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FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

A continuation of the

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES

0/

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 53

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U.S.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1. A Collection of Birds from Szechwan. By Melvin A. Traylor, Jr. . . 1

2. New Mollusca Taxa and Scientific Writings of Fritz Haas. By Alan

Solem 69

3. Distributional Notes on Nepal Birds. By Robert L. Fleming and Mel-

vin A. Traylor 145

4. Relationships Among the Living Genera of Beaked Whales with Classifi-

cations, Diagnoses and Keys. By Joseph Curtis Moore 209

5

; s A COLLECTION OF BIRDS

FROM SZECHWAN

MELVIN A. TRAYLOR, Jr.

1968

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
VOLUME 53, NUMBER 1

Published by
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
JANUARY 27, 1967

FEB
LIBRARY

A COLLECTION OF BIRDS
FROM SZECHWAN

MELVIN A. TRAYLOR, Jr.

Associate Curator, Birds

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

VOLUME 53, NUMBER 1

Published by

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

JANUARY 27, 1967

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-29961

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

A Collection of Birds from Szechwan

The subject of this study is the collection that was made in east-
ern Szechwan and northern Kweichow, primarily during the years
1931 and 1932, by F. T. Smith. Although it has been a part of the
collections of Field Museum of Natural History for over 30 years, it
has not previously been carefully studied. The collection comprises
1788 specimens, including 207 species, nine of which are represented
by two races. Since western China is inaccessible to Americans at
the present time, I feel that publication of an annotated list is impor-
tant to make this considerable material available to other students.

The bulk of Smith's birds was taken in and around the periphery
of the fertile Red Basin of eastern Szechwan, mostly below altitudes
of 5,000 feet. His most easterly localities are along the Wu River,
about 100 miles east of Chungking, and the most westerly are Mou-
ping and the upper Tung River where altitudes of 7,000 to 8,000 feet
were reached. In Kweichow, he collected only in the vicinity of
Wen Shui, due south of Chungking and just within the boundaries
of the province. The only truly high altitude birds collected by
Smith were taken in 1934 on the upper Min River at Sungpan and
in the mountains west of Wen Chuan Hsien.

Throughout this report I have adhered to the spelling of place
names taken from Smith's catalog. Where the names have been
changed, I have noted this in the gazetteer. A few names I have
been unable to locate accurately, and have estimated their location
from the date and style of the label. Smith relied heavily on local
collectors, and often had two or more parties in the field at once, so
there is no single itinerary by which localities can be determined.
However, I believe that most are correct, at least as far as the gen-
eral region goes.

The zoogeography of Szechwan and the distribution of the avi-
fauna are well known through the intensive collecting that took place
from about 1910 to 1940. The most significant collections were from
the Walter Stotzner Expedition, the results of which were published
in a series of articles by various authors in the Abhandlungen and
Berichte der Museen fur Tierkunde und Volkerkunde zu Dresden,

4 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

1922-24, and the two Dolan expeditions whose results were published
by Stone (1933) and Schafer and de Schauensee (1939). Hugo Wei-
gold was naturalist on the Stotzner expedition and also on the first
Dolan expedition. On the latter, he was accompanied by Ernest
Schafer, who later returned to lead the second Dolan expedition.
Schafer's (1938) account of his two trips is our best summary of the
distribution of the birds of Szechwan.

The Red Basin of eastern Szechwan is a fertile alluvial plain along
the Yangtze River, below 1,000 meters, extending west and north
along the valleys of the major tributaries to Yachow and Kuan Hsien.
The avifauna of this region is predominantly the east Asian subtrop-
ical fauna found throughout the lowlands of southern and southeastern
China. To the west of the Red Basin are the Sifan mountains, stretch-
ing from the west side of the upper Min valley south and west through
the Mouping region. They form a barrier between the subtropical
lowlands and the Tibetan plateau which comes as far east as Tat-
sienlu. Although some of the ranges of the Sifan reach altitudes
equal to or above those of the Tibetan region, they are much inter-
sected with deep valleys, and the average altitude, according to
Schafer, is 1,700 meters, compared to 4,000 meters for the Tibetan
highlands.

Within the Sifan there is marked vertical stratification of the vege-
tation and faunal zones. The bottoms of the deep valleys of the
major rivers are dry and support a xerophytic vegetation. The mid-
mountain slopes, however, particularly those with south and east
exposures which receive the full impact of the monsoon winds, are
very humid and support a dense rain- or cloud-forest. This biotope
extends from 1,000 to 3,500 meters, and above it is found drier moun-
tain forest, and above 4,600 meters alpine meadow. The birds of the
dry valleys are an impoverished extension of the lowland subtropical
fauna. The rain forest zone, however, supports a much richer fauna,
allied with that of the Himalayan subtropics, and particularly abound-
ing in babblers, Timaliidae. This is the zone in which lies Mouping,
the center of much of PeYe David's early collecting, and it is also the
home of the giant panda. The high mountain forest birds are of
palaearctic-Himalayan affinities, and those of the alpine meadows are
almost wholly palaearctic.

Smith's birds were taken almost entirely within the Red Basin
and the rain forest zone of the Sifan. Only on his trip to Sungpan
in 1934 did he reach altitudes that were truly palaearctic. There are
no novelties in the collection, although he was actually the first to col-

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6 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

lect specimens of Lophura nycthemera omeiensis, a race recently de-
scribed by Cheng et al. (1964) . However, there are fine series of many
species that have made it possible to work out the sequence of molts
and plumages. This subject has received scant attention in relation
to Chinese birds, and I have included notes on the stage of molt wher-
ever possible. I have also re-examined the specimens collected by
Stevens on his trip from northwest Yunnan to Szechwan (cf. Bangs,
1932) . In describing molt I disagree with Vaurie (1965, p. xviii) about
the numbering of the primaries. Vaurie numbers the primaries from
the outside in, starting with the first functional primary. He states,
"I certainly do not agree that it is convenient to start the examina-
tion of the primaries from the carpal joint." This is, of course, often
true, but has nothing to do with the numbering of primaries since it
is just as easy to count from ten to one as vice versa. Numbering
from the outside confuses homologies, and contra Vaurie this does
introduce confusion in closely related species, such as Euplectes gie-
rowii, with ten functional primaries, and E. hordeaceus, with nine.
In this paper, the primaries are always numbered from the inside out.
In the course of this study I have received help from various insti-
tutions and individuals. For their generous loans of comparative
material, I would like to thank the American Museum of Natural
History (Charles Vaurie and Dean Amadon), British Museum (Nat-
ural History) (Mrs. B. P. Hall) and Zoologisches Museum, Berlin
(Prof. E. Stresemann). I would particularly like to acknowledge the
constant aid and encouragement of Prof. Stresemann, who has not
only generously shared his knowledge of molts and plumages, but
has saved me from a number of pitfalls in my interpretation of the
sometimes confusing evidence.

Gazetteer

(approximate coordinates)

Chaopo — west of Wen Chuan Hsien 31°

Chen Chia Chang — southeast of Chungking. . . 29c

Chengtu 30c

Chin Chuan Shan — south of Yachow 29c

Chung Chiang Miao — south of Tung River ... 29c

Chungking 29c

Chu Tsu Shan— west of Kiating 29c

Dun Shi Goh — above Mouping 30c

Er Wang Miao — north of Kuan Hsien 31°

Fi Shan Kwan — northwest of Yachow 30c

Fu Fu Su— near Omei Shan 29c

Fu Hsian Shan — southeast of Suifu 28°

Fu Lai Shan— east of Suifu 28c

Fu Lin— south of Omei Shan 29°

Fu Pa— south of Chungking 28c

Gang Yang Go — west of Mouping 30°

Gung Tang Goh— southwest of Wen Chuan

Hsien, Min drainage 31°

Han Kia Pa — north of Kuan Hsien 31°

Hei Ngai Ping — east of Yachow 29°

Ho Kiang — between Suifu and Chungking .... 28°

Ho Ni Pa— northwest of Yachow 30°

Hsiao Kwan Tze — northwest of Yachow 30°

Hsiao Yang Chi— south of Tung River 29°

Hsing Liao Pa — Kweichow province 28°

Hsing Lung Shang — southeast of Chungking . . 28°

Hsung Kin — on Yangtze west of Chungking . . 29°

Huo Chiao Pa — southeast of Chungking 29°

Hwang Niang Tzu — north of Kiating 29°

Kan Chiang Pu— on Ya River 29°

Kao Ku— on Wu River 29°

Kiating (now Loshan) 29°

Kuan Hsien — upper Min River 31°

Kuan Yin Chiao — southeast of Chungking .... 29°

17' N

; 103° 15' E

06' N

; 107° 06' E

40' N

; 104° 04' E

40' N

; 103° 05' E

03' N

; 103° 23' E

35' N

; 106° 35' E

34' N

; 103° 39' E

25' N

; 102° 50' E

04' N

; 103° 37' E

02' N

; 103° 05' E

35' N

• 103° 30' E

41' N

• 104° 40' E

30' N

• 105° 03' E

22' N

103° 35' E

45' N

106° 45' E

20' N

102° 30' E

17' N

103° 18' E

06' N

103° 37' E

59' N

103° 32' E

46' N

105° 47' E

10' N

102° 58' E

10' N

102° 58' E

05' N

103° 20' E

15' N

106° 30' E

46' N

106° 50' E

05' N

106° 00' E

05' N

106° 58' E

38' N

103° 44' E

43' N

103° 35' E

30' N

108° 05' E

35' N

103° 42' E

00' N

103° 37' E

12' N

106° 57' E

s

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Kwan To Shan — northwest of Suifu

Kwan Yen Chiao (= Kuan Yin Chiao)

Lao Chun Ya — north of Kuan Hsien

Li Bi To — on Yangtze above Chungking ....

Li Shan Pien — near Kiating

Lin Ya — northwest of Kuan Hsien

Luan Shih Gow — upper Tung River

Lu Chang Pu — Wu River

Lung An Su — about 60 miles west of Suifu . . .

Lung Men Tung — near Omei Shan

Lung Min Chiao — not found, "near Chung-
king" (Smith)

Lu Ting Shan — northeast of Tatsienlu

Malianpin — upper Min valley

Mapien — south of lower Tung River

Mien Chu Pa — on Ya River

Mouping — also Mupin, now Paohing

Ngang Kou Pa — west of Kiating

Omei Shan — west of Kiating

Opien — on lower Tung River

Pei Yang Pa — near Kiating

Pien Ngai Shan — on Wu River

Pin Yang Goh — west of Mouping

Pu Hoo — southeast of Chungking

Sha Kuan Zu — southeast of Mouping

Shan Tai Su — east of Suifu

Shang Tang Kou — on Wu River

Shawan — on Tung River

Shih Kgo To— not found; probably WSW
of Mouping

Shih Pa — near Omei Shan

Suifu — also Suchowfu, now Ipin

Sungpan — upper Min River

Ta Chi Ho— on Wu River

Ta Cho Fu — just south of Tung River

Ta Fu Pa — west of Kiating

Ta Ko Pan — on Wu River

Tan Kuo — southeast of Chungking

Ta Tsai Tsu — northeast of Wen Chuan Hsien

Tatsienlu — now Kangting

Tsung Tsui — on Wu River

Tu Kan — on Wu River

28°48'N;
29°12'N;
31°05'N;
29°10'N;
29°35'N;
31°08'N;
30°15'N;
29°25'N;
28°37'N;
29°35'N;

30c
31c
28c
29c
30c
29c
29c
29c
29c
29°
30c
28c
30c
28c
29c
29c

15' N
43' N
50' N
40' N
25' N
33' N
35' N
14' N
39' N
20' N
25' N
55' N
15' N
46' N
25' N
25' N

104c
106c
103c
106c
103c
103c
102c
108°
103c

102c
103°
103c
103c
102c
103c
103c

108
102
106
103
104
108
103

29°35'N;
28°43'N;
32°30'N;
29°39'N;
29°12'N;
29°34'N;
29°36'N;
29°02'N;
31°28'N;
30°02'N;
29°25'N;
29°20'N;

31' E
57' E
35' E
10' E
42' E
30' E
15' E
18' E
37' E

103° 30' E

22' E
54' E
10' E
38' E
40' E
37' E
30' E
103° 25' E
103° 44' E
•10'E
'35'E
'55'E
'00'E
'41'E
"08'E
'35'E

103° 30' E
104° 35'E
103° 40' E
107° 30' E
103° 20' E
103° 42' E
107° 35'E
107° 02' E
103° 40' E
102° 02' E
108° 00' E
107° 55'E

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN

Tung Ki Chang — south of Chungking 28c

Wan Show Chang — southeast of Chungking . . 29°

Wen Chuan Hsien — upper Min River 31e

Wen Shui — Kweichow province 28c

Yachow 30°

Yang Cha Shan— on Wu River 29c

Yang Ko Chih-on WuRiver 29°

Yen Men Kwan — on Min, north of

Wen Chuan Hsien 31c

Yen Tien Pa — southeast of Chungking 29c

Yu Lui Kan — northwest of Kuan Hsien 31e

Yun Tien Pa— not found, probably south of

Chungking

40' N

106° 35'

E

02' N

107° 02'

E

22' N

103° 35'

E

25' N

106° 32'

E

02' N

103° 07'

E

25' N

108° 10'

E

22' N

107° 48'

E

28' N

; 103° 35'

E

15' N

; 106° 55'

E

06' N

; 103° 31'

E

Systematic List

The order of families and species and the nomenclature follow that
of Vaurie's (1959, 1965) Birds of the Palaearctic Fauna, with such in-
terpolations as are necessitated by the inclusion of some purely sub-
tropical birds not found in his list. Vaurie's two volumes have been
of inestimable value in preparing the present paper, for his detailed
descriptions of ranges and the summary of subspecific variation pro-
vide a firm foundation on which to build. Any changes from Vaurie's
nomenclature are fully explained in the text.

Botaurus stellaris stellaris (Linnaeus)
1 9 , Malianpin, 16 Oct. 1934.

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus)

1 cf, Shawan, 31 Mar. 1932; 1 im. 9, Kuan Yin Chiao, 8 Oct.
1931.

Ardeola bacchus (Bonaparte)
1 d\HoNiPa, 17 May 1931.

Egretta garzetta garzetta (Linnaeus)
1 Juv. d\ Lu Ting Shan, 19 July 1931.
The wing feathers are still in sheath.

Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark

1 juv. 9, Pien Ngai Shan, 26 July 1932; 1 im. <?, Wan Show
Chang, 6 Dec. 1931; 1 im. d\ Pu Hoo, 17 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Lu Chang
Pu, 16 July 1932.

The juvenal is fully grown and must have been out of the nest,
but still has some down on the underparts. The adult female is just
completing post-nuptial molt; the seventh and tenth primaries and
the outer rectrices are still growing, while the remainder of the rem-
iges and rectrices are fresh.

Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus)

1 9 , Kan Chiang Pu, 7 Apr. 1932.
A rare migrant in Szechwan.

10

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 11

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus

1 cf, Omei Shan, 19 Nov. 1931; 1 d1, Shin Pa, 19 Nov. 1931;
1 d\ Pin Yang Goh, 5 Nov. 1932.

Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha Swinhoe

2 tf, Shawan, 31 Mar. 1932.

Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus

1 9 , Mien Chu Pa, 23 Mar. 1932; 1 9 , Shawan, 31 Mar. 1932.

Anas clypeata Linnaeus

1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 22 Nov. 1932.

Netta rufina (Pallas)

1 cT, Chen Chia Chang, 9 Dec. 1931.
A rare migrant in Szechwan.

Mergus merganser comatus (Salvadori)

1 9 , Shawan, 31 Mar. 1932.

This is the race called orientalis by Peters (1931, I, p. 187) and
most recent authors.

Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzbier)
1 im. d\ Chen Chia Chang, 10 Dec. 1931.

Accipiter nisus nisosimilis (Tickell)

1 im. 9 , Li Shan Pien, 9 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Fi Shan Kwan, 30 Dec.
1931.

Accipiter nisus melaschistos Hume

1 im. cf , Gang Yang Go, 19 Feb. 1931.

The two females of nisosimilis are, of course, winter visitors, the
breeding form of western Szechwan being melaschistos.

Buteo buteo japonic us Temminck and Schlegel

1 d\ Omei Shan, 29 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 20 Nov.
1932.

Tetrastes sewerzowi secunda Riley

1 d" , 1 9 , Sungpan, 14 Dec. 1934 and 6 Jan. 1935.
Vaurie (1965, p. 252) does not consider secunda of Szechwan suffi-
ciently distinct from sewerzowi of Kansu to be recognizable. How-
ever, six Szechwan birds are more rufous on the upper parts than
those from Kansu, and the males are brighter reddish on the breast.
I feel that secunda is worth recognizing.

12 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Lerwa lerwa (Hodgson)

1 unsexed, 1 downy., Wen Chuan Hsien, June 1932.

Rand and Fleming (1957, p. 58) have already compared this adult
bird with topotypes of lerwa. They could not distinguish it on either
size or color, and considered the species monotypic.

Tetraophasis obscurus (Verreaux)

3 cf, Sungpan, 9 Nov.-ll Dec. 1934.

The triangular black markings on the breast are much heavier in
these birds than in two males from Kansu.

Tetraogallus tibetanus henrici Oustalet

1 d\ Malianpin, 10 Aug. 1934.

Perdix hodgsoniae sifanica Przevalski

2 9 , Sungpan, 14 and 19 Dec. 1934.

Bambusicola thoracica thoracica (Temminck)

1 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 24 May 1931; 1 d\ Fu Fu Su, 3 Dec. 1931; 1 d\
Huo Chiao Pa, 23 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ Yen Tien Pa, 11 Jan. 1932; Id",
Fu Lai Shan, 17 Mar. 1932; 1 dwy., Pien Ngai Shan, 9 July 1932.

