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EsSPaBLISHED 1862. INCORPORATED 1890

CO Olea ais

OF THE

COCLEGE. GOLEECDILON

OF

PALAUNTULUGY,

WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY

WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT.

ROCHESTER, N. Y
1901.

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ROBERT W. LACE, PRINTER.

leWev wale soa On OF

Happily, the time is past when it is necessary to impress
upon teachers of Geology the importance of natural objects
in their work. All successful teachers recognize the desira-
bility of studying objects instead of studying about them.
An eminent geologist lately remarked, when postponing his
college work until his burned collection could be replaced,
‘“‘T have had too much experience to attempt teaching with-
out material for illustration.”

But while the desirability of geological material may be
positive, the obtaining of a representative collection is diffi-
cult. Many teachers, skilled in the use of systematic collec-
tions, have neither the time nor opportunity requisite to bring
together the objects required. The collecting and collating of
geological material is a science in itself, and this work is our
chosen field. A careful study and cultivation of the sources
of supply, have enabled us, through many years of experi-
ence, and by collecting on a large scale, to reduce the cost of
collections to a minimum. And it is with no little satisfaction
that we call attention to the large systematic collections which
we are able to supply at comparatively small cost. No indi-
vidual could gather a single collection similar to the one
described in the following pages without spending months of
labor and a far greater amount of money than the price
charged by us.

From a perusal of the following catalogue and geological
summary, it will be seen that this collection in Paleontology
covers the ground very evenly, both biologically and chrono-
logically, from Plants up to Man, and from the Archean to
the present time. Especial care has been taken to select char-

vi PREFACE.

acteristic types from the several geologic formations, and to
give at the same time a comprehensive representation of all
the classes of animal life. To accomplish this, and place the
collection within pecuniary reach of those for whose benefit
it was designed, we have made use of plaster copies of the
more unique and rare forms,—originals of which it would be
impossible in many cases to obtain, and in others too expen-
sive. Moreover, for purposes of illustration, a carefully made
copy of a perfect specimen is far better than a poor or frag-
mentary original. The greater number of forms among the
invertebrates and plants we have been able to represent by
carefully chosen original specimens, so that the originals in
the collection far outnumber the casts in genera and species
as well as in individual specimens.

It is believed that this series meets a felt want, and will
prove an invaluable adjunct to lectures and text-books in
unfolding the march of life through the successive ages. As
has been observed, the series is a compend of Paleeontological
History, presenting in proper proportions the varied forms
which life has assumed from the Archzean Protozoan up to
Man. Thedullest student can detect in this selection biological
order and chronological sequence. It is intended to be a com-
plete cabinet for the Geological Museum of our Colleges.

The specimens are adapted by their size and form for vari-
ous positions in a collection. Most of them are suitable for
the shelves of a museum; a few of the casts are large slabs,
and intended for a place upon the walls, while a small minor-
ity are huge objects calculated to stand on pedestals in the
central parts of the room. The display of this large Geolog-
ical collection is one of its most noticeable and excellent
features.

A clearly printed label accompanies each specimen, giving
in full the name of the fossil, the author of the species, its
geological formation, and the locality where it was found.

The numbers in brackets are the numbers of casts, as
recorded at our Museum, and as published in the old ‘‘ Cata-

PREFACE. vil

logue of Casts.” These numbers will be plainly marked on
both the specimens and the labels accompanying them. In
all cases where casts have been used, it is distinctly stated
in the description; where it is not so stated, originals will be
furnished.

Species of small size are usually represented by a number
of specimens. The number may slightly vary, but will always
be sufficient to fairly represent the species. These small spec-
imens will be mounted on blocks, while many of the larger
objects will be furnished with individual pedestals, as indi-
cated in the illustrations.

‘Occasionally it may be necessary to substitute some allied
form for the one listed; but care will be exercised not to
thereby diminish the scope or interfere with the sequence of
the collection.

In the matter of classification, we have considered it better
for the purposes of this catalogue to be conservative and fol-
low well-known authors rather than to always adopt the latest
and, perhaps, the more scientific system. For the classifica-
tion and group descriptions, and for geveral assistance in the
publication of the work, we are indebted to Professor H. L.
Fairchild, of the University of Rochester.

The whole collection, mounted and labeled as described
above, will be carefully packed and delivered at the railway
station in Rochester for the sum of $1,200.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT,

30-40 COLLEGE AVE., ROCHESTER, N. Y.

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SUBKINGDOM

VERTEBRATA.

The five great Classes usually regarded as forming this province
of the Animal Kingdom have a common type of structure, clearly
recognizable in most members of the series. The most evident
characteristic is an internal jointed skeleton, made up of vertebra,
which with their processes form two cavities—the upper (neural),
enclosing the great nervous cord, the lower (hzemal or enteric), con-
taining the viscera.

The history of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes,
as a sub-kingdom, reaches back to the Upper Silurian Age. Their
fossil bones and teeth, have been found in every stage of alteration,
from their natural state to that of complete petrifaction, and demon-
strate the existence of numerous tribes of highly organized beings
in the early ages of the world, and the continuance of the same
general type of organization to the present day. The earliest ver-
tebrate animals were the cold-blooded, water-breathing class in the
Upper Silurian. The type, however, began with the generalized
forms—the Ganoids and Sharks; the common bony fishes, now
swarming in river, lake and ocean, not coming into existence until
the Jurassic Period. Amphibians and Reptiles were introduced in
the Carboniferous. In the Reptilian Age came the first Birds and
the first Mammals, but the typical Birds and Mammals had their

full expansion in the Tertiary.

2 VERTEBRATA.

CLASS MAMMALIA.

The fossil relics of this Class consist, for the most part, of single
and displaced bones, or groups of bones, the teeth, and the hard prod-
ucts of the skin. It is for this reason, as Cuvier long ago remarked,
that the determination of the remains of quadrupeds is beset with
more difficulties than that of other fossils; for while shells are often
found unbroken, and the skeletons or scaly coverings of fishes occur
more or less entire, the complete skeleton of a fossil mammal is rare.

The earliest trace of mammals appears in the Upper Triassie—
the Microlestes, a very small insectivore, and probably a marsupial,
having been discovered in a bone-breccia at Diegerloch, Wirtem-
berg. Evidences of quadrupeds have been observed in American
strata of nearly the same antiquity, such as the tooth of the Dro-
matherium, from North Carolina. The Jurassic of England has
furnished twenty species, probably all marsupials or non-placental,
for example, the Amphitherium, Amphilestes, Phascolotherium and
Stereognathus, from the Stonesfield Slates; and Spalacotherium,
Triconodon and Plagiaulax, from the Lower Purbeck beds. As yet
the Cretaceous rocks have afforded no mammals, and a lapse of
time incalculably vast intervened between the Jurassic mammals
just mentioned and the Arctocyon and Coryphodon—the first ex-
amples of mammalian life in the Tertiary. From the Eocene to
the present day, an extensive and varied mammalian fauna has
existed, and left remains in the beds of ancient estuaries and rivers,
in the “Lake-beds” of the Rocky Mountain region, in peat bogs; marl
pits, and in caves, which served as lairs for predaceous species, and
as charnel-houses to their prey. Under the hand of Cuvier the
Eocene specimens became the opening chapter to the great volume
of Paleontological Science.

ORDER PRIMATES.
SUBORDER BIMANA.
FAMILY HOMINIDZ.

This family, which justly stands at the head of animated Nature,
includes only one genus—/Homo,—and but one well determined
species—sapiens, or Man. He is the only animal truly bimanous
and biped. In him the vertebrate type, which began during the
Palzeozoic age in the horizontal fish, finally becomes erect. He is
the only living mammal having no diastema in the dental series of
the jaw. But his most important anatomical feature is the great
size and complexity of the brain; and his distinguishing zoological
characteristic is the possession of speech.

MAMMALIA. 3

The Paleontological history of Man, before it passes over to
Archeology, is very brief. His creation must have been extremely
modern, for his skeleton, more likely to become imbedded in lacus-
trine or submarine deposits than that of any other terrestrial ver-
tebrate, is found only, and that rarely, in the most recent formations,
in which nearly all the other fossil forms are referable to living
species. Human implements in great number and variety are found
in the “river drift” of the Post-Pliocene in all the northern conti-
nents. The oldest human bones, of undisputed age and character,
have been found in “ bone-caves.”

No. 1. [1]* Homo sapiens.

SKULL (cast), discovered in 1857, in a
limestone cave in Neanderthal, near
Diisseldorf. This is the most famous
of human relics, and probably no single
fossil has created such a sensation in
the scientific world. Over this cranium
the anthropologists of Germany, France
and England have waged a fierce debate. It is of unusual size and thickness,
the forehead is very low and narrow, the brain-case being flattened to a degree
unknown before, and the projection of the superorbital ridges (a character
hitherto supposed to be peculiar to the highest apes) is enormously great. It
is certainly the most ape-like of human skulls, and, in the language of the
Westminster Review, it is ‘‘the ruin of a solitary arch in an enormous bridge
which time has destroyed, and which may have connected the highest of
animals with the lowest of men.” Yet in capacity it is not inferior to the
Negro, and it has no signs of the interparietal crest of the Gorilla. Professor
King contends that it is specifically distinct from man, and lived in the last
division of the glacial epoch ; Professor Mayer says that it stood on the
shoulders of a rickety Mongolian Cossack; while the conclusion of Huxley is
that it belongs to a period antecedent to the time of the Celts in Germany, and
was in all probability derived from one of the wild races of Northwestern
Europe. The original specimen is now in the possession of Dr. Fuhlrott, of
Elberfield, Rhenish Prussia. Size, 8 x 6.

No. 2. [2] Homo sapiens.

SKULL (cast), discovered in 1834 in the Engis cavern, near Liege, on the left
bank of the Meuse. It exhibits the frontal, parietal and occipital regions, as
far as the middle of the foramen, and a part of the right temporal bone. It
was found in bone breccia, associated with the bones of extinct animals, and
is of undoubted antiquity. It, however, approaches very near to the Caucasian
type, while the Neanderthal skull, though having no such decided claims to
antiquity, departs widely from the normal standard of the human race—the
cerebral development falling as far below that of the Australian type as the
latter is below the Engis. Of this skull Huxley says, ‘‘It is in fact a fair,
average human skull, which might have belonged to a philosopher, or might
have contained the thoughtless brains of a savage.” The original is now in
the museum of the University of Liege. Size, 8 x 5.

*For explanation of bracket numbers see Introduction.

No. 3.

1 iM '

VERTEBRATA.

[4] Homo sapiens.

SKELETON (cast), found on the north-eastern
coast of the main-land of Guadaloupe, in a bed
of modern concretionary limestone. The rock
contains the detritus of shells and corals of the
same species as now inhabit the neighboring sea
(some of the coral still retaining the same red
color now seen in reefs of living coral which sur-

round the Island), land shells, fragments of pot-
i tery, stone arrowheads, carved wooden orna-
| ments, and detached human bones. The parts
preserved in this specimen are the spinal column,
many of the ribs, the left arm, pelvis, thighs and
legs. They are the remains of a Carib, who died
in battle some two hundred years ago. These
bones still contain some animal matter, and the
whole of their phosphate of lime. The original
is in the British Museum; the skull is in the
Medical College of Charleston, 8. C.

Size, 4 ft. 7in x 2 ft.

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SUBORDER QUADRUMANA.

These mammals, the most anthropoid of brutes, are characterized
by prehensile feet as well as hands. In all the genera above the
Lemurs of Madagascar and the American Monkeys, the same num-
ber,and kinds of teeth are present as in Man—the deviation being
the disproportionate size of the canines and the concomitant break
(diastema) in the dental series. The skulls of the great Apes are
distinguished by prominent superorbital ridges.

Cuvier held that the Quadrumana scarcely, if at all, preceded
Man in order of creation. Lyell was the first (1830) to express a
doubt of the total absence of fossil anthropomorphous tribes. In
1839 fragments of the lower jaw of a lemuroid monkey (Ceno-
pithecus) were discovered by Owen in the Eocene, London Clay, on
banks of the Deben, England. Since then, remains of true monkeys
have been found in the Miocene strata of Southern France, and in
the Phocene of France, Greece,. Brazil, and the Sewalik Hills, India.
Lemurs have been discovered fossil in the Eocene lake-beds of
Western America; and in the Miocene of Nebraska, at least one
species of monkey, genus Laopithecus, has been found. But no
Primates have been discovered in America later than the Miocene,
and none at all of the anthropoid or Old World type.

MAMMALIA. 5
No. 4. [1251] Mesopithecus Pentelici, Wagner.

HEAD (cast), on pedestal. This interest-
ing fossil was discovered by M. Gaudry in
the Pliocene: deposit, near Pikermi, in
Attica. The Mesopithecus was a small
monkey allied to the Doucs, or ordinary
long-tailed monkeys of the East, in the
shape of its head, which is rounded, and
in its limbs to the Wanderoo of Ceylon.
The abundant remains (twenty-five indi-
viduals having been found at Pikermi)
show that the animal lived in troops and
indicate that Greece in Tertiary times _
was alive with curious monkeys. The Ap Z
original of this interesting specimen is in

= Lie
the Museum of the University of Munich. ;

No. 5. [5] Dryopithecus Fontani, Lartet.

LowER JAW (cast), with pedestal. Of
this extinct monkey, Sir Charles Lyell
states ‘‘that in anatomical structure, as
well as in stature, the Dryopithecus came
nearer to man than any quadrumanous
species, living or fossil, before known to
zoblogists.”’ Prof. Owen, however, arrives
at a different conclusion; and the generally
received opinion is, that it stood inter-
mediate between the Gibbon and Semno- f sar
Dhithecus Tt was therefore far removed ll. 0S
from the human type, for the Quadrumana recede from man in the following
order, making cranial character the test; Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orang, Gibbon.
The Canines are less developed than in the Gorilla, and in this respect the
Dryopithecus makes a nearer approach to Man. The fore part of the coronoid
process is slightly convex, as in the Gibbon; in Man, the Gorilla and Chim-
panzee, it is concave. This interesting fossil was discovered by M. Fontan,
in 1856, in the fresh water Miocene, at Saint Gaudens, Southern France, and
is preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plants, Paris.

ORDER CARNIVORA.

All the Carnivores have incisors, canines and molars—the canines
being always longer than the other teeth, and showing at a glance
the nature of their appointed food. The molars graduate from a
trenchant (as in the Cat) to a tuberculate form (as in the Bear) in
proportion as the food deviates from one strictly of flesh to one of
a more miscellaneous kind. The more the animal feeds on living
prey, the less numerous the molars. The Fe/ide have 3:3 premolars,

and ++ molars; the Canide and Urside have p 4:4, m 2:3. Clavicles

6 VERTEBRATA.

are generally rudimentary or wanting. The feet have usually five
toes, always armed with claws.

The carnivores were numerous in Eocene time, but they were
generalized types, having marsupial affinities. The Palwocyon
from the Plastic clay of England and France, was one of the earliest
progenitors of the digitigrades. A forerunner of the plantigrades
was Arctocyon from the lower Eocene of France; other carnivores,
large and small, occur in the Eocene lake-beds of Western America.
Many of these early carnivores were of large size and fierce charac-
ter. The true cats and the typical plantigrades probably were not
differentiated until the Miocene. The amphibious carnivores (Seals)
have not been found below the Miocene.

The fossil carnivores of Post-Tertiary time are found principally
in caves and fissures.

No. 6. [6] Machairodus neogeeus, Kaup.

HEAD (cast), mounted. This, happily extinct and most formidable of car-
nivores, belonged to a group of cats which in Tertiary and Quaternary times
ranged. throughout America, India and Europe. Professor Owen finds its
nearest affnities in the Lion. It equaled the Bengal Tiger in size, and had
upper canines of thrice the length—the crown alone measuring 7 inches. The
canines of the Machairodus are, in fact, the most remarkable of all fossil teeth

ioe) 3)

—_—_——

of large carnivorous mammals that have been discovered; they are long,
curved, and compressed, and, provided with a double-cutting edge of serrated
enamel, resemble trenchant sabres, whence the generic name. There is a
depression on the outside of each ramus of the lower jaw to receive the upper

MAMMALIA. 7

canines when the mouth is closed. Both sets of teeth are finely preserved in
the specimen. The species is identical with Hyena neogwa of Lund, and
Felis smilodon of Blainville. Some writers place it in the genus Drepanodon.
Cope includes the nine species found in the Old World in the genus Drepano-
don, Nesti, and the four American species, all Pliocene, in the genus Smilo-
don, Lund. The original of this specimen, discovered in a bone cavern in
Brazil (Post-Pliocene), is in the Museum of the Garden of Plants, Paris.

Size, 14 x 13
No. 7. [11] Hygena eximia, Wagner.

LowER JAW, LEFT RAMUS (cast). In
Post-Tertiary times troops of giganic Hy-
zenas roamed over the whole continent of-
Europe, and especially in England, where
the caves were evidently tenanted by suc- 2
cessive generations. The floors of these caves were found, when first opened,
to be strewed over, like a dog-kennel, with hundreds of teeth and splintered
bones, evidently the remains of prey dragged in by these ferocious carnivores.
The Kirkdale cavern contained, it is said, remains of some three hundred
Hyzenas, besides the abundant fragments of their prey.

This fragment, found in a Pleistocene formation at Pikermi, Greece, shows
two incisors, two molars, and a canine. The original is in the University
Museum, Munich. O Kee:

No. 8. [14] Galea alginate wat Owen.

SKELETON (cast).
This interesting and
well preserved fossil |
rewarded the early |
geological pursuits |
(1828) of the distin-
guished author of
the ‘‘Silurian Sys-
tem.” The novel oc-
currence of an entire
carnivorous quad-
ruped regularly im-
bedded=iny stone, as, ja : : J
well as some peculiarities in its anatomy, make this a Singularly u unique speci-
men. Von Meyer first proposed the name of Canis palustris, and M. de Blain-
ville called it Vulpes Giningensis; but after careful examination, Professor
Owen gave it an intermediate position between the Polecat and Dog. The
first premolar is smaller, and the third and fourth larger, than in the Fox, and
all the teeth are more closely set than in the genus Canis, though the dental
formula is the same. The general breadth of the feet, in proportion to their
length, is greater than in any canine species, and it is this robust character of
the feet which indicate an affinity to the Viverrine group. The tail is longer
in proportion than in the Dog, though not so long as in the Fox. The verte-
bre number the same as those of the Fox. The fossil was discovered in the
lacustrine beds, called ‘‘Molasse” (Miocene), at Giningen, near Constance,
and is now in the British Museum. Size, 3 ft. x 2 ft.

8 ; VERTEBRATA.

No. 9. [16] Ursus speleeus, Blumenbach.

|WVWVV-Z a

We ] Ue Vili Dike, SKULL (cast). This “Great
Yr" ily pm Cave-Bear,” as it is often
Gj),

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YH Grizzly Bear of the Rocky
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4, yf y, jl Mountains. It is distin-

dl yy : sh guished by prominent front-
| Wy PF MUU al sinuses, a sudden sinking
is WW Yh Ll pe : :
Hy oe, z of the concave line leading

forward to the nasal bones,
long, high pointed crests, narrow zygomas, a wide interval between the for-
midable canine and the first molar, the complicated crown of the latter, and
the great breadth of the fourth molar. The little premolar situated just behind
the canine in all living bears except the Grizzly, is always wanting; and the
animal probably had but thirty teeth in all. The Brown Bear approaches
nearest to the gigantic fossil in the peculiar serpentine line of the profile, and
the Black Bear in the cranial crests. The Cave-bear ranged in the Pliocene
and Post-Pliocene throughout England and Europe, and its remains are found
intimately associated with those of Paleolithic man. This specimen was found
in that great depository of osseous remains—the cave of Gailenreuth, Bavaria,
and is preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 20 x 18.

No. 10. Ursus spelzeus, Blum.

PatrR oF Mouars. From a cave at Blansko, Moravia.

No, 11: “WE

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sus spelzeus, Blum.

CANINE. From a cave at Blansko, Mo-
ravia.

ORDER CETACEA.

The members of this order, formed for life in the ocean, have,
in many respects, the external appearance of fishes. By some
authors they, with the Sirenia, are called “ Mutilates”” because their
hind limbs are obliterated. The clavicle is wanting, and the pelvis
is scarcely represented by two small rudimentary bones. The true
whales are characterized by the extremely long bones of the face,
and by the nasal bones forming the very highest part of the skull.
Teeth are entirely wanting in the adult whalebone whales, but are
present in the lower jaw of the sperm whales. They are all car-
nivorous. The caudal vertebre differ from those of fishes in re-

MAMMALIA. 9

taining the transverse processes. The cervical vertebre are thin
and sometimes united in living species. The true Dolphin has
forty-seven sharp, conical, crooked teeth in each ramus, and are
well represented in the Miocene.

The order is confined to the Tertiary and Recent Periods, The
most numerous fossil relics (teeth and ear-bones) have been found
in the Red Crag, England, bnt evidently washed out of Eocene
strata. The Balcenide appear in the Pliocene.

No. 12. [177] Zeuglodon hydrarchus, Carus.

SkuLu (cast). This carnivorous whale typifies a distinct family, the only
one having teeth implanted by two roots. Its teeth were first described by
Scilla in 1747; in 1886 by Harlan under the name of Basilosaurus and Squalo-
don ; and in 1889 by Owen, who first determined the mammalian and cetacean
nature of the animal. When full grown, it was probably seventy feet in
length. The skull is long and narrow; the nostril single and looking upward.
It was discovered in a marl deposit of the “‘ Jackson epoch” (Middle Eocene)
in Claiborne, Alabama, and belongs to the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem.

Size, 35 x 18.

No. 18. [176] Zeuglodon cetoides, Owen.

Two TEETH (cast). The jaws of the Zeuglodon
are armed with teeth of two kinds, set wide apart;
the anterior have subcompressed, conical, slightly
recurved, sharp, pointed crowns, and are implanted
by a single root; the posterior are larger, with more
compressed and longitudinally extended crowns, and
with both front and hind borders deeply notched or
serrated, The crown is contracted from side to side
in the middle of its base, so as to give its transverse
section an hour-glass form. The root of the pos-
terior teeth has two fangs. The mode of succession
conforms to the general mammalian type more than
any existing carnivorous Cetacean: i. e. the decidu-
ous tooth is displaced and succeeded vertically by a
second molar. These fossil teeth, one anterior, the
other posterior, were found at the same locality as
the preceding, and are now in the Anatomical Mu-
seum of Berlin. Size, 6 x 4.

10 VERTEBRATA.

No. 14. [179] Balzenodon gibbosus, Owen.

CETOTOLITE (cast). This fossil tympanic bone belongs to a large extinct
whale, which probably, like some contemporary quadrupeds, retained charac-
ters which are embryonic and transitory in existing cetaceans. It was found
in the Red Crag (Pliocene) of Suffolk, England; but as it is water-worn and
rolled, was doubtless washed out of older strata. The original specimen be-
longs to the Ward Collection in the University of Rochester.

ORDER SIRENIA.

The Sirenians resemble the Cetaceans in form and mode of life.
They are herbivorous and subsist on the vegetation of ‘estuaries and
rivers, sometimes crawling on shore to feed: Both jaws are armed
with incisors, and molars with flat-ridged crowns, adapted for
vegetable diet. The cervical vertebra are not anchylosed as in the
whale. The mamme are pectoral. There is much in the organiza-
tion of the Sirenians which indicates an affinity with the Ungulates.
They first appeared in the Eocene of Europe, and are found in the
American Miocene of the Atlantic region. In the Miocene Period
the Dugongs and Manatees were abundant and more widely dis-

ributed than now. Their fossil bones have the solid structure
peculiar to the order. The genus Rhytina has only recently become
extinct.

No. 15. [175] Halitherium Schinzi.

SKULL AND FEMurR (cast). This herbivorous .
animal, related to the Dugong, lived by the
sea-shore and the mouths of rivers. Remains
have been found in every deposit above the
Calcaire Grossier (Middle Eocene). These
specimens were discovered in the Miocene at
Flonheim, Rhine Valley. Size, 8 x 8.

ORDER UNGULATA.

This is the most numerous and comprehensive order of larger
mammals, both extinct and living, and includes the beasts formerly
classed as Ruminants and Solidungula, and all those called Pachy-
derms, except the Proboscidians.

The members of this order walk on the extremity of the toes,

MAMMALIA. tt

which are protected or encased in a greatly expanded nail or hoof
(ungula). This apparently superficial character is but one element
in the structure of the ungulate foot, which structure is of the
utaiost value in tracing relationship of fossil mammals, and the
study of it one of the most fascinating chapters in Comparative
Anatomy.

The number of digits of full size never exceeds four, at least the
first digit being always obliterated. As the limbs are used only for
locomotion, never for prehension, clavicles are useless and therefore
wanting. The molar teeth are massive, with broad crowns suited
for grinding vegetable food, although the primitive species were
probably omnivorous, like a few living forms. The brain is pro-
portionately small and the food-canal unusually long.

The Ungulates were the most numerous and important mammals
of Tertiary time, and those ancient species were the ancestors of
the present specialized forms, the line of descent being clearly
traced in some cases, especially in the horse, the most highly differ-
entiated species.

The division of this order, proposed by Owen, into Perissodactyla
{odd-toed), and Artiodactyla (even-toed), applies also to the extinct
forms, which as early as the lowest Eocene were thus separated,
notwithstanding their generalization in other respects. Coryphodon,
found at the base of the Eocene in both Europe and America, hav-
ing a small brain and five toes, possesses characters which point to
the primitive ungulate type.

In the evolution of the present Ungulates there are two elements
of special interest. The primitive ancestors of the order were prob-
ably omnivorous, like the existing pig, with tuberculated (bunodont)
molars. But the specialized forms, as the horse of the odd-toed,
and the ruminants among even-toed, have developed molars better
fitted for grinding, which have the enamel disposed on the effective
surface in double crescents (selenodont dentition), whose convexity
is turned inwards in the upper teeth and outwards in the lower.
The other factor in the evolution was the relation of the small bones
of the wrists and ankles to the surviving digits. In the loss of the
side digits, and the enlargement of the central ones, it became neces-
sary for the latter to either appropriate the carpal or tarsal bones
belonging to the side digits, or for their own small bones to become
properly enlarged. Nature employed both methods; but it has been
shown by Kowalevsky, the Russian naturalist, that the first or
appropriative method was the better, and that all the species in
both sections in which the latter (inadaptive) plan occurred have
become extinct.

12 VERTEBRATA.

The lacustrine deposits of the Rocky Mountain region have fur-
nished great variety and numbers of Tertiary ungulates; which
have been studied by Leidy, Cope and Marsh. They have found
that all the existing genera of Perissodactyla, and the Deer, Camel
and Hog families among Artiodactyla are true American types, and
might have populated the Old World by migration.

SECTION A—PERISSODACTYLA.

These are the oldest and most abundant ungulates of the Eocene,
and as a group are less specialized than the Artiodactyla, although
the horse, in feet and teeth, is the most highly differentiated species.
In all the living species the hind feet have an odd number (3 or 1)
of toes, and the Tapir is the only one with an even number (4) on
the fore feet. The axis of the limbs passes through the third digit.
In living species there are never less than twenty-two dorso-lumbar
vertebra, and the femur has a third trochanter, and the horns, if
present, are placed on the median line of the head, and are not sup-
ported on horn cores. In the extinct Menodus (Titanotherium)
there are a pair of horn cores placed transversely. The stomach is
simple and the cecum large.

There are but three families now living, represented by the Horse,
Rhinoceros and Tapir, but these are closely connected by numerous
extinct forms. Cope enumerated (1883) one hundred and ninety-
two species, of which nineteen are living. He regards his System-
odon and Ectocion as parent types.

FAMILY EQUIDZ.

The complete pedigree of the Horse has been traced by Marsh,
from the little Hohippus, of the lower Eocene, with four toes, and
the rudiment of the first on the fore feet, and three on the hind
feet, through seven intermediate genera of successive horizons in
the Tertiary to the modern genus, Aguus, in the upper Pliocene.
Miohippus, from the upper Miocene, resembles Anchitheriwm
Leidy, and Protohippus of the lower Pliocene most resembles
Hipparion. Marsh finds some forty extinct species in this group.
It is certain that the Horse originated in America, and roamed over
both continents in Post-Tertiary time, and then for an unknown
reason became extinct.

MAMMALIA. 18
No. 16. Equus fossilis.

Morar. Remains of the fossil Horse have been found in
the uppermost Tertiaries and the Quaternary of many parts
of Europe and America. These remains are in the main
molar and incisor teeth, which are usually noted under the
name of #. fossilis, although some authors undertake to dis-
tinguish several species. This specimen is from the Quater-
nary beds of Piedmont, Italy.

No. 17. [83] Hipparion elegans, Christol.

Lerr Hrnp Foor (cast). This little equine quadruped was
tridactyl; for while the two splint-bones alone are retained in the
Horse, Zebra and Ass, in the Hipparion they terminated in small
digits and hoofs. Such a foot was better adapted for swampy
soil, as it would not sink so deeply. The hoofs dangled behind
like the spurious hoofs of the Ox. The Hipparion was the first
transitional form discovered between the Eocene Perissodactyla
-and the modern Horse, and its discovery supplied a powerful
argument for the development hypothesis. This specimen was
found in the lower Pliocene at Cucurron, France, and belongs to
the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 14 x 13.

No. 18. [85] Anchitherium Bairdii, Leidy.

SKULL AND Lower Jaw (cast). This old-toed Ungulate resembles the
Paleotherium in its dental structure, but is very much like the Horse in its
skeleton. The cranium has a short sagittal crest and a large, broad forehead;
the skull is relatively shorter than that of the Horse; each jaw contains six
incisors, two canines, and seven molars. It is near to Miohippus, Marsh.
These remains were found in the Mauvaises Terres (Miocene), Nebraska, and
are preserved in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia. Size, 6 x 4.

FAMILY PALAOTHERIDZ.

This group is closely related to the early members of the Eguide,
and Cope includes here some of the supposed ancestors of the
Horse. The family is entirely extinct since the Pliocene.

14 VERTEBRATA.
No. 19. [106] Paleeotherium crassum, Cuvier.

HEAD (cast). The
discovery of Paleo-
therium—one of the
most characteristic
mammalsof the Ter-
tiary Age—formed
an epoch in the his-
tory of fossils, being
one of those famous
hoofed quadrupeds
restored by Cuvier
from their fossil re-
mains in the quarries
near Paris. The
creature resembled
the Tapir in the
shape of the head and the possession of a short proboscis; but it had only
three toes on the forefoot, and the molars resembled in form those of the
Rhinoceros. The canines were longer than the other teeth, and there were
consequently vacancies in the series for the lodgment of the crowns of the
canines when the mouth was shut. The three species are confined to the mid-
dle and upper Eocene and Oligocene of Europe. The fossil head, now in the
Garden of Plants, was discovered in the Eocene Gypsum of Montmartre,
Paris. Size, 13 x 10.

No. 20. [111] Paleotherium crassum, Cuv.

Lerr Hrnp Foor (cast). The Paleotherium had three
toes before and behind, each terminated by a hoof, the
middle one being the largest. This species had short,
thick feet, and may have stood about thirty inches in
height. It had the limbs of the modern Tapir, with one
toe less on the fore-foot. This specimen is from the same
locality and museum as the preceding. Size, 13 x 5.

FAMILY RHINOCEROTIDZ.

This family has many representatives and a long line of ancestry
in the Tertiary. -Amynodon from the upper Eocene of America is
the earliest member of the family, of which there seem to have

MAMMALIA. 15

been two branches. Diceratheriwm had a transverse pair of horns
on the nasal bones. Several species are found in American Pliocene,
but none later. The living species have three toes on each foot,
and horns on the median line.

No. 21. [89] Rhinoceros Platyrhinus, Falconer and Cautley.

SKULL (cast). This is one of the four new species brought to light by the
researches of Falconer and Cautley, in that sepulchre of gigantic Mammals—
the Pliocene deposits in the Sewalik Hills, India. This very perfectly pre-
served skull is now in the British Museum. Size, 30 x 18.

No. 22. [98] Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Cuv.

Two Mo.ars (cast). These specimens show the folding
of the enamel and the resultant figure of the crown-surface
in molars from the upper jaw. From the Diluvium in
France. Originals in the Ward Museum, University of
Rochester.

FAMILY TAPIRIDZ.

This is another family of American origin. It began in the
Eocene, and exists to-day in South America, and East India. They
have three toes on the hind feet, with four on the fore feet, but the
axis of the arm passes through the third digit. It is the most gen-
eralized type of living Perissodactyla.

16 VERTEBRATA.
No. 28. [102] Tapirus Arvernensis, Croiz. and Job.

PALATE AND JAW
(cast). This extinct
Pachyderm differed lit-
tle from the Tapir of
Sumatra. The molars
show the same bilopho-
dont or two-ridge type.
The upper jaw, when
full, contains seven molars, one canine, and three incisors. This specimen
was found in the Pliocene of Auvergne, Central France, and is in the Garden
of Plants. Size, 9 x 12.

FAMILY BRONTOTHERIDZA (MENODONTID#).

This family is found only in the upper Eocene and lower Miocene
of the American lake-beds.

No. 24. [1255] JMenodus (Titanotherium) Proutii, Leidy.

