Biology

990.5 FIN.S.
no. 109 (2006)

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signa’
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FIELDIA

Loology

NEW SERIES, NO. 109

A Collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from the
Cardamom Mountains, Southwestern Cambodia

Bryan L. Stuart David A. Emmett

Field Museum Conservation International Indo-Burma Program
Department of Zoology #29, Street 294

Division of Amphibians and Reptiles Phnom Penh, Cambodia

1400 South Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496
U.S.A.

University of Illinois at Chicago
Department of Biological Sciences
845 West Taylor Street

Chicago, Illinois 60607-7060
U.S.A.

Accepted June 23, 2006
Published October 3, 2006
Publication 1541

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Table of Contents

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List of Illustrations

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List of Tables

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2. Species in the collection that are characteristic of anthropogenically modified environments .......

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A Collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from the
Cardamom Mountains, Southwestern Cambodia

Bryan L. Stuart and David A. Emmett

Abstract

We describe a collection of 78 species of amphibians and reptiles from the Cardamom
Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. One frog (Calluella guttulata), six lizards (Draco
taeniopterus, Dasia olivacea, Lygosoma bowringii, Scincella melanosticta, Sphenomorphus
stellatum, and Ptychozoon lionotum), and four snakes (Boiga dendrophila, B. multomaculata,
Rhabdophis nigrocinctus, and Xenochrophis trianguligerus) are reported from Cambodia for
the first time. Anthopogenically modified environments contain mostly species having broad
geographic ranges in Southeast Asia. However, the frog and lizard faunas of intact
environments in the Cardamom Mountains are largely distinct from those in the mountainous

areas of eastern Cambodia.

Introduction

Most of Cambodia consists of low, flat, highly
seasonal terrain in the Tonle Sap Basin and
Mekong River floodplain. However, three areas
in the country have sufficient topography to
harbor swift, rocky streams, and these areas
would be expected to contain an assemblage of
amphibians and reptiles distinct from that of the
lowlands. First, the hills and mountains in
Mondolkiri, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng Pro-
vinces in the extreme east form the lower slopes
of the Langbian (= Da Lat) and Kontum
Plateaus of the Annamite (= Truong Son)
Mountains. Second, the Dangrek Mountains on
the northern border of Cambodia and some
satellite hills in north-central Cambodia form the
southern escarpment of the Khorat Basin of
northeastern Thailand. Third, the Cardamom (=
Kravanh) Mountains form a coastal and insular
mountain range on the Gulf of Thailand in
southwestern Cambodia and a small part of
adjacent Thailand (Fig. 1). Historically, some
authors have referred to the southeastern,
mainland block of the Cardamom Mountains
as the Elephant (= Dom Rei or Kamchay)
Mountains. However, this southeastern block is
no more isolated geographically than are other

outlying blocks that are referred to the Carda-
moms, and so here the Elephant Mountains are
treated as synonymous with the Cardamom
Mountains.

The Cardamom Mountains contain the high-
est, wettest, and largest tract of intact evergreen
forest in Cambodia and are most notable for
their geographic isolation from other large
mountain ranges. The summit of Phnom (=
Mount) Aural in the Cardamom Mountains is
the highest point in Cambodia at 1771 m
elevation. The Cardamom Mountains receive
very high annual rainfall relative to surround-
ing areas, as the southern, coastal slopes are
directly hit by the summer southwesterly
monsoon (May-—October) that picks up mois-
ture for precipitation from the Gulf of Thai-
land (Maxwell, 2001). These coastal slopes
receive 3000-5000 mm of annual rainfall, the
highest in Cambodia, while the northern,
inland slopes are slightly drier because of a rain
shadow effect and receive 2000-3000 mm of
annual rainfall (Gaussen et al., 1967). The
extensive remaining forest cover in the Carda-
mom Mountains has attracted considerable
attention for landscape-level biodiversity con-
servation efforts (e.g., Daltry & Momberg,
2000).

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 109, OCTOBER 3, 2006, PP. 1—27 |

15°N
Aye

"3 Thailand

12°N

Vietnam

105°E
Fic. 1. Map illustrating the general collecting localities in this study. | = Areng Valley; 2 = Chum Noab; 3 =
Knorgl Louk: 4 = Thmar Baing: 5 = Veal Sre Prang; 6 = Sre Ambel; 7 = Kampot; 8 = Phnom Sruoch.

One of the earliest amphibian and reptile
collections from these uplands in southeastern
Thailand and southwestern Cambodia was ob-
tained by Henri Mouhot (1826-1861), French

explorer and naturalist. Under sponsorship of

the Royal Geographical and Zoological Societies
of London, Mouhot explored Thailand, Cambo-
dia, and Laos from 1858 until his death in Laos
in November 1861. Beginning in December 1858,
Mouhot traveled by boat from Bangkok along
the coast of southeastern Thailand and south-

western Cambodia to the Cambodian port of

Kampot (Mouhot, 1864). During this coastal
voyage, Mouhot explored Chantabun, including
Khao Sebab Mountain, in southeastern Thai-
land and numerous offshore islands, including
Koh Chang (Thailand) and Koh Kong (Cambo-
dia). In his diary published posthumously,
Mouhot (1864) reported an encounter with
a large “boa” (genus Python) on Khao Sebab,
that “iguanas” (probably Varanus) were abun-

dant on Ko-Man Island, and that crocodiles
(probably Crocodylus porosus) were abundant in
coastal rivers and frequently attacked people,
including two lethal attacks on people during
just his brief visit to “‘Paknam-Ven.” Mouhot’s
amphibian and reptile specimens were sent to the
British Museum, where they were described by
John Edward Gray and Albert Gunther (Gray,
1859, 186la, 1861b, 1862; Gunther, 1861, 1864).
Examples of new species of reptiles discovered by
Mouhot during his coastal voyage from Bang-
kok to Kampot include Tropidophorus microlepis
Ginther, 1861, with type locality of Khao Sebab
(Smith, 1935), and Draco taeniopterus Gunther,
1861, with type locality of Chantabun (=
Chantaburi; Smith, 1935).

The earliest worker to devote attention specif-
ically to the amphibians and reptiles of the
uplands of southeastern Thailand and south-
western Cambodia was Malcolm A. Smith,
a British physician and naturalist who lived in

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Bangkok for the first quarter of the twentieth
century (Tenison, 1959). Smith first published
(with C. Bodens Kloss) a treatise on the
herpetofauna of the coast and islands of south-
eastern Thailand (Smith & Kloss, 1915). Later,
Smith described a number of new species from
collections he made in southeastern Thailand
and southwestern Cambodia, including Limno-
nectes kohchangae (Smith, 1922), with type
locality of Koh Chang; Draco indochinensis
Smith, 1928, with type locality of Bockor (=
Bokor); and Cyrtodactylus intermedius (Smith,
1917), with type locality of Khao Sebab.

During the height of French colonial power in
Cambodia, René Bourret published a series of
monographs (which also summarized his earlier
publications) on the amphibians (1942), turtles
(1941), and snakes (1936) of former French
Indochina (= Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). In
1972, Hubert Saint Girons published a mono-
graph on the snakes of Cambodia (Saint Girons,
1972). Both Bourret and Saint Girons reported
on specimens from Bokor and Kirirom in the
Cardamom Mountains, and Saint Girons also
reported on specimens from coastal Tuk Sap, at
the base of the Cardamom Mountains. Edward
H. Taylor’s monographs on the amphibians
(1962), lizards (1963), and snakes (1965) of
Thailand each dealt with material collected from
the Thai side of the Cardamom Mountains
(hereafter referred to as the Thai Cardamom
Mountains). Additional work in the Thai Car-
damom Mountains has resulted in species
descriptions of a frog, Paa fasciculispina (Inger,
1970), and a gecko, Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis
Bauer & Das, 1998.

After Saint Girons, years of civil conflict and
security concerns hampered field investigations
in Cambodia by foreign and national workers. A
recent, improved political situation has made
new fieldwork possible in the Cambodian side of
the Cardamom Mountains (hereafter referred to
as the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains), in-
cluding their low-elevation river valleys. Ohler et
al. (2002) reviewed the amphibian fauna known
from the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains and
described three new frog species, Megophrys
auralensis, Philautus cardamonus, and Rana
faber. Likewise, Daltry and Wiister (2002) de-
scribed a new snake species, Lycodon cardamo-
mensis, from the Cambodian Cardamom Moun-
tains. Stuart and Platt (2004) reported new
records of turtles from the region, including nine
species from a Cardamom Mountain river valley

in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia. Additional
work in the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains
has focused on the distribution and conservation
status of two critically endangered large reptiles,
Crocodylus siamensis and Batagur baska (Daltry
& Chheang, 2000; Platt et al., 2003a, 2003b;
Holloway & Heng, 2004). No review of the
reptile fauna of the Cambodian Cardamom
Mountains has yet been presented.

Here we report on new amphibian and reptile
collections made in 2000 and 2003-2004 in the
Cambodian Cardamom Mountains (Fig. 1).

Study Areas

Bokor National Park is situated in Kampot
District, Kampot Province, Cambodia, at the
southeastern end of the Cardamom Mountains.
The park is approximately 140,000 ha in size and
ranges from approximately 100 m elevation to
a maximum of 1087 m elevation on the Bokor
Plateau. The plateau is covered in a mosaic of
grassland with heath forest and sandstone out-
crops, and the slopes of the plateau are covered
in evergreen forest. The ruins of a French
colonial resort town on the southern escarpment
of the plateau overlook the Gulf of Thailand.
The senior author, An Dara, and Hout Piseth
collected specimens of amphibians and reptiles at
Bokor National Park from 5 to 15 May 2000.

Kirirom National Park is situated in Phnom
Sruoch District, Kampong Speu Province, Cam-
bodia, at the northeastern end of the Cardamom
Mountains. The park is approximately 35,000 ha
in size and ranges from approximately 150 m
elevation to a maximum of 903 m elevation on
the Kirirom Plateau. The plateau is covered in
a mosaic of grassland with pine forest, and the
slopes of the plateau are covered in evergreen
forest (sometimes mixed with deciduous or
bamboo forest). The senior author and An Dara
collected specimens of amphibians and reptiles at
Kirirom National Park from 3 to 7 June 2000.

The Central Cardamoms Protected Forest is
situated within the Koh Kong and Pursat
Provinces, Cambodia, and forms the central
section of the Cardamom Mountains. The
protected forest is 402,000 ha in size and ranges
from approximately 100 m elevation to a maxi-
mum of 1551 m on the Kravanh plateau. The
plateau is covered with montane evergreen forest
interspersed with grassland and pine forest. The
slopes of the plateau are covered with evergreen

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 3

TABLE 1.
numbers refer to Figure 1.

Complete locality information for the general locality names provided in Species Accounts. Locality

Locality no. Locality Protected area Province District
1 Areng Valley Central Cardamoms Protected Forest Koh Kong Thmar Baing
2 Chum Noab Central Cardamoms Protected Forest Koh Kong Thmar Baing
3 Knorgl Louk Central Cardamoms Protected Forest Pursat Kravanh
- Thmar Baing Central Cardamoms Protected Forest Koh Kong Thmar Baing
5 Veal Sre Prang Central Cardamoms Protected Forest Pursat Veal Veng
6 Sre Ambel None Koh Kong Sre Ambel
ff Kampot Bokor National Park Kampot Kampot
8 Phnom Sruoch Kirirom National Park Kampong Speu. Kampong Speu

forest. The junior author, Annette Olsson, Heng
Namyi, Heng Sokrith, and Anthony Simms
collected specimens of amphibians and reptiles
at the Central Cardamoms Protected Forest
from 20 to 31 December 2003, 20 to 30 January
2004, 18 February to 2 March 2004, 23 March to
6 April 2004, 23 to 30 August 2004, and 27
September to 5 October 2004.