The downy young is about the size of a freshly hatched domestic
chick, and has already begun to grow the juvenal feathers on the
scapulars, upper back, and sides of the breast. Of the remaining
down, the crown is a bright, foxy red without a superciliary stripe,
the lower back a more dusky reddish-brown, and the underparts pale
buff. The feathers of the mantle and breast are a pale reddish-brown
with white or buff shaft streaks and triangular apical spots. The
scapulars are similar, but with a blackish blotch on the inner web.
These juvenal feathers are similar to the remaining feathers of a
young female from Chekiang that is molting from juvenal to adult
plumage.

Ithaginis cruentus geoffroyi Verreaux

1 & , Shih Kgo To, 3 Mar. 1931.

Ithaginis cruentus berezowskii Bianchi

2 d\ 2 9 , Sungpan, 11-26 Oct. 1934.

Tragopan temminckii (Gray)

1 cT , Shih Kgo To, 28 Apr. 1931; 1 d\ Ta Cho Fu, 15 Apr. 1932;

1 d", Chung Chiang Miao, 21 Apr. 1932; 1 d\ Yachow, 1 Feb. 1931;

2 9 , 1 im. d\ Hsiao Yang Chi, 10-27 June 1932; 1 9 , 1 im. d% Gang

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 13

Yang Go, 1 Mar. 1931; 1 <?, 3 9 , 4 im. o", Pin Yang Go, 21-30
Nov. 1932.

The three June birds from Hsiao Yang Chi are all in molt. The
young male is molting into full adult plumage, and is at least one,
and possibly two years old.

Lophophorus lhuysii Geoffroy St. Hilaire

2 <?, 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 12 Feb. 1931; 1 d\ Gung Tang Goh,
1 May 1934; 1 im. o", Shih Kgo To, 25 Mar. 1931.

Lophura nycthemera omeiensis Cheng, Chang and Tang
1964, Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 1, pp. 221, 224.
1 d\ Li Shan Pien, 8 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Ta Cho Fu, 9 Feb. 1932;
4 cf , 2 im. d\ Hsiao Yang Chi, 15-26 June 1932.

This striking new race of Cheng et al. marks a surprising extension
of range for the silver pheasant. The nearest race geographically is
nominate nycthemera of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, and this is also the
race that it most nearly resembles in appearance. The most striking
character of omeiensis, and one in which it differs from all races of
nycthemera, is the pure black lateral rectrices (fig. 2). These are most
apparent in the adult males, but are also found in females and imma-
ture males, and serve to distinguish these sex and age groups. The
above localities are just to the south of the lower Tung River, the
same region as Opien and Mapien, two of Cheng's localities, and the
range of omeiensis is restricted to the area west and south of the con-
fluence of the Ya, Tung and Min Rivers.

The two immature males, about 12 or 13 months old, have begun
molt into adult plumage. White feathers are appearing first on the
neck and mantle; there are a few scattered blue feathers on the sides
of the breast, and the first two (inner) primaries are white, with the
third growing in. The assumption of adult plumage in the second
year is characteristic of males of nycthemera, while in the related spe-
cies leucomelana it is assumed in the first year.

Cheng et al. describe the tail of their immature male as having the
two central pairs of rectrices pale rufous with irregular black streaks,
and the third pair white streaked with black as in the adult male.
I believe that the third pair of their specimen are actually adult rec-
trices, and that in immatures the third pair are like the two central
ones. One of our immatures has this type of tail, that is, the three
central pairs are pale rufous with black markings. The other has the
third right rectrix pale rufous, but the third left is white with black

14 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

streaks as in the adult. This latter feather is also fresher than the
juvenal rectrices and is evidently the first to be replaced in the molt
to adult plumage.

Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgson)
1 9 , Sungpan, 7 Oct. 1934.

Crossoptilon auritum (Pallas)

1 d\ 1 9 , Sungpan, 10 and 27 Oct. 1934.

Delacour (1951, p. 199) states that the range of auritum is confined
to Kokonor and Kansu and that the records from northwest Szech-
wan are probably erroneous. On his map (p. 185) of the distribution
of the genus, he leaves a gap of several hundred miles between the
ranges of auritum and C. c. crossoptilon. On the basis of the present
specimens as well as the previous records which there is really little
reason to doubt, the ranges of auritum and crossoptilon seem to meet
in the latitude of Sungpan.

Weigold (in Jacobi, 1924, p. 4) considered auritum rare at Sung-
pan. He saw no live birds, but found their feathers around Sungpan,
and purchased an adult alleged to have been taken at Matschou and
several chicks at Hwanglungsze. Stone (1933, p. 179) records auritum
from Karlong, about 50 miles WNW of Sungpan, and crossoptilon
from Datsang, about 100 miles WSW. Dolan (in Stone, 1933, p. 167),
in describing the itinerary of his expedition, observes that Datsang is
on the divide between the waters of the Hwang-ho and the Yangtze,
and that the eared pheasants to the north of the divide, at Karlong
and Merge, were auritum, while those to the south were crossoptilon.
Finally, Smith or his collectors took both species in the vicinity of
Sungpan. There seems little reason to doubt that the ranges of these
two species meet somewhere between 32 ° and 33° N. latitude.

Syrmaticus reevesi (Gray)

1 cf, Yen Tien Pa, 29 Dec. 1931.

Phasianus colchicus suehschanensis Bianchi
1 d* , 1 9 , Sungpan, 15 Oct. and 12 Dec. 1934.

Phasianus colchicus decollatus Swinhoe

1 d\ Gang Yang Go, 10 Mar. 1931; 1 <?, Omei Shan, 27 Nov.
1931; 1 9 , Huo Chiao Pa, 18 Dec. 1931; Kweichow: 7 cT, Wen Shui,
1-11 May 1932.

Fig. 2. Comparison of Lophura nycthemera nycihermera (left) and L. n. omei-
ensis (right), showing the black lateral rectrices of the latter, the most striking
character of this race.

15

16 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus)

1 cf, Gung Tang Goh, 8 May 1934; Kweichow: 1 d\ Wen Shui,
27 Apr. 1932.

This appears to be the first record of the golden pheasant from
Kweichow.

Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater)

2 d\ Ta Cho Fu, 5 and 17 Apr. 1932; 1 d\ Hsiao Kwan Tze,
2 May 1931.

Grus grus lilfordi Sharpe

1 d\ Chu Tsu Shan, 22 Oct. 1931; 1 d\ Ngang Kou Pa, Dec.
1931.

Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin)

2 juv., Kwan Yen Chiao, 21 Sept. 1931.
These birds are about one-half grown.

Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin
2 cf , Ta Fu Pa, 9 May 1932.

Charadrius placidus Gray

1 d\ Fu Pa, 12 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Yachow, 12 Jan. 1931.

Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus)

1 im. cf , Mouping, 16 Jan. 1931.

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus

2 a71, Yachow, 12 and 13 Jan. 1931; 1 9 , Pu Hoo, 17 Nov. 1931;
1 9 , Tung Ki Chang, 8 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Pei Yang Pa, 6 May 1932.

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus

1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 8 Mar. 1932.

Gallinago solitaria japonica (Bonaparte)

1 cf , Huo Chiao Pa, 17 Dec. 1931.

I am following Vaurie (1965, p. 434) in calling this bird japonica.
On our limited material I cannot distinguish japonica from solitaria.

Larus ridibundus Linnaeus

1 d\ Pin Yang Goh, 5 Nov. 1932.

Columba leuconota Vigors

1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 7 Feb. 1931.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 17

There is a slight cline of increasing darkness from the western
Himalyas to Szechwan, but I agree with Vaurie (1965: 542) that the
differences in the extremes are not sufficiently well marked for for-
mal recognition.

Columba hodgsonii Vigors

1 9 , Shih Kgo To, 27 Apr. 1931.

Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Latham)

1 juv. 9 , Pu Hoo, 21 Nov. 1931 ; 1 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 11 Dec.
1931; 1 <?, Huo Chiao Pa, 21 Dec. 1931; 1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh,
22 Nov. 1932; 1 d\ Fu Lai Shan, 8 Mar. 1932; 1 d", Kao Ku, 21 June
1932; 4 d\ 1 9 , Lu Chang Pu, 12-21 July 1932.

Primary molt seems to be a prolonged process in this species.
Examining birds from Szechwan, Chekiang and Korea, birds in molt
are found in almost every month of the year. The single March speci-
men listed above has already replaced the inner two primaries, birds
taken in June and July are growing the fifth to the seventh, and
November and December specimens are usually still molting the
ninth or tenth. The single March bird seems to be exceptional since
other winter birds are not in molt, but it is safe to say that the ma-
jority of specimens from May to November are in molt.

The post-juvenal molt is complete, the first primaries being re-
placed shortly after body molt begins. The onset of this molt must
depend upon the date of hatching, but in the majority of our birds
it is late, October and November, and continues well into the winter.

Streptopelia chinensis chinensis (Scopoli)

1 d\ Yen Tien Pa, 29 Dec. 1931; 1 cf, 4 9, Lung Min Chiao,
22-25 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 16 Mar. 1932; 1 9, Kao Ku,
21 June 1932; 1 9, Yang Cha Shan, 4 July 1932; 1 <?, 1 9 , Lu
Chang Pu, 15 and 17 July 1932.

I am unable to recognize S. c. setzeri Deignan, a race that Vaurie
(1965, p. 561) considers confined to the Red Basin of Szechwan. When
the above listed series is compared to birds from Shensi, Kiangsu and
Fukien, it is no darker above and only averages darker below. The
range of coloration is bridged by individual variation in both series.
Cheng (1964, p. 226) also puts setzeri in the synonymy of chinensis.

Post-nuptial primary molt must begin as early as May. The mid-
June bird has the fourth primary growing in, and mid-July birds have
the fifth and sixth. A male taken 17 July, approximately one year

18 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

old judging from a few retained juvenal feathers on the belly, is al-
ready growing the ninth primary. It may be that this age group
molts earlier than adults; first year birds certainly show much more
primary wear during the winter than fully adult specimens.

Psittacula derbiana (Fraser)

1 cf , Pin Yang Goh, 25 Nov. 1932.

This is probably a bird in its second year. It is in a dull imma-
ture plumage with considerable green on the pileum, but is just com-
pleting a wing molt, and the remaining old primaries show too much
wear for a bird of the year. Primary molt in this specimen is asym-
metrical. On the right wing, the first six primaries are fresh, and the
outer four are growing in together, the seventh and eighth being more
advanced than the ninth and tenth. On the left wing, the first five
are fresh, the sixth and seventh worn and old, the eighth and ninth
two-thirds grown, and the tenth just beginning to grow. The bill has
both the mandible and maxilla black at the base and red at the tip.
In adults the mandible is always black, and the maxilla red in males
and black in females.

Hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides (Vigors)

5 d\ 1 9 , Ta Fu Pa, 9-17 May 1932; 1 9 , Kwan Yen Chiao,
8 Sept. 1931; Kweichow: 1 d1, Wen Shui, 1 June 1932.

I am following the Stresemanns (1961, p. 327) in considering Hiero-
coccyx distinct from Cuculus. The difference in sequence of primary
molt, in conjunction with the other well-marked differences, makes
this separation necessary.

Cuculus canorus bakeri Hartert

1 <?, Gung Tang Goh, 7 May 1934; Kweichow: 4 cf , 1 9 , Wen
Shui, 14-25 May 1932.

Cuculus poliocephalus poliocephalus Latham
1 d\ Dun Shih Go, 24 May 1931.

Chalcites maculatus (Gmelin)

1 d\ Hsiao Yang Chi, 19 June 1932; 1 9, Gung Tang Goh,
7 May 1934.

Eudynamys scolopaceus chinensis Cabanis and Heine

1 cf , Ho Ni Pa, 16 May 1931; 2 d\ 1 9, Yang Cha Shan, 21
June-9 July 1932; Kweichow: 2 cf , 3 9 , Wen Shui, 7 May-4 June,
1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 19

There has been considerable confusion in the literature over the
color of the juvenal plumage of both sexes, and of the sequence of
molts and plumages before the adult stage is attained. Stuart Baker
(1927, IV, p. 173) stated that the nestling (juvenal) was wholly black,
molting quickly into adult plumage. La Touche (1931, 2, p. 55)
and Delacourand Jabouille (1931, 2, p. 183) agreed that the juvenals
were black, but stated that young males then went through a stage
in which they were like the females before assuming the black adult
plumage. Our series of young males from various parts of the range
of the species indicates that neither of these views is correct. There
is no female type plumage in the young male, but the complete adult
plumage is usually not assumed until the second summer.

Ticehurst (1939, p. 17) gave the first adequate description of the
juvenal plumage. Although the general effect is that of a black bird,
there is considerable buffy marking. The whole bird is generally
blackish-brown, paler on the lower back, rump and belly, and the
lower breast and belly are barred with pale buff. There is buff tip-
ping on the breast, back, rump and upper tail and wing converts, and
the lower wing coverts are barred buff and brown. The primaries
are narrowly tipped with white and may have a varying amount of
buff barring or freckling on the proximal portion of the inner web.
The rectrices are blackish, tipped with buff, and with irregular bar-
ring on the distal half. This barring is highly variable and may be
wanting in some specimens.

The juvenal plumage, in the male at least, is replaced almost im-
mediately by a first winter plumage which is wholly black. A juvenal
from Sirur, India (undated), with very fresh wings and tail and bill
only two-thirds grown, is already well into this molt; the crown and
back are almost wholly black and the breast is mixed. This post-
juvenal molt is incomplete; only the contour feathers are regularly
replaced, and occasionally one or two primaries and one or more rec-
trices. A male from the Central Provinces, India, 10 April, is in this
first winter plumage. The body plumage is wholly black, and the
second and third pairs of primaries and five rectrices are adult. How-
ever, even these adult wing and tail feathers show some wear, par-
ticularly the left primaries.

In the winter or spring there is a pre-nuptial molt in which the
body plumage is again replaced. At this time the remiges and rec-
trices proceed further with their molt, but it is not always completed
because some males during the following breeding season still have

20 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

mixed wings and tail. There is no way of demonstrating whether the
molt is sometimes complete because in this case the year-old birds
would be indistinguishable from the adults. A male from Bombay
Presidency, 2 February, is in the midst of this molt. There is active
body molt with fresh black feathers replacing old ones, and an occa-
sional juvenal feather can still be found on crown or belly. On the
wings, the fifth right, and fourth and fifth left primaries are juvenal,
and there are still two juvenal rectrices. Considering the advanced
stage of wing and tail molt in this specimen, it might well have reached
completion. One male taken 21 June at Yang Cha Shan, however,
stopped wing and tail molt before completion. There are two clearly
marked generations of glossy black feathers on the back, showing that
it has had a partial pre-nuptial molt, but three pairs of primaries,
most secondaries and three rectrices are all of the juvenal plumage.
These feathers are now one year old and are so excessively abraded
as to be hardly functional. Spring birds in this plumage are not ex-
ceptional, for La Touche also noted males returning in the spring
with barred wing feathers. I am not able to say whether females
have the same sequence of molts and plumages. I believe they do,
however, for apparently adult females with mixed wings and tails
(the adult feathers are much more clearly barred than the juvenal)
are not uncommon.

The only specimen we have that is an exception to the above
sequence, is a juvenal from Bangkok, taken 26 Aug., that is going
through a complete post-juvenal molt including wings and tail. Body
molt is complete, and the only remaining juvenal feathers are the
sixth and eighth primaries, most secondaries and two rectrices. There
is no question that this bird is only two or three months old, for the
remaining juvenal feathers are almost fresh. This may be an excep-
tional bird, or it may be that in more tropical areas the post-juvenal
molt is always complete; our material is inadequate to determine this.

The sequence in which the primaries are molted in Eudynamis has
been demonstrated by the Stresemanns (1961, p. 327). There are two
centers of molt. In the distal one, the sixth through ninth, first the
seventh and ninth and then the sixth and eighth are replaced. Con-
currently, in the proximal center, the first to fourth molt in order.
The fifth and tenth are irregular and may be molted at any time.
The replacement of the juvenal primaries, despite the fact that it is
spread over many months, seems to follow this same pattern. The
only deviation seems to be that when primaries are replaced during
the post-juvenal molt in the bird's first autumn, they are invariably
from the proximal center, the first to fourth pairs.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 21

Bubo bubo tibetanus Bianchi

ld\ Pin Yang Goh, 30 Nov. 1932.

This specimen is larger, paler and grayer, less rufous, than two
specimens of kiautschensis from southern Korea and Fukien, respec-
tively. Wing length is 475. Pin Yang Goh is west of Mouping,
with an elevation on the valley bottom of 7,200 feet. Possibly birds
from lower elevations in eastern Szechwan will be kiautschensis.
Vaurie (1960, p. 18) included setschwanus in the synonymy of kiaut-
schensis since the type was small, wing 440, and dark. However,
there was no more exact locality for this specimen than "Szechwan,"
and it may have come from anywhere in the eastern part of the
province.

Otus bakkamoena erythrocampe (Swinhoe)

1 o" , 2 9 , Chin Chuan Shan, 27 Nov.-6 Dec. 1932; 1 <?, Hei Ngai
Ping, 5 Jan. 1933.

I follow Deignan (1950, p. 192) in placing this series in erythro-
campe. They match two males from Fukien very closely in color,
but as a series, they run larger than the measurements given by
Deignan. Our six birds have wing lengths 178, 180, 182, 182, 186,
192, while Deignan's measurements for four specimens were 173-180.

