcus dvalin Kriesche, Arch, fur Naturg. Ixxxvi, A, 8, 1920 (1921), p. 98. Rusty-red in the male, with the scutelluni and the extreme edges of liead, prothorax and elytra black ; black in the female, with a bright orange longitudinal band on each side of pro- thorax and elytra, separated by about its own width from the outer edge. Rather short in form and a little depressed. The shoulders of the elytra not sharply angular. The front tibia with only extremely niinuic lateral teeth and the middle and hind tibia? without lateral spines. The })rosternum scarcely compressed behind, pointed but not distinctly produced. $. The u})})er siuface is very smooth and glossy, except upon tlie head and the sides of the pronotum, which are coarsely and contiuently i)unctured, and the sides of the elytra, which arc strongly and densely pmictured. Black, with orange band on each side, which arises a little beyond the front margin of the pronotum and almost reaches the posterior margin, the elytral ])()rtion beghming just beyond the front margin and continuing paiallel with the outer margin to within a short distance of the suture. The greater part of the nictasternum and femora are red. The lateral marguis of the pronotum are strongly and continuously roimded from the front angles, which are fairly sharp, to the base, without lateral or basal angles. 'J'he lower surface is very shining, the metasteruum bearing only sparse scattered punctures, mmute in the middle and larger at the sides. The last ventral sternite is very strongly ])unctured. The front tibia is ver}'^ slender, strongly ciu'ved outwards and very mmutely toothed at the outer edge, and bears at th(^ end a long terminal lobe, with a shorter one beneath, another above and one or two teeth at the side. The tarsi are very short. (^. Rusty-red, with the edges of the head, prothorax and elytra, the antemiae, tibiae and tarsi dark ; the tarsi, the elytral epipleurse and the extremity of the abdomen clothed with bright yellow setae. Opaque above, except upon the sutural margins of the elytra. The head bears a more or less sharp longitudinal ridge on each side near the eye, the front margin is laleralh' prominent, but not acutely, on each side, and tlie 154 LUCANID^. cheeks are .stroJigly aiul rather sharj)ly ])i()(liued V)ehiiul the eyes. The jrronotiDii is short and broacl, tinely and densely granuhir, with the front angles very bhmtly produeed, the sides straight and ])arallel in the middle, rounded in front and behind, without lateral or basal angle. The clytrd are very densely ])unetured, except at the sutural margins, which are smooth and shining. The head is granular and opaque beneath, the meUistermim and abdomen are smooth and shining, the last sternite strongly punctured. The legs are fairly slender, the front tibia with narrt)w terminal fork and almost without lateral teeth. Variation of the male. .Small s])ecimens have the head rather strongly punctured and witliout lateral carinas, the mandibles entirely serrate at the inner edge. Those more advanced are without the punctures but show an incipient oblique ridge on each side of the head. The basal part of the mandible is laterally compressed, the serrate inner edge is at the upper level and there is a single basal tooth at a lower level. In large specimens tlie lateral ridges of the head almost unite behind into a continuous curved carina, the serrate edge of the man- dible is farther removed from the base and the lower tooth is ratlier long and truncate. In tlie largest specimen I have seen, the lower tooth is jilacednear the middle of the mandible and the serrate upper edge is short and occuiDies only the last third of the total length. J. Length (with mandibles), lG-30 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 14-22 nnn. : breadth, d-d' 5 inm. $. Length, IS mm. ; breadth, S mm. Andaman I.s. : {Roepstorff, Capt. Wirnberley, E. T. Atkinso7i). NicoBAR Is. : {Roepstorff). Type in the Kene Oberthiir collection. 79. Dorcus giraffa. (Plate XIV, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.) Lucannn (jlraffa Oliv., Entom. i, 1, 1789, p. 21, pi. 5, fig. IG ; F. Eat. Syst. iv, 1794, p. 452. Lucatw.s confucuis Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 60 ; Hope & W(>stw., Cut. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 18. Cladognathus boiivicri Did., Livie Jubilaire Boiivicr, 1836, p. 191 (Male phase). Cladognathus arrotvi Gravely, Records Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 416. Entirely black, smooth and shining, except upon the head, and the pronotum in the male ; elongate and convex, with slender legs. The three joints of the antennal club moderately long and tlu> sev(>nth joint ])r()(luced into a slender ])rocess. The eyes ]irominent and little divided by the canthus. The front angles of tlie ])ronotum truncate. The ])i'osternum compressed and sliarply angular behind, the mestasternum densely granular and opaijue al the sides and the abdomen very DOiicus. 155 smooth aiul shining', witli a few scattered punctures at tlie sides and close punctures and set® at the extremity. $. Tlie head is very coarsely- and rutiosely punctured, without front angles, but with a very feeble jjrominence behind each eye. Tile pronotum and elytra are vei-y shinin«x, the former very finely l)unctured dorsally, strongly at the sides and rugosi'ly in the front angles. The front angles are bluntly truncate, the sides nearly straight to the feeble but distinct lateral angle and broadly romided from there to the base. The scuteUurn is distinctly jnmctured. The elytra are very minutely punctured, excei)t at the sides and ajjices, where they are finely coriaceous. The front tibia is shar})ly toothed externally and the extremity bears three or four short ])rocesses. The middle and hind tibiae have each a strong lateral spine. ^. The head is evenly and densely granular and opaque above, with the front angles sharp but not produced, and the sides of the head behind the eyes slightly but not sharply prominent. The mandibles are long and slender and not far apart. The clypeal jirocess is almost vertical, or little hollowed, bluntly pointed in front and bears a pair of rounded tubercles between the mandibles. The pronotum is short, very convex and densely granular, the sidc^s entirely opaque and the middle rather less so. It is very broad in front, where the angles are shari)ly truncate, farming an acutely produced outer angle. The lateral margin is bisinuate, the lateral angle acutely produced and the basal angle generally sharp but sometimes blunt and occasionally indistinct. The elytra are very finely coriaceous and shining, except at the sides and apices, which are more or less opaque. The shoulders are sharply angular. The front tibia is serrate externally, with sharp teeth at irregular intervals and a rather long terminal fork ; the middle tibia has a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a very minute one or none. Variation of the wale. In the smallest exam})le that I have examined, the pronotum and el3i;ra are very shining, exce])t at the sides, and distinctly punctured. The lateral margins of the thorax are straight and parallel, and the truncate front angles are without the usual sharp external spine. The postocular l)rocess of the iiead is small but ])i'ominent and the mandibles are a little longer than the heacl antl almost straight, with a minute internal tooth near the l)ase and another a little before the tip. In larger specimens the punctures u])on the ])ronotum and elytra are absent, and the surface of the former is entirely granular. The basal tooth of the mandible is strong and two or three minute teetii a])])ear in the terminal part. The curvature of the mandible is very slight. With increased size the mandibles are found to assume two different ])hases in different ])aTts of the area in which the 156 LUCANiD^. species occurs. In the ty})ical giraffa phase, wliich is i'uimd in Southern China, Assam, the Malay Peninsula and Java, one of the teeth towards the end of the mandible becomes larger than the rest and the terminal part acquires a strong curvature (bouvieri stage). In well-developed males tliis tooth forms a very long transverse process and the mandible is rather strongly bent inward at the pouit at which the tootii is situated, the two teeth on opposite sides overlappmg in the closed position of the mandibles. In the phase called arrowi by Gravel}^, which occurs in the United Provinces, the Darjeeling district and Sikkim, and also in Central China and Tonkin, the mandibles are very slender and very gently and evenly curved ; the teeth are numerous, but very minute, the hrst one, which is placed ahnost halfway along the mandible, rather more strongly developed than the rest. (^. Length (with mandibles), 37-95 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 30-60 mm. : breadth, 13-26 mm, $. Length, 39-42 mm. ; breadth, 15-18 mm. Giraffa phase. A.S.SAM : Kliasi Hills, Shillong, Cherrajjunji. Tekassekim. Andaman Is. M.\lay Peninsula. Java. Arrowi phase. United Provinces : Lansdowne Garhwal [A. G. Lyell, Oct.). Bengal : Darjeeling ; Pedong {L. Dnrel) ; Peshoke Spur {R. S. Lister) ; Singla, 1500 ft. {Seebs, July). C. China : Hunan {Miss K. V. Ryley). Tonkin : Hoabinh [A. de Cooman). Type unknown ; that of confucius Hope in the British Museum, that of arrowi Gravely, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta and that of bouvieri in Dr. Didier's collection. Although the difference between large specimens of the two phases is striking, females and small males are not distinguish- able. Dr. Gravely described arrowi as a distinct species and stated that its female had the head very finely punctui-ed, the front angles of the pronotum scarcely truncated and the end of the front tibia slender and bispinose. I have examined the specimen in the Calcutta IVIuscum which he apjiears to have liad before liim at the time of writing and liave found that it is a female oi Dorcus ivestivoodi Parry. 80. Dorcus politus. (Plate IX, fig. 7.) Cladognat/iN.'i politus Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 110 ; Trans. Ent. Soo. Lond. 1864, p. 21, pi. 10, fig. 5. Deep reddisli-browji, with the scuteUum, the margins of the head, ])i()n()tum and elytra, the anteimae, knees, tarsi and jiarts of the lower surface l)lack. Compact, broad and convex, and very smooth and shining a.l)()ve. The eyes small. The legs not DORCUS. 157 long, each of the four posterior tibiae armed with a lateral spine. The prosternum rounded behind the front coxae, not pointed nor djstmctly compressed. $. The head is uneven, coarsely rugose in front and strongly pimctured behind, except in the middle. The canthus is bluntly prominent at the middle of each eye. The mandibles are hollowed above and strongly and closely punctured and each has a blunt tooth near tlic middle beneath. The pronotinn is very smooth and shining, witli minute scattered ])unctures, except at the sides, which arc coaisely and rugosely punctured. The front angles are very blunt, the sides feebty curved to beyond the middle, where there is a rather sharp angle, and the iiind angles are completely romided. The elytra arc^ finely and fairly closely punctured but very sliining dorsally and densely punctured and Hubf)paque at the sides. The front tibia, is lung and slender, with tlie outer edge finely serrate and with a few small sharp teeth, the termmal part produced and slightly curved, widely forked, with fine teeth upon the outer branch of the fork. (J. The head is finely coriaceous and opaque, with strong, rather scattered, punctures at the sides. The sloping anterior part is deeply hollowed in the middle, the anterior angles laterally produced in front of the eyes, but not very acute. The cantlius extends to al)out the middle of the eye and tiie sides of the head are nearly straight and jiarallel l)eliind. Tlu; clvqical process is 3-lobed, the median lobe a little ])roduccd. The pronotunt is short and broad, very smooth and shining in tlie middle, didl and coriaceous at the sides and rugosely jnmctured near the lateral margins. The front angles are blmitly produced, the lateral margins feebly curved to beyond the middle, where there is a minute sharp angle. The hind angle is very broadly rounded. The elytra are very smootli and shining dorsally, with punctures which are minute and scanty near the suture but become gradually stronger and closer towards the sides, the outer margins being rugose and o]m(|ue, at least in the ])osterior part. The front tibia bears mmute scattered lateral teeth. Variatio7i of the male. In a ratlier small specimen the front angles of the head are blunt, the sides of the head, thorax and elv'tra are rugose and the mandibles short, with small teeth. })la(>ed not far apart. In the larger t^q^e-s})ecimen the front anglesof the head are sharper, the mandil)les are a little louL^cr tlian the head and each has a strong, ratluM- shar}) horizontal tooth internally dose to tlie base, a shorter one at al)ont two- thirds of till' length from the base, and a minute one between tlie last and the ajiex. (^. Length (with mandibles), 34-45 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 2l)-l}7 mm. : breadth, 13-17 mm, 158 LUCANID^. $. Length, 34 mm. ; breadth, 16 mm. Darjeeling Distr. : Maria Basti, Pedong (L. i)i/reZ). Type in the Oberthiir collection. 81. Dorcus arrowi. (Plate XIII, fig. 6.) Hemisodorcus arrowi Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 441. (^. Chestnut-red, smooth, shining and impunctured, with the head, mandibles and pronotum dark browai, the head opaque. The body is rather elongate and the legs are slender. The eyes are small, the head has a rather sharj) angle before the eye and is gently and evenly narrowed behind. The clypeal process is short and broad, with a mmute tooth in the middle. The mandibles of the unique specimen are about twice the length of the head, gently curved and a little flattened. They bear a sharp but not long internal tooth beyond the middle, followed immediately by two similar but smaller teeth. The sides of the pronotum are microscopically coriaceous and opaque, the front angles are rather narrowly produced, the lateral margin has a slight angulation before the middle and a strong spiniform tooth beyond it and is strongly concave from the latter to the well-marked basal angle. The elytra are very smooth and shining, but bear extremely minute scattered granules, which are rather closer at the sides. The shoulders are sharp. The mentum is short and rather finely rugose. The prosternnm is rather broad and blunt, but a little produced behind. The metasternum and nhdoinen are clothed at the sides with pale pubescence. The terminal fork of the front tibia is composed of two very short prongs, each with a small tooth at the base, and the lateral teeth are minute. The middle tibia bears a small lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. Length (with mandibles), 48 mm. ; (without mandibles) 36 mm. : breadth, 14-5 mm. $. Unknown. Burma : Ruby Mines [W . Doherty). Type in the British Museum. Tlie ti]) of the front tibia is of jieculiar form but it is unfor- tunate that the only known specimen of the species has only a single foreleg, of which the tibia is imperfect at the extremity. 82. Dorcus macleayi, (Plate XIII, fig. 4.) Lucanus macleayi Hopo & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Coleopt. 1845, p. 19. Hemisodorcus macleayi Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 248. Bla(;k, with the elytra deep red, their inner and outer mar- gins narrowly and rather indefinitely black. The pronotum and the outer part of the mandibles of the male often tinged witli red and the tarsi with c()ns])i(u()us fringes of reddish or DORCUS. 159 yellowisli hairs. Moderately elongate, with the legs rather stout, the four posterior tibiae each armed with a strong lateral spine. The prosternuni very prominent and bluntly rounded behind. The shoulders of the elytra not sharp and a very short but deep oblicjue impression at the base of each elytron close to the scutellum. The seventh antennal joint feebly produced. $. The upper surface is opaque, with the scutellum and the sutural margins of the elytra shining. Tlu^ head bears two small transversely placed tubercles near the middle and the part in front of these is gently hollowed and almost unpunc- tured, while the part behind them is irregularly and rugosely punctured. The outer edge of the mandible is almost straight, the tip acutely produced, and there is a strong blunt internal tooth beneath and a smaller one above. The proiwtum and elytra are entirely ojjaque at tlie sides, but rather less so towards the middle line of the bod}^ and the elytra are densely punctured, except in the anterior dorsal region. The lateral angles of the pronotum are very strongly produced and the sides strongly contracted towards the front and hind angles. The tnentum is rugosely punctured. (^. The head, basal part of the mandibles, sides of the pro- notum and extreme outer margms of the elytra are entirely o})aque. The head is flat behind and sloping in front, without sharply defined dividing line, the front angles are sharp, the eyes small and tlie sides of the head strongly convergent behind the eyes. The dypeal process is strongly transverse, rounded in front. The pronotum is finely and densely granular and subopaque dorsally, the front angles are blmitly produced, the sides diverging to well beyond the middle, where there is a very sharply produced angle, and concave and strongly convergent to the rounded hind angles. The elytra are finely coriaceous and rather shining. Variation of the male. In small males the mandibles are short and broad, strongly and regularly curved externally, acutely pointed, with an obtuse rudiment of a tooth near the middle of the inner edge. In large males the mandibles are long, the middle part is almost straight, the tooth is small but sharp and placed beyond the middle and another similar tooth appears before the tip, the two teeth connected by a rather sharp ridge. ^. Length (with mandibles), 32-59 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 27—43 mm. : breadth, 11 -5-17 mm. ?. Length. 29-40 mm. ; breadth, ll-o-lO mm. HiKKiM : Gnatong (July). D.^rjeeling Distr.: Lepcha- jagar, 7090 ft. {J. C. M. Gardner, Sept.). Assam. Upper Burma : Nam Tamai Valley. 3000 ft. (B. Kaulback, .Jul\). Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. 