The Prek Sre Ambel River watershed drains
the southwestern slopes of the Cambodian
Cardamom Mountains into the Kampong Saom
Bay, Gulf of Thailand. The banks of the Prek Sre
Ambel River are lined with mangrove and
melaleuca forests. Neighboring hills, such as
Phnom Chan Mountain, are covered in ever-
green mixed with deciduous forest. The senior
author, An Dara, Steven G. Platt, and Monyrath
Vuthy collected specimens of amphibians and
reptiles along the Sre Ambel River in Sre Ambel
District, Koh Kong Province, Cambodia, from
21 to 27 August 2000.

Materials and Methods

Most specimens were caught by hand while
actively searching day and night, particularly in
riparian areas. In addition, pitfall trap arrays
consisting of three 50-m-long drift fences with
buckets positioned at each end of the drift fences
and at 10-m intervals along the drift fences were
set for eight continuous days at Areng Valley,
Chum Noab, and Thmar Baing. One large (60-1)
bucket was included in each pitfall trap array to
capture large species of amphibians and reptiles.
One lizard was obtained as bycatch from a small
mammal mesh trap baited with banana. Geo-
graphic coordinates of localities were determined
using handheld Global Positioning System units

and are reported as either latitude and longitude
or Universal Transverse Mercator system.

Specimens were preserved in 10% buffered
formalin and later transferred to 70% ethanol.
Tissue samples were taken by preserving pieces
of liver or muscle in 95% ethanol before the
specimens were fixed in formalin. Specimens and
tissues were deposited in the Field Museum,
Chicago (FMNH). Comparative material was
examined at the Field Museum, the Natural
History Museum, London (BMNH), and the
Thailand Natural History Museum, Pathumthani,
Thailand (THNHM).

Measurements were made with dial calipers to
the nearest 0.1 mm. Measurement abbreviations
used are SVL = snout—vent length and TIB =
tibia length. Only species with preserved voucher
specimens are reported here. Turtle records are
presented elsewhere (Stuart & Platt, 2004; D.
Emmett, unpublished data). Locality names are
abbreviated in species accounts for the sake of
brevity but are provided in full in Table 1.

Species Accounts

A total of 78 species were collected during the
course of this work. Twenty of these species
(Table 2) are characteristic of anthropogenically
modified environments and were collected in
a wide range of elevations near villages, agricul-
tural lands, and roads, with some also taken in
open grassland or disturbed forest. Although some
of these taxa might actually represent complexes
of sibling species (e.g., Fejervarya limnocharis,
Polypedates leucomystax, and Calotes versicolor),
they are currently recognized to have broad
geographic ranges in mainland Southeast Asia
and will not be dealt with further here.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

TABLE 2. Voucher numbers and localities of amphibian and reptile species from the Cambodian Cardamom

Mountains that are characteristic of anthropogenically modified environments.

Taxon

FMNH voucher

Locality

Bufonidae
Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799

Microhylidae
Microhyla butleri Boulenger, 1900

Microhyla fissipes Boulenger, 1884

Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911

Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861)

Ranidae
Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834)

Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Occidozyga martensii (Peters, 1867)

Rana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837)

Rana macrodactyla (Giinther, 1858)

Rhacophoridae
Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Agamidae
Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802)

Scincidae
Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853)

Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820)

263324-263325
263054-263062, 263085—263089
263063-—263067
263068, 263083

261916, 262657

261905—261913

267796—267797

261914261915

263292, 263296—263297, 263310
262696-262698, 262704—262708
263311—263312, 263315
267793-267795

262050—262054

262055—262057

262678—262680

263326-263328

261981—261989
261998-262007, 262010, 262012
262592-—262595

262598-—262600, 262602

267764

267802-—267803

261787-261788, 261790
261776-261784
263308—263309, 263332, 263334
267761—267762

261809

261792-261796

261797-261805

263286, 263289, 263305
267778, 267782

262062

262066

263287, 263329-263331
263108-263129, 263186—263188
263137-263151

263172-263180, 263184—263185
267774-267776

267777

263338-263339
262037—262041
262042-262045
262048—262049

267743
263350-263352
261832, 261840
261841261842
261830
263340-—263342

Thmar Baing
Kampot
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel

Phnom Sruoch
Kampot
Knorgl Louk
Phnom Sruoch
Thmar Baing
Sre Ambel
Thmar Baing
Knorgl Louk
Kampot
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel

Thmar Baing
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel
Areng Valley
Areng Valley
Sre Ambel
Phnom Sruoch
Thmar Baing
Areng Valley
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel
Kampot
Thmar Baing
Areng Valley
Sre Ambel
Phnom Sruoch

Thmar Baing
Kampot
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel
Areng Valley
Knorg] Louk

Thmar Baing
Kampot
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel

Chum Noab
Thmar Baing
Kampot
Phnom Sruoch
Sre Ambel
Thmar Baing

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

TABLE 2.

Continued.

Taxon

FMNH voucher

Locality

Gekkonidae
Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1835)

Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758)

Colubridae
Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789)
Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837)
Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837)

261836
263349
261847

259219
263392
267737

Phnom Sruoch
Thmar Baing
Phnom Sruoch

Phnom Sruoch
Thmar Baing
Chum Noab

Megophryidae

Megophrys auralensis Ohler, Swan & Daltry,
2002

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267763, evergreen forest,
0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30 Septem-
ber 2004.

A juvenile female (SVL 36.6) has_ short,
rounded vomerine ridges without teeth; no
light-colored upper lip stripe; a weakly visible
palpebral tubercle; basal toe webbing with
dermal fringes; finger II shorter than finger IV;
and a gray (white in preservative) belly with
black spots.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1130 h) on leaf litter on a hilltop in evergreen
forest.

This is the first report of the species since its
original description from Phnom Aural Moun-
tain in the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Microhylidae

Calluella guttulata (Blyth, 1855)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263316, disturbed low-
land dry evergreen forest along Russei Chrum
River, 0315086 E 1322308 N, 400 m elev., 23
December 2003.

A single male (SVL 33.9) has an obtusely
rounded snout longer than eye diameter; second
finger shorter than fourth; webbing on fourth toe
reaching level slightly distal of proximal sub-
articular tubercle, continuing as fringe to tip;
dorsum brown with distinct, dark brown irreg-
ular markings; and the throat heavily pigmented.

The specimen was collected at night (1900 h)
on leaf litter 20 m from a river. When disturbed,
it tried to evade capture by burrowing backward
into the soil.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Kalophrynus interlineatus (Blyth, 1855)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263298, Tatai Leu,
lowland dry evergreen forest, 0331700 E
1297000 N, 350 m elev., 18 February 2004.
Areng Valley: FMNH_ 267757, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 180 m elev., 26 August 2004.

These agree with the expanded descriptions by
Parker (1934; as a subspecies of K. pleurostigma
Tschudi) and Matsui et al. (1996) by having the
third toe webbing not extending beyond the
distal subarticular tubercle and the free portion
of the fifth toe longer than the distance from
snout to nostril. The dorsum has an inverted V-
shaped dark marking, and the groin has a black
ocellar spot edged in white. FMNH 263298 also
has scattered round, black spots on the dorsum.

Both specimens were collected during the day
(1400-1430 h). FMNH 263298 was under a log
15 m from a pond, and FMNH 267757 was on
leaf litter 10 m from a marsh.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains, and
Stuart et al. (2006) reported it from hilly eastern
Cambodia. Parker (1934) and Bourret (1942)
also reported the species from Cambodia but
without specific localities.

Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856)

Sre Ambel: FMNH 262654-262655, evergreen
mixed with deciduous forest, Phnom Chan
Mountain, near 11°26'30”N 103°47’00’E, 100—
200 m elev., 25 August 2000.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263294, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340445
E 1307223 N, 410m elev., 22 January 2004.
FMNH 263295, Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0341461 E 1307640 N,
420 m elev., 23 January 2004.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Fic. 2. Limnonectes kohchangae, Areng Valley.

Areng Valley: FMNH 267766, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 200 m elev., 28 September 2004.
Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267792, evergreen forest,
0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30 Septem-
ber 2004.

An adult female (SVL 33.8) and five adult
males (SVL 27.7—32.0, mean + SD 29.4 + 1.6, N
= 5) have an obtusely pointed snout; toes fully
webbed, reaching base of expanded discs on toes;
third and fifth toes equal in length; inner and
outer metatarsal tubercle; dark throat; and
a distinctive yellow venter.

Specimens were collected day and night on
riverbanks and on the forest floor away from
water.

Bourret (1942) reported the species from
north-central Cambodia, Bourret (1942) and
Ohler et al. (2002) reported it from the Cambo-
dian Cardamom Mountains, and Stuart et al.
(2006) reported it from hilly eastern Cam-
bodia.

Micryletta inornata (Boulenger, 1890b)

Areng Valley: FMNH 267759267760, disturbed
lowland dry evergreen forest, 0344523 E 1286485
N, 200 m elev., 1 April 2004.

These agree with Boulenger’s (1890b) original
description and Parker’s (1934) expanded de-
scription by having a distinct tympanum; well-
developed subarticular tubercles; an inner but no
outer metatarsal tubercle; toes without webbing;
digit tips without expanded discs or clefts; and
a gray dorsum with large black spots.

The specimens were collected in pitfall traps.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Ranidae

Limnonectes kohchangae (Smith, 1922) (Fig. 2)
Kampot: FMNH 263189-263190, 263193—
263199, 263205, grassland with heath forest and
sandstone outcrops, 10°37'35"N_ 104°01'30"E,
1000 m elev., 6-14 May 2000. FMNH 263201—
263202, grassland with heath forest and sand-
stone outcrops, near 10°37'46"N_ 104°01'37’E,
1000 m elev., 11 May 2000. FMNH 263203—
263204, grassland with heath forest and sand-
stone outcrops, near 10°37'54"N_ 104°00'56’E,
1000 m elev., 13 May 2000. FMNH 263191—
263192, hill evergreen forest along Prek Kaoh
Toch River, 10°37'53"N_ 104°02'33”E, 900 m
elev., 6-7 May 2000. FMNH 263200, 263206—
263208, hill evergreen forest along Prek Kaoh
Toch River, near 10°37'19"N 104°02'52”E, 800—
900 m elev., 10-14 May 2000.

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 263209-263215, grass-
land and open pine forest plateau, near
11°19'14"N_ 104°04'56"E, 700 m elev., 3 June
2000. FMNH 263216, evergreen mixed with
deciduous forest along O Tasek Stream, near
11°18’39"N_ 104°04'42”E, 500-600 m elev., 4
June 2000. FMNH 263217, disturbed evergreen
mixed with deciduous and bamboo forest along
O Krang Snoul Stream, near 11°22’00"N
104°06'28”E, 300-400 m elev., 5 June 2000.

Sre Ambel: FMNH _ 263218—263223, Phnom
Chan Mountain, evergreen mixed with decidu-
ous forest, 11°26'30"N 103°47'00"E, 100-200 m
elev., 25 August 2000.

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 7

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263319, disturbed gallery
forest along Russei Chrum River, 0315086 E
1322308 N, 380m elev., 28 December 2003.
FMNH 263333, disturbed gallery forest along
Russei Chrum River, 0316924 E 1322783 N,
400 m elev., 23 December 2003. FMNH 263320,
Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland dry evergreen
forest, 0339935 E 1306680 N, 420 m elev., 27
January 2004. FMNH_ 263321, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340889
E 1307138 N, 430m elev., 29 January 2004.
FMNH 263322-263323, pine mixed with hill
evergreen forest, 0359518 E 1289987 N, 800 m
elev., 19-21 February 2004.