Glaucidium cuculoides whitelyi (Blyth)

1 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 24 May 1931 ; 1 d\ Hsiao Kwan Tze, 2 May 1931 ;

1 9 , Tan Kuo, 29 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Wan Show Chang, 5 Dec. 1931;
Id", Chen Chia Chang, 11 Dec. 1931; ltf\ Huo Chiao Pa, 20 Dec.
1931 ; 1 9 , Yun Tien Pa, 31 Dec. 1931; 1 9 , Lung Min Chiao, 27 Jan.
1932; 1 9 , Han Kia Pa, 15 Feb. 1932; 1 9 , Wang Miao, 19 Feb. 1932;

2 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 18 and 19 Mar. 1932; 2 9 , Tu Kan, 16 June 1932;
lo", Yang Cha Shan, 10 July 1932; 2 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 12 and
22 July 1932.

One female, 16 June, has begun post-nuptial molt with the simul-
taneous loss of the first three primaries. The new feathers vary from
one-quarter grown to still completely ensheathed. The 10 July male
is much more advanced . On the left wing the first to fourth primaries
are fresh, the fifth and sixth growing, and the seventh to tenth worn.
The right wing is similar, except that the eighth and ninth have been
dropped and the new feathers are one-quarter grown. Only the male
has begun the body molt.

Ninox scutulata ussuriensis Buturlin

2 c?1, Ho Ni Pa, 15 and 24 May 1931; 2 o", Yang Cha Shan, 2 and
11 July 1932.

22 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

This is the first time that a definitely breeding population of the
Hawk Owl has been found in Szechwan. Previous records for the
province are a male from Kwan Hsien taken by Weigold on 12 Sep-
tember (Stresemann, 1924, p. 58) and three specimens from Kiating
(March) and Kwan Hsien (5 September) taken by Smith for the Brit-
ish Museum (Hall, 1955, p. 38). All these might have been migrants,
but the May and July birds are certainly resident. The 24 May bird
is already in molt; the first three primaries were dropped simultane-
ously and have just begun to grow back in.

I have placed this population in ussuriensis because it is definitely
whiter below than Japanese birds, nominate scutulata. In size the
Szechwan birds are intermediate, wing 218-229 (224) compared to
Vaurie's (1965, p. 618) measurements of ussuriensis 222-241 (232),
scutulata 213-225 (219).

Strix uralensis davidi (Sharpe)
Id71, no locality, 10 Dec. 1931.

Ceryle lugubris guttulata Stejneger

Id", Tung Kai Chang, 7 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Yen Tien Pa, 31 Dec.
1931.

Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gmelin

Id", Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932; 19,1 juv., Li Bi To, 1 June 1932
1 d\ Ta Fu Pa, 10 May 1932; 1 9 , Kiating, 23 May 1932 1 d\ 1 9
Hsung Lung Shan, 16 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Tung Ki Chang, 5 Nov. 1931
1 d\ 1 9 , Lung Min Chiao, 22 and 25 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Chu Tsu Shan
8 Apr. 1932; 19,1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 10 and 11 Mar. 1932
3 d\ 1 9 , Yen Tien Pa, 28-31 Dec. 1931 ; 1 d\ 1 unsexed, Chin Chuan
Shan, 30 Nov. and 5 Dec. 1932; 3d", 1 unsexed, Hei Ngai Ping,
25 Dec. 1932-3 Jan. 1933.

Upupa epops saturata Lonnberg

1 d", Shih Kgo To, 24 Mar. 1931; 1 9 , Chu Tsu Shan, 8 Apr. 1932;
Id", 19, Lao Chun Ya, 28 Mar. 1932; 1 9, Chung Chiang Miao,
24 Apr. 1932.

Megalaima virens virens (Boddaert)

Kweichow: Id", Hsing Liao Pa, 15 May 1932.

Picumnus innominatus chinensis (Hargitt)

1 unsexed, Fi Shan Kwan, 17 Dec. 1931; Kweichow: 1 9, Wen
Shui, 29 Apr. 1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 23

Picus canus sordidior<guerini

1 d\ 2 9 , 4 juv., Kao Ku, 27 June-6 July 1932; 1 <? , 2 juv., Pien
Ngai Shan, 13-20 July 1932; 1 juv., Yang Cha Shan, 7 July 1932;
2cf , Huo Chiao Pa, 23 Dec. 1931; 2d\ 1 9 , Tan Kuo, 2 and 3 Dec.
1931; ld\ Pu Hoo, 21 Nov. 1931; Id1, Wan Show Chang, 5 Dec.
1931 ; 1 d1 , Chen Chia Chang, 10 Dec. 1931 ; 1 d" , Shih Pa, 6 Dec. 1931 ;
1 d\ 1 9 , Omei Shan, 25 and 26 Nov. 1931 ; 1 juv., Wen Chuan Hsien,
June 1932; 1 d\ 1 9 , Lao Chun Ya, 6 and 7 Mar. 1932; Id1, Han Kio
Pa, 1 Mar. 1932; ld% Yu Lui Kan, 16 Feb. 1932; Id1, Yachow,
14 Jan. 1931; 3d1, Fi Shan Kwan, 16-31 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ Chin Chuan
Shan, 13 Dec. 1932; 1 d\ Hei Ngai Ping, 21 Dec. 1932; 1 d\ 2 9 , Ho
Ni Pa, 18-22 May 1931; 1 d\ 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 6 and 8 Feb. 1931;
2d\ 2 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 7-12 Nov. 1932; Id1, Dun Shih Go, 23 May
1931; Kweichow: 9d\ 4 9 , Wen Shui, 26 Apr.-2 June 1932.

This series grades from birds from the Mouping area that are
nearest sordidior to those from the Wu River and Chungking area
that are more like guerini. There is a cline of decreasing size from
west to east, and also of increasing buffy or golden back. The color
characters are less evident in fresh specimens than in worn ones.
There is little difference between November and December birds
from Gang Yang Go and Pin Yang Go in the west and those from
the Chungking area taken at the same time, but there is a striking
difference between the worn bird from Dun Shih Go, which is gray-
ish green, and the worn series from the Wu valley which is a dirty
buffy green. The Kweichow series is similar to those from Chung-
king. In size, birds from the Omei and the Min valley eastward are
smaller, those from Yachow and Mouping regions larger, with the
Kweichow specimens falling between. Measurements of males are:

Min valley eastward 15<?<? 142-151 (148.7)

Mouping and Yachow 11 149-159 (152.7)

Kweichow 9 145-157 (150.7)

These differences are all slight, and the population of Szechwan
is obviously an intergrading one between sordidior of the high moun-
tains and guerini of the coast.

Vaurie (1959b, p. 10), in reviewing the races of P. canus, did not
allocate the name brunneatus Allison (1946, p. 6) . Allison described this
race on the basis of a single specimen from Szechwan, without further
data. He characterized it as much browner than any other specimen
in the Musee Heude. Since brownish coloration is characteristic of
worn specimens of guerini but not of sordidior, I consider brunneatus
a synonym of the former.

24 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

This species must begin breeding early, at least by mid-April. Of
seven juvenals taken in the Wu valley in late June and early July,
two are only half grown and were probably taken from the nest.
The remainder, however, are fully grown, and three are in worn
plumage and have already begun post-juvenal molt. This molt is
complete, including wings and tail; one bird is replacing the third
primary, two are replacing the fifth primary. Two of the adults have
already begun post-nuptial molt and are replacing the third and
fourth primaries, respectively.

Dendrocopos major mandarinus (Malherbe)

Kweichow: 3 & , 2 9 , Wen Shui, 23 Apr.-7 May 1932; Id1, Hsing
Liao Pa, 16 May 1932.

These specimens are typical of the race of southeast China and
show no approach to the much darker stresemanni. They extend the
range of mandarinus north and west from Kwangsi and Hunan to
the hills along the southern border of the Red Basin. The race of the
western edge of the basin is stresemanni.

Dendrocopos cathpharius pernyii (Verreaux)
1 o", Gang Yang Go, 20 Feb. 1931.

Dendrocopos hyperythrus subrufinus (Cabanis and Heine)

Id", Chen Chia Chang, 15 Dec. 1931; 1 im. 9 , Wan Show Chang,
7 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ Yu Lui Kan, 16 Feb. 1932.

These are the duller colored race, subrufinus, of north China, that
only reaches Szechwan on migration. The young female is just com-
pleting post-juvenal molt and retains a few barred feathers on the
chest and red feathers on the crown.

Dendrocopos canicapillus omissus (Rothschild)

ld\ 19, Hsiao Kwan Tze, 7 and 8 May 1932; Kweichow: 4d%
4 9 , Wen Shui, 25 Apr.-28 May 1932.

The Kweichow birds might be expected to approach nagamichii
of Hunan and Kwangsi. However, they lack the white hind collar
of that form, and are nearer omissus of Yunnan and west Szechwan.

Blythipicus pyrrhotis sinensis (Rickett)

1 <?, Hsiao Yang Chi, 15 June 1932.

This is only the second record of this species from Szechwan.
Oustalet (1898, p. 221) reported a single specimen from Tatsienlu, a
record questioned by Peters (1948, VI, p. 225). Tatsienlu itself is high

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 25

in the mountains with a predominantly Tibetan fauna, but the valley
of the Tung River is not far to the east, and a collector might easily
include birds from this region with others from Tatsienlu. Hsiao
Yang Chi is about 100 miles southeast of Tatsienlu, in the western
edge of the Red Basin, south of the Tung River. I think that Ousta-
let's record may be accepted for western Szechwan, even if the exact
locality is incorrect.

This specimen has already begun post-nuptial molt, with the third
and fourth primaries being renewed.

Hirundo rustica gutteralis Scopoli

1 juv. 9, 1 juv. unsexed, Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932; 1 juv. 9,
Ta Fu Pa, 11 May 1932.

Breeding comes early in the warmer parts of Szechwan. Strese-
mann (1924, p. 31) also reports young out of the nest in early May.

Hirundo daurica japonica Temminck and Schlegel

ld\ Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932; Kweichow: 1 9 , Hsing Liao Pa.
15 May 1932.

As noted by Vaurie (1959a, p. 14) the small japonica occupies the
Red Basin of eastern Szechwan and the lowlands of eastern China.
Wing measurements of these two specimens are c?118, 9112. A
male collected by Stevens north of Hlagong, in the mountains of west
Szechwan, is nominate daurica, wing 124.

Anthus novaeseelandiae sinensis (Bonaparte)
IcATaFuPa, 9 May 1932.

Anthus hodgsoni yunnanensis Uchida and Kuroda
1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 13 Mar. 1932.

Anthus pelopus Gray

1 9 , Lung An Su, 6 May 1932; 1 unsexed, Yachow, 12 Jan. 1931;
ld\ Fu Lai Shan, 17 Mar. 1932; 2^,19, Gung Tang Goh, 19-25
Apr. 1934.

As Deignan (1960, p. 120) has pointed out, pelopus is without
question a prior name for roseatus Blyth. Ripley (1961, p. 571) has
used it in his list of Indian birds.

Anthus sylvanus (Hodgson)

Id1 , Fi Shan Kwan, 21 Dec. 1931.

I have recently (Fleming and Traylor, 1964, p. 548) discussed vari-
ation in this species and noted that, while there is a cline of increasing

26 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

color saturation from west to east, it is not worthwhile dividing it
into subspecies. This specimen has a very rich, rufous wash, but two
other Szechwan birds agree with Nepal topotypes. In the same paper
I claimed that a specimen in the National Museum from Fukien was
the first record for that province. In this I was quite mistaken.
La Touche (1930, 1, p. 437) states that it is a regular resident in the
mountains in Fukien and Kiangsi.

Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin)

1 unsexed, Yang Cha Shan, 12 July 1932; 1 cf , 2 9 , Chung Chiang
Miao, 1-7 June 1932.

Vaurie (1959a, p. 74) does not include any part of western China
within the breeding range of the forest wagtail. However, Schafer
(1938, p. 203 and 1939, p. 242) states definitely that he observed fam-
ily parties of this species in Szechwan, and that the single specimen,
collected on 1 August, was in full molt and could not have been a mi-
grant. Similarly, our July specimen has begun post-nuptial molt and
must have been a summer resident. Cheng (1964, p. 242) includes
Szechwan within the breeding range of D. indicus, and I think that
he is certainly correct.

Motacilla cinerea robusta (Brehm)

1 cf , Huo Chiao Pa, 20 Dec. 1931; 1 cf, Han Kia Pa, 4 Mar. 1932;
1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 13 Mar. 1932; 1 9 , Shan Tai Su, 30 Apr.
1932; 1 cf , Shih Kgo To, 25 Apr. 1931; 1 cf , Gung Tang Goh, 18 Apr.
1934; 2cf , 1 9 , 1 unsexed, Yachow, 12-16 Jan. 1931; lcf , Pin Yang
Goh, 29 Nov. 1932; Kweichow: 1 cf , 1 9 , Hsing Liao Pa, 15 May 1932.

I assign these specimens to the eastern race robusta on the basis
of tail length. According to Vaurie (1959a, p. 87), tail length in males
of cinerea measures 92-103 and in robusta 80-96. Our males measure
83, 85, 88, 88, 90, 92, within the range of robusta, as were nine males
recorded by Rensch (1924, p. 56), which measured 86-92. M. c. ro-
busta appears to be the common race on migration in Szechwan.

Motacilla alba baicalensis Swinhoe
1 cf , Chu Tsu Shan, 8 Apr. 1932.

Motacilla alba ocularis Swinhoe
lcf, Yachow, 14 Jan. 1931.

Motacilla alba alboides Hodgson

19,3 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 12-23 July 1932; 1 unsexed, Lung An
Su, 3 May 1932; 1 juv., Yang Cha Shan, 28 June 1932; 1 9 , Han

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 27

Kia Pa, 4 Mar. 1932; Id1, Shan Tai Su, 1 May 1932; ld\ Lin Ya,
18 Feb. 1932; Id1, Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932; 19, Yang Ko Chi,
15 June 1932; 2d", Hsiao Kwan Tze, 5 and 21 May 1931; Id1, Fi
Shan Kwan, 21 Dec. 1931; 4 unsexed, 1 juv., Wen Chuan Hsien,
June 1932; 3 9,1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 10-19 Mar. 1932; 1 cf, 2 9 ,
Chin Chuan Shan, 29 Nov.-3 Dec. 1932; 1 unsexed, Hei Ngai Ping,
25 Dec. 1932; Id1, 1 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 21 and 27 Apr. 1934; 2d\
Chung Chiang Miao, 25 May and 7 June 1932; Kweichow: 1 9 , Wen
Shui, 9 May 1932.

Motacilla alba alboides X leucopsis

1 juv., Ta Chi Ho, 13 June 1932; 19,1 unsexed, 1 juv., Yang Cha
Shan, 28-29 June 1932; 2d1, 1 juv., Kao Ku, 19 June-3 July 1932;
Id1, Han Kia Pa, 4 Mar. 1932; 1 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien, June
1932.

The first two races listed above, baicalensis and ocularis, are only
passage migrants or winter visitors, while alboides is the breeding race
of Szechwan. However, on the basis of the above specimens, it is
evident that there is intergradation with leucopsis in the subtropical
Red Basin.

All but one of the intergrades listed are breeding birds, taken
either in the Wu valley east of Chungking or in the Min valley in the
vicinity of Wen Chuan Hsien. The leucopsis influence shows itself
in white ear coverts and a greater or lesser mixture of white on the
sides of the head and neck. None of them shows as much white as
true leucopsis, in which the black crown is separated from the black
breast patch by a broad band of white. On the other hand, typical
alboides were taken in both regions, so that the breeding bird of the
Red Basin must be called alboides showing, however, some inter-
gradation with leucopsis. As noted by Schafer and de Schauensee
(1939, p. 240), birds of subtropical regions do not acquire the wholly
black throat during the breeding season that is characteristic of more
western populations; this may also be the result of mixture with
leucopsis.

Post-nuptial molt begins about the end of June, and by mid-July
many birds are in full molt and growing the fourth or fifth primary.
The first winter plumage is highly variable. Of two juvenals taken
in the Wu valley, one is molting into a plumage almost as black dor-
sally as the adult, the other into a dull, gray-brown plumage. Post-
juvenal molt does not involve the wings or tail.

28 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Lanius tigrinus Drapiez

Id", Chungking, 3 June 1932; 1 d", 1 9 , Ta Fu Pa, 17 May 1932;
5d", 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 25 May-5 June 1932; Id", 1 9 , Kia-
ting, 5 May 1932; 1 d", Pei Yang Pa, 6 May 1932; 1 nestl., Yen Men
Kwan, 30 July 1934.

Although there are few records of this species from Szechwan,
Smith evidently found it common here. Yen Men Kwan, where the
nestling was taken, is in the Min valley near Weichow.

Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linnaeus

Id", Lo Bi To, 1 June 1932; 1 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien, June
1932.

Lanius tephronotus tephronotus (Vigors)

ld\ Gung Tang Goh, 9 May 1934.

This is a first winter male. During post-juvenal molt the pre-
vious fall, it replaced the distal primaries, 5-10, and the proximal
secondaries, 6-9, retaining the other juvenal remiges. This is the
same type of partial post-juvenal molt that Miller (1928) demon-
strated in the North American Lanius ludovicianus.

Lanius schach schach Linnaeus

19,2 nestl., Kao Ku, 26-30 June 1932; Id", 1 9, Yang Cha
Shan, 29 June and 3 July 1932; 1 juv. 9 , Hsiao Yang Chi, 20 June
1932; lcf, Pien Ngai Shan, 17 July 1932; 1 nestl., Fu Hsian Shan,
25 May 1932; Id", Hwang Niang Tzu, 19 Apr. 1932; Id", Lin Ya,
18 Feb. 1932; 3 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien, June 1932; ld\ Lung
Min Chiao, 24 Jan. 1932; Id", Yen Tien Pa, 4 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Huo
Chiao Pa, 19 Dec. 1931; Id", 2 9, Chen Chia Chang, 10-11 Dec.
1931; 1 d", 3 9 , Wan Show Chang, 5-7 Dec. 1931; 2d", 3 9 , near Fu
Pa, 6-15 Nov. 1931.