160 LUCANIDiE. D. madeayi has a close resemblance to D. donckieri. The mandibles are alike in the males of both but the much broader prothorax of D. donckieri renders them easy to distinguish. The slight oblique impression at the base of each elytron is a distinctive feature of madeayi in both sexes, as is the form of the prosternum, which is much more elevated and almost compressed behind, 8.3. Dorcus donckieri. (Plate XIII, fig. 5.) Hemisodorcus donckieri Boil., Bull. Soc. Eiit. France, 1898, p. 227, fig- Black, with the elytra deep red, their inner and outer margins narrowly and rather indefinitely black. The tarsi bear con- spicuous fringes of yellow hairs. Rather massive, with the ])ronotum short and broad, the upper surface dull, but the scutellum shining. The prosternal process long, but very bluntly rounded at the end. The shoulders of the elytra roimded. The sides of the mesosternum stnmgly jjunctured and those of the metasternum densely rugose. $, The head is entirely opaque and coarsely unevenly rugose, with two small transversely j)laced tubercles in the middle. The mandible is almost straight externally, produced at the tip, and bears a sharp internal tooth above and a blunt one beneath. The jn-onotum is entirely opaque, with its front and lateral margins rather coarsely rugose. The sides are regularly roimded antl the basal angles broadly rounded. The elytra are densely piuictured, the punctures rather strong upon the outer lialf, fine and less close upon the sutural region. The four posterior Ubix have each a lateral spine, that of the middle tibia very strong. ^. The upper surface is opaque, except the mandibles, scutellum and the sutural margins of the elytra. The head is broad in front, the eyes are small, the front angles of the head obtuse and the sides strongly convergent behind the eyes. The posterior part is flat, tlie anterior part sloping, the two regions divided by a sharp curved ridge. The clypeal process is sharjily angular in front. The head and pronotum are densely granular, without punctures. The front angles of the pronotum are very bliuit, t]i(^ lateral margins dilated and a littler liollowed, diverging to the lateral angles, which form very strong lobes almost continuous with the base, which is gently sinuatt^ on each side, without distinct angles. The elytra are finely (U)iiaceous and dull, but a little smoother close to the suture, wlun-e there are line, rather indistinct punctures. The middle tihia bears a fairly strong lateral spine and the hind tibia is unarmed. Mandihle.'i of the male. I have seen only large examples, in which the mandibles are long, a little curved downwards, DORCUS. 161 gently rounded at the base and apex and nearly straight between them, with a strong, shar]), obJi{|ne internal tooth before the middle, a slightly irregular ridge just l)efore this and another short shar]) tooth a little before tlie tip. (J. Length (with mandil)les). 1'.] mm. ; (without mandibles) 51 mm. : breadth, 24 mm. $. Length, 44 mm. ; breadth, IS mm. Nepal. Type in the Paris Mu.se^iin. Only the imi(|ue tyi)e-s])eeimen of this s]ieeies a])pears to have been known hitherto. 'I'he reeorded habitat is '" Hyma- laya " but a single male in the British Museum is from Nejjal. A single femah' specimen (deseribed above) fi'om N. India, bearing the collector's name, E. J. dlarwood, almost certainly belongs to the species. 84. Dorcus nepalensis. (Plate XIII, figs. 1-3.) Lucanifi nepalensiti Hope,'* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22. Hemisodorcus nepalensis Thorns., Ann. Hoc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 421 ; Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 86 ; Boil., op. cit. 1913, p. 247. Lucanus rajflesi Hope,* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lojid. xviii, 1842, p. 588. $. Lucamis sitnilis Hope,* Gray's Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22. Lucanus parryi Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1843, p. 94 ; Hopo & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 20. Jet-black, extremely smooth and shining above and beneath, with the exception of the head, the sides of the pronotum and, in the female, the sides of the elytra. The soles of the tarsi closely clothed with golden hairs and the sides of the meta- sterninn bearing a very scanty and inconspicuous clothing of minute yellow setae. Rather long and narrow, moderately convex, with the legs rather long. The ocular canthus sharply angular in front of the eye. The sides of the pronotum micro- scopically coriaceous and sooty, the scutellum bearing a few fine ])unctures and the elytra glossy, very minutely and lightly pmictm-ed. The prosternum broad and rounded behind. The sides of the metastcrnum fairly closely punctured and the abdomen very smooth. $. The head is coarsel>' i-ugose, except in front, and bears a single rather strong tubercle in the middle. The canthus is a little prominent laterally in front of the eye. The elypeal ])rocess is small and bluntly bilobed. The mandibles are placed rather far apart at the base ; they are narrower than usual and almost straight externally. There is a strong tooth on the upper surface just beyond the base, directed obliquely forward and a minute one at the inner edge before the tij). The pro- nntum is very glossy in the middle, but becomes entirely o))aque at the sides. The lateral margin is gently curved to the latei'al angle, which is not very sharp. The eltjtra are very finely and M 162 LUCANID^. rather closely punctured, but very glossy upon the inner part, the punctures })ecoraing gradually more dense towards the sides and apices, which are opaque. The front tibia is fairly strongly toothed externall}' and forked at the end and tlie middle and hind tibiae have each a strong lateral si^inc. (^. The head is broad, microscopically granular above, with the mandibles rather long and far apart at the base. The clypeal process is broad, a little produced in the middle, with a close marginal fringe of yellowish hairs. The eyes are small, but fairly prominent, the canthiis acutely angular in front but not produced, and the sides of the head strongly convergent behind the eyes. The pronotum is rather short and broad, microscopically granular but moderately shining, except at the sides, the lateral margins more or less straight and diverging gradually from the blunt front angles to the sharp lateral angles, which are placed far back, continuing in a straight line to the almost obsolete hind angles. The elytra are entirely glossy. The front tibia is long and finely toothed externally, the middle tibia bears a strong lateral spine and the hind tibia a minute one or none. Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is not very broad and is conspicuously punctured at the sides. The mandibles are short, rounded externally and very sharply pointed and simple, except for a very blunt vestige of a tooth near the middle of the imier edge. In larger examjjles the head becomes relatively broader and shorter, the punctures diminish and disappear, the mandibles are nearly straight, except near the base and tip, and the tooth is found a little past the middle and is small but sharp. In large specimens another and smaller tooth appears beyond the first and the extremity is bluntly barbed. The mandibles may reach a length of about 27 mm. (J. Length (with mandibles), 32-70 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 28-49 mm. : breadth, 12-21 mm. 9. Length, 34^7 mm. ; breadth, 13-19 mm. N.W. Frontier Prov. : Thobba, Murree Hills {Maj. How- land Roberts). United Prov. : W. Almora, Kumaon {H. G. Champion, Aug.). Nepal. Punjab : Naini Tal {H. L. Andrews ; P. V. L-iaac, July). Darjeelino Distr. : Kur- seong, 0000 ft. {E. A. D'Abreu, Jan.). Assam. Types of nepalensis and siuiilis Ho])e in the British Museum ; of parryi and rafflesi in the Hope Dept., Oxford l^niversity Museum. 85. Dorcus wardi. Dorcus wardi Arrow,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. B 12, 1043, p. 136. Black and very shining, with the mandibles, head and pro- notum of the male duller but smooth ; the head of the female rather roughly and irregularly puiutured and the external j)art DORCUS. 163 of the elytra broadly and very densely ixiiutiiicd and ()j)aque. The body rather narrowly elonj^atc, parallel-sided and convex; the sides of the elytra almost straiLjht and the shoulders not sharply angular. Tlu^ oeular eanthus reaching the middle of the eye. The middle tibia bearinu a stronij lateral s})ine and the hind tibia a feebler one. $. The head bears a [)air of transversely plaeed tubercles ; it is a little hollowed and rather Hnely and closely punctured in front of these and less finely and more irregularly punctured behind them. The posterior part is smooth and shining and the sides are closely rugose. The pronofion is very smooth and shining, except at the lateral margins, where it is rugo.sely jnmetured. The front angles ai-e bluntly jjrodueed, the sides gently rounded to the lateral angle and from there abruptly contracted to the base. (^. The head is short, almost as wide as the ])ron()tum, the lateral angles are sharp but not produced and the sides are contracted behind the eyes. The entire upper surface is unpunctured and very smooth. The mandibles are far a])art at the base, flat, gently curved externally, with a short, broad, two-pointed interior lobe situated nearer the tijj than the base. The pronotum is short and broad, its lateral angles rather sharp. ^. Le)igth (with mandibles), 39 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 30 mm. : breadth, 13 mm. $. length, 28-30 mm. ; breadth, 1 1 -5-1 2-5 ram. Upper Burma : Seinghku Valley, 9500 ft. {F. Kingdon Ward, July). S.E. Tibet : Zayul,'Di Chu Valley, ll,00i) ft. {F. Kingdon Ward and R. J. Kaulback, August). Type in the British Museum. This is closely related to two species of South-western China, D. sinensis Boil, and D. semenoioi Jakowl., but the lateral angulation of the ])r(motum is sharper in both sexes, the ante- ocular angle of the head in the male is sharp, the front angle of the pronotum is blunt and not produced and the sides are evenly curved to the lateral angle. In the female the sides of the pronotum are more rugose than in the related species. The mandibles of the male are relatively broader and the narrow inner branch found in the related sjiecies is replaced by a broad dilatation at the same point. 8(). Dorcus westwoodi. (Plate XIV, figs. 3, 6.) Hex(irlliriii,-i westwoodi Parry,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 108. Rhntu.'i westwoodi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 11, pi. 9, figs. 2 & 8 ; Westw.," op. rit. 1871, p. 355 : Boil.. Jlom. Soo. Ent. Belg. ix. 1902. p. 47, pi. 2, fig. 1 ($). CIndognatliu-9 arrowi, $, Grvl., Rec. Ind. Mas. xi, 1915, p. 410. Entirely black, very smootli, almost un])unctured above, of rather narrowly ehmgate sha])e, the legs rather slender in both w2 164 LFCANID^. sexes, the antennae with the seventh joint a little produced, the prostennnn scarcely compressed and not produced. $. Narrow, very smooth but not ver^^ glossy. The head bears very minute scattered punctures, and there is a small depression behind the base of each mandible and a minute posterior median pit. The canthus extends past the middle of the eye but is not very prominent laterally and there is a very small lateral prominence behind the eye. The sides of the pronotum and elytra are microscopically coriaceous and the former are subopaque. The lateral margins of the pronotum are gently rf)unded to the very sharp lateral angles and almost straight to the rounded hind angles. The sides of the elytra are rather straight and parallel, and the shoiilders are sharj). The mentum is coarsely rugose. The m.e.taste:rnum, and abdomen are coriaceous at the sides and smooth in the middle. The front tibia is finely serrate externally, with a few rather larger teeth, and the tip is sharply forked. i;^. Very large, rather narrow and parallel-sided, very smooth and shining. The head is short and broad, minutely coriaceous, unpunctured, with a slight longitudinal depression along the middle and convex on each side. The eyes are small but very prominent, the canthus inconspicuous, except in front of the eye, where it is sharply angulate, and the sides are strongly contracted behind the eyes. The clyjieal process is divided by a sutural line from the front, fringed with reddish hair, ])roduced to a point and angulate on each side of the base. The mandibles are long and slender, very smooth, strongly curved at the base and apex. They are vertically compressed at the base, where they bear a very strong, acutely produced process beneath and a corresponding but rather less strong and sharp process above. They are very finely and irregularly toothed at the inner edge, where there is also a fairly strong tooth placed well beyond the middle, and the tip is forked. The 'pronotum is minuteh' coriaceous, the front angles are very blunt, the sides gently excised a little behind the angles and sharply angulate at the front and hind limits of the excision, strongly at the latter point. Tliere is another slight but well-marked angulation much behind the nnddle, and from there the margin is gently rounded to the base. The elytra are entirely glossy, their shoulders very sharply angular and the sides rather straight and ])arallel. The nuMitum is rather rugosely })unctured. The metasternum and abdomen are very smooth and shining. Tl\e legs are fairly slender, the front tibia fecbl}^ toothed laterally, the middle tibia has a sharp lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. T luive seen no nuile but the large ty])e-specimen. ^. Length (with mandibles), 85 mm. : (without man- dibles) 59 mm. : breadth, 25 mm. Doiicus. J 65 9. /yr»,^ry pi-ominent laterally and scarcely angular in front. The pronotum is very minutely punctured in the middle, the punc- tures becoming gradually more distinct laterall}^ and rugose at the outer margins. The sides are gently rounded, with a sharp but minute lateral angle far behuid the middle. The elytra are finely and ratlier closely punctured dorsally, except at the sutural margin, and the punctures become large and dense at the sides. The lower surface is rather smooth, but the mentum is rugose and the tip of the abdomen strongly punctured. 166 LUCANIDiE. 'Yhv front lihiu is c-loscly serrate Uitenilly, the extremity is liroad and ends in three jhort lobes. ^. The surfaec is dull above and beneath, with the exception of the mandibles and the hollowed anterior part of the head in large specimens. Except njjon tliis ])art the head is densely granular, tlie front angles are shai})ly produced and the eyes are rather prominent. The head is produced behind the eyes and the sides are feebly prominent there. The pronotum is very minutely and densely granular, but less densely in the middle than at tlie sides. The front angles are blunt, the sides scarcely rounded to the lateral angles, which are very acute, and almost straight fi-om there to the base. The elytra are dull except at the sutural margin. The ttienturn is densely granular, opaque aJid very feebly pimctured and the inetasternum and abdomen are almost un2)uncturcd. The prosterual process is strong and conical. The front tibia is minutely serrate, with small teeth at intervals and the termmal fork is rather narrow. The middle tibia has a minute lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. Variation of the male. In the smallest male spechnens (impress us Wat.) the head is short, the mandibles are about as long as the head and serrate at the inner edge, the head is a little hollowed anteriorly but not shining. In rather larger examples a ])air of small tubercles become visible just behind the hollowed area. At a further stage a longitudinal groove appears between the tubercles, which now project forward rather strongly. The front of the head becomes more deejjly hollowed and very smooth and shining. As the mandibles increase in length the fine serrations of the inner edge become at first more mnnerous and afterwards, by the gradual dis- appearance of those in the middle, become divided into two series, a grou}) of about six small teeth close together at the base and about four less ci-owded ones towai'ds tlie end. At a fin-ther stage most of the small basal teeth also disa})pear, but the course of development now differs in different regions. The basal teeth generally become resolved into a pair standing side by side and, in the Eastern Himalayas these two teeth persist and, accompanying further increase in the size of the insect, move ])rogressively farther apart, until in the largest specimens the anterior one is a little in frc)nt of the middle of the mandible, the other remaining at the base. This is the ])hase described as a distinct s])ecies by Boileau and called poidtom. But the basal teeth may resolve themselves into one only and this also, with increasing size of the specimen, moves on towards the other end of the mandible. This jihase was called by Gravely the subspecies birmanicus, but it is not peculiar to Burma. Burmese and Assamese males develoj) in this direction and full- sized examples show the single tooth ])lace(l in the middle of tlu> DORCUS. 167 mandible (without tlir jionlloni tooth at tho base), whic-li is characteristic oftlie ty})ical phasic t)i D.foviddi-s. The two tubercles of the liead are a little fartlier apart iii large specimens of the poi(ltoni phase than in tliose of the typical phase. (J. Length (with mandibles), 22-00 mm. ; (witliout man- dibles) 19-39 mm. : breadth, 8-17 mm. $. Length, 19-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-11-5 mm. Bhutan : (Capt. Pemberton). Darjeeling Distr. : Gopaldhara, Rungbonj/ Vallev [W . K. Webb); Pedong (L. Dnrel) ; Maiigpu {R. T. Atkinson) ; Kurseong, 4500 ft. (E. A. D'Abreu, Aug.). Assam : Shillong, 5000 ft. {T. BainbriggK Fletcher, June ; H. M. Parish, Sept.) ; Manipur {W . Doherty). Burma : Sadon, 3000 ft. {B. Makiise, June, July ; Taunggyi, Shan States, 4500 ft. (R. Malaise, Aug.). Andaman Is. {E. T.Atkinson). Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum, also those of omissus, astacoides and fraternus ; those of ponUoni and croceus in the Paris Museum ; that of inipressus in the British Museum and that oibirrnanicus in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Mr. R. E. Parsons has sent me a series of both sexes of thi.s species foinid by him feeding upon the exuding gummy sap of an old green lime tree (Indian country lemon) in Shillong. He notes that when alive they are of a beautiful golden chestnut colour, but become darker very shortly after death. Dr. Didier's Metopodontus croceus is a rather small male specimen which has retained its bright colouring better than usual. 