Knorgl] Louk: FMNH 267783, evergreen forest,
0354290 E 1311937 N, 900 m elev., 27 September
2004. FMNH H _ 267784—267787, evergreen
forest, 0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30
September 2004.

A large series agrees with Smith’s (1922)
original description and a_ syntype female
(FMNH_ 128288), which we have examined,
except that our males lack vocal sac openings.
The Cambodian specimens have rows of longi-
tudinal ridges on back; small round tubercles on
sacrum, around vent, and dorsal surface of
tibiotarsus; distinct tarsal fold: elongate inner
but no outer metatarsal tubercle; toe tips
expanded into discs; a light-colored band be-
tween eyes, usually bordered posteriorly by
a black band; and usually the triangular area of
skin between the eye band and snout tip lighter
in coloration than rest of dorsum. Ten of 47
(21.3%) specimens have a yellowish (in pre-
servative) vertebral stripe. Males (SVL 31.0—
42.2. mean. = SD 35.9 = 35; N. = 21) and
females (SVL 32.2-41.5, mean + SD 35.2 + 3.3,
N = 14) do not differ in body size. However,
males differ from females by having an enlarged
head (not enlarged in females), tympanum
diameter greater than eye diameter (tympanum
diameter less than eye diameter in females),
longitudinal folds with black pigment at outer
margin of throat (absent in females), and
enlarged odontoids at the front of the mandible
(absent in females).

Specimens were collected day and night in
shallow water and on the bank of small, rocky.
forested streams and flowing seeps in grassy fields.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains. The type
locality of Koh Chang Island in southeastern
Thailand is just offshore of the Cardamom
Mountains.

FiG:3:

Paa fasciculispina, Knorgl Louk.

Paa fasciculispina (Inger, 1970) (Fig. 3)

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267769-267770, evergreen
forest, 0354290 E 1311937 N, 900 m elev., 27
September 2004.

A male (SVL 87.4) and female with a convo-
luted oviduct (SVL 89.0) agree with Inger’s
(1970) original description, the female paratype
(FMNH 171309), which we have examined, and
a series of topotypes (FMNH 191461-191466,
210106—210108). These have expanded toe discs:
proximal subarticular tubercles of fingers twice
as long as distal subarticular tubercles; and
short, thick ridges on the back, none as long as
the eye diameter. interspersed with round warts.
The male has black asperities on tubercles on the
upperparts and in clusters of up to five on the
chest, but these are not developed into strong
black spines as in the holotype and some topotype
males (FMNH_ 191464-191465, 210106). This
may be an artifact of age, as the Cambodian
male is also smaller than the holotype and
topotype males that bear strong spines. The
Cambodian male has strong black spines on the
prepollex and dorsal surface of fingers. The
female also has black asperities on tubercles on
the upperparts and on the throat and chest, but
those on the throat and chest are smaller, less
numerous, and not grouped as in the male. Black
asperities are absent in the female paratype and so
were not mentioned in the original description,
but a female topotype (FMNH 210108) has black
asperities in a similar condition to the Cambodian
female. In life, the Cambodian specimens had
a mottled dark brown dorsum and a white venter.

Both specimens were taken at night (2020-
2130 h) along a steep stream. FMNH 267769
was on a rock in shallow water, and FMNH
267770 was on a rock 20 cm from the stream.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains. The type
locality at Kao Soi Dao Mountain, Chantaburi
Province, southeastern Thailand, is in the Thai
Cardamom Mountains.

Rana faber Ohler, Swan & Daltry, 2002
Kampot: FMNH 262621-—262625, 262631, hill
evergreen forest along Prek Kaoh Toch River,
near 10°37'53”N 104°02'33”E, 900 m elev., 7-12
May 2000. FMNH 262626-262630, 262632-
262633, hill evergreen forest along Prek Kaoh
Toch River, near 10°37'19”N 104°02'52”E, 800-
900 m elev., 10-14 May 2000.

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267767, evergreen forest,
0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30 Septem-
ber 2004. FMNH 267771-—267773, evergreen
forest, 0354290 E 1311937 N, 900 m elev., 27
September 2004.

Four males (SVL 59.3-64.0, mean + SD 62.0 +
2.1, N = 4) and 13 females (SVL 76.6—89.2, mean
+ SD 82.6 + 3.9, N = 13) agree with Ohler et al.’s
(2002) original description, except in size. Ohler et
al. (2002) reported the SVL of the holotype male
to be both 59.4 (p. 475) and 76.7 (p. 476, fig. 3),
but the correct size is 59.4 (A. Ohler, personal
communication to B. L. Stuart, 1 September
2005). Additionally, our females have an SVL
more than 18 mm larger than those reported for
three adult females in the type series (SVL 57.1—
57.8, mean + SD 57.4 + 0.3, N = 3; table 7 in
Ohler et al. 2002). Chuaynkern et al. (2004)
remeasured adult males in the type series, in-
cluding the holotype (SVL 51.0—79.3, mean + SD
60.1 + 7.3, N = 17), and two adult females that
are not part of the type series (SVL 77.2-84.3, N
= 2), and these measurements of both sexes
generally agree with our specimens. There is
a difference in the number of males versus females
assigned to the type series between Ohler et al.
(2002) and Chuaynkern et al. (2004), but this does
not explain the discrepancy in measurements
between the two studies, as no specimens of either
sex were reported by Ohler et al. (2002) to have
SVL larger than 66.9 (except the second, errone-
ous measurement given for the holotype).
Chuaynkern et al. (2004) reidentified one small
male (SVL 39.5) in the type series of R. faber to be
R. milleti Smith, 1921, but this does not explain
the discrepancy in measurements between the two
studies. We are confident that our females are
conspecific with our males, as these differ only in
size and secondary sexual characteristics, and they
share identical mitochondrial DNA haplotypes

(Stuart, unpublished data). For these reasons and
because our measurements generally agree with
those of Chuaynkern et al. (2004), we assume that
the adult female measurements presented in the
original description are also in error.

Otherwise, the Kampot specimens agree with
the original description by having males with
a humeral gland that is visible externally but
does not form a conspicuous bulge; males with
nuptial pad on dorsal surface of finger I; males
with vocal sac opening near corner of mouth but
no gular pouch; distinct dorsolateral fold;
scattered asperities on upper parts; brown
dorsum, with most specimens also having light-
colored, lichen-like flecking on back; and
creamy-white venter with gray-brown flecking,
with throat and chest same color as belly.

Rana faber occurs syntopically with the
similar-looking R. mortenseni Boulenger, 1903
(see account below). In our samples, R. faber is
distinguished from R. mortenseni by having
males with smaller SVL than females (males
and females with same SVL in mortenseni),
females with larger SVL (SVL 76.6-89.2, mean
+ SD 82.6 + 3.9, N = 13, in faber; SVL 59.4—
71.9, mean + SD 65.8 + 4.3, N = 8, in
mortenseni), females with relatively longer tibia
(TIB:SVL 0.61-0.65, median 0.62, N = 13, in
faber; TIB:SVL 0.52-0.58, median 0.56, N = 8,
in mortenseni), and males with humeral gland
that does not form an externally conspicuous
bulge (humeral glands form an externally con-
spicuous bulge in mortenseni).

Specimens were collected at night (1800-
2118 h) on boulders, rock faces, a tree root,
and a leaf litter bank within 8 m of a swift,
rocky, cascading river, often within the spray
zone of cascades.

The type locality is Phnom Aural Mountain in
Kampong Speu Province, Cambodian Carda-
mom Mountains. Chuaynkern et al. (2004) also
reported the species from the “Bokhor Moun-
tains’ (= Bokor), in the Cambodian Cardamom
Mountains.

Rana milleti Smith, 1921

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267799, evergreen forest,
0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30 Septem-
ber 2004.

A single female (SVL 40.7) agrees with Smith’s
(1921) original description and Inger et al.’s
(1999) amplified description, except that the
webbing on the fourth toe reaches the distal
subarticular tubercle. The specimen has a strong

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 9

dorsolateral fold, granular skin with many small
tubercles on back, a dark band from tip of snout
through eye to tympanum, dark spotting on
ventral surface of thigh and tibia, and a dark
brown network around small light blotches on
the posterior surface of thigh.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1300 h) on leaf litter on a hilltop in evergreen
forest.

Chuaynkern et al. (2004) reported the species
from the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Rana mortenseni Boulenger, 1903

Kampot: FMNH 261949-261951, 261962, grass-
land with heath forest and sandstone outcrops,
10°37'35"N 104°01'30’E, 1000 m elev., 17 Janu-
ary and 5 May 2000. FMNH 261952-261955, hill
evergreen forest along Prek Kaoh Toch River,
near 10°37'53"N_ 104°02'33”E, 900m elev., 7
May 2000. FMNH 261956—261957, gallery ever-
green forest along large river, near 10°39'28"N
104°03’07’"E, 950 m elev., 9 May 2000. FMNH
261958261960, hill evergreen forest along Prek
Kaoh Toch River, near 10°37'19"N 104°02’52’E,
800-900 m elev., 10 May 2000. FMNH 261980,
262634262635, disturbed evergreen and bamboo
forest along O Taron Trao Stream, near
10°40’49"N__ 104°06’01”"E, 220-300 m elev., 15
May 2000.

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261963, 261965—261968,
evergreen mixed with deciduous forest along O
Tasek Stream, near 11°18'39”"N 104°04’42’E, 500—
600 m elev., 34 June 2000. FMNH 261964,
grassland and open pine forest plateau, near
11°19'14"N_ 104°04'56"E, 700m elev., 3 June
2000. FMNH 261969-261970, 262636, disturbed
evergreen mixed with deciduous and bamboo
forest along O Krang Snoul stream, near
11°22’00”N 104°06'28”E, 300-400 m elev., 5 June
2000.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263300, disturbed gallery
evergreen forest along Russei Chrum River,
0315086 E 1322308 N, 400 m elev., 30 December
2003. FMNH 263299, disturbed gallery ever-
green forest along Russei Chrum River, 0313880
E 1321887 N, 390 m elev., 30 December 2003.
FMNH 263318, hill evergreen forest, 0361050 E
1290990 N, 700m elev., 27 February 2004.
FMNH _ 263301, 263303-263304, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340445
E 1307223 N, 370-410 m elev., 21-26 January
2004. FMNH 263302, Tatai Leu, disturbed
lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340120 E
1306832 N, 360 m elev., 26 January 2004.

10

A large series agrees with Boulenger’s (1920)
expanded description and topotypes from Koh
Chang Island, southeastern Thailand (THNHM
4199-4200, 4202-4203), which we have exam-
ined. Males (SVL 60.0—75.0, mean + SD 65.8 +
5.6, N = 10) and females (SVL 59.4~71.9,
mean + SD 65.8 + 4.3, N = 8) do not differ
in size, except males have larger heads with
more pronounced temporal swellings. Males also
have a round, black, well-developed humeral
gland; thin nuptial pad on the dorsal surface
of the first finger; and vocal sac opening near
corner of mouth but no gular pouch. The venter
of both sexes varies from creamy-white to
heavily mottled with brown, with some individ-
uals having the throat and chest darker than the
belly.

Ohler et al. (2002) stated that “R. mortenseni is
abundant in the lowland dry evergreen and
gallery forests of the basin areas and lower
slopes but was rarely found above c. 700 m
a.m.s.l.; R. faber, although found at lower
altitudes, was more common on streams above
the extent of R. mortenseni’s ecological range.”
We collected R. mortenseni from 220 to 1000 m
elevation, and it was abundant at Kampot from
800 to 900 m elevation in hill evergreen forest
along the Prek Kaoh Toch River, where it lived
syntopically with R. faber.