Complete post-juvenal molt must be the rule in this species. None
of the 20 winter birds shows any trace of juvenal plumage, although
there must be some first winter birds among them.

Oriolus chinensis dift'usus Sharpe

Id", Hsiao Kwan Tze, 6 May 1931; Id", Kuan Hsien, June 1932;
2d", 1 9 , 1 im.d", Chung Chiang Miao, 29 May-4 June 1932; Id",
1 im.d", 3 juvs., Pien Ngai Shan, 7-24 July 1932; Id", 1 im.d", 2
nestl., Yen Men Kwan, 22 July 1934; 1 im. 9 , Kao Ku, 5 July 1932;
1 unsexed, Yang Cha Shan, 3 July 1932; Id", Lu Chang Pu, 6 July

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 29

1932; ld\ 19, Hsiao Yang Chi, 20 June 1932; Kweichow: ld\
1 im.d1, 1 im. 9 , Wen Shui, 21-23 May 1932.

The sequence of molts and plumages, particularly among young
birds, is not too clear. The juvenal plumage is like that of the first
winter, and is replaced at a post-juvenal molt beginning as soon as
the birds are fully grown, in early July. This is a partial molt, the
wings and tail not being replaced. During the winter there seems to
be a variable first pre-nuptial molt, and year-old birds arriving in the
spring may have 10-80% adult-type feathers. The wings and tail
are always badly worn. The first annual molt is complete, starting
somewhat before the adult post-nuptial molt; the second winter plum-
age is much like the adult's, but with some dark streaking below,
although it is hard to say if this is invariable. There is no evidence
that there are any subsequent pre-nuptial molts.

In Szechwan, breeding must start in late May or early June, for
fully grown young were taken the first week in July. Molt starts at
the same time with the loss of the two inner primaries.

Two anomalous specimens are two males from Korea taken in
mid-October. Both are in worn plumage, presumably breeding plum-
age; one shows no molt but the other has the two inner primaries
coming in. Other Korean birds are beginning annual molt in late
June, and I am at a loss to explain the very late October birds.

Dicrurus leucophaeus leucogenis (Walden)
1 d\ 3 9 , Hsiao Yang Chi, 10-18 June 1932.

Dicrurus hottentotus brevirostris (Cabanis)

ld\ 19, 1 unsexed, 1 juv. unsexed, 2 nestl., Yang Cha Shan;
30 June-16 July 1932; 2 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 6 and 18 May 1931; ld\ 1 9 ,
Hsiao Yang Chi, 12 and 16 June 1932; 2d1, 1 juv., 1 nestl., Lu Chang
Pu, 6-16 July 1932; 2d", 1 9 , Hsiao Kwan Tze, 6 and 7 May, 1931;
2d\ 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 2-6 June 1932; Kweichow: 2d\ Wen
Shui, 2 and 26 May 1932.

The nestlings taken in early July are fully feathered and about
ready to fly. Molt of the primaries proceeds very rapidly once it
begins. An adult female taken July 5 has the first replaced, the sec-
ond and third growing, and the fourth out. An unsexed bird taken
16 July is similar but has not yet lost the fourth.

Sturnus sericeus Gmelin

Id1, 19, Gang Yang Go, 22 and 25 Feb. 1931; 2d1, 2 9 , Chen
Chia Chang, 10-14 Dec. 1931.

30 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Sturnus cineraceus Temminck

Id", 1 9 , Wan Show Chang, 8 Dec. 1931; 2d", 3 9 , Fu Pa, 11-12
Nov. 1931; 2d", 1 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 11-15 Dec. 1931; Id", 1 9 ,
Yachow, 14 Jan. 1931.

Post-juvenal molt is complete, and first winter birds are indis-
tinguishable from adults.

Acridotheres cristatellus cristatellus (Linnaeus)

Id", 1 juv., Kao Ku, 1 and 7 July 1932; 1 9 , Pien Ngai Shan,

24 July, 1932; Kweichow: 10 d", 6 9 , Wen Shui, 23 Apr.-l June 1932.
This south China starling reaches only the eastern part of

Szechwan.

Garrulus glandarius sinensis Swinhoe

1 d", Dun Shih Goh, 26 May 1931; 1 d", Lu Chang Pu, 6 July 1932;
2d", Chen Chia Chang, 15 Dec. 1931; Id", Mouping, 14 Dec. 1931;

1 9 , Lao Chun Ya, 7 Mar. 1932; 1 9 , Tan Kuo, 2 Dec. 1931; 2d\
Ho Ni Pa, 12 and 21 May 1931; Id" , Gang Yang Go, 14 Feb. 1931;
Kweichow: 1 d", 1 9 , Wen Shui, 26 Apr. and 20 May 1932.

Wing length is very confusing in this series, and to make any
sense of it, would demand that several birds have been wrongly
sexed. This, of course, may well be true, since Smith used local col-
lectors a great deal, sending them out on their own, and my faith in
them is not very strong. Measurements, working from the labels,
are: & d"172, 173, 185, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196, 196; 9 9 179, 182, 200.
The first two males and last female may be missexed, although three
females from Fukien show the same spread: 170, 171, 199. Equally
puzzling are two European juvenal females; 6 adult d" cf measure 182-
190, six adult 9 9 178-188, but two juvenal 9 9 are 170 and 193!

Pica pica sericea Gould

2d", Mouping, 30 Oct. 1932; 1 unsexed, Kao Ku, 21 June 1932;

2 d\ Lao Chun Ya, 7 Mar. 1932; 1 9 , Fi Shan Kwan, 29 Dec. 1931;
19, Pin Yang Goh, 19 Nov. 1932; 1 juv. 9 , Pien Ngai Shan, 12
July 1932.

The unsexed adult taken 12 June has begun post-nuptial molt.
The first primary is fresh, the second growing and the third has been
dropped ; there is as yet, no sign of contour feather molt. The juvenal
is worn, but has not begun post-juvenal molt.

Crypsirina formosae sapiens Deignan
3d", 1 im. 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 16-19 May 1931.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 31

The first winter contour plumage of the female does not seem to
differ in any way from that of the adult males. However, this bird
retains the dull brown juvenal remiges and rectrices which are ex-
ceedingly worn. The rectrices, particularly, are easily distinguished
from those of the adult by being much more pointed rather than
square-tipped and by being dull brown rather than blackish.

I agree with Amadon (1944) that Dendrocitta and Crypsirina are
congeneric.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Boddaert)

3d", 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 21 May-8 June 1932; 2d", 2 9 ,
Pu Hoo, 18-21 Nov. 1931; Id", Mouping, 30 Oct. 1932; Id", Dun
Shih Go, 22 May 1931; Id*, Hsiao Kwan Tze, 18 May 1931; Id",
Fi Shan Kwan, 30 Dec. 1931; 1 unsexed, Kwan To Shan, 30 Mar.
1932; Id", Hei Ngai Ping, 21 Dec. 1932; 2d\ Pin Yang Goh, 19 and
20 Nov. 1932; Id", 19, 1 unsexed, 3 juvs., Yang Cha Shan, 5-14
July 1932; 1 juv., S. of Kao Ku, 26 June 1932; Id", Fu Lai Shan,
11 Mar. 1932; 1 d", above Kiating, 7 Apr. 1932; 2 9 , Lung Min Chiao,
23 and 24 Jan. 1932; Id", Yang Ko Chi, 15 June 1932; 2 juvs., Ho
Kiang, 30 May 1932; 2 9,5 juvs., Lu Chang Pu, 7-20 July 1932;
2 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 14 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ Wan Show Chang, 6 Dec.
1931 ; 1 9 , Yen Tien Pa, 4 Jan. 1932; 2 d\ 1 9 , Tung Ki Chang, 6 and
9 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Ta Fu Pa, 9 May 1932; 1 d" Shih Kgo To, 15 Apr.
1931; 1 9 Tan Kuo, 30 Nov. 1931; Id", Omei Shan, 28 Nov. 1931;
Id", Gung Tang Goh, 5 May 1934; Kweichow: Id", Hsing Liao Pa,
15 May 1932; 3d", 2 9 , Wen Shui, 23 Apr.-4 June 1932.

Despite the apparent wealth of material listed above, none was
collected in the months Aug.-Oct., and there are few birds in molt.
Only those adults taken in early July have begun their annual
molt, and in these it has progressed to the fourth primary with little
or no body molt in evidence. Only one juvenal has begun post-juvenal-
molt, and it has only three black feathers on the breast. The post-
juvenal must be a complete molt, however. The fully grown juvenal
tail is less than two-thirds the adult tail in length, yet all our winter
specimens have full length tails, showing that the first-year birds
acquire a new tail in the fall.

Nucifraga caryocatactes ma eel la Thayer and Bangs

Id", Lu Ting Shen, 16 Mar. 1931; 1 juv. unsexed, Wen Chuan
Hsien, June 1932.

The June juvenal is in post-juvenal molt and about half way into
first winter plumage.

32 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Corvus dauuricus Pallas

1 juv.d1, Lu Chang Pu, 19 July 1932.
There is no sign of post-juvenal molt.

Corvus frugilegus pastinator Gould
1 c? , Lao Chun Ya, 7 Mar. 1932.

Corvus macrorhynchos colonorum Swinhoe

lcf , Shih Pa, 6 Dec. 1931, ld\ Omei Shan 26 Nov. 1931; 1 un-
sexed, Fu Hsian Shan, 14 May 1932.

These birds came from the edge of the mountains in western
Szechwan and might be either the lowland colonorum or the high-
land tibetosinensis. However, their measurements, 2c? tf 332, 343,
1 unsexed 352, are nearer those of colonorum, and they seem slightly
paler in the belly than a single tibetosinensis from Wuchi in the west-
ern mountains.

Corvus torquatus Lesson

1 9 , Hsiao Kwan Tze, 7 May 1931 ; 1 o" , Lung Men Tung, 23 Nov.
1931.

Coracina melaschistos avensis (Blyth)

Kweichow: 1 S , 1 9 , Wen Shui, 29 April 1932; 1 9 , label lost.

These are as pale as any of our specimens and might be intermedia
of Hopeh. However, all our material of these two pale races are
wintering birds, so I follow Vaurie (1959a, p. 181), placing these birds
in avensis.

Pericrocotus roseus cantonensis Swinhoe
Id1, Ho Kiang, 30 May 1932.
This is a regular breeding species of the Red Basin.

Pericrocotus ethologus ethologus Bangs and Phillips

ld\ 19, Shih Kgo To, 12 April 1931; 19, Gung Tang Goh,
6 May 1934.

The females are duller and more olive below than females of laetus
from Nepal, and the rump is also more olive yellow. This is as it
should be.

Hypsipetes mcclellandii holtii Swinhoe

lcf, 2 9, Yang Cha Shan, 4-5 July 1932; 1 9 , Lu Chang Pu,
10 July 1932; Kweichow: 1 &, 1 9 , Wen Shui, 10 and 20 May 1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 33

Hypsipetes madagascariensis leucothorax (Mayr)

2d1, 19, Chung Chiang Miao, 6-7 June 1932; ld\ Shih Kwan
To, 28 Apr. 1931 ; 3 d\ Shih Kgo To, 28 Apr .-8 May 1931 ; 3 d\ Hsiao
Kwan Tze, 4-7 May 1931; 2d1, 1 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 12 May 1931.

There is a partial and irregular pre-nuptial molt in this species
that I believe is confined to first winter birds. Two of the above
specimens, taken 7 and 12 May, are undergoing a full tail molt. The
12 May specimen has almost completed the replacement, but the
7 May specimen still retains the outer two pairs of the previous plum-
age. Considering the great degree of wear and the rounded tips, the
old feathers are part of the juvenal plumage, retained through the
post-juvenal molt. This must be an exceptional condition, however,
for this molt is usually complete. The majority of first winter birds
are indistinguishable from adults. A single immature in the Zoolo-
gisches Museum, Berlin, borrowed through the kindness of Prof.
Stresemann, is just finishing a post-juvenal molt and renewing the
last wing and tail feathers. The pre-nuptial tail molt is probably
confined to the few young birds that fail to complete tail molt in their
first autumn.

Pycnonotus xanthorrhous xanthorrhous Anderson

2d", 2 9, 1 unsexed, 1 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 10-20 July 1932;
3d1, 1 9 , 1 unsexed, 1 juv., Kao Ku, 21 June-5 July 1932; 2d", 1 un-
sexed, Ta Chi Ho, 13 June 1932; 1 9 , Ta Ko Ban, 14 June 1932; 2d1,
1 juv., Lu Chang Pu, 10-20 July 1932; 1 d\ 1 9 , Tsung Tsui, 17 June
1932; 1 d\ Fu Lai Shan, 9 Mar. 1932; 19,2 unsexed, Fi Shan Kwan,
16 and 31 Dec. 1931; 4 d1, Chung Chiang Miao, 1-7 June 1932; 3d1,
1 9 , Mouping, 17 Jan., 15-17 Dec. 1931 ; 4 9 , 2 juv., Yang Cha Shan,
1-10 July 1932; 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 1 Feb. 1931; Kweichow: 1 9 ,
Hsing Liao Pa, 13 May 1932.

When freshly molted specimens from Szechwan are compared to
similarly plumaged birds from Yunnan and Tonkin, they are equally
dark, and must be placed in xanthorrhous rather than the allegedly
paler race andersoni of Hupeh. The effects of wear are drastic, how-
ever, and in breeding birds taken in June and July, the breast band
may be so worn and faded as to almost disappear. We have no topo-
typical specimens of andersoni so I cannot judge its validity; Yen
(1934, p. 302) considered it a synonym of xanthorrhous.

Although none of the juvenals listed above is in molt, post-juvenal
molt must be complete because all the winter and spring birds have
adult-type primaries and rectrices.

34 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Pycnonotus sinensis sinensis (Gmelin)

1 d1, Ta Chi Ho, 13 June 1932; 1 9 , Tu Kan, 16 June 1932; 1 d\
Ta Ko Ban, 15 June 1932; ld\ Pien Ngai Shan, 10 July 1932; Id",
19,1 unsexed, Tsung Tsui, 17 June 1932; 1 d1 , 2 9 , 1 unsexed, Kao
Ku, 27 June-4 July 1932; 1 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 11 Dec. 1931; 2d1,
3 9 , Tung Ki Chang, 7-11 Nov. 1931; 1 d", 1 9 , Hsung Kin, 31 May
1932; 2cf , Chungking, 3 June 1932; 2d1, 1 9 , Li Bi To, 1 June 1932;
1 d\ 2 9 , 1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 11-19 Mar. 1932; 1 9 , Lao Chun
Ya, 6 Mar. 1932; Id1, Pei Yong Pa, 5 May 1932; 3d", Kiating,
30 Apr.-23 May 1932; 19, Lung An Su, 5 May 1932; Id1, 4 9,
Yachow, 6-14 Jan. 1931; 3d1, 1 9 , Ta Fu Pa, 7 May 1932; 2d",
Hsiao Kwan Tze, 3 and 5 May 1931; 2d1, 2 9, Mouping, 15 and
16 Jan. 1931, 30 Oct. 1932; 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 26 Nov. 1932; Id1,
Chin Chuan Shan, 28 Nov. 1932; 3d1, 19, Chung Chiang Miao,
23-31 May 1932; 2d1, Yang Cha Shan, 28 June 1932; Kweichow:
1 9 , Wen Shui, 29 Apr. 1932.

Deignan (in Peters, 1960, IX, p. 233) recognizes hoyi as the race of
Szechwan, Hupeh and Hunan. I am unable to ascertain on what
characters he separates hoyi from nominate sinensis of the lower
Yangtze and the coastal provinces from Kiangsu to Kwangtung. The
type of hoyi was an immature bird with gray head which Riley (1923,
p. 193) did not recognize as related to sinensis; the Szechwan popula-
tions of sinensis have always been kept in the nominate race, and I
find myself unable to separate the above listed birds from a small
series of nominate sinensis from Kiangsu and Fukien. The Szechwan
birds are fairly large, wing of 29 d" d1 85-96 (av. 91.3), 25 9 9 83-92
(av. 87.7), but no larger than coastal Chinese birds, according to
La Touche (1925, 1, p. 93). There are no evident color differences.

A character that has in the past been used for taxonomic purposes
but is now considered to be individually variable is the extent of the
white patch on the hind-crown. Variation is evident among this
series, but on examination it proves to be seasonal rather than indi-
vidual. Fresh plumaged birds taken in November and December
have the patch much reduced, often so overlaid with black as to ap-
pear as white streaking on a black crown, while May and June birds
have the hind-crown pure white. This change is caused by a partial
pre-nuptial molt that, in Szechwan at least, occurs in April and early
May. Birds in fresh fall plumage have the feathers of the mid- and
fore-crown long and black, partially overlying the white of the hind-
crown. Those of the latter region are white with black tipping so

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 35

that the white is much obscured. In the pre-nuptial molt the white
feathers are replaced with longer feathers that are pure white or with
only sparse black tipping, while some black feathers of the posterior
edge of the mid-crown are replaced by others with white tips. The
resultant white patch is equal in size to the black of the fore- and
mid-crown. This incomplete pre-nuptial molt is limited to the crown
and does not involve the rest of the contour feathers. While the pre-
nuptial molt of small patches of "nuptial plumes" is found in many
non-passerine birds, it is most unusual among the passerines.