88. Dorcus castaneicolor, uom. nov. (Plate XII, Hg. 4.) Tetrarthrius castaneus Did.,* Encyclop. Ent. Col. ii, 1926, p. 2'J (pre- occupied name). Chocolate-brown, with the extreme margins of head, thorax and elytra, the tips of the mandibles and the knees black ; the tarsi with brushes of yellow hairs beneath, the body very smooth and shining above and beneath. The form convex, not very elongate. The scutellum rather large, the shoulders of the el,>i;ra i-oimded, the extremities flatten(>d and tapering. The prosternum narrow and vertically ])rominent between the coxa' but not produced backward. The seventh joint of the anteima a little produced. The hind femora rather clavate, the basal })art slender, the tarsi with pads of yellow hair beneath the four basal joints. (^. The head is finely and not closely ])imctured, a little hollowed obliquely on each side and elevated in a gentle curve in front, the cly])eus slo])ing but rettexed and l)ilol)ed at the 168 LUCANID^. front edge. The eyes are very prominent and scarcely at all divided, the canthus strongly angulate in front, the sides of the head convergent behind l)ut with a slight rounded prominence behind each eye. The mandibles are falciform, much longer than the head, very strongly curved, not dilated at the base but moderatel,y broad to beyond the middle, then narrowed, and sharply pointed at the tip. The inner edge has a slight prominence a little before the tip, a sharp tooth near the middle and six or eight slight denticulations between it and the base. The pronotum l)ears fine, unevenly scattered punctures and is very glossy in the middle, slightly oi)ac|ue at the sides and strongly margined at the sides and base. It is very convex, rather narrow in frcmt with the front angles subacute, the lateral margins diverging and nearly straight from the front angles to the middle, then bent upward and produced to a sharp spine behind the middle, from which it is contracted and concave to the hind angle, which is well marked bnt not acute. The base is narrower than the elytra at the shoulders. The elytra are very smooth and shining, without distinct punctures but with a few incomplete longitudinal striae. The lower surface is very smooth, the metasternnm. with a median groove but almost devoid of distinct punctures. The front tibia has the terminal fork not much produced and there are about three fine lateral teeth with rather indistinct denticulations between them ; the middle tibia has a minute lateral spine and tiie hind tibia is unarmed. The female is unknown. Length (with mandibles), 2(i mm. : (without mandibles) 20 mm. : breadth, 9 mm. SiKKIM. Type in Dr. Didier's collection. The name castaneus, originally given to this si)ecies, having been previously used, it has been necessary to chaiige it. 81). Dorcus subnitens. (Plate Xll. fig. 8.) Cyclorusift subnitens Parry, Pi'oc. Ent. Soe. ]>oml. 18()2, p. 112; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 42, pi. 7, fig. 1. Prisniognathiis subnitens Gravely,* Rec. Inrl. Mns. 191.'), p. 421. Prismognathus parvus Did., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 79, fig. 38. Keddish-chocolate, a little lighter upcm the elytra, with the lower surface, fem(jra and tibiiie (except the knees) red ; the upper surface with a variable gi'eenish-metallic lustre, the elytra (exce])t at the sides) and sometimes also the median part of the ])r<)n()tum extremely smooth and sliining. Moderately elongate and convex, witli the (>yes prominent, not veiy small and scarcely divided by the canthus. The pronotum short and broad, witli tlic base rather iKirrow and the liind angles sharp. DORCUS. 1G9 Tlic clvtra very {rl*)f has another on the u])])er edge towards the tip. The pronotu))) b(>ars numerous fairly strong jjunctures, which become feebler and less close towards the sides. The front angles are a little ])roduccd, the lateral margins gently curved to beyond the middle, where there is an obtuse angle, and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are very obtuse. The dytraa,Tc scarcely perceptibly punctured, except behind the scutellum. Th(> teeth of the front tibia are sharp, the middle tibia has a strong lateral spine and tlu^ hind tibia a rather feeble one. J. The head and the sides of the pionoium arc oi)aque. The head bears fine scattered |)un(fures, which are inconspicuous, tJORCtlS. 171 ex('0])t lu'liind the eyes. The front tingles are aeute ami |)ro- ducoil ohlicivu'ly, the front margui is eurvilinearly excised, the upper surface flat, and the sides are a little contracted hehind the eyes. The cly])eal process is short and tiilobed. The pronotutn bears moderately hne scattered j)unc-tin"es, its front angles are bluntly produced, the sides straight to beyond the middle, where they are very bluntly angular, and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are also very blunt. The elytra bear only a few indistinct punctures and are smooth and shining everywhere. The front tibia has two shar}) lateral teeth in addition to the terminal fork, and the middle and hind tibioe are without visible spines. Variation of the male. In a small male the mandibles, which curve gently upwards, are about as long as the head, the outer edge is gently rounded and the inner edge serrate from the base to near the tip, with a slightly prominent tooth in the middle. In a large specimen the mandibles are half as long again as the head, the outer edge is nearly straight to near the tip, the inner edge has two small teeth near the base, followed after a short interval by closely-set uneven teeth, the first lai'ger than the rest, to near the tip. The upper surface bears two converging ridges, which unite just before the i\\) to form a strong process ])ointing obli({uely forward. t^. Length (with mandibles), 21-25 mm, ; breadth, 7-8 mm, $. Length, 18 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. Bhutan : Pankasary Hill. Sikkim : Gnatong (Aug.) ; between Padamtsin and Lingtoo (July). Type, in the Paris Museum. 91. Dorcus platycephalus. (Plate XII, fig. 1.) Lucanua pUUyceplmlua Hope,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1842, p. 83 ; Westw., Cab. of Oriental Ent. 1848, p. 17, pi. 8, fig. 2. L. (siibg. Cydopthahntis) plati/cephalun Hope & Wcstw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 5. (Jyclarasis platycepliuius Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1802, p. 397. Prismognathua platycephalus Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. l'J13, p. 234. Black or very dark brownish- black, with a slight metallic lustre upon the elytra, which are very glossy, except at the sides, the head and tlie sides of the pronotum and elytra dull. Small, convex and not very elongate. The eyes ])rominent and scarcely' at all divided by the canthus. The cl\'])eal process short, broad and trilobed. The mandibles widely separated at the base. The shoulders of the elytra ratlier obtusely angulate. The prostemum strongly elevated and com|)resse(i behind and ratlu>r sharply angular. 172 lucanidA. $. The heml is iiarn^w, very coarsely, closely and roughly punctured, the canthus very small and the front angles very obtuse. The mandibles are laterally compressed and narrow, strongly curved and bifurcate at the end, the tips sharp, the lower one longer than the upper. The middle of the clypeal process is slightly prominent. The pronolmn is shining, but strongly and rather closely punctured, the punctures coarser and more irregular at the sides. The front angles are blunt, the sides nearly straight to beyond the middle, where they are strongly but not acutely angulate, and nearly straight to the hind angles, which are wt^l marked but obtuse. The elytra are finely punctured, with wide opaque outer margins. The front tibia is sharply tridentate at the end. (^. The hmd is flat and rather opaque above, the front margm scarcely excised, the front angles stronglv produced outwards and very sharp, the sides converging behind the eyes. The upper surface bears fine scattered punctures. The outer lobes of the clj^eal process are a little more prominent than the median part. The mandibles are scarcely longer than the head, strongly and regulai-ly rounded. The pronotuni is finely and unevenly punctured, more strongly and closely near the base, especially near its middle, and the sides are broadly opaque. The front angles are blunt and not produced, the sides are nearly straight to beyond the middle, where they are strongly but not sharply angulate, and feebly concave to the well- marked but not sharp hind angles. The elytra bear very iri'cgular fine and scanty punctures. The front tibia bears a few very sharp lateral teeth, the middle tibia lias a very minute lateral spine and the hind tibia has none. Variation of the. male. In a small specimen the head is small, the eyes are very prominent, the mandibles flat and rather broad but well separated at the base, with the imier edges irregularly toothed and the apices very sharp. In larger males the mandibles are less flat and a little com])ressed and a strong vertical tooth a])])cars upon the up})er edge before the tip. At a moie advanced stage the liead is very broad, the eyes are less })i'<)minent, the mandibles rather narrow and without teeth in tlie basal half, veitically dilated in the terminal part, which is divided into three nearly ccpial finger-like branches, with a. few minute teeth between the middle and lower branches. ^. Length (with mandibles), 16-26 mm.; (without man- dibles) 15-21 mm. : breadth, 7-10 mm. $. Length, 18 nun. ; breadth, 8 mm. l)\RJEELiN(i DisTR. AssAM : Khasi Hills (Dr. Cantor). Type in tlie Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. AULACOSTETHUS. 173 Genus AULACOSTETHUS. Aulacostethus Wat., Trtui.*!. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 p. 13 ; Parry, op. cit. 1870, p. 83. Type, A. archer i Wat. Range. Sikkim. Body moderately elongate, compact and convex, rather parallel-sided, the middle and hind legs very short, their tibiae each with a strong lateral t+pine and the extremities dilated and ])ro(luced externally into three sharp finger-like processes, the front tibia with a strong terminal fork ; tarsi .short, th(> pulvillii.s well developed. Head (J) quatb-ate, broad, with the (\yes greatly reduced, divided by a very narrow longitudinal ridge, tlie u])per and lower divisions very small, the upper minute Antenna fairly slender, with the seventh joint strongly transver.se and the last three not very short. Maxilla with the outer lobe long and slender, the inner without horny hook (3*) ; tlie palpus long, the second joint very slender. Mentinn broadly triangular ; ligula long and narrow, forming two slender diverging lobeh' in front, the imier edge closely fringed with long hairs ; palpi with the first and third joints long. Pronotiun completely and narrowly margined, broad, with the lateral margin obtusely angulate behind and the liind angles obsolete. Scutellum broadly semicircular. Pro- sternum channelled between the front coxse, jH'oduced behind, a little comjjressed, blunt. (^. Mandibles narrow, far apart at the base. $. Unkno\Mi. The validity of this genus was questioned by Parry, who compared A. archeri with Dorcus forceps Voll.. in which tiie eyes are almost, though not comjiletely, divided, but there is certahily no very near n^lationship with that insect and the remarkable reduction of the eyes to mere vestiges, not raised eitiier dorsally or ventrally above the general surface of the head, separates this a])parently rare insect from all other known forms. This feature, together with the 2)eculiar form of the legs, seems to indicate that its habit is to bury itself and slum the light. It is to be feared that the discovery of the feniale. necessary for a better knowledge of its affinities, may be long delayed but it is probable that the fossorial character of the short legs of the male will prove to be still more ])ronouneed in the other sex and the generic separation of the insect will prove to be justified. 92. Aulacostethus archeri. (Plate XXI, figs. 7, 8.) Anlacostethii.1 archeri Wtit.,* Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. IS(>!» p If pi. 3, fig. I. Pro-iopocoilns archeri Parry, op. at. 1870, p. 83. (J. Black, not shining above, moderately shining beneath, the sides of the inetasternum clothed with rather long and close 174 LFCANIDiE. yellow hair. The head is flat, very finely coriaceous above, except at the sides, whidi are coarsely rugose. The front margin forms a i)rominent trisinuatci ridge, the lateral margins are nearly straigiit and parallel, veiy feebly swollen just in front of the ])ronotum. Th(^ pronotani is smooth, with a rather narrow densely punctured or rugosi^ band almost completely surrounding it, but interrupted in the middle of the front margin. The front angles are a little produced but blunt, the sides nearly straight, the lateral angles very well marked but not acute. The elytra are also smooth, with a narrow rugose strip at the base, and the shoulders are sliarply angular. The hairy sides of the nirfasteruKm leave a well-delined bare median sjiaco, triangular in slia])e, which is smootli and sliining but with minute scattered ]uuictures at the sides. Tlie abdomrn is very smootli beneath. Variation of the wale. In a rather small male specimen found by Mr. H. G. Champion at Pemayangtse the head is strongly transverse, the mandibles are not longer than the head but narrow, strongly curved and tridentate, the jironotum is scarc(^ly broader than the head and its sides are straight and parallel. In the large tyi)e-specimen the head and pronotum are very broad, the head i-elatively longer and the pronotum shorter, the nuxndibles long and slender, gently curved, forked at the tip, with a fairly strong triangular internal tooth a little beyond the base, the sides of the prothorax feebly concave, converging towards the lateral angle. The front tibiae are rather more slender. (^. Length (with mandibles), 83-50 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 29-37 mm. : breadth, 13-15-5 mm. 81KKIM : Pemayangtse, ()00() ft. (//. G. Champion, May). Type in the British Museum. Tlie habitat of the type-s])ecimen was given as North India and j)ossibly Kashmir, but the discovery of a second example in Sikkim renders the suggested locality very iniprobable. Genus ^GUS. /Egns Macl., Horae Entom. i, 1S19, p. 112 ; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 11.3. Type, JiJgvs chelifer Macl. (Malaya). Range. Tlio Indo-Mnlayan, Pa])uanand Polynesian Region. Male and female dissiuiilar. Body generally compact, with rather short but not stout U\gs and antenna', the club of the latter composed of three short joints, the seventh joint some- times slightly ])roduced. Canthus nuH^ting the gena and com])letely dividing the eye into upper and lower halves. ClyjH'us V(>ry short. Maxilla not very long, the inner lobe without chitinous hook, the uuixillary j)alpus with the first MQTJS. 175 and third joints short. Mentura very broad, concealing the ligula. Ligula with short widely diverging lobes, the labial palpi loii^, with the basal joint slender, the second short and the third oval. Prosterniun scarcely elevated })(^hind the froiit coxae, not compressed nor produced. Front tibia with terminal fork and fairly numerous lateral teeth, the middle and hind tibi;e usually with two or more small lateral spines. Claws and puhMllus long. Scutelhnn short and trans- verse. Elytra longitudinally striate, the dorsal striae six in number. The mandibles of the female are simple, short and broad. Tliose of the male are Umger but never extremely long, sim])ly curved, often toothful but not branched. ^(jKs is nearly related to Doitks, but is distinguished by the completely divided eyes and usually by the occurrence of several tine lateral s])ines upon each of tlie four posterior tibiae. Another important distinction is found in tiie grooved elytra. In Dorcus grooved el^-tra are rare and the grooves, when present, are more numerous and less regular. A species referred to this genus as Mgns interrupt us was described in a few words by Macleay as doubtfully Indian (Macleay, Hone Entom. 1919, p. 113). The type, "if still in existence, is in the Macleay Mu.seum in Sydney, N.S.W., and >'2. 12 (7) Upper surface convex liiiralis Did., p. Is:{. Key to the Spccicfi (females). 1 (8) Elytra very closely sculptured, not shining. 2 (7) Head not smooth. 3 (4) Pronotum bearing numerous rather lino jiunctures chclifer Mac!., p. 1 7(1. 4 (3) I'ronotujTi entirely rugose. 5 (0) Pronotum not very coarsely rugose .. i«»r/jcM*i.« mm. Bengal : Mankidoania, Sunderbans (C. /'. C. Beeson, Feb.). Burma : Rangoon {E. T. Atkimon). Tonkin. Malay Peninsula. Sumatra. Borneo. Philippine Is. Type in the British Museum ; also co-t\-pes of ^gus nitidus Boil. This and the next two si)ecies are particularly difficult to define, on account of the remarkable changes, dci)ending upon their size, to which the males are subject. They are all very closely related to jrEgus acumimitus F. They may even be found ultimately to be local races of that species. 94. ^Egus kandiensis. (Plate XXII, figs. 12-14.) ^gus kandiensis Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 53 ; op. cit. 1870, p. 61, pi. 2, figs. 5 & 8. Black, very smooth and shining in large males, or with the head and pronotum ojjacjue, entirely dull and opacjue in females and small males, with a clothing of minute erect setae and some- times with a covering of grey adherent earthy matter in the female. The legs clothed with short jiale hairs, the middle and hind tibiae bearing two or three small lateral spines. The body a little depressed and the base of the pronotum straight and distinctly narrower than the elytra. $. Oval in shape, with the upper surface closely sculptured and duU. The head is very coarsely and rugosely punctured and the front part of the ch-peus is concave. The mandible has a strong truncate tooth near the middle. The jyronotum is rugosely punctured, niore finely and densely at the sides than in the dorsal part . The front angles are bluntly produced , N 178 LUCANIDiE. the sides evenly rounded and the hind angles obtuse. The elytra are finely striate, with the intervals flat and closely longitudinally rugose. The shoulders are sharp and the sides rounded. The mentum is very coarsely rugosely punctured. The lower surface of the body is shmmg but strongly punctured, the last abdominal sternite very coarsely and closely. (J. The l)ody is depressed and rather parallel-sided, the head more or less hollowed in front, with the hinder edge of the excavation a little produced, except in very small specimens. The clypeal process is bilobed. The sides of the head, except in very small specimens, are promment behmd the ej^es. The sides of the jn-onotum are rather straight and parallel, with the front angles obliqueh^ truncate or bluntly j^roduced, the hind angles distinct but obtuse. The elijtra are flneh' and deeply striate, except at the sides, where they are tuiely and closely punctured and rather dilated. The shoulders are sliarply ungulate and the sides rounded. The metasternum is strongly punctured, the abdomen almost smooth, except upon the last sternite, which is very closely punctured and setose. Variation of the male. As in jEgus chelifer, but in large males the anterior process of the head is rather more produced and the mandibles are rather broader, flatter and less slender. ,^. Length (with mandibles), 14-34 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 13-24 mm. : breadth, ()-12 mm. $. Length, 17-22 nnn. ; breadth, 8-9-5 mm. Ceylon : Kelani Valley, near Colombo {W. Braine) ; Kandy {G. E. Bryant, June, E. E. Green, Oct.) ; Dikoya, 3800 ft. to 4200 ft. {G. Lewis, Feb.) ; Maskeliya (March, April ; Badulla {April) ; Wellawaya (July) ; Maha Oya (July) ; JNIousakande (July) ; Madulsima (Sept.) ; Urugalla (Sept.) ; Ratnapura {Dec.) ; Weligama (Dec.) ; Ingiriya (Jan.) ; Giriulla (Feb.). Type in the Rene Oberthiir collection. This is a very abundant species in Ceylon. It has been found in rotten logs at all seasons by Mr. CM. Henry. 