Specimens were collected day and night in
water and on the bank of swift, rocky, cascading
streams and rivers, slow-moving streams and
rivers, and a reservoir.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains. The type
locality of Koh Chang Island in southeastern
Thailand is just offshore of the Cardamom
Mountains.

Rhacophoridae

Chirixalus nongkhorensis (Cochran, 1927)
Kampot: FMNH 263090—263093, disturbed ever-
green forest mixed with bamboo along O Taron
Trao Stream, near 10°40’49’N 104°06’01”E, 220—
300 m elev., 15 May 2000.

Areng Valley: FMNH 267800—267801, disturbed
evergreen forest, within 20 km of Chumnoap
Village, 0343257 E 1286329 N, 200 m elev., 4 April
2004.

Six males (SVL 25.2-28.5, mean + SD 27.1 +
1.2, N = 6) agree with Cochran’s (1927) original
description and a male paratype (FMNH
109989), which we have examined. The Cambo-
dian specimens have the two outer fingers

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

appearing to be opposable to the two inner ones;
webbing at the base of the two outer fingers;
interorbital distance much greater than width of
upper eyelid; dorsum brownish with irregular
darker markings; and upper surface of hind limb
with dark spots but no complete crossbars.

The Kampot specimens were collected at night
(2030 h) on shrub leaves in a forest clearing, and
the Areng Valley specimens were collected at
night (1930 h) on leaf litter less than 1 m from
a puddle.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia. The type locality is in
southeastern Thailand, near to Cambodia.

Chirixalus vittatus (Boulenger, 1887a)
Areng Valley: FMNH 267804, wetland, 0344827
E 1287278 N, 200 m elev., 27 March 2004.

A single male (SVL 19.6) agrees with Boulen-
gers (1887a) original description from
“Bhamo,” Myanmar, by having a pointed snout;
yellowish coloration above, speckled with
brown, most densely on head; whitish stripe
from tip of snout to groin, extending over outer
margin of upper eyelid; and white venter. The
two outer fingers appear to be opposable to the
two inner ones.

Cochran (1927) described Chirixalus hansenae
(as Philautus hansenae) from southeastern Thai-
land, a type locality much closer to Cambodia
than that of C. vittatus. However, Cochran’s
description of C. hansenae closely matches the
description of C. vittatus, and Cochran did not
compare the new species against C. vittatus. The
two specimens of unstated sex in the type series
of C. vittatus have SVL 25 (Boulenger, 1887a).
The holotype male of C. hansenae has SVL 21,
and the largest paratype female of C. hansenae
has SVL 23 (Cochran, 1927). Taylor (1962,
p. 523) was “not wholly convinced of the
specific distinctness of the two forms” but
stated that “presumably there is a very consider-
able difference in size’’ between them. Taylor
(1962) then reported C. vittatus from Thailand
to have males with SVL 26~—28 and females with
SVL 31-32 and C. hansenae from Thailand to
have males with SVL 21—21.5 and females with
SVL 23-24. The possibility exists that these
names are being applied to different size classes
within populations. Chirixalus hansenae is prob-
ably a junior synonym of C. vittatus, but a study
on variation within and among populations is
warranted before making a formal taxonomic
decision.

The Cambodian specimen was collected at
night (1930 h) on a wet sandbank | m from
a pond.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Philautus parvulus (Boulenger, 1893)

Kampot: FMNH 261891-—261893, 261895, grass-
land with heath forest and sandstone outcrops,
10°37'35"N_ 104°01'30"E, 1000 m elev., 5-11
May 2000. FMNH 261894, hill evergreen forest
along Prek Kaoh Toch River, near 10°37'53"N
104°02'33”E, 900 m elev., 7 May 2000.

Five adult males (SVL 17.2-19.6, mean + SD
18.4 + 1.0, N = 5) agree with Boulenger’s (1893)
original description and a female paratype
(FMNH 97977) from ‘Karin Bia-po,” Myan-
mar, which we have examined. These have the
tympanum hidden; interorbital distance greater
than width of upper eyelid; large vocal sac; no
vomerine teeth; expanded discs on fingers and
toes; no finger webbing; and webbing on the
third and fifth toes reaching the distal subarti-
cular tubercle.

The specimens were collected at night calling
from low vegetation.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahi, 1927

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263288, pine mixed with
evergreen forest, 0358926 E 1289969 N, 800 m
elev., 26 February 2004.

A single male (SVL 33.3) has webbing on
fourth finger to base of disc, on third finger to
distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle, con-
tinuing as a narrow fringe to disc; a small dermal
projection at the tibiotarsal joint; a low, trans-
verse flap of skin above the vent; and a dark
axillary spot. In life, the dorsum was dark gray
with small black spots, and the venter was orange.

The specimen was collected on a hilltop at
night (2000 h) calling from a twig 2 m above the
ground, | m from a small stream.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Rhacophorus bisacculus Taylor, 1962 (Fig. 4)
Kampot: FMNH 261898-904, grassland with
heath forest and sandstone outcrops, near
10°37'35"N_ 104°01'30"E, 1000 m elev., 6—13
May 2000.

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267755, evergreen forest,
0355440 E 1314799 N, 1200 m elev., 30 Septem-
ber 2004.

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 11

Fic. 4.

Rhacophorus bisacculus, Kampot.

Seven adult males (SVL 27.0—30.6, mean + SD
28.5 + 1.3, N = 7) from Kampot and a juvenile
from Knorgl Louk agree with Taylor’s (1962)
original description and the holotype (FMNH
178202) from Phu Kading, Loei Province, Thai-
land, which we have examined. The Cambodian
specimens have the postaxial side of the third
finger webbed to a level distal of the proximal
subarticular tubercle; a row of light-colored
elongated tubercles on outer edge of finger IV
to elbow and on outer edge of toe V to heel; and
ventral pigmentation concentrated on the throat
as a dark cloud or spots, with few or no spots on
the belly. In life, the juvenile had a pale brown
dorsum, white flank with a black spot in the
inguinal region, and a white venter with black
spots on throat.

The Kampot adults were collected at night
(1900-2030 h) calling from vegetation 1—2 m
above the ground, near a pond or away from
standing water. The Knorgl Louk juvenile was
collected during the day (1200 h) on a tree 2 m
above the ground.

Ohler et al. (2002) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.

Theloderma stellatum Taylor, 1962

Areng Valley: FMNH = 267765, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 180 m elev., 26 August 2004.

This single male (SVL 30.0) fully agrees with
Taylor’s (1962) original description. The speci-
men has the dorsal surface covered in whitish
asperities; fingers about one-third webbed, the

third finger disc about equal to the diameter of

tympanum; whitish, velvety nuptial pad on the
dorsal and medial surface of the first finger; the

interorbital distance about equal to width of

12

Fic. 5.

Acanthosaura crucigera, Kampot.

upper eyelid; and a dark ventral surface with
light reticulations.

The specimen was collected at night (2045 h)
on a tree trunk 15 m from a river.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia. The type locality of
Khao Sebab Mountain, Chantaburi Province,
southeastern Thailand, is in the Thai Cardamom
Mountains.

Agamidae

Acanthosaura crucigera Boulenger, 1885 (Fig. 5)
Kampot: FMNH 263225, hill evergreen forest
along Prek Kaoh Toch River, near 10°37'53"N
104°02'33”E, 1000 m elev., 7 May 2000. FMNH
263226, 263260—263262, hill evergreen forest
along Prek Kaoh Toch River, near 10°37'19"N
104°02'52”E, 800-900 m elev., 10-14 May 2000.
FMNH 263227, evergreen mixed with deciduous
forest on plateau, near 10°38'33”N 104°01'33’E,
1000 m elev., 11 May 2000.

Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267742, evergreen forest,
0355451 E 1315930 N, 1220 m elev., 29 Septem-
ber 2004.

Chum Noab: FMNH 267731, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0343524 E 1286243 N,
200 m elev., 31 March 2004.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263335, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340909
E 1307725 N, 450 m elev., 30 January 2004.

Adults in this series (largest male SVL 123.9,
largest female SVL 135.7) agree with Boulenger’s
(1885) original description of the species from
“Tavoy,” Myanmar, by having the spines in the
nuchal crest longer than those in the dorsal crest;
a distinct diastema between the nuchal and
dorsal crests; length of spine at the posterior
end of the supraciliary edge greater than eye
diameter; a spine on the occiput about midway
between the tympanum and nuchal crest; dark
cruciform marking on nape, the lateral branches
reaching throat; gular sac present, usually
pigmented; and dark band from nostril to
tympanum through eye. In life, the dorsum was
greenish-yellow, with dark gray reticulations
enclosing light yellow spots.

Despite the general agreement between the
Cambodian specimens and the original descrip-
tion of A. crucigera, Boulenger (1885) referred
a male specimen (no voucher number or size
provided) collected by Mouhot from “Charta-
boum” (= Chantaburi Province), southeastern
Thailand, to A. armata (Gray, 1827; type locality
Singapore). Chantaburi is in the Thai Cardamom
Mountains, and we have examined a male spec-
imen collected by Mouhot (BMNH 61.4.12.43)
from ““Chartaboum” that is conspecific with the
Cambodian specimens. According to Boulenger
(1885), A. armata primarily differs from A.
crucigera by having 11—13 supralabials (9-10 in
crucigera), 13-15 infralabials (9-10 in cruci-
gera), the dorsal crest anteriorly as high as the
nuchal crest (dorsal crest much lower than
nuchal crest in crucigera), no dark band from
nostril to tympanum through eye (present in
crucigera), and an oblique dark band down
each side of the neck, from the diastema
between nuchal and dorsal crests to throat
(dark cruciform marking on nape, the lateral
branches reaching throat in crucigera). Smith
(1935) considered them to be solely different
subspecies (Goniochephalus armatus armatus
and G. a. crucigerus) that differed primarily
by the presence or absence of a gular sac
(absent in armatus, present in crucigerus). The
Cambodian specimens fit both authors’ con-
cepts of A. crucigera better than A. armata,
except the number of supralabials (11-13)
matches that given by Boulenger for A. armata
and the number of infralabials (11-12) is
intermediate between the two. Nonetheless,

Boulenger’s (1885) identification of the Charta-
boum specimen as A. armata was probably in
error. A taxonomic reevaluation of species
boundaries in these lizards is warranted.

The specimens were collected during the day
on leaf litter of the forest floor and on tree
branches 0.5—-2 m above the ground or at night
sleeping on branches, vines, and fern fronds 0.5—
1.5 m above the ground.

Smith (1935) reported the species (as G. a.
crucigerus) to be “fairly common round Bokor
(alt. 3,000 feet) in the Kamchay Mountains” (=
Cambodian Cardamom Mountains).

Calotes emma Gray, 1845

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263347—263348, disturbed
lowland evergreen forest, near Russei Chrum
River, 0315086 E 1322308 N, 400 m elev., 26-28
December 2003.

Chum Noab: FMNH 267745, disturbed lowland
evergreen forest, 0344523 E 1286485 N, 200 m
elev., 30 March 2004.

These have a spine at the posterior end of the
supraciliary edge; a spine above the tympanum;
a spine on the occiput about midway between the
tympanum and nuchal crest; and an oblique skin
fold in front of the shoulder containing small,
granular, darkly pigmented scales.

The Thmar Baing specimens were collected
during the day (1200-1400 h) on tree branches
1—1.5 m above the ground, 20—25 m from a river.
The Chum Noab specimen was captured as
bycatch in a small mammal mesh trap positioned
10 m above the ground on a tree branch and
baited with banana.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Calotes mystaceus Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 262681—262684, grass-
land and open pine forest plateau, near
11°19'34"N_ 104°03'56"E, 700 m elev., 6 June
2000.