Post-nuptial molt in this species is initiated by the dorsal and pec-
toral tracts and not by the inner primaries as is general in North
American passerines. A male taken 4 July is in heavy molt on back
and breast, but still retains all the old primaries.

Spizixos semitorques semitorques Swinhoe

4c?1, 5 9 , 1 im. d\ 2 juv., Lu Chang Pu, 6-18 July 1932; 4 d\ 2 9 ,
Yang Cha Shan, 30 June-8 July 1932; Id1, Kao Ku, 2 July 1932;
ld\ Ta Chi Ho, 14 June 1932; Id1, 2 im., 1 juv., Pien Ngai Shan,
14-19 July 1932; 3 9 , Huo Chiao Pa, 18 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ 1 9 , Lung
Min Chiao, 22 Jan. 1932; 2d1, Fu Lai Shan, 8 and 13 Mar. 1932;
Id", 2 9 , 1 unsexed, 1 im. d\ Hei Ngai Ping, 25 Dec. 1932-7 Jan.
1933; 10 d\ 3 9, Chung Chiang Miao, 24 May-7 June 1932; 1 9,
Hsiao Kwan Tze, 5 May 1931; 1 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien, June
1932; 1 unsexed, Li Shan Pien, 7 Jan. 1932; 1 unsexed, Fi Shan Kwan,
1 Jan. 1932; ld\ 19, Yachow, 14 Jan. 1931; 1 unsexed, Mouping,
1 Nov. 1932; 2d\ 1 9, Dun Shih Go, 23-26 May 1931; 2d1, 1 9,
1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh, 11 Nov.- Dec. 1932; 2d1, 1 9 , Gang Yang
Goh, 1 Feb.-l Mar. 1931; Id1, 1 9, Chin Chuan Shan, 10 and 15
Dec. 1932; Kweichow: 4 c?, 1 9 , Wen Shui, 23 Apr.-l June 1932.

As Stresemann noted (1924, p. 31), post-nuptial molt may be very
late in this species. Although some birds are in fresh plumage by
early November, others may prolong the molt even into January.
Our latest bird is an unsexed specimen taken 7 January with the
eighth primary growing and the ninth and tenth still of the previous
plumage; the central pair of rectrices is fresh, and the lateral ones
still growing in. Probably this late molt is correlated with a prolonged
breeding season. While we have several young in advanced post-
juvenal molt in early July, there are also two that are in post-juvenal
molt on 16 December and 2 January respectively. The latter has
the fifth and sixth primaries coming in, and only the central pair of
rectrices fresh; it probably could not complete molt before February.

36 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Although post-juvenal molt is usually complete, occasional birds
retain a few juvenal feathers. These are most frequently the fifth
and sixth secondaries, and up to four pairs of lateral rectrices. The
sequence of feather replacement is peculiar. During the first stage
the body feathers and first two primaries are replaced, but none of
the head feathers. Then presumably the head molts, followed by the
remaining wing feathers and tail. Unfortunately, we have none molt-
ing the head feathers, but by the time the fifth primary is coming in,
head molt is complete.

Cinclus cinclus przewalskii Bianchi

1 o", 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 3 and 27 Feb. 1931.

Cinclus pallasii pallasii Temminck

2d1, 1 juv., Hsiao Kwan Tze, 4-8 May 1931; Id1, Shih Kgo To,
19 Mar. 1931; Id1, Liang Kwang, 22 Jan. 1931; Id1, 1 unsexed,
Mouping, 15 and 16 Dec. 1931; 2d1, Tung Ki Chang, 6 and 11 Nov.
1931; 1 9 , Shih Pa, 20 Nov. 1931; 2d1, 1 9 , Lung Men Tung, 20-
23 Nov. 1931.

As has been noted by various authors, breeding begins in late
winter, and by the first of April young birds are on the wing. Post-
nuptial molt begins the same month, and the two adults taken in
early May are both growing the fourth and fifth primaries and have
begun body molt on the back and breast. This same early breeding
occurs in Nepal where late April adults are in post-nuptial molt (cf.
Vaurie, 1951, p. 16), but in Kashmir it must be later for there adults
are still molting in August.

Troglodytes troglodytes szetschuanus Hartert

1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 8 Nov. 1932; 1 unsexed, Mouping, 3 Nov.
1932; Id1, Gang Yang Go, 8 Mar. 1931; Id1, Shih Kgo To, 22 Mar.
1931.

Prunella strophiata strophiata (Blyth)

1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh, 7 Nov. 1932.

Cettia montanus davidianus (Verreaux)

Id1, Ho Ni Pa, 24 May 1931; 1 unsexed, Chin Chuan Shan,
2 Dec. 1932; 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 30 May 1932.

Phylloscopus subaffinis subaffinis (0. -Grant)
Id1, Gang Yang Goh, 18 Apr. 1934.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 37

Phylloscopus pulcher pulcher Blyth
1 o", Gung Tang Goh, 24 Apr. 1934.
Just completing molt to fresh spring plumage.

Phylloscopus proregulus chloronotus (Gray)

1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 6 Mar. 1932.

Phylloscopus occipitalis coronatus (Temminck and Schlegel)

1 d\ 1 9 , Kao Ku, 26 June and 2 July 1932; 1 d\ 1 juv., Pien Ngai
Shan, 9 and 22 July 1932.

The adults are all in post-nuptial molt, which proceeds very rap-
idly in this species. Both males have the outer four primaries and
lateral rectrices growing in simultaneously, and the contour plumage
is mostly fresh. Tne female is in mid-molt. The juvenal is well ad-
vanced in post-juvenal molt, with most of the body feathers of the
first winter plumage.

These specimens amply confirm Weigold's statement (in Strese-
mann, 1924, p. 13) that coronatus breeds in Szechwan, a remark that
Ticehurst (1938, p. 161) questioned. The early dates for eggs and
young given by Weigold, 27 April and 8 May respectively, are also in
accord with what must have been early breeding dates for our speci-
mens, considering the advanced stages of molt in late June and early
July. Weigold found his nests at Kwan Hsien on the Min River, and
our birds were taken on the Wu River east of Chungking, so the
breeding range must be fairly extensive.

Phylloscopus reguloides claudiae (La Touche)

lo", Gung Tang Goh, 17 Apr. 1934; 1 unsexed, Ta Tsai Tsu,
3 Aug. 1934.

Abroscopus albogularis fulvifacies (Swinhoe)

Id1, 1 juv. 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 1 and 3 June 1932; 1 9 , Ta
Fu Pa, 7 May 1932; 1 unsexed, Pien Ngai Shan, 21 July 1932; 1 un-
sexed, Tsung Tsui, 17 June 1932.

Prinia subflava extensicauda (Swinhoe)
ld\ 1 9 , Wan Show Chang, 5 Dec. 1931.
Inseparable from Fukien birds in similar fresh plumage.

Prinia criniger parumstriata (David and Oustalet)

1 o", 1 9 , Ta Chi Ho, 13 June 1932; 2 9 , Kao Ku, 21 June 1932;
ld\ 1 unsexed, Lung An Su, 2 and 4 May 1932; 1 9 , Shan Tai Su,

38 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

30 Apr. 1932; lcf, Chung Chiang Miao, 5 June 1932; lcf , Lu Ting
Shan, 23 May 1932.

In his review of Prinia criniger, Deignan (1942) considered catha-
ria to be the race of northwest Yunnan and Szechwan, probably ex-
tending down the Yangtze to its mouth. However, while preparing
his study, Deignan examined the specimens listed above and marked
them "parumstriata H.D." When these birds are compared with
specimens of catharia from Yunnan and Muli and Baurong, south-
west Szechwan, they are noticeably less streaked above. Since this
is a character of parumstriata, I believe that they belong with that
southeast China form. On the basis of our material, parumstriata is
found in the Red Basin of Szechwan extending west to Mouping in
the lower mountains, while catharia is found in the higher mountains
from Tatsienlu southwest to Yunnan. Morrison (1948, p. 386) also
considered birds from north of Chungking to be parumstriata.

In this species there is a pre-nuptial molt of the contour feathers,
from April to early June.

Cisticola juncidis tinnabulans (Swinhoe)
lcf, Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932.

Terpsiphone paradisi incei (Gould)

lcf, Pien Ngai Shan, 17 July 1932; lcf , 1 im. d\ Lu Chang Pu,
7 and 14 July 1932; 1 im. cf , Yang Cha Shan, 28 June 1932; lcf,
Li Bi To, 1 June 1932; lcf, Shih Kgo To, 17 Apr. 1931; lcf , Ho Ni
Pa, 20 May 1931; lcf, Ho Kiang, 30 May 1932; lcf, Kuan Hsien,
June 1932; 2cf , Pei Yang Pa, 6 May 1932; 4cf , 5 9 , Chung Chiang
Miao, 24 May-4 June 1932.

Owen (1963) has recently summarized our knowledge of the red
and white plumaged males of this species, and discussed the possibil-
ities that they may be either color morphs or age groups, the white
males being fully adult. The proportion of white males varies geo-
graphically from about 33% in Ceylon, Thailand and China to 100%
in Borneo and Sumba, and about 10% of the males available to him
showed some degree of intermediacy. On the whole, the evidence
pointed to geographically variable polymorphism, but he did have
one specimen that was clearly molting from a red to a white plumage,
which supports the idea that the white plumage is that of the fully
adult bird.

Unfortunately, Owen failed to list the number of specimens that
were molting from red to red or from white to white, so that it is not

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 39

possible to gauge the relative importance of his single bird molting
from red to white. He must have had some, for among the males
listed above, which were examined by Owen, those from Pien Ngai
Shan and Lu Chang Pu, both red phase, have begun their post-nuptial
molt, and the new feathers are also red. The two immature birds,
about one year old, are also beginning their first annual molt, pre-
sumably into their first long-tailed plumage, and in this case it is also
into a red phase. However, this is not invariably the case, for With-
erby (1914, p. 93) described in detail a bird molting from the first
winter plumage into the white phase.

Culicicapa ceylonensis calochrysea Oberholser

1 d* , Chung Chiang Miao, 7 June 1932; 1 d\ 1 unsexed, Yang Cha
Shan, 1 and 17 July 1932.

The unsexed bird, taken 1 July, has begun post-nuptial molt with
the replacement of the first two primaries. However, a juvenal
taken 7 September by Stevens at Mouping has only begun post-
juvenal molt.

I follow Deignan (1947, p. 582) in the use of calochrysea for the
Chinese birds.

Ficedula zanthopygia (Hay)

3d\ 1 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 8-22 July 1932; 2d\ Pei Yang Pa,
6 May 1932; 2d1, Ta Fu Pa, 7 and 9 May 1932; 6d\ Chung Chiang
Miao, 27 May-5 June 1932.

Post-nuptial molt begins in late June or July, and proceeds with
great rapidity. A first year male from Pien Ngai Shan, in full molt,
must have dropped the first five primaries together. All are coming
in, but not even the first has reached its full growth. An adult male
from the same locality has the fourth and fifth growing and has
dropped the sixth. Three new rectrices spaced asymmetrically have
just begun to grow in the adult, but none of the old ones have been
dropped by the young bird. The juvenal, taken 21 July, is in full
post-juvenal molt.

Ficedula strophiata strophiata (Hodgson)

6d\ 1 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 19-28 Apr. 1934; 2cf, Shih Kgo To,
12 Apr. 1931.

Niltava rubeculoides glaucicomans (Thayer and Bangs)
Id", Lu Ting Shan, 7 May 1931.

Muscicapa sibirica sibirica Gmelin
ld\HoNiPa, 19 May 1931.

40 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Muscicapa latirostris Raffles

Id", Chung Chiang Miao, 30 May 1932; 1 9 , Kao Ku, 21 June
1932; 1 juv., Yang Cha Shan, 20 June 1932.

According to Vaurie (1959a, p. 331) there are no records of the
brown flycatcher breeding in China, although he had examined a speci-
men from Chekiang dated 24 June. The above listed juvenal should
remove any doubt that the species does occasionally breed in central
China, for it could hardly have been hatched in Siberia and returned
to Szechwan by the end of June. It has been compared to a juvenal
taken in Japan, and there is no doubt of its identification, nor of that
of the adult from Kao Ku taken the following day. The male taken
at Chung Chiang Miao on 30 May may be either a transient or resi-
dent bird; Weigold (1922, p. 23) gives the peak of migration as late
April. Although, as noted above, I know of no published breeding
records for China, Cheng (1964, p. 283) in his latest list of the birds of
China lists latirostris (sub. nom. davurica) as a breeding bird of central
China and of the Sikang region. The latter record may be based on
Schafer and de Schauensee's (1939, p. 235) report of four spotted ju-
venals from Tatsienlu taken in October. Although this is the period
of migration for the northern birds, it is most unusual for flycatchers
to migrate in the juvenal plumage, and these may have been locally
hatched birds.

The juvenal has begun post-juvenal molt, with a few first winter
feathers on the back.

Muscicapa thalassina thalassina Swainson

1 d", 1 9 , Shih Kgo To, 22 Apr. 1931; 1 d", Lu Ting Shan, 25 Apr.
1931; Kweichow: 2d", Hsing Liao Pa, 15 and 18 May 1932.

Saxicola torquata przewalskii (Pleske)
1 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 20 Apr. 1934.

1 assign this specimen to przewalskii purely on probability; it is
in worn dress and not identifiable to race.

Saxicola ferrea haringtoni (Hartert)

2 juv. d", Hsiao Yang Chi, 13 and 16 June 1932. Id", Shih Kgo
To, 22 Apr. 1931; Kweichow: 19, Hsing Liao Pa, 16 May 1932;
Id", Wen Shui, 12 May 1932.

Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes)

2d", Ta Chi Ho, 13 June 1932; 2d", Ta Ko Pan, 15 June 1932;
Id", Lung Kung Tou, 20 June 1932; 5 9 [= d"] Tung Ki Chang, 6-

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 41

11 Nov. 1931; Id", 1 im. 9, Pu Hoo, 18 and 19 Nov. 1931; 1 9 ,
Chengtu, Feb. 1932; Id", Shih Kgo To, 19 Mar. 1931; 1 juv., Sung-
pan, 24 July 1934.

Copsychus saularis saularis (Linnaeus)

4d\ 1 9 , 2 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 8-24 July 1932; Id", Tsung Tsui,
17 June 1932; 1 juv. d", Yang Go Chi, 15 June 1932; 1 d", Yang Cha
Shan, 2 July 1932; 3d", 2 9 , 1 juv., Kao Ku, 21 June-5 July 1932;
1 d", 1 9 , Tu Kan, 16 June 1932; 2d", 2 9 , Wan Show Chang, 5-8
Dec. 1931; Id", Fu Lai Shan, 1 June 1932; Id1, Pu Hoo, 17 Nov.
1931; Id", Tan Kuo, 26 Nov. 1931; 2 c?1, Chen Chia Chang, 12 and
15 Dec. 1931; 3d1, 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 21 May-4 June 1932;
Kweichow: Id1, 1 9 , Wen Shui, 25 Apr. and 20 May 1932.

I am unable to distinguish in any way between the above listed
birds and an equally long series from Bengal and Nepal. If pros-
thopellus is indeed a valid race of south China, it does not reach
Szechwan. The color of the upper parts and breast of the females
varies markedly with wear, but shows no consistent geographical
variation. Similarly, the fourth rectrix (from the outside) varies from
white with a thin line of black on the outer web reaching the shaft at
the base, to black with a long triangle of white on the distal end, but
both types are found at each locality and I cannot detect even an
average difference.

Post-juvenal molt must be complete. None of the apparently
adult specimens retains the juvenal remiges, which are quite distinct,
being paler brown with buff edgings.

Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore)

Id", 19, Yachow, 12 and 14 Jan. 1931; Id1, 19, Mouping, 24
Jan. 1931, 1 Nov. 1932; 1 d\ 1 9 , no locality, 1 and 2 Dec. 1931.

Phoenicurus frontalis Vigors

ld\ Lao Chun Ya, 6 Mar. 1932; 2 9 , Er Wang Miao, 25 Feb.
1932; 1 d\ 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 14 and 20 Nov. 1932; 2d", Gang Yang
Go, 6 Feb. and 1 Mar. 1931; 1 d\ 2 9 , Hei Ngai Ping, 23-26 Dec. 1932.

Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray)
Id" , Pin Yang Goh, 14 Nov. 1932.

Phoenicurus auroreus (Pallas)

ld\ Shih Kgo To, 26 Apr. 1931; Id1, Lung An Su, 3 May 1932;
1 d", Fu Lai Shan, 11 Mar. 1932; Id", Shan Tai Su, 1 May 1932; 1 9 ,
Li Shan Pien, 8 Jan. 1932; 1 unsexed, Chu Tsu Shan, 15 Jan. 1932;

42 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

1 d1 , Fi Shan Kwan, 18 Dec. 1931; Id1, Chung Chiang Miao, 30 May
1932; 1 cf, Yen Tien Pa, 6 Jan. 1932; Id1, Dun Shih Go, 24 May 1931;
1 d\ Tun Ki Chang, 6 Nov. 1931; 1 cf, Yachow, 13 Jan. 1931; 1 d\ Hei
Ngai Ping, 22 Dec. 1932; 5d\ Chin Chuan Shan, 26 Nov.-12 Dec.
1932; 3d1, 2 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 20 Apr .-2 May 1934; Kweichow:
3d1, Wen Shui, 8-13 May 1932.