HEAD (cast). This creature was one of the largest of the strange Tertiary
mammals found in the Lake-beds of the Rocky Mountain region. It was
about the size of an elephant, but with shorter legs, its proportions resembling
those of the Rhinoceros. The skull is large and elongated, being in some
specimens three feet long. The maxillaries bear, in front of the orbits, a pair

of stout diverging protuberances, which doubtless indicate horns. The teeth
are intermediate in character between those of Palwotherium and Rhinoceros,
excepting the peculiar incisors which have tuberculate crowns, resembling
the palatel teeth of fishes. It had no tusks and no proboscis, but probably a
Tapir-like snout. The fore feet have four short stout toes, and the hind feet
three.

These specimens are from the lower Miocene of the Black Hills, Dakota.
Original in possession of Ward and Howell. Size, 20 x 26.

MAMMALIA. AT
FAMILY LOPHIODONTIDZ. —

Cope enumerates fifty species in the Lophiodontide, all from the
Eocene of America and Europe. They vary in size from that of a
Rabbit to that of an Ox, and resemble most, among living animals,
the Tapirs.

No. 25. [105] Pliolophus vulpiceps, Owen.

SKULL AND LowER JAw (cast). This odd-
toed, hoofed herbivore, stood intermediate
between the Tapir and Palwotheriwm, and has
some aflinities to the Hog and Horse. The
dentition is like that of nearly all Eocene
quadrupeds, atype not exhibited by any later(?)
or existing mammal, namely: three incisors,
one canine, four premolars, and three molars in each ramus. Six species of
this genus are known, five of them being from the American deposits. This
interesting fossil was discovered in the London Clay (Eocene), of England, and
is now in the British Museum.

SECTION B—ARTIODACTYLA.

In this section the digits are four or two in number, and the axis
of the limb passes between the third and fourth, which make a sym-
metrical pair, and by their compressed form have suggested the term
“‘cloven-footed.” The femur has no third trochanter. The dorsa-
lumbar vertebre are usually nineteen. The true horns are in trans-
verse pairs, with osseous “horn-cores.” The antlers of the Cervida
are themselves osseous, and deciduous, and are not regarded as
“true horns.” The stomach is complex and the cecum small. The
hornless species have usually long canines.

Among larger mammals, now living, this section is the most num-
erous, and is extensively represented in the Tertiary, beginning
with the Eocene. The species were few in the Eocene and included
no ruminants. The earliest were apparently the ancestors of the
Hogs, as the Hohyus and Helohyus, and they had the tubercular
(bunodont) dentition, which was common in the Artiodactyla
through all the Tertiary, but is now found only in the Hogs and
Hippopotami (non-ruminants).

The selenodont dentition is found in the upper Eocene, but a
primitive or transitional form occurred in Homacodon, which lived
in the middle Kocene, having a nearly continuous series of teeth, and
the typical number, 44. Homeryz, from the upper Eocene, is one of
the earliest selenodonts, but the most pronounced selenodont of the
Eocene is Oromeryx, perhaps a ruminant ancestor of the Deers.

18 VERTEBRATA.

The two plans of foot structure are found in the Tertiary with both
kinds of dentition, but no species survive with the “inadaptive” plan.

The Camels and Llamas diverged from the primitive stock in the
Eocene, and became in the Pliocene the most abundant of the
larger animals, except the Horse family. The hollow-horned rumi-
nants appeared in Europe in the Miocene, but have not been found
in America earlier than the Pliocene.

The true Sheep, Goats, Giraffe, Hippopotamus, and Old World
Suillines (Sus, Porcus, Phacocherus), have not been discovered in
America.

FAMILY BOVIDZ.

No. 26. [48] Sivatherium giganteum, Falc. and Caut.

SKULL (Male), (cast). This singular ele-
phantoid Antelope exceeded the Rhinoceros
in size, and had some affinity with the Gi-
raffe. The head was very large, broad but
short, and carried four horns; the first pair
resembled those of the Cow, and was placed
just between and above the orbits; behind
these was the other pair, palmated and
branching, like those of the Elk. The pos-
terior part of the cranium was enormously
developed and cellular as in the Elephant.
The face was short; the eyes small and
lateral; and the nasal bones were prolonged
into a pointed arch, indicating a proboscis.
The very inclined direction of the front of
the face, in relation to the triturating surface of the teeth, imparts a peculiar
physiognomy. The animal must have had a compound stomach, though the
teeth seem fitted for bruising and crushing the branches and twigs of trees.
The enamel is rugosely furrowed, and the inner crescent presents sinuous
plaited flexures. The fossil was discovered in the Valley of Markanda, among
the Sewalik Hills of India (Pliocene), and is now in the British Museum.
Size, 21 x 20.

No. 27. [55] Ovibus (Bootherium) bombifrons, Leidy.

CRANIUM WITH HORN-
CORES (cast). This ancient
Musk-Ox is closely allied
to the living species, and
wasdoubtless cotemporary
withthegigantic wild oxen
of Europe. The specimen
was found in the Pleisto-
cene morasses of Big-bone
Lick, Kentucky, and is in
the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.

Size, 18 x 12.

MAMMALIA. 19
FAMILY CAMELIDZ.
No. 28. [56] Poebrotherium Wilsonii, Leidy.

SKULL AND LowER JAw (cast). This specimen belonged to an individual
just reaching adult age, of a species which was the earliest progenitor of the
camel tribe. The ramus of the lower jaw is remarkable for its breadth and
for the angular apophysis as in the Camel, Carnivores and most Rodents. The
Pebrotherium had all the incisors and premolars of the primitive ungulate.
The original was discovered in 1847, in the Mauvaises Terres (Miocene or
White River Group), Nebraska, and is preserved in the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.

FAMILY CERVIDZ.

No. 29 and 30. Tarandus Rangifer (Reindeer).

TEETH AND Portions oF LEG Bones. This member of the Deer family,
now existing in Arctic Regions, is found fossil in the Post-Tertiary of England
and Europe, as far south as Southern France, and associated with Paleolithic
man. The association is so intimate and the fossils so abundant that the term
‘*Reindeer Period” has been applied by the European geologists to the por-
tion of time represented by the deposits. These specimens are from a cave in
La Dordogne, France.

FAMILY SUIDZA.

The Suilline type, the most generalized of the Artiodactyla, and
with bunodont dentition, began in America with Hohyus, in lower
Eocene, and has been abundant ever since, being now represented
by the Peccaries. The true Hogs, as Sus, Porcus and Phacocherus,
have not been found in America; nor the allied Aippopatamus.

No. 31. [63] Sus scrofa, Meyer.

SKULL (cast). The fossil remains of
the true Hogs appear for the first time
in beds of Middle Tertiary (Miocene)
age, in the Valley of the Rhine. The
fresh water beds (Pliocene) of Auvergne,
and the bone caverns and peat bogs of a 4
later date, in France and England, have
furnished specimens very similar to or we
quite identical with the modern Hog. This species was cotemporary with the
Mammoth, and cannot be distinguished from the Wild Boar. The fossil was
found in a cave at St. Didier, France, and is now in the Museum of Natural
History in Lyons. Size, 16x 7%

20 VERTEBRATA.

FAMILY HIPPOPOTAMID.

No. 32. [79] Hippopotamus major, Cuv.

Lerr Hinp-Foor (cast). From the Plio-
cene Tertiary beds of Auvergne. The Hip-
popotamus major had peculiarities in its den-
tition which distinguished it from the modern
species, and it was also nearly twice as large.

The foot of the Hippopotamus, with its four
functional toes is less specialized than that of
the Hog, its living ally, which has the two
lateral toes rudimental. The tarsus closely
resembles that of the Hog, and has seven
bones. The carpus has eight bones.

This foot is quite perfect in preservation.

Size, 1 ft. 9in. x 11 in. On pedestal.

No. 38. [78] Hippopotamus major, Cuv.

Rieut Tusk (cast). This tusk, from the right ramus of the lower jaw, is
of a size which marks it as belonging to an animal much larger than any
Hippopotamus of the present day. Size, following curve of tooth, 17 x 7.

No. 34. [77] Hippopotamus——

Moar (cast). The crown of the tooth is divided into
two lobes by a wide transverse valley, and each lobe is
subdivided by a narrow antero-posterior cleft into two
half-cones with their flat sides next each other. Remains
of this interesting genus of pachyderm animals. have
been found in England, and very widely distributed
through both Europe and Africa. It does not seem,
however, in either of these continents to have visited
points as far to the north as did the Rhinoceros.

No. 35. [74] Hexaprotodon Sivalensis, Fale. and Caut.

SKULL AND FRAGMENT OF
LowrEr JAw (cast). This ani-
mal was essentially a Hippo-
potamus, with six incisors, in-
stead of four, in each jaw. A
specific distinction is the short-
ness of the face. These remains
Hills, India, and belong to the
British Museum. Size, 24 x 16.

MAMMALIA. 21

FAMILY OREONTIDZ.

No. 36. [57] Oreodon Culbertsonii, Leidy.

SKULL AND LOWER JAw (cast).
This remarkable ruminant un-
gulate constitutes one of the links
necessary to fill up the wide gap
between existing Ruminants and
the extinct Anoplotheria. The
form of the cranium proper ap-
proaches that of the Camel; but
generally the skull bears most re-
semblance to the Anoplotheriwm.
It differs strikingly from the lat-
ter in the existence of post-orbital arches, in the greater size of the orbits, and
in the presence of deep lachrymal depressions. The sagittal crest is prominent,
and the forehead is convex. They had four well-developed toes on each foot,
and forty-four teeth. The molars have a ruminant character. Canines and
incisors exist in both jaws and form with the molars almost unbroken rows,
- the dentition appearing to characterize a ruminating Hog. This genus repre-
sents a family which is the earliest of the Selenodont Artiodactyla, and occurs
in prodigious numbers from the Middle Miocene to close of Pliocene in
America. This specimen was found in the Mauvaises Terres (Middle Miocene)
of Nebraska, and is in the possession of Dr. Leidy. Size, 8 x 5.

FAMILY ANOPLOTHERIDZ.

No. 37. [59] Anoplotherium commune, Cuvier.

HEAD ON SLAB (cast). This two-toed Ruminant was about the size of a
Fallow Deer. It had a long and strong tail, and was probably of aquatic
habits. It was hornless, and had separate metatursal bones. But it is chiefly
remarkable for the completeness and regularity of its teeth. It has the typical

—<$—<$<$<$<$<<——_—s— ————————— eee oe

29 . VERTEBRATA.

number, 44,—neither canine nor any other tooth rising above the general level,
and the series is unbroken, a character now manifested only by Man. The
grinding surface of the molars retains the transitory and embryonic structure
of the ruminant type. It has some affinities with the Hog. The generic
name has reference to the absence of tusks, long canines, horns and claws.
This very perfectly preserved head is from the Eocene Gypsum Beds of Mont-
martre, Paris, and is now in the Garden of Plants. Size, 15 x 9.

ORDER PROBOSCIDIA.

The Proboscidians were formerly classed with the Ungulata,
with which they have many affinities, particularly in their placen-
tation, which, as recently discovered at the birth of an elephant
in Philadelphia, 1880, is non-deciduate. In some peculiar ana-
tomical features they approach the Rodents.

They embrace the largest of all living terrestrial creatures,
and are characterized by a proboscis, incisor tusks, the absence of
canines, a few large transversely ridged molars, and pentadacty]
feet, indicated by the divisions of the hoof. The dorso-lumbar
vertebrae number twenty-three, of which twenty bear ribs. The
centra are extremely flattened.

The only living Proboscidians are two species of Hlephas,
Indicus and Africanus. The total number of teeth they develop
is twenty-eight ; the two permanent incisors or tusks being pre-
ceded by ige eo ue ones. The persistent dentition of Hlephas
is, Incisors 44, canines °°, grinders $:8—26. Mastodon had the
same, ihe sometimes the possession of lower incisor tusks,
—26 or 28. Dinotherium had i #3 ¢ $9 p $3 m 33—22.

The molars of Alephas consist of vertical plates of dentine
covered with enamel and solidified by cementum. Those of
Mastodon had, as the name implies, nipple-shaped a aioe
or tubercles.

The molars of “lephas show a modification from those of the
Mastodon similar to the change from the Palwotheriwm to the
Horse. Occasionally a rudimentary molar is found in front,
which makes the typical seven. Only the last three are true molars.
These teeth are replaced horizontally, from behind forwards, and
only one or a portion of two are in use at once. The other ex-
treme is found in Dinotheriwm, where all the five molars are in
use at once, and the milk molars are displaced vertically. The
Mastodon exhibits a transitional form.

MAMMALIA. 23

Three genera of the order are known, the still living Hlephas,
and the extinet Mastodon and Dinotheriwm. Some related
forms like Dinocrata abounded in the Eocene. Dinotheriwm is
found only in the Miocene and Pliocene of the Old World. The
Elephants (A/astodon and LHlephas) appear suddenly, without
immediate ancestors, as far as discoveries now show. While
Dinotherium is a generalized proboscidian, it may not be con-
sidered as in the line of descent of the Elephant. The Eocene
and Miocene strata of America, Europe and India, are so well
known that some other region seems more likely to supply the
missing links.

Mastodon appeared in the Middle Miocene of Europe, and in
Lower Pliocene of America. Hlephas appeared in both conti-
nents somewhat later than J/astodon. Only in America did
Mastodon linger through the Quaternary.

Elephas primigenius (“Mammoth”) roamed over all the
Arctic regions in the Post-tertiary, but the United States and
Mexico were occupied by /. Americanus. The latter species is,
however, regarded by many authorities as only a modification of
the mammoth. Two species of Alephas have been named from
South America.

Three species of Dinothertwm have been named; some four-
teen of Llephas, and twenty of Mastodon. The last two genera
blend together by gradations of structure.

No. 38. [182] Elephas primigenius, Blum.

LowER JAw, Youne (cast). This is
the latest form of true Elephant which
lived in a temperate latitude; the best
known of all the fossil species, and the
most highly specialized member of the
order. The range of the animal was ap-
parently between the 40thand 70th parallels
of latitude; and its remains are found ex-
clusively in Pleistocene deposits. The in-
habitants of Siberia call it Mammoth, or
subterranean Mole, believing that it lived
under ground. It is not a little singular
that Darwin found a theory held by the
people of the Pampas that the Mastodon
was a burrowing animal. The primeval Elephant greatly exceeded in size
the living species. It had broader grinders; narrower, more numerous and
close-set transverse plates and ridges; a more parallel position of the right and
left sockets of the grinders; a greater length of the tusks; a larger and more

94 VERTEBRATA.

prominent tubercle of the lachrymal bone; and more angular and relatively
shorter zygomatic processes. Moreover, the outer contour of one ramus meets
that of the other at a more open angle. In the structure of the molars, this
species comes nearer to the Indian Elephant than the African, the plates being
disposed in nearly parallel lines. But the tusks have a bolder and more exten-
sive curvature; some have been found which describe a circle, but the curve
being oblique, they thus clear the head, and point outward, downward and
backward. The cranium of the Hlephas primigenius is elongated and the
forehead concave. A lower molar can be distinguished from an upper one by
the grinding surface being slightly concave in the direction of its longest
diameter, that of the upper molar being in the same degree convex. Most of
the molars of the New World Mammoth are characterized by thinner and
more numerous plates than those of England, but the difference is not constant.
The creature was covered with shaggy hair, so that it was fitted to live as near
the pole as was compatible with the growth of: hardy trees or shrubs, but the
sterile region in Northern Siberia, where the remains occur so abundantly,
undoubtedly had a warmer climate at the period when the Mammoth lived
than at present. This very perfect specimen was disinterred from a Pleistocene
deposit at Lippe, Rhenish Prussia, and is in the University Museum at Bonn,
Rhine Valley. Size, 12 x 12.

SrxrH UPPER Moar
(cast). This unusually
perfect and well pre-
served specimen shows
well the distinctive
structure of the Mam-
moth grinder, and the
inclination of the plane
of the triturating sur-
face to the vertical lines
of the enamel-plates,
due to the oblique
growth of the tooth
from the alveolar sock-
et. The original, weighing fourteen pounds, was found in Siberia, and belongs
to the Ward Collection in the University of Rochester. _ Size, 11 x 8.

No. 40. [1258] Mastodon giganteus, Cuv.

SKULL, Tusks AND Jaw (cast). Mastodon remains were first discovered at
Albany, N. Y., and described by Dr. Mather in the Philosophical Transactions
for 1712. The first remains seen in Europe were found thirty years after, by
Longueil, on the edge of a marsh near the Ohio River, and hence the French
called the unknown creature, ‘‘the animal of the Ohio.” Bones have since
been found as high as 70° N. But they mainly frequented a more temperate
zone; and we have no evidence that any species was specially fitted like the
Mammoth to brave a cold climate. The remains occur chiefly in the United

MAMMALIA. 25

States, Europe and India. Mastodons preceded the Elephants. They are
distinguished from the Elephants by their less complex molars; flatter cranium ;
smaller development of the frontal air-cells, presenting a less intelligent ap-
pearance; more elongated body, but not much, if any, higher; and limbs
proportionately shorter and stronger. The surface of the teeth, instead of
being cleft into numerous thin plates, was divided into wedge shaped trans-
verse ridges, and the summit of these were subdivided into small cones, more

—
TAT
reece ae oe

mi
il

ABTA

or less resembling nipples, whence the name. When worn, the protuberances
became truncated into a lozenge form. Bronn and Owen state that the Mas-
todon is, characterized by lower incisors (tusks), and by molars which are re-
placed from back to front, excepting one or more milk-molars; while in the
Elephant there are no inferior incisors, and all the molars are replaced in a
horizontal direction. Falconer shows that these generic distinctions are neither
absolute nor constant. He makes the Mastodons include all the elephantoid
species which have the crowns of the molars comparatively simple and uni-
formly divided into two subequal divisions by a longitudinal cleft; the ridges
limited to three or four in number, and invariably more or less concave across;
the enamel thick (in some specimens three times as thick as in the Mammoth),
and in conical or compressed points; and the valleys between the ridges deep
and empty, or with but a sparing quantity of cement. The Elephants, on the
other hand, include all the proboscidians which have the crowns of the molars
more complex, and usually wanting in a longitudinal line of division; the
ridges more numerous and less definite, each being composed of a greater
number of mammillary points, which are most elevated in the middle, ren

26 _ VERTEBRATA.

dering the ridges convex across; the processes of enamel] thinner, higher, and
more divided; and the deep narrow valleys entirely filled up with cement.

The lower molars of the Mastodon are narrower than the upper, and the grind-
ing surface of the upper describe in their longitudinal direction a slight convex-
ity, while the lower have a corresponding concavity. In the upper molars the
inner range of tubercles are most worn; in the lower ones, the outer range. By
these marks a detached grinder may be referred to the jaw and ramus support-
ing it.

The finest Mastodon skeleton is in the Warren Museum in Boston. It came
from Orange Co., N. Y., the marshes of which locality have also yielded the
greater number of remains, including the skeletons of the American Museum
of Natural History at New York, and the University of New Jersey, at Prince-
ton, N. J. The skeleton in the British Museum was found in Missouri. That
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, came from New Jersey,
and the one in the State Cabinet of Natural History at Albany was from
Cohoes, N. Y.

This, one of-the largest elephantoid skulls that has ever been discovered,
and known as the ‘‘Shawangunk Skull,” was disinterred from a Post-Glacial
fluviatile deposit in Orange County, N. Y. Size of Pedestal 6 ft. x 4 ft. 6 in.

No. 41. [155] Mastodon giganteus, Cuv.
Vif i) pil

Milli lM,
NI ND ul
\\ | iy !

ave WW.

SrxtH UpPer Mouar (cast). This
fine specimen was found at the cele-
brated locality of Big Bone Lick,
Ky. (Pleistocene), and is now in the
Ward Collection, University of
Rochester. Itshows in unusual per-
fection the cusps, the alveolar line,
and the long, curved fangs of the
tooth. The enamel is little worn,
and is as bright as in the teeth of
living animals. Size, 7 x 6.

NN

No. 42. [159] Mastodon longirostris, Kaup.

Last Upper MoLar, RIGHT RAMUS (east). This
long-snouted, narrow-toothed Mastodon, was the first
of the genus, having been found by Kaup in the Middle
Tertiary. It once roamed over that part of the earth
now called England, France, Italy and Germany. This
complex, mammalated molar is from the Middle Mio-
cene, near Lyons, France, and is in the Museum of
y Natural History of that city. This specimen shows
the appearance of the cusps of the tooth after the
enamel has commenced to wear off from its upper sur-
face. Size, 7 x 7.

MAMMALIA. 27

No. 43. [112] Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. u

SKULL AND LOWER Jaw (cast). This huge beast, though its teeth were
discovered more than a century ago, has scarcely found a resting-place in the
classification of animals. Cuvier called it a gigantic Tapir; DeBlainville and

L

CO
hic a“ ny

| itu m HTT MI mda | iii
ih Mi \ wi a | ra i mM | tl
i Ug i a rh ul | i l mn

TT,
i ne

LT
it
iy

\ |

cH ih iy
ny

ne

Pictet considered it an aquatic) Herbivore, resembling the Dugong, and in-
habiting the embouchures of great rivers; Kaup regarded it as intermediate
between the Tapir and Mastodon, and truly terrestrial; while Owen says, that
‘‘in the general shape of the skull and aspect of the nostril, the Dinotheriwm
most resembles the Manatee, but bones of the limb have been found so asso-
ciated with teeth as to determine the Dinotherium to be a hoofed qu: idruped
of probably aquatic habits, and transitional, as it would seem, between the large

28 VERTEBRATA.

Lophiodons and the huge Proboscidians.” The scapula resembles that of a
Mole. The skull is characterized by a very flat occipital bone (approximating
in form the occiput of Cetacea), Jarge nasal aperture opening above, and large
suborbital fosse, which, together with the form of the nose, seem to indicate
the presence of a short proboscis. The enormous down-curving tusks are, in
fact, two huge recurved incisors implanted in a prolongation of the symphysis
of the lower jaw. They were retained in both sexes. ‘‘ They were probably
useful (says Ansted) as pickaxes, enabling the monster to dig for succulent
vegetable food by day, while, perhaps, at night they could be attached like
anchors to the banks of the river or lake in which the animal habitually
dwelt.” Cuvier and Kaup calculated that the Dinothertwm must have attained
the extraordinary length of eighteen feet. Its body, doubtless, resembled that
of the Hippopotamus, being little raised above the ground, although the huge
columns which formed its legs are supposed to have been nearly ten feet in
length. Remains of this genus have been found in the Miocene and Pliocene
deposits of Germany, France, Austria, Greece, India and Perim Island, asso-
ciated with the Hippopotamus, Horse, Ox, Antelope, Ape, Hog, Dog, Wolf,
Cat, Lamantin, Morse, Sea-Calf and Dolphin—all of extinct species. This
magnificent fossil, the head of the Dinotherium giganteum, was discovered by
Dr. Klipstein, near Eppelsheim, Rhine Valley, in a bed of Pliocene sand and
marl, containing marine shells, and is now in the Museum at Darmstadt.

Size, 4 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft.

No. 44. [124] Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup.

SECOND UPPER MOLAR, LEFT RAMUS (Cast).
The two incisors of lower jaw excepted, the
teeth of the Dinotherium are all molars, num-
bering five in each ramus, and belong to the
two ridged type, as in the Tapir, Megatherium,
Kangaroos and Manatee. This tooth, from
the Upper Miocene at St. Jean le Vieux,
France, is in the Lyons Museum.

: nil W a =
nt th f Pal
NED it Niu

ORDER RODENTIA.

This order contains the smallest of the mammals, and the
largest number of species, and is represented in all quarters of
the globe. It is characterized by two long, incurved rootless in-
cisors in each jaw, enameled only in front, and separated by a
wide space from the molars. The incisors are based on perma-
nent pulp, and grow during life in order to compensate for the
rapid wear. The molars have flat crowns with transverse enam-
eled ridges. Canines are never present. The hind legs are
generally much longer than the anterior pair; and, excepting the

MAMMALIA. 29

Guinea-pig, Porenpine, Hare and Capybara, all have perfect
elavicles. The skeleton is slight and feeble. The Beaver and
Capybara are now the giants of the order; but the Muride are
the typical family.

No unequivocal evidence has been obtained of remains of
rodents in strata more ancient than the Eocene Tertiary, but they
are frequent in the lowest fresh-water Eocene, belonging to the
Squirrel family. The hares appear in the Middle Miocene. In
the Pliocene most species belong to existing genera. The fossils
are chiefly found in lacustrine marls and bone-caves.

No, 45. [21] Castoroides Ohioensis, Foster.

SKULL AND LOWER JAW, RIGHT
RAMUS (cast). This species is the
most gigantic member of the or-
der of rodents hitherto discovered,
whether, recent or fossil. It is akin
to the Beaver, but differs chiefly ina
less development of the cerebrum,
in more prominent though more
slender, zygomatic arches, and in its
dentition. The incisors are fluted,
and the molars (numbering four in each ramus) consist of a series of elongated
elliptical plates of enamel which include the dentine. The Castoroides differs
from all other rodents in the size and conformation of the pterygoid processes
and fosse. All the processes and fossve of the lower jaw are remarkably de-
veloped. The genus abounded in North America throughout the Post-tertiary.
The original specimen, supposed to belong to an animal nearly six feet in
length, was found in 1841, in the Montezuma Marsh, near Clyde, N. Y., with
shells of existing species, and is preserved in the Cabinet of Geneva Col-
lege, N. Y. Size, 10 x 7.

ORDER EDENTATA.

The Edentates, the lowest of the placental mammals, are dis-
tinguished by the inferior character of their teeth, which have
no complete roots, no true enamel, and are usually monophydont
(without successors). There are no incisors,.with the exception
that in the Armadillo the front pair of upper teeth encroach
upon the intermaxillary bones, and assume the position of lateral
incisors. Two genera have no teeth at all, the Ant-eater (A/yr-
mecophaga) and the Pangolin (Manis), while the Armadillos

30 VERTEBRATA.

exhibit the dental inferiority by multiplication of the simple
molars, which in the Great Armadillo (Dasypus gigas) reaches
the number one hundred. Excepting the Sloths, the order is
carnivorous. The order is limited in number of species, and
forms a very small proportion of living mammals.

There are two groups of this order, the product of two lines
of descent. The Old World group contains the Aard Varks
(Orycteropus) of Africa, and the Pangolins (A/anis) of Africa and
Asia. A gigantic ancestor of the latter is the Jlacrotheriwm ot
the European Miocene. The New World group consists of the
Sloths, the Armadillos and the Ant-eaters. No fossil Edentates
have been surely found in the Eocene, but the Miocene and Plio-
cene of the Western States have yielded remains of huge forms,
Moropus and Morotherium, for example. The order was well
represented in the Post-pliocene of the Southern States, but
culminated in the numerous gigantic species of the Post-pliocene
of South America, which continent is the present home of the
greatly reduced order. The fact of no Tertiary Edentates in
South America would indicate that the order populated that
continent, where it found a more congenial home, by migration
from North America.

No. 46. [26] Megatherium Cuvieri, Desmarest.

Tooru (cast). The gigantic fossil represented by this
specimen was first made known to the scientific world in
1789. Its skeleton was discovered in the Pampean (Pleis-
tocene) deposit, on the banks of the Luxan, near the city
of Buenos Ayres. Transmitted to Madrid, it was for more
than half a century a problem in comparative anatomy,
which the savans of Europe could not solve.. The merit
of finally assigning a true position to this remarkable fossil
belongs to the celebrated English Geologist, Professor
Owen. He'conclusively proved that the Megatheriwm was
a ‘‘Ground Sloth,” and fed on the foliage of trees, up-

- rooting them by its great strength, or pulling down the
branches with its formidable fore-arms, resting on its hind-
legs and tail as on a tripod. The mounted skeleton of the
Megatherium measures about 18 feet. It had 18 teeth, all
molars and in structure like those of the living Sloth.
They were long, square, slightly curved prisms with
wedge-like crowns, and consisted of dentine enclosed by
a wall of cement. The original of this tooth belongs to
the British Museum. DUZE) demu.

MAMMALIA. 31

No. 47. [82] Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm.

Fore-CLaw (cast). In no
respect does the Megatherium
differ more strikingly from
existing quadrupeds of corres- £
ponding bulk than in the vast @
proportions of its fore-arms.
They were furnished with
prehensile feet having five
toes—the 2d, 3d and 4th of
which were armed with claws.
This specimen, representing the last phalanx and the core of the claw, is from
the same locality and museum as the last. Size, 11 x 6.

No. 48. [85] Megalonyx Jeffersonii, Harlan.

Two Ciaws (cast). The
remains of this huge ter-
restrial Sloth, so called
from the great size of its
claw, are found chiefly in
the Upper Tertiary of
Virginia, Tennessee, Ken-
tucky, Mississippi, Ala-
bama and Texas. The
genus was established by
President JEFFERSON in a
communication read to the
American Philosophical
Society, 1797, entitled ‘“A Memoir on the Discovery of certain Bones of a Quadru-
ped of the clawed kind in the Western Parts of Virginia.” The Megalonyx resem-
bled the Megathertwm in general form and habits, but was a third smaller. The
originals were found in a cave in Greenbriar county, West Virginia. Size, 7x4.

No. 49. [86] Glyptodon (Schistopleurum) typus, Nodot.

CARAPACE, HEAD, Tart AND H1npD-Lue (cast). This gigantic fossil edentate
was a representative in Pleistocene times of the Armadillos of South America.
It was furnished with a huge carapace or coat of mail, formed of hexagonal
plates united by sutures, and constituting an impenetrable covering for the
upper part of the body and part of the tail. The carapace differs from that
of modern Armadillos in having no greaves or joints, for the purpose of con-
tracting or rolling up its body. The head was defended by a tesselated bony
casque. The tail possessed an independent dormal sheath or cuirass made
up of very prominent tubercles disposed in distinct whorls. This arrange-
ment of the component parts of the sheath permitted a slight flexibility, and
made the tail a formidable weapon. The bones of the leg and foot were per-
fectly adapted to bear the steady pressure of this enormous weight. The latter
is admirably contrived to form the base of a column, and at the same time to
allow a degree of motion required for the scratching and digging operations
of dasypoid animals. It is pentadactylous, four of the digits being furnished

MAMMALIA. 3o

with long flattened nails, similar to those of the Elephant. The teeth, num-
bering eight on each side of each jaw, are sculptured laterally by two wide
and deep channels, which divide the grinding surface into three portions.
The generic name is derived from the fluting of the molars. The lower
jaw is of singular shape, its angle being elevated to a level with the grinding
surface of the teeth. But the most remarkable characteristic of the skull is
the Jong, strong process descending from .the base of the zygomatic process.
The animal measured from snout to the end of the tail, following the curve
of the back, eleven feet; the tesselated trunk armor being six feet eight inches
in length and nine feet across. The Glyptodons do not appear to have emi-
grated from the central regions of South America, but formed a local fauna
of the highest interest, which is now only faintly represented by the living
Armadillos. The carapace of these edentates probably weighed more than a
thousand pounds. The original was found in 1846, near Montevideo, on the
banks of the Luxan. It was presented by order of the Dictator Rosas to
Vice-Admiral Dupotet, who gave it to the Museum of his native city—
Dijon, France, where it is still preserved.

ORDER MARSUPIALIA.

(Non-pLacentaL Mammats).

The Marsupials possess a peculiar feature which places them
lowest in the mammalian series. This feature is the premature
production of their young, which are matured in a pouch, sup-
ported by two peculiar bones attached to the pubis. These char-
acteristic bones are found in all marsupials—male as well as
female, except the Zhylacinus. The order presents a remarkable
diversity of structure, there being herbivorous, carnivorous and
insectivorous species, suggesting many of the higher orders of
mammals. In the herbivorous species, the canines are usually
wanting. With the exception of the opossums (zdelphide),
of which twenty species are found in North and South America,
marsupials are now confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New
Guinea, and some adjacent islands.

Marsupials were the first of mammals—the M/ccrolestes having
been discovered between the Lias and Keuper Sandstone near
Stuttgardt, while the Dromatheriwm was found in the Upper
Triassie coal-tield of North Carolina. They are also found in
the Jurassic of both hemispheres. None have been found in
cretaceous strata, but they again occur in the Eocene, and then
disappear from Europe. The American Eocene forms, as well as
the Post-tertiary ones from the caves of South America, are
related to the Opossums.

34 VERTEBRATA.

No. 50. [181] Diprotodon Australis, Owen.

SKULL AND LowER JAw (cast). This gigantic Kangaroo—nearly equaling
the Hippopotamus in size—was discovered in the Pleistocene beds at Darling
Downs, Australia. While retaining the dental formula of its living homo-
logue, it shows remarkable modifications of its limbs. The hind limbs were
shorter and stronger, and the front limbs were longer and stronger than those

of living Kangaroos; yet the ulna and radius were so articulated as to give
the forepaw the rotatory action. The dental formula was 7 #3, ¢ $, p 4:4,
m 4428. The front upper incisors were very large and scalpriform, as in
the Wombat; the premolars were soon shed; and the molars had two ridges
disposed as in the Tapir and Kangaroo, but more compressed and prominent.
The Diprotodon, in this last respect, approached the pachyderms, furnishing,
says Pictet, a new proof of parallelism existing between the monodelphs and
didelphs. The original of this fine specimen is in the British Museum. A
part of the right lower ramus is wanting. Size, 3 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.

AVES. oo

CLASS AVES.

Existing Birds are, perhaps, the most distinct class of animals,
their superficial characters being so evident and peculiar that
their identity is always clear, even to the most unscientific person.
They seem to form a “closed” group. However, their reptilian
affinities are numerous and important, and the paleontological
discoveries of recent years have bridged the gap between the
living reptiles and birds, and leave no doubt that birds are a
highly specialized branch of the reptilian trunk.