95. jfEgus roepstorffi. .■Egus roepstorffi Wat.,* Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (6) v, 1890, p. 3G. Black, the large males very smooth and sinning, with the head and i)ronotum opacjue, the females and small males entirely dull, the latter having an exceedingly fine and incon- spicuous clotliing of minute erect setse. 9. Like that of A. kandiensis, but with the pronotum more coarsely rugose, usually with a small smooth shining area in the middle. o. Like that of .4. kandiensis, but with the elytra less finely striate, the striae containing fine closely contiguous punctures, and the sides )iot very closely punctured. iEGUS. 179 Variation of the male. As in A. kandiensis. h\ la.fge males the mandibles are generally rather more slender and the tooth at the middle of the imier edge is minute. 3*. Lemjth (with mandibles), 14-30 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 12-22 mm. : hreMlth,^\\ mm. $. Length, \'^-20 www. \ breadth, ~)-5-S-5 ram. Andaman Is. Xicobar Is. Type in the Britisli ^luseum. 96. .ffigus parallelus. (Plate XXII, figs. 17-19.) Lnc'uiHS paralMus Hope & Westw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 22. Lucanius capitatus Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud, iv, 1847, p. 275, pi. 20, fig. 5. Lucanus malabaricus Westw., op. cit. p. 276, pi. 20, fig. 7. Dorcas parallelus Westw., op. cit. 1864, p. 56. yEgus parallelus Boil., op. cit. 1913, p. 257 ; Arrow, op. cit. Ixxiii, 1935,p. 114. Black, the male shining above, the female dull, the body rather broad and flat, the legs and lower surface sometimes dark red, the front tibiae bearing rather closely-set, short shar]) teeth and the middle and hind tibiae each bearing two shar]) lateral spines. $. Oval, less flattened than the male, with tiic u])])er sui'faco strongly and closely punctured, except the midtUe of the head. The head is broad, smooth and opaque in tiie middle, roughly punctured on each side, and upon a hollow area in front. The canthus is rather prominent laterally. The mandibles are strongly toothed at the inner edge, the tooth of the right mandible simple, that of the left double. The pronotum is strongly punctured, except in front of the middle, the jiunctures dense and confluent at the sides. The lateral margins are gently rounded, the front angles bluntly produced and the lihid angles obtuse. The elytra each bear six dorsal striae and two lateral ones and are closely and finely punctured, with the alternate intervals raised. The sides are more densely and rugosely punctured. The mentum is rugosely puncturcxl. The lower surface of the body is evenly punctured. ^. Broad, flat and rather shining. The head is very broad, flat and opacjue, with a small tooth on each side behind the mandibles, the sides more or less punctured behind, the front margin gently excised, the sides of the head nearly straight, with a slight angulation behind the eye. The pronotum is short and broad, generally smooth, the entire margin surrounded, except in the middle of the front, with a finely rugose band. The sid^'S are straight, the front angles bluntl}' jiroduced and the liind angles roimded. The scutelliim is finely punctured. The elytra are smooth and sinning, with six deep dorsal striae and two faint lateral ones, the sides very densely punctured n2 180 LUCANID^. and ratlier flat. The shoulders are acute. Tlie mpnfum and submentum are smooth, or feebly })unctured, and opaque. The metasternum is feebly punctured in the middle and closely rugulose at the sides. Variation of the male In small specimens the head and pronotum are closely ])unctured and more or less shining ; the frontal tooth behind the base of the mandible is absent and the latter has only a rudimentary tooth at the base above. The pronotum has a rather well-marked median depression. In larger males the puncturation is restricted to the sides of the head and jironotinn and the mandibles have a short but well- marked tooth at the base of each. At a further stage the head and pronotum are very smooth, the former very dull, and the mandibular tooth is situated farther from the base. In the largest specimens the pronotum us well as the head is o])aque^ the mandibular tooth is ])laced obliquely near the middle and is fairly long ; the two ce])halic teeth are short but sliar]). (^. Length (with mandibles), 23-50 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 20-35 mm. : breadth, 9-17 mm. $. Length, 22-26 mm. ; breadth, 9-5 to 10-5 mm. Assam. Malay Peninsula. Sumatra. Borneo. Java. Type in the Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum. This species ])robably occurs within (nir regi(m, although the Indian records are imreliable. It was originally attributed to Assam and a female s])e('imen described two years later was called nialabaricus in the certainly erroneous belief that it came from Malabar. The species will probably be found" in Tenas- serim, but there is at present no actual warrant for including it as an Indian insect. As it is liable to be confused with Mgus labilis Westw. it seems desirable to include both forms here. 07. ^gus labilis. (Plate XXII, figs. 15, 16, 20.) ^Egus labilis Westw.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 54, pi. xii, fig. 5 ; Gnively, Records Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 42G. Black, the elytra more or less shining, with the outer margins opa{|U(> and sooty, the shape rather broad and depressed. The front til)ia^ serrate at the outer edge, with about five larger teeth ; the middle tibia> bearing two or three s])ines and the hind tibia one or two. The legs sometimes in ])art of a dee)) red colour. $. Ov-al in shape and less depressed than the male, with the upper surface shining. The head is very coarsely and rugosely punctured, with a transverse dei)ression on each side behind the base of the antenna. The mandibles have each a large right-angled tooth at the lower edge and in the closed position a s])ace is enclosed behind the teeth. T^\\q pronotum is coarsely and unevenly punctured, rugosely at the sides, and has an oval ^GUS. 181 strongly punctured dci)ression in the middle. Tlie sides are straight and convergent in front, with acutely produced angles, and strongly rounded behind, without angles. The scttteUum is strongly ])uneture(l. The di/fm are very d?eply striate, the intervals ecjual and tinely ])unctured and the sid'.-s and apices densely rugose. The mentum is very cctarsely rugo.se. ^. Shape, broad and flat. The h(ad is very l)r()ad and flat, without excavation or median ])rojection, tinely coriaceous and opaque, with fine and incons])icuous scattered ])unctures at the sides, the front margin nearly vertical, its front edge strongly subangularly emarginate, with the extremities of the emargin- ation acutely ])roduced, the sid^s <>i the head nearly straight and i)arallel, with a very slight prominence behind the eye on eacli side. ThO mandibles are long and gently curved, with a short sharp basal tooth beneath and a fairly long one al)ove. The pronotum is short, oijatjue, with tlie margin rugo.sely punctured all round, excejjt in the middle of the front margin. There is a very feeble longitudinal im])ression in the middle po.steriorly, contahiing a double series of fine punctures, which become coarser and confluent near the hind margin. The sides are straight and ]mrallel, with the front angl?s obliquely truncate or excised an(l the hmd angles broadly rounded. The scutellum is ])unctured. The fh/tm have each six deep dorsal stria; with smooth flat intervals and two less dee]) lateral striae, and tlie sides are densely ])unctured and a little flattened. Tlie shoulders are acute-angled and tlu^ outer margins goitly rounded. The mentum and sii})ui('ut((i)i are finely gramilar and o])a(|ue, the metaHternum is shining in the middle and slightly hollowed there, rugulose at the sides, and the abdomen is finely and unevenly })unctured. Variation of the, male. In the smallest specimens the lower tooth of the mandible is wanting. In those of medium size the upper tooth is close to the base and directed a little back- ward. In larger s])ecimens it recedes from the base and assumes a more forward direction. In the large t,>^ie sjieci- men this tooth arises just in front of the middle and ])oiiits oblicjuely forward. In the large exam])le the head, ])r<)notum and elytra are relatively broader than in smaller ones and the surface of the pronotum and elytra is duller. The mentum of the large specimen bears a very few punctures. These become more nmnerous in smaller ones. (^. Length (with mandibles), 37-44 mm. ; (without man dibles) 25-31 nun. : breadth, 12-5-1 5-5 mm. 9. Length, 2») mm. ; Imeidth, 1 1 mm. Assam: Manijnu- (If. Doherty). Burma: Ruby Mines {W. Doherty) ; Loi Kyaw, Ta^v^lg Peng, Shan States, "'(iOOO ft. {J. Coggin Brown, Feb., March). ? Bengal : Darjeeling. Type in the Oberthiir collection. 182 LUCANiD^a!;. The type .specimen (labelkcl ])tion of the last sternite, which is close'ly ])unctured. $. Unknown. Variation of the meile. Small sjx'cimens are rather narrow, with the up])er surfae-e shining, except the heael, the pronotum well ])unctured, very closely at the sieles, the front angles bluntly i)roduc((l, the dorsal intervals of the elytra convex and finely but elistinctly jiunctureel. The n\andibles are evenly curveel, broael at the base, where they are a little ])rodueed internally, and bear a second tooth above anel a little in advance of tlic basal one. A lai'ge specimen (the tyi)e) is very broael and Hat, with the he^ul anel pronotiun entire4y o])ae(ue, ])uncture'd only at the sides, the- elor.sal intervals of tlie elytra flat anel, exe'e'])t the sutural one, almost unpunctui'e'd. The upper tooth e)f the mandible is ])lace"(l in the middle of its le^ngth anel is elirected forward. ^. Length (with luaiidibli's), lt)-24mra. ; (without man- dibles) 13-19 mm. : breadth, 5-5-8 mm. Texasserim. Malay Peninsula. Type in the Hoi)e Dei)t., Oxford University ]Museum. M. Boileau suirj;csted Java as the real habitat of tliis species, but the ahhn-vicition so inttT])reted by him is Hope's con- traetion of the word Tenasserim. !)!>. JEgus linealis. (Plate XXIII, fig. 2.) .Egus linealis Did., Col. Luc. du Globe, 1928, p. 54. Black, not very shining, convex, without hair or setae, except upon the legs, which are fairly slender. The eyes rather large. The ])ronotum with an oval impression in tlie middle, d'>ep in front and extending from front to hind margm, and tlie elytra broadly roimded behind, narrowly flattened at the sifles and very dee])ly grf)oved, except at the sides, which are strongly and closely punctured. $. Elongate-ovate and very convex. The hedd is strongly and very closely punctured, the sides nearly straight, obtusely angular in front, diverging and ending abruptly behind the eyes. The mandibles have each a large triangular sluirj) tooth at the inner edge. The pronotum is ever^^where coarsely and very closely punctured. The lateral margins are irregularly serrate, very feebly curved in front, strongly rounded be^'ond the middle, the base straight and hind angles absent. Thi^ scutellum bears a few punctures. Tlu^ dorsal grooves of the elytra are very deej), the intervals rather closely and irregularly and the sides and aj^ices rugosely pimctured. The lateral edges are gently curved and finety serrate. The menlum, the sides of the metnsterrmm and the bases of the ventral sterniteft are coarsely pmictured. (J. Rather parallel-sided and sub-cylindrical. The head is flat, sparsely or moderately ])unctured, with tlu' fnmt margin very gently excised, the sides almost straight and ])arallel , endiuix rather abruptly behind, with a sharj) triangular tooth beliind the eye. The pronotion is finely and scantily, moderately, or very strongly and closely punctured, with the lateral edges irregularly and rather finely crenate, nearly straight and parallel to far beyond the middle, where they meet the base in a very blunt angle. The sciitellum bears a few punctures. Tlie elytra bear six very deep but not very regular dorsal striae, the intervals are finely punctured and the sides, as well as the base and a])ices, are rugosely i)unctiuvd. The shoulders are acutely angular and the lateral margins finely crenate in front. The mention is opac]ue, the sides of the metasternnm are rugose aiid the ahdivnen is scantily ])unctured. Variation of the male. Small males resemble the female. 184 LUCANID^. Tlie head and pronotum are strongly punctured and not opaque ; the sides of the latter are slightly convergent, the front angles rounded ; the el^i^ral intervals are narrow and distinctly punctured. The tooth behind the eye is feeble, the mandible short and triangular, but with the tip acutely produced. In larger specimens the median depression alone of the pronotum is strongly punctured, the sides, as well as the head, are more finely punctured and opaque, and the el}i:ral intervals are scantily punctured. The mandibles are more slender and a little produced at the base internally. Large specimens have the elytral intervals very minutely punctured, the head and jironotum entirely opaque and lightly punctured. The front angles of the thorax are truncate. The mandibles are about twice as long as the head and in addition to the basal tooth there is a second tooth above and a little in front of it. ^. Length (with mandibles), 14-22 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 12-17 mm. : breadth, 5-5-7-5 mm. $. Length, 14-15 nnn. ; breadth, 6 mm. Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong {L. Dure!) ; Mangpu (E. T. Atkinson). Assam : Naga Hills (IF. Doherty). Type in the Paris Museum. Genus CALCODES. Cakodes Westw., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) i, 1S34, pp. 116, 118 ; Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 107. Lucanus .subg. Calcodes Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1 845, p. 5. Chalcodes Gemm. & Har., Cat. Col. iii, 1868. p. 947. Anoplocnemns Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii, 1844, p. 279; Burm., Handb. Entom. v, 1847, p. 357. (Type, burmeisteri Hope.) Lucanus subg. Odontolabis Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 5. (Type, delesserti Guer.) _ Odontolabis Leuthn., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 385. Neolucanus Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1862, p. 415 ; Leuthn., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 420. (Type, baladeva Hope.) Type, Lucanus pcratns Hope. Range. The Indo-Malayan Region. Canthus produced backward and united with the gena, completely dividing the eye into upper and lower halves, the lower half large and prominent. Antennse with S-jointed club. Mentum more or less semicircular, the front margin entire ; ligula sliort, scarcely bilobed, with very long hair- fringe ; labial ])alpi not long, the last joint oval. Maxilla witli long densely hairy outer lobe, the inner lobe without chitinous hook in either sex, maxillary pal])i moderately long. Pro- stermnn much or little ])roduced behind, sometimes sharjily ])ointed and directed downiward, sometimes very blunt. Mid. 10 (9) Lateral angle of pronotum not very j^lmrp . dele^^serti Guer., p. 192. 11 (8) Black sutural area not triangular. Ip. 193. 12 (13) Elytra very shining burmetsteri Hope, 13 (12) Elytra not very shining versicolor Did., p. 188. 14 (7) Black sutural area not extending to the shoulders. 15 (16) Upper surface'very dull mouhoti Parry, p. 195. 16 (ir>) Upper surface not very dull ele(j(nis Moll., p. 189. 17 (6) Lateral angle of the pmiiotuin very blunt. 18 (19) Elytra very short ; sutural band very narrow behind ^r/m/z Leuthn., p. 196. 19 (18) Elytra not very short ; sutural band less narrow behiml marcjinat us Wat., p.l90. 20 (3) Elytra orange or rust-red (sometimes with very inconspicuous black ctlges). [P- 1'^"- 21 ( 22 ) VAyt ra rather narrow, ent irely shining, castatrnptervs Hope, 22 (21) Elytrabroader, dull at the sides ro6»s^;/« Boil., p. 199. 23 (2) L'pper surface entirely dark. 24 (33) Upper surface not very glossy ; lateral angle of pronotum not very acute. 25 (28) Elytranot very short. 26 (27) Lateral angle of the pronotum sharp . . baladeva Hope, p. 204. 27 (26) Lateral angle of the pronotum bhmt . . latiis Boil., p. 203. 28 (25) Elytra very short and broad. 29 (30) Hind angle of the pronotiun very blunt : brei-i.^ Boil., p. 2('3. 30 (29) Hind angle of the pronotum sharp, 31 (32) Head produced laterally ])latynotus Hope, p. 201. 32 (31 ) Head not produced laterally caruHdim L., p. 207. 33 (24) Upper surface very glossy ; lateral angle of the pronotum very acute. LP- -'**^- 34 (35) Black : elytra broad siva Hope & Westw., ^ ' [Westw., p. 206. 35 (34) Dark brown ; elytra narrow dabnani Hope & 36 (1) Surface partly metallic icratus Hope, p. 209. 