While the race leucopterus may be recognizable when good series
of breeding birds are examined, the characters usually cited appear
to be related to age rather than geographical variation. Birckhead
(1937, p. 8) states that in freshly plumaged males leucopterus lacks the
brown tipping on the crown and back characteristic of nominate au-
roreus, the black gorget is more extensive and of a deeper, glossier
black, and the underparts are a deeper rufous. Our series of freshly
plumaged November and December birds can be divided on these
characters, particularly on the brown tipping of the upper parts.
However, those birds that show the least tipping above are also those
which have unequivocally black, as opposed to dark brown, primary
coverts. Their primaries are fresh, while those with brown coverts
all show some wear on the primaries. I believe these differences to
be those between fully adult and first winter males. The latter retain
the dull juvenal flight feathers and primary coverts at the post-
juvenal molt, and can thus be distinguished from fully adult birds.
When spring (April and May) birds are divided on the color of the
wing coverts, the differences between the age groups are not so obvi-
ous, because the brown tipping has worn off. However, the fully
adult birds do average darker below than those in their first winter
plumage. We do not have enough females to comment on the sup-
posed differences between leucopterus and auroreus, but the charac-
ters of the males do not appear to be valid.

Chaimarrornis leucocephalus (Vigors)

2d1, Lin Ya, 18 Feb. 1932; 4d\ Fu Lai Shan, 10-16 Mar. 1932;
1 9 , Shan Tai Su, 30 Apr. 1932; 2d1, Tung Ki Chang, 8 Nov. 1931;
1 9 , Lung An Su, 5 May 1932; 3 unsexed, 1 juv., Wen Chuan Hsien,
June 1932; 1 unsexed, Ma Lian Pin, 22 Oct. 1934; Id1, Fu Su Su,
29 Nov. 1931; Id1, 1 9, Fi Shan Kwan, 18 and 20 Dec. 1931; Id1,
Mouping, 2 Nov. 1932; Id1, Gung Tang Goh, 23 Apr. 1934.

There is apparently a regular, incomplete, pre-nuptial molt in this
species, involving the back and breast feathers, and more significantly,
the whole tail. Three males from Fu Lai Shan, taken mid-March,
are molting the complete tail, with the new feathers growing in simul-

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 43

taneously. Two are distinctly bob-tailed, length of tail 30 and 40 mm.,
while the third is somewhat more advanced but not safely measurable
since the collector tied back some loose feathers. All show varying
molt on the crown, back and breast. A male from Lin Ya, 18 Feb-
ruary, is just completing tail molt with the central pair still having a
sheath at the base; it is also molting on the crown. A female from
Sikkim has just begun growth of the four outer pairs of rectrices, and
the two inner pairs are fresh. Stanford (in Stanford and Mayr, 1941,
p. 223) took a female during March in Burma that was molting on
head and neck. Indirect evidence that this is a regular molt is found in
May and June specimens which usually have fresh rectrices but worn
wings. The post-nuptial molt is complete, and November specimens
are in immaculate plumage.

Rhyacornis fuliginosus fuliginosus (Vigors)

Id", 19, Pien Ngai Shan, 14-21 July 1932; 1 juv., Yang Cha
Shan, 3 July 1932; Id" , Shang Tang Kou, 22 June 1932; 1 9 , Tung
Ki Chang, 5 Nov. 1931; 3d", 1 9 , Shan Tai Su, 30 Apr.-l May 1931;
2d\ Fu Lai Shan, 15 and 17 Mar. 1932; 8 d", 4 9,3 juv., Wen Chuan
Hsien, June 1932; 1 d", Fi Shan Kwan, 20 Dec. 1931; Id", Gung Tang
Goh, 17 Apr. 1934; 2d1, 2 9, Yachow, 12-13 Jan. 1931; Id", Pin
Yang Goh, 2 Dec. 1932; Id", Dun Shih Go, 23 May 1931; 2d",
5 juv. d\ 4 juv. 9, Chung Chiang Miao, 25 May-6 June 1932;
Kweichow: 1 d", 1 9 , 2 nestl., Wen Shui, 21-28 May 1932.

Hartert (1910, 1, p. 716) describes the spotted juvenal plumage
and states that the wing and tail are similar to the adult male.
LaTouche (1925, 1, p. 144), on the other hand, states that during the
first winter, the young male retains brown wings like the female. In
the light of the fifteen juvenals listed above, both authors are quite
mistaken.

First, the juvenal tail is always like that of the female, brown and
white, and the rump is also white. In wing color, however, the juve-
nals are dimorphic, young females having wings with brown edgings,
and young males wings with gray edgings as in the respective adults.
Unfortunately, this cannot be confirmed by the abominable sexing
of Smith's local collectors, but five juvenals, 4 d"and 1 9 , have begun
post-juvenal molt, and the fresh plumage confirms the sexing based
on the color of the wings. There are other differences. The juvenal
males tend to be darker and grayer, less buffy-brown than the females,
and some have a chestnut wash over the brown portions of the tail.
The post-juvenal molt does not appear to be complete, the juvenal
wings and greater coverts being retained, and first winter males may

44 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

be recognized by the spotted coverts. We have no first winter males
in female type plumage, the cairii stage, that Weigold (in Klein-
schmidt, 1924, p. 45) saw singing, and that Baker (1924, 2, p. 82)
found actually breeding. Presumably they would also have the gray-
edged wings of the male.

Cinclidium leucurum leucurum (Hodgson)

Id", Kwan To Shan, 18 Apr. 1932.

This is the first record of this species from central Szechwan.
Riley (1931, p. 55) records a single specimen from Muli in southwest
Szechwan just north of the big bend of the Yangtze; this area is fau-
nally related to northwest Yunnan rather than central Szechwan.
Kwan To Shan is five miles northwest of Suifu at the junction of the
Min and Yangtze rivers. This is at the western end of the Red Basin,
at an elevation below 1,000 feet.

Brachypteryx montana cruralis (Blyth)
1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 9 Feb. 1932.

Tarsiger cyanurus cyanurus (Pallas)

Id", Gang Yang Go, 25 Feb. 1931; 1 d", 1 9 , 3 unsexed, Hei Ngai
Ping, 26 Dec. 1932-7 Jan. 1933; 1 im. d", Han Kia Pa, 15 Feb. 1932;
19,1 im. d", Chin Chuan Shan, 4 and 16 Dec. 1932; 1 unsexed, Pin
Yang Goh, 14 Nov. 1932.

The two adult males are well marked cyanurus. The remaining
birds might be either cyanurus or rufilata; in measurements they are
intermediate, but considering the unreliability of the sexing, measure-
ments would not be diagnostic except for extremes.

Turdus ruficollis ruficollis Pallas

Id", Hsiao Kwan Tze, 8 May 1931; 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 7 Mar.
1931; 2d", Pin Yang Goh, 27 Nov. and 4 Dec. 1932.

The Hsiao Kwan Tze male has a blackish suffusion over the red
breast, showing admixture with atrogularis.

Turdus naumanni naumanni Temminck

Id", Pin Yang Goh, 1 Dec. 1932; Id", Mouping, 17 Jan. 1931;
Id", Yachow, 14 Jan. 1931.

Turdus merula sowerbyi Deignan

Id", 1 juv., Ta Fu Pa, 12 and 19 May 1932; 2d", Chengtu, Feb.
1932; Id", 1 9 , Li Shan Pien, 8 Jan. 1932; Id", Wen Chuan Hsien,
June 1932; Id1, Kiating, 23 May 1932; Id", Tan Kuo, 3 Dec. 1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 45

Turdus rubrocanus gouldi (Verreaux)

2d", Gang Yang Go, 15 Feb. and 4 Mar. 1931.

Turdus mupinensis Laubmann

1 9 , Chin Chuan Shan, 14 Dec. 1932.

Zoothera dixoni (Seebohm)

1 d", 2 9 , Ta Cho Fu, 9-13 Feb. 1932; 1 d", Pin Yang Goh, 17 Nov.
1932.

Zoothera dauma aurea (Holandre)

Id", 1 9, Ta Cho Fu, 9 and 12 Feb. 1932; Id", Lao Chun Ya,
7 Mar. 1932; Id", Fu Lai Shan, 18 Mar. 1932.

These are representatives of the large northern race, wing greater
than 160 and with 14 rectrices, and are only winter visitors to
Szechwan.

Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus (Scopoli)

1 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 20 July 1932; 4d\ 1 9 , Tung Ki Chang,
6-11 Nov. 1931; 2d", Pu Hoo, 18 and 19 Nov. 1931; Id", 1 9 , Huo
Chiao Pa, 15 and 17 Dec. 1931; 1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 16 Mar. 1932;
Kweichow: 3d", 6 9 , 1 nestl., Wen Shui, 24 Apr.-27 May 1932.

Myophonus caeruleus eugenei Hume

Id", Kwan To Shan, 1 Apr. 1932.

All the above listed specimens are typical of their respective sub-
species. We have no material from the Omei region or the Min valley
where Stresemann (1924, p. 28) found many intergrades between
the two.

A frightfully worn specimen of eugenei taken 22 August, north of
Tatsienlu, has just begun post-nuptial molt. The five inner primaries
were evidently shed almost simultaneously; the first is now grown
and the second and third are coming in. Considering the battered
state of the outer primaries, this bird must have had considerable
difficulty in flying. Body molt is just beginning. There are many
pin feathers on back and breast, but none are full grown.

I follow Deignan (1965, p. 3) in using the spelling Myophonus in-
stead of Myiophoneus. He is quite correct that the sheet containing
the generic description of "Myiophoneus" must have been published
some ten years after the text to pi. 170 which introduces Myophonus,
and there is no valid reason for not using the latter name. I would
be content with any spelling that commands universal acceptance,
but since there is controversy, we must use the earliest name.

46 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Grandala coelicolor Hodgson

7d", 1 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 24 Apr .-8 May 1934.

Bang's race florentes from Tatsienlu has had its ups and downs.
Originally described as being smaller and brighter blue than coeli-
color from Sikkim, it has been recognized by Riley (1931, p. 52) and
Schafer and de Schauensee (1939, p. 224), although the latter authors
considered it a darker, rather than brighter, blue. However, it was
synonymized with coelicolor by Birckhead (1937, p. 10), and more re-
cently by Vaurie (1959a, p. 417) and Ripley (in Peters, 1964, 10,
p. 82). Our material shows that there is a small difference in size,
with Kumaon birds nearer the Szechwan population, and no differ-
ence at all in color.

Wing measurements of males are:
Kumaon (9) 139-146 (143.7)
Sikkim (6) 145-153 (148.2)
Szechwan (7) 138-146 (143.0)

While these differences are statistically significant, they are not
worth recognizing by name, especially since small populations are
found both east and west of Sikkim. The Sikkim birds are strictly
comparable to the Szechwan series in age and season (all taken in
May 1931), and there is absolutely no difference between them in
color. The Kumaon birds appear darker, but they are in badly worn
breeding plumage (July 1948) and the dark bases of the feathers show
through.

Enicurus scouleri Vigors

Id", Lung An Su, 5 May 1932; Id", Mouping, 27 Jan. 1931; 1 juv.,
Wen Chuan Hsien, June 1932.

The juvenal has just begun post-juvenal molt with a few new
feathers on the back.

Enicurus schistaceus (Hodgson)

Id", Huo Chiao Pa, 17 Dec. 1931.

Huo Chiao Pa is in the Red Basin, only about 40 miles SSE of
Chungking. This is an unexpected locality in which to find this low-
mountain species, previously taken in Szechwan only at Kwan-hsien.

Enicurus leschenaulti sinensis Gould

1 d", Lu Chang Pu, 13 July 1932; 1 juv., Yang Cha Shan, 13 July
1932; Id", Hsiao Kwan Tze, 6 May 1931; 1 9 , Fi Shan Kwan, 31 Dec.
1931; Id", Ho Ni Pa, 8 May 1931; 3d", Lung Min Chiao, 22-26

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 47

Jan. 1932; 2d\ Huo Chiao Pa, 18 and 20 Dec. 1931; ld\ Omei Shan,
25 Sept. 1931; 1 9 , Hei Ngai Ping, 22 Dec. 1932; Id1, Ping Yang
Goh, 4 Dec. 1932; 2d1, 19, Chung Chiang Miao, 29 May-5 June,
1932; 1 d\ 1 9 , Lu Ting Shan, 27 May 1931; 1 d\ 2 9 , Chin Chuan
Shan, 29 Nov.-ll Dec. 1932; Kweichow: Id1, Hsing Liao Pa,
16 May 1932.

A male taken 13 July is well advanced in post-nuptial molt. The
fourth and fifth primaries and the first secondary are growing in, and
there is heavy molt on back and breast.

Babax lanceolatus lanceolatus (Verreaux)

2d\ 2 9 , Hsiao Yang Chi, 16-20 June 1932; Id1, Shih Kgo To,

1 Apr. 1931; Id1, Ho Ni Pa, 18 May 1931; Kweichow: 2d\ 19,
Wen Shui, 13-14 May 1932; Id1, Hsing Liao Pa, 15 May 1932.

I agree with Vaurie (1959a, p. 422) that bonvaloti is a well-marked
race, larger and more heavily streaked below than lanceolatus. Wing
measurements of seven adults of lanceolatus are d1 d\ 97, 99, 100, 100,
103 ; 9 9 , 96, 99, while six adults of bonvaloti from Wuchi and Kulu in
southwest Szechwan measure d1 d\ 112, 114, 121; 9 9 , 107, 108, 115.

Four of the above listed specimens are in their first winter. All
retain the juvenal rectrices, and two retain the juvenal flight feathers.
However, a female from Hsiao Yang Chi has the two outer primaries
on the right wing and the three outer primaries on the left wing fresh,
while a male from Hsing Liao Pa has the five and six outer primaries
fresh. It is possible that some birds undergo a complete post-juvenal
molt, but in this case they would be indistinguishable from the adults.
The juvenal wings are shorter than the adult, 2d1 d1, 92, 94; 9 89.

Garrulax perspicillatus (Gmelin)

1 d\ Fu Lai Shan, 15 Mar. 1932; 1 juv.d1, Kao Ku, 27 June 1932;

2 im. 9 , Pu Hoo, 17 and 19 Nov. 1931; 1 im. 9 , Wan Show Chang,
6 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ 1 9 , Pien Ngai Shan, 17 July 1932; 1 d\ Lung Min
Chiao, 27 Jan. 1932; Id1, Tung Ki Chang, 8 Nov. 1931.

Molt seems to occur late in this species. The adult male taken
8 November is just completing post-nuptial molt with outer wing and
tail feathers growing in. The immature females taken 17 and 19
November are replacing the 3rd and 5th primaries respectively, and
the 6 December immature female is replacing the 9th and 10th pri-
maries and has just completed tail molt. The post-juvenal molt is
complete. In all molts, the tail molt appears to be simultaneous; the

48 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

adult male has all rec trices in sheaths, and the young birds have
either wholly juvenal or wholly first winter tails.

Garrulax albogularis eous Riley

1 d\ 2 9 , Ta Cho Fu, 12-13 Feb. 1932; 1 d", 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh,
17 and 19 Nov. 1932.

Garrulax maesi grahami (Riley)

1 d\ 1 9 , 1 unsexed, Ho Ni Pa, 18-23 May 1931.

I have no strong convictions that grahami is truly separable from
maesi; Deignan (in Peters, 1964, 10, p. 358) recognizes it, while Vaurie
(1959a, p. 426) does not. Our Szechwan birds differ markedly from
four topotypes of maesi from Tonkin by being browner, less clear
grey, particularly on the throat and upper breast; but they are in
worn breeding plumage while the Tonkin birds are immaculately
fresh. Only comparison of fresh birds from both localities would be
convincing.

Garrulax ocellatus artemisiae (David)
1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 8 Mar. 1931.

Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemyi (Oustalet)

ld\ 1 unsexed, 1 juv.cf , Hsiao Yang Chi, 15-23 June 1932.
The two adults on the average are paler than three topotypical
berthemyi from Fukien. They may possibily belong to ncinus from
northwest Yunnan, but there is so much individual variation even
among our small series, that I would not care to separate them. This
is a rare bird in Szechwan; the only other on record is a male from
Omei collected by Weigold (Stresemann, 1924, p. 24) . The juvenal
was recently out of the nest, and the tail is only two- thirds grown.

Garrulax canorus canorus (Linnaeus)

Id1, Fi Shan Kwan, 18 Dec. 1931; 2d\ 2 9 , Tan Kuo, 24 Nov.-

2 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ Kwan To Shan, 31 Mar. 1932; 4 o*, 1 9 , Huo Chiao
Pa, 21-26 Dec. 1931; 1 d\ 1 9 , Pu Hoo, 18 Nov. 1931; 1 cf, Lu Chang
Pu, 10 July 1932; 1 d\ Lung Min Chiao, 26 Jan. 1932; 19,1 unsexed,
Ho Ni Pa, 20 and 22 May 1931; 1 d\ 2 juvs., 2 nestl., Pien Ngai Shan,
11-23 July 1932; Id", 1 9 , Yang Cha Shan, 2 and 3 July 1932; 3d",

3 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 26 May -2 June 1932; 17 d", 4 9 , 4 unsexed,
Fu Lai Shan, 4-18 Mar. 1932; 19,1 juv. 9 , Kao Ku, 5 and 6 July
1932; 1 9 , Hsiao Yang Chi, 18 June 1932; Kweichow: 1 d\ Wen Shui,

4 June 1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 49

This species has two distinct molts during its first summer and
fall. In the first, which must occur shortly after leaving the nest, the
juvenal body and head feathers are completely replaced by a second
plumage which adumbrates the adult but is readily distinguishable.
Wings and tail are not affected. Early-hatched birds may be in this
first summer plumage by mid-July. In the fall there is a second molt,
this time complete, producing a plumage indistinguishable from that
of the adult, which is the actual first-winter plumage. Of the 40
winter birds among those listed above, only two which have retained
the juvenal secondaries are demonstrably in their first winter.