The oldest known bird is the Avchwopteryz, in the Jurassic. It
is very reptilian, as shown by the possession of teeth, finger
claws, and a long series of caudal vertebrae.

Professor Marsh has described another Jurassic bird, Laopteryx
priscus, from the Atlantosaur beds of Wyoming Territory.
It was somewhat larger than the Blue Heron, and probably had
teeth and biconcave vertebrae.

The Odontornithes, of Marsh, from the Cretaceous of Kansas
are very remarkable birds. /chthyornis is the type of an order
having teeth in distinct sockets, in long slender jaws, and with
vertebrae bi-concave. It was the size of a pigeon, aquatic, with
power of flight. The Hesperornis regalis is the only representa-
tive yet found of a quite different type, being wingless, aquatic,
and with teeth ina groove. It was six feet long. Marsh calls
it a “carnivorous swimming ostrich.” The cretaceous beds of
the Atlantic coast have supplied other species of birds. Alto-
gether twenty species are known from American Cretaceous, and
two from Europe.

All the known Jurassie birds are land birds, while all the Cre-
taeeous ones are aquatic; and the four oldest (Archwopteryx,
Laopteryx, Hesperornis, Ichthyornis), differ more widely than
any two existing birds. (Marsh).

The remains of Tertiary birds are numerous, and chiefly be-
long to surviving groups.

Most extraordinary additions to the paleontology of this class
have been obtained from New Zealand—an island remarkable
for possessing but one indigenous land-mammal, and but a few
diminutive reptiles. Colossal birds, ranging from three to ten
feet in height, akin to the ostrich, but tridactyl and tetradactyl,
have left remains in the recent Alluvium.

36 VERTEBRATA.
No. 51. [1278] Archeeopteryx macrura, Owen.

SKELETON (cast). This, the earliest
specimen of bird remains, was found
in 1861 in the Jurassic lithographic
limestone at Solenhofen, Germany.
It is of the greatest interest, not
only on account of its great antiquity,
but because of its remarkable rep-
tilian character. In the general con-
struction of the skeleton, the struc-
ture of the legs and feet, and in the
possession of feathers, the Archwop-
teryx was distinctively avian; but it
had the long jointed tail, separate
fingers and toothed jaws of a reptile.

The creature was about the size of
a crow. The tail, instead of con-
sisting of some seven shortened ver-
tebrae, with radiating feathers, had
twenty movable vertebrae, with a
pair of feathers for each joint, and

exceeded the body in length. The
hand of living birds consist of three digits, the first one, or thumb, being dis-
tinct, the second and third being consolidated, and all being used to support
the feathers. The hand of the Archeopteryx had three digits, all of them
being free and bearing claws. The teeth were conical, and probably borne in
sockets in the elongated jaws. The vertebrae were bi-concave. (Marsh).

Another specimen of this species was found in 1877, in the same strata, and
is preserved in the Berlin Museum. A fragment of another is in the possession
of the Museum of the University of Munich. The original of the specimen
is in the British Museum. Size, 18 x 24.

No. 52. [1277] Odontopteryx toliapicus, Owen.

Portion OF HEAD (cast). From the
London clay of the Isle of Sheppey
(Lower Eocene). In this early bird the
a dentition is intermediate between the
reptilian toothed birds of the Jurassic
and Cretaceous, and the differentiated

: : species now existing, consisting only of
serrations of the bony edges of the beak. Original in the British Museum.

No. 58. Dinornis (Meionornis) casuarinus, Owen.

Femur, Trpta AND Tarso-MetaTarsus. This genus of strange gigantic
birds was founded by Owen in 1839, upon a fragment of a femur, brought
from New Zealand. The form of this bone, and its peculiar cancellated inner
structure, led him to refer it to the order Cursores, and to the family of Struthd-

AVES. 37

onide. He ventured, upon the suggestion of this fragment alone, to assert
that there had existed in New Zealand ‘‘a struthious bird, nearly if not equal
in size to the ostrich.” Subsequent discoveries have abundantly confirmed
this induction of the great English anatomist. Many hundreds of bones have
since been found in the alluvium beds along the shores of New Zealand, and
every part of the colossal bird is now known.

In 1875, Dr. Haast, Director of the Canterbury Museum,
proposed two families, with two genera in each family,
thus:—Family Dinornithide: (a) genus Dinornis,; (6) genus
Meionornis, and family Palapterygide: (a) genus Palap-
teryx ; (0) genus Huryapteryz.

Under these four genera, as proposed by Dr. Haast, there
have been about twenty species described. These species
are founded mainly on the size and proportion of the bones
—particularly the bones of the leg, and it is not improbable
that as more careful comparisons are made of larger series
of bones, the number of species will be reduced. It is an
interesting fact that Cook’s Straits, which separates the
two islands, ‘‘seems to have been an effectual bar to any
migration from one island to the other, as the same species
are not found on both islands. Moa is the common name
applied to these great wingless birds from New Zealand.
They had the general proportions—long, stout legs, heavy,

rounded body, and long neck—of the Ostrich or Emeu.
Like this latter they had three toes. The smallest species Tie
was no larger than the Emeu, while the largest species errr im
(Dinornis giganteus), attained a height of over ten feet E
and must have been able to stretch to a height of fourteen feet.

Portions of dried skin and a few feathers of the Moa have been found; the
color of the barbs of the feathers are chestnut red and the rounded portion of
the tip is white. These feathers, according to Capt. Hatton, show the bird to
have been more nearly allied to the American Rhea and Emeu than to any of
the struthious birds of the old world.

No. 54. [1276] Dinornis

Eee (cast). Fragments of Moa eggs are quite numerous, particularly in the
kitchen middens of the Moa-hunters, and a few nearly or quite perfect speci-
mens have been found. Dr. Hector describes one 8.9x6.1 inches in diameter,
which contained the remains of an embrionic chick. Another specimen
measured 9.5 inches long.

These are certainly monstrous eggs, and yet the fossil bird of Madagascar
(4piornis), although no larger bird than the great Dinornis, laid a much larger
egg, two specimens of which are in the Garden of Plants, Paris, and measure
respectively 13x9 and 12x10 inches in diameter. And yet, after all, neither of
these birds laid as large an egg in comparison to its size as does the Aplerye
at the present day.

According to Owen ‘‘the Cuckoo lays the smallest egg in proportion to its
size, the Apteryx the largest: in this species it weighs 144 ozs. ; the entire bird,
60 ozs. ; so that the egg is nearly equal to one-fourth of the parent.”

; Owen.

38 VERTEBRATA.

No. 55. [186] A€piornis maximus, St. Hilaire.

Eea AND Tarso-MEraTaRsus (cast).
These remains indicate a three-toed, cur-
sorial bird, which must have stood twelve
feet high. They were discovered in 1850,
in Madagascar, in alluvial banks of streams,
and belong to the Garden of Plants. Size
of the tarso-metatarsus, 8 x 5; of the egg,
13x 9. One of these eggs is equal to 148
hen’s eggs, and will hold two gallons of
water, and are the largest known birds

eggs.

No. 56. [184] Didus ineptus.

Heap (cast). The Dodo
has been extirpated and
become one of the extinct
fossil forms within the
last 150 years. At the be-
ginning of the seventeenth
century it abounded in
Mauritius and adjacent
islands. One was exhibited
alive in London in 1688, as
a great curiosity. Now
the only known relics that remain are the head and foot of an individual in
the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England, the leg of another in the British
Museum, and a skull in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It was an aber-
rant form of the Pigeon family (Columbe), as determined by the researches of
Reinhardt, Strickland and Melville. As the Greenland whale may be called
a permanent suckling, the teeth never penetrating the gums, though in youth
they are distinctly traceable in the dental groove of the jaws; as the Proteus
is a permanent tadpole, so the Dodo was a permanent nestling, clothed with
down instead of feathers, and with the wings and tail so short and feeble as
to be utterly insufficient for flight. We cannot form a better idea of it
than by imagining a young duck or gosling enlarged to the dimensions of a
swan. It was at first believed to belong to the ostrich tribe, and Professor
Owen placed it among the vultures. It had a strong, predaceous bill, hooked
at the tip, and the face was covered with naked skin. The nearest living
approach to the Dodo is the Didwneulus of the Navigator’s Islands.

Size, 9 x 5.

No. 57. [185] ‘Didus ineptus.

Rigut Foor (cast). From the same locality and museum.
Size, 9 x 3.

REPTILIA. 39

CLASS REPTILIA.

This class is alone among the vertebrates in comprising a
greater number of extinct than of living orders. The Mesozoic
era is well named the Reptilian Age, for reptiles then had a
most wonderful development in variety, number and size. They
were not only the largest creatures of the time, but some of
them were undoubtedly the largest land-animals that ever lived.
The class began in the Permian, culminated in the Jurassic and
Cretaceous, with generalized forms, combining features possessed
by birds and mammals, and has now become much degraded in
size and numbers, although perhaps more highly specialized.

It is impossible to briefly define even the living reptiles so as
to exclude the amphibians upon the one hand, and the birds
and mammals upon the other. Their affinity with birds is so
close that the two classes are grouped together as the Sawropsida
(see page 35). Notwithstanding their external dissimilarity they
are linked by many characters, among which are the following:
Oviparous, or ovoviviparous; eggs large and similar; aerial res-
piration ; nucleated red blood-corpuscles ; compound rami; jaw
articulated to the skull by quadrate bone; single occipital con-
dyle.

Some of the characters which separate reptiles from birds are
as follows :—blood cold; skin usually bearing scales or plates,
never producing feathers, heart with usually imperfectly divided
ventricle, but always some mingling of venous and arterial blood ;
Jungs not connected with air sacs; thorax and abdomen not dis-
tinguished ; limbs sometimes wanting, and anterior pair never as
wings.

For some reason unknown the orders characteristic of the
Mesozoic disappeared with the Cretaceous, and those of the
Eocene were mostly remnants of the lesser types. But there
has been yet a decadence in the existing orders, in America,
since the Miocene.

The Ophidia are the latest type, and most*characteristic of the
Tertiary and Quaternary. None have been found in America

40 VERTEBRATA.

earlier than the Eocene, where they were apparently numerous.
The genus 7%tanophis comprised several marine species of huge
size, one at least thirty feet in length (Marsh). One species of _
serpent has been found in the Cretaceous of France.

The reptiles may be divided into the following orders :—

ORDERS ENTIRELY EXTINCT.

1. Dinosanria.
2. Pterosauria (Ornithosauria).
3. Theromorpha.
4. Ichthyopterygia.
5. Sauropterygia.
6. Mosasauria (Pythonomorpha).
ORDERS WITH LIVING REPRESENTATIVES.
7. Crocodilia.
8. Lacertilia.
9. Rhynchocephalia.

10. Chelonia.
11. Ophidia.

The Rhynchocephalia includes only one living species, the
Hatteria or Sphenodon of New Zealand. The Triassic hyn-
chosaurus and Hyperodapedon belong here. Related to the
lizards, they have, however, a more primitive structure.

ORDER DINOSAURIA.

This group includes such a variety of forms that Professor
Marsh regards it as a sub-class. In 1882 he wrote as follows:
“The great number of subordinate divisions in the group, and
the remarkable diversity among those already discovered, indicate
that many new forms will yet be found. Even among those
now known there is a much greater difference in size and in
osseous structure than in any other sub-class of vertebrates, with
the single exception of the placental mammals. Compared with
the Marsupials, living and extinct, the Dinosauria show an equal
diversity of structure, and variations in size from by far the
largest land animals known—fifty or sixty feet long, down to
some of the smallest, a few inches only in length.

According to present evidence the Dinosaurs were confined
entirely to the Mesozoic Age. They were abundant in the Trias-

REPTILIA. 41

sic, culminated in the Jurassic, and continued in diminishing
numbers to the end of the Cretaceous period, when they became
extinct. ae

The Dinosaurs were all terrestrial, mostly of large size, and
the probable progenitors of the birds. In the conformation of
the pelvis and hind limbs they were much like the ostriches. In
many species the fore limbs were so small proportionately as to
be of little use in locomotion. These creatures, walking upon
their hind legs alone, produced the bird-like tracks so abundant
in the Triassic brownstone of Connecticut and New Jersey.

The order includes both carnivores, like Ze@laps of America,
and Megalosaurus of Europe, and herbivores, as /guanodon of
Europe, and Hadrosaurus, Brontosaurus, Stegasaurus and At-
lantosaurus of this country. The latter is the largest yet dis-
covered. It was at least fifty or sixty feet long and thirty feet
high, when erect. The huge, bulky, herbivorous monsters were
probably kept in subjection by the more active, ferocious, well-
armed and possibly warm-blooded carnivores.

No. 58. [200] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

Lower Jaw (cast). This great Dino-
saurian was brought to light by Dr.
Mantell, in 1884. It was an oviparous,
herbivorous, terrestrial quadruped, ‘‘a
crocodile lizard of the dry land.” With
other huge Dinosaurs, it occupied in
the Reptilian Age the same relative
station in the scale of being, and fulfilled the same general purposes in the
economy of nature as the Mastodons, Mammoths and Megatheriods of the
Pleistocene Period, and the existing gigantic Ungulates and Proboscidians.
Fragments of coniferous trees, aborescent ferns -and cycadeous plants have
been found with its remains, showing the nature of its food. Prof. Owen
estimates the length of the head at three feet, of the trunk at twelve feet, and
of the tail at thirteen feet. Some individuals were much larger. An almost
complete skeleton (one of a number found a few years since in the Wealden
of Belgium), has been put together in the Brussels Museum, showing a length
of over 30 feet. It is supposed to have been aquatic in habit. The known
species are all European. This almost perfect specimen of the lower jaw is
interesting, showing as it does that in the small extent of the symphysis the
Iguanodon resembles the Lizards, and differs from the Crocodiles, while in the
position of the symphysis and its sloping edentulous character the Jywanodon
differs from all modern Reptiles. It was found in the Wealden strata, Sussex,
England, and belongs to the British Museum. Size, 20 x 11.

No. 59. [204] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

Toor (cast). The teeth of the Zguanodon differ in structure from those of
every other known Reptile, but somewhat resemble in form those of the living

492 VERTEBRATA.

Iguana, whence the name. They are characterized by the prismatic, slightly
curved form of the crown, the presence of from two to four longitudinal
ridges on the enameled face, and the serrated margins and summit. The teeth
of the upper jaw are curved in the opposite direction to those of the lower,
and have their convexity external.

From the Wealden clay of Sussex, England.

No. 60. [1293] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

Lert Hinp Foor (cast).
The Jguanodon had large
hollow limb-bones and un-
guiculate feet, the hind
pair having only three well
developed toes. The small
manus had five functional
digits. This unique speci-
men was found associated
with the undoubted leg
bones of this great her-
_ bivorous reptile in the
= Wealden of the Isle of
Wight, and has been pro-

é = nounced by Prof. Owen
to be the foot, probably eed foot, of a young Iguanodon. Size, 24 x 12.

No. 61. [191] Brontozoum giganteum, Hitchcock.

SINGLE TRACK, on slab
(cast). This is the largest
tridactyl impression ever
discovered, although many
thousands of ‘‘Bird-tracks”
are found in the Triassic
rocks, especially in the val-
ley of the Connecticut. It
measures eighteen inches in
length, embracing an area of
thirteen inches square with-
in its outlines, and is capable
of holding two quarts of
water. The print isremark-
ably well defined, having
all the fidelity of a plaster
cast. Most of the so-called
bird-tracks of the Trias were
certainly made by Dino-
saurs, and it is believed that
all of them were. This
probably belonged to a bi-
pedal Dinosaur that lived
Z by the shore of an estuary
which deposited the Triassic

y Ml Wn,

wy)

REPTILIA. 43

sandstones of the Connecticut Valley. The stride was thirty-eight inches, so
that the same limb covered at each step nearly seven feet. This impression
was discovered by Dexter Marsh, in the Sandstone at Northampton, Mass.,
and belongs to the Boston Society of Natural History. Size, 20 x 15.

No. 62. [192] Brontozoum Sillimanium, Hitchcock.

eT NL
SP) <
ay, N a

TRACKS, on slab, in
relief (cast). This speci- i
men exhibits about fifty

|

i

i
| wi
tracks with the pha- Li
langeal and claw im- TTT es
pressions exceedingly ///\W (
distinct. The smaller | i \\’
tracks were made by bs
the B. Sillimanium, and jg! Gi
the larger by B. exser- Yf Hi
tum, Hk. The length sii
of the middle and outer i
toes of the former is ~— ppl
between four and five ff
inches, of the foot about i
six inches, and of the f
step twenty-three inch- | y
es. Width of the track- J/ iN aNfhallt &
way, four and a half {igi iN
inches. The middle and | \

===
SSS

SSS

|

S—————

SSS

e 2

SS

———— Sa SS

_——$¥_—_—
——>=
———SS>==
—=>>

. as]
SS

_—_—_—SSS>>=>>

—

S

NN =s

2.

:
—S =z SSSS==
Ss Se aS =

BSS

Ke (Zi

=

Z =a j— = =
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a =

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a

measure six inches; the foot nearly three inches, and the step thirty inches,
The slab also contains the crooked trackway of the Cunicularius retrahens,
Hk., and mud veins. The original was discovered in the micaceous sandstone
(Trias) at Middletown, Conn., and is in the Appleton Cabinet at Amherst.
Sizen4 dts 10) invex ott. tem:

No. 68. [195] Anomoepus major, Hitch.
TRACKS, on slab (cast). This dino- |

saurian reptile had tridacty] hind-feet
with clawed toes, heels, and phalanges
of a bird; but the fore-feet (not repre-
sented on this slab) had five toes. In fj |
walking on its hind legs only the crea-_ ff
ture brought the whole tarsus and heel
on the ground, in the manner of a kan- ial
garoo. From a fifth, heart-shaped,
impression behind, it is inferred that it
possessed a stout caudal appendage.
The length of the hind-foot is 164 inches.
The original was discovered in the red
sandstone (Trias) at Gill, Mass., and is
in the Appleton cabinet at Amherst.
Size, 2 ft. 3 in. x 19 in.

44 VERTEBRATA.
No. 64. [1287] Compsognathus longipes, Wagner.

SKELETON, on slab (cast).
This species is the most bird-
like of the discovered Dino-
saurs, and indeed was once
thought to bea bird. It has
a length of about two feet, a
small head upon a slender
neck, and toothed jaws. The
fore limbs are small, but the
hind limbs are long, and strik-
ingly like the legs of birds in
their structure. Huxley says
‘it is impossible to look at
the conformation of this
strange reptile and to doubt
that it hopped or walked in
an erect or semi-erect posi-
tion, after the manner of a
bird, to which its long neck,
slight head and small anterior
limbs must have given it an extraordinary resemblance.”

This most interesting and very perfect specimen is unique, and the species
is the only representative of the Sub-order Compsognatha. It was found in
the lithographic limestone of Bavaria, and is in the museum of the University
of Munich. Size, 12 x 14 inches.

ORDER PTEROSAURIA (Ornithosauria).

The extraordinary characteristic of this order is the power of
flight, and no other reptiles, extinct or modern, possessed this
abihty. They were veritable dragons—the bats among reptiles.
The wing was an expanse of skin (patagium) supported by the
hind limbs and the greatly elongated outer finger. The remain-
ing three digits of each manus were free, provided with claws,
and adapted for grasping.

These reptiles possessed many affinities with birds, for example,
the shape of the skull, the form of the brain, the structure of
the shoulder girdle, the keeled sternum, and in some species the
probably horny beak. The pneumatic bones give force to the
suggestion that the animals were warm-blooded. On the other
hand, the pelvis, hind limbs and vertebrae are distinctly reptilian,
as is the general ensemble of the characters. No remains have
been found of any derma-skeleton.

REPTILIA. 45

The order is limited to the Jura and Cretaceous. Six species
have been found in the Cretaceous chalk of Kansas, all toothless,
probably with horny beaks, and forming a group so distinct from
the Old World forins that Professor Marsh places them in a sep-
arate order—Pteranodontia.

One species of Pterodactyl, Dermodactylus montanus, Marsh,
has been found in the Upper Jurassic of Wyoming.

Some authors have regarded the Pterodactyls as the progenitors
of the birds. Others have thought them to be the ancestors of
the flying birds (Carintze), and only the struthious birds (Ratitee),
to. be descended from the Dinosaurs. “Professor Marsh holds
that the Pterodactyls were not in the avian line of descent. He
writes as follows concerning the relationship of the genera:
“ The oldest European form, Dimorphodon, from the Lower Lias,
had the entire jaws armed with teeth, and was provided with a
long tail. The later genus, Pterodactylus, retained the teeth,
but had essentially lost the tail; while Rhamphorhynchus had
retained the elongated tail, but had lost the teeth from the fore
part of the jaws. Inthe genus Pteranodon, from the American
Cretaceous, the teeth are entirely absent, and the tail is a mere
rudiment. In the gradual loss of the teeth and tail these reptiles
followed the same path as birds, and might thus seem to approach
them, as many have supposed. This resemblance, however, is
only a superficial one, as a study of the more important characters
of the Pterodactyls shows that they are an aberrant type of rep-
tiles, totally off the line through which the birds were developed.”

The European forms are mostly of small size, the expanse of
wing measuring from three feet down to the size of a sparrow.
The Pteranodons are mostly gigantic, some of them being esti-
mated to have an expanse of nearly twenty-five feet.

No. 65. [241] Pterodactylus crassirostris, Goldfuss.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). The Pterodactyl was one of the most extraor-
dinary of all the reptiles yet discovered, and its strange combination of char-
acters has been the cause of much difference of opinion regarding its true
nature. Collini, in 1784, was the first to investigate the characters of this
strange animal; he considered it a fish. Blumenbach decided it was a bird;
Sommering, a mammal, Spix, that it was intermediate between monkeys and
bats; Macleay, a link between mammals and birds; and Agassiz thought it a
strictly marine reptile. Cuvier, in 1800, determined the place and name it
now holds.

46 VERTEBRATA.

SAE
a
n

The Pterodactylus
crassirostris is distin-
Y guished byavery large
\¥ head, a comparatively
‘WW short neck, and a den-
| tal formula of 12742.
According to the res-
toration of the animal
i by Goldfuss, it would
"measure three feet
\4| from tip to tip of the
M® wings. This remark-
WiMal ably perfect specimen
H was discovered in the
“@( Lithographic —_ lime-

S wey stone (Middle Oolite),
(1M at Solenhofen, Bava-
Jin ria, associated with
Aaam==s the remains of dragon
flies, and is now in the University Museum at Bonn, Rhenish Prussia.
Size, 10 x 7.
No. 66. [1286] Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus, Marsh.

XX

SKELETON, on slab (cast).
This genus possessed long
sharp teeth; large eye or-
bits; and the eyes were
doubtless well developed.

A peculiar feature in
this species is the greatly
elongated tail, bearing at
the termination a vertical
fin-like expansion, which
is thought to have been
_~_ used as a rudder in direct-
WS ing the flight of the reptile.

This specimen is unique and remarkable in showing very perfectly the wing
membrane. It was found in 1873, at Eichstadt, Bavaria, in the Jurassic litho-
graphic limestone slates which yielded the Archewopteryz, and is in the museum
of Yale College. Size, 10 x 16 inches.

ORDER THEROMORPHA.

These are the earliest positively known reptiles, being found
in the Permian of Illinois, Texas and New Mexico, and the
Triassic of South Africa, and are very synthetic types, combin-
ing characters of various reptilian orders, as well as of amphibians
and mammals.

The name of this order, signifying beast-form, has reference
to the possession of mammalian characteristics. Several features

=
REPTILIA. 47

of the skeleton ally them to the Monotremes, and some zoologists
find in them the ancestors of the marsupial mammals of the
Triassic.
Some of these reptiles resemble turtles in the shape of the
head, and the horny beak, replacing teeth; others had a pair of
maxillary tusks; while still others had a division of teeth an-
: ticipating the dentition of carnivorous mammals. The last group
forms Owen’s order, Theriodontia. The order Anomodontia of
some authors includes the two former groups.

No. 67. [278] Dicynodon lacerticeps, Owen.

SKULL (cast). This singular
reptile, hitherto found only in
the Trias of South Africa, ex-
hibits in the modifications of the
skull, characters of the Crocodile,
Tortoise and Lizard. It has the
occipital of the first, the short,
round head of the second, and
the separated nasal apertures of
the last. The cranium is com-
pressed in front as in the Lizard, and the occipital dondiyies have a similar
form. The only teeth are two pointed tusks growing downwards from the
upper jaw; the lower jaw was armed, like the Tortoise, with a sheath of horn.
This specimen, found near Fort Beaufort, Cape Colony, is in the Museum of
the Geological Society of London. Size, 6 x 4.

ORDER ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

As indicated in the name of the order, and of the type genus,
described below, these reptiles have some fish-like characters. In
general form and in their predatory pelagic habits they much
resembled the whales, which replaced them. They are confined
to the Mesozoic, and abound especially in the Jurassic of Europe.
No true Ichthyosaur has been found in America, but an allied
toothless form, with six digits in all extremities, has been found
in the Jurassic of Wyoming. It is named Baptanodon (Saur-
anodon).

Some specimens have a length of forty feet, but many were
only a few feet long. The teeth are placed in grooves, and may
number two hundred. The eye-orbits are immense, sometimes
fifteen inches in diameter, and the eye was protected, and possibly
focussed, by a ring of sclerotic plates.

Their petrified excrements known as “ coprolites” consist of
bony fragments of fishes and other marine animals.

2s
48 VERTEBRATA.

No. 68. [207] Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). The Ichthyosaurs are distinguished by a long
head, short neck, large abdomen, polydactylous paddles, and a powerful finned
tail. They have a single occipital condyle; one vomer; thin, biconcave, ossi-
fied vertebrae; stout, conical, striated teeth implanted in a common alveolar
groove; a large eye with a compound circle of overlapping sclerotic plates.
The general form of the cranium resembles that of the Dolphin; the essential
difference lies in the small size of the cerebral cavity, in the vast depth and
breadth of the zygomas, and in the distinctness of the cranial bones. The
mouth is very wide, and the jaws are armed with numerous teeth, indicative
of a predatory and carnivorous nature. The lower jaw is made up of twelve
pieces. The scapular arch resembles that of the Ornithorhynchus, and gave
great strength to the chest and paddles, permitting the animal to craw] on the
sea-shore—a thing impossible to the mammalian sea monsters. The vertebree
number over an hundred, and the end of the tail was flattened vertically, and
lengthened out as in the Crocodiles. The very frequent displacement of the
caudal vertebre, about one-fourth of the way from the extremity, is owing to
the perishable caudle fin falling over as the animal dies. The Jchthyosaurus
was probably naked like the Whale, but carried a prominent ridge on the
dorsal surface, like that of the male Pond-Newt. When full-grown, it may
have reached the length of forty feet. Of no extinct vertebrata are the ma-
terials for a complete and exact restoration more abundant and satisfactory
than of the Ichthyosaurs. This species is the most common form, but has
not been found over nine feet in length. This splendid specimen, now in the
British Museum, was discovered by Thomas Hawkins in the Lias at Street,
near Glastonbury, England. The cranium and jaws, spinal column gently
arched, and the four entire paddles, are very perfectly represented. Accord-
ing to Hawkins, there are one hundred and ten teeth in the upper jaw, and
one hundred in the lower; one hundred and eleven vertebree; thirty-nine ribs:
ninety-five bones in the anterior paddle, and thirty-nine in the posterior.

eize, 9 ff. Lin. x.2 ft; 11 im:

No. 69. [215] Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb.

Heap (cast). This species is one of the most gigantic of Ichthyosaurs,
attaining the length of thirty feet. It derives its name from the crown of the
tooth being more flattened than in other species. The bodies of the vertebre
are also more compressed. The head is relatively larger than in Ichthyosaurus
communis ; the lower jaw is remarkably massive and powerful, and projects
backwards beyond the joint, as far as it does in the Crocodile. The fore and

REPTILIA. 49

hind paddles are of equal size. This fossil head is one of the largest ever found
belonging to an Enaliosaurian. The muzzle is entire, and armed with $8745
teeth. The eye—seven and a half inches in diameter—is girt by a zone of

sclerotic plates. The original was found in that ancient cemetery—the Lias
beds of Lyme-Regis, England, and belongs to the Museum at Melbourne,
Australia, Size, 5 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 9 in.

No. 70. [214] Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb.

PADDLE (cast). The anterior paddles of this
species were three times longer than the posterior,
and were made up of 200 bones. From the Lias
in Boll, Wurtemberg, and now in the Imperial
Museum at Vienna. SIZe wleliexe Os

No. 71. Ichthyosaurus

VERTEBRA. The vertebre of the Ichthyosaurs are numerous (over one
hundred), very short or compressed, deeply bi-concave or amphiccelus. In
the latter character they resemble fishes. The neural arches are united to the
centra by sutures. There is no sacrum.

This specimen from the Lias, Weymouth, England.

No. 72. Ichthyosaurus

Tootn. The teeth of this genus are placed in a groove instead of being
implanted in sockets. They are very numerous, strong, striated and pointed,
indicating an animal diet.

From the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England.

No. 73. Ichthyosaurus ‘

CoprouitE. The fossil excrements of fishes and reptiles are very abundant
in some,of the Jurassic deposits of England, and they were puzzling objects
until Buckland discovered their nature and named them. The coprolites of
the Ichthyosaurs are sometimes several inches in length, and composed of the
bones, scales and teeth of the ganoid fishes and smaller reptiles which served
as food for the Ichthyosaurs. In color they are gray to black. Upon the
outside they show traces of a spiral or twisted structure produced by passing
through the ‘spiral valve” in the small intestine.

From the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England.

50 VERTEBRATA.

ORDER SAUROPTERYGIA.

The type of this order is the genus Plestosaurus, which is
sufficiently described below. ;

The group ranges through the Jurassic and Cretaceous of
Europe, where the greater number of species are found, sixteen
species occurring in Great Britain alone. Thirteen species have
been named from the American Cretaceous, but they are more
related to the European Pliosaurus than to the type genus.
They are all marine, and some of vast dimensions; the Zlasmo-
saurus of America was forty-five feet long.

It is supposed that the members of this order could inhale a
large quantity of air so as to bear submergence for some time ;
although they kept to shallower waters, unlike in the latter respect
to the /chthyosaurus. No trace of any derma-skeleton has been
found.

No. 74. [225] Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Conybeare.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). The Plesiosaurus was first discovered in 1828, by
Conybeare and De la Beche. Cuvier thought ‘‘its structure the most singular,
and its characters the most anamolous that had been found amid the ruins of
a former world.” ‘‘To the head of a Lizard (wrote Buckland) it united the
teeth of a Crocodile, a neck of enormous length, resembling the body of a
Serpent, a trunk and tail having the proportions of an ordinary quadruped,

the ribs of Chameleon, and the paddles of a Whale.” The skull is three times
longer than its breadth, and subcompressed. The cranium is quadrate; nostrils
small and situated near the eye; teeth slightly recurved, striated, sharp, long,
and slender, lodged in distinct alveoli,—the anterior being the longest. The
swan-like neck consists of from twenty to forty vertebre, while living reptiles
have not over nine cervicals. The pectoral arch is remarkable for the greatly

REPTILIA. 51

elongated and broad coracoid bones. The clavicle is united to the scapula, as
in Chelonia. Next to Turtles, the Plestosaurus exhibits the greatest develop-
ment of abdominal ribs. The ribs are articulated as in Lizards. The digits
of the fore paddle support respectively 3, 5-7, 8 or 9, 8, and 5 or 6, phalanges;
those of the hind-paddle have 3, 5, 8 or 9, 8, and 6. The Plestosaurus differs
from the Jchthyosaurus in being pentadactylous, in having a long neck, longer
and more flexible paddles, a shorter tail, vertebrae longer and nearly flat, with
two pits on the under side, and more slender teeth. The latter is generally
found lying on the side; the former, extended on its back. The Plesiosaurus
dolichodeirus is characterized by its extremely long neck and very small head.
The proportion of the parts is nearly thus: taking the head as 1, the neck will
be 5, the body 4, and the tail 3; the whole length being thirteen times that of
the head. The four paddles are equal in size. The original of this specimen,
in the British Museum, was discovered in the Lias at Glastonbury, England.

Size, 6 ft. x 2.ft. 9 in.

No. 75. [227] Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Conyb.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). This species is distinguished by the relatively
larger size of the head and thicker neck. The neck is three times the length

of the head; and the posterior paddles are longer than the anterior pair. In
this very perfect specimen, belonging to the Earl of Enniskillen, Ireland, the
vertebral column is thrown into an arched position; the cervicals and dorsals
form a continuous series; the tail is imperfect. Three paddles are exposed,
and the upper part of the cranium with the orbits and jaws and teeth are
clearly defined. The original was discovered in the Lias of Lyme-Regis,
England, by Miss Mary Anning, and described by Dr. Buckland.

Size, 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.

52 VERTEBRATA.

No. 76. [285] Nothosaurus mirabilis, Munst.

SKULL (cast). This Triassic sea-
saurian had very large temporal,
orbital and nasal cavities. The pre-
maxillary teeth were unusually long,
strong and sharp; there were two similar teeth in each maxillary; the remain-
ing serial teeth were small but acute. All the teeth were inserted in distinct
cavities. The animal attained the length of seven feet. This specimen is
from the Muschelkalk at Bayreuth, Bavaria, and is in the Tylerian Museum
of Haarlem. Size, 15 x 6.

No. 77. [231] Pliosaurus brachydeirus, Owen.