These have a spine above the tympanum;
a spine on the occiput about midway between the
tympanum and nuchal crest; no spine at the
posterior end of the supraciliary edge; a deep
oblique skin fold in front of the shoulder
containing small, granular, darkly pigmented
scales; a creamy-white (in preservative) stripe
from the upper lip to above the shoulder; and
one to three large orange-red dorsolateral spots
irregularly outlined in creamy-white (in pre-
servative).

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 13

All four specimens were collected during the
day (1000-1100 h) on pine trees near buildings
inside Kirirom National Park.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Draco maculatus (Gray, 1845)

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261837, grassland and
open pine forest plateau, near 11°19'34"N
104°03'56”E, 700 m elev., 5 June 2000.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263343, pine forest, 0358926
E 1289969 N, 780 m elev., 26 February 2004.
Chum Noab: FMNH 267758, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0344052 E 1286562 N,
200 m elev., 2 April 2004.

Two males (SVL 70.7—70.9) and a female (SVL
67.5) have the nostril directed laterally; a scaled
tympanum; and a dorsolateral row of trihedral
scales on the body. The patterns on the patagia
are variable. Both males have narrow, longitu-
dinal, dark stripes on the dorsal surface, with
a few scattered dark spots in one male, and no
distinct markings on the ventral surface. The
female has a heavily mottled dorsal surface and
large black spots on the ventral surface.

FMNH 261837 and 263343 were collected
during the day (1100-1200 h) on the trunks of
pine trees. FM NH 267758 was collected during the
day in a pitfall trap 8 m from the shores of a lake.

Smith (1935) reported the species from Cam-
bodia, without specific localities.

Draco taeniopterus Ginther, 1861
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263336, hill evergreen forest,
0358926 E 1289969 N, 800 m elev., 1 March 2004.

A single male (SVL 72.5) has the nostril
directed upward; a naked tympanum; and five,
nonbifurcating, black transverse bands on the
dorsal surface of the patagium. In life, the
_dewlap and ventral surface of patagium was
yellow, and the posterior gular region between
the throat lappets was red.

The specimen was collected on a hilltop ridge
at night (2000 h) sleeping on a palm 2 m above
the ground, 2 m from a small stream.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia. The type locality of ““Chantabun”’ (=
Chantaburi Province), southeastern Thailand, is
in the Thai Cardamom Mountains.

Physignathus cocincinus Cuvier, 1829

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 262672, evergreen mixed
with deciduous forest, February 2000. FMNH
262673, disturbed evergreen mixed with decidu-
ous and bamboo forest along O Krang Snoul

14

Stream, near 11°22’00"N
400 m elev., 5 June 2000.
Areng Valley: FMNH_ 267746, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 190 m elev., 30 August 2004.

A juvenile and two subadults have mostly
green coloration, with two or three oblique, light
blue body bands between the axilla and groin
visible in preservative; strongly compressed tails,
heavily keeled below; and nuchal, dorsal, and
caudal crests, weakly visible in the juvenile. The
larger subadult is male and has eight femoral
pores on each side. In life, the body bands of the
juvenile were light brown.

FMNH 262673 was sleeping at night on a tree
branch 1.5 m above a swift channel at the top of
a waterfall. FMNH 267746 was sleeping at night
(2030 h) on a palm frond | m above the ground,
5 m from a river.

Tirant (1885) reported the species from Cam-
bodia, without specific localities, and Stuart et al.
(2006) reported the species from hilly eastern
Cambodia.

104°06'28"E, 300-

Lacertidae

Takydromus sexlineatus Daudin, 1802

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261855, grassland with
open pine forest plateau, near 11°19'34’N
104°03'56"E, 700 m elev., 7 June 2000.

Sre Ambel: FMNH 261867—261869, deciduous
dipterocarp forest with grassland, near 11°27'10"N
103°44'43”"E, <10 m elev., 23 August 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263375—263376, pine
forest with grassland, 0361901 E 1291813 N,
850 m elev., 20-26 February 2004.

Veal Sre Prang: FMNH 267741, upland grass-
land plateau, 0314350 E 1349201 N, 540 m elev.,
8 December 2004.

These have a single femoral pore; four strongly
keeled dorsal plates across the middle of the
back, the keels forming continuous lines; keeled
head shields; and no ocellate spots on flank. Five
specimens with complete tails have tail length
3.28-4.79 (median 4.59, N = 5) times the SVL.

The specimens were collected during the day
(1000-1500 h) in tall grass.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Scincidae

Dasia olivacea Gray, 1838 (Fig. 6)

Chum Noab: FMNH_ 267744, lowland dry
evergreen forest, 0344446 E 1286848 N, 200 m
elev., 24 March 2004.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Fic. 6. Dasia olivacea, Thmar Baing.

A single specimen (SVL 86.7) agrees with
Inger and Brown’s (1980) diagnosis of the species
by having dorsal scales with three weak keels;
supranasals separated; 28 midbody scale rows;
53 ventrals counted in midline from mental to
vent; and a light, continuous dorsolateral streak
beginning in the lumbar area and extending onto
the tail.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1400 h) on a tree 25 m from a river.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Lipinia vittigera (Boulenger, 1894)

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261861—261862, grass-
land with open pine forest, near 11°19'34"N
104°03'56”E, 700 m elev., 5—6 June 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263361, disturbed gallery
forest along Russei Chrum River, 0315086 E
1322308 N, 400m elev., 28 December 2003.
FMNH 263362, disturbed lowland dry evergreen
forest along Russei Chrum River, 0316200 E
1322310 N, 420m elev., 30 December 2003.
FMNH 263363, Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0340962 E 1307727 N,
440 m elev., 27 January 2004. FMNH 263364,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest along
Russei Chrum River, 0314518 E 1322242 N,
400 m elev., 24 December 2003.

Chum Noab: FMNH 267740, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0344052 E 1286562 N,
200 m elev., 31 March 2004.

These have an acutely pointed snout nearly
twice the diameter of the eye; three distinct light-
colored (creamy pink or gold in life) longitudinal
stripes across the back consisting of a vertebral
stripe from the snout tip to tail and a dorsolateral
stripe from above the eye to tail; and a black
stripe flanking each light-colored stripe. In life,
the tail was bright orange or red.

The Phnom Sruoch specimens were collected
during the day (1200-1400 h) on woodpiles near
a building. The Chum Noab and three Thmar

Baing specimens were collected during the day in
pitfall traps. One Thmar Baing specimen was
collected during the day (1500 h) in a tree 1.5 m
above the ground, 15 m from a river.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Lygosoma bowringii (Ginther, 1864)

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261839, grassland with
open pine forest plateau, near 11°20'29"N
104°02'25"E, 700 m elev., 6 June 2000.

Chum Noab: FMNH 267748—267749 lowland
dry evergreen forest, 0344052 E 1286562 N,
200 m elev., 26-27 March 2004. FMNH 267750,
grassland and disturbed lowland dry evergreen
forest, 0344515 E 1287059 N, 200m elev., 2
April 2004.

These agree with Giinther’s (1864) original
description and Smith’s (1935) expanded de-
scription by having the adpressed limbs not
touching; 26-28 longitudinal scale rows at mid-
body; lower eyelid scaly; supranasals in contact,
separating rostral from the single prefrontal; pair
of frontoparietals; pair of nuchals; third toe
slightly shorter than fourth; coloration brown
above, with dark spot on each dorsal scale
forming continuous longitudinal lines on back;
and a dark dorsolateral stripe.

The Phnom Sruoch specimen was collected at
night (1830 h) under a log. The Chum Noab
specimens were collected in pitfall traps.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Scincella melanosticta (Boulenger, 1887b)

Sre Ambel: FMNH 261871, Phnom Chan
Mountain, evergreen mixed with deciduous
forest, 11°26’30”N 103°47'00"E, 100-200 m elev.,
25 August 2000.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263359, hill evergreen
forest, 0359705 E 1290390 N, 820 m elev., 24
February 2004. FMNH 263360, hill evergreen
forest, 0360005 E 1290500 N, 830 m elev., 26

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 15

February 2004. FMNH 263371-263373, disturbed
lowland dry evergreen forest along Russei
Chrum River, 0314518 E 1322242 N, 400 m
elev., 24 December 2003. FMNH 263374,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest along
Russei Chrum River, 0314100 E 1322150 N,
410 m elev., 28 December 2003.

These agree with Boulenger’s (1887b) original
description and Smith’s (1935) expanded descrip-
tion by having the adpressed limbs slightly over-
lapping; dorsal and lateral scales about equal in
size; no enlarged nuchals; 36 longitudinal scale
rows at midbody; coloration in life and_pre-
servative golden brown above, with black spots
scattered on dorsal scales; and a broken, black
dorsolateral stripe. In life, the side of head was
orange or pink, and the venter was white or yellow.

The Sre Ambel specimen was collected at night
(1900 h) less than 1 m from a small stream. The
Thmar Baing specimens were collected in pitfall
traps.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth, 1853)
Kampot: FMNH 261863, disturbed evergreen
and bamboo forest along O Taron Trao Stream,
near 10°40'49"N 104°06'01”E, 220-300 m elev.,
15 May 2000.
Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261864, evergreen for-
est, 400 m elev., 17 February 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263337, Tatai Leu, dis-
turbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340090 E
1306993 N, 350 m elev., 26 January 2004. FMNH
263365, Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland dry evergreen
forest, 0340445 E 1307223 N, 410m elev., 30
January 2004. FMNH 263366, Tatai Leu, dis-
turbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0341440 E
1307447 N, 420 m elev., 29 January 2004. FMNH
263369, Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland dry evergreen
forest, 0340090 E 1306993 N, 360m elev., 26
January 2004. FMNH 263353, disturbed gallery
evergreen forest along Russei Chrum River,
0313880 E 1321887 N, 400 m elev., 25 December
2003. FMNH 263354, disturbed lowland dry ever-
green forest along Russei Chrum River, 0314100 E
1322150 N, 410m elev., 26 December 2003.
FMNH 263367-263368, disturbed gallery ever-
green forest along Russei Chrum River, 0314518
E 1322242 N, 400 m elev., 24-26 December 2003.
Areng Valley: FMNH 263370, pine forest, 0358926
E 1289969 N, 800 m elev., 24 February 2004.
These have the adpressed limbs overlapping;
a concave rostral scale; all scales smooth; scales

16

on dorsum larger than those on side; widened
subcaudals; coloration in life and preservative
bronze above, with two median series of black
spots on back; black lateral band from tip of
snout to tail, becoming lighter with jagged
margin on tail; and white flank with black
speckling. The largest (FMNH 263365) has
SVL 67.1.

The specimens were collected on leaf litter,
usually close to streams or rivers.

Taylor (1963) reported the species from
Cambodia, without specific localities, and Stuart
et al. (2006) reported it from hilly eastern
Cambodia.

Sphenomorphus rufocaudatus Darevsky & Nguyen,
1983

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263355, Tatai Leu, dis-
turbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0340167 E
1307099 N, 400 m elev., 26 January 2004. FMNH
263356, Tatai Leu, disturbed lowland dry ever-
green forest, 0341440 E 1307447 N, 420 melev., 29
January 2004. FMNH 263357-263358, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0339935 E
1306680 N, 400 m elev., 26 January 2004.