The various steps in the first of this series of molts are represented
by the series of young birds from near Pien Ngai Shan, taken between
6 and 23 July. The first of these is almost wholly in the soft juvenal
plumage, only the throat feathers being of the first-summer plumage.
Molt is active, and the breast and back are covered with pin-feathers.
A second specimen is somewhat further along, with first-summer
feathers showing on the breast, and new feathers appearing on the
nape. Molt progresses down over the belly, flanks and lower back,
and over the head; and a female taken 16 July which has evidently
completed molt, has only the remiges, rectrices, greater and middle
wing coverts, and tail coverts remaining from the juvenal plumage.
In this first-summer plumage, the texture of the feathers is more
nearly like that of the adult. The streaking of the breast is duller
and less conspicuous than in the adult, and the crown and nape are
virtually unstreaked.

The second, and complete molt of the bird's first summer is dem-
onstrated by several specimens borrowed from the American Mu-
seum. The earliest sign of molt is shown by a female, taken 7 August
at Hongkong, which is in first-summer plumage but has dropped the
first and second pairs of primaries. The height of the molt, however,
is in September and October, with body molt rapid and heavy once
it begins, and wing molt completed by the first of November in all
specimens examined. At this time the young are like the adults,
except for a few individuals that may retain one or two of the inner
secondaries.

A summary of the plumages and molts of the first summer of
G. canorus is:

Plumage Molt

Juvenal (May- June) post-juvenal (June, July — incomplete)

First Summer (July-Aug.) first complete (Aug.-Oct. — complete)
First Winter (like adult)

50 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

There may be some variation in this sequence of molts, depend-
ing on the time of hatching. As noted above, those birds that have
acquired the first-summer plumage by mid-July are readily separable
from adults. However, in a bird that is just beginning its first molt
at this time, the streaking on the breast is just as sharply defined as
in the adult. Possibly because of its later hatching date, it will skip
the first-summer plumage and have a single post-juvenal molt directly
into first-winter plumage.

Garrulax sannio oblectans Deignan

ld\ 19, Gang Yang Go, 1 and 26 Feb. 1931; 1 9 , Wan Show
Chang, 7 Dec. 1931 ; 1 d\ 2 9 , 1 unsexed, Chin Chuan Shan, 26 Nov.-
9 Dec. 1932; Id1, Kiating, 8 Apr. 1932; Id", Lan Tien Pa, 10 July
1932; 1 d\ Lu Ting Shan, 24 May 1931; 2 juvs., Lu Chang Pu, 15 July
1932; 1 9 , Pu Hoo, 20 Nov. 1931; Id1, Tung Ki Chang, 12 Nov. 1931;
1 cf , 2 9 , Ho Ni Pa, 15-18 May 1931; 1 9 , Chengtu, Feb. 1932; 1 rf\
19,2 juvs., Hsiao Yang Chi, 9-27 June 1932; ld\ Hsung Kin, 31
May 1932; 1 d\ 2 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 9-14 Mar. 1932; 2 unsexed, Wen
Chuan Hsien, June 1932; ld\ Ta Cho Fu, 13 Feb. 1932; ld\ 1 9 ,
Kao Ku, 26 June and 6 July 1932; 1 juv., Pien Ngai Shan, 19 July
1932; 1 d\ 2 9 , 1 unsexed, Hei Ngai Ping, 21 Dec. 1932-3 Jan. 1933;
7d\ 6 9 , 2 juvs., Chung Chiang Miao, 25 May -5 June 1932; Kwei-
chow: 2 9 , Wen Shui, 25 Apr. and 27 May 1932.

This species shows a peculiar pattern of post-juvenal molt, in
in which the primaries are invariably molted but the juvenal tail and
first six secondaries may be retained until the next summer. We
have two fall specimens in this mixed first-winter plumage, one 29
November, in which molt has been completed, and one 7 December,
that is renewing the five outer primaries simultaneously. There is
also a June specimen, thus one year old, with juvenal secondaries
and badly worn rectrices. It is not possible to state whether this
pattern is invariable. Young birds that undergo a complete molt
would be indistinguishable from adults.

Garrulax elliotii elliotii (Verreaux)

19, Omei Shan, 2 Dec. 1931; Id1, 2 9, Pin Yang Goh, 13-17
Nov. 1932; 1 9 , Shih Kwan To, 12 Apr. 1931; 1 9 , Ta Cho Fu, 13
Mar. 1932; 3 9, Gang Yang Go, 30 Jan.-26 Feb. 1931; Id1, 3 9,
Gung Tang Goh, 16-27 Apr. 1934; 1 9 , Shih Kgo To, 29 Mar. 1931;
1 9 , Mouping, 3 Nov. 1932; 1 9 , Chin Chuan Shan, 27 Nov. 1932;
4 9 , Lu Ting Shan, 16-26 Mar. 1931.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 51

This species has an incomplete post-juvenal molt, the juvenal
wings and tail being retained through the first winter. Four of Ste-
vens' Szechwan young of the year, taken between 28 August and
7 October, are in various stages of post-juvenal molt, from hardly
begun to almost complete, and none shows any trace of wing or tail
molt. The juvenal wings and tail are like those of the adult, and
first-winter birds cannot be recognized.

Garrulax affinis blythii (Verreaux)

3cf , Lu Ting Shan, 22 and 27 Mar., 22 May, 1931; 1 d\ Pin Yang
Goh, 17 Nov. 1932; Id1, Liang Kwong, 22 Jan. 1931; 1 cf , 1 9 , Gang
Yang Go, 25 Feb. and 6 Mar. 1931.

A single male taken 25 August by Stevens is completing post-nup-
tial molt of the contour feathers, but has just dropped the three inner
primaries to initiate wing molt. This is the reverse order of molt
from that found in North American passerine birds, where post-nup-
tial molt is begun with the replacement of the first two primaries.

Garrulax formosus formosus (Verreaux)
ld\ Hsiao Yang Chi, 21 June 1931.

Pomatorhinus ruficollis intermedius Cheng

1 im.cf , 1 im. 9 , 1 unsexed, Pien Ngai Shan, 11-23 July 1932;
1 unsexed im., Kao Ku, 28 June 1932; lcf , Yang Cha Shan, 4 July
1932; 1 cf, Lu Chang Pu, 9 July 1932; Kweichow: 5 cf, 1 9 , Wen Shui,
24 Apr.-l June 1932.

Pomatorhinus ruficollis eidos Bangs

2 cf , 2 9 , Pu Hoo, 17-20 Nov. 1931 ; 1 cf , Tan Kuo, 26 Nov. 1931 ;
ld\ Lung Min Chiao, 22 Jan. 1932; 1 unsexed im., Li Bi To, 1 June
1932; 1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 9 Mar. 1932; 1 cf , 1 9 , Chung Chiang Miao,
26 May 1932; 3cf, 19, 3 unsexed, Chin Chuan Shan, 28 Nov.-
17 Dec. 1932; 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 4 Mar. 1931; 2 9 , Mouping, 2
and 3 Nov. 1931; lcf , 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 6 and 11 Nov. 1932; 2cf ,
1 unsexed, Hei Ngai Ping, 22-27 Nov. 1932.

There are two well-marked races represented in Smith's collection.
The first, characterized by dark chestnut striping in the breast, is
found at Wen Shui in northern Kweichow, due south of Chungking,
and on the Wu River about 100 miles east by south of Chung-
king. For this population, I use the name intermedius on geograph-
ical grounds. I can find little difference in color between these birds
and four topotypes of stridulus from Fukien ; however, the Kweichow

52 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

and Szechwan birds are larger, wings of 8 d" d" of intermedins 75-79
compared to 74, 74, 75 for three stridulus, and females 76 and 71
respectively.

The second race, eidos, characterized by faintly reddish-olive
breast streaks, is found in its pure form in the vicinity of Mouping
whence we have a uniform series of 14 specimens. Along the valley
of the Yangtze from Suifu (Ipin) to Chungking the populations are
variously intermediate, birds with chestnut striping occurring with
normally colored eidos at most localities. Even the birds from Pu
Hoo and Tan Kuo, halfway from Chungking to Wen Shui, are closer
to eidos, although as noted above, the Wen Shui birds are pure in-
ter medius.

Post-juvenal molt is irregular in this species, the degree of com-
pleteness probably depending upon the date of hatching. Among
early hatched birds, we have a female from Pien Ngai Shan, taken
23 July, that is already well along in wing molt, replacing the third
primary. On the other hand, of two young birds from Pu Hoo taken
20 November, one is only replacing the fifth primary, and the other
has not begun wing molt. Neither of these specimens has wear on
the remiges or rectrices, showing that they are late-hatched birds.
They probably would not have completed wing and tail molt and
would have carried the juvenal secondaries and rectrices through the
first winter. Of 40 winter Szechwan specimens examined, from our
own collection and that of the American Museum, eight still retain
juvenal secondaries and tail feathers, and one has even retained juve-
nal primaries.

Pomatorhinus erythrogenys cowensae Deignan
Kweichow: 1 im. d", Hsing Liao Pa, 18 May 1932.
Breeding must begin by early April, because this young bird is
well advanced in post-juvenal molt by 18 May. Early breeding may
be characteristic of the species as a whole. Stevens took three fully
grown juvenals of the highland race dedekeni at Baurong, 8300', on
2 May.

Stachyris ruficeps davidi (Oustalet)

1 unsexed, Lu Chang Pu, 11 July 1932; Id", 1 unsexed, Pu Hoo,
19 Nov. 1931; 1 unsexed, 1 juv. Yang Cha Shan, 30 June and 1 July
1932; 1 9, Hei Ngai Ping, 20 Dec. 1932; 19, Chin Chuan Chan,
9 Dec. 1932; 2 juv., Chung Chiang Miao, 3 June 1932.

The various juvenals, taken at both ends of June, are just begin-
ning post-juvenal molt. The furthest along, about one-third new
feathers, was taken 3 June.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 53

Leiothrix lutea lutea (Scopoli)

1 d", 1 9 , Shan Tai Su, 29 Apr. 1932; 3d", Fu Lai Shan, 9-10 Mar.
1932; Id", Er Wang Miao, 19 Feb. 1932; Id", 1 9, 1 unsexed, Ya-
chow, 12-31 Jan. 1931; Id1, Fi Shan Kwan, 29 Dec. 1931; Id", 3 9 ,
1 unsexed, Gang Yang Go, 30 Jan.-26 Feb. 1931; 2d", 2 9 , Mouping,
8 and 14 Dec. 1931, 1 and 2 Nov. 1932; 9d\ 8 9,4 unsexed, Chin
Chuan Shan, 26 Nov.-17 Dec. 1932; 2d\ 6 9 , 2 unsexed, Hei Ngai
Ping, 20 Dec. 1932-6 Jan. 1933; 5d\ 3 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 4-13 Nov.
1932.

None of these winter birds appears to have juvenal rectrices or
remiges, and the post-juvenal molt must be complete. The shape of
the wing is peculiar in this species. The ninth and tenth primaries
are almost identical in length, giving a peculiar stepped outline when
the wing is spread. Three specimens have orange edges on the distal
end of the outer secondary.

Pteruthius flaviscapis ricketti Ogilvie-Grant

Id", Gang Yang Go, 14 Jan. 1931; Id", Mouping, 15 Jan. 1931;
1 9 , Fi Shan Kwan, 21 Dec. 1931.

Yuhina gularis omeiensis Riley

3d", Gang Yang Go, 22-23 Feb. 1931.

Yuhina diademata diademata Verreaux

1 9 , Yachow, 12 Jan. 1931; Id", Gung Tang Goh, 23 Apr. 1934;
2d", 2 9 , Gang Yang Go, 30 Jan. 1931; 1 d", Pin Yang Goh, 26 Nov.
1932; Id", 1 9 , Mouping, 15 Jan. 1931 and 30 Oct. 1932.

Recent authors have considered diademata monotypic, and have
considered the very noticeable color differences to be due to wear,
fading or foxing. The present series of near topotypes of diademata
lends little credence to this view, and are markedly different from a
similar series from northwestern Yunnan. The Szechwan series,
taken between October and April in three different years, are re-
markably uniform and there is no noticeable effect of wear. They
are characterized by being a pale, almost pinkish brown. The Yun-
nan birds were taken at the same time of the year, February to April,
in 1929, only two years before the Szechwan series. They are equally
uniform and are a darker, more grayish-brown, the characters ascribed
to ampelina of northern Burma. While both series may be foxed in
comparison with freshly taken material from the respective localities,
in fact they probably are (cf . Birckhead, 1937, p. 12), they are strictly
comparable in wear and age of skin, and the evident differences can-

54 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

not be due to postmortem change. They should, therefore, be recog-
nized as belonging to two different taxa. This was also the conclu-
sion of Rothschild (1926, p. 277) who was able to compare freshly-
molted specimens of both populations.

A pair taken by Stevens on 21 August near Tatsienlu are in ex-
cessively abraded plumage, but have hardly begun post-nuptial molt.

Minla ignotincta jerdoni Verreaux

1 unsexed, Yachow, 14 Jan. 1931; 2d* , 1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh,
28-29 Nov. 1932.

Alcippe cinereiceps cinereiceps (Verreaux)

1 unsexed, Gung Tang Goh, 16 Apr. 1934.

Alcippe brunnea olivacea Styan
1 9 , Yang Cha Shan, 5 July 1932.

Alcippe morrisonia davidi Styan

Id", 2 im.d*, Yang Cha Shan, 30 June-14 July 1932; 1 unsexed,
Fu Lai Shan, 29 Feb. 1932; Kweichow: 1 9 , Wen Shui, 8 May 1932.

Breeding is early in this species as noted by Weigold (in Strese-
mann, 1924, p. 20) . The adult from Yang Cha Shan is in post-nuptial
molt with the third primary growing in; the two immatures are
in complete post-juvenal molt, one with the second primary growing.

Heterophasia melanoleuca desgodinsi (Oustalet)

Id*, Kuan Hsien, 14 Feb. 1932; Id*, Han Kia Pa, 1 Mar. 1932.

Conostoma aemodium Hodgson

1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 12 Nov. 1932.

Paradoxornis webbianus suffusus (Swinhoe)

4d*, 19, Chen Chia Chang, 12-14 Dec. 1931; Id*, 2 unsexed,
Pien Ngai Shan, 12-21 July 1932; 1 d\ 2 unsexed, Kao Ku, 21 June-
2 July 1932; 2d*, Lu Chang Pu, 11 and 15 July 1932; 1 9 , Yang Cha
Shan, 13 July 1932.

Paradoxornis (webbianus) alphonsianus (Verreaux)

2 9 , Chung Chiang Miao, 31 May and 2 June 1932; Id*, 19,
Hsiao Yang Chi, 15 and 25 June 1932.

The whole problem of relationships within the webbianus-alphon-
sianus-ricketti-brunneus group is exceedingly complex, and there is
certainly no agreement among recent authorities. Vaurie (1954, p. 12)

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 55

recognizes that there are two well-marked groups of forms, one with
red and one with brown wings, but considers the whole complex to
belong to one species, webbianus. However, Deignan (in Peters, 1964,
10, p. 434) divides the group into three species, ricketti, webbianus and
alphonsianus, although he includes within webbianus both red and
brown-winged forms. Although I am unable to give a definitive an-
swer to this problem, it may clarify it to summarize what is known
at this time.

Vaurie's division of this complex into two groups, one with red-
dish edgings on the wings, the other with brownish, is the most nat-
ural and satisfactory first step, and one that had been overlooked by
previous workers. The characters of various entities within these
two divisions are:

A. Red-winged.

1. Webbianus group — includes mantschuricus, fulvicaudus, webbianus, suf-

fusus, bulomachus, elisabethae and inter medius, some of which are
valid subspecies; characterized by the red of the crown bleeding over
the sides of the face, and by having the throat and breast vinaceous
with faint streaking.

2. Alphonsianus group — including alphonsianus, stresemanni and yunna-

nensis; characterized by the sides of the face being grayish, sharply
demarcated from the reddish crown, and the throat and breast un-
streaked and grayish with a lilac wash when fresh.

B. Brown-winged.

1. Brunneus — throat vinous pink, unstreaked; rest of underparts pale

brownish.

2. Ricketti — including styani, throat whitish, distinctly streaked, rest of

underparts paler than brunneus.

All these groups are allopatric except that in southeastern Yun-
nan and Tonkin representatives of webbianus and alphonsianus are
sympatric. The overall ranges of the groups are: webbianus, from
Manchuria and Ussuriland south through eastern China to Kwang-
tung, central Szechwan, eastern Yunnan and Tonkin; Formosa; al-
phonsianus— western Szechwan, Kweichow, eastern Yunnan and Ton-
kin; brunneus — northeastern Burma and adjoining Yunnan (Teng-
yueh); ricketti — northwestern Yunnan and southwestern Szechwan,
north to Baurong. The latter two, comprising the brown-winged
forms, occupy the southwest corner of the range and are not known
to be in contact with any of the red-winged birds. The nearest ap-
proach is in southwestern Szechwan where ricketti has been taken at
Baurong, within about 100 miles of alphonsianus at Tatsienlu.

Deignan (loc. cit.) recognized three species, but evidently disre-
garded wing color in selecting his criteria. He makes the brown-winged
ricketti a monotypic species, but places the brown-winged brunneus as
a race of the red-winged ivebbianus. The red-winged, gray-cheeked

56 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

alphonsianus is recognized as a third species, with the included taxa
as outlined above. I find Deignan's classification difficult to accept,
not only because wing color is ignored, but because it is awkward
geographically. The range of brunneus, eastern Burma and the west-
ern edge of Yunnan, is completely separated from the nearest race of
webbianus by ricketti, which is found in the Likiang Mountains of
Yunnan and in southwest Szechwan north to Baurong. Actually,
brunneus and ricketti form a compact group geographically; morpho-
logically they share the character of a brown wing, and are further
united by the intermediate styani. The latter is intermediate in
every character between the two, and is sufficiently unstable to sug-
gest that it is the result of secondary intergradation. The only evi-
dence that suggests that brunneus and ricketti co-exist without
intergradation is Rothschild's (1923, p. 262) record of both from the
Likiang Mountains. However, Mayr (in Stanford and Mayr, 1940,
p. 709) has examined the only specimen of brunneus allegedly from
Likiang and has shown that it is an old skin without an original col-
lector's label and very doubtfully from that locality. In sum, brun-
neus and ricketti, with the intermediate styani, form a single entity.
They should be kept specifically distinct from the webbianus-alphon-
sianus groups, whose range they approach in Szechwan without any
sign of intergradation.