PADDLE (cast). This
big-headed, short-necked
amphiccelian reptile was
more closely lacertilian
than the IJchthyosaurus.
With the exception of
the teeth, whichare thick-
er and stronger, of the
vertebra of the neck,
which like those of the
Ichthyosaurus are com-
pressed, and of the more
massive proportions of
the jaws and paddle-
bones, the skeleton of
the Pliosaurus resembles
that of the Plesiosaurus.
Some individuals attain-
ed the length of more
than forty feet. This
huge paddle was found
in the Kimmeridgian bed
(Upper Oolite) near Dor-
chester, England, and is
in the Museum of that
city.

Size, Vt ims x oto

ui"

No. 78. [233] Pliosaurus grandis, Owen.

ToornH (cast). This is the largest reptilian tooth among either actual or
extinct forms, and rivals in size the teeth of the full grown Sperm-whale. It
belonged to a big-headed, short-necked Lizard, resembling the Plesiosaurus.
This fine typical specimen was found in the Upper Oolite (Kimmeridge clay)
of Dorsetshire, England, and is now in the British Museum. Size, 12 x 3.

REPTILIA. 53

No. 79. [237] Placodus gigas, Agassiz.

SKULL (cast). This reptile (formerly
called a fish) was a Plesiosaurian, ac-
cording to Owen, breathing the air like
Cetaceans. No part, save the head has
been found. The cranium ‘is as broad
as long, the figure viewed from above
being that of a right-angled triangle
with the corners rounded off. No other
number of the class has such wide tem-
poral fossee and strong zygomatic arches ;
the lower jaw, moreover, presents an
excessive development of the coronoid
process. These developments, for great
size and power of action of the biting
and grinding muscles, relate to a most
extraordinary form and size of the teeth,
which resemble paving stones, and were
evidently adapted to crack and bruise
shells and crusts of marine Inverte-
brates. The palatal teeth, three on
each side, are of large size; the maxillary teeth, four in number, are much
smaller; the premaxiilary teeth, three in each ramus, are elongated and conical.
The palatal are relatively larger than the teeth of any known animal, living
or fossil. All these teeth are implanted in distinct sockets. This skull was
found in the Muschelkalk (Trias) at Laineck, Bavaria, and belongs to the
University Museum of Munich. | Size, 7 x 5.

ORDER MOSASAURIA (Pythonomorpha).

This order includes the huge elongated creatures typified by
the Mosasaurus, and formerly classed with the Lacertilia. They
were eel-like in form and movements, and probably the most
elongated of reptiles, some attaining a length of perhaps eighty
feet. The feet were modified to form slender paddles. Small
scales probably covered the body. The head was pointed, flat,
with eyes nearly vertical. Four rows of rootless teeth were
borne in the upper jaw, and each half of the lower jaw had a
unique articulation near the middle whereby the creature was
enabled to swallow large prey, for while, like serpents, the rami
were loosely joined in front by ligaments there was not as free
movement of the quadrate bone. Their affinities are with
Lizards and Snakes, and slightly with Sauwropterygia. Cope
makes six genera of the order.

The Mosasauria seem to have been the most abundant and

54 VERTEBRATA.

dominating reptiles of the American Cretaceous, fifty American
species being enumerated by Cope, but only four from European
Cretaceous.

No. 80. [263]. Mosasaurus Hoffmanni, Mantell.

Lower JAW, RIGHT RAMUS (cast). This is the most remarkable generaliza-
tion of the lacertilian type in the Cretaceous Period. It had large pointed
teeth, pyramidal and slightly recurved, expanding at the base, which was
anchylosed to the top of the alveolar ridge. In the lower jaw there were
fourteen teeth on each side, and in the upper, eleven; and Cuvier supposed
that the intermaxillary bone, which was wanting, contained three more. In
addition to these, the gigantic reptile had its pteryoid bone armed with teeth,
like the Iguana. The vertebre were concavo-convex like those of living
Crocodiles, Monitors and Iguanas. The length of this species has been es-
timated at twenty-five feet. The jaw is part of the celebrated specimen now
in the Garden of Plants, which was discovered in 1780 by Dr. Hoffman, in
the Upper Chalk, near Maestricht, Netherlands. Size, 3 ft, doin. xian:

No. 81. [1292] Liodon

HEAD, on slab (cast). This genus is distinguished, according to Cope, by
compressed teeth, lenticular in cross-section; vertebral processes not articulat-
ing; chevron bones free; and the humerus small and slender. The form is
rare in Europe, but abounds in America. JL. dyspelor, Cope, and L. proriger,
Cope, are two of the largest species.

The original of
this cast is in pos-
session of Ward &
Howell, and has
not been studied,
but probably be-
7) 2 OY longs to one of the

two species men-
tioned above.

From the Cre-
taceous chalk of

d SSS
2 =F

== aN '
a)
ae /; yy

y TreyoCo., Kansas.
My WU Yj} Size, 2-7 x 1-9.

ORDER CROCODILIA.

Here belong the highest and largest of living reptiles. In the
structure of the heart, brain and stomach they approach the birds.
They are covered with a cuirass of square plates placed in longi-
tudinal lines; the jaws are united into a solid mass; the premax-
illary is double; the teeth are set in sockets in a single row; the
vertebre of Cretaceous, Tertiary and living species are concavo-
convex ; of all others, either doubly flat, doubly concave or eon-
vexo-concave.

REPTILIA. 55

Three genera are commonly recognized in the living forms,
Gavialis and Crocodilus, of which there are several species, the
latter in every continent, and Ad/igator, with a single species.
Some authors make Caiman (Jacare) a separate genus, and
Tomistoma, of Borneo, still another.

The order is represented in the Triassic of both Europe and
America by Belodon, with biconcave vertebrae, and the line of
descent was continued throughout Zeleosawrus in the Jurassic,
which group became extinct in the Upper Cretaceous. Dzéplo-
swurus of Upper Jurassic was a link between the Triassic and
modern species. The Gavial type was well established in the
Upper Cretaceous, in Zhoracosaurus. Cope enumerates five
genera and fourteen species of the order from the American
Cretaceous.

The modern type with proccelian vertebrae reaches back only
to the Upper Cretaceous. Gavials and crocodiles abounded in
the Eocene. The Alligators, a specialized form of Crocodilus,
appeared in Europe in the Tertiary, but are not found in America
until later time. The earlier forms were doubtless marine.

No. 82. [248] Thoracosaurus neocesariensis, DeKay.
(Crocodilus clavirostris, Morton).

SKULL (cast). This is one of the earliest Crocodilians with cup and ball
vertebre. This specimen was found in the Cretaceous beds of New Jersey,
and is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.

Size, 25 x 13.
No. 88. [249] Crocodileimus robustus.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). Original from
the Lithographic Limestone (Middle Oolite) in
the Department of Ain, France, and now in
the Museum of Natural History at Lyons.

Size, 18 x 10.

56 VERTEBRATA.
No. 84. [203] Teleosaurus Mandelslohi, Bronn.

SKELETON, on slab (cast).
The Teleosaurus (called
Mystriosaurus by Kaup)
was a large, amphibious,
loricated reptile, repre-
sented most nearly at the
present day by the long,
slender-jawed Crocodile of
the Ganges—the ‘‘Gavial”
of the Hindoos. Its name,
given by St. Hilaire, has
reference to his belief that
it formed one extreme (the
earliest) of the crocodilian
series. We now find it
was preceded by Belodon,
in the Trias. The jaws are
armed with numerous,
long, slender, sharp-point-
ed, slightly curved teeth.
In the lower jaw the teeth
are alternately longer and
shorter, counting from the
fourth tooth; in the upper
jaw they are of equal size,
except the first two, which
are small, and the third,
which is very large. The
nostrils are situated nearer
the end of the upper jaw
than in the modern Gavial;
the fore limbs are shorter,
and the hind limbs are
longer and stronger, which
indicates that it was a bet-
terswimmer. Thevertebre
are united by slightly con-
cave surfaces, whence it
would seem that it lived
more habitually in the
water, and seldom moved
on dry land; and as its
fossil remains have been
found only in the sedi-
mentary deposits from the
sea, it may be inferred that
it was more strictly marine
than the Crocodile of the
Ganges. This entire skeleton of the Teleosaurus Mandelslohi was discovered in
the Lias at Holazmaden, Wurtemberg, and belongs to the Krantz Collection of
Bonn, Rhenish Prussia. Size, 7 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. Gin.

REPTILIA. 57

No. 85. [254] Teleosaurus minimus, Quenst.

SKULL (cast). This relic of the smallest Teleosaurus yet described, shows
well the orbital sockets and the nasal fosse. It is from the Lias of Wurtem-
berg, and is now in the University Museum of Munich. Size, 6 x 4.

No. 86. [259] Leptorhynchus giganteus, Fale. and Caut.

Muvzz1x (cast). This fossil
was found in the Sewalik
Hills, India (Pliocene), and
is in the British Museum.

Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 11 in.

No. 87. [271] Belodon eee Kapffli, Meyer.

SKULL AND LowER Jaw
(cast). This genus, with
Steganolepis, were the ear-
liest representatives of the
order. This species had a
long, slender muzzle, like
the Gavial, and long, con-
ical, curved teeth, which plainly point to a carnivorous nature. This skull
was discovered in the Keuper sandstone (Upper Trias) at Stuttgardt, Wurtem-
berg, and is in the Royal Museum of that city. The lower jaw is in the
British Museum. Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 13 in.

ORDER LACERTILIA.

The lizards may be described as having bodies elongated, and
terminated with a tail; the legs usually developed and always
with a pectoral arch; the vertebree proccelus (rarely amphiccelus),
not more than two sacral ones, and ribs single headed; the
madibles united in front, quadrate bone articulating with skull,
and teeth in grooves; two nostrils, and usually movable eyelids.
The skin is covered with horny scales or tubercles (sometimes
bony).

Formerly the order was grouped with the crocodiles as the
Sauria. Some twenty families and toward one thousand species
are now recognized, chiefly belonging to the tropics.

The Lacertilia appear in Europe certainly as early as the
Jurassic. None have been found in American Cretaceous, but
they are abundant in the Eocene lake-beds, some of large size,
and some, like the Glyptosauride, being mailed with ornamented
plates of bone. In Miocene and Pliocene they are rare.

58 VERTEBRATA.
No. 88. [276] Saurophidium Thollieri.

SKELETON, on slab (cast).
From the lithographic lime-
stone in the Department of Ain,
France, and now in the Museum
of Natural History at Lyons.

Size, 2 ft. 7 in. x 11 in.

ORDER CHELONIA.

This is the most circumscribed order of reptiles, and most
easily distinguished by the solid immovable armor encasing the
greater part of the body, and the toothless, horny beak. The
scapular and pelvic arches are within the bony box formed of the
united vertebrae and ribs, which causes the scapula to be singu-
larly placed inside the ribs.

The dorsal shield or carapace is least complete in marine tur-
tles, which fact affords an important aid in the discrimination of
fossil Chelonians. Excepting in the Soft or Mud-Tortoises, the
whole armor is covered with dermal plates or ossified skin (‘ tor-
toise-shell”) homologues to the seutes of the crocodile. The
lower jaw is one solid arch. The only movable vertebree are the
cervical and caudal. Some of the cervicals are convexo-concave,
others concavo-convex, one biconcave (usually the 8th). The
caudals are proccelian. The plastron is broad in the land species,
narrow in the marine. They all possess limbs, and the land species
furnish the first instance of real walking in the vertebrate series,
unless the running of some toads be considered as such, for
Salamanders, Lizards and Crocodiles depend partly on the wrig-
gling of the spinal column. The feet of the marine Chelonians
are fin-shaped ; of the fluviatile and marsh species, palmated ; of
the land species, club-shaped. Over two hundred species are
known, the fresh-water forms being most numerous.

The two shields, usually in fragments, are the chief evidence
of extinct Chelonians. The beaks are sometimes found solitary,
in the Chalk.

Fossil forms are abundant in American Cretaceous and Eocene,
some of great size, and a species of Compsemys occurs in Upper
Jurassic. They occur at a lower horizon in Europe.

REPTILIA. 59

Some of the tortoises of the Tertiary are of immense size,
Colossochelys, for example, being twelve feet long and six high.

No. 89. [281] Testudo hemispherica, Leidy.

CARAPACE AND PLASTRON (cast).
The Carapace is high and convex,
and the vertebral plates from the
second to the eighth inclusive, are
hexahedral. This specimen was
found in the Mauvaises Terres of
Nebraska (Lower Miocene), and is
in the Ward Collection, University
of Rochester. Size, 9 x 7.

No. 90. [283] Emys Hamiltonoides, Fale. and Caut.

CARAPACE AND PLASTRON (cast). This tor-
toise was found in the Sewalik Hills, India
(Miocene), and is now in the British Museum.

Size, 12x 8.

No. 91. [1289] Platichelys Oberndorferi, Wagner.

CARAPACE (cast). This specimen shows the dorsal scales or scutes, which
are in low pyramidal relief and quite ornate, as in the modern Hmys insculpta.
From the same locality and museum as the preceding. Size, 12 x 11.

No. 92. [286] Chelonemys ovata.

CARAPACE, ventral surface (cast). In this
unusually perfect specimen the body is pre-
served entire, with the head and extremities
extending beyond the contour of the shell.
From the lithographic quarries (Middle Oolite)
at Cirin, France, and now in the Museum of
Natural History of Lyons. Size, 10 x 8.

60 VERTEBRATA.

CLASS AMPHIBIA.

The animals of this class were formerly grouped with the rep-
tiles. Their stronger aflinity is, however, with the fishes, making
with the latter, Huxley’s province Ichthyopsida.

Their most striking characteristic is the metamorphosis which
they undergo after leaving the egg. Like fishes, they develop gills
upon the visceral arches for a longer or shorter period, but unlike
most fishes their “air-bladder” changes to a lung in the adult,
and the gills disappear in the higher orders.

In the structure of the skull and the limbs they compare with |
the higher vertebrates. The skull is broad and flat, with two
occipital condyles; there is no distinct neck; the vertebrae are
coneavo-convex (Frog), or convexo-concave (Pipa), or biconcave
(Siren), or differing in the same individual; the ribs are absent
or only vertebral, never sternal. The legs may be four or two,
or wanting. They have no fixed type of external shape. The
teeth vary greatly, or may be lacking. The only dental charae-
ters unlike reptiles is the location of teeth on the vomer.

The Amphibians may be roughly grouped under four orders.
Urodela (‘ tailed-amphibians,” as salamanders) ; Anura (frogs and
toads); Ophiomorpha (czecelians); and the extinct Labyrintho-
donts. Prof. Cope makes a larger number of orders. Prof.
Huxley thinks that the class originated from some stock common
to the Elasmobranchs, Ganoids and Dipnoi, and probably as early
as the Devonian age. Their earliest distinction was the penta-
dactyl type of limb, and footprints probably amphibian are found
in American subcarboniferous.

Amphibians were abundant, and the characteristic area of
the Carboniferous age, but remains are rare in America since the
Permian. The Tertiary forms are of modern type. The tailless
forms are more abundant now.

ORDER LABYRINTHODONTIA (Srecocrrnan).

These were Amphibians of large size, and sometimes gigantic,
one skull being three feet long. They abounded in the Carbon-
iferous and the Trias. The American remains yet found are not
large, but the footprints indicate the largest forms.

AMPHIBIA. 61

Their form was usually salamandroid, the limbs weak and tail
long; some forms were probably serpent-like; none were frog-
like, as formerly supposed. Many genera had large pectoral
plates and a ventral armor of scales; and some had the head pro-
tected with a helmet of bony plates. The skull varied in differ-
ent genera from much elongated as in Archegosaurus, to short,
as in Brachyops. The vertebrae were biconcave. Huxley
enumerates thirty-eight undoubted genera, and fifteen which are
questionable.

No. 93. [293] Labyrinthodon (Mastodonsaurus) Jzgeri, Owen.
Heap (cast). This is the largest known Am- ;

phibian species, having labyrinthine teeth, i. e.,
a convergence of numerous inflected folds of the
external layer of cement towards the pulp-cavity.
The form of the animal was salamandroid. The
body equaled the largest crocodile in size and
was protected beneath by bony plates and scales.
The head was triangular; the nostrils very small;
and the orbits situated nearly halfway between
- the fore and back part of the skull. In this
specimen the skull and lower jaw are firmly
closed. It was found in the Upper Trias (Keup-
er), near Stuttgardt, Wurtemberg, and is in the
Museum of that city.

y
vi "ae

| | | fier i y
No. 94. [294] Cheirotherium Barthi, Kaup. / le

| ni
TRACKS, on slab, in relief (cast). These remarkable ‘i Lj ai ‘
foot-marks strikingly resemble the impression of the : W¢ it
human hand, whence the generic title (Hand-beast). AN be Ml i
The tracks of the hind foot are about eight inches long i ll i) i
and five wide. Less than two inches in advance of im at i
them are the prints of the fore-feet, which are only four l wf iid i thin
inches long and three wide. The footprints follow one Hin ( :
another in pairs, about fourteen inches apart. Dr. ame
Kaup, who first described these ichnites, var | het \
that the animal might have been a large species of the
Opossum; but in the didelphie quadrupeds the thumb i
is on the inner side of the hind-foot. Bones of Laby- | "
rinthodon have been found in the same locality as the | * i
footprints; and it is now regarded as certain that the | :
Cheirotherian tracks are those of Labyrinthodont Am- | ,
phibians. This specimen, discovered in the New Red
Sandstone (Lower Trias) at Jena, Germany, belongs to
the Ward Collection in the University of Rochester.
Size, 7 ft. 2 in. x 18 in.

2 i

Hh

at

62 VERTEBRATA.

No. 95. [501] Sauropus primezevus, Lea.

TRACKS, on slab (cast). These reptilian foot-prints were discovered in 1849
in a formation of red shales (Mauch Chunk Red Shales), at the base of the
Coal Measures near Pottsville, Penn. The animal appears to have had five
toes on its fore feet and four toes on the hind pair. There being no trace of
dragging of the feet, it
probably had longer
legs than the crocodile.
A groove-like impres-
sion was left by a slen-
der tail. The stride,
from toe to toe, meas-
ures thirteen inches ;
and the tracks are three
and one-half inches
long. The hind-feet
stepping upon nearly

: the same spot as the
fore-feet partially obliterated the first impression. The original is in the pri-
vate collection of the late Isaac Lea of Philadelphia, by whom it was dis-
covered and described. Size, 26 x 17.

No. 96. [291] Archegosaurus Decheni, Goldf.

HEAD AND PART
oF TRUNK (cast).
This species dis-
putes with the Sau-
ropus of Lea and
the Dendrerpeton
of Dawson for the
honor of being the
first of air-breath-
ers. It seems to
have had permanent gills and persistent notochord, paddles instead of legs,
and to have been adapted for an aquatic life. Goldfuss considered it a Sau-
rian; Agassiz claimed that even in its limbs—its most reptilian feature—it is
closely like Ganoid fishes of the genus Polypterus ; while the majority of
naturalists regard it as a proteoid Labyrinthodont. It had sculptured bony
plates on the head and bony scales on the body, like Ganoid fishes; and the
greater part of the skeleton retained its cartilage. The skull is depressed and
triangular, and the lower jaw differs from that of fishes in the great length of
the angular pieces, but resembles it in simplicity. The teeth are conical and
of labyrinthic structure, and implanted in sockets. Apparently it was a gen-
eralized form, connecting the amphibians and the sauroid fishes. Prof. Owen
places it in a distinct order, the Ganocephala. This specimen was discovered
in the coal-field of Saarbruck, Rhenish Prussia, and is in the Ward Collection
of the University of Rochester. Size, 12 x 5.

AMPHIBIA. 63

ORDER URODELA.

In this group the larval tail is persistent in the adult. The skin
is naked; the vertebrae amphiccelus or opisthoccelus, with short
vertebral ribs. They have four legs, or sometimes only the an-
terior pair, and the bones of the fore-arm, and of the shank,
remain distinct.

The order may be divided into the perennibranchiata, which
retain their external gills through life, as the Axolotl (Szredon),
Proteus, Necturus and Siren, and the eaducibranchiata, which
lose the gills in the adult, as the Newts and Salamanders.

Remains of the order oceur through the Tertiary, and Prof.
Cope reports a salamandroid form from the Laramie.

No. 97. [297] Andrias Scheuchzeri, Tschudi.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). This noted fossil—
the Cryptobranchus of Van der Hceeven—was a
perennibranchiate salamander. It was a large
specimen of this extinct animal which was er-
roneously supposed by Scheuchzer to be a human
skeleton, and was described by him nearly a cen-
tury and a half ago as ‘‘ Homo diluvii testis.”
Cuvier demonstrated its near affinities to the
Water-Salamander (Menopoma) of the United
States. It is perhaps closer related to the Giant-
Salamander (Cryptobranchus Japonicus or Mega-
lobatrachus maximus) of Japan. This specimen
consists of the cranium, vertebral column with
ribs, the four extremities, and vestiges of the
tail. It was obtained from the Miocene lacustrine
deposits at Giningen, Switzerland, and is in the
British Museum.

Size, 3 ft. x 8 in.

64 VERTEBRATA.

No. 98-103. [802-308] Restorations of Fossil Reptiles.
Pterodactylus, Megalosaurus, Labyrinthodon, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus do-

lichodeirus and P. macrocephalus. They are reduced (one inch to the foot)

from the gigantic models in London, constructed, to a scale, by B. Water-

Hy.

this»

No. 98. [803] MrGaLosaurvs.
house Hawkins, F. G. §., from the form and proportions of the fossil remains,
and in strict accordance with the scientific deductions of Professor Owen.
Preliminary drawings, with careful measurements of the originals in the Royal

ava

No. 99. [802] PreRODACTYLUS. No. 100. [805] LasyrinTrHopon.

College of Surgeons, British Museum, and Geological Society, were prepared,
and sketch models made at a fraction of the natural size, and submitted to the
above high authority. Clay models were then made of the natural size.

|

—+

= —

Nos. 101-103. [806-308] IcHTHyosAURUS WITH PLESIOSAURI.

It gives us some idea of the size of these monsters to know that the mould
of one of them was converted into a salle a manger, in which Prof. Owen,
Prof. Forbes, and twenty other scientific gentlemen sat down to dinner.
These beautiful restorations are faithful copies, in miniature, of the gigantic
group in London. They are in four pieces.

ICHTHYOSAURUS WITH PLESIOSAURUS: Size, 22 x 14.
ME8GALOSAURUS: = - - - HO OS) Xone
LABYRINTHODON: - - - = TS SB Kee

PYTERODACTYLUS: - - - - Chat Oia)

PISCES. 65

CLASS PISCES.

This group is so heterogeneous, if we include all the verte-
brates below the Amphibians, that it is difficult to characterize
it. Broadly speaking, Fishes may be designated as vertebrates,
aquatic and water-breathing, with a heart composed of one auricle
and ventricle, and with limbs represented by fins.

The lowest living vertebrate is the aberrant Lancelet (Amphi-
oxus lanceolatus). It is about two inches long, and destitute of
skeleton, skull, jaws, fins and heart, and a brain scarcely repre-
sented. The notochord is persistent. Some recent writers make
this animal the type of a branch, Acrania, of the subkingdom
Vertebrata, with all other vertebrates as Cranzota.

Huxley divides fishes into the following orders:

Dipnoi (Lung-fishes): Ceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren.
Elasmobranchii (Placoids): Sharks and Rays.

Ganoidei: Sturgeons, Gar-pikes, Mud-fishes, Polypterus.
Teleostei: Bony Fishes.

Marsipobranchii (Cyclostomata) : Hag-fishes and Lampreys.
Pharyngobranehii (Leptocardii): Lancelet.

Gunther and Newberry unite the Dipnoi with the Ganoids;
and some recent authors make tle Marsipobranchii and Pharyn-
gobranchii separate classes.

The Ganoids and Elasmobranchs were the earliest fishes, and
the latter are still numerous, and the largest and most powerful.
These two orders, with Dipnoi, possess the greater number of
reptilian features, but the Teleosts are the most highly special-
ized, and the characteristic fishes of Tertiary and later time.

The fossil fishes fall into the above orders. The earliest ver-
tebrate and fish remains are fragments of Sharks and Cephalaspids
in the uppermost Silurian of Englandand Europe. The earliest
American remains are from the lower Devonian, and in the Cor-
niferous, fishes are well represented. Devonian fishes from
America are less numerous, but larger than those from Europe.
All Devonian fishes, as well as those from the Carboniferous,
Triassic and Jurassic, belong to either Dipnoi, Elasmobranchs or

66 VERTEBRATA.

Ganoids, and hence all have cartilaginous skeletons, and verte-
brated or heterocereal tails Many, however, were remarkable
for their heavy bone armor.

During the Carboniferous the sharks were predominant, over
one hundred species being known from the lower Carboniferous,
but in the Mesozoic they were under subjection to the huge rep-
tiles. The largest sharks lived during the Tertiary, the Car-
charodon megalodon being estimated at fifty to sixty feet long.

The Teleosts, the characteristic modern fishes, appeared in the
Cretaceous period, and modern types abounded in the Tertiary.

About 9,000 species of fishes are now living, of which only
about one hundred are Ganoids (seven genera), and four (three
genera) are Dipnoi. However, one genus (Ceradotus), of the
latter class has survived from the Triassic, and the sharks have
endured all geologic changes since the Silurian, and seem to be
enjoying themselves to-day.

ORDER DIPNOI.

The members of this small order have so many features in
common with the Amphibia that the oldest known form (Lepi-
dosiren) was regarded as the lowest of that order. They have
no ossified vertebrae, but a persistent notochord; the limbs are
jointed paddles, or filiform bodies; the heart has two auricles ;
and in addition to gills they possess true lungs, whence the name
“ Lung Fishes.”

The discovery, since 1870, of living individuals of the Triassic
genus Ceratodus, enabled ichthyologists to trace relationship with
some of the early ganoids, and Dr. Gunther, on account of this
affinity has placed the Dipnoi in the order Ganoidei. The De-
vonian fishes, Dinichthys, Dipterus and Holoptychius, were early
members of the group.

The living species are Lepidosiren paradoxwa, from the Ama-
zon, Protopterus annectens of Africa, and Ceratodus Fostert and
C. miolepis, of Australia.
No. 104. [840] Ceratodus

Two TrEerH. (Cast). The teeth of this Dipnoan are puzzling from the
variety of shapes they assume. They have in general an uneven or undulating
upper surface of dentine and enamel, and an under-layer of reticulated osseous
tissue. The genus is found by Cope in Upper Carboniferous of Illinois, and
by Marsh in the Jurassic of Wyoming. These specimens are from the Upper

Trias (Keuper) at Stuttgardt, Wurtemberg, and are now in the Ward Collec
tion of the University of Rochester.

PISCES. 67

ORDER GANOIDEI.

This order derives its name from the character of the derma-
skeleton. This consists usually of rhomboidal scales or plates,
sometimes detached spines, &c., but always consisting of a layer
of bone covered by a layer of peculiar enamel. Some Teleosts
have seales of the same character.

The Ganoids have the vertebra-skeleton more or less cartilagin-
ous, the vertebree being cartilaginous throughout life in the Pal-
eozoic forms. The Bony Pike (Lepidosteus) has vertebre con-
vexo-concave (opisthoccelus), a reptilian feature, and the highest
vertebral structure of any fish. The ventral fins are always
placed far back and distant from the pectoral fins, and are often
lobed, with a surrounding fringe, whence Huxley’s division,
Crossopterygidae. The tail is usually vertebrated, and was en-
tirely so before the Triassic.

The oldest known fishes belong partly to this order, and they
are represented to-day by seven genera; one (Accipenser) com- —
mon to the Northern Continents, four in North America, and
two in Africa (Newberry).

The classification of the Ganoids is very difficult. A simple
division is customary into Placo-ganoids, characteristic of Pal-
eozoic time, and Lepido-ganoids, which range through all time
since the Devonian. The Placo-ganoids of the Devonian were
burdened with a defensive armor of immense thickness and
weight, but that method of defense has now been superseded by
swiftness and agility.

Bopy AND HEAD, on
slab (cast). The Holop-
tychians were ganoid
fishes, belonging to
Huxley’s group Cross-
opterygia (‘‘ fringe-
finned ”’), and have af-
finities with the Dipnoi,
being most closely rep-
resented now by Cr Sana
todus. Rhizodus, Dipterus and Dinichthys belong in the same sub-order. This
genus is characterized by the large, deeply corrugated scales covering the
body, and the sculptured and granulated plates defending the head. The
teeth are of two kinds—small, serial teeth and large laniaries, the latter placed

Seale

eS

a

STS
>) o
‘s SARS

68 VERTEBRATA.

behind the former. The ventral fins are nearer the tail than in any other
ganoid. This splendid specimen, one of the ornaments of the British Mu-
seum, was discovered in the Old Red Sandstone at Clashbinnie, Scotland, and
is figured in Murchison’s ‘‘ Silurian System.” The creature lies on its back.
‘““The body (says Hugh Miller) measures a foot across by two feet and a half
in length, exclusive of the tail, which is wanting; but the armor in which it
is cased might have served a Crocodile or Alligator of five times the size.”
The head is short and obtuse; the lower jaw, the mouth, and the two branchial
rays or plates are exposed. The scales are very large and deeply wrinkled.
Size, 2 ft. 9 in. x 4 in.

No. 106. [813] Cephalaspis Lyellii, Agassiz.

Bopy AND HEAD, on slab (cast). This famous
Devonian Fish is placed among the Placoganoids.
The first specimen of this genus was discovered
by Hugh Miller. The most striking feature is
the enormous buckler (made up of plates usually
hexagonal) covering the head and prolonged
backwards into lateral points. The head com-
prises fully one-third the creature’s entire length.
The body was protected by plates arranged trans-
versely, and the tail carried a heterocercal fin.
The dentition is unknown; but the mouth was
probably placed beneath the head and suctorial,
as in the Sturgeon. The eyes were placed closely
together near the middle of the head. This fos-
sil, now in the British Museum, was found in the
Old Red Sandstone in Forfarshire, Scotland.

Size, 9 x-5.

No. 107. [1803] Cephalaspis Dawsoni, Lankester.

In this species the head is proportionately very large, and the body seems
to have been covered with very fine tubercles.
From the Lower Devonian at Gaspé, Canada.

No. 108. [811] Rhizodus Hibberti, Owen.

LOWER JAW, LEFT RAMUS (cast). The generic term Rhizodus is applied to
those ganoids of the Coal Measures which have stout serial teeth and slender
laniaries. The great strength of the cephalic plates and of the jaws and teeth
shows that this was a powerful carnivorous fish. Prof. Newberry has recently
named an equally large species (22. anceps) from the Mountain Limestone of
Illinois. The genus seems characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous. This
fragment of the lower jaw was disinterred from the Carboniferous Limestone,
near Edinburgh, and is in the British Museum. Size, 19 x 7.

PISCES. 69

No. 109. [13801] Lepidotus Maximus, Wagner,

SKELETON, on slab (cast). This was one of the largest of the ancient ganoid
fishes, and was in shape much like the modern carp. Its vertebra were well
ossified, and its body was encased in a cuirass of highly polished, imbricated,
rhomboid scales, forming an impenetrable armor. Its mouth was small, with

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blunt, spheroidal teeth; it had a short dorsal fin opposite the anal, and a
homocercal tail. This, the only perfect specimen of this species ever found,
was discovered in 1869, in the lithographic quarries (Middle Oolite) of Solen-
hofen, Bavaria, and is in the Museum of the University of Munich.

Size, 6 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in.

No. 110. [817] Lepidotus minor, Agassiz.

Bopy AND Heap, on slab
(cast). This fine specimen
of a homocereal lepido-
ganoid—distinguished by its
small, shining scales, and
unusually perfect in all its
parts—was discovered in the
Purbeck limestone (Upper \
Oolite) on the Isle of Port-
land, England, and is in the
the British Museum,

Size, 17 x 10.

WG ANE,
Lh

No. 111. [819] Aspidorhynchus speciosus, Agassiz.

Bopy AND Heap,
on slab(cast). This
homocercal gan-
oid is character-
ized by along body
of nearly equal | pat ele

size throughout, by a pointed head, and by the disposition of the scales in

70 VERTEBRATA.

unequal rows. ‘The scales are wrinkled, and sometimes hexagonal, sometimes
tetragonal. This specimen belongs to the Krantz Collection, and is from the
lithographic limestone of EHichstiidt, Bavaria. Size, 2 ft. 2.in. x 7 in.

No. 112. [820] Microdon (Pycnodus) elegans, Agassiz.

SKELETON, on slab (cast). This
beautiful ganoid, with homocer-
cal tail, and small, uniform teeth,
is a true Pycnodus, according to
Wagner. The specimen is from
the lithographic limestone (Upper
Oolite) of Kelheim, Bavaria, and
is now in the Museum of the Uni-
versity of Munich.

Size, 10 x 10.

No. 113. [824] Gyrodus circularis, Agassiz.

SKELETON, on
slab (cast). This
fish has the exteri-
or form of Pyeno-
dus. The anal and
dorsal fins are sus-
tained by long
rays in front, and
diminish rapidly;
the caudal is deep-
ly notched. The
teeth are elliptical,
eae Eau Weer abun and are character-
ized by a groove running around the summit. This fine specimen, from the
lithographic slates of Solenhofen, Bavaria, is in the Museum of the University
of Munich. Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 5 in.

No. 114. [826] G@yrodus umbilicus, Agassiz.

PaLATAL TEETH, on slab (cast). This spe-
cies is characterized by a depression in the
middle of the teeth. This fine series of palatal
teeth was found in the Upper Oolite at Durr-
heim, Grand Duchy of Baden, and is in the
same Museum as the preceding.