100. Calcodes sinensis. (Plate XVI. figs. 1-3.) Lucent K.s (jazclla, var. fiinensis Westw., Cab. of Oriental Ent. 1848, p. 54, pi. 26, figs. 2, 3, 4. OdontoUtbis sinensis Leutliner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 450, pi. 91, figs. 1-4. Black, not very sliining, the outer margins of tlie elytra conspicuously Ixirdered witli orange or red. Ratlier dejiressed. Tlie prothorax and elytra rather short, the latter dilated a little behind the shoulders, with flattened margins and narrowed to the extremity, opaciue at the sides, feebly and minutely punctured and scarcely shining internally. The prostcrnum 188 LUCANID^. produced behind the coxae as a shar])-pomted cone, directed vertically downwards in the male and backwards in the female. $. Oval in shape. The head is short and broad, opacjue and unevenly punctured, the canthus strongly and bluntly pro- duced outward on each side. The pronotum is lightly punc- tured, densely granular and very opacjue at the sides, the front angle is broadly rounded, the lateral mai'gin gently curved to the lateral angle, which is acute but not spiniform, and strongly sinuate to the acute hind angle. The abdomen is shining and gather sparingly punctured. (J. The head is finely and densely granular, its sides oblique in front of the eyes and forming an acute but not long process behind them. The pronotu m also is finely and densely granular, entirely opacjue and sooty at the sides. The front angles are a little produced and the lateral angle forms a sharj) spine. The abdomen is dull and not distinctly punctured. The front tibia is slender and armed with tlu-ee or four sharp lateral sphies. Variation of the male. — Inconstant phase. In small males the head is strongly excised in front, the mandibles are very irregularly serrate at the inner edge and the right one is much broader than the left. In specimens of medium size the man- dibles remain dissimilar, but two or three strong teeth only remain before the terminal part. In large specimens the mandibles, although more slender, are asymmetrical, the large teeth being alternate. Constant phase. The mandibles are about twice the length of the head, slender and synnnetrical. They are gently dilated at the base, and the dilated part is produced into a short, sharp, oblique tooth. Beyond the middle there is a strong bifurcated branch and the tip is forked. The front edge of the head is strongly carinate and almost straight. ^. Length (with mandibles), 44-79 mm. ; (witliout man- dibles) 39-54 mm. : breadth, 19-26 mm. $. Length, 32-45 mm. ; breadth, 15-26 mm. Burma : Loimwe, S. Shan States, 5600 ft. {J. P. Dniuimond, 'Oct.). China : Hongkong ; Canton. Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum. 101. Calcodes versicolor. (Plate XX, figs. 4, 5.) Neolucanus versicolor Did.,* Col. Luc. du Globe, 1931, p. 228. Black, with the elytra bright yellow, their outer edges very narrowly and the basal and external edges less narrowly black. Not very convex ; the ui)per surftice not shining, exce])t near the elytral suture, the outer margins of the elytra not distinctly flattened but well rounded. $. The elytra are decorated witli a moderately broad black sutural stripe, a little dilated at the base and slightly narrowed CALCODES. 189 at the extremity. Oval in sliape and not very broad. The head is finely granular and opaque, except in front, where it is coarsely rugose. The pronotum is finely and unevenly punctured ill the middle and densely granular and opaque at tiie sides. The lateral edges are gently rounded, the lateral angle is moder- ately sharp and the hhid angle very acute. The base is almost straight. The elytra are very finely and lightly punctured, except at the sides, whicli are opaque. The prosternal process is horizontal and not distinctly produced. Tlie lateral teeth of the front tibia are rather feeble. (^. The black sutural stripe of the elytra is rather narrow, almost parallel-sided, but extends along the front margin and is slightly narrowed at the extremity. The head is elongate, flat, densely granular and opaque, with the sides angularly dilated well behind the eyes. The pronotum also is densely granular and opaque. The lateral angle is acutely produced, the margins deeply concave beliind and the hind angles very acute. The elytra are dull, except in the anterior dorsal region, wliich is slightly shining and feebly punctured. The prosternal process is produced slightly dowTi- wards. The front tibia is slender and has a single sharp lateral spine in addition to the terminal fork. $. Length (with mandibles), 38 mm. ; (without mandibles) 32 mm. : breadth, 15 mm. $. Length, 29-33 mm. ; breadth, 14-15 mm. S. India : Mundakayam, Travancore {T. V. Lsaac, April) ; Tinnevelly, Madras (.4. Hamid Khan, ]\Iarch) ; N. Kanara (H. E. Andretves). Type in the British Museum. This species has hitherto been known from a female specimen alone. I have seen only a single male of small size, in which the mandibles are shorter than the head. The latter resembles that of small sjiecimens of C. carinatus. Large males will no doubt be found to have slender mandibles. 102. Calcodes elegans. (Plate XVIII, fig. 6.) Odontolabis elegans Moll.,* Insektenborse, xviii, 1901, p. 36.3 : Deutsche Ent. Zeit.s. 1903, p. 347 ; Insektenborse, xxiii, 1906, p. 31 ; Zang, Deutsche Ent. Zeits. 1905, p. 212. Black, with the elytra bright yellow, except a narrow black sutural line, gradually dilated anteriorly in the female but not in the male. The epipleura? of the ehiira also yellow in both sexes, except at the edges. Rather short and broad, with the sides of the elytra conspicuously flattened anteriorly. The upper surface opaque but the elytra moderately shining. $. The black sutural border is very narrow in the posterior part of the el^v^tra, but gradually dilates to the base, forming a 190 LUCANID^. narrow triangle. The head is rugose in front, densely granular behind, with larger scattered granules, except upon the vertex. The pronotum is densely granular at the sides and moderately shining in the middle and there are tine, rather scattered, punctures over the whole surface. The elytra are rather oj^aque at the sides and behuid and shining in the middle anteriorly, where they are distinctly punctured. The pro- sternum is horizontally produced and fairly sharp. ($. The black sutural border is very narrow. The head is finely and densely granular and has an angular process on each side behmd the eye. The pronotum is also finely and densely granular, but rather less densely in the middle. The front angles are rather sharply produced, the lateral angles are sj^inose and the hind angles are acute. The elytra are finely alutaceous, without distinct punctures. The prosternum is produced downward as a sharj^ conical process. The front tibiie bear two or three sharp lateral spines. Variation of the male. In small specimens the head is deeply emarginate in front but without sharp edge or ridge. The mandibles are shorter than the head, very broad at the base and irregularly toothed to near the tip. In large examples the head is very broad and its front edge forms a strongly elevated broad gently curved ridge. The mandible bears a sharp tooth directed obliquely forward at a little distance from the base and a bifid process with a similar direction a little before the end. The tip is strongly bifurcated with one or two mmute teeth in the cleft. ,^. Lenejth (with niandibles), 39-65 mm. ; (witliout man- dibles) 33-47 mm. : bremlth, 15-22 mm. $. Length, '^2 una. ; hreeidth, 16 mm. Burma : Karen Hills, Cheba, 2700-3300 ft. ; Asciui, 3600- 4000 ft. (L. Fea, Dec.) ; Tenasserim, Sukli, ISOO ft. [B. Malaise, Oct.). Type in the Genoa Museum ; co-ty|i3 in the British jMuseum. One large and one small male specimen, kindly lent to me by the Genoa Museum, evidently represent the constant and inconstant phases res])ectively. Zang pronounced this species identical with the Siamese C. mouhoti Parry, but the elytra, in addition to the al)sence of any dilatation of tlio sutural strip3 in the male, are more shhiing in both sexes than in that insect. .103. Calcodes cuvera, (Plate XVII, fig. 5 ; Plate XVIII, figs. 4, 5.) Odontolabis cuvera Hope,* Trans. ]..inn. Soc. xix, 1845, p. 10a, pi. 10, fig. 3. Odontolabis cuvera Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1S85, p. 452, pi. 91, figs. 7-10. CALCODES. li»] Lticanus bicolor Sauiid., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii, 1S37, p. 177, pi. 16, fig. 3. Lticanus prinsepii Hope & Westw., Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. l(j; Westw., Cab. Orient. Ent., 1848, p. 54, pi. 26, fig. o. Odontolabis Kaunderfti Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 184.'), p. 105. Anoplocnemus bicolor Bunn., Handb. Ent. v, 1847, p. 360 (part). Var. alticoht Moll.,* In.sektenb6r.se, xix, 1902, p. 353. Oiloiitolabis gestroi Boil.,* Le Naturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 204. Black, with the elytra pale yellow, except a common black sutural liand of triangular shape, not quite reaching the shoulders at the base and gradiiall}' tapering to a point at tlie end of the suture. The epipleurae of the elytra also yellow in the male. The prosternal ])rocess produced to a ratlier shar]) point. $. The black sutural patch tapers evenly and has an almost straight outer edge. The head is rugosely jjuncturcd in front and at the sides and finely coriaceous behind. The pronoUuii is shining and finely and sparsely pimctured, excej^t at the sides, which are finely granular and oi)a({ue. The front angles are very blunt, the lateral angulation is fairly sharj) and the liind angles are acute. The elytra are rather opaque, exce])t upon the median black area, which is shining, with a fairly close puncturation. The prosternum is usually produced a little dOA^Ti wards. o. Tlie black sutural patch has a concave outer edge and is narrower beliind than in the female. The head is closely granular but not entirely opaque, the pronotuiu is densely granular and opaque at the sides, finely coriaceous and moder- ately shining in the middle and the elytra are rather shhiing. The head bears a sharp process behind each eye, the front angles of the pronotum a.re produced but not very acute, the lateral angulation is produced into a sharp spine and the hmd angle is also s])iniform. The prosternal process is produced obliquely doMiiward. The front tibia is slender and armed witli tliree or four siiarp lateral spines. Variation of the. male. — Inconstant phase. Small examples have the mandibles sltorter than the head, Iiroad, evenly rounded externally and unevenly toothed from the l)ase to the tip. The front of the head is sloping, witliout a sliarp ridge. In larger .specimens the front of the head forms a curvilhiear ridge and the mandible, in addition to several small irregular apical teeth, has two strong teeth which alternate with those of the opposite niandible. Constant phuse. Tite front of the head foruis a strongly elevated straight carina. The long mandible bears a small sharp oblique tooth a little beyond the base and a strong truncate process beyond the middle and the extremity is broadly forked, with two or three minute teeth in tlie fork. 192 LUCANID.E. (^. Length (with mandibles), 43-71 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 40-55 mm. : breadth, 19-25 mm. o. Length, 36-42 mm. ; breadth, 18-19 mm. Darjeeling Distr. : Kurseong ; Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley [H. Stevens). Assam : Cherrapunji, Khasi Hills {Col. Buckley); Manipur {W. Doherty). Burma: Bhamo {T. Selkirk) ; Nam Tami Valley' (R. J. H. Kaulbach, Sept.) ; Kachin Cauri (L. Fea). Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum. In the var. alticola the black sutural stripe in the male is wider than in the typical form, resembling that of the female, but the latter also shows some increase of the black pigment. Type in the Oberthiir collection. 104. Calcodes delesserti. (Plate XVII, figs. 1, 4.) Lucanus bicolor var. delesserti Guer., Delessert's Souvenir d'un Voyage dans ITnde, ii, 1839, p. 40, pi. 12, fig. 3. Odontolabis delesserti Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 454, pi. 92, figs. 1-4. Black, with the elytra pale yellow, except a common black sutural stripe, narrow upon the posterior half, dilating grad- ually upon the anterior half and forming a triangle, the base of which extends from shoulder to shoulder. $. The common sutural black patch forms a triangle occupying the entire basal margin and tapering evenly to the apex, its sides concave. The upper surface is shining, with the exception of the head, which is very coarsely and in front very densely punctured, and the sides of the pronotum, which are very finely granular, the remainder of its surface bemg finely and sparsely punctured. The front angles of the pronotum are very blunt, the lateral angulation is rather sharp and the hind angles are also sharp. The elytra are rather closely punctured but more shining than those of the male. The prosternuni is usually blunt behind. (^. The common black sutural i)atch forms a triangle upon the anterior half of the elytra and is continued as a narrow sutural border to the apex. The head and pronotum are densely granular and opaque, but rather less so at the middle of the latter, and the elytra are not very shining. The head bears a ftiirly strong process behind each eye. The front angles of the pronotum are produced but not very sharp, the lateral angulation forms a shar]) spine and tlie hind angles are acutely produced. The prosternal process is produced obliquely downward. The front tibia is slender and has only one or two minute s]Mnes at the outer edge. Variation of the male. — Inconstant phase. Small specimens have the mandibles not longer than the head, straight, except their curved tips, and unevenly toothed from the base almost CALCODES. 103 to the tip. The head is vertically einarginatc in fVonl, with a rather sliarp hut not raised u])per ed partly yellow. The elytra short and rather l)roadly dilated at the outer margins. $. The black sutural triangle is moderately broad at thc^ base of the elytra, tapers evenly behind for two-tliirds of their length and is continued to their extremities as a very narrow marginal stripe. The body is broadly oval. The head is strongly punctured in front, densely granular beliind and the cantlnis is stnmgl}^ produced outwards. The pronotuni is oi)aque, with minute scattered punctures in the middle, and densely granular at the sides. The lateral angle is sharp, but not acutely i)ro- duced. The elytra are rather shinmg, the outer margins broad and flattened. The pro.itenium is a little produced backwards. ^. The black sutural margin is very narrow but a little dilated hi the anterior third of the elytra, where its otitHjic is rather irregular. The l)ody is rather broad and flat, witii the elytra conspic- uously dilated a little behind the shoulders. The head and pronotuni are densely granular and oj}ac|ue. The sides of the head are oblique 4 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 40-51 mm. : breadth, l!»-24 mm. $. Length, 4:1 mm. ; breadth, 2i mm. Burma: Kawkareik, Dawna Hills (.4 rr/f/;oZ<£, Dee.). South- E.-vstSiam. Cambodia. Type in M. Rene Obertlnir's collection, o2 196 LTJCANID^. ]07. Calcodes parryi. (Plate XX, figs. 6, 7.) Neolucanus parryi Leiitlmor,* Trans. Zool. Soc. J^oiul. ISH"), p. 424, pi. 85, fig. 4. N. lentJmeri Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 175. Black, not shining, with the elytra bright yellow, except for a narrow black outer margin and a common triangular i)atch extending from shoulder to shouldei' and narrowing gradually and evenly to the extremity. Oval in shape, not very convex, with very short elytra. The liead and pronotum dull, as well as the elytra, except that the latter are feebly shining ujjon the black sutural area. The front angles of the pronotum pointed, the sides gently curved to the blunt lateral angles and concave to tlie fairly sharp basal angles. The shoulders of the elytra blunt and the outer margins rounded and narrowly reflexed. The prostenial proc(^ss bluntly pointed. $. The head is short and broad, rugosely punctured in fi-ont. Tlie mandibles are short, sharp and very broad. The vienliini is (closely pitted and naked. (^. A little longer and narrower than the female. The head is longer, scarcety dilated in front and slightly swollen on each side behind the eye. The mandibles are short and simjjkN narrow and rather straight, with the inner edge sharply serrate. The tnentiim is densely clothed with yellow hair. The legs ditier little from those of the female, but the middle tibia has a tufted lol)e at tlie extremity of its inner edge and the tarsi are more slender. cJ. Length (with mandibles), 23-3(> mm. ; (witliout man- dibles) 21-32 mm. : breadth, 10-16 nun. ?. Length, 29-35 mm. ; breadth, 14-17 mm. Burma : Cheba, Karen Hills, 2700 to 3300 ft. (L. Fea, Dec, Jan.). Si AM. Tonkin. Type in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection ; co-type hi tlu> British Museum. This species is a little smaller than C. marginafu.s Wat., the elytra are rather shorter and the black sutural area is more narrowed behind, its outer edge forming a rather strong and regular curve. lOS. Calcodes marginatus. (Plate XX, fig. 12.) Neolucanus viarginotus Wat.,* Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1873, p. 53 ; Lenthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 42(5, pi. 85, fig. 1 (not fig. 3) ; Boil., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 247. Neoliicamis dohertyi Houlb.,* Insecta, iv, 1914, p. 281. Black, not very sliining, with the elytra l)right yellow, except a narrt)w black outei- margin and a connnon triangular sutural patch extending from shoulder to shoulder at the base and jiarrowing gradually, but not quite evenly, to the (extremity. Oalcodes. 1JJ7 Elongate-oval and not very convex, 'llio head and pro- nntuiu opaque, the elytra dull at the sides and slightly shining ui)on the black sutural triangle. 'J'he front angles of the thorax l)ointed, the sides gently cnn-ved to the blunt lateral angles and then concave to the rather sharj) basal angles. The o\iter margins of the elytra distinctly flattened and well roundetl and the shoulders blunt. The |)r()sternuni very blunt behind the front coxai. $. The head is short and broad, c(uu>ely and rugoscly ])unctui-ed in front. Tlie nuuidible is strongly romided extern- ally and bluntly toothed on the inner edge. The mentuitt, is rugoscly punctuicd and bare. The terminal fork of the front tibia is long and the tarsi are shorter than the tibiae. (J. The body is a little narrower than that of tlie female. The head is a little longer, not broad in front and slightly swollen behind the eyes. The mandible is a little longer and narrower, less curved externally and finely and sharply toothed at the inner edge. The nienttoii is densely clothed with yellow hair. The legs are little longer than those of the female, but the front tibia is a little narrower and the middle tibia bears a tufted lobe at its extremity hiternally. All the tarsi are a little longer than the tibia\ i^. Length (with manilibles), '.i'y-.il mm. ; (without man- dibles) 29-33 mm. : breadth, 14-5-lt)-5 mm. $. Length, 'i4i-4\ mm. ; breadth, ll-lQ-o mm. AssABi : Naga Hills (If. Doherty) ; Manij)ur (IT. Dohcrtii). Burma: Ruby Mines {W . Doherty); 8ima [li. J. Lionurd, Aug.) ; Kambaiti, 7000 ft. {R. Malaise, June). 