Four specimens generally agree with Darevksy
and Nguyen’s (1983) original description and
topotypes from Gia Lai Province, Vietnam
(FMNH 252341-252362), which we have exam-
ined. These have the adpressed limbs slightly
overlapping; 31-33 longitudinal scale rows at
midbody; one row of weakly developed nuchals;
two enlarged preanals; coloration in life and
preservative brown above with a narrow, mostly
continuous, black dorsolateral stripe; and a red-
dish tail in life. Three specimens have small,
scattered black spots on the midline of the body.
Darevsky and Nguyen (1983) diagnosed the
species as having the prefrontals usually sepa-
rated, but some topotypes that we examined and
the Thmar Baing specimens have the prefrontals
in broad contact.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Sphenomorphus stellatum (Boulenger, 1900) (Fig. 7)
Chum Noab: FMNH_ 267739, lowland dry
evergreen forest, 0344052 E 1286562 N, 200 m
elev., 30 March 2004.

A single specimen agrees with Boulenger’s
(1900) original description and Taylor’s (1963)
expanded description by having the adpressed
limbs overlapping; convex rostral; 22 longitudi-
nal scale rows at midbody; two vertebral scale

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

°y
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yy

rows wider than remaining dorsal scales; pair of
enlarged preanal scales; bronze-brown colora-
tion above, with scattered, light-colored spots;
black spots forming vertebral and dorsolateral
longitudinal stripes on body; black spots on
upper and lower lips; and tail lighter in
coloration than body, with narrow, transverse,
black bands not connecting ventrally.

The specimen was collected in a pitfall trap
8 m from a lake.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Gekkonidae

Cyrtodactylus intermedius (Smith, 1917) (Fig. 8)
Kampot: FMNH 263228—263231, grassland with
heath forest and sandstone outcrops, 10°37'35"N
104°01'30"E, 1000 m elev., 5-6 May 2000.
FMNH 263232, 263234, hill evergreen forest
along Prek Kaoh Toch River, near 10°37'53"N
104°02'33”E, 900-1000 m elev., 7-12 May 2000.
FMNH 263233, 263235—263236, hill evergreen
forest along Prek Kaoh Toch River, near
10°37'19"N_ 104°02'52”E, 800-900 m elev., 10—
14 May 2000. FMNH 263237, disturbed ever-

Fic. 8. Cyrtodactylus intermedius, Kampot.

Fic. 7. Sphenomorphus stellatum (FMNH 267739), Chum Noab.

green and bamboo along O Taron Trao Stream,
near 10°40'49"N 104°06’01”"E, 220-300 m elev.,
15 May 2000.

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 263238—263240, ever-
green mixed with deciduous forest along O Tasek
Stream, near 11°18'39"N_ 104°04'42”E, 500-
600 m elev., 4 June 2000. FMNH 263241,
disturbed evergreen mixed with deciduous and
bamboo forest along O Krang Snoul Stream,
near 11°22’00”N 104°06'28”E, 300-400 m elev., 5
June 2000. FMNH 263242, disturbed evergreen
mixed with deciduous forest near old dam, near
11°21’30"N_ 104°02'11"E, 600 m elev., 6 June
2000. FMNH 263243, evergreen mixed with
deciduous forest along O Teuk Chenh Stream,
11°18'34’N 104°04'55”E, 4 November 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263344, hill evergreen
forest, 0359705 E 1290390 N, 820 m elev., 28
February 2004. FMNH 263345, disturbed low-
land dry evergreen forest along Russei Chrum
River, 0316200 E 1322310 N, 420 m elev., 31
December 2003. FMNH 263346, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0339935
E 1306680 N, 430 m elev., 27 January 2004.

A large series agrees with Smith’s (1917)
original description and Taylor’s (1963) expand-
ed description by having males with 7—10 preanal
pores, not interrupted medially; males with
a group of enlarged preanal scales; males with
a series of 6-10 enlarged femoral scales but no
femoral pores; distinct ventrolateral fold; cream-
edged, dark brown, U-shaped band from eye to
occiput; and four brown bands across dorsal
surface of body.

The species was frequently encountered at
night inside and outside of forest, usually on
large boulders and trees near to swift, rocky
streams. As notable exceptions, FMNH 263228—
263230 were on vertical walls of a reservoir

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 17

culvert, and FMNH 263231 was on an exposed
piece of sandstone in grassland near a road.
Smith (1935) reported the species from the
“Kamchay” (= Cambodian Cardamom) Moun-
tains. The type locality of Khao Sebab Moun-
tain, Chantaburi Province, southeastern Thai-
land, is in the Thai Cardamom Mountains.

Ptychozoon lionotum Annandale, 1905

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 261851—261854, grass-
land and open pine forest plateau, near
11°19'34"N 104°03'56"E, 700 m elev., 3-5 June
and 5 November 2000.

An adult male (SVL 89.0), two adult females
(SVL 89.5-98.2), and an immature specimen
have four dark transverse bands between the
axilla and groin; a predigital notch in the
preantebrachial cutaneous expansion; 20-22
denticulate tail lobes (in those with complete
tails); and tail terminus with crenulated margin
(in those with complete tails). The male has 21
preanal pores. The specimens lack enlarged
midvertebral tubercles on the body, but one
female (FMNH 261854) has enlarged tubercles
on the midline of the dorsal surface of the tail.

These were collected during the day (1400-
1630 h) on an exterior wall and on a large tree
branch abutting the exterior wall of a restaurant
inside Kirirom National Park.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia. The similar P. trinotaterra Brown,
1999, from eastern Thailand and _ southern
Vietnam is expected in Cambodia but has not
yet been discovered there.

Typhlopidae

Typhlops muelleri Schlegel, 1839

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 259200, grassland with
open pine forest plateau, near 11°19'53"N
104°04'53”E, 700 m elev., 4 June 2000.

A single specimen agrees with Wallach’s (2001)
diagnosis of the species by having 24 longitudinal
scale rows at midbody, reducing to 22 poster-
iorly; distinct eye with pupil; preocular separate
from nasal; inferior nasal suture contacting
second supralabial; tail terminating in small
spine; and coloration in preservative dark brown
above, ivory below, with a sharp demarcation
between the two colors.

The specimen was collected at night (1915 h)
crawling on the surface of hard soil.

Bourret (1936) reported the species from
Cambodia as 7. diardi nigroalbus, without
specific localities.

18

Xenopeltidae

Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwart in Boie, 1827
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263379, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland evergreen forest, 0341440 E
1307447 N, 420 m elev., 31 January 2004.

A single juvenile has smooth, highly iridescent
scales; 15 longitudinal scale rows at midbody;
wedge-shaped head, indistinct from neck;
creamy-white band on back of head; brown
dorsal scales, second through fifth rows edged in
creamy-white; and creamy-white ventral scales,
with brown flecking on subcaudals.

The specimen was collected in a pitfall trap
20 m from a river after heavy rainfall.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
several localities in the lowlands of central
Cambodia, and Stuart et al. (2006) reported it
from hilly eastern Cambodia.

Colubridae

Ahaetulla prasina (Reinwardt in Boie, 1827)
Areng Valley; FMNH 267725, Chamna, lowland
evergreen forest, 0353659 E 1301529 N, 200 m
elev., 6 November 2004.

A single specimen with a gray color phase has
an elongated snout, length about two times eye
diameter; rostral scale upturned, slightly project-
ing, but not as a nasal appendage; black
markings on dorsal scale edges forming oblique
lines anteriorly; and a uniform dark gray venter
in preservative.

The specimen was found dead on a path,
probably killed by a person.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains, and
both Saint Girons (1972) and Stuart et al.
(2006) reported it from hilly eastern Cambodia.

Amphiesma khasiense (Boulenger, 1890a)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263388, hill evergreen
forest, 0361050 E 1290990 N, 700 m elev., 27
February 2004.

A single specimen agrees with Boulenger’s
(1890a) original description of the species from
“Khasi Hills,” Assam, except that it has 160
ventrals (150-154 in the type series), and the
light-colored nuchal stripe arises from posterior
margin of the eye (from the supralabials in the
type series). Otherwise, the specimen has slender
habitus; 19 longitudinal scale rows at midbody,
first row smooth anteriorly, becoming keeled
posteriorly, remaining rows keeled throughout;
suture between the internasals equal in length to
the suture between the prefrontals; frontal longer

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

than its distance from the snout tip, shorter than
parietals; square loreal; two preoculars; three
postoculars; nine supralabials, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth touching the orbit; anterior chin shields
in contact with first five infralabials, shorter than
posterior chin shields; coloration of top of head
dark red in life, reddish brown in preservative,
with scattered, yellowish (in preservative) mark-
ings; coloration of dorsum dark olive green in
life, brown in preservative, with a series of cream
(in life and preservative) dorsolateral spots; and
coloration of venter white (in life and _pre-
servative) with dark spots on outer margin of
ventrals. The tail tip is broken, and so the
number of subcaudals is unknown.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1400 h) on a rocky bank | m from a stream.

Smith (1943) reported the species (as Natrix
modesta) from the “Kamchay” (= Cambodian
Cardamom) Mountains.

Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Veal Sre Prang: FMNH 267727, grassland sur-
rounded by evergreen forest on plateau, 0316438
E 1348762 N, 560 m elev., 7 December 2004.

A single specimen has 19 longitudinal scale
rows at midbody, first row smooth, other rows
keeled; 154 ventrals, outer margin extending
onto sides and with a distinct black spot; 53
subcaudals; and coloration in preservative dark
brown above with scattered black spots and
creamy dorsolateral stripe.

The specimen was found during the day
(1100 h) in a hole sloughing its skin, 30 m from
a marsh.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
central Cambodia.

Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 259178, disturbed ever-
green mixed with bamboo forest along O Krang
Snoul Stream, near 11°22'00"N 104°06'28’E,
300-400 m elev., 5 June 2000.

A single female has eight supralabials; 11
infralabials; one preocular; two postoculars; 21
longitudinal scale rows at midbody; enlarged
vertebral scales; 242 ventral scale rows; and 125
paired subcaudal scale rows. In life, the upper-
parts were green.

The specimen was collected at night (2020 h)
in a tree 2 m above a stream.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species
from central Cambodia and Kirirom in the
Cambodian Cardamom Mountains, and Stuart

et al. (2006) reported it from hilly eastern
Cambodia.

Boiga dendrophila (Boie, 1827)
Sre Ambel: FMNH 259164, mangrove and
melaleuca forest at mouth of Prek Kroch River
(tributary of Prek Sre Ambel), 11°06'20"N
103°39'35"E, <10 m elev., 27 August 2000.
Areng Valley: FMNH 267723, riparian evergreen
forest, 0342411 E 1286399 N, 170 m elev., 31
August 2004.

A male from Areng Valley (SVL 1145) and
a female from Sre Ambel (SVL 1125) have
a compressed body, triangular in cross section;
21 longitudinal scale rows at midbody; glossy
black body with 35-44 narrow, bright yellow (in
life) lateral bars reaching ventrals but not
crossing venter as bands; bright yellow (in life)
chin, throat, and labials, the labials edged in
black; 209-220 ventrals; and 83—93 subcaudals.

The Sre Ambel specimen was swimming in
a river at dusk (1830 h) at the edge of a rice
paddy in a mangrove clearing. The Areng Valley
specimen was collected during the day (0930 h)
in a tree 3 m above a river.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827)

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 259194, grassland and
open pine forest plateau, near 11°19'14’N
104°04'56”E, 700 m elev., 3 June 2000.

A single male has eight supralabials, the third,
fourth, and fifth touching the orbit; enlarged
vertebrals; 19 longitudinal scale rows at mid-
body; 224 ventrals; 96 subcaudals; a dark brown,
inverted V-shaped marking on top of head;
dorsolateral series of large, oval, dark brown,
light-edged spots, the first being on the occiput;
a lateral series of irregular, smaller spots; and
a dark brown streak posterior to the eye.