PISCES. T1

ORDER ELASMOBRANCHIL.

The Sharks, Rays and Chimerz which compose this class
(called Selachia by Miiller, and Placoide by. Agassiz), agree in
general structure with the Ganoids. They differ chiefly in the
character of the derma-skeleton and the arrangement of the gills,
the former consisting of scattered bony or tooth-like grains,
tubercles or spines, and the latter being fixed and contained in
sacs or pouches communicating with the pharynx, and externally
by slits. In the Chimeree there is only one external aperture.
Like the Dipnoans and Ganoids the Elasmobranchs combine
reptilian features with embryonic fish characters.

Being Cartilaginous, they have left little behind save spines,
teeth and scales. The fossil spines are called J/ehthyodorulites,
and abound in the Secondary deposits. The Cestracionts began
in the Lower Devonian, and culminated in the Trias. The
fHybodonts began in the Carboniferous and culminated in the
Mesozoic. The Sgualodonts, or True Sharks, began in the Juras-
sic and culminated in the Miocene. The /eays first appeared in
the Carboniferous, and Chimeroids in the Oolite.

No. 115. Carcharodon megalodon.

Tooru. The huge teeth of this largest shark are found in great numbers
in the Marine Tertiary of the Atlantic border. Some of them are six inches
long and broad, and indicate sharks fifty or sixty feet long. From the Eocene
of Ashley River, South Carolina.

No. 116. Lamna elegans, Agassiz.

TreEeTH. From Eocene of Ashley River, South Carolina.

No. 117. [843] Edestes vorax, Leidy.

PortTION OF DorsAL SPINE (cast). This remarkable
ichthyodorulite was discovered in the Coal Measures of
Indiana, and is preserved in the Cabinet of Amherst Col-
lege. It is distinguished for the large proportional size of
the marginal teeth and their close resemblance to the jaw-
teeth of Carcharodon, their enameled border being finely
denticulate. Size, 9 x 3.

72 VERTEBRATA.

No. 118. [845] Ichthyodorulite.

Fosstu Dorsal SPINE,
on slab (cast). From the
Lias of Lyme-Regis, Eng-

land, and now in the Ward Collection of the University of Rochester.
Size, 20 x 5.

No. 119. [1804] Pelecopterus perniciosus, Cope.

PECTORAL SPINES (cast).
This represents one of a few
» species of large fishes, known
only by their spines and shoul-
der girdles, which Cope makes
the type of a family, Pelecop-
teride. This remarkably per-
fect specimen shows the pec-
toral girdle complete. From
the Upper Cretaceous (Colo-
rado group), of Trego Co.,
Kansas., and now in the Mu-
seum of Columbia College.

Size, 4 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.

No. 120. [1308, 1310] Rhyssodus (Cochliodus) latus, Leidy.

Two TEETH (cast). These are
examples of the broad, crushing
“pavement” teeth, which were char-
acteristic of the Devonian and Car-
boniferous Sharks, and are now
found in the Cestracion of Australia.
From Keokuk division of the Sub-
carboniferous, Warsaw, Illinois.

Original in the A. H. Worthen Collection.

No. 121. [181] Acrodus Anningize, Agassiz.

LowErR JAW (cast).
This remarkably fine
specimen exhibits an al-
most complete series of
teeth, retaining the po-
sition they occupied dur-
ing life. There are eight
transverse rows on each
side, with a central row
at the junction of the two
rami. The teeth of the
posterior row are marked with the strie characteristic of the genus. The
specimen was found in the Lower Lias, Lyme-Regis, England, and belongs to
the E. C. H. Day Collection, Charmouth, England.

PISCES. TS

No. 122. Ptychodus decurrens, Agassiz.

Two TreetTu. The teeth of this cestraciont are large and quadrangular.
The crown is deeper than the root, and the margin is granulated. From the
chalk of Kent, England.

No. 123. [830] Squatina acanthoderma, Fraas.

_ Bopy anp Heap, on slab (cast). This ex-
tinct Placoid approached the Ray family, by
the situation of the eyes on the dorsal face
and by the development of the pectoral fins. -
The mouth was at the end of the muzzle.
The contour and outer border of the body
has left a full impression on the stone. This
fine fossil was discovered in the Lithographic
Slate (Upper Oolite), at Eichstiidt, Bavaria,
and is in the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem,
Holland.

size, 2 ft. 41m. x 1 ft: 8 in:

ORDER TELEOSTEI.

The great majority of living fishes, and nearly all of the more
familiar species belong in this order. No forms are positively
known earlier than the Cretaceous, since which time the group
has been continually increasing.

The Teleosts may be broadly described by the following char-
acters: The vertebra-skeleton is well ossified, and the skull con-
sists of distinct bones ; a lower jaw is always present; the limbs,
which are usually present, are represented by fins; the gills are
free and comb-like and protected by a bony cover (operculum) ;
the heart has an auricle and ventricle, and the bulbus arteriosus
is not regularly contractile. The scales of the teleosts may be
ganoid, but usually are imbricated, unenameled horny plates,
developed in a fold of the skin; those with plain margins being
ealled “cycloid,’ those with the hinder margin fringed with
spines, or comb-like, being called “ctenoid.” The nasal sacs
never communicate with the throat.

74. VERTEBRATA.

No. 124. Diplomystus altus, Leidy.

The lacustrine deposits of the Western Tertiary are sometimes exceedingly
rich in fish remains, the skeletons being frequently preserved in great per-
fection. This species, closely related to the Herring, is from the Green River
Shales, (Eocene) Wyoming Territory.

No. 125. Fish.

Another species from the same locality as the preceding.

No. 126. [846] Beryx superbus, Dixon.

GRovpP, on slab (cast). The genus Beryz, of
which there are two existing species in the
Australian seas, represented the Perch family
during the Cretaceous period. The charac-
teristics are a large, blunt head, one dorsal fin,
with several spinous rays in front of the soft
ones, and large, round pectinated scales. This
specimen was found in the Lower Chalk, at Lewes, England, and is in the
Private Cabinet of 8. H. Beckles, Esq., of Brighton, England.

Size, 23 x 14.

No. 127. Coprolite, Buckl.

This specimen is undoubtedly the fossi] excrement of a
fish, according to Mantell, of the Ganoid Macropoma. It
has a conical form and a convoluted appearance, arising
from the fact that the intestinal canal was spirally twisted.
The analysis of Prout shows these fecal remains to be
composed chiefly of phosphate of lime. This coprolite
was found in the Lower Chalk, Rochester, England.

SUBKINGDOM

ARTICULATA (Annulosa).

The Articulata—incomparably the most numerous division of
the Animal Kingdom—inelude all the invertebrates having jointed
bodies. The body, more or less elongated and bilaterally sym-
metrical, is usually divided into segments or articulations. The
appendages, jaws, limbs, &e. are arranged bilaterally. The ner-
vous system consists of one or two ganglia in the anterior part
of the body, or of a double chain of ganglia in the ventral side.
The skeleton is external, the skin hardened in most cases into a
chitinous crust, affording the necessary fulera to the muscles of
locomotion. This derma-skeleton is typically in the form of
successive rings, which, in the higher orders, are soldered to-
gether, so that only two or three divisions, or perhaps one solid
shield, can be discovered.

This very comprehensive subkingdom may be divided as fol-
low: I. Arthropoda (including the classes Insecta, Myriapoda,
Arachnida, Crustacea). II. Anarthropoda (class Annelida).
III. Scolecida (class Annuloida). Some authors separate the first
division far from the other two, which are placed in relationship
with the lower mollusks.

The palzontological history of the articulata is much behind
that of the other divisions of the antmal kingdom. So uni-
versally distributed and numerically abundant at the present day,
they are least perfectly represented among the relics of the past.
Their manifold organization, which in the recent state fits them
so admirably for generic and specific comparisons, is fatal to their
entire preservation, and the fossil examples are often so frag-
mentary as to admit of little more than the determination of
their class and-family. The number discovered forms but a
small proportion of those which have probably existed. The
oldest fossiliferous rocks (Cambrian) bear many tracks and bur-
rows of marine worms, and a variety of specialized crustacea
(Trilobites). Air-breathing articulates doubtless came into being
along with land plants, Insects being found in the Devonian.
Representatives of each class are found in the Paleozoic rocks.
In fact, every main type of invertebrate animal is present in the
Lower Silurian.

76 ARTICULATA.

CLASS INSECTA (HEXAPODA).

The name Jnsecta is used by some authors to include the
Myriapods and Arachnids, the class as here restricted being
termed Hexapoda. 7

True insects are distinguished as follows: The body always
has three distinct divisions, head, thorax, abdomen ; the thorax
bears all the locomotive organs, which are never more than three
pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Respiration is by means
of air-tubes (trachee).

The number of known species of insects is about 190,000, in-
cluding 90,000 species of Coleoptera, and about 25,000 each of
Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, and 24,000 of Diptera.

The oldest insect fossils are from the Devonian of New
Brunswick. These have neuropterous wings with orthopterous
stridulating organs. Nearly all orders are known from the Car-
boniferous, nineteen species being found in the American Coal-
Measures. Over 140 species are known from the European Juras-
sic, chiefly Beetles. The earliest Butterfly is from the Stonesfield
slates. In Eocene fresh4water shales at Florissant, Colorado, and
of Green River, Wyoming, have been found the richest insect-
beds. The shales are black with drifted remains, and 1,000
species are recognizable (Scudder). Similar deposits are known
in Enropean Miocene, which have yielded 1550 species, over
900 of them from the bed at Giningen. Hymenopters and
Coleopters are most abundant, and the species indicate a tropical
climate. Extinct species are common in amber, but the species
in copal and the later resins are living forms.

ford

INSECTA. 17

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a

B “yy Vf ZG
g x mi Lrg jy;
: Ul

ae Gem

i

No. 128. [451, Cast]. A¢@eschna eximia, Hagen.

This beautiful fossil ‘‘ Dragon-Fly” was found in the lithographic limestone
(Middle Oolite), at Solenhofen, Bavaria. It is a neuropterus insect of the
genus _d4/schna, which differs from the Libellula proper only in the equal di-
vision of the lower lip. The eyes are large and close together, and the wings
remain horizontal in a state of repose. In this specimen, the wings, both
pairs of which are finely preserved, spread six inches. Size, 7 x 5.

No. 129. [452, Cast]. Locusta speciosa, Munst.

This fossil locust was discov-
ered in the lithographic lime-
stone (Middle Oolite) at Eich-
stadt, Bavaria. Like the Drag-
on-Fly above, it was doubtless
blown far out from the shore
which bordered the marine wa-
ters of the old Solenhofen sea.
The calcareous mud at the bot-
tom of this sea was of the most
impalpable fineness, and en-
veloped closely all organisms
which became imbedded in it,
copying With beautiful exact-
ness their most perishable por- Gere GEST
tions and most delicate linings. wize, st.

WLLL:

ZETIEEEELEL

FEZ

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A
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N
N
N
N
SS

N
SS
N

’

No. 130. Insects.

From Eocene Shale of Green River, Wyoming.

78 ARTICULATA.

CLASS CRUSTACEA.

In this class the skeleton has the form of an external crust or
shell, which covers even the antenne, hairs, jaws and teeth. In
the smaller species it is chitinous; in others it is hardened by the
addition of carbonate and phosphate of lime. The normal num-
ber of segments is twenty-one, seven each for the head, thorax
and abdomen. But most frequently the anterior segments form
one piece called the cephalothorax, leaving the abdomen jointed,
and terminated by a tail-piece (¢elson). Respiration is by means
of gills, or by the surface of the body, and all crustaceans are
organized for life in the water, though many live chiefly on land.
They have two pairs of antenne. The locomotive appendages
are more than eight in number, and are usually borne by the seg-
ments of the abdomen as well as by the thorax. This is a very
large and varied class, and contains many orders, of which only
three are herein represented. The earliest forms were Trilobites.

In general we may say that the Paleeozoic Trilobites are fol-
lowed by Lobsters in the Carboniferous, and by Crabs in the
Jurassic. The articulates which came latest are the Barnacles
and Hermit-Crabs, which began in the Cretaceous. The Ostra-
coda are represented from the Cambrian to the present time.

ORDER DECAPODA.

This order includes the crustacea which possess only five pairs
of legs. They have the gills beneath the “carapace” which
covers the cephalothorax; and the compound eyes borne upon
eye-stalks, whence they are called Podopthalmata. The order is
subdivided into Macrura (long-tail), as the Lobster; Anomura
(irregular-tail), the Hermit-Crab ; and the Brachyura (short-tail),
the crabs. The Macrourans abound in the Oolite and Cretaceous
strata, while the Brachyurans attain their maximum develop-

ent in Tertiary beds and modern seas.

CRUSTACEA. 719

No. 131. Lobocarcinus Paulo-Wurtemburgensis, Meyer.

This interesting and well-preserved fossil Crab
occurs in considerable numbers in the Lower Ter-
tiary (Nummulitic) beds of the Gebel Mokattam in
the suburbs of Cairo, Egypt, from whence this speci-
men is derived.

No. 132. Paleecorystes Stokesii, Mantell.

CarRAPace. <A small Crustacean—intermediate in form between the Brachy-
ura and Anomura, and quite abundant in the Upper Greensand and Gault of
England. Two specimens, from the Upper Greensand, Cambridge, England.

No. 133. [854, Cast]. Eryon propinquus, Germar.

This remarkable form of Crustacean bears
a long, flattened shield, with a round, fis-
sured front. It is from the Lithographic lime-
stone (Middle Oolite) of Eichstiidt, Bavaria.

Size, 6 x 5.

’ No. 134. (858, Cast]. Pemphix Seurii, Meyer.

This extinct Lobster has a carapace divided into three
parts, of which the anterior corresponds. to the abdom-
inal region, the middle to the heart and genital regions, and
the posterior to the branchial. It was by these long-bodied
forms (Macrura) that the Decapod Crustaceans were at first
represented in the Geological Series. The specimen is from
the Muschelkalk (Middle Trias), Crailsheim, Wurtemberg.
Original in the Ward Collection of the University of Roch-
ester. Size, 6 x 3.

No. 185. [1202, Cast]. Hoploparia (Astacus) longimana, Sow.

This long-tailed Decapod resembles the Lobster. The cheeks are prolonged
in the shape of semi-cylindrical horns; and the fore-arms are very long and
unequal. From the Greensand, Lyme-Regis, England.

Size, 10 x 3.

80 ARTICULATA.

No. 186. [860, Cast]. Megachirus locusta, Germar.

This Decapod from the Lithographic limestone (Middle Oolite), Solenhofen,
Bavaria, is the Locustrina marina of Bayer. It has a long tail, and a carapace
prolonged in front into a beak. But it is chiefly remarkable for the extreme
length of the anterior legs, which are clawless, and terminated with fin-like
appendages. Size, 9 x 5.

ORDER MEROSTOMATA.

The Merostomata are a generalized type, with some resem-
blances to the Arachnoids and to the larve of the Decapods.
They use for mastication the bases of the thoracic legs. The
sub-order Eurypterida appeared in the Upper Silurian and passed
out of existence with the Paleozoic. They were the largest of
crustaceans, some being over six feet long. The King-crab
(Limulue) is the only living representative of the order.

No. 187. [870, Cast]. Pterygotus acuminatus, Salter.

This genus was established by Prof. Agassiz
in 1844. It derives its name from the pecu-
har character of its foot-jaws, which, from
their scale-like sculpture, were at first mistaken
for the remains of a fish. Like the Hurypterus,
the Pterygotus may be described as a “‘lobster-
like Crustacean,” since it has an elongated body
composed of a cephalo-thorax, an abdomen with
a dozen segments, and a tail-plate. It differs
from the Hurypterus, in having a less number of
joints in the feet, in the eyes being marginal, and
in the large size of the antenne. This fine spec-
men was discovered in the Upper Silurian beds
of Leshmahago, Lanarkshire, Wales.

Size, 24 x 18.

No. 188. Eurypterus remipes, DeKay.

The genus Hurypterus—the Idotea of Scouler—was established by DeKay
in 1825. The name is an allusion to the broad, oar-like, swimming feet. The
body is composed of an anterior oval carapace, six thoracic and six abdom-
inal segments, and a somewhat obtuse tail-spine. The eyes were on the sur-
face of the carapace. There were five appendages, all oral, of which the
hinder pair were dilated into paddles. The basal joints of the first four legs
performed the work of mastication, as in the King-Crab. This specimen was
found in the Water-Lime Group (Upper Silurian), Buffalo, N. Y.

CRUSTACEA. 81

No. 1389. [1814, Cast]. ~-EHusarchus scorpionis, Grote and Pitt.

This member of the Eurypterida is regarded by the authors of the genus as
somewhat more specialized than the typical Hurypterus, as indicated by the
narrowness of the cephalothoracic portion and the abrupt constriction of the
posterior segments. The original is from the Water-lime group, Buffalo, N. Y.

Size, 12 in. x 8 in.

No. 140. [864, Cast), Limulus giganteus, Munst.

This ancient ‘‘ King-Crab,” like those of the pres-
ent day, was covered by a cephalothorax shield; the
appendages were all oral; and the eyes were sessile
and placed in the upper surface of the shield, while
the legs served the purpose of jaws and gills. It
doubtless lived along the shore of the ancient sea in
which were deposited the beds of lithographic lime-
stone (Middle Oolite), which are now worked at
Eichstiidt, Bavaria, from which locality the original
of this fine specimen is derived.

Size, 20 x 12.

No. 141. [1316, Cast]. Euproops Dane, M. & W.

This ancient King-Crab is interesting on account of its
resemblance to the larval form of the modern Limulus,
and still closer to the Carboniferous Trilobite Prestwichia.

The original is from the Coal Measures of Grundy Co.,
Ill., and in possession of Ward & Howell.

ORDER TRILOBITA.

These extinct crustaceans were the earliest members of the
class, meeting us in the first formations in which we have any
abundant forms of marine life. They resemble both the Ento-
mostracans and Isopods, and are nearly related to the Merosto-
mata, being likened to the larvee of the Horse-Shoe Crab. The
structure of the tergal part only of their body is well known.
The longitudinal division into three lobes is not always distinct ;
but the head, thorax and abdomen (or tail) are generally well

82, ARTICULATA.

defined. The eyes are sessile and compound. The head is cov-
ered by a crescent shaped shield or buckler ; the thorax consists
of from two to twenty-six segments; and the pygidiwm, or ab-
dominal shield, is composed of a number of joints more or less
anchylosed. The buckler is divided by a longitudinal depression
into cheeks, or lateral areas, and the glabella, or middle area. A
suture running from the anterior and posterior sides of the eye
outward is called the faczal suture ; a prominent accessory piece
on the under surface of the head, covering the mouth, is the
hypostoma. The union of the head-crust by sutures is a remark-
able peculiarity of Trilobites,—not being traceable in any other
Crustaceans, and only found in true Insects of the present time.
The genera of Trilobites are distinguished mainly by the form
and markings of the head and tail, and by the eyes. Variations
in the length of the cephalic and caudal spines, and in the promi-
nence of the head-lobes, have been considered indications of dif-
ference of sex. No antenne have been detected. Thoracic
jointed limbs and branchiz have recently been discovered, and
the abdomen probably bore membranous respiratory swimmerets.
They probably lived gregariously in the shallow waters of bays
and coasts, and from the form of the labrum mouth, it is inferred
that they were carnivorous. The embryos are simple discs.
Barrande has made out the probable eggs. More than 500 species
of Trilobites are known, grouped in about 70 genera. The order
appeared in the Cambrian, culminated in the Upper Silurian, and
disappeared in the Carboniferous. The spinous feature reached
its maximum in the Devonian. Trilobites, incapable of rolling
themselves up, are of more ancient geological date than those
which ean; they are chiefly found in the lower Silurian. Those
having the power of rolling themselves up, have larger and more
projecting eyes, a tougher horny membrane, and a caudal shield
resembling the buckler.

No. 142. [876, Cast]. Asaphas megistos, Locke.

This specimen shows well the long posterior processes of the cephalic shield,
which in this specimen extends nearly to the end of the tail. It is from the
Cincinnati group (Lower Silurian), Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 148. Asaphas gigas, Dalman.

Pyeipium. From Trenton Limestone, Trenton Falls, N. Y.

ORUSTACEA. 83

No. 144. [878, Cast]. Asaphas gigas, Dalmann.

This huge Trilobite, the Jsotelus
gigas of DeKay and Isotelus megistos
of Locke, has an oval form and con-
vex surface; the head and tail nearly
equal, and both subtriangular; well
developed eyes; eight body seg-
ments; and no glabella, nor any ribs
on the tail. This cast is a restoration
by Professor Locke from fragments
discovered in the Trenton limestone
(Lower Silurian), in Adams County,

Ohio. It is well adapted for lecture IN
purposes, exhibiting on a large scale \\Ih: 7 NR
the prominent parts of these ancient NANI
Crustaceans.

Size, 22 x 14,

No. 145. [886, Cast]. Acidaspis Buchii, Barrande.

This Trilobite is distinguished generically by its small
but strongly arched body-rings, and by the surface being
covered regularly with tubercules. This specimen is from
the Lower Silurian slate at Beraun, Bohemia.

This genus of Trilobites is characterized by the great
breadth and convexity of the cephalic and caudal plates, and
the faintness of the longitudinal, trilobite markings. The
genus closely resembles J//enus, and this species is only dis- £=
tinguishéd from I/enus crassicauda by the fact that the broad
axis is not strictly separated from the lateral lobes. The f
specimen is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian), New
York.

No. 147. Calymene niagarensis, Hall.
Two SpEcIMENS. From the Niagara Group at Grafton, Il,

No. 148. Calymene senaria, Conrad.
Two Specimens. From the Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

84 ARTICULATA.

No. 149. [394, Cast]. Calymene Blumenbachii, Brongniart.

This well known genus derives its name from the
obscurity which long hung over the real nature of
these crustaceans. In this species, the cephalic
shield is large, convex, rounded in front, with a
well marked border, boldly three-lobed, and having
prominent, but not very large eyes, set widely apart;
the thoracic portion consists of thirteen segments;
and the pygidium is small and nearly semi-circular.
It is often found coiled up. This specimen is from
the Upper Silurian at Dudley, England. The origi-
nal is in the Ward Collection in the University of
Rochester.

No. 150. [898, Cast]. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green.

This genus is closely allied to the Acid-
aspis of Murchison. In this species the
buckler is crescent form; the eyes small,
distinct and granulated; the glabella deeply
furrowed on each side; the thorax has
eleven articulations, and the caudal shield
four. This specimen is a restoration by
adjustment of fragments from different
individuals discovered in the Trenton
Limestone and Hudson River Group
(Lower Silurian).

No. 151. [407, Cast]. Dalmania (Phacops) limulurus, Green.

This Trilobite, also called Asaphus limulurus, is one of the
most common forms. It has a sublunate, buckler, a lobed
glabella, eyes of medium size, eleven body articulations, and
y fifteen caudal. The body and caudal portion is more fre-
quently found separated from the cephalic shield. This
specimen is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian) at Lock-
POL. ING We

No. 152. [409, Cast]. Dalmania myrmecophora.

Pyeipium. This specimen shows the broad, moderately convex caudal
shield, with thirteen rings beautifully ornamented with a double row of nodes.

CRUSTACEA. 85

No entire specimen of this species—‘‘ the largest trilobite by far,” says Hall,
“‘which occurs in the higher rocks of our system”—has ever been found.
From the Upper Helderberg Group (Devonian), Genesee Co., N. Y.

Size, 9x 8.

No. 153. [410, Cast]. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad.

BuckLterR. From the Lower Helderberg (Upper
Silurian) in Schoharie County, N. Y. J
Size. 7 x 6.

No. 154. [412, Cast]. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad.

PyGipium, with spine; impression and relief. From the
same locality as the preceding.

No. 155. [405, Cast]. Dalmania (Cryphzeus) calliteles, Green.

Pygidium, showing the lobes more deeply cleft than in the
preceding species. From the Hamilton Group, York, N. Y.

. No. 156. [416, Cast]. Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis, Owen.

))

Central portion of the head with cheek, placed on
the same slab with tail. The body segments are want-
ing in this specimen, and portions of the cheeks and
tail are restored. This is one of the earliest of the
Trilobite forms. From the Potsdam Sandstone (Lower
Silurian), Maozmania, Wisconsin.

i
Wy

\

ml
I)

((

Size, 9 x 8.

=

No. 157. Elipsocephalus Hoffii, Schlotheim.
From Lower Silurian, at Ginetz, Bohemia.

86 ARTICULATA.
No. 158. [421, Cast]. Harpes ungula, Barrande.

Heap. From the Upper Silurian Limestone at
Kronieprus, Bohemia. In this genus the head, which
occupies more than a third in length of the whole ani-
mal, is surrounded by a broad, flat margin, which is
| produced posteriorly nearly to the extreme end of the
body. The body-segments and tail are usually wanting,
as is the case in this specimen. Original in the Ward
Collection of the University of Rochester.

No. 159. [423, Cast]. Homalonotus delphinocephalus, Murch.

This genus is so named because the three-lobed
aspect, so characteristic of the family, is, in a great
measure obliterated, and the back appears smooth and
uniform. The cephalic and caudal shields are hyper-
bolic; the rings number thirteen. This species is char-
acterized by the distinct trilobation of the tail in all its
stages of growth, as well as by its slender body and
acute caudal extremity. The specimen is from the
Upper Silurian at Dudley, England.

Size, 7 x 4.

No. 160. [426, Cast]. Illzenus giganteus, Brong.

The general form of this species is variable, from its contractility. It has
ten articulations; prominent eyes, and large, convex buckler and caudal shield.
This specimen is from the Lower Silurian, Angers, France, and is in the Ward
Collection of the University of Rochester.

No. 161. [428, Cast]. Lichas Boltoni, Green.

This beautiful Trilobite is easily recognized
by its peculiar scabrous surface, depressed
body and head, and the free extremities of the
segments pointing backwards. The thorax is
large and is divided into eleven segments. It
is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian),
Lockport, N. Y., where it is a characteristic
fossil, although not often found entire.

Size, 7 x 6.

ORUSTACEA. 87

No. 162. [481, Cast]. Lichas pustulosus, Hall.

Pyerprum. From the Lower Helder-
berg (Upper Silurian), Schoharie County,
J ag) Vi

No. 163. [487, Cast]. Paradoxides Bohemicus, Bock.

This genus is distinguished by a broad, club-shaped
glabella, large head-spines, oblong eyes, from sixteen
to twenty flat body-rings, and a very small pygidium.
It includes some of the largest Trilobites known, which,
to the number of about twenty species, characterize the
Lower Silurian formation of Bohemia, Sweden and
England. From the Lower Silurian at Ginetz, Bo-
hemia. Size, 6 x 3.

No. 164. Phacops bufo (Var. rana.), Green.

Heap AND TaiL. Trilobites of the geuus Phacops have
very large, prominent, granulated eyes, forming a segment
of a cone, distinct trilobation, and eleven body-rings.
This species, the Calymene macropthalma of Brongniart,
and perhaps identical also with the Phacops latifrons of
Bronn, has a very convex head, occupying one-third of the
whole length, a tuberculated glabella, and the eleven pleurze
bent down at the extremities. There are 66 lenses in each
eye. These specimens are from the Hamilton Group (Devonian), Otisco, N. Y.

No. 165. [445, Cast]. Proetus longicaudus, Hall.

In this genus, the eyes are of a moderate size, very
prominent, smooth, and joined rather closely to the
glabella; and the body has ten segments. This speci-
men (coiled) is from the Hamilton Group (Devonian),
Iowa.

88 ARTICULATA.

No. 166, [447, Cast]. Sphzerexochus mirus, Beyrich.

This curious Trilobite has a globular head, projecting eyes,
m and ten pointed body-rings. It is from the Upper Silurian,
y Beraun, Bohemia.

No. 167. Triarthrus Becki, Green.

A fine specimen of this typical Trilobite. From Utica Slate, near Utica,
Nie Xe

No. 168. Trinucleus ornatus, Burm.

In this genus the pygidium is enlarged at the expense of
the thorax; the former is triangular; and the latter has
only six rings. The animal is never found fully rolled up.
From Lower Silurian, Lodenitz, Bohemia.

No. 169. Trinucleus concentricus, Eaton.
Heaps. From the Hudson River Group, Rome, N. Y.

No. 170. [1296, Cast]. Climactichnites Wilsoni, Logan.

These tracks are now generally regarded as having been made by Trilobites.
From the Potsdam Sandstone, Beauharnois, Canada. Size, 22 in. x 18 in.

ANNELIDA. 89

CLASS ANNELIDA.

The name Worms (Vermes) is popularly applied to all the
diverse organisms of an elongated and segmented character, but
the lowest forms, including the so-called intestinal or parasitic
worms and the rotifers, are properly separated and form the
heterogeneous class Scolecida. The higher forms, included in this
class (annelida or annulata), have distinctly segmented cylindrical .
bodies, but without division into thorax and abdomen. When
lateral appendages exist they are not jointed, nor articulated to
the body. The nervous system is a chain of ventral ganglia;
and a system of tubes (psendohzemal vessels), containing a colored
plasma, takes the place of heart and blood vessels. Respiration
may be through the skin, as in the Leech and Earthworm
(Abranchiata), or by means of external gills, as in the marine
forms (Branchiata).

Worms have left traces in every deposit in the form of shelly
coverings, burrows, or imprints. Worm-holes abound in the Pots-
dam sandstones; they were made at tide-level, vertically, and
often in pairs. The most common kind is the Scolithus linearis.
Many supposed annelid borings and tubes have been named, the
character of which are still uncertain. Serpula and Spirorbis
seem to have existed since the Upper Silurian.

No, 171. Scolithus linearis, Hall.

These tubes were believed by Dr. Hall to be fucoid, but they are now gen-
erally regarded as the borings of ‘‘ Errant”” annelids. The burrows are nearly
straight and extend vertically through the neck. From the Potsdam Sand-
stone, York, Penn.

No. 172. Serpula.

This still living genus secretes a long, shell-
like tube of carbonate of lime, more or less
tortuous, which are attached to some foreign
body. It is one of the ‘‘ Tubiculous” anne-
lids; and its supposed tubes have been found
in all the formations above the Lower Silurian.
This specimen from the Quaternary, Palermo, Italy.

SUBKINGDOM

MOLLUSGCA,

This subkingdom ranks side by side with the articulata, and
the lowest forms of the two subkingdoms have such relationship
that by some authors they are grouped as a distinet subkingdom.
Linneeus placed all the mollusks with the vermes, and they are,
‘perhaps, a specialized group of the latter. The highest mollusks
are superior to the highest articulates; while in both, the lowest
are inferior to many radiates. In articulates, there is an advance
manifested in the powers of locomotion and in intelligence; in
the mollusks the energies are expended chiefly in the functions
of nutrition and reproduction.

Mollusks have the centres of the nervous system scattered un-
symmetrically, and this is often accompanied with an unsym-
metrical form of the unsegmented body. They have a complete
alimentary canal, with mouth, stomach, intestine and vent; a
liver, but no absorbent system; a chambered heart propeling a
colorless blood through a system of arteries and veins; and either
lungs or gills. They are hermaphrodite or bisexual, oviparous.
or viviparous. ‘Two-thirds of the species are aquatic; many are
exclusively oceanic, some are restricted to the brackish water of
estuaries; others live only in fresh water, and some on land.
Every region has its appropriated tribe; and so has each zone of
depth in the sea, from the floating Pteropods to the Terebratule,
sometimes found at 100 fathoms. Deep water shells are mostly
small, and have a wide range and high antiquity. In compensa-
tion for the low condition of the perceptive energies, the body
of the mollusk is commonly protected by one or more plates or
shells, variously adjusted upon the soft parts of the animal.

Living species of mollusks number about 20,000, of which
three-fourths are univalves; the others are mostly bivalves. The
bivalves are all aquatic.

Mollusks are separable into the cephalous and acephalous.
The former are nearly all univalves, and are subdivided according

MOLLUSOA. 91

to the modifications of the locomotive organs, into Cephalopoda,
Gasteropoda and Pteropoda. Headless mollusks are bivalves
chiefly, and are divided into Lamellibranchiata (Conchifera),
Brachiopoda, Tunicata and Polyzoa. The last three classes con-
stitute the division Molluscoida, the others being ‘true mollusks.”

The natural families of mollusks now verging toward extine-
tion, are the Rhynchoneilide, Trigoniade and Nautilide. The
following have already passed away: Productide, Orthide,
Spiriferide, Hippuritide, Orthoceratide, Ammonitide and
Belemnitide. Lamellibranchs have superseded Brachiopods ;
and Gasteropods vastly outnumber Cephalopods. The extinct
families and genera attained their maximum more rapidly than
their minimum.

The remains of shell-bearing mollusks are the most common of
all fossils, and afford the most complete series of ‘‘medals” for
the identification of strata. All the grand divisions of the sub-
kingdom, even to the highest, are represented in the lowest rocks.
Both the highest and lowest groups were abundant in the Pale-
ozoic; the Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods attain their climax in
existing seas. Fossil species number about 19,000, most of them
being marine. They passed their culmination in the latter half
of the Mesozoic; but the largest number of species occur in the
Miocene.

*

92 MOLLUSCA.

CLASS CEPMALOPODA.