7'//;>r hi the British Museum ; that of dohertyi in M. Ober- thiir's colle(;tirt'ii(^tum bearing only minute and indistinct l)unctures, its front angles bhnitly produced, the lateral margins gently rounded to beyond the middle, where there is an extremely blinit angulation, and feebly concave to the hind angle, which is distinct but obtuse. The elytra scarcely visibly punctured, the shoulders blunt and the sides with distinct flattened and reflexed margins. The legs rather short and stout, and the mandibles very short in both sexes. $. Rather more broadly oval than the male. The Juad is coarsely rugose, except behind the eyes, the canthus rounded and a little prominent laterally. The mandibles are a little shorter, broader and more rounded externally than those of the male. The j^^'onotum is opaque, its front angles are blunt, the sides well rounded to the lateral angle, which is very obtuse. The mentuni is coarsely-pitted and bare. The front tibia is short and broad. (J. Elongate-oval. The head is smooth and opaque, its sides nearly parallel in front of the eyes and rounded behind them. The anterior part is hollowed beliind the mandibles. The numdibles are narrower, but scarcely longer than those of the female, less rounded externally and serrate at the inner edge. The lateral angle of the pronotum is a little sharper than in the female and the elytra are a little longer. The mentum is densely clothed with erect yellow hair. The tarsi are nearly as long as the tibiae and have conspicuous pads of yellow hair beneath. ^. Length (with mandibles), 28-80 nun. ; (without man- dibles) 26-27 mm. : breadth, 11-12-5 mm. $. Length,'2'^-'liS www. ; ^/carf///, 10-5-1 1-5 mm. Nepal (Maj.-Gen. Hardivicke). Sikkim : Gantok 4000 to 5000 ft. [li. W. 0. Hingston, July). Bengal : Kurseong [R. P. Lebas). Assam : Cherrapungi, IShillong {H. M. Parish, Aug.); Manipvu- {W. Doherty). Burma: Ruby Mines {W . Doherty). Type in the British Museum ; those of Jlavipennis Boil, and nu'las Did. in Dr. Didier's collection ; that of parvus Nagel destroyed, co-types in the Oberthiir collection. In this species the two sexes differ little and there is no important variation in the males. In certain Buiiuese specimens the antennse have a 4-jointed club, the 7th joint being spongy and of similar form to the last three. M. Boileau, who possesses one such specimen, kmdlj' submitted to nu- by Dr. J^idier, regarded and bare. The ahdouitn is shining and strongly ])unct\nid at the sides and ajjcx. The legs are short and the front tibia very broad. 200 LUCANID^. (^. The body i« longer anau.s. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1885, j). 4;50, pi. 8(j, fig.s. 1-7. Calcodes sim Arrow, Traus. H. l']nt. Soc. Load., 8(5. 1937, p. 241, pi. 1, fig. 2. Black and shining, with the head and the sides of the j)ronotum opaijiie, the elytra very glossy, with very narrow opacjue and flattened margins. The body not very broad, and the prolhoi-ax with very strongly and shai-])ly ])roduced lateral angles. The ])rosternuni lather feebly ])()inte(l behind. $. The head is I'ligosely ])unctui'c(l and opaque, with bluntly triangulai- lateral lobes. The pronotum is very smooth antl shining, with very minute s])arse punctures, the sides densely granular and o])aque. The scufelhim is finely ])unctured. The mention is coarsely rugose. (^. The head is finely and densely granular and ojtaque, with the front ])art a little hollowed and its u])per margin gently excised, i\\v side lounded iji front of the eye angs shmmg, the soles of the tarsi and the inner face of the middle and hind tibiae of the male densely clothed with short, bright yellow hairs. Rather short and broad, with the legs fairly long. The head, sides of the pronotum and elytra entirely opaque, the middle of the pronotum, the scutellum and the sutural margins of the elytra a little less so. The front angles of the pronotum blunt, the sides very gently curved to the lateral angles, which are strong but not acute and almost level with the base, then rather strongly concave to the hind angles, which are acute. The sides of the elytra rather strongly rounded and a little flattened. The prosternum strongly compressed behind, a little produced and pointed. $. The head is short, rugose in front, with the margin not excised, the canthus angularly-produced and the side without process behind the eye. There are fine punctures upon the middle part of the pronotum and the inner posterior part of the elytra. The abdomen is rather strongly punctured beneath. The lateral teeth of the front tibia are minute and the tip is rather feebly forked. ^. The front of the head is excised, the canthus rounded or very slightly prominent laterally and there is a strong pointed process behind the eye on each side. The lateral angle of the pronottim, is rather sharper than in the female. The lower surface is almost unpunctured. The prosternal process has an oblique direction. The front tibia is shortly but sharply forked at the end. All the tibial spurs are very short and that of tlie front tibia and the lower ones of the middle and hind tibiae are hooked. The tarsi are long. Variation of the male. The j^ostocular processes of the head are sharp in small specimens and become broader and blunter with increasing size. The mandibles in small examples are very short, with their inner edges in close contact and irregu- larly toothed. In medium-sized examples they are rounded externally and a gap occurs between the two or three basal teeth and those succeeding, which remain in contact. With increase of size the gap becomes longer and the terminal teeth become fewer. In the largest specimens the mandibles are slender and capable of (contact only at the base and extremity, the latter usually composed of four minute teeth. J. Length (with mandibles) 26-42 mm. ; (without man- dibles 24-1} 1 nun. : breadth, 12-15 mm. $. Length, 24 nun. ; breadth. 12 mm. Burma : Cheba, Kaivn Tlills, 270()-3:}0() ft. {L. Fea, Dec). Tonkin. China : Shaiigluu : Hongkong. Type in the Hoi)e Department, Oxford University Museum, that oi emarginalus Saund. in the British Museum. CALCODES. 203 11:J. Calcodes latus. (Plate XXI. tig. 3.) Neoiucanus IuIuh Boil.,* Le Nuturalistc, xxiv, HH)2, \). i'04. .V. brevis Boil., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fmuce, 1899, p. 197. N. upricatis Moll.,* Int. Ent. Zeitsehr. v, 1912, p. :i(l2. Entirely blaek, the upi)ei' surface opaque except sonietinies the middle of the pronotum, the scute llum and i)art of the elytra. Rather short, parallel- sided, not very convex. The pronotum siiort and broad, with the side gently rounded to far beyond tlie middle, where it is very obtusely angulate, and from there gently concave to the obtuse hind angle. The elytra very broad at the base, the lateral margins distinctly flattened and very gently curved. The prosternal process very short but sharjily pointed. $. The upper surface is entirely opaque . The head is rugosely punctured in front and at the sides and the eanthus is roundetl. The mandibles are strongly rounded externalh^ and very bluntly toothed internally. The mentuni is bare, very coarsely and closely pitted. The tarsi are leather shorter than the tibiae. (^. The head is larger than that of the female and finely coriaceous, a little depressed in the middle and emarginate in front, the eanthus bluntly angular and not very prominent, the sides a little swollen behind the eyes. The mandibles are short, with the outer edge feebly curved and the inner edge serrate. The mentum is densely clothed with short yellow hairs. The middle and hind tarsi are as long as the tibiae, the front and middle tibiae have each a hooked spur and the middle tibia has a prominent tufted lobe at the end of its inner edge. (^. Length (with mandibles), 29-38 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 26-34 mm. : breadth, 13-5-17 mm. $. Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, 30 mm. Assam : Kohima, Xaga Hills. Burma : Cheba, Karen Hills, 1800-3500 ft. (L. Fea, Xov.) ; Thandaung, 5000 ft. {O. C. Ollenbach, July) ; Rangoon. TyjJe in the Genoa Museum, co-type in Dr. Didier's collection, type ofapricans Moll, in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. 1 1 4. Calcodes brevis. (Plate XXI, fig. 9.) 2\'toliauiiti.s brevi/i Boil.,* Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 197 ; Le Naturaliste,xxiv, 1902, p. 204. A', birmancnsis Moll., Notes Leyd. Mus. xxii, 1900, p. 40 ; Zang, Deuts. Ent. Zeitsehr. 1905, p. 212. Entirely black, opaque above, except at the middle of the pronotum, the scutelhmi, and adjoinmg part of the el^*tra. Rather short-bodied, witli the head large, anil the pronotum not very closely a])plied to the elytra, which an- nanoA\ at tlie base. The head broad and opaque, the eanthus rounded but very prominent laterally, and the sides of the head a little 204 lucanIdJJ. swollen behind the eyes. The mandibles very short and broad. The in'onotimi with strongly raised lateral and basal margins, the sides gently rounded to bej^ond the middle, very bluntly angular there, and then feebly eoncave to the very obtuse hind angles. The elytra relatively small, a little narrowed at the shoulders, which are rounded, and the sides distinctly flattened and rather strongly rounded. The pro- sternum feebly jiroduced and acute. $. The head is flat and rugosely punctured, with the canthus laterally promijient and narrow. The mandibles are very short, broader than they are long, coarsely punctured and not reflexed at the tip. The nwntum is coarsely punctured and bears only a few hairs. The legs are a little shorter than those of the male, and the tarsi are distinctly shorter than the tibiae. cJ. Very similar to the female, but the head is smooth, opaque and a little larger and less transverse, with the canthus broader and more rounded. The mandibles are very short but more strongly serrate at the inner edge, and reflexed at the tip. The menturn is entirely covered with short erect reddish hairs. The front tibia is a little longer than that of the female, its terminal spur is hooked, and the middle tibia has also a liooked terminal spur, as well as a small tuft of yellow hairs at the end of its inner edge. Variation of the male. I have seen only two males, in both of which the mandibles are shorter than the head. In the smaller specimen (in the British Museum) the inner edges of tlie mandibles are in contact throughout. In the larger exain2)le (from the Genoa Museum) they are separated except at the tips. ^. Length (with mandibles), 30 mm. ; (without mandibles) 26 mm. : breadth, 13 mm. $. Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. Burma : Cauri, Kachin Hills (L. Fea) ; Thandaung, 5000 ft. (0. C. 0//ew/>ac/i,July). Tyjie in the Genoa Museum, co-type in the British Museum. 1 1."). Calcodes baladeva. (Plate XXI, figs. 1-3.) Odontolubi.s bdludeva H()j)e,* Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 1843, p. 105. Liiauiiin angnlatii-s Hope AWestw.,* Cat. Lnc. Col. 184"). p. 17. Neolucunn.s .saundersi Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18(54, |). -ts Hovilh., Insocta, ii. 1912, p. 193, figs. 1-11. Ncoliianui.-ihdliiderd Did.. Col. Luc. du (ilohc. 1929, p. 83. Calcodes biilddrra Arrow, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. 80, 1937, p. 243. Neoliianiii.s ollenbuchi Did.,* Col. Luc. dn Globe. Very dark br()\\ii, with the head and sometimes the whole upper surface black. The surface above and beneath smooth CALCODES, 205 and devoid of luiir or sota>, the hoad and tlio sides of the pro- notum entirely o|)a(|ue and the elytra moderately shinintr, exce])t at the niar»iins. Th(i j)rosternuin rounded hehiiid and not ])roduced, hut occasionally there is a small conical process. The elj-tra not very broad, but have well-marked, flattened lateral margins. The legs not very slender. $. Oval and convex, not very broad. The head is closely punctured in front and very sparsely l)ehind, with the canthus rather prominent laterally, but not angular. The inaiidiljles are broad, but have acutely produced tips and about four blunt teeth. Tlie pronotum is hnely and tlensely giamdar, sometimes lather shining in the middle and liglitly punctured tliere, the sides always completely opaque. The front angles ai-e very blunt, the lateral margins gently rounded to well beyond the middle, where they are strongly but bluntly angulate, and then concave to the hind angles, which are well marked ))ut not shai-j). The elytra are very smooth, with the sides and a[)ices opaque, the outer edges gently rounded. The mentum is closely rugose and bare and has on each side a strongly elevated ol)lique curved ridge. The metasternum and abdomen any lather closely punctured at the sides. (J. Elongate and rather i)arallel-sided. The head is densely granular and opaque, without punctures, emarginate in front, the canthus rather sharply angular laterally but not very prominent, the sides of the head very gently rounded behind the eyes. The mandibles are very short and never reach a length much greater than that of the head. The pro- notum is finely and closely granular, entirely opaque at the sides, very convex in the middle, scarcely shining there. The front angle is rather blunt, the lateral margin gently rounded to much beyond the middle, where it is strongly angulate but not spiniform, and concave to the hind angle, which is rather sharp. The elytra are rather narrow, with the sides nearly straight ; the surface is very smooth. The mentum is closely clothed with short erect reddish-yellow hair. The metasternum and abdomen are scarcely ])unctured. The legs are very little more slender than those of the female, but the s])ur of tlie front tibia and the outer s])urs of the middle and hind ti})i;x> are very short and hooked. Variation of the mule. The mandibles of small specimens are about as long as the head, narrow and rather straight, curved only towards the tij) and entirely serrate at the imier edge. In larger s])ecimens the mandibles are rather compressed laterally and carinate on the upj)er surface, the carina ending abruptly before the tip. In well-developed examples the end of the carina is elevated into a sharp erect tooth. A slight conical elevation occurs at the base of the mandible close to the front margin of the head and in the rare large phase, called 206 LFCANinjR. smindersi, which is found together with the ordinary phase, this is enlarged and bect)nies an ca-ect process witli a truncate sunnnit, the mandible is very strongly compressed, curved instead of straiglit, with its iraier edge smooth in the basal part antl serratt^ t)nly towards the entl. In this phase the front angles of the head are generally rather more acute than in the ordinary form, \\\v front margin more nearly straight, the; lateral angle of the ])i'()notum generally blunter, and the prosternum more or less produced behind. These features, however, cannot be relied upon as constant. S]iecimens have been found together with the common fm-m both in India and Burma. 1^. Length (with mandibles), 43-60 mm. ; (witliont mandibles) 37-55 mm. : breadth, il-'liS mm. $. Length, 37-53 mm. ; breadth, 17-20 mm. Darjeei.ino Distr. : Mang])u (E. T. Atkinson) ; Pedong {L. Diirel). Assam : Jaintia Hills (C. ^loinhce) ; Naga Hills (O. C. Ollenbach) \ Ma,ni]mr {W. Doherty). Burma: Cheba, Karen Hills, 270()-33f)O ft. (L. Fe.a). Types of baladeva and angulatus i]i tlie Hojie Department, Oxford University Museum ; tliose of waterhousei and ollen- bachi in the British Museu]ii ; that of parryi in M. Rene Oberthiir's collection. This s])ecies is very conunon in the Darjeeling District during Jidy and August. It is not, as was long supposed, the Lucanns lama of Olivier, the original figure of which is a very bad one. Examination of the tyjie specimen of that insect in the Paris Museum has showii it to be, as Dr. Didier supposed, a female of the Philippine Calcodes alces F. The name Neolucanus maximus was given by Pouillaude to the large male phase (saundersi) and small males were called angulatus by Hope. The types of waterhousei Boil, and ollenbachi Did. are small males of reddish colour, perhaps a little innnature. 1 !(). Calcodes dalmani. (Plate XIX, figs. 3, 6.) Luciniii.s dahiicnini Hope & Wostw.,* Cat. Luc. Col. 1845, p. 17. Odontolnhis dalmani Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 439, pi. 87, figs. 4-7. Very deep chocolate-brown, with the mandibles, head, thorax and legs black or almost black, the male clothed, fjiirly (4osely upon tlie elytra, with very minute rusty-yellow setae, tlie female almost bare. Moderately elongate, convex, with the prothorax bilobed on each side and the elytra rather shining. The ])roster]ium produceing unuiterrupted to beyond the middle, where there is a truncate or double- (rusped oblique branch. The apex is forked and there are one or two minute denticulations in the fork. The head is rather CALCODES. 209 broad and a little dilated in front, with its front edge straight and sharjjly ridged. Specimens of this phase may be slightly larger or a little smaller than the largest examples of the inconstant phase and both jihases occur together. The strong 2-cusped branch of the mandible in the constant phase has no apparent correspondence with the median tooth found in large specimens of the variable jjhase, which is pointed, has a downward direction and is placed before instead of after the middle. ^. Lemjth (with mandibles), 30-67 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 27— 47 mm. : hriadth, 12-21 mm. $. Length, 2^-^ A:\x\n\ ; breadth, \\-\Q www. Ceylon : Maskeliya (£". E. Green, March) ; Ohiya, W. Haputale (May) ; Mousakande (June) ; Bulutota (May) ; Haldumulla ; Labugama (Aug.). T\i)e in the Uppsala University Museum. There seems to be no reason to doubt that C. carinatus is confined to Ceylon, although owing to careless labelling of specimens it has long been believed to inhabit the mainland of India, and even to range as far as Calcutta. De\Tolle considered that three species could be distinguished amongst the forms here united and Boileau, whilst rejecting intermedins Deyr., believed that the very smooth and shining specimens called by Deyrolle Odontolahis nigritus, formed a distinct species. Comparison of a very large series, many of them kindly lent by ^Ir. C. Henry, of the Colombo Museum, appears to me to show conclusively that no breaks whatever occur except that between the two male phases. 118. Calcodes aeratus. (Plate XX, figs. 8-11.) Calcodes xratus Westw. (undescribed), Ann. Sci. Xat. (2) 1, 1834, p. 118 ; Arrow, Tran.s. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 86, 1937, p 241, pi. 3, fig. 3. Lnicanus aeratus Hope,* Trans. Zool. Soc. 1, 188.5, p. 99, pi. 14, fig. 2. Odontolabis ieratus Leuthner, Tran.s. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188.5, p. 473, pi. 97, figs. 4-6. Coppery, with variable greenish or purplish reflections, the up])er and lower surfaces dull in the male, more shining in the female. The body rather short and broad, not very convex, the legs fairly long. 5. Darker in colour than the male and shining except at the sides and extremities. The lx)dy is oval, more convex than that of the male, with much shorter legs. The head is closely punctured, rugo.se in front, bluntly produced laterally, with fairly large eyes. The pronotum is rather strongly punctured, closely at the sides but not in the middle. The front angles are not ve-ry sharp, the sides are gently rounded to the lateral 210 LUCANID^. angles, which are very blunt, and a little concave to the basal' angles, which are weU marked. The elytra are finely and rather closely punctured and dull, except upon a triangular basal area the apex of which nearly reaches the middle of the suture, where they are shining and less punctured. The mention is very coarsely punctured and not hair}'. The prosternum is strongly elevated between the coxse, short and romided behind. The metasternum and abdomen are shining, strongly punctured at the sides and finely in the middle. The front tibia is broad, bluntly l^ifurcatecl at the end and scarcely perceptibly toothed at the side. (J. The head is finely and densely granular, except at the sides, where it is coarsely rugose, the sides are rounded in front and feebly rounded behind the eyes. The pronotum is very finely and densely granular, with the front angles rather sharp, the sides diverging, at first strongly, then less strongly, to the lateral angles, which are very jirominent, and then strongly concave to the basal angles, which are very sharp. The scntellvm is rather shining. The elytra are very finely and fairly closely punctured, the punctures distinct upon the inner part, finer and less distinct upon the outer part. The outer margins are rounded and rather broadty flattened. The lower surface is finely coriaceous, opaque at the sides and shining in the middle. The menturn is densely clothed with fairly long yellow hairs. The j)^'osi^^'num is produced behind into a doAniward pointing process. The tihix are fairly stout, the front ones rather long and genth' curved, the short termiiial fork succeeded by two extremely minute lateral spines. The middle and hind tibiae bear close fringes of yellow seta? at the imier edge and the long tarsi are clothed beneath with rather long jtUow hair Variation of the male. — Variable phase. The head is long and the mandibles are short, in close contact, gently curved externally, acutely pointed at the tijD and bearmg a few short stout teeth at the inner edge. The front margin of the liead is strongly excised and the clypeal process small and narrow. In the smallest specimens the mandibles are about half the length of the head, and in full-sized males about three-quarters of its length, otherwise there is little difference. Constant phase. The head is short and broad, and the mandibles are long, slender, far apart at the base, strongly and evenly rounded, enclosing a nearly circular space when in contact at the tips, Avhich consist of two nearly equal short branches. The imier edge of the mandible is unarmed basally for less than half of its length and the remaining part is fijiely, closely and evenly toothed, the first tooth a little larger than the rest and placed upon a rather higher level. The ch^jeal process is rather broad and rectangular. HETEROCHTHES. 211 (^. Length (with mandibles), 14-30 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 13-23 mm : breadth, ^^Alxwrn. $. Length, 15-18 mm. ; breadth, 7-8 mm. TeNASSERIM. M.\LAY PENrSSULA. Type in the Hope Dei)artment, Oxford University Museum. This rather peculiar and isolated species, which has been found in considerable num})ers in the Malay Peuhisula. is especially remarkable for the com})lete contrast between the two male i)hases, the very \musual form of tlie mandibles in the constant phase and their feeble development in the incon- stant phase. The largest examples I have seen belong to the latter, which is more abundant than the former. Genus HETEROCHTHES. Heterochthes Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) ii, 1864, p. 17 ; Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188.5, p. 479. Type, Heterochthes brachypterus Westw. Range. Cambodia, Andaman Is. Body short and broad, with the legs not long, the tarsi very short and thin. Eyes completely divided by the canthus and the upper and lower halves very small ; the head a little swollen behind tlie eyes in both sexes. Pronotum short, with the sides vey bluntly angulate and hijtid angles absent. El\-tra very short, with rounded sides and blunt shoulders. ^liddle and hind tibiae short, without lateral spines. Prosternum grooved between the coxae, slightly compressed behind bnt not very prominent. Clypeal process extremely short. (J. Head very broad, not emarginate in front, feebly prom- inent in front of and behind the eyes. Elytra extremely short. Front tibiae slightly elongate. Antennae rather short . O. Head bluntly prominent in front of the eye. IMandibles narrowed beyond the base, l)road and opposable at the end , leaving an intermediate gap. Heterochthes differs markedly from Calcodes by its peculiar shape, very small eyes, the complete absence of hind angles to the pronotum, the short thin tarsi, abbreviated elytra of the male and peculiarly shaped mandibles of the female. 119. Heterochthes andamanensis. (Plate XXI, figs. 10-12.) Heterochthes andamanensis Westw.,* Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 359, pi. 3, fig. 2 : Leuthner, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 480,pl. 84, figs. 9-12. Black, with the elj-tra very dark brown, the tibiae and tarsi bearing inconspicuous pale hairs. 5. Tlie head is rather finely punctured and opaque, except beliind and at tlie sides, wliere it is very coarsely punctured and shming. It is strongly and almost angularly dilated on each side in front. The mandibles are fairly long, very coarsely p2 212 LUCANID^. and closely punctured, narrowed beyond the base, leaving a wide gap between them, dilated, serrate and capable of close contact in the terminal lialf and acute at the tip. The pro- notum is more shining than that of the male, strongly ])unctured at the sides and base, and finely in the dorsal part. The elytra are relatively a little longer than those of the male. The front tibia is rather broad, with very strong lateral teeth. 1^. The head is very short and broad, finely coriaceous and opaque, with very large punctures at the sides behind the eyes. The front margin is almost straight in the middle, the sides project outwards a little beyond the eye and are feebly angulate behind the eye. The jironotmn is also finely coriaceous and opaque, with the sides coarsely pitted and rugose. The front angles are blunt, the sides nearly straight to far beyond the middle, where they are very bluntly angulate, and almost straight to the base. The elytra are conjointly almost as wide as they are long, very smooth and glossy, with the sides and a})ices closely punctured, and the lateral marguis well rounded. The legs are scarcely longer than those of the female, except the front tibia, which is slightly elongate with sharp lateral teeth. Variation of the male. In small males the mandibles are about as long as the head, rather triangular in shape, almost straight externallj^ the terminal half slightly bent upward and closely set internally with fine co-adapted teeth, the basal half bearing on a higher level two larger and ver}' blunt teeth, not meeting those of the opposite side, the closed mandibles .showing a wide basal gap. In larger specimens the gap is larger, a single strong tooth remains beyond the base and the terminal teeth are reduced in number. At a further stage the mandibles are gently curved externally and meet only at the tips, the single tooth is reduced and farther from the base. The, mandibles become longer and the single tooth, still dimmishing, removes nearer to the apex than the base, and finally the mandibles are slender, twice as long as the head, quite devoid of teeth but a little hooked at the tip. The head increases in breadth according to the size of the specimen and is very broad in large examples. (^. Length (with mandibles), 29-40 mm. ; (without man- dibles) 25-31 mm. : breadth, 13-16 mm. $. Length, 31 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm. Andaman Islands (Capt. Wimherley, Rcepstorff). Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum. Subfamily Figulin^e. Figulitx Thorns., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) ii, 1862, p. 391. Usually small, ])arallel- sided and rather narrow-bodied insects, alike in both sexes. Antenna? composed of 9 or 10 NIGIDIUS. 213 joints, the club composed of 3 very short, scarcely movable joints, usually very hard and chitinous. Legs not very long, the tarsi without ])ulvillus. Scutelhun small, narrow and acute-angled, somc'times wanting. Cantluis strongly developed, completely dividing the eyes into u})per and lower halves. Mandibles not very long, sometimes short and sim|)le. Maxilla with the inner lobe terminating in both sexes in a strong chitinous hook. Ligula forming two slender divergent lobes ; labial palpi with a long basal joint. This group is especially noteworthy for the fact that the two sexes are alike. Although in the genus Nigidnis the mandibles bear antler-like processes above, these are not, as is usual, ])ecidiar to tlie male. The short rigid joints of the antennal club peculiarly hard and smooth. Key to the Genera of FiGmjiN.a:. 1 (6) Botly not extremely flat ; mid- dle and hind tibiae bearing lateral spine.s. 2 (3) Sc'UtclIum distinct, triangular; mandible with appendage above NiGiDius Macl.. p. 213. 3 (2) Scutellum invisible or reduced to anarrowvestige : mandi- ble without appendage. 4 (5) Front femur not very short and broad Figulus Macl., p. 2U». 5 (4) JVont femur \'ery short and broad Cakdanus Westw., p. 226. 6 ( 1 ) Body extremely flat ; middle and hind tibia^ without lat- eral spines Platyfigulus Arrow, p. 227. Genus NIGIDIUS. Nigidius Macl, Horse Ent. i, 1819, p. 108. Type, Nigidius cornutus Macl. (Malay Pedinsula). Range. Africa, Madagascar and the Oriental Eeg.'on. Body ratlier clylindrical and parallel-sided, almost naked. Legs not very long, the front tibia with a short terminal fork and short, more or less equidistant, lateral teeth, the middle and hind tibise each with several lateral spines. Tarsi without distinct pulvillus. Antennae short, composed of 10 joints, a moderately long scape, a freely articulated 2nd joint, a very closely articulated 5-jointed funide and a club of 3 very short joints, completely chitinised, smooth and shining externally, the sensory area confined to the terminal portion of each. Head broad, the edges completely divided into u])per and lower halves by the very prominent canthus. Mandibles short, each usually bearing an erect process arising near the base and 214 LUCAI^ID^. curving inwards at the end. Imier lobe of the maxilla with a strong chitinous hook at the end in both sexes ; the outer lobe broad, rounded, bearing a long close marginal fringe of stiff hairs ; maxillary palpus fairly long, the terminal joint about as long as the preceding two together. Mentum transverse, bilobed ; ligula divided into two strongly diverging slender lobes, with long fringes at the anterior edge ; labial paljDUS with 1st and 3rd joints long, the 1st very slender, the 2nd short. Pronotum more or less rectangular and parallel- sided, Avithout lateral angulation, finely margined at the sides and base. Scutellum distinct, narrow, acute at the apex. Elj-tra parallel- sided, convex, striate or broadly sulcate with narrow intervals Prosternum little elevated behind the front coxse. The two sexes are alike in this genus. With very few exceptions all the species are recognizable by the remarkable appendage arising near the base of each mandible. Key to the Species of Nigidius (male and female). 1 (10) Pronotum with a broad, strongly punctured front margin. 2 (9) Body rather long and narrow. 3 (6) Sides of the head straight or concave. 4 (5) Lateral angles of the head sharp distinctus Farry, p. 214. 5 (4) Lateralanglesof the head blunt birmanicus Boil., p. 2\ 5. 6 (3) Sides of the head rounded. 7 (8) Base of the mandibles with a posterior lobe himalayx Grvl., p. 216. 8 (7) Base of the mandibles without posterior lobe elongaius Boil., p. 217. 1) (2) Body very short and broad ... dauiix Grxl., p. 217. 10 (1) Pronotum with a narrow, shining front margin impressicoUis Boil., p. 218. 120. Nigidius distinctus. (Plate XXII, fig. 11.) Nigidius distinctus Parry,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 341, pi. 5, fig. 7. Nigidivs andamanus Kriesche, Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxvi, A, pt. 8, 1921 (1920), p. 105. Black and shining above and beneath, the body convex, cylindrical and moderately elongate. The head is broad, uneven, coarsely, closely and unequal^ punctured, with a wide smooth area between the eyes, the region behind the eyes rather finely and evenly punctured. The lateral margin of the head is concave and produced in front and behind into a rather blunt angle. The mandi])ular process is simple, rather narrow, strongly curved and not lobed at the base. The prowtum is tr.odt^rately broad and has a rather well-defijied, broad, NIGIDIUS. 215 coarsely punctured front margin, divided in the middle by a sharp longitudinal ridge. The lateral margins are straight and paralk'l to well beyond the middle, and then converge almost rectilinearly to the hind angles, which are very blunt ; the base is gently trisinuate ; the front angles are broadly rounded. There is a strong longitudinal median groove reaching tlie median carma in front and containing numerous strong punctures. The sides are strongly, closely and very bnmdly punctured, and the narrow space between the median groove and the strongly punctured sides is finely but distinctly punctured. The elytra bear strongly elevated narrow costae and each interval contains a regular row of larg^' round shallow pits and a series of fine and less regular punctures on each side. The apices are densely and coarsely pitted and opaque. The mentum is coarsely rugose and the submenium coarsely pitted. The prosternum is closely rugose, the metasternum very coarsely and closely pitted at the sides and spar.sely punctured in the middle. The abdomen is rather strongly punctured, more closely in the middle than at the sides. Length (with mandibles), 12-15 mm. ; breadth, 5-(> mm. Assam : Tura, Garo Hills, 1200-150(1 ft. {Dr. Stanley Kemp, June, July) ; Duars {Dr. C. F. C. Beeson). Andaman Islands {Roepstorff). Malay Peninsula. Tonkin. Tijpe in the British Museum. Dr. Beeson found this species in dead ]\Ialatta Wood {Maca- ranga pustnlata). 121, Nigidius birmanicus. (Plate XXII, fig. 10.) Nigidius bir)namcus Boil.,* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 191 1 , p. 446. Black and shming, the body moderately elongate, convex and clyindrical. The head is strongly, closely and unevenly punctured in front, with a small, smooth depression on each side, and has a finely and closely punctured band beliind the eyes, with a broad, smooth area in the middle. The canthus is broad and rectangular in front, with the lateral margins nearly parallel, the front angle blunt, the hind angle stroi^gly produced at a right angle with the head, the apex ratiicr blunt. The mandible bears a simple strongly curved appendage above. The pronotum has a rather broad, closely punctured anterior marginal band, divided in the middle by a sharp longitudinal ridge. There is a deep, irregularly punctured median groove, extending froni the front marginal band almost to the base, and the sides between the groove and the lateral margins are punctured, strongl}^ and closely except near the groove, where the punctures are very fine. The front angles are produced and broadly rounded, the sides straight and parallel to beyond 216 LLTCANID^. the middle and gently concave from there to the base. The elytra bear strongly elevated narrow shining costae and each interval contains a row of very large, round, shallow pits, on each side of which is a row of fine punctures. The apices are closely and rugosely punctured. The mentiim is transversely rugulose, the submentum coarsely rugose, the metasternum finely punctured in the middle, coarsely rugose at the sides, and the abdomen rather finely punctured. Length, 17 mm. ; breadth, 6 mm. Burma : Rangoon. Type in the British Museum. 122. Nigidius himalayae. (Plate XXII, fig. 9.) Nigidiiis hitiiukii/ii Gravelj^* Rec. Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 429, pi. 29, fig. 6. Black and shining above and beneath, the body elongate, convex and cylindrical. The head is broad, uneven, coarsely and closely but unecjually punctured, with a smooth transverse posterior strip behind the eyes. The canthus is produced obliquely backward as a pointed beak-like process with its outer margin rounded. The mandibles bear blunt erect processes above, curving towards each other at the apex and bluntly lobed near the base. The 'pronotum is broad, with a broad well-defined coarsely punctured front marginal band, divided in the middle by a sharp longitudinal ridge. The lateral margin is gently dilated and broadly hollowed in the anterior half ; the front angles are rounded ; the base narrowed and gently rounded. There is a narrow and rather shallow median groove, not reaching the front or hind margin and very finely and scantily punctured. The sides are very broadly, strongly and fairly closely punctured, and the space between the punc- tured sides and the median depression is sparsely and minutely punctured. The elytra bear strongly elevated narrow costse and each interval contains a row of very large closely contiguous shallow rounded pits, with finer and less regular punctures on each side. The apices are flat, densely pitted and opaque. The mentum and submentum are coarsely rugose. The prosternum is rugose in front, the metasternnm is very closely and coarsely pitted at the sides and very finely and sparsely punctured in the middle, and the abdomen is strongly punctured. Length (with mandibles), 15-10 mm. ; breadth, 5-5-7 nmi. East Himalayas : Pashok, Darjeeling District, 1000 ft. [L. C. Hartless). Bengal : Samsingh, Kalimpong, 1800 ft. (Balurmt Singh, Nov.). Burma : Upper Chindwin (C. E. Bobbins, Nov.). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. NIGIDUS. 