The specimen was collected at dusk (1840 h)
crawling on a grass clump 0.5 m above a flowing
seep.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Boiga siamensis Nootpand, 1971

Chum Noab: FMNH 267726, road through
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0334393
E 1287170 N, 250 m elev., 30 March 2004.

A single female agrees with the neotype male
(FMNH_ 191997) from Nakhon Ratchasima
Province, eastern Thailand, designated by Pau-
wels et al. (2005), which we have examined. The

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 19

Cambodian female also agrees with Kroon’s
(1973) original description of B. ocellata, a junior
synonym of B. siamensis according to Pauwels et
al. (2005). The specimen has eight supralabials,
the third, fourth, and fifth touching the orbit:
one preocular, visible from above and not
touching the frontal; two postoculars; two
anterior temporals; enlarged vertebrals; 23 lon-
gitudinal scale rows at midbody; 263 ventrals;
and 137 subcaudals. The number of subcaudals
is slightly more than Kroon (1973) reported in
a series from Thailand (116-129).

The specimen was killed on a road by a vehicle.

This is the second known specimen from
Cambodia. Bourret (1934) reported on a single
specimen [as B. cynodon (Boie, 1827)] sent to him
from Phnom Penh, but he did not provide the
original collecting locality.

Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802)

Phnom Sruoch: FMNH 259184, grassland with
open pine forest plateau, near 11°19'34"N
104°03'56”E, 700 m elev., 4 June 2000.

A female has the internasals shorter than
prefrontals; bell-shaped frontal; one preocular;
two postoculars: nine supralabials, fifth and
sixth touching the orbit: last ventral and anal
scale divided; 225 ventrals; 126 subcaudals; top
of head in life black with yellowish-green cross-
bars and spots; and body scales in life green with
black margin and median line.

The specimen was killed by a local resident on
the wall of a building.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
several localities across Cambodia.

Dryocalamus davisonii (Blanford, 1878)

Kampot: FMNH 259203, heath forest with grass-
land and sandstone outcrops, near 10°37'35’N
104°01'30’E, 1000 m elev., 7 May 2000.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263389, hill evergreen
mixed with pine forest, 0359669 E 1289886 N,
760 m elev., 24 February 2004.

These have 13 smooth longitudinal scale rows
at midbody; no preocular, loreal in broad
contact with eye: one postocular; coloration in
life white with 29-31 black saddles on body,
saddles elongated anteriorly, shortened poster-
iorly; and 19-21 black spots on tail.

The Kampot specimen was collected at night
(2200 h) climbing the vertical face of a sandstone
outcrop 3 m above the ground. The Thmar Baing
specimen was collected at night (2000 h) on a tree
trunk 2 m above the ground 75 m from a stream.

20

Saint Girons (1972) reported a single specimen
from Phnom Penh.

Enhydris bocourti (Jan, 1865)

Areng Valley: FMNH_ 267721, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 190 m elev., 28 August 2004.

A subadult male has stout habitus; 27 smooth
longitudinal scale rows at midbody; seven
supralabials, fourth touching the orbit, last
horizontally divided; 132 ventrals; and colora-
tion in life dark brown with yellowish-brown
transverse bands on back, dark coloration on
back tapering into vertical bars on sides that
reach yellow venter.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1400 h) inside a wet, rotten log 5m from
a swamp.

Bourret (1934) reported the species from
Kampot, Saint Girons (1972) from lowland
localities throughout Cambodia, and Stuart et
al. (2000) from Tonle Sap Great Lake.

Gonyosoma oxycephalum (Boie, 1827)

Chum Noab: FMNH 267724, disturbed lowland
dry evergreen forest 0334393 E 1287170 N,
250 m elev., 30 March 2004.

A single female (SVL 1060) has a compressed
body; elongated snout, length about 2.5 times
length of eye diameter; nine supralabials, the
ninth elongated; 240 ventrals, extending to side
of body; upperparts dark green (in life), some
posterior body scales with white ventral margins;
venter light green (in life); and tail scales red (in
life) with black anterior margins, becoming
darker posteriorly.

The specimen was killed on a road by a vehicle.

Tirant (1885) reported the species from Cam-
bodia, without specific localities. Saint Girons
(1972) reported a single specimen from Angkor
in central Cambodia.

Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sre Ambel: FMNH 259301, Prek Sre Ambel
River, Chaouethail Plous Village, 11°18’03”N
103°44’56"E, 22 August 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263383, Russei Chrum
River, 0315086 E 1322308 N, 400 m elev., 23
December 2003. FMNH 263384, Stoeng Tatai
River, 0340445 E 1307223 N, 410m elev., 23
January 2004.

A large female (SVL 870), a subadult, and
a juvenile have 41-44 keeled longitudinal scale
rows at midbody; one preocular; one or two

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

suboculars; two postoculars; several posterior
supralabials horizontally divided; 152-159 ven-
trals; black triangular spot on tip of snout; dark
oblique stripe from snout to rear of jaw, passing
through eye; juvenile in preservative with broad
reddish-brown bands on dorsum alternating with
narrow yellowish-brown bands, larger specimens
in preservative with duller, less distinct dorsal
banding; and venter in preservative creamy with
dark spot on outer margin of every three to five
scales anteriorly, becoming heavily speckled with
dark brown or black posteriorly.

Saint Girons (1972) noted that a juvenile
female from Kirirom in the Cambodian Carda-
mom Mountains differed from specimens from
Trapeang Chan in the central plain of Cambodia
by having 43 longitudinal scale rows at midbody
(45 in those from Trapeang Chan) and 162
ventrals (169-176 in those from Trapeang Chan).
In these characters, our specimens are closer to
Saint Girons’s (1972) Kirirom specimen than to
his Trapeang Chan specimens, but there is
variation. A study on the geographic variation
in H. buccata across its range is warranted.

The subadult (FMNH 263383) was collected in
the morning (0940 h) in 20 cm of water at the edge
of a 30-m-wide, slow-moving river. The juvenile
(FMNH 263384) was collected at night (2045 h) in
leaf litter on a river bottom. The adult female
(FMNH 259301) was obtained from a fisherman
who caught it in the Prek Sre Ambel River, and it
contained a large fish of the genus Channa (B.
Sidlauskas, pers. comm.) in its stomach.

Bourret (1934) reported the species from
Kampot and Kompong Luang; Saint Girons
(1972) from Kirirom, Phnom Penh, and Tra-
peang Chan; and Stuart et al. (2000) from Tonle
Sap Great Lake.

Oligodon fasciolatus (Giinther, 1864)

Areng Valley: FMNH 267730, lowland evergreen
forest, 0353155 E 1300116 N, 260m elev., 6
November 2004.

A single female agrees with Giinther’s (1864)
original description and Wagner’s (1975) ex-
panded description by having 21 longitudinal
scale rows at midbody; internasals present; eight
supralabials, fourth and fifth touching orbit; 176
ventrals; 40 subcaudals; undivided anal scale;
and immaculate white venter. The specimen has
the reticulated dorsal color pattern illustrated by
Wagner (1975, fig. 14).

The specimen was killed by a local resident on
a path.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species as
a junior synonym of O. cyclurus (Cantor, 1839)
from Kirirom in the Cambodian Cardamom
Mountains and from Angkor in central Cambo-
dia.

Oligodon inornatus (Boulenger, 1914)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263391, disturbed low-
land dry evergreen forest along Russei Chrum
River, 0314518 E 1322242 N, 400 m elev., 28
December 2003.

A single juvenile agrees with Boulenger’s
(1914) original description and Smith and
Kloss’s (1915) and Wagner’s (1975) expanded
descriptions by having 15 smooth, longitudinal
scale rows throughout the body; nasal divided;
portion of rostral seen from above equal to its
distance from frontal; internasals present; eight
supralabials, fourth and fifth touching orbit; one
preocular; two postoculars; 174 ventrals; 36
subcaudals; and an undivided anal scale.

The head pattern and ventral coloration of the
Thmar Baing specimen closely matches that of
a specimen reported by Smith and Kloss (1915)
from Koh Kut Island, southeastern Thailand,
just offshore of the Cardamom Mountains. The
upper side of the head has dark brown outlined
in black markings consisting of a crossband
passing through eye to fifth and sixth suprala-
bials; spot on frontal; oblique bar from parietal
to side of neck; and an inverted V-shaped
marking from frontal to nape. The venter was
pink in life (pinkish-yellow in preservative) with
a series of black, rectangular spots on the outer
margin of approximately every second or third
ventral. The dorsal pattern differs from that
reported by Boulenger (1914), Smith and Kloss
(1915), Smith (1943), and Wagner (1975), but
other species allied to O. cinereus (Ginther,
1864) are known to exhibit intraspecific variation
in color patterns (Smith, 1943; Wagner, 1975).
The dorsum of the Thmar Baing specimen was
purple in life (brown in preservative) with
a vertebral series of paired, red-in-life (light
orange in preservative) spots outlined in black.

The specimen was collected in a pitfall trap
within 100 m of a river.

Smith (1943) reported the species (as a junior
synonym of O. cinereus) from Cambodia but
without specific localities.

Pareas carinatus (Boie, 1828)
Kampot: FMNH 259218, 1060 m elev., 30 July
2000.

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 21

Chum Noab: FMNH 267728, lowland dry
evergreen forest, 0344446 E 1286848 N, 200 m
elev., 23 March 2004.

Thmar Baing: FMNH 267729, lowland ever-
green forest, 0348616 E 1292411 N, 170 m elev.,
7 November 2004.

Two adults and a juvenile agree with Smith’s
(1943) expanded description, except that the
vertebral scales are only weakly enlarged. Other-
wise, these have smooth scales; the head distinct
from neck; body strongly compressed; vertical
eye diameter much greater than the distance
from the ventral edge of eye to ventral edge of
upper lip; frontal longer than parietal; prefrontal
not touching orbit; reddish-brown (in _ life)
coloration with narrow, transverse black bars;
dark line from eye to nape; dark line from eye to
corner of mouth; and black speckling on top of
head. Bourret (1934) described the variety
unicolor from nearby Kampong Speu Province,
Cambodia, based on a single specimen having
uniform, reddish-brown coloration without any
darker markings on head or body, but this is
probably just a color morph.

The Chum Noab specimen was collected at
night (1930 h) ona tree branch 25 m froma river.

In addition to Bourret’s (1934) report from
Kampong Speu Province, Saint Girons (1972)
reported the species from “Tuk Sap” in the
coastal Cambodian Cardamom Mountains and
from central Cambodia.

Pareas margaritophorus (Jan, 1866)

Chum Noab: FMNH 267738, grassland and
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0344515
E 1287059 N, 200 m elev., 1 April 2004.

A single specimen has smooth scales; the head
distinct from neck; body not strongly com-
pressed; vertical eye diameter slightly greater
than the distance from the ventral edge of eye to
ventral edge of upper lip; vertebral scales not
enlarged; gray dorsum with lateral, transverse
bars comprised of black scales with a white spot
on the anterior part of scale; and underparts
whitish with black speckling.

The specimen was collected in a pitfall trap
15 m from a river.

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263380, disturbed low-
land dry evergreen forest along Russei Chrum

22

River, 0315086 E 1322308 N, 500 m elev., 2
February 2004.

A single specimen agrees with Smith’s (1943)
expanded description of the species by having
two enlarged, fang-like teeth anteriorly; a short
snout, truncate in profile; internasals much
smaller than prefrontals; narrow, elongate, bell-
shaped frontal; one preocular forming part of the
canthus rostralis; two postoculars; eight supra-
labials, third, fourth, and fifth touching the
orbit; and enlarged fourth infralabial.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1200 h) on leaf litter.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
central Cambodia and the Cambodian Carda-
mom Mountains.

Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263381, disturbed low-
land dry evergreen forest along Russei Chrum
River, 0315244 E 1322732 N, 420 m elev., 25
December 2003. FMNH 263382, hill evergreen
forest, 0362100 E 1291850 N, 850 m elev., 27
February 2004.

These have an olive-brown dorsum with short,
yellowish, lateral, transverse bars connected
across the vertebrals by black bars; white upper
lip with black triangular-shaped markings point-
ing downward, white lip stripe extending poster-
iorly to form a weak, white, chevron-shaped
marking on base of neck; white venter with
a black spot at the outer margin of ventrals and
subcaudals; nine supralabials, fourth, fifth and
six touching the orbit; three postoculars; and two
anterior temporals.

The specimens were collected during the day
(1300-1660 h) on leaf litter in the forest.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species from
Kirirom in the Cambodian Cardamom Moun-
tains, and Stuart et al. (2006) reported it from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Rhabdophis nigrocinctus (Blyth, 1856)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263385, disturbed gallery
forest along Russei Chrum River, 0313880 E
1321887 N, 400 m elev., 27 December 2003.

A single specimen agrees with Smith’s (1943)
expanded description of the species by having 19
longitudinal scale rows at midbody, first row
smooth, other rows keeled; olive-green (in life)
coloration anteriorly, brown posteriorly; white
lips with two black oblique stripes, one below
eye, one from posterior margin of eye to corner
of mouth; and uniform white venter. In agree-

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

ment with individuals from southeastern Thai-
land reported by Smith (1943), the Thmar Baing
specimen has two preoculars, 159 ventrals, and
no dark crossbars on body.

The specimen was collected in the morning
(0940 h) on a leaf litter riverbank 3 m from the
water.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Xenochrophis trianguligerus (Boie, 1827)
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263378, Tatai Leu,
disturbed lowland dry evergreen forest, 0328000
E 1291000 N, 380m elev., 28 January 2004.
FMNH 263390, Russei Chrum River, 0313880 E
1321887 N, 390 m elev., 30 December 2003.

Two subadults fully agree with Smith’s (1943)
expanded description of the species. These have
19 longitudinal scale rows at midbody, first
row smooth, other rows keeled; internasals
slightly narrowed anteriorly; one large preocular;
two anterior temporals; nine supralabials,
fourth, fifth, and sixth touching the orbit; 138—
140 ventrals; 84-86 subcaudals; olive-brown
dorsum with scattered, small black spots and
dorsolateral series of small light spots; and pink
(in life) sides with large, black bands, the points
of which extend across a light yellow (in life)
venter.

FMNH 263378 was collected in a grassy area
5 m from a river. FMNH 263390 was collected in
the morning (1000 h) swimming in a river.

This is the first report of the species from
Cambodia.

Viperidae
Calloselasma rhodostoma (Boie, 1827)
Areng Valley; FMNH_ 267722, | seasonally

flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 190 m elev., 29 August 2004.

An adult female (SVL 740) has stocky habitus;
21 smooth, longitudinal scale rows at midbody;
two prefrontals; two internasals; side and top of
head dark brown, with light brown stripe from
tip of snout, above eye, to rear of jaw; brown
dorsum with alternating, triangular-shaped dark
brown markings; and cream venter, heavily
powdered with brown.

The specimen was collected during the day
(1100 h) on leaf litter 15 m from a swamp.

Saint Girons (1972) reported the species
from localities throughout Cambodia, and Stu-
art et al. (2006) reported it from hilly eastern
Cambodia.

Cryptelytrops albolabris (Gray, 1842)

Thmar Baing: FMNH 263377, pine forest,
0358926 E 1289969 N, 800 m elev., 1 March
2004.

A juvenile has 11 supralabials, the first fused
with the nasal; internasals in contact; supraocu-
lar narrow, equal in width to about two scales on
top of the head; vertical eye diameter equal to
distance from the ventral edge of eye to ventral
edge of upper lip; 21 longitudinal scale rows at
midbody; 170 ventrals; side of the head below
eyes lighter in coloration (yellow in life) than the
rest of the head (green in life); green dorsum in
life; yellow venter in life; and dorsal surface and
tip of tail reddish-brown in life.

The specimen was collected in a pitfall trap.

Bourret (1934) and Saint Girons (1972)
reported the species from the Cambodian Car-
damom Mountains, and Stuart et al. (2006)
reported it from hilly eastern Cambodia.

Cryptelytrops macrops (Kramer, 1977)

Sre Ambel: FMNH 259192, mangrove and
melaleuca forest along Prek Kroch River (trib-
utary of Prek Sre Ambol), 11°06'20’N
103°39'35"E, <10 m elev., 27 August 2000.
Thmar Baing: FMNH 263387, hill evergreen
forest, 0358926 E 1289969 N, 800 m elev., |
March 2004.

Areng Valley: FMNH_ 267732, seasonally
flooded lowland evergreen forest, 0342411 E
1286399 N, 180 m elev., 24 August 2004.

A male and two females have short, broad
heads; 10 supralabials, the first partly fused with
the nasal; internasals in contact; broad suprao-
cular, equal in width to about three scales on top
of the head; vertical eye diameter greater than
the distance from the ventral edge of eye to
ventral edge of upper lip; 21 longitudinal scale
rows at midbody; 175-177 ventrals; and a white
marking on the first body scale row forming
a ventrolateral stripe in preservative. These have
a higher ventral scale count than specimens
referred to this species from hilly eastern
Cambodia (males with 161-163, females with
164-173; Stuart et al., 2006), and a study on
geographic variation in these snakes is war-
ranted.

FMNH 259192 was swimming at night
(2000 h) in the middle of a river, FMNH
263387 was on bamboo 0.5 m above the ground
1 m from a small stream, and FMNH 267732
was collected at night (2000 h) on a tree trunk
0.5 m above the ground 10 m from a river.

STUART AND EMMETT: CARDAMOM MOUNTAIN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 23

Stuart et al. (2006) reported the species from
hilly eastern Cambodia.

Viridovipera vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001)
Knorgl Louk: FMNH 267733, evergreen forest.
0355440 E 1314799 N. 1200 m elev., 30 September
2004. FMNH 267734. evergreen forest, 0354290 E
1311937 N. 900 m elev., 27 September 2004.

A male and female agree with David et al.’s
(2001) original description and Malhotra et al.’s
(2004) expanded description by having the first
supralabial separated from the nasal: internasals
separated: male with short, spinose hemuipenis:
163-165 ventrals; tail coloration in life mostly
green with a dark gray or brown tip; and white
vertebral spots.

Both specimens were collected 20m from
a stream. One was taken during the day
(1400 h) on a mossy rock, and the other was
taken at night (1930 h) on a tree 1 m above the
ground.

Malhotra et al. (2004) reported the species
from the Cambodian Cardamom Mountains.
and Stuart et al. (2006) reported it from hilly
eastern Cambodia.

Di :

This collection of 28 species of amphibians
and 50 species of reptiles contains 11 new
additions to the herpetofauna of Cambodia.
These include one frog (Calluella guttulata), six
lizards (Draco taeniopterus, Dasia olivacea, Ly-
gosoma bowringti, Scincella melanosticta, Sphe-
nomorphus stellatum, and Ptychozoon lionotum).
and four snakes (Boiga dendrophila, B. multoma-
culata, Rhabdophis nigrocinctus, and Xenochro-
phis trianguligerus).

Currently. six species of frogs are considered
to have ranges restricted to the Cardamom
Mountains, including offshore islands: Limno-
nectes kohchangae, Paa fasciculispina, Rana
faber, R. mortenseni, Megophrys auralensis,
and Philautus cardamonus Ohler, Swan &
Daltry. 2002. The first three species are known
from both the Cambodian and Thai Cardamom
Mountains [see Stuart (2005) for a record of R.
faber from southeastern Thailand], but the
last two have not yet been reported from
Thailand.

Only one species of reptile, the gecko Cnemas-
pis chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das, 1998, is

24

considered to have a geographic range restricted
to these uplands. The species is currently known
only from the Thai Cardamom Mountains and
has not yet been reported from Cambodia.
Cyrtodactylus intermedius, Draco indochinensis.
D. taeniopterus, Tropidophorus microlepis. and
Lycodon cardamomensis Daltry & Wiister. 2002.
were all orginally descnbed from these uplands
but have since been reported from elsewhere
(Smith, 1935: Inger & Colwell, 1977; Orlov.
2005; Stuart et al., 2006).

Stuart et al. (2006) reported on a collection of
amphibians and reptiles from hilly eastem
Cambodia (Mondolkin, Ratanakin. and Stung
Treng Provinces). the other major upland area in
Cambodia. Those authors concluded that frog
species characteristic of anthropogenically mod-
ified environments are found in both hilly
eastern Cambodia and the Cardamom Moun-
tains but that intact areas in hilly eastern
Cambodia contain a frog fauna that is very
different from the Cardamom Mountains. Our
report here on reptiles permits a first comparison
between the lizard faunas of these two moun-
tainous areas in Cambodia (the secretive nature
of snakes precludes sound companisons). All five
species of lizards reported here from the Cam-
bodian Cardamom Mountains as being charac-
teristic of anthropogenically modified environ-
ments (Table 2) were also reported from hilly
eastern Cambodia by Stuart et al. (2006). but
only seven of 16 species (43.7%) of lizards
characteristic of intact environments were shared
between these two upland areas: Calotes emma,
C. mystaceus, Physignathus cocincinus, Takydro-
mus sexlineatus, Lipinia vittigera, Sphenomorphus
rufocaudatus, and S. maculatus. There are
limitations in comparing collections because of
differences in the methods, durations, and timing
of sampling. Nonetheless, it 1s reasonable to
conclude that intact landscapes in the uplands of
southwestern and eastern Cambodia contain two
very different frog and lizard faunas. These
findings have implications for national-level
biodiversity conservation strategies.

Acknowledgments

The opportunity for BLS to work in Cambo-
dia was made possible by the Wildlife Conser-
vation Society/Ministry of Agnculture, Forestry
and Fisheries/Ministry of Environment Collabo-

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

rative Program. The John D. and Catherine T.
MacArthur Foundation, the Wildlife Conserva-
tion Society, and the National Geographic
Society (grant 6247-98 with Harold Heatwole)
provided financial support. Joe Walston, Colin
Poole, and the Wildlife Conservation Society
provided logistical support. The Cambodian
Forestry Administration and Conservation In-
ternational provided logistical and financial
support for DAE to work in the Central
Cardamoms Protected Forest. An Dara, Hout
Piseth, Monyrath Vuthy, Namyi Heng, Annette
Olsson, Ronald H. Pine, Steven G. Platt, Julia D.
Sigwart, Anthony Simms, Sokrith Heng, and Joe
Walston assisted with fieldwork or collected
specimens for our use. Harold Voris, Alan
Resetar, Jamie Ladonski, and Jennifer Mui
facilitated examining specimens at the Field
Museum of Natural History. Tanya Chan-ard,
Yodchaiy Chuaynkern, and Jarujin Nabhitab-
hata of the Thailand Natural History Museum
and Colin McCarthy of the Natural History
Museum, London, loaned specimens in their
care. Sean O. Bober constructed the map. Sophie
Molia provided French translations. Patrick
David shared his taxonomic opinions on Am-
phiesma and provided a copy of Wagner (1975).
Annemarie Ohler verified the size of the holotype
of Rana faber. Brian Sidlauskas identified the
fish in the stomach of the Homalopsis. Robert
Inger, Raoul Bain, Lee Grismer, Ted Papenfuss,
and Janet Voight improved the manuscript.

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. 1890a. The Fauna of British India, including
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