The Cephalopods are the most highly organized of mollusks.
We recognize elements which belong to the higher and lower
forms of life; the beak and complex eye, the tongue and ear, the
crop and gizzard, the partial segmentation of the yolk, the Cham-
eleon habit of changing color, the cartilaginous brain-case, point
to the vertebrates; while the pharyngeal ganglion, the shell and
phragmocone, the tentacles and suckers, and the odontophore
have analogues in the invertebrates.

Cephalopods are mariné and carnivorous ; nocturnal and social ;
oviparous and bisexual—the females being larger and more
numerous than the males. The locomotive organs are attached
to the head, but the animal is able to swim by means of fins, and
also by ejecting the respiratory water from the “funnel.” Un-
like many other mollusks, they are symmetrical; and the shell is
usually straight or coiled in a vertical plane, instead of being
spiral as in the unsymmetrical Gasteropods. The Nautilus and
Argonaut alone of living species have external shells; the rest are

naked. =

ORDER DIBRANCHIATA.

The members of this order have a pair of gills, and with the
single exception of the Avgonauta have an internal shell, secreted
by the thick mantle, which is sometimes called the skeleton, but
which has nothing to do with protecting the nervous centres.
The “cuttle-bone” of Sepia, the “pen” of the Squid (Loligo),
and the fossil Lelemnites are examples. The unique shell of the
Paper Nautilus (Avrgonauta) is secreted by two webbed tentacles
of the female. They are well protected by eight or ten powerful
arms, furnished with suckers, a parrot-like horny beak, perfect
organs of vision, vigorous circulation, and the power to secrete
an inky fluid with which to cover their retreat. The Giant-euttle
is the largest of all animals not supported by a jointed skeleton.
Specimens of Architenthis have been found with a length of
forty feet, and jaws of much larger individuals have been found
in the stomachs of Sperm Whales. The order first appeared in
the Lias, and is now the ruling group of the mollusks.

CEPHALOPODA. 93

No. 173. [4638, Cast]. Beloteuthis subcostata, Munst.

OssELET. This flattened Calamary receives its gen-
eric name from its supposed affinity to the living Squid.
The osselet, or rudimental shell, represented in this
specimen, is broad and rounded at each end, and in its
form approaches nearly to the osselet of the living
Sepia of the Mediterranean. It was found in the Lias

at Holzmaden, Wurtemberg.
Size, 6 x 3.

No. 174. [466, Cast]. Belemnosepia Agassiz.

An undescribed species. The osselet of this genus is charac-
terized by a wide shaft, and is frequently accompanied by a well-
preserved ink-bag. This specimen shows the muscular tissues of
the body, fins and arms, with traces of the non-nacreous pen. It
is from the Oxford Clay (Middle Oolite), Christian Malford, Eng-
land, and is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward,
Rochester. ; Size, 10 x 4.

No. 175. [456, Cast]. Belemnites Owenii, Pratt.

GuARD. The Belemnite is the most complicated of Cephalopod
shells. The chambered part, or phragmocone, is a straight, attenu-
ated cone with numerous septa, resembling a pile of watch-glasses,
concave towards the base. The whole is enveloped in a sheath;
and the two together are lodged in a conical cavity or alveolus,
excavated in the base of a long spathose body (corresponding to
the mucro of the cuttle-bone), resembling the head of a javelin,
whence the generic name. The exterior of this ‘‘guard,” as it is
called, has usually a longitudinal groove; and the septa of the
phragmocone are perforated by a marginal siphuncle generally
situated on the side nearest the groove; but in certain species,
characterized by a flattened guard, the siphuncle is on the opposite
side. Besides these fossil parts, there have been found remains
of the ink-bag, pen, mantle, mandibles, arms and hooks. The
Belemnitidze culminated in the Mesozoic. This specimen, now
in the Ward Collection of the University of Rochester, is from
the Oxford Clay (Upper Oolite), at Christian Malford, England.
The fractured upper portion shows the alveolar cavity with the phragmocone
in place. Size, 6 x 2.

94 : MOLLUSCA.

No. 176. [460, Cast]. Belemnites dilatatus, Blainv.

GuarD. This Belemnite has a compressed guard and the longitu-
dinal furrow situated on the margin opposite the siphuncle. The
form is characteristic of the Neocomian beds. These specimens (three
in number) are from the Lower Neocomian (Cretaceous), France, and
belong to the Ward Collection, University of Rochester.

No. 177. Belemnites hastatus, Blainv.
* In this species the conotheca seems to have been extended in a broad, sim-
ple plate. From the Oolite, Weymouth, England.

No. 178. Belemnites densus, M. & H.

The guards of this species which are quite common in some of the Jurassic
beds of the Black Hills region, appear to be very variable in thickness and to
be closely related to B. Panderisnus, VOrb. From Rapid City, Dakota.

No. 179. Belemnites elongatus, Miller.
From Middle Lias, Charmouth, England.

No. 180. Belemnite , Lamarck.

Ink-BaG. The sepia of the dibranchs is frequently found fossilized, and
yet capable of being used as an ink-bag. Some ink-bags are nearly a foot
long, From Lyme-Regis, England.

No. 181. Belemnitella mucronata, Schlot.

“The guards of this genus are mainly distinguished from those of Belem-
nites by their ventral slit and vascular markings. And the genus appears to
be entirely confined to the horizon of the true Chalk and the Upper Greensand
of English geologists, and has an almost world-wide geographical range,
wherever beds of these horizons occur. Like Belemnites, these mollusks seem
to have been gregarious in their habits.” These specimens are from the
Greensand (Upper Cretaceous) of Marlborough, N. J.

ORDER TETRABRANCHIATA.

The tetrabranchs have two pairs of gills; numerous retractile
tentacles devoid of suckers, and a head retractile within an exter-
nal shell. This shell is a long cone, straight, folded or coiled, and
divided into chambers by a series of curved septa, connected by
a siphunele which is central, ventral or dorsal. The animal lives
in the outer chamber, but holds connection with the deserted
rooms of its dwelling by means of the siphuncle. The shell is

* When the species is of small size it will be represented by a number of
specimens,—in all cases sufficient to illustrate it.

CEPHALOPODA. 95

believed to be filled with air and to act asa float. The exact
funetion of the siphunele is still unknown. The members of
this order possess no ink-bag. There is only one living tetra-
branch—the MVautilus, and this is one of the few genera which
have existed at every period of the world’s history. Toward
5,000 species have been named, but many of them may be the
internal shells of dibranehs. This order came first, and culmin-
ated as the more highly organized Cuttles made their appearance.
The four-gilled type began in the straight Orthoceras and half-
coiled Lituctes of the Silurian, culminated in the complex Aimz-
monites of the Jurassic, and declined in the Cretaceous through
the half-coiled forms and the straight Baculdtes. The straight
tetrabranchs must have lived habitually in a nearly vertical posi-
tion, while the discoidal genera would also creep over the sea-bed
with their chambers above them.

FAMILY AMMONITIDZ.

This is the most remarkable family of Secondary mollusks.
Some twenty or more genera, and several thousand species, have
been identified. They range from the Devonian to the Creta-
ceous, inclusive, becoming totally extinct at the close of the Rep-
tilian Age. The family includes the following principal genera
in the order of their appearance: Goniatites, Ammonites proper,
Ancyloceras and Felicoceras, Crioceras, Toxoceras, Scaphites,
Hamites, Baculites and Ptychoceras, and Turrilites. The type
began in the discoidal Gonzatites, culminated in the compactly
coiled and elaborate Ammonites, and expired in the half-uncoiled
forms as Scaphites, the spiral Turrilites, and the straight Bacu-
lites.

This division of chambered shells is distinguished from the
succeeding families by more varied and more highly ornamented
forms, with erumpled septa, lobed sutures, and dorsal siphuncle.
The shells are most beautiful when of middle growth, the orna-
mental characters being less developed in the young, and lost in
the very old; and on account of this change of form and orna-
mentation with age, the old classification of von Buch and
d’Orbigny is no longer satisfactory. Efforts have been made by
several naturalists to systematize the family. Prof. A, Hyatt

SGE.% MOLLUSCA.

and Dr. Paul Fischer would raise the family to the rank of an
order. Excepting the Goniatites, the family is peculiar to, and
co-extensive with, the Secondary strata. -Ammondtes proper in-
habited involute shells, having undulating septa, lobed and foliated
sutures, a dorsal siphuncle (ventral as regards the animal), and a
small nucleus, the whorl being compact from the first. Accord-
ing to d’Orbigny, the compressed specimens are males, and the
inflated, females. Supposed opercula (Aptych?) are frequently
found associated with these shells. The shell of the Ammonites
is generally thinner and more delicate than that of the Vauwtelus ;
the partitions are consequently more complicated, and the ribs.
are adorned and strengthened with spines, tubercles and bosses.
With few exceptions, those having the back keeled, with a furrow
on each side, mark the Lias period; while those with sharp,
square or round backs are Oolitic. Ammonites are rare in the
Jurassic of America, but abound in Europe, and they have been
seen in Oolitic deposits on the Himalayas, 16,200 feet above the
sea. The Jurassic Ammonites were of far higher grade than the
living Vautilus.

No. 182. Goniatites Ixion, Hall.

The Goniatites were the earliest of the family Ammoni-
tide. This specimen closely resembles G. rotatortus of
DeKoninck, and is a very characteristic fossil of the Goni-
atite Limestone at Rockford, Indiana.

No. 183. Goniatites Oweni, Hall.

The most prominent feature separating this species from the preceding is.
the presence of an umbilicus. Goniatite Limestone, Rockford, Indiana.

No. 184. Ceratites nodosus, De Hann.

This genus is distinguished by having
the lobes of the sutures serrated, while the
intervening ‘‘saddles” are simple. This
specimen is from the Muschelkalk (Trias),
at Niederbronn, Alsace.

CEPHALOPODA. O7
No. 185. [467, Cast]. Ammonites armatus, Sowerby.
This species is typical of Von Buch’s Group

“ Armatt.” From the Lower Lias, Char-
mouth, England.

No. 186. [470, Cast]. Ammonites athletus, Phillips.

From the Kelloway Rock (Middle Oolite), Yorkshire, England, and now in
the Ward Collection, University of Rochester. ;

No. 187. Ammonites Batesii, Thrash.

This is a very typical species of the California Cretaceous. From Cotton-
wood Creek, Shasta Co., California

No. 188. Ammonites bifrons, Bruguiere.
(A. Walcotii, Sow).

This species is characteristic of the lower
portion of the Upper Lias, and belongs to
Von Buch’s Group ‘‘ Fuletferi.”” The speci-
men is from the Upper Lias, Whitby, Eng-
land.

No. 189. [478, Cast]. Ammonites bisulcatus, Brug.

This Ammonite is frequently known by
Sowerby’s name of A. Bucklandi. It is the
type of the group, ‘‘ Avzetes” of Von Buch.
From the Lower Lias, Rautenberg, Bruns-
wick. Diameter, 13 in.

“«

98 MOLLUSCA.
No. 190. [475, cael, Ammonites Blagdeni, Sow.

This fine specimen closely resembles A,
coronatus, and belongs to the same group,
‘ Coronati.” It is from the Lower Oolite,
Dorsetshire, England, and now in the Ward
Collection, University of Rochester.

Diameter, 7.

No. 191. [476, Cast]. Ammonites Birchii, Sow.

This elegant form, with the outer mark-
ings of the shell visible upon all its whorls,
and a double row of spines, belongs to the
group “‘ Armati.” It is from the Lower
Lias, Charmouth, England, and belongs
to the Ward Collection, University of

Rochester.
Diameter, 8.

No. 192. [478, Cast]. Ammonites Brongniarti, Sow.
This curiously inflated species is from the Lower Oolite, Yeovil, England.
Diameter 10.

No. 193. [479, Cast]. Ammonites concavus, Sow.

This species belongs to the group ‘‘ Disez.”
From the Lower Oolite, Bridport, England, and
now in the Ward Collection, University of Roch-
ester.

No. 194. Ammonites complanatus, Brug.
From the Upper Lias, Millan, France.

No. 195. [481, Cast]. Ammonites Comptoni, Pratt.

This species is closely allied to the well-
known A. Jason, but it is distinguished from
it by wanting the spines which ornament that
species. Like it, it has long, narrow, lateral
processes extending from the lip of the shell.
It is associated with A. Jason in the Oxford
Clay (Middle Oolite), Christian Malford, Eng-
land.

CEPHALOPODA. 99

No. 196. Ammonites cordatus, Sow.

These young shells show the cordate keel from which
the specific term is derived, and which assigns the species
to the group ‘‘Amalthei.” From the Middle Oolite at Viel
St. Remy, France.

No. 197. [484, Cast]. Ammonites cordatus, Sow.

Internal cast of the adult shell showing the foliations. This
species varies in size, among adult individuals, from one to eight
inches in diameter. From the Oxford Clay (Middle Oolite), Cal-
vados, France, and now in the Ward Collection, University of
Rochester. Diameter, 7.

No. 198. [486, Cast]. Ammonites coronatus, Brug.

This species from the Middle Oolite, very much resembles A. gigas, Ziet, of
the Upper Oolite. It is the type of Von Buch’s group ‘‘Coronati.” From
Villere, France, and now in the Ward Collection, University of Rochester.

No. 199. [488, Cast]. Ammonites cornucopie, d’Orb.

This elegant Ammonite very closely resembles A. fimbriatus, Sow., but is
considered by d’Orbigny a distinct species. Its several whorls are coiled quite
loosely, and taper very rapidly towards the center of the shell. From the
Upper Lias, Verpilliére, France, and now in the Ward Collection, University
of Rochester. Diameter, 12.

No. 200. Ammonites communis, Sow.

This species is very frequently found forming the central nucleus of discoid
concretions of slaty limestone. These concretions owe their origin to the
attracting and cementing power of the decomposing mollusk. From the
Upper Lias, Whitby, England.

No. 201. [490, Cast]. Ammonites fimbriatus, Sow.

This species is characteristic of the group
“‘Fimbriatt.” 'The specimen shows the orna-
mental characters of the external shell. The
lines of periodical enlargement or growth are
very marked on this shell. From the Middle
Lias, Charmouth, England.

100 MOLLUSCA.

No. 202. [492, Cast]. Ammonites gigas, Zieten.

( 1

f \

CUA A
X

This species belongs to the group ‘‘Coro-
nati.” From the Upper Oolite, Yonne,

France.
Diameter, 9.

No. 208. [494, Cast]. Ammonites giganteus, Sow.
This is assigned to the group ‘‘ Planulati” of Von Buch. From the Upper
Oolite, Isle of Portland, England. Diameter, 26.

Se

\\S

No. 204. [495, Cast]. Ammonites Goliathus, d’Orb.

On pedestal. This specimen, an inner cast of a species allied to the A.
modiolaris, shows well the outer markings of the lobes, and the floor of one
of the septa. The original is from the Middle Oolite of Dives, France.

No. 205. Ammonites Henleyi, Sow.

Pictet refers this to the group ‘‘Macro-
cephali.” This is one of the most sym-
metrically ornate of Ammonites. From
the Middle Lias, Charmouth, England,
and now in the Ward Collection, Univer-
sity of Rochester.

Diameter, 6.

CEPHALOPODA. 101

No. 206. [499, Cast]. Ammonites heterophyllus, Sow.

This specimen shows well the elegant and leaf-like foliations which charac-
terize the group ‘‘ Heterophylli.” It also shows the floor of one of the cham-
bers, with the arrangements of the saddles and lobes. From the Upper Lias,

~

Reutlingen, Wurtemberg. Diameter, 7.

No. 207. Ammonites Humphriesianus, Sow.

This species belongs to the group ‘‘Coro-
nati.” It is one of the few Ammonites
which have preserved the full contour of
the front aperture or ‘‘mouth” of the shell.
From the Lower Oolite, Yeovil, England.

No. 208. [503, Cast]. Ammonites interruptus, Brug.

The varieties of this very variable
form have been described under many
different names, such as A. Delucii,
Brong., A. dentatus, Sow., A. Bennet-
tianus, Sow., A. serratus, Sow., etc.
From the Lower Cretaceous, St. Flor-
entin, France, and now in the Ward

Collection, University of Rochester.

No. 209. [505, Cast]. Ammonites Jason, Reinecke,

This beautiful species belongs to the group ‘‘Ornati”
of Von Buch. The specimens from the Oxford Clay
of Christian Malford, England, where this was found,
are compressed in the marl, but show well two lateral
shelly processes developed on each side of the aperture.
This feature is found in the young of many species of
Ammonites, but is lost on their attaining the adult form. Original in the
Ward Collection, University of Rochester.

No. 210. Ammonites Lamberti, Sow.
From the Oxford Clay (Oolite), Weymouth, England.

No. 211. Ammonites laticostatus, Sow.

This is most probably identical with A. capricornus of Schlotheim, and is
very typical of the group ‘‘Capricorni.” In its adult stage, this species loses
its characteristic form, and assumes one somewhat resembling A. Buchit, Sow.
In this state it has received various synonyms, but it is best known as A
heterogenus. From the Middle Lias, Charmouth, England.

102 MOLLUSGA.

No. 212. Ammonites latus, Park.

From the Gault (Cretaceous), Folkestone, England.

No. 213. Ammonites macrocephalus, Schloth.

This is the type of Von Buch’s group ‘‘Macrocephali,”
which resemble the ‘‘Coronati,” but are ordinarily more
inflated, and have tubercles nearer the umbilicus.
From the Middle Oolite, Wurtemberg.

No. 214. Ammonites mammulatus, Schloth.

From the Lower Cretaceous of Macheromenil, France.

The Cretaceous Ammonites appear
to have had such tendency to variation,
that specific names have been needlessly
multiplied, and hence this well known
Ammonite has been described under
several synonyms. It belongs to the
group ‘‘ Rhotomagenses.” From the
Lower Chalk, St. Florentin, France.

No. 216. Ammonites margaritatus, Mumfort.

Synonym of A. wmaltheus, Schloth, and type of
group ‘“‘Amalthe?,” of Von Buch, or Ammonites
with cordate keels. This is an exceedingly vari-
able species. From the Middle Lias, Charmouth,
England.

No. 217. [521, Cast]. Ammonites obtusus, Sow.

This Ammonite is well known from the Lower Lias of England, where the
casts of the interior, preserved in beautifully colored cale spar, are known as
‘““Tortoise-she]ll Ammonites.” It belongs to the group ‘‘Avrvetes.” This speci-
men is from the Lower Lias, Charmouth, England. | Diameter, 9.

CEPHALOPODA. 1038

No. 218. [519, Cast]. Ammonites modiolaris, Luid.

Also known as A. sudlevis, Sow. This is
one of the most inflated, yet deeply umbili-
cated, of all Ammonite forms. From the
Kelloway Rock, Wiltshire, England, and now
in the Ward Collection, University of Roch-
ester.

No. 219. Ammonites Murchisone, Sow.

This shell, so characteristic of the inferior Oolite of Europe, probably be-
longs to the group ‘‘ Dentati,” the culmination of which is in the Cretaceous
series. From Bridport, England.

No. 220. [523, Cast]. Ammonites peramplus, Mant.
This gigantic specimen is from the Chalk, Germany. Diameter, 31.

Uh

No. 221. [524, Cast]. Ammonites perarmatus, Sow.
From the Oxford Clay (Middle Oolite) Calvados, France. Diameter, 6.

No. 222. Ammonites placenta, DeKay.
This is one of ths most characteristic fossils of our Western Cretaceous.
From the Black Hills, Dakota.

No. 223. Ammonites planicostatus, Sow.

This small form would appear to belong to the group ‘‘Capricorni,” but as
it increases in age, if assumes a single row of spines, in some instances very
largely developed, and thus puts on the character of the group “‘Armati,” and
becomes the A. Dudressieri, d’Orb. This specimen is a slab covered with
numerous shells, and is from the Lower Lias, Dorset.

104 MOLLUSCA.

No. 224. Ammonites Rothomagensis, Brong.
This is the the type of the group ‘‘Rothomagenses,” the members of which
are Characterized by having a series of tubercles along the dorsal line in place

of a keel, They belong chiefly to the Cretaceous period. From the Lower
Chal Dover, England.

No. 225. [530, Cast]. Ammonites Rothomagensis, Brong.
An internal cast of part of one whorl, showing the foliations. From the
same locality, and now in the Ward Collection, University of Rochester.
Diameter, 7.
No. 226. Ammonites semisulcatus, d’Orb.
From the Cretaceous, Drome, France.

No. 227. [531, Cast]. Ammonites serpentinus, Schloth.

This is the type of the group ‘‘Faleiferi,”
which have a compressed shell with sharp
keel. The folds of the shell are numerous,
and usually bend with an abrupt curve in
the middle of their course. From the
Upper Lias, Charmouth, England.

Diameter, 7.

No. 228. Ammonites splendens, Sow.
This variable Ammonite, is a characteristic fossil of the Gault (Cretaceous),
Folkestone, England.

No. 229. [1203, Cast]. Ammonites tornatus, Brown.

This Ammonite belongs to the group “‘globosi,” characterized by being very
closely coiled, umbilicus quite small or wanting, surface smooth or feebly
striated, and devoid of ribs and tubercles. It is from the Trias at Hallstadt,
Austria, and is now in the Ward Collection, University of Rochester.

No. 230. Ammonites Woollgari, Mant.

This species is one of the most
marked forms in the group ‘‘Rotho-
magenses.” thas much resemblance
to A. Rothomagensis, particularly in
the young stage; but differs from it
by having less closely coiled whorls,
and the ribs fewer, more salient,
and more angular on either side of
the dorsal plane. From the Creta-
ceous of Smith’s Branch, Texas.

No. 231. Ammonites.
POLISHED SECTION, showing the septa. From the English Lias.

y CEPHALOPODA. 105

No. 232. Trigonellites (aptychus) latus, Park.

These objects were described by Meyer as bi-
valve shells, under the name Aptychus, and by
Deslongchamps under the name Munsteria.
dOrbigny and Pictet regard them as Cirripedes.
Deshayes considers them the gizzards of Am-
monites; Coquand compares them with Tewdopsis;
Ruppell, Voltz, Quenstedt and Zieten, regard .
them as the opercula of Ammonites. Woodward, Owen and the majority of
English geologists are of this last opinion, specimens having occasionally
occurred in which the aperture of the shell was closed by the Aptychus. The
name Trigonellites was given by Parkinson in 1811. This specimen consists
of two pairs, showing both sides. From the Lithographic Limestone (Middle
Oolite), Solenhofen, Bavaria.

No. 283. [550, Cast]. Crioceras ——— , Leveillé.

On pedestal. The original of this specimen was
brought by Humboldt from the Lower Cretaceous
at Santa Fe de Bogata, 8. A. Size, 12 x 10.

No. 234. [552, Cast]. Crioceras Duvalii, Leveillé.

This genus has all the essential char-
acters of the Ammonites, save that its
whorls are open, not touching each other
in the enrolling of the shell. From the
Lower Neocomian (Cretaceous), Escrag-

nolles, France.
Size, 11 x 8.

No. 235. [451, Cast]. Ancyloceras gigas, Sow.

This magnificent and per-
fect specimen (called by
Sowerby Scaphites gigas), is
from the Lower Greensand
(Cretaceous), Atherfield, Isle
of Wight. Size, 18 x 12.

106 MOLLUSCA.

No, 236. [563, Cast]. Scaphites Ivanii, Puzos.

LD In this genus the shell is first discoidal, with

aww ZS close whorls, the last chamber detached and re-
SG SP. curved. From the Lower Greensand, Barréme,
Be MWe

France.

No. 237. Scaphites aequalis, Sow.

This is from the Grey Chalk (Lower Cretaceous),
Rouen, France.

No. 288. Scaphites nodosus, Owen.

From the Cretaceous, Cheyenne River, Black Hills, Dakota.

The whorls of this genus, when not dis-
torted by pressure, are separate and spiral,
not discoidal. From the Gault (Lower
Cretaceous), Folkestone, England.

No. 240. [567, Cast]. Turrilites costatus, Lamarck.

The eccentric, spiral coiling of the shell in this genus is a
feature peculiar to it among all the many and varied cephalo-
pod forms, and gives it in external appearance not a little the
look of a Gasteropod. From the Chalk Marl, Lower Creta-
ceous, Rouen, France, and now in the Ward Collection, Uni-
versity of Rochester. Size, 6 x 3.

No, 241. [557, Cast]. Hamites (Hamulina) cinctus, d'Orb.

From the Upper Neocomian (Cretaceous), Bar-
reme, Basses Alps, France. Size, 14 x 4,

CEPHALOPODA. 107

No. 242. [545, Cast]. Baculites anceps, Lam.

The Ammonitide, whose forms have been gradually more and
more unrolled as we ascend in the geological series, terminate in the
Upper Chalk with this perfectly straight form. The shell of this fos-
sil seems to have been very thin, and usually, as in the present speci-
men, the cast of the chambers alone remains. The original, from
the Upper Chalk of France, is in the Ward Collection of the Uni-
versity of Rochester. Size, 19 x3.

cece

FET

FtGcEre

No. 243. Baculites compressus, Lay.

This species is larger and less slender than the above, and the specimens
show a portion of the outer shell. From the Crétaceous, Black Hills, Dakota.

FAMILY NAUTILIDZ.

This family includes those chambered cephalopod shells having
simple, concave septa, smooth sutures, and an internal, simple,
nearly central siphuncle. With the exception of Wautelus and
Aturia, it is almost entirely confined to the Paleeozoie rocks.

The first true Mautilus with regular spiral appeared in the
Upper Silurian; and the Nautiloid form has survived to the
present day. The family culminated in the Carboniferous Age.
The Wautilus is the only representative in the existing seas of
that vast assemblage of chambered siphonated shells which
swarmed in the ancient oceans. There are six living species of
Nautilus, pompilius being the common one, and nearly 300
fossil species.

The horny beaks of the family are frequently found fossil ;
the upper beaks are called /2hyncholites and the lower ones Con-
chorhynchus.

No. 244. [570, Cast]. Nautilus elegans, Sow.

This very characteristic species of the Lower
Chalk is from Havre, France.
Size, 10 x 9.

108 MOLLUSCA.
No. 245. [574, Cast]. Nautilus pseudo-elegans, d’Orb.

This fine specimen is an inner cast, and
shows the septa of the shell. From the Chalk
of Rouen, France, and now in the Ward Col-
lection, University of Rochester.

Size, 6 x 5.

No. 246. Nautilus semistriatus, d’Orb.
This large specimen is from the Middle Lias, Charmouth, England.

No. 247. [595, Cast]. Nautilus Maximus, Conrad.

This species is more loosely coiled than any of the preceding. The umbili-
cus is wide and deep, and the chamber of habitation is very large. From the
Hamilton Group (Devonian), of Madison Co., N. Y. Diameter, 14.

No. 248. [580, Cast]. Lituites undatus, Conrad.

tj

jj Z5 This rare and remarkable shell is a Paleeozoic ally of

a the Nautilus, from which genus it differs mainly by the
complete exposure of all its whorls, and the straight-
ness of the last chamber. It appeared in the earliest
Silurian. From the Black River Limestone (Lower
Silurian), Middleville, N. Y.

FAMILY ORTHOCERATIDZ.

These tetrabranch cephalopods were the princes of mollusks
in Paleozoic times, being more abundant and attaining a larger
size than any other fossil shell. They resemble in general un-
coiled Nautilide, being conical shells divided by simple septa,
coneave next the outlet. The siphuncle is usually central, but
sometimes marginal, and always complicated. The shell is some-
times curved, but never completely coiled as in the Vautilus ;
and the animal was probably unable to withdraw itself into the
shell—the body chamber being relatively smaller than that of
the Nautilus. The shell, however, was essentially external.
They appear in the Cambrian, culminate in the Silurian and dis-
appear in the Triassic. 1200 species have been named. Some
authors inelude them under Nautilidee.

These tetrabranchs were probably the chief agents in perform-
ing the duties allotted to the marine carnivora. The New York
specimens are most numerous in the Trenton Limestone. Those
with a large siphunecle are wanting in England, France, Ireland
and Bohemia, but abound in America, Russia and Sweden.

CEPHALOPODA. 109

No. 249. Orthoceras Duseri, H. & W.

In this type genus the shell is straight; siphuncle complex and nearly cen-
tral, and the aperture sometimes contracted. From the Cincinnati Group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 250. [585, Cast]. Orthoceras amplicameratum, Hall.

On slab. This handsome specimen from the Trenton Limestone (Lower
Silurian) of Middleville, N. Y., shows the entire length of the last chambers,
with faint traces of the mouth. The shell being gone, the chambers of the
posterior portion are visible. The original is now in the Ward Collection,
University of Rochester. : Size, 9 x 4.

No. 251. Eudoceras proteiforme, Hall.

This genus has the shell elongated and cylindrical, and the siphuncle large,
eccentric, and containing conical tubes or diaphragms. .From Utica Shale
(Lower Silurian), Holland Patent, N. Y.

No. 252. [592, Cast]. Gomphoceras inflatum, Quenst.

This genus is characterized by a form spindle-shaped or sub-spherical, pro-
duced by an abrupt tapering or contraction of the last chamber towards the
mouth; which latter is frequently of a very sinuate and irregular form. This
specimen, which shows the septa and the last chamber, is from the Middle
Devonian of the Eifel, Rhine Valley, and is now in the Ward Collection of
the University of Rochester.

No. 253. [598, Cast]. Cyrtoceras macrostomum, Hall.

The Cyrtoceras differs from Orthoceras chiefly HY
in the eccentric siphuncle, and in the direction of
its shell, which is simply arched or bowed like a
horn, but never rolls up ina spiral. Barrande
has described nearly two hundred and fifty species
from the Silurian of Bohemia. This specimen is
from the Trenton Limestone (Lower Silurian), Mineral Point, Wisconsin.

No. 254. [602, Cast]. Gyroceras trivolvis, Hall.

This shell is nautiloid; whorls separate, and the
siphuncle eccentric and radiated. The genus is very
closely related to Lituites. From the Upper Helder-
berg (Devonian) of Schoharie Co., N. Y.

Diameter, 6.

110 MOLLUSCA.

CLASS GASTEROPODA.

These “ belly-footed” mollusks are the types of the subking-
dom. The characteristic mode of locomotion is exemplified by
the common Snail, which crawls by the alternate expansion and
contraction of its foot. The head is usually furnished with eyes,
tentacles and odontophore. Respiration is either by gills, exposed
or covered, or by a skin-lung (in the Pulmonata). Gasteropods
are terrestrial or aquatic; bisexual or hermaphrodite; oviparous
or OVO-Viviparous.

Bilateral symmetry is marked in the naked gasteropods, but
with few exceptions, the visceral part is asymmetrically coiled up
in a shell, usually spiral and univalve. The apex of the cone
(save in the Nucleobranchs), is always oblique and eccentric ;
this departure from a perfect spiral is owing to the unequal de-
velopment of the two sides of the animal. The spirals are
mostly right-handed. No shell is multilocular like the Ammon-
ites, but it may be simply a cone (Patella), or multivalve (Chiton).
The muscular impression is crescent-shaped. The operculum is
equivalent to the dextral valve of Lamellibranchs.

The class is divided into orders distinguished chiefly by the
form and position of the respiratory organs. The living species
have world-wide range, inhabiting the bottom and surface of the
sea, sea-shore, fresh water and dry land, and in number rank next
to insects. The fossil species are found in every fossiliferous
rock from the Cambrian upward. The marine forms with entire
(unnotched) apertures (Holostumata), mostly vegetarian, predomi-
nate in the Paleozoic strata; the siphonated species (Siphonosto-
mata), indicated by the notched or produced apertures, mainly
carnivorous, are more abundant in the Mesozoic and later time,
and are at their maximum to-day. The remains of gasteropods
are highly important to the geologist, as they afford him un-
equivocal evidence of the terrestrial, fluviatile, lacustrine or
marine condition under which strata were formed.

GASTEROPODA. sgl ial

ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA.

No. 255. Murex caticulata, Broc.

. The Muricidz commence in the Mesozoic, and characterize the Tertiary and
recent time. There are 160 fossil species and 200 living. Pliocene, Fosetta,
Italy.

No. 256. Fusus longaevus, Lam.

300 species of the genus are known since the Cretaceous, and 65 now living
in the tropics, or subtropics. The genus is the type of the family Fuside.
Eocene, Grignon, France.

No. 257. Fusus antiquus, Miller.
(Contrarius, Sow.)

An interesting reversed form, and a very characteristic
shell of the Red Crag (Pliocene Tertiary), Walton, England.

No. 258. Fusus antiquus, Muller.
(Contrarius, Sow.)

Quaternary, Palermo, Sicily.

No. 259. Buccinum stromboides, Lam.

The family Buccinide, with the Muricide, is characteristic of the Tertiary
and recent time. Eocene, Grignon, France.

No. 260. Pisania plicata, Broc.

The subfamily Pisaniinzee to which the genus belongs is included in the
family Buccinide. Pliocene, Modena, Italy.

No, 261. Nassa senilis.

This genus is the type of family Nasside. It dates from the Eocene.
These specimens are from the Miocene, Montegibia.

No. 262. Nassa limata, Chemn.
Pliocene, Modena, Italy.

No. 263. Voluta cithara, Lam.

250 fossil species of this type genus of the family Volutide are known
from the Cretaceous and later strata. The genus exists in the tropics to-day.
Eocene, Grignon, France.

No. 264. Oliva Greenoughii, Lea.

This genus dates only from the Eocene. It is the type of the family Olivide.
Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

No. 265. Columbella nassoides, Bell.

A large and varied genus in present seas, and represented in the Tertiary.
Family Columbellide. Miocene, Baden.

112 MOLLUSOA.

No. 266. Pleurotoma demidiata, Broc.