217 123. Nigidius elongatus. (Plate XXII fig. 8.) Xigicliiis clonijattis Boil., Le Xaturaliste, xxiv, 1902, p. 205. Black and shining above and beneath, with the b(jdy rather narrowly elongate, convex and cylindrical. The hedd is very brc^ad, with the whole middle part senii-circularly hollowed and coarsely, unequally j)unctured, with an almost smooth anterior median ])atch and a slight rounded elevation on each side behind the front margin. The canthus is strongly and evenly rounded, broadest behind, where it is truncated at a right angle. The mandibular })roeesses are rather slender, strongly curved inwards, not lobed at the base, but bearing a very small lobe at the inner edge just before the tip. The j)ronotH7)i is extremely smooth but has a well-defined, coarsely but sparsely pinictured, dull, broad front marginal band, divided in the middle by a longitudinal ridge. The lateral margins are strongly and abruptly dilated, straight and parallel in the anterior half, first strongly rounded and then feebly concave in the posterior half ; the hind angles are extremely blunt and the base is feebly rounded. There is only a faint vestige of a median depression containing a few mmute punctures. The sides are broadly punctured, very strongly and closely except in the inner part, when the puncturation becomes fine and scanty. At the outer margins it is rugose. The elytra bear three very strong closely punctured dorsal grooves with convex shinmg intervals. These are succeeded laterally by broad grooves, containing very large shallow contiguous pits, and separated by very narrow ridges. The outer margins and a})ices are densely pmictured and opaque. The mentum and submentum are very coarsely and densely pitted or honeycombed. The metasternum is rugosely punc- tured at the sides, but has only a few very fine punctures in the middle. The abdomen is shining, with large punctures near the front and hind margins of each sternite, except in the middle, where they are fairly closely pmictured. Length, 18 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Bi'RMA : Ruby INIines ( W. Doherty) ; Cheba, Karen Hills^ 2700-3300 ft. (L.>m, Dec.) ; Rangoon {F. J. Meggitt). Type in the Genoa IMuseum. 124. Nigidius dawnae. (Plate XXII, fig. 7.) Xigidiiis dawnie Gravely,* Rec. Ind. Mus. xi, 1915, p. 427, pi. 29, fig. 7. Black, ver}'' shining above, opaque beneath, convex, cylindrical, very short and broad. The tarsi are very short. The hmd is broad and uneven, coarsel}' and iniequally punctured, with a very small smooth anterior space on each 218 LUCANID^. side. The canthus is abruptly produced outward in the anterior part of the head, forming a strong horizontal lobe, rounded in front and bluntly angular behind. The mandibles bear strong erect processes, curving towards each other at the apex and strongly lobed behind at the base. The pronotum is short and lias a closely punctured front marginal band in its median part and a strongly pvmctured narrow median gi'oove. The sides are very broadly, strongly and closely punctured, and the space between the punctured area and the median groove is very minutely and sparsely punctured. The sides and base are strongly margined, the anterior part of the lateral margin for rather less than half the length rather abruptly dilated and thickened, the posterior part nearly straight, the front angles very obtuse, the hind angles broadly rounded and the base gently curved. The elytra are very short and bear strongly elevated narrow shining costse, with the intervals closely punctured, each containing a chain of rather large contiguous pits and a series of smaller and less regular punctures on each side. The apices are coarsely and closely pitted and opaque. The lower siu'face of the body is densely punctured or rugose, except parts of the head, the mentum very coarsely rugosely punctured, the metasternum coarsely rugose at the sides and strongly punctured in the middle, the abdomen rugosely punctured, except the last sternite, wliich is more finely punctured. Lfngth (with mandibles), 15 mm. ; Imadih, 6 mm. Burma : ]\Iisty Hollow, west side of Dawna Hills, 2200 ft. {F. H. Gravely, Nov.). Tyj)e in the Indian Museum ; co-type in the British Museum. Dr. Gravely found adults and larvae in one piece of hard dry wood on the higher slopes of the Dawna Hills. 125. Nigidius impressicoUis. Nigidius im2yressicoUis Boil., LeNaturalisto, xxvii, 1905, p. GO. Black and shining above and beneath, the body ejdindrical and convex, not very elongate. The head is very broad, depressed in the middle, strongly and evenly punctured, very smooth and shining in front. The cantlius is strongly and evenly rounded, broadest behind, where it forms a rounded lobe. The mandibular process is very strongly curved inwards and broadly lobed at the base behind. The j)ronotiim is broad and smTounded by a marginal groove, deejjcst on each side of the trisinuate front margui. There is a median tubercle a little behind the front margin and a deep short oval depression, containing scattered punctures, behind it, not reaching the tubercle or the base. There is also a small deep roundish FIGULUS. 219 depression on each side of the median one in the anterior half, usually another less sharply defined, strongly punctured depression between the last and the lateral niargui, and a punctured area, more or less depressed, lying behind the two last-mentioned areas. There are a few other scattered punctures in the lateral part and strong punctures in the marginal groove. This is dilated at the front angles, which are well defined, and the lateral margin is very strongly rounded about the middle and feebly concave to the hind angles, which are very ill-defined. The base is feebly roundel. The elytra bear strong narrow shining costae and each interval contains a row of large, closely contiguous, round sliallow pits and numerous fine and less regular punctures on each side. The apices are densely punctured. The mentum and suhmentum are coarsely and closely punctured. The metasternum is smooth in the middle and very coarsely punctured at the sides and the abdomen very strongly, more coarsely and less closely at the sides. Length, 14-17-5 mm. ; breadth, 5-0-6-5 mm. Assam : Maflong, Khasi Hills, 5900 ft. {Dr. Stanley Kemp, Sept.). Type in the Paris ]\Iuseum. Dr. Kemp' found the larvie and adults of this species together in thoroughly damp and rotten wood. Genus FIGULUS. Figulus Macl., Horje Ent. i, 1819, p. 109 ; Lacord. Gen. Col. iii, 1856, p. 35. Type, Figulus confusus Westw. Range. Africa, Madagascar, the Oriental Region, Polynesia and Australia. Body elongate, parallel-sided and generally a little depressed. Legs not long, the front femur not very broad, the front tibia with several nearly ecjuidistant lateral teeth and short terminal fork, the middle and hind tibiae each with two or more lateral spines, the tarsi without pulvillus. Antennae very short, composed of 9 or 10 joints, a moderately long scape, a freely articulated 2nd joint, a nearly rigid funicle of 4 or 5 very short and clo.sely articulated joints, and a club of 3 very short, strongly chitinised lamella^, smooth and shining externally, the sensory surface being confined to the terminal portion of each. The head broad, the eyes completely divided into upper and lower halves by the fusion of the canthus with the posterior region of the head. Mandibles simple, not large, bluntly toothed at the inner edge. Inner lobe of the maxilla ending in a strong chitinous hook in both sexes, the outer lobe broad, rounded, bearing a long close marginal fringe of stiff hairs, the 220 LUfANII)^. maxillary palpus fairly long, the terminal joint about as long as the preceding two together. Mentum transverse, emarginate in front ; ligula divided into two strongly diverging slender branches, with long fringes at the anteri(jr edge ; the labial palpi with the basal joint very long and slender, the 2nd short, the .'}rd long. Pnmotum more or less rectangular and parallel- si and not pointed behind. The two sexes do not differ externally, the only exception known to me being Fujidus caviceps, the male of which has a very remarkal)le backward extension of the mentum. A small but imj)ortant distinctive feature of the genus is the reduction of the scutellum, which is either absent or represented only by a very narrow vestige. Various other distinctive features render the genus quite unmistakal)le, viz., the elongate shape, the strongly deveio})ed canthus com[)letely dividing the eye and the very peculiarly formed club of the very short and compact antenna. The three-terminal joints have not the usual dull downy inner and outer faces, but are hard and shining, with the sensory surface confined to the hollowed terminal ])art alone of the very short joints. Key to the Species of FiynUtN (male and female). Body shining above, with the elytra .striate. Elytral interviils broad and flat dorsally. Outer margins of the proriotum not, or only \n-y n\inut(4y. |)iitict iircd lleail closely punctured .... caiiibodiensiti Deyr., p. 221. Head not closely punctured. Abdomen well jninctured ; mentum rugose internij:)tiis Wat., p. 221. -Ahdonien smooth ; mentimi smooth at the base horni Zang, j). 222. Outer margins of the prono- tum strongly pimctured. Pronotmn with an anterior nunlian tubercle ; head without tubercle andininniii.s Kriesclie, p. 223. Head with a median tubercle ; pronotum without tu})orcl(^ airiccps Boil., p. 223. Dorsal intervals of the elytra con\ex aratus .Arrow, p. 224. Body not shining above ; ely- tra with narrow costae. Not entirt>ly opaque above. . . linearifi Did., p. 225. Entirely (jpaque above cicatn'cosufi Boil., p. 22.'>. 1 (12) 2 (11) 3 (8) 4 5 6 (5) (4) (7) 7 (<}) 8 (■•{) 9 (10) 10 ('>') 11 (2) 12 (1) 13 14 (14) (13) FIGULUS. 221 120. Figulus cambodiensis. Figulits cauxbodiensisDsyT., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1874, p. 414 Black, smooth and .shining, rather narrowly elongate. The antennae consist of nine joints. The head is broad, hollowed above, with fairly numerous large annular punctures but without distinct tubercles, the canthus very prominent, very obtusely angular in front, almost straight at tlie sides and rather obtusely angular behind, tlie ocular ridges sharply elevated. The pronotum is little wider than it is long, all the angles are rounded, there is a sharp tubercle beliind the middle of the front margin, and a deep narrow longitudinal median groove extending from tlie tubercle almost to the hind margin and containing large punctures, and a deep triangular de])ression at the front margin a short distance from each front angle. The sides are strongly and rather closely punctured, but the punctures of the outer portion are minute. The elytra are deeply striate dorsally, the intervals are smooth and rather flat, the stria? closely and incons])icuously punctured ; the sides bear rows of strong ])unctiu-es and the ajjices are finely punctured and shining. The mentuni is smooth, shining and convex at tlie base, hollowed and rugose in its anterior part. The metasternum and abdomen are very smooth in the middle and the sides, as well as the last stemite, are very strongly punctured. Length, 9-10 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm. Burma. Cambodia. Type in M. Oberthiir's collection. I have seen only two specimens, without precise locality. 127 Figulus interruptus. Figulus interruptus Wat.,* Ent. Month. Mag. xi, 1874, p. 7. Black, very smooth and shining, narrow and a little dejires.sed. The antennae are comjiosed of 10 joints. The head is sliining and bears strong and rather scattered })unctures, leaving a small smooth area in front on each side. There is a rather stong tubercle on each side close to the front margin of the eye and a less widely separated posterior j)air in line A\ith the hiiider margin of the eye. The canthus is only moderately prominent, gently rounded laterall}^, scarcely angulate in front and very obtusely behind. The pronotutn is a little broader than it is long, with the sides straight in front ajid broadly rounded behind, the hind angles entirely obliterated. There is a well-marked median tubercle just behind the front margin and a narrowly oval median de])ression, rather finely punctured, not quite reaching the tubercle or the base. There is a broad lateral band of moderately fine and close punctures on each side 222 LUCANIDiE. and the space between this and the outer edge bears only very minute and scanty punctures. The elytra are finely striate, with smooth flat dorsal intervals. The striae are closely punctured and are replaced at the sides and upon the posterior part by fine discoimected punctures. The shoulders are acute. The mentum is broad and very coarsely rugose. The meta- sternum is smooth in the middle and strongly punctured at the sides ; and the abdomen is rather sparingly punctured. Length, 10-5 mm. ; breadth, 3-5 mm. India. Type in the British Museum. Onlj' the unique type specimen is kno\\ii. It has been in the British Museum for over a century and its origin is uncertain. 128. Figulus horni. Figulus horni Zang, Deuts. Ent. Zeits. 190.5, p. 161. Black, very smooth and shining, long and narrow. The antennae consist of nine joints. The head is strongly but not closely punctured, hollowed ui the middle, where there are a few large araiular punctures, and with a small smooth area on each side towards the front. The canthus is very prominent, not distinctly angular in front and almost right-angled Ijchind. The pro7iotum is almost as long as it is wide, its sides are almost straight and parallel, the front angles very blunt and the hind angles gently rounded. A deep, rather narrow, coarseh' and closely i^unctured median groove extends almost to the front and hind margins, a small prominent tubercle separating it from the front margin. There is a broad band of large and rather close punctures on each side, but the outer margins are smooth and shining, as well as the intervals between the punctured areas and the median groove. The scutellum is invisible. The elytra are very deeply striate, tlie dorsal strije narrow, very finely punctured and separating wide flat smooth intervals, the outer striae contahiing larger ])unctures and the intervals more convex. The sides of the el\i;ra bear rows of disconnected punctvu'cs and the apices are opac^ue and coarsely pitted. The lateral margins are feebly serrate at the base and the shoulders are acute. The mentum is transversely elevated, smooth at the base and closely rugose in front. The meta- sternum is very smooth, witli large horseshoe- shaped impres- sions on each side ; the basal sternite of the abdomen bears similar imjiressions and the remaining sternites are smooth, each with a basal series of short elevations. Length, 8-9 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm. Ceylon : Habarane (E. E. Green, Oct.) ; Colombo, coast level {G. Lewis, April). Type in the Entomological Institute, Dahlem, Berlin. FiouLus. 223 129. Figulus andamanus. (Plate XXII, fig. 2.) Figulus andatnanus Kriesche, Arch. f. Nat.,lxxxv'i A, pt. 8, 1920 (1921), p. 106. Black and shining, moderately elongate. The antennae consist of nine joints. The head is strongh* punctured, hollowed in the middle, where the punctures are large but not close, the depression extending to the eye-ridge on each side. The canthus is rounded, not distinctly angular in front and obtusely behind. The j^^'onotum is parallel-sided, a little wider than long and has a narrow, strongly punctured median groove, extending almost from the front to the liind margin, but with a minute tubercle se])arating it from the front margm. There is a strong, vaguely triangular depression at the front margui on each side. The sides are strongly and rather closely punctured, but there is a narrow, less strongly punctured outer margin, and a very smooth shining space between the strongly punctured area and the median groove. The front angles form rounded lobes, the sides are nearly straight and parallel, and the hind angles are broadly rounded. There is a narrow vestige of a scutellum. The elytra are very strongly and deeply striate, the dorsal strise containing indistmct coalescing i)unctures, and the intervals broad, flat and very shining. The sides bear three or four rows of strong punctures, and the apices are strongly and closely punctured. The outer margins are finely serrate at the base and the shoulders are acute. The mentum is verj* smooth at the base, and hollowed and rugose on each side of the anterior part. Length, 10-12 mm. ; breadth, 3-4 mm. S. Andaman Is. : Chatham (C F. C. Beeson). In rotten wood. Type in Herr Kriesche's collection. 130. Figulus caviceps. (Plate XXII, fig. 3.) Figulus caviceps Boil.,* Le Xaturaliste xxiv, 1902, p. 205. Black, shining, strongly punctured above, not very slender. The antennae are composed of 10 jomts. The head is not very broad, its lateral marguis are evenly rounded, not diverging behind, the hmd angles very blunt. The posterior part is elevated in the middle, forming a double hump, ui front of which there is a depression, shallowly and not very coarsely or closely punctured, witli a rounded median tubercle behind tlie front margui, and an oblique elevation on each side in front of the eye. Between the e^-es and the posterior hump it is strongly pmictured. T\\^ pronotum is broadly, coarsely and closely punctured on each side, the punctures extending to the entire outer edge. A strongly punctured longitudinal median depression, smooth in the middle, extends almost- :224 LUCANID.^. from the front to the hind margin. There is no anterior tubercle. The surface bordering tlie median depression on each side is very finely punctured. The front angles are strongly rounded, the sides almost straight and parallel, and the hind angles broadly rounded, with a few fine serrations. There is a very narrow vestige of a scutdlum. The elytra are strongly striate-j)unctate, but the juxta-sutural stria is uninterrupted. The punctures of the dorsal stria^ are longi- tudinal, and those at tlie sides large and round. The dorsal intervals are flat and smootli. The apices of the elytra are very coarsely and closely punctured, and o])aque. The nientum is hollowed and coarsely rugose. The metasternum is smooth in the middle and bears crescent-shaped impressions at the sides. The (ihclomen bears very large annular ])unctures at the sides and the last sternite is very strongly j)unctured. Q. The snbmentum is i)rodueed backwards, formmg a lammar appendage tapering to a jjoint and curving do\\nwards at the end. Length, 9-5 mm. ; breadth, 3-5 mm. Darjeeling Distr. : Pedong {L. Dnrd). Centr. Prov. : k5upkhar, Balaghar (J?. M. Bhatia, June). Burma : Teinzo {L. Fea, May). Tonkin. Type in the Genoa Museum. The single tyjje specimen from Teinzo is a female. The hook-like extension of the submentum of the male is a remark, able feature which, so far as I know, has no counterpart in the Lueanidse. 131. Figulus aratus. (Plate XXII, fig. 1.) Figulus aratuH Arrow,* Trans. Ent. Soc. J-,oncl. Ixxxiii, 1935, p. 119; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1 1) vol. ii, 1938, pi. 4, fig. 4. Black and shining, but strongly ])uncture(l above antl beneath. The head is coarsely and almost rugosely j)unctured and bears three tubercles placed transversely behind the front margin. The lateral margins are evenl}^ rounded. The pronotum is long and strongly ])unctured on each side, but with the lateral margins smooth and only very minutely j^unctured. There is a narrow median groove extending almost from front to hind margin and containing numerous large punctures. The front angl(\s are blunt and a little j)roduced, and the sides are nearly straight to beyon