The relationship between alphonsianus and webbianus is more
complex. In Szechwan they replace each other; webbianus is more
of a lowland bird, for the most part found east of the Min River,
while alphonsianus is found more in the lower mountains west to
Tatsienlu. In North Viet Nam, however, and possibly in eastern
Yunnan, the two are found together without known intergradation.
The two had been kept as separate species until Stresemann (1924,
p. 9) recorded intermediates from Kwanhsien in the upper Min valley,
and Schafer also found them interbreeding at Yachow. On evidence
from Szechwan they would certainly be considered conspecific. How-
ever, as noted above, both webbianus and alphonsianus representa-
tives have been taken from the same flocks at Chapa in North Viet
Nam (Tonkin). Delacourand Jabouille (1931, IV, p. 116) considered
that they were merely color phases of the same species, but this view
is hardly tenable, since they show marked ecological differences else-
where (cf . Schafer, 1938, p. 279) and are in large part allopatric. It ap-
pears that in North Viet Nam they behave as good species, while in
Szechwan the isolating barriers are incomplete and they still inter-
grade.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 57

While there is no completely satisfactory way to treat this com-
plex of forms, I believe it more important to emphasize that speciation
has in fact taken place in some areas, and I would recognize three
species.

1. Paradoxornis brunneus (incl. ricketti and styani)

2. Paradoxornis webbianus (incl. mantschuricus, fulvicaudus, etc.
—hybridizes with alphonsianus in Szechwan)

3. Paradoxornis alphonsianus (incl. stresemanni and yunnanen-
sis— hybridizes with webbianus in Szechwan).

I have not concerned myself with the validity of subspecies be-
cause of lack of material. However, examination of three intermedia
from Chapa and three yunnanensis from Chapa and one from Mee-
chee, Yunnan (courtesy of the British Museum) leads me to doubt
these races. Color varies so much with wear, particularly that of the
crown and throat, that it is an unsatisfactory character for diagnos-
ing races.

Paradoxornis guttaticollis David
ld\ Gang Yang Go, 22 Feb. 1931.

Aegithalos iouschistos bonvaloti (Oustalet)

1 <?, 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 26 Feb. and 3 Mar. 1931.

Aegithalos concinnus concinnus (Gould)

1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh, 26 Nov. 1932; ld\ Tung Ki Chang,
8 Nov. 1931; 1 unsexed, 1 juv., Hsung Kin, 31 May 1932; 1 unsexed,
1 juv., Yang Cha Shan, 29 June 1932; 2 juvs., Ho Kiang, 30 May
1932; 1 nestl., 2 juvs., Li Bi To, 1 June 1932; 1 nestl., Fu Li Shan,
15 Apr. 1932; 1 juv., Lu Chang Pu, 11 July 1932.

The July juvenal has just begun post-juvenal molt. In this spe-
cies, as in other members of the genus, this molt is complete, including
wings and tail. The first three primaries in our bird are of the first
winter plumage, and their blue edgings are conspicuous against the
buff edgings of the juvenal remiges.

Parus ater aemodius Blyth

1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh, 16 Nov. 1932.

Parus rubidiventris beavani (Jerdon)
1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh, 16 Nov. 1932.

Parus major minor Temminck and Schlegel

1 unsexed, 2 juvs., Kao Ku, 21-30 June 1932; 1 unsexed, Yachow,
12 Jan. 1931; 1 d\ Chung Chiang Miao, 5 June 1932; 1 9 , Gung Tang

58 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Goh, 6 May 1934; 1 9 , Hei Ngai Ping, 25 Dec. 1932; ld\ 3 9 , Chin
Chuan Shan, 26 Nov.-14 Dec. 1932; 1 9 , Lao Chun Ya, 6 Mar. 1932;
Id", Li Bi To, 1 June 1932; 2c?1, 4 juvs., Lung An Su, 3-5 May
1932; 2d\ 1 9 , 5 nestl., Shan Tai Su, 25-30 Apr. 1932; 1 9 , Fu Pa,
16 Nov. 1931; 1 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 14 Dec. 1931; 1 juv., Tsung
Tsui, 17 June 1932; 1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 13 Mar. 1932; 2 juvs., Pien
Ngai Shan, 13 and 24 July 1932; 1 juv., Lu Chang Pu, 12 July 1932.

The ranges and characters of minor, subtibetanus and tibetanus as
given by Vaurie (1959a, p. 514) suggest that the change from the small
minor through subtibetanus to the large tibetanus is gradual, and that
many intergrades are found in western Szechwan. It is true that there
is a great deal of overlap in measurements between populations of
minor and tibetanus from different parts of their range. This is par-
ticularly obvious from the measurements in Delacour and Vaurie
(1950, p. 108), where the populations of minor from southern Shensi
and northern Kansu are as large as those of tibetanus from south
Yunnan and north Yunnan at Tali. In western Szechwan, however,
between the Min River and Tatsienlu, the division between tibetanus
(incl. subtibetanus) and minor is abrupt, and there is no sign of inter-
gradation.

Measurements of minor from central Szechwan, including the Min
valley north to Kwanhsien and west of the Min to Yachow and Chin
Chuan Shan are: lOtfc? 65-71 (68.4); 10 9 9 62-69 (65.4). The
measurements of tibetanus from Tatsienlu, only 60 miles west, are:
4 c? <?, 73, 75, 76, 78; one 9 71. The much greater extent of white
on the second outer rectrix, a character of tibetanus, is present in the
Tatsienlu birds but not in the adjoining populations of minor. This
sharp break between minor and tibetanus in Szechwan is a reflection
of the abrupt rise from the Red Basin to the high Tibetan plateau,
and in areas where the geographic change is more gradual, inter-
gradation is extensive.

Fully feathered nestlings and young just out of the nest were
taken the last week in April and the first week of May. The juvenal
plumage must be worn for two or three months, for the only signs of
post-juvenal molt are a few pin feathers on the back of a juvenal male
taken 13 July. Post-nuptial molt must begin in June; a single unsexed
adult taken 30 June is growing its fourth primary, and has a few pin
feathers on the back.

Parus monticolus yunnanensis La Touche

1 d\ 2 9 , 1 unsexed, Chaopo, 15 Apr. 1934; 1 d\ Gang Yang Go,
8 Mar. 1931; 1 unsexed, Fi Shan Kwan, 2 Jan. 1932; 2 o", Gung Tang

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 59

Go, 21 and 26 Apr. 1934; Id" , Lu Ting Shan, 27 Mar. 1931; ld\
1 unsexed, Mouping, 17 Jan. and 14 Dec. 1931.

All these localities are above 6,000 ft. In Szechwan, monticolus
is found in the Min Valley alongside P. major minor and on the pla-
teau alongside the much larger P. major tibetanus, yet it shows no
size variation itself.

Parus venustulus Swinhoe

2 unsexed, Gung Tang Goh, 23 and 27 Apru. 1934; 1 juv., Wen
Chuan Hsien, June 1932.

Sylviparus modestus modest us Burton

ld\ Lu Ting Shan, 22 Mar. 1931.

I follow Vaurie (1957, p. 35) in assigning Szechwan birds to the
nominate race.

Sitta europaea sinensis Verreaux

1 im. d\ Yang Cha Shan, 18 July 1932; 1 9 , Fu Lai Shan, 11 Mar.
1932; ld\ Kwan Hsien, 14 Feb. 1932.

The Kwan Hsien bird appears to be typical sinensis although this
is in the area where the lowland sinensis meets the highland montium
which is paler and grayer below. The young male is just beginning
its post-juvenal molt.

Tichodroma muraria (Linnaeus)

ld\ Yachow, 13 Jan. 1931; 1 d\ Fi Shan Kwan, 17 Dec. 1931.

Geographical variation is so slight in this species that it is unim-
portant whether two races are recognized or not.

Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe

1 unsexed, Mouping, 9 Dec. 1931; 1 o\ 1 unsexed, Pin Yang Goh,
1 and 2 Dec. 1932.

The two Pin Yang Goh birds have a strong wash of warm brown
compared to the Mouping specimen and four other yunnanensis from
southern Szechwan and northwest Yunnan. However, Pin Yang Goh
is only 20 miles from Mouping, and all three birds were taken at the
identical time of year, so the two brown specimens must be a very lo-
calized variant. Kleinschmidt and Weigold (1922, p. 8) found similar
variations in their birds from Sungpan, Tatsienlu and Kwan Hsien.

Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth)

1 d\ Ta Fu Pa, 7 May 1932; 1 & , Lu Ting Shan, 22 May 1931.

60 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Aethopyga gouldiae dabryii (Verreaux)

2d", Ho Ni Pa, 2 and 21 May 1931; 2 d\ Gung Tang Goh, 22 and
25 Apr. 1934.

Zosterops japonica simplex Swinhoe

ld\ Ta Fu Pa, 7 May 1932; Id1, 1 9 , Pien Ngai Shan, 8 and
24 July 1932.

Zosterops erythropleura Swinhoe

1 9 , Tsa Tsai Tsu, 31 July 1934.

Although this species is only known to breed in Amurland, Mees
(1957, p. 94) lists a number of summer records for Szechwan, all from
the Min Valley or the nearby Hsifan mountains. Our bird is from
the same area, west of Wen Chuan, and a midsummer specimen.
However, I doubt if it was a breeding bird. It is already in fresh fall
plumage, body, wings and tail, and this is very early for a female to
have raised a brood and then completed a full post-nuptial molt. Pos-
sibly the birds summering in Szechwan are young of the previous year
that will not breed until they are two years old.

Passer montanus saturatus Stejneger

1 9 , Chu Tsu Chan, 15 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Yang Cha Shan, 4 July
1932.

Vaurie (1956, p. 8; 1959a, p. 578) is the most recent reviewer of this
species. He includes specimens from the Red Basin in iubilaeus, al-
though admitting that the form is poorly separable from saturatus.
We have no topotypical material of iubilaeus, but our Szechwan birds
and a series from Fukien cannot be distinguished from Japanese
saturatus, and I place them there. Whether iubilaeus is recognized
or not, the Szechwan birds are definitely part of the complex of darker
eastern races, and have nothing to do with the pale dilutus where
Moreau (in Peters, 1962, 15, p. 20) placed them. We have a fine series
of dilutus from Chinese Turkestan in both fresh and worn plumage,
and it is much paler and tawnier than saturatus in all stages of plum-
age wear.

Post-juvenal molt is complete, and two young birds from Sui-fu,
taken by Stevens on 16 October, have molted all but the last two
primaries and outer rectrices.

Passer rutilans rutilans (Temminck)

Id1, Shih Kgo To, 27 Apr. 1931; 2d\ Yang Cha Shan, 3 and 8
July 1932; ld% Han Kia Pa, 4 Mar. 1932; Id1, 19, Yachow, 12

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 61

and 13 Jan. 1931; 2d", 1 9 , Lung An Su, 2-6 May 1932; 1 d", Mou-
ping, 8 Dec. 1931; Kweichow: ld\ Wen Shui, 20 May 1932.

Lonchura striata swinhoei (Cabanis)

Id", 3 juv., Chin Chuan Shan, 30 Nov.-lO Dec. 1932; Id", Hei
Ngai Ping, 31 Dec. 1932; 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 24 Nov. 1932; Id",
Yun Tien Pa, 11 Jan. 1932; 1 9 , Ta Fu Pa, 9 May 1932; 1 9 , Yachow,
12 Jan. 1931; 1 unsexed, Fu Lai Shan, 15 Mar. 1932; Kweichow:
Id", Wen Shui, 30 Apr. 1932.

Either the breeding season of this mannikin is much more pro-
longed than is generally believed, or the young birds wear their Juve-
nal plumage for a surprisingly long time. According to Weigold (in
Jacobi, 1923, p. 37) and Schafer (1938, p. 330), eggs are laid by early
May and young are on the wing at the end of June. Yet the three
juvenal birds taken in early December have barely begun post-juvenal
molt, and a Stevens juvenal taken 17 October at Sui Fu has a few
adult feathers on the throat, but shows no active molt. Possibly it
is a combination of both factors, for two of our young birds have
very fresh primaries while the third shows a fair amount of wear.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus

2d", Gang Yang Go, 5 Feb. and 7 Mar. 1931 ; 1 d\ Yachow, 5 Feb.
1931 ; 1 d", 1 9 , Chen Chia Chang, 12 Dec. 1931 ; 1 9 , Huo Chiao Pa,
17 Dec. 1931.

Carduelis sinica sinica (Linnaeus)

1 unsexed, Lau Chun Ya, 6 Mar. 1932; Id", Ta Fu Pa, 7 May
1932; 3d1, 1 9 , Lung An Su, 4-7 May 1932; 1 9 , Lung Min Chiao,
22 Jan. 1932; Id", Shan Tai Su, 29 Apr. 1932; 2d", 1 9 , Ho Ni Pa,
17-22 May 1931; 1 d", Mouping, 15 Jan. 1931; 2d", 4 9 , Yen Tien Pa,
28 Dec. 1931-7 Jan. 1932; Id", Hei Ngai Ping, 7 Jan. 1933.

Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus (Blyth)

Id", Dun Shih Go, 26 May 1931; Id", Wen Chuan Hsien, June
1932.

Pyrrhula erythaca erythaca Blyth

3d", 1 9 , Gang Yang Go, 12 Feb.-8 Mar. 1931; 1 9 , Gung Tang
Goh, 25 Apr. 1934.

Eophona migratoria sowerbyi Riley

3d", 1 9 , Lung Min Chiao, 22-27 Jan. 1932; 1 d", Lao Chun Ya,
6 Mar. 1932.

62 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 53

Emberiza cia khamensis Sushkin

1 <?, Shih Kgo To, 28 Apr. 1931; Id1, Dun Shih Go, 19 May 1931;
3d1, 1 9 , Gung Tang Goh, 22-28 Apr. 1934; 3 unsexed, Wen Chuan
Hsien, June 1932; 2 cf, Mouping, 16 Jan. and 8 Dec. 1931; 1 unsexed,
Fi Shan Kwan, 1 Jan. 1932; Id1, 1 9 , Pin Yang Goh, 4 and 13 Nov.
1932.

I am following Vaurie's (1959a, p. 678) treatment of this species in
using the name khamensis for the resident race of western Szechwan.
The only race of which we have comparative material, yunnanensis
from northwest Yunnan, is much darker and more richly colored than
the Szechwan bird.

Emberiza cioides castaneiceps Moore

Id1, Kao Ku, 1 July 1932; 2d1, Lung An Su, 2 and 4 May 1932;
1 9 , Han Kia Pa, 1 Mar. 1932; Id1, Er Wang Miao, 19 Feb. 1932;
Id1, Chin Chuan Shan, 27 Nov. 1932; Id", Fi Shan Kwan, 16 Dec.
1931.

Emberiza fucata arcuata Sharpe

1 d1, 1 9 , Shan Tai Su, 29 and 30 Apr. 1932.

The male cannot be distinguished from a male of arcuata from
Kumaon.

Emberiza pusilla Pallas

1 9 , Lung An Su, 2 May 1932; Id1, Han Kia Pa, 4 Mar. 1932;
1 unsexed, Gung Tang Goh, 26 Apr. 1934; 1 d1, 1 unsexed, Pin Yang
Goh, 6 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1932; 1 unsexed, Chin Chuan Shan, 13 Dec.
1932.

Emberiza elegans elegans Temminck

Id1, Gung Tang Goh, 28 Apr. 1934; Id", Shih Kgo To, 29 Apr.
1931; 19, Mouping, 24 Jan. 1931; 19, Fu Lai Shan, 11 Mar.
1932.

Emberiza elegans elegantula Swinhoe

1 juv., Kao Ku, 21 June 1932; Id1, Yang Cha Shan, 7 July 1932;
Id1, Fi Shan Kwan, 17 Dec. 1931; 3 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien,
June 1932; 2d", 1 juv., Chung Chiang Miao, 26-31 May 1932; 2d1,
Gung Tang Goh, 28 Apr. and 5 May 1934; 2 9, Pin Yang Goh,
9 and 15 Nov. 1932; Id1, Chin Chuan Shan, 15 Dec. 1932; Id1, Ho
Ni Pa, 23 May 1931; Kweichow: Id1, Hsing Liao Pa, 18 May 1932;
5d\ 2 9 , Wen Shui, 1 May-1 June 1932.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS FROM SZECHWAN 63

Emberiza spodocephala sordida Blyth

1 unsexed, Wen Chuan Hsien, June 1932; 2d\ Gung Tang Goh,
16 and 29 Apr. 1934; Kweichow: lcT, Wen Shui, 26 May 1932.

Latoucheornis siemsseni (Martens)
ld\ Lung Min Chiao, 22 Jan. 1932.

Cheng and Stresemann (1961, p. 152) were the first to record this
species from Szechwan. They consider that siemsseni should not be
placed in Emberiza, but should be retained in the monotypic genus
Latoucheornis.

Melophus lathami lathami (Gray)

1 d\ Chung Chiang Miao, 3 June 1932; 1 d> , Li Shan Pien; 7. Jan.
1932.

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