This genus, of which 500 species are now living, has a
fusiform shell with a long canal, and eyes at the base of
widely-separated tentacles. It is the type of the family
Pleurotomidz. Miocene, Soos, Austria.

No. 267. Pleurotoma turricula, Broc.
Miocene Tertiary, Baden.

No. 268. Conus striatulus, Broc. ;
The large family Conide are principally tropical. This genus dates from
the Cretaceous. Upper Pliocene, Colli, Artesi, Italy.

No. 269. [608, Cast]. Rostellaria carinata, Mant.

(el “TGS
Mi ce \, i
Halt \

was nearly twenty times more abundant in former
' geological times than in our own; during the Creta-
} | ceous period it was represented by some very ex-

— ————
——

This genus belongs to the family Strombide, and

treme forms, of which the present specimen is one.
From the Gault, Folkestone, England.

ily, ia
i 1

No. 270. Rostellaria fissurella, Lam.
Eocene, Grignon, France.

No. 271. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Lam.
Only four species are living of this genus which has existed since the early
Jurassic. It belongs to the Strombide. Quaternary, Palermo, Sicily.

No. 272. Cassidaria echinophora, Lam.
30 fossil forms of this genus of the Casside family are known from the
Cretaceous and later strata. Postpliocene, Ficarizzi, near Palermo, Sicily.

No. 273. Pyrula bulbus, d’Orb.

The genus is named from the thin, pear-shaped shell. Eight species are
still living. It is found in Cretaceous strata. Family Doliide. Eocene,
Grignon, France.

GASTEROPODA. 11:3

No. 274. Pyrula (Tudicea) rusticula, Bast.
Miocene, Grund, Hanover.

No. 275. Natica sigaretina, Desh.

This genus of predaceous blind mollusks, with subglobular shells, has had
a world-wide distribution since the Silurian, 500 being fossil and 200 living.
Family Naticidee. Eocene, Paris basin, France.

No. 276. Natica millepunctata, Lam.
Quaternary, Palermo, Sicily.

No. 277. Natica helicina, Broce.
Miocene, Soos, Austria.

No. 278.. Crepidula cornu-arietes.

A septum covers the posterior half of the interior of the shell in this genus,
which is widely distributed now, living since the Cretaceous. Family Calyp-
teidz. Eocene (Claiborne Epoch), Claiborne, Alabama.

No. 279. XKenophora crispa, Chem.
The genus, found fossil since the Devonian, is small to-day. It belongs to
the family Onustide. Quaternary, Mt. Pelegrini, Sicily.

No. 280. [622, Cast]. Huomphalus pentangulatus, Sow.
This genus, now entirely extinct, was present in con-
siderable numbers in the Paleozoic seas, from the Lower
Silurian to the Trias. Its discoidal form, angular whorls,
and large umbilicus, make it a shell easily recognizable,
and a serviceable fossil in the determination of the age
of strata in which it oceurs. This specimen is from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Kildare, Ireland.

No. 281. Raphistoma lenticulare, Sow.
Trenton Limestone, Jefferson Co., New York.

No. 282. Opalia varicostata, Stearns.
Tertiary, San Diego, California.

No. 283. Opalia anomala, Stearns.
Tertiary, San Diego, California.
No. 284. Turritella turris, Bast.

The family Turritellide dates from the Triassic, and this type
genus has the same range.
Miocene, Grund, Hanover.

114 MOLLUSCA.

No. 285. Turritella Mortoni, Con.

- &

Claiborne Epoch (Eocene), Monroe Co., Alabama.

No. 286. Turritella terebra, Linn.
(Turritella triplicata, Born.)

Quaternary, Palermo, Sicily.

No. 287. Cyclonema bilix, Con.

Forty species are known of this genus, from the Paleozoic. Family Lit-
torid. Cincinnati Group (Lower Silurian), Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 288. [618, Cast]. Cerithium giganteum, Lam.

This genus, which abounded in Geological periods from the
Trias to the present time, was distributed widely then as now in
the seas over all parts of the globe. It had its culmination in
numbers, as well as in size of individuals and variety of forms,
during the Tertiary period. 460 fossil species are known. Fam-
ily Cerithiide. This magnificent specimen—the largest of all

fossil gasteropods—is from the Eocene Tertiary at Damery,
size, 22 x 7.

Rae i"

iN)

France.

>

No. 289. Cerithium Bronni, Partsch.
Miocene, Steinabrunn, Austria,

No. 290. Ampullaria vulcani, Br.

This is the type genus of a family of fresh water
mollusks, which are widely distributed in the tropics.
The Paludinide represent them in temperate latitudes.

Eocene, Ronco, Italy.

No. 291. Pyrgulifera humerosa, Meek.
Upper Cretaceous, Sulphur Creek, Wyoming.

No. 292. Turbo rugosus, Linn.
This genus begins in the Silurian, and still exists. 400 fossil species are
known. Family Turbinide. Quaternary, Ficarizzi, near Palermo, Sicily.

No. 298. Trochus podolicus, Dubois.
This genus has a pyramidal shell with a flat base; 360 fossil species are
known since the Silurian; 250 species living. Family Trochide. Miocene,

Vienna, Austria.

No. 294. Trochus magus, Linn.
Quaternary, Palermo, Sicily.

GASTEROPODA. Vi5

No. 295. Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata, Con.

The shell of this genus, the type of a family, is distinguished by its sub-
quadrate aperture, with a slit in its outer lip; 400 species are known from the
Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Hamilton Group, Onondaga Co., New York.

No. 296. Pleurotomaria ornata, Defrance.

This species takes its name from the row of tubercles
which crowns its spiral whorls. From the Inferior
Oolite of Calvados, France.

No. 297. Pleurotomaria conoidea, Deshayes.

Lower Oolite, Bayeux, France.

No. 298. Murchisonia bellicinata, Hall.

Shell elongated, many-whorled, and variously sculptured. The genus is
characteristic of the Paleozoic; 50 species known. Family Pleurotomaride.
Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 299. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sow,

In this Paleozoic genus the shell is symmetrical, globular or discoidal,
whorls few, dorsally keeled, aperture notched on the dorsal side; 150 species
are known, all from the Paleozoic. Family Bellerophontide. Trenton period,
Beloit, Wisconsin.

No. 300. .Bellerophon hiulcus, Sow.

Carboniferous Limestone, Tournay, Belgium.

No. 301. Maclurea Bigsbyi, Hall.

In this singular genus of the family Macluride (Atlantide of old authors),
the shell is discoidal, and the spire deeply sunk. It possesses other interest-
ing characters. Tryon makes it the type of a distinct family. It is confined
to the Lower Silurian. From the Maclurea Limestone (Trenton Period),
Knoxville, Tenn.

No. 302. Dentalium elephantum, Linn.

These ‘‘tooth-shells” are placed by Huxley with the Pteropods,
Some authors make them a distinct class, Scaphopoda. They are
straight or slightly curved tubes, open at both ends and resemble
the cases of Annelids. They have been described from the Paleo-
zoic. Quaternary Palermo, Sicily.

No. 303. Dentalium hexagonum, Sow.

Tertiary, San Diego, California.

116 MOLLUSCGA.

ORDER PULMONATA.

No. 304. Helix Turonensis, Desh.

Of this inoperculate pulmoniferous genus, 3400
species are living. They are fossil since the Cre-
taceous. Family Helicide. Miocene Tertiary,
Grund, Hanover.

No. 305. Helix Tryonii, New.
Tertiary, Santa Barbara Is., California.

No. 306. Gasteropod, enlarged by silica.

The curious phenomena of the enlargement of shells, crinoid joints, &c.,
by a separation of the parts by intruded silica, requires further explanation.
This example is from the Carboniferous of Barren Co. , “Ky.

PTEROPODA. 117

CLASS PTEROPODA.

These small cephalous mollusks are named from the resem-
blanee of their chief organs of motion to a pair of wings. They
are either naked, or provided with a delicate translucent shill.
In their first stages, they exactly resemble the gasteropod fry,
and accordingly Lamarck, De Blainville and Owen regard them as
a sub-class of the “crawlers” ; but Cuvier, Woodward and Tryon
give them a higher rank. The shell, when existing, resembles
either a univalve or a bivalve in which the two valves have been
cemented along the hinge. These “ sea-butterflies,” as they have
been ealled, float in mid-ocean, forever out of sight of land, and
are the food of northern whales and sea-birds.

There are several hundred fossil species, some of them appear-
ing in the earliest Silurian or in the Cambrian, and being char-
acteristic of the Silurian and Devonian.

No. 307. Conularia Trentonensis, Hall. *

This is one of the largest and most extraordinary of the
Pteropods. The shells are sometimes nearly a foot long.
They are distinctly four-sided and finely striated with trans-
verse lines. They occur in the Mesozoic, but are character-
istically Paleozoic, beginning in the earliest Silurian. About
one hundred species are known. Trenton Limestone, Trenton
Falls, N. Y.

No. 308. Tentaculites irregularis, Hall.

This genus has been referred to the tubicular. annelids, and its
true position is still in question. It resembles the annelid Cornulites.
The shell is a thin, straight conical tube, with numerous annulations
or thickened rings. They are of small size, from a couple of lines
to an inch in length. They occur in the Devonian, but are chiefly
Silurian. In some strata the tiny shells are found in myriads. |
This slab, covered with specimens, is from the formation to which
they have given the name Tentaculite Limestone (Upper Silurian),
Schoharie, New York.

*It may be necessary, in making up collections, to occasionally substitute
some other species or the same species from a different locality than the one
called for.

118 MOLLUSCA.

CLASS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

These mollusks, called also Conchifera and Pelecypoda, are
the common bivalves. They are all acephalous and aquatic,
breathing by leaf-gills,—whence the name,—usually a pair of gills
on each side of the body. The mantle, in this class, forms two
lobes either side of the animal, and secretes the shells upon their
outer surfaces. The shells are mostly symmetrical or equivalve,
the exceptions occurring in the stationary species.

Each valve is subconical, inequilateral, and the two are articu-
lated, dorsally, by a ligament and teeth. The valves are closed
by one or two powerful adductor muscles, which leave character-
istic muscular sears. Nearly all have a muscular foot for loco-
motion, which in some groups contains a gland for secreting
tough fibres, the byssus, which serve as a fastening to the rocks.
The mantle lobes are sometimes prolonged posteriorly as tubes
(siphons), which enable the owner to breathe and feed while the
body is buried in the sand; this being indicated by an inbending
of the pallial line. The Lamellibranchs do not readily group
themselves into natural orders; the similarity of type is great,
but the points of difference are not constant. The usual division
is into the Astphonida and Siphonida. The Veneride are the
typical and most highly organized Lamellibranchs.

The bivalves, thongh less numerous now specifically, are far
more abundant individually, than the gasteropods. They are all
marine, excepting a few widely dispersed fresh-water genera (10
out of 90), and are found on every coast and in every climate,
and from low water to the depth of 200 fathoms. The fossil
forms constitute a third part of fossil shells. The living species
number 4,000, and the fossil species about 7,800. The genera
are seven times more numerous in the newer Tertiary than in
the Silurian.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA 119

ORDER SIPHONIDA.

No. 309. Teredo amphistzna, Goldf.

Type genus of the family Teredide. From the Upper Chalk of Kent,
England.
No. 310. Panopzea Jurassi, d’Orb.

This genus belongs to family Saxicavide, and dates from the Jurassic, with
140 fossil species. Oolite, Bayeux, France.

No. 311. Pholodomya Aequalis, Sow.
Caleareous Grit (Middle Oolite). Weymouth, England.

No. 312. Tellina (Arcopagia) Texana.

The type genus of the family Tellinide, and widely distributed since the
Jurassic. 170 species fossil, 3800 living. Cretaceous, Comanche Hills, Texas.

No. 313. Venus levigata, Nyst.

The family Veneride, to which this genus, the common clam, belongs, is
the most typical of the class; 200 species are found fossil since the Jurassic.
Miocene, Grignon, France.

No. 314. Cytherea nitida.

Eocene, Paris Basin, France.

No. 315. Artemis (Dosinia) exoleta, Linn.

Quaternary, Ficcarizzi, near Palermo, Sicily.

No. 316. Cardium echinatum, Linn. Var, Deshayesi, Payr.

This type genus of the family Cardiide supplies 330 extinct species since
the Silurian. Quaternary, Ficarizzi, near Palermo, Sicily.
No. 317. Cardium multistriatum.

Cretaceous, Lampasas Hills, Bell Co., Texas.

No. 318. Chama calcarata, Lam.

This genus, the type of the family Chamide, began in the Cretaceous, and
is represented by 40 fossil species. Eocene, Grignon, France.

No. 319. [662, Cast]. Caprina adversa, d’Orb.

This specimen of this most singular genus has both valves present, one of

them very large, elongate and sinistrally coiled, the other so short and stunted ,

as to resemble more the overgrown operculum of some Gasteropod shell.
From the Lower Chalk of Clarente, France. Size, 9 x 7.

120 MOLLUSCA.

No. 320. Corralliochama Orcutti, White.

This new genus of the family Chamide has been
lately described by Dr. C. A. White, from Middle
Cretaceous fossils of California.

It agrees with Caprina, and other genera, in the
general character of the hinge and of the ligamental
grooves, and the presence of an outer prismatic shell-
layer. The test is thick, of three layers, the outer
prismatic, the middle cellular, and the inner porcel-
lanous. The middle layer constitutes the bulk of
both valves, and has a tubular structure which causes
the fossil to somewhat resemble the coral Favozites.
The shells grow separately or in clusters, fixed by
the apex of the lower or right valve. From the
shore of Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.

No. 821. [655, Cast]. Hippurites radiosa, Desmoulins.

The Hippuritidse, to which family this form belongs, are
entirely extinct and confined to the Cretaceous strata. They
have an unequivalved, unsymmetrical shell, with two mus-
cular impressions, and are the most remarkable and problem-
atic of fossil Lamellibranchs. 30 species of the genus are
known. This specimen, showing both valves, is from the
Lower Chalk, Dordogne, France, and is now in the Ward
Collection, University of Rochester. Size, 6 x 4.

No. 322. [659, Cast]. Radiolites (Sphcerulites) crateriformis, d’Orb.

LowER VALVE. This genus belongs to the
strange family Hippuritide; 42 species are
known. This specimen shows the peculiar
form of growth which this shell undergoes,
the whole organism being much modified—
from the normal bivalve construction—by its
sessile character and its permanent attachment
‘to the rock on which its station was chosen in
an early period of its development. This
lower valve shows the several lines of its

Ij i foliaceous growth, as also the ‘‘ birostre,” or
internal mould, still filling the central cavity. From the same locality and
* Museum as the preceding. Size, 6 x 6,

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 191

No. 323. Megalodon cuculatus, Sow.

This specimen belongs to the family Megalodontide, char-
acterized by a somewhat regular, ovoid, equivalve shell, with
from one to three cardinal teeth and two muscular impres-
sions. Fourteen fossil species are known from the Upper
Silurian and Devonian. From the Lower Devonian, Cologne,
Rhenish Prussia.

No. 324. Crassatella protexta, Gon.

This genus has the ligament internal. It commences in the Cretaceous and
abounds to-day, and is the type of a family. Eocene,’ Claiborne, Alabama.

No. 320. Astarte obliqua, Desh.

This genus is to-day represented by twenty species, widely distributed in
the Northern seas; 285 fossil species are known, beginning with the Carbon-
iferous. Family Astartide. Lower Oolite, Bayeux, Calvados, France.

No. 326. Venericardia rotunda, Lea.

This belongs to the family Astartidee, and the genus dates from the Creta-
ceous. Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

No. 327. Cardita Partschii, Goldf.

Miocene, Steinabrunn, Austria.

No. 828. Opis lunulata, Sow.

Confined to, and characteristic of the Mesozoic; 42 species are known.
Lower Oolite, Feuguerolles, Calvados, France.

ORDER ASIPHONIDA.

No. 329. Trigonia costata, Park.

This belongs to the Trigonidee, the shell of which is
equivalve and trigonal, with the umbones directed pos-
teriorly; 100 fossil species are known, dating from the
Devonian, but only three living forms. From the Lower
Oolite, Gischingen, Wurtemberg.

No. 330. Trigonia incurva, Sow.
From the Upper Oolite, Swindon Wilts, England.

129 MOLLUSGA.

No. 331. Myophoria (Schizodus) Kefersteinii, Munst.

This genus, of the Trigonide, is restricted to the Triassic, with 16 species.
Trias., Raibl, Carinthia, Austria.

No. 382. Arca biangulata, Lam.

In the Arcide family the shell is equivalve and the hinge line has a long,
even row of teeth. These specimens are from the Eocene at Grignon, France.

No. 333. Arca diluvii, Lam.
ce
Pliocene, Bagalo, Italy.

No. 334. Nucula strigillata, Goldf.

Tryon takes this genus from Arcide and makes it the type of the family
Nuculidze; 250 fossil species are found ranging-from the Paleozoic. From
the St. Cassian Beds (Trias), Tyrol.

No. 335. Pectunculus pulvinatus, Lam.

This is a comparatively modern genus, dating from the Cretaceous; of the
very old and abundant family Arcidee. Eocene Tertiary, Grignon, France.

No. 836. Modiola minuta, Quenstedt.

Family Mytilidee; 70 species living and 150 fossil. From the Trias at Nur-
tingen, Wurtemberg.

No. 337. [685, Cast]. Dreissensia (Congeria) subglobosa, Partsch.

This globose and finely modeled form of bi-
valve shell, resembles Mytilus, but lacks the
pearly lining. It abounds in the ‘‘ Tegel,” or
sandy loam (Miocene Tertiary) of Brunn, Austria,
and is now in the Ward Collection, in the Uni-
versity of Rochester.

No. 338. Ambonychia radiata, Hall.

This is a Paleozoic genus of the Avicula family. From the Cincinnati
Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 339. Perna mytiloides, Lam.
Portland Beds (Upper Oolite), Swindon Wilts, England.

_No. 340. Inoceramus Sagensis, Owen.

A characteristic Cretaceous genus; 75 species known. Cretaceous, Cheyenne
River, South Dakota.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 123

No. 341. Gervillia socialis, Lyc. and Mor.

This genus is entirely fossil, ranging from the Carboniferous to the Creta-
ceous; 37 species being known. From the Muschelkalk, Munchingen, Wur-
temberg.

No. 342. (667, Cast]. Gervillia anceps, Deshayes.

A characteristic bivalve fossil, from the
Lower Greensand of Atherfeld, Isle of
Wight, England. Size, 8 x 2.

No. 343. Lima rigida, Deshayes.

The type genus of the Limide; 300 species fossil, ranging from the Car-
boniferous. From the Calcareous Grit (Jurassic), Oxford, England.

No. 344. Pecten opercularis, Lam.

This genus, the type of the Scallop family (Pectinide), has 450 extinct
species, beginning in the Devonian, and 200 still living. Quaternary, Palermo,
Sicily.

No. 345. Pecten expansus, Dall.
Tertiary, San Diego, California.

No. 346. Pecten(Neithea) quadricostata, Sow.

This typical Cretaceous shell, from College Hill,
Texas, closely resembles Janira Neocomiensis of d’Or-
bigny, from the Lower Cretaceous of France.

No. 347. Ostrea Marshii, Sow.

The family Ostreidse have shells unequivalved
and unequilateral, and one muscular impression.
They are commonly regarded as the lowest of the
Lamellibranchs. This type genus began in the
Carboniferous and has supplied 200 extinct species
and 70 living. From the Lias, Stiifenberg, Wur-
temberg.

No. 348. Ostrea larva, Lam.

From the Rotten Limestone (Cretaceous), Alabama River.

No. 349. Ostrea, ———
From the Raised Beaches (Quaternary), Gebel Zeit, Gulf of Suez.

194 MOLLUSCA.

No. 350. Ostrea,

From the Petrified Forest, Nummulitic Eocene, near Cairo, Egypt.

No. 351. Gryphea arcuata, Lam. (Gryphea incurva, Sow.)

This genus, belonging to the Oyster Family
(Ostreide), is exclusively Mesozoic; 380 species
known. The left valve has a prominent incurved
umbo. From the Lias, Lyme-Regis, England.

No. 352. Gryphea vesicularis, Lam.
Upper Cretaceous, Marlborough, N. J.

No. 353. Exogyra arietina, d’Orb.

In this member of the Oyster family, also restricted to the Cretaceous, the

beak is reversed or turned posteriorly. From the Cretaceous, Griffith Ravine,
Texas.

No. 354. Exogyra costata, Say.

From the Greensand, Marlborough, N. J.

BRACHIOPODA. 125

CLASS BRACHMIOPODA.

These headless mollusks are enclosed in bivalved shells, which
are equal on either side of a vertical line let fall from the beak
(equilateral), while the valves are almost always unequal (inequi-
valved). The larger one is called the ventral, and the smaller the
dorsal. While in the Lamellibranchs one valve is applied to the
right side and the other to the left side of the animal, in this
class, one valve is applied to the back, the other to the belly of
the animal. The ventral valve has generally a prominent notched
or perforated beak, through which passes, in most species, a
pedicel or byssus to attach the animal to some foreign body, for
brachiopods are deprived of the power of locomotion. No living
species are free. The one or two accessory pieces occupying a
triangular opening under the beak, form an area called the delti-
dium; the form and structure, the presence or absence of this,
and the muscular impressions, afford good generic characters.
The shells are perforated vertically by canals, which connect the
inner and outer surfaces. The animal has usually two long spiral
prehensile arms developed from the sides of the mouth, whence
the name of the class. In many brachiopods these “arms” are
supported by a more or less complicated framework. It is claimed
by some eminent embryologists that brachiopods belong with the
articulates, near the annelids, and some later systematists remove
them from the mollusks and place them with the worms. (See
page 90). Unlike the polyzoa they are never composite. Brachio-
pods, of all the mollusks, enjoy the greatest range in climate,
depth and time. They are all marine, and mostly inhabit the
deep sea, so that less than 100 living species are known. They
are among the oldest of existing forms of animal life. Over
4,000 extinet species have been described, distributed through all
rocks of marine origin from the Cambrian upwards. They
attained their maximum (both of generic and specific develop-
ment) in the Silurian age, and are the most numerous fossils of
the Silurian deposits. The hingeless genera (as Zingula) are

126 MOLLUSCA.

most highly developed in Paleozoic time. Of the articulated
genera, those having spiral arms appeared first; those with cal-
careous spires disappeared with the Lias. Brachiopods furnish
the most numerous instances of recurrence, owing to their tenacity
of life, some species persisting through a whole geological for-
mation. The genus Lingula has existed since the Cambrian.

“Of the families of the Brachiopoda, the Productide and
Strophomenide are exclusively Paleozoic. The Spiriferide are
mainly Paleeozoic, but extend into the Lias, where they finally
disappear. The Lingulidw commence in the Cambrian period,
and have survived to the present day. The /?hynchonellida,
Craniade and Discinide commence in the Silurian period, and
are represented by living forms in existing seas. The Aoninck-
inide are exclusively Triassic. The Zhecidide extend from the
Trias to the present day; and the Zerebratulide appear to com-
mence in the Devonian, and are well represented by living forms.”

(Nicholson).

ORDER ARTHROPOMATA.

Valves united along a hinge-line, articulating by hinge-teeth ; mantle lobes
not free ; intestine ending cecally (no anal aperture).

FAMILY TEREBRATULIDZ.

Shell minutely punctuate, usually round or oval, smooth or striated ; the
ventral valve having a prominent beak with a foramen; two curved hinge-
teeth; the arm-supports having the form of a loop.

No. 355. Terebratula grandis, Blum.

The shell of this genus is smooth and convex;
the beak perforated; foramen circular; deltidium
of two pieces; loop simple. Eight species are
found living, and many fossilized since the Trias-
sic. From the Miocene Tertiary of Bunde,

Westphalia.

BRACHIOPODA. 127

No. 356. Terebratula semiglobosa, Sow.
Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), Rouen, France.

No. 357. Terebratula biplicata, Defr.
Upper Greensand, Cambridge, England.

No. 358. Terebratula sphzeroidalis, Sow.
Fuller’s Earth, Oolite, Noyen, France.

No. 359. Terebratella umbonella, Lamk.
Lower Oolite, Calvados, France.

No. 360. Terebratula gregaria, Suess. °
Lower Lias, Hindelang, Bavaria.

No. 361. Leptoccelia hemispherica, Sow.

A mass of rock composed entirely of this shell. From the Clinton Group,
Rochester, N. Y.

No. 362. Rensselaeria ovoides, Eaton.
In this extinct genus of the Silurian and Devonian, eleven species are known.
Oriskany Sandstone, Schoharie, New York.

FAMILY STRINGOCEPHALIDZ.

Shell suborbicular, the hinge-margin rounded; under valve with deltidium
and opening under the prominent beak; cardinal process large.

No. 363. [728, Cast]. Stringocephalus Burtini, Defrance.

Two Specmens. In this genus the ventral valve is pro-
longed upwards into a very prominent, tapering beak, which
is sometimes so curved forward as to rest upon the dorsal
valve. This latter has a very long cardinal process which
quite crosses the interior of the shell, and is forked at the ex-
tremity to meet the ventral septum. From the Devonian of
Paffrath, Germany.

FAMILY RHYNCHONELLIDZ.

Shells oblong or trigonal, beaked; hinge-line curved; no area; valves articu-
lated, convex, often sharply plaited; foramen beneath the beak, usually com-
pleted by a deltidium; elongated spiral arms.

No. 364. Rhynchonella alta, Hall.

Hamilton Period, Solon, Iowa.

128 MOLLUSCGA.

No 365. Rhynchonella dentata, Hall.
Cincinnati Group, Richmond, Ind.

No. 366. Rhynchonella capax, Con.
(Rhynchonella increbescens, Hall).
This genus begins in the Lower Silurian; 500 species
are found fossil, and only six living. These specimens
are from the Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 367. Rhynchonella pleurodon, Phil.
Carboniferous, Longniddry, near Edinburgh, Scotland.

No. 368. [737, Cast]. Rhynchonella speciosa, Munst.
From the Middle Oolite, Kelheim, Bavaria.

No, 369. Rhychonella varians, d’Orb.
Oolite, Voegisheim, Baden.

No. 370. Pentamerus oblongus, Sow.

This fossil has a very wide distribution across the Silurian
basin of the New York system, where it serves to mark and
name a constant horizon—that of the ‘‘ Lower Pentamerus
limestone.” The genus is represented by 52 species in the
Devonian and Upper Silurian. From the Niagara Group
(Upper Silurian), Yellow Springs, Ohio.

No. 371. Pentamerus oblongus, Sow.
Clinton Group, Rochester, N. Y.

FAMILY ATRYPIDZ.

Shell fibrous; beak curved; hinge-margin curved, with strong teeth; no
area; dorsal valve with spiral lamelle directed toward opposite valve. Very
similar to Rhynchonellide.

No. 372. Atrypa aspera, Schloth.

Shell impunctuate, oval, usually plaited; dorsal
valve gibbous; beak small, often incurved and
concealing the round foramen. Occurs from
Lower Silurian to Trias, 21 species. Devonian,
Gerolstein, Prussia.

No. 373. Atrypa primipilaris, d’Orb.
Devonian, Gerolstein, Prussia.

BRACHIOPODA. 129
No. 3874. Atrypa reticularis, Linn.

Devonian, Eifel, Prussia.

No. 375. Atrypa reticularis, Linn.

Unusually large specimens, from the Corniferous,
at Charleston, Indiana.

No. 876. Zygospira modesta, Say.

This genus differs from Atrypa only in the minute character of the spiral
arm-supports. Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

FAMILY SPIRIFERIDZ.

Shell furnished internally with two spiral processes directed outwards, to-
ward the sides of the shell, to support the fixed oval arms, Extinct since the
Lias.

No. 3877. Spirifer micropter.

In this genus the shell is transversely oval or elongated, trilobed, beaked,
bi-convex; hinge-line wide and straight; foramen angular; 300 species are dis-
tributed from the Lower Silurian to the Trias. Devonian, Gerolstein, Prussia.

No. 378. Spirifer mucronata,
[Con.

Hamilton Group, Widder, Canada.

No’ 379. Spirifer Owenii, Hall.
Corniferous, Charleston, Indiana.

No. 380. [690, Cast]. Spirifer pinguis,
[Sow.

From the Carboniferous Limestone of
Kildare, near Dublin, Ireland, and now in
the Ward Collection of the University of
Rochester.

No. 381. Spirifer speciosus, Schloth.
Devonian, Gerolstein, Prussia.

130 MOLLUSCA.

No. 382. [698, Cast]. Spirifer striatus, Martin.
This large specimen of S. striata (the type of the genus), was found in the
Carboniferous Limestone of Enniskillen, Ireland.

No. 383. Athyris ambigua, Sow.

The hinge-line of this genus is curved; no area; foramen round; deltidium
obsolete; 100 species fossil; from Silurian to Jurassic. Carboniferous Lime-
stone, near Edinburgh, Scotland.

No. 384. Athyris concentrica, Buck.
Devonian, Romersheim, Gerolstein, Prussia.

No. 385. Athyris spiriferoides, Eaton.

Hamilton Group, Moscow, N. Y.

No. 386. Athyris subtilita, Hall.
Carboniferous, Ruby Valley, Nevada.

No. 387. Athyris vittata, Hall.
Corniferous, Clarke Co., Indiana.

No. 388. Meristella barrisi, Hall.
Corniferous, LeRoy, N. Y.

No. 389. Retzia evax, Hall.
Niagara Group, Waldron, Ind.

No. 390. Uncites gryphus, Defr. ,
In the Devonian of Europe. Devonian, Paffrath, Germany.

FAMILY STROPHOMENIDZ.

Shell transversely oblong; depressed; hinge-line wide and straight; beak
small; valves plano-convex or concavo-convex; area notched.

No. 391. Strophomena alternata,
[Con.

Shell of this genus semicircular, widest
at the hinge-line; concavo-convex; area
double; ventral valve notched; 129 species
known, all Palzeozoic. Cincinnati Group,
Covington, Ky.

BRACHIOPODA. 13

No. 392. Strophomena planumbona, Hall.
Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 393. Leptzena sericea, Sow.
Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 394. Orthis Hifleensis, Vern.

300 species are known of this genus, restricted to the Palwozoic. The
shell is transversely oblong; radiately striated or plaited; bi-convex; hinge-
line narrower than the shell. Middle Devonian, Eifle, Prussia.

.

No. 395. Orthis laticosta, James.

Mr. Meek considered this and the following
species as varieties of Orthis biforota (Terebratu-
lites biforota), Schlotheim. Cincinnati Group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 396. Orthis lynx, Eichwald.
Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 397. Orthis occidentalis, Hall.

Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 398. Orthis plicatella, Hall.
Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 399. Orthis subquadrata, Hall.
Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 400. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman.
(Orthis emacerata, Hall).

Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

FAMILY PRODUCTID.

Shells concavo-convex; hinge-line straight; ventral valve convex; dorsal
concave. Extinct.

132 MOLLUSCA,

No, 401. Productus horridus, Gein.

The members of this genus were mostly free when adult. The shell is
auriculate, large beaked, and with linear indistinct hinge-line; no hinge teeth;
81 species. Permian, Gera, Saxony.

No. 402. Productus longispinus, Sow.

Carboniferous, near Peru, Ill.

No. 403. Productus Prattenianus, Norwood.
Coal Measures, Knox Co., II.

No. 404. Productus semireticulatus, Mart.

Carboniferous Limestone, Longniddy, near Edinburgh,
Scotland:

ORDER LYOPOMATA.

Valves not united along a hinge-line; mantle lobes free; intestine with an
anal aperture.

FAMILY CRANIDZ.

Shell orbicular; no hinge. dorsal valve limpet-shaped. Animal attached to
objects by the ventral valve.

No. 405. Crania scabiosa, Hall,
Dating from the Lower Silurian, with 37 fossil species; the group is still
living. Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

FAMILY DISCINIDZ.

Animal attached by peduncle passing through the ventral valve; arms
fleshy. Ranging from the Silurian to the present time.

No. 406. Discina nitida, Phil.

Upper valve limpet-shaped; lower-or ventral valve flat or conical; 64 fossil
and 10 living species, ranging from the Silurian age. Coal Measures, Spring-
field, Il.

BRACHIOPODA. | 138

FAMILY LINGULIDZ.

Animal fixed by a pedicel passing out between the beaks of the valves.
Valves sub-equal, horny.

No. 407. Lingula cuneata, Conrad.

SLAB, SHOWING A NUMBER OF SPECIMENS. Shell oblong; compressed;
dorsal valve somewhat shorter, horny, greenish. The genus began in the
Cambrian and has continued to the present. 140 species fossil, and 16 living
Medina Sandstone, Medina, N. Y.

No. 408. Lingula (Lingulepis) prima, Con,
Potsdam Sandstone, Keeseville, N. Y.

CLASS TUNICATA.

These “cloaked” mollusks, represented by the Ascidians and
Salpians, are invested in a leathery test which takes the place of
the shells of the other classes. This test is remarkable for con-
taining a considerable proportion of a substance identical with
cellulose. The blood is carried back and forth along the same
simple tube, as was supposed to be the case in the human system
before the time of Harvey. The. nervous system consists of a
single ganglion placed near the oral aperture.

There are various points of resemblance between the embryos
of Tunicates and those of vertebrates; and some embryologists
are led to regard the Tunicates as degenerate vertebrates.

They exist in all seas, from low water to a considerable depth.
On account of the absence of any consistent skeleton, they have
not certainly been found fossil.

134 MOLLUSGA.

CLASS POLYZOA (BRYOZOA).

The animals of this class are minute, compound, aquatic and
mostly marine. They usually form moss-like or coral-like eal-
careous or chitinous masses, each cell containing a worm-like
animal.

The digestive tract is bent so as to bring the anal aperture near
the mouth. Retractor and adductor muscles draw the body in
and out of the cell. A crown of tentacles surrounds the mouth.
There is no heart or vascular system, but a nervous system of one
or two ganglia and radiating nerves. They are bisexual, and
multiply by budding or by eggs. The avicularia or “ bird’s-
head process” is a peculiar appendage of uncertain function.

The derma-skeleton (ccencecium or polyzoarium) of the polyzoa
resemble and are often mistaken for “corals” ; but the separate
beings or zodids of the polyzoén are connected only by the integ-
ment, and not through the body cavity as in the ccelenterates.

In one fresh-water type (Cristatella) the colony creeps upon a
flattened base. Some marine forms live at great depths. The
type began in the Cambrian and has persisted without great
change. The class probably culminated in the Cretaceous period,
over 200 species occurring in the chalk.

No. 409. Archimedes laxa, Hall.

Sub-carboniferous, Logan Co., Ky.

No. 410. Fenestella retiformis, Schloth.

This is the most common genus of the Paleozoic forms, and especially
characteristic of the Carboniferous. Permian, Poesneck, Thuringia.

No. 411. Gorgonia antiqua, Hall.
Trenton Limestone, Holland Patent, N. Y.

No. 412. Ptilodictya Shafferi, Meek.

This genus is especially characteristic of the Carboniferous. The cenwecium
is flattened, foliaceous or often dichotomously branched. Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

SUBKINGDOM

ECHINODERMATA.

This and the following subkingdom have been erected from
Cuvier’s Radiata. The name was given by Brugiéres because
many of the species are spine-clad. The skin is characteristical-
ly hardened by secretion of lime in the form of plates, as in the
Sea-urchin and Crinoid, or in the form of granules and spicules,
as in the Sea-cucumber. They are however associated by an-
other and more general character—the skin is almost always per-
forated by foramina through which the “ tube-feet,” communi-
eating with a system of water vessels (“‘ water-vascular system ”’)
can be protruded or retracted, constituting the organs of adhesion
and locomotion.

When young the members of this group show a bilateral
symmetry, which, in the higher Echinoids, is in some degree re-
tained, but which is usually concealed in the adult by the radial
arrangement of the parts (usually five) of the body and its in-
ternal organs.

The Echinoderms are all marine. Some are rooted to the sea-
bottom and thus resemble the polyps, others are free, with forms
globular, or truly rayed and covered with prickly armor; and
these lead to soft elongated organisms that mimic the mollusk or
seem to stand at the lowest step of the articulate division.

Unlike the Ceelenterate the Echinoderm has the digestive canal,
with or without an anal opening, distinct from the general cavity
of the body. They are the lowest animals possessing a true
stomach and masticating organs. The mouth is usually central
and sometimes surrounded by tentacles. The nervous system
consists of a cord forming a ring about the pharynx, with branch-
ing filaments.

The subkingdom has been represented in all geologic ages.
The Echinoids succeed the Crinoids and Asteroids. The Crinoids
abounded in the Paleozoic seas but are now reduced to a few
genera; the Asteroids began in the Silurian, but now the seas of
all latitudes swarm with them; while the Echinoids increase to
the Cretaceous and then decline.

136 ECHINODERMATA.

CLASS MOLOTHUROIDEA.

These vermiform echinoderms, vulgarly called ‘ Sea-cueum-
bers,” constitute the highest order of the class. They may be
compared to Sea-urchins deprived of the spines, with the shell
softened, and elongated by separation of the anus and mouth.
The body is either cylindrical or pentagonal, with scattered cal-
careous spicules or imbricated scales.

The only examples of fossilization are small fragments of der-
mal ossifications from the Upper Oolite of Bavaria, the Chalk of
Warminster, and the northern drift of Bute, Scotland.

CLASS ECHMINOIDEA.

The body of the Echinus or ‘“Sea-urchin” is enclosed in a
firm hollow shell, formed of polygonal plates united by sutures
in twenty vertical series, arranged in ten pairs. This shell has
a spherical, oval, pentagonal, hemispherical, conoidal or discoidal
form. Five broad zones (interambulacral) alternate with five
narrow zones (ambulacral.} The former are studded with tub-
ercles bearing spines which articulate by a ball and socket joint.
The latter have a few smaller tubercles and spines, or none at
all, and appear like “walks” through the spinous tracks—
whence the name given by Linneus. They are traversed by
numerous pores for the exsertion of suckers or ‘“ tube-feet,”
which are used for locomotion, and which are appendages of the
water-vascular system. At the summit of the test is a disk com-
posed of five genital plates, and five ocular plates. notched for
lodging the eyes. One of the genital plates, larger than the
others and perforated, is the entrance of the ambulacral or water-
vascular system. The mouth has five sharp angular teeth,
tipped with enamel. These representatives of molars and in-
cisors move upon each other; and the entire pyramidal mass can

ECHINOIDEA. aST.

be protruded and retracted. This description of the Echini will
not accurately apply to the irregular forms. In the latter the
ambulacra are only half of the typical number, and often only
partial in their extent. In many, too, the oral and anal open-
ings lose their central position, and approach the margin. The
mouth, also, is sometimes toothless. The mouth is central and
dental in the Cidaride, Echinide, and Clypeasteride; it is more
or less eecentral and edentulous in the “cehinonide, Collyritida
and Spatangide.

The fossils of this order are usually divided into three groups:
Cidaride or Turban-shaped Eehini, Clypeasteride or Buckler-
shaped Echini, and Spatangidw or Heart-shaped Echini. These
inelude over 70 genera and about 700 species. They are rare in
the Paleozoic,—the oldest occurring in the Upper Silurian,—
and attained their maximum in the Oolite and Cretaceous strata.
The regular forms appeared first; the elongated forms are more
recent.

No. 413. Ananchytes ovata, Lam.

A Spatangoid, distinguished by having
a high, conical form, and much compressed
laterally. The mouth is eccentric, in front;
spines minute. This genus, says Desor, is
the most characteristic of all fossil Echini,
and the one most useful to Geologists, not
only from its frequent occurrence, but aiso
from its well defined characters. It is
limited to the Mesozoic. This specimen is
from the Upper Chalk of Kent, England.

No. 414. Cidaris coronata, Goldf.

Sprnes. In the Cidaris proper the form is
symmetrical, the tubercles are perforated, the
ambulacra narrow, and the two lines of pores
close together. This species is depressed, and its
tubercles are few in number and of large size.
These specimens are from the Coral Rag (Middle
Oolite), Nattheim, Wurtemberg.

No. 415. Cidaris dorsata, Brown.
Sprnes. The spines of Cidaris are few in number, large and mostly club-
shaped. Trias (St. Caspian), Tyrol, Italy.

138 ECHINODERMATA.

No. 416. Cidaris glandifera, Goldf.

Sprnes. The spines of this species are called ‘‘ Jew-stones”
by the Pilgrims, who bring them in large numbers from the
Holy Land. They are pyriform, and covered with granules.
From the Jurassic (?), Mount Carmel, Palestine.

No. 417. [771, Cast]. Cidaris Suevica, Desor.
A distinctive feature in this Urchin is a double row of granules of unequal
size along the ambulacra. From the Middle Oolite, Wurtemberg.

No. 418. Clypeaster Ghizehensis,

This genus, one of the true Clypeas-
tride, includes the largest of sea-urchins.
The shell is oblong; mouth angular and
furnished with well developed teeth;
tubercles*mere granules, and the spines
proportionally small. The shell of this.
species is subpentagonal, and the am-
bulacral portion is much elevated. From the Eocene Tertiary, Ghizeh, Egypt.

No. 419. [814, Cast]. Clypeaster umbrella, Agass.

This inflated form, with interambulacra rising into ribs, is from the Miocene
Tertiary, Sardinia, and belongs to the Ward Collection, University of Roch-
‘ester. This genus of the buckler-shaped group includes the largest of sea-
urchins. The mouth is armed with well developed teeth.

No. 420. Cyphosoma Texana.
Cretaceous, Lampasas Co., Texas.

No. 421. Discoidea subuculus, Leske.
This Echinus has a hemispherical test, and very

small tubercles arranged in concentric series. From

the Upper Greensand (Cretaceous) of Yonne, France.

No. 422. Echinobrissus (Nucleolites) scutatus, Gmel.

Two SPECIMENS. This genus is a section made at
the expense of Nucleolites, to include those shortened
and square forms with united poriferous zones. From
F the Coral Rag (Middle Oolite) of Weymouth, England.

ECHINOIDEA. 139

No. 423. HEchinobrissus (Nucleolites) cunucularis, Blainv.
Lower Oolite, Yonne, France.

No. 424. Echinolampus affinis, Desm.
Eocene, Vaugirard, France.

No. 425. Galerites albogalerus, Lam.

This lofty, almost turreted form, with central
mouth and marginal anus, is from the Upper Chalk,
Kent, England.

No. 426. Hemicidaris intermedia, Fleming.

This large, depressed genus belongs to the Cidari-
de with narrow ambulacra. The distinctive feature
is the existence of small tubercles on the lower half
of the ambulacra. The spines are cylindrical and
finely striated. From the Oolite of Calne (Wiltshire),
England.

No, 427. [842, Cast]. Hemipneustes radiatus, Agass.

This is a heart-shaped, inflated Urchin, as
high as broad, and nearly perpendicular in
front, where there is a deep, narrow furrow.
The ambulacral summit is central; the ambu-
lacra are very large and winding; the tubercles
small, and the anus is on the posterior bor-
der. From the Upper Chalk of Maestrieht,
Holland, and now in the Ward Collection,
University of Rochester.

No. 428. Micraster cor-anguinam, Agass.

This genus is so termed from the star-like ar-
rangement of its four small ambulacra. The
test is heart-shaped, and wider before than be-
hind, with a furrow in front; the tubercles are
small, and irregularly distributed; the mouth is
transverse, situated anteriorly, and protected by
a projection of the odd inter-ambulacrum. From
the Upper Chalk, Kent, England.

140 ECHINODERMATA.

No. 429. [781, Cast]. Paleeechinus (Melonites) multipora,
[Nor. and Owen.

GROUP, ON SLAB. This gigantic Echinoid—some specimens measuring five
and a half inches in vertical diameter and four transversely—has an ovoid
form, central mouth and anus, ten areas; the ambulacral plates hexagonal and
rhomboidal; interambulacral plates mostly hexagonal, and in several rows.
The ranges of plates number 65, and each plate is perforated by two holes.
This genus is limited to the Upper Silurian and Carboniferous. Only one
other genus (Archeocidaris) is known from the Paleozoic. From the St.
Louis limestone (sub-carboniferous), St. Louis, Mo. Size, 12 x 11.

No. 430. Pygaster semisulcatus, Phil.

Pea Grit (Lower Oolite), Chrichley Hill. England.

No. 481. [789, Cast]. Rhabdocidaris copeoides, Desor.

(Cidaris copeoides, Agass.)

THREE SPECIMENS OF SPINES.
This Urchin belongs to the Cidaride
having narrow umbulacra. The
spines vary very much in size and
form on different parts of the test,
and at different stages of develop-
ment. From the Oxfordian (Middle
Oolite), Latrecy, France.

No. 482. Scutella disca, Mather.

This American Clypeastroid is from the Tertiary of
Georgia.

No. 433. Toxaster Texana.
Cretaceous, Lampasas Co., Texas.

ASTEROIDEA. 141

CLASS ASTEROIDEA.

The “Star-fishes” well represent the sub-kingdom. The
common form is that of a star with five rays, which are prolonga-
tions of the body,—the viscera extending into them. Beneath
each ray is a groove from which is protruded the tube-feet. The
dorsal and lateral surfaces of the animal are covered by a cori-
aceous skin, strengthened by a net work of calcareous plates.
These ossicles have a persistent arrangement in the various
genera, so that they afford good evidence of the rank of the
owner among the Echinoderms, as do the bones of reptiles or
mammals among vertebrates. There is one ossicle, situated on
the side of the center of the dise, which differs from all the
others in being marked with radiating slits, and is called the
madreporiform plate. It is the opening of the water-tube sys-
tem. Inthe center of the ventral surface is the toothless mouth,
surrounded by a bony ring. The eyes are generally situated at
the end of the rays.

Fossil Star-fishes, though less common, have a wider range than
fossil Sea-Urchins. They are found in every geological period
from the Lower Silurian, attaining their maximum in the present
seas. The Paleeozoic species differ from recent ones in having
the plates perforated by pores. No family of Star-fishes has
become extinct.

No. 484. [863, Cast]. Solaster Moretonensis, Forbes.

This beautiful and well preserved fossil seems as if it were the head of a
Crinoid with out-spread arms, crushed flat. A nearer inspection shows that it
is really a Star-fish, resembling the living Uraster helianthus from the Pacific
coast of South America. From the Great Oolite, Windrush Quarry, Glouces-
tershire, England. Size, 6 x 6.

No. 435. (1820, Cast]. Renaster margaritatus.

Lower Devonian, Lahnstein, Germany.

142 ECHINODERMATA.

CLASS OPMIUROIDEA.

In the Ophiuroidea, the long slender serpent-like arms are
special organs of locomotion, being independent of the visceral
cavity; and they are not grooved for the emission of tube-feet.
The “dise” contains all the vital organs. A masticatory appar-
atus is present in the inferior mouth ; but there is no anal aperture.
The madreporiform tubercle is inferior; according to some natur-
alists, the family holds the same relation to the Crinoids that the
Star-fishes hold to the Sea-urchins.

The class is represented in the Upper Silurian by the genus
Protaster. They become common in the Mesozoic and Tertiary.

No. 486. [860, Cast]. Ophioderma Egertoni, Broderip.

This genus differs from the Ophiura proper in
having four (instead of two) genital fissures in
each interval between the arms. This specimen
is from the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England.

CLASS CRINOIDEA. |

The Crinoids are among the most remarkable fossils that lie
entombed in the earth; and it is only within the last century and
a half that their place in nature began to be understood. For
ages the superstitious or imaginative peasantry called them
“St. Cuthbert’s beads,” “rosary beads,” “ giants tears,” “ fairy
stones,” ‘ wheel-stones,”’ ‘“screw-stones,’ and ‘pulley-stones.”
By early naturalists they were termed “ Trochites,” “ Entrochus,”

CRINOIDFA. 143

and “ Kerinus.”” Their animal origin was established by Rosinus
in 1719; and their classification first correctly made by Miller in
1821.

In a typical specimen there are three parts: the root—a eal-
careous secretion which fixes the animal to the sea-bottom; a
hollow jointed stem, and a corolla-shaped body provided with
five to ten solid arms, independent of the visceral cavity, and
adapted to prehension. The mouth is central and opens upwards ;
the vent is situated on the side. The normal position of the
Crinoid is the reverse of the Star-fish and Echinus. There were
three modes of existence: some were fixed in the midst of coral-
banks at great depths, as Ancrinus liliiformis ; others were free,
yet clinging to the bottom of the ocean, as the young Comatula
(Antedon); and others still were disposed in such a way that
their bulbiform body was buried in the mud, as Marsupites.
The geographical extent of the Crinoids is very limited, and in
their geological range also they appear to be more restricted than
other forms. No forms pass from the Palseozoic to the Secondary.
They are among the earliest relics of animal organization, and
after the Protozoa and Actinozoa they have taken the largest
share in accumulation of rock material. Like the corals, their
chief function seems to have been the secretion of lime from the
ocean,—whole strata of limestone being almost entirely made
of their remains. They appear first in the Cambrian (Pots-
dam), and culminate in the Lower Carboniferous. The column
is round in nearly all the Paleeozoic forms, but pentagonal dises
commence in the Lower Silurian. Fixed Crinoids began with
the Silurian period and decreased; free Crinoids began in the
Oolite. The appearance of arms has been regarded as a stage
of progress in development; from that moment, the variety of
forms augments with astonishing rapidity. The solid calyx of
Cystidea diminishes steadily, and in Pentacrinus barely forms a
basis for the internal parts. Finally, in the Upper Jurassic, it
frees itself from the pedicle,’and in the form of Comatula
(Antedon) enjoys the faculty of locomotion. The Comatula,
Pentacrinus Caput-meduse, and Fhizocrinus are the living
representatives of the class. The Cystids, as also the Blastoids
have been separated from the true crinoids (Brachiata) into dis-
tinct orders.

144 ECHINODERMATA.

ORDER BRACHIATA.

The true Crinoids have a calyx, with large pinnulated arms,
grooved on the upper surface, and bearing the reproductive
organs. The class description applies particularly to this order ;
also as relating to geological distribution. Eight genera are now
known to be living. hizocrinus is a widely distributed deep
sea form, being found as deep as 1,000 fathoms. Comaster, Ac-
tinometra and Antedon (Comatula), are free when adult.

No. 487. [864, Cast]. Actinocrinus proboscidialis, Hall.

The Actinocrinoids, found chiefly in the Carboniferous
limestone, are sometimes provided with thorn-like side arms,
which project from the column at irregular distances. The
receptacle is of an irregular subspherical form, and frequently
having arms passing off at right angles like the spokes from
the nave of a wheel. This species is from the Burlington
limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa.

No. 488. Actinocrinus verneulianus, Shum,
Burlington Limestone (Sub-Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa.

No, 439. [898, Cast]. Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth.

Two bodies and two stems branching from one root;
young. The “ Pear-encrinites” have a complicated, ex-
panded root, a long column composed of numerous
ossicles, and a pyriform receptacle, with arms well de-
veloped and regularly bifid. The stem is round and not
pentagonal, and the articulating surfaces of the joints
are marked by simple ridges. The last joints increase
in diameter until they equal the breadth of the calyx. In
this species the stem is comparatively short. This speci-
men, consisting of two individuals of nearly equal de-
velopment, is from the Great Oolite, Bradford, England.

Size, 6 x 3.

No. 440. [904, Cast]. Astrocoma Cirini.

This beautiful Comatula or ‘‘ Feather-star,” with its numerous arms grace-
fully spread out, is from the Lithographic Limestone (Middle Oolite), Cirin,
France. Size, 7 x 4.

CRINOIDEA. 145

No. 441. Batocrinus rotundus, Y. and 8.
Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa.

No. 442. Dorycrinus unicornis, 0. and $.

Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa.

No. 443. [911, Cast]. Crotalocrinus rugosus, Miller.

Bopy, STEM AND ROOT, ON PEDESTAL. -This ancient Crinoid is so called
from its peculiar shape and structure. The subdivisions of the arms begin at
the very edge of the cup, and become so numerous as to form a perfect net-
work in the shape of a convoluted funnel-like organism of the finest basket-
work, instead of the rayed arrangement of the common Encrinite. The stem
is made up of tuberculated joints. From the Upper Silurian, Dudley,
England. Size, 18 x 3.

No. 444. [917, Cast]. Emerinus liliiformis, Schloth.

Bopy AND STEM, ON SLAB. This beautiful and well-
known Crinoid has a smooth body in the form of a de-
pressed vase. Its base is composed of five plates, upon
which rest three successive series of other plates, with the
uppermost of which the arms articulate. The stem is
long and formed of numerous perforated round ossicles,
articulated to each other by radiated grooved surfaces, and
becoming somewhat pentagonal and alternately larger and
smaller towards the summit. This specimen was found in
the Muschelkalk (Middle Trias) of Brunswick, Germany,
and is now in the Ward Collection of the University of
Rochester. Size, 8 x 2.

SLAB, WITH THREE BODIES AND
sTeMs. This is one of the most choice | 2%
and perfect specimens of the “ Lily-|3:
Encrinite” which has ever been found.
From the same locality as the preced-
ing, of which geological horizon it is
characteristic. Size, 18 x 9.

No. 446. [932, Cast]. Ichthyocrinus levis, Conrad.

This interesting fossil, related to Cyathocrinus, has five triangular basal
plates, and a round, smooth, slender column, enlarging towards the cup. This
specimen, showing body and stem, is from the Niagara shale (Upper Silurian),
Lockport, N. Y. :

146 ECHINODERMATA.

No. 447. [988, Cast]. Mariacrinus nobilissimus, Hall.

This species, constituting the type of this genus, is one of the largest and
finest known Crinoids in the Silurian system. It bears a general resemblance
to Glyptocrinus ; but it has four basal plates, three pentagonal and one hexa-
gonal. The column is round, consisting of joints, gradually growing thinner
towards the body. A remarkable feature is that the main arms give origin to
armlets or fingers which bear the tentacles. This magnificent specimen of a
nearly entire individual is from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian, Litch-
field, N. Y.

No. 448. Melocrinus (Ctenocrinus) typus, Bronn.
This genus is peculiar to the Devonian. Lower Devonian, Hifel, Prussia.

No. 449. [945, Cast]. Pentacrinus (Extracrinus) Briareus, Miller.

The Extracrinoids of Aus-
tin are Pentacrinoids with
unequal radial plates. The
majority of the individuals
found are much distorted,
and their arms tangled and
broken by the action of the
waves before they were
buriedin the mud. Thisslab,
containing a multitude of
beautifully preserved bodies,
is from the Lias of Whitby,
England, and is now in the
—— : Ward Collection, University

Size, 2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. of Rochester.

No. 450. Pentacrinus Briareus, Miller.
A smaller specimen of this beautiful crinoid from Lyme-Regis, England.

No. 451. Pentacrinites cingulatus, Munst.

Srems. The columns of this genus are five-sided, and the articulating facets
of the joints are marked by crenated ridges, making a pentapetalous figure.
The column is provided with ‘‘ side-arms.” Oolite, Boellert, Wurtemberg.

No. 452. [942, Cast]. Pentacrinus subangularis, Miller.

Bopy AND STEM, ONSLAB. This genus of five-sided Crinoids,
is still represented by a few species in the deeper waters.
The number of plates or ossicles in a single skeleton has been
computed at 100,000. The body-plates are firmly articulated
together; the rays of the disc are fixed immediately to the
summit of the column by special ossicles; and the stem is
composed of angular pieces, generally pentagonal. The arms
are very long, and thickly beset with side-arms and minute
pinne. This specimen, of unusual size and perfection, is
from the Lias, Boll, Wurtemberg.

Size, 4 ft.5 in. x 1 ft. 6 in.

CRINOIDEA. 147

No. 453. Platycrinus planus,. 0. & 8.
BAsAL PLATES. Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa.

No. 454. Platycrinus.

Jomnts. In most Paleezoic crinoids the column, composed of joints, was
round, but in this genus it is oval or elliptical. The articulating facets are
marked striz radiating from near the center, which is characteristic of the
Paleozoic forms. Sub-Carboniferous, Barren Co., Ky.

No. 455. Crinoid.

Srems. Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa.

No. 456. Crinoid.
Roots. Sub-Carboniferous, Barren Co., ‘Ky.

No. 457. Crinoid.
ENLARGED JoINts. Sub-Carboniferous, Barren Co., Ky.

ORDER BLASTOIDEA.

The Blastoids connect the Oystideans with the true Crinoids.
They have no arms, a short stalk, and the closed calyx resembles
a flower-bud. Five areas radiate from the summit, and carry
jointed pinnule. This order began in the Upper Silurian, after
the Cystideans had declined. They culminated in the early Car-
boniferous and disappeared in that age. Pentremites is the
characteristic genus.

No. 458. Granatocrinus Norwoodi, 0. & 8.
Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa.

No. 459. Neucleocrinus Verneuli, Troost.

Devonian, Columbus, Ohio.

No. 460. Pentremites cervinus, Hall.

This large form is from the Chester Limestone
Chester, Illinois.

No. 461. Pentremites Godonii, Defr.

Sub-Carboniferous, Huntsville, Alabama.

No. 462. Pentremites pyriformis, Say.
Sub-Carboniferous, Cumberland Co., Tenn.

148 ECHINODHRMATA.

ORDER CYSTIDEA.

The body, in this order, was enclosed in a box of calcareous
plates joined by their edges. True arms were rarely present, and
smaller than in the Brachiata. The Cystideans are confined to
the Paleozoic ages. They appear in the Cambrian and culminate
in the Lower Silurian.

No. 463. Agelacrinus Cincinnatiensis, Roemer.
Cincinnati Group (Lower Silurian), Covington, Ky.

No. 464. Caryocrinus ornatus, Say.

Bopy, wirHout cotuMN. In this genus all the
plates of the calyx are perforated with many
pores. This beautifully marked specimen is from
the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian), Lewiston,
NAY:

No. 465. [986, Cast]. Lepadocrinus (Apiocystites) Gebhardi,
[Conrad.

This Cystidian has an oblong, oval body, compressed at the
sides, four unequal basal plates, four arms, and a column of
two distinct parts,—the upper being flexible, the lower, larger,
longer, and inflexible. This specimen, showing the body,
with a short stem, is from the Lower Helderberg (Upper
Silurian), Schoharie County, N. Y.

“

OO,

N

SUBKINGDOM

CCELENTERATA.

In this division of the animal realm radial symmetry is more
marked than in Echinodermata. Its members are distinguished
from the latter division and from all higher animals by the more
simple structure of the body. They have no true separate stom-
ach, their digestive cavity being, as in the “ Jelly-fishes” simply
the general body-cavity, or in the higher forms, as the sea-anemone,
a more or less distinct portion of that cavity ; but in all cases the
“stomach” freely communicates with the body-cavity. The
animals are virtually digestive sacs. They have no circulating
organs, the nourishment being distributed by diverticula of the
general cavity. A water-vascular system is sometimes present.
Hollow tentacles, communicating with the somatic cavity, fre-
quently surround the month, and are prehensile organs. A ner-
vous system may be entirely wanting, or represented by scattered
nerve cells, or at the best by a ganglionated ring. There are two
fundamental layers of the body wall, an inner layer, endoderm,
and an outer layer, octoderm. Reproduction is largely non-
sexual, or by budding. Defense is by means of “nettle-cells”
(cnidee).

This division embraces the greater number of animals popu-
larly called Zodphytes, and the producers of “coral,” and is
divided into Actinozoa and Hydrozoa.

CLASS ACTINOZOA.

This class is wholly marine, and comprises the Sea-anemones,
Coral-polyps, Sea-pens, &c. They have a digestive sae which
opens below into the general somatic cavity. The space sur-
rounding the stomach—lying between it and the body wall, is
divided into vertical compartments by septa (mesenteries) spring-
ing from the outer wall. To the free edges of some of these
partitions the reproductive bodies are attached, which are thus

150 CCELENTERATA.

internal. True sexual reproduction occurs in all members, but
in many forms colonies are produced by a process of continuous
budding or fission, the zooids remaining connected. The life of
the individual is combined with the life of the whole, and the
nutriment prepared by each organism is made to contribute to
the nourishment of the community of which it forms a part.
Such composite organisms, of very soft tissue, require a sustain-
ing skeleton, hence an endodermic skeleton of carbonate of calcium
is commonly secreted in the body walls and mesenteries, which
copies the structure of the polyp; this is the true “coral”
(corallum).

Four orders are recognized, Zoantharia, Rugosa, Aleyonaria
and Ctenophora. The latter are active swimmers; and of the
first order the Anemones have a limited power of locomotion.
The Alcyonaria inelude the precious corals. Corals abounded in
the Lower Silurian, but were most abundant, probably, in the
Devonian.

ORDER ZOANTHARIA.

In this order the tentacles are usually simple, smooth and
numerous, and like the mesenteries, in multiples of six. The
Zoantharia malacodermata include those without a skeleton, as
the sea-anemones (Actintde). Zoantharia sclerodermata are those
which secrete a corallum within the body, and include the com-
mon reef-forming corals. Zoantharia sclerobasica have the coral-
lum as a central axis or base supporting the investing polyps.
The latter appear in the Tertiary. The second group has been
abundant since Lower Silurian time.

No. 466. Astrocerium pyriformis, Hall.
Niagara Group, Waldron, Indiana.

No. 467. Cheetetes lycoperdon, Say.

According to Meek, and others, this is Pander’s species petropolitanus, and
many of our best authorities place it under d’Orbigny’s genus Monticulipora.
Trenton Group, Decorah, Iowa.

No. 468. Dendropora ornata, Rom.
Corniferous, Clarke Co., Indiana.

ACTINOZOA. Loh

No. 469. Favistella stellata, Hall.

Cincinnati Group, Nashville, Tenn.

No. 470. Favosites Emmonsi, Rom.
Corniferous, Clarke Co., Indiana.

No. 471. Favosites.
POLISHED SPECIMEN. Hamilton Group, Iowa City, Iowa.

No. 472. Halysites catenulatus, Linn.

This is the well known ‘‘chain-coral” so
characteristic of the Niagara Group. From
the Niagara of Western New York.

No. 473. Michelinia cylindrica, E. and H.
Corniferous, Falls of the Ohio.

No. 474. Monticulipora Dalei, E. and H.
Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 475. Monticulipora mammilatus, dOrb.
Cincinnati Group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

ORDER RUGOSA.

This group has no undoubted representatives to-day, and very
few in rocks of the later ages. It is preeminently a Paleozoic or-
der, and includes the abundant and characteristie Cyathophyllidee.
The members agree with Zoantharia in possessing a sclerodermic
skeleton, but differ in having the radiations of the body some
multiple of four. In the latter character they agree with the
Aleyonaria.

152 CORLENTERATA.

No. 476. Acervularia Davidsoni, E. and H.

Hamilton Group, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

No. 477. Acervularia Davidsoni, E. and H.

POLISHED SPECIMEN. Hamilton Group, Iowa City, Iowa.

No. 478. Calciola sandalina, Defrance.

This anomalous form is of doubtful relations, and has been put
by Davidson into a distinct family—the Calceolide. It is pro-
vided with an operculum, closing the mouth of the calice, and
was once referred to the Brachiopods. These specimens are from the Mid-
dle Devonian, Gerolstein, Prussia.

No. 479. Caryophyllia clavus, Mch.
Quaternary, Mt. Pelegrini, Sicily.

No. 480. Cyathophyllum helianthoides, Goldf.

Middle Devonian. Gerolstein, Eifel, Rhenish Prussia.

No. 481. Cyathophyllum Murchisoni.

POLISHED SECTION.. Carboniferous Limestone, Bristol, England.

No. 482. Cyclolites elliptica, Lam.

Lower Chalk, Beausset, France.

No. 483. Hadrophyllum d’Orbignyi, E. and H.

Corniferous, Clarke Co., Indiana.

No. 484. Heliophyllum epigium, Hall.

Corniferous (Devonian), Charlestown, Ind.

No. 485. Heliophyllum Halli, E. & H.

Hamilton (Moscow Shale), Moscow, N. Y.

HYDROZOA. 153

No. 486. Lithostrotion Canadense, Castelnau.

This is one of the most
widely distributed and
characteristic fossils of
the Sub-Carboniferous,
marking characteristic-
ally the horizon of the
St. Louis Group, and
ranging from Northern
Iowa to Alabama.

Henry Co., Iowa.

No. 487.- Streptelasma corniculum, Hall.
This genus is related to Zaphrentis, and should be regarded, says Hall, as a
sub-genus. Cincinnati Group, Waynesville, Ohio.

No. 488. Zaphrentis corniculum, E. and H.
Corniferous, Falls of the Ohio.

CLASS HYDROZOA.

The members of this class are various and complicated, but
they are briefly characterized as having the digestive cavity and
the body or somatic cavity identical, and the reproductive
bodies external. In its simplest form the body is a sac, attached
at its aboral end, composed of three cell-layers and provided
with hollow tentacles. A nervous system is rarely present as
a ring about the center of the disk. Nettling-cells (enidz) are
characteristic.

The class includes the Hydroidea, as the fresh-water //ydra,
and its marine allies, the hydroid zoéphytes; the Discophora,
which include the Sea-Jellies ; and the Siphonophora, which are
swimming colonies of zodids of various functions, as the Portu-
gese Man-of-war (Physalia). The Graptolites are regarded as a
sub-class.

Most members of the class multiply by continnous gemmation;
and some secrete a polypidom which may resemble true coral.
Many Sea-Jellies are only the free reproductive zodids (gonophore)
of hydroid forms; and these furnish the best example of alter-
nation of generation with gemmation.

The class is represented in the lowest fossiliferous rocks.

154 CCELENTERATA.

ORDER DISCOPHORA.

These soft, gelatinous Hydrozoa, known as “ Jelly-fishes,”
“Sea-nettles,’ “Sea-blubbers,” ‘“ Medusee,” ete., vary in size
from an almost invisible dot to a yard in diameter. Large ones
often weigh 50 lbs.; yet they are little more, as it were, than
“coagulated water,” for when dried, nothing is left but a film of
membrane, thin as a gossamer, and weighing but a few grains.
The animal is covered by a very delicate epidermis, under which
are situated the nettling capsules. There is a distinct muscular
system ; but the only motion consists of an alternate contraction
and dilatation of the disc, performed with great regularity about
fifteen times a minute.

Acalephs have left few traces in stratified deposits, owing to
the extraordinary softness of their bodies.

No. 489. [962, Cast]. Acalepha deperdita, Bey.

Two SPECIMENS. The remains of this frail creature are circular imprints,
composed of very regular concentric circles, on the borders of which are eight
rays. These are the only sure remains of a true Acaleph which have been
found fossil. From the Lithographic limestone (Middle Oolite), Eichstadt,
Bavaria.

SUB-CLASS GRAPTOLITID.

The Graptolites were first considered of vegetable origin; sub-
sequently they were regarded as extremely slender Orthoceratites;
but Portlock has pointed out their analogy with Sertularia,
or the lowest forms of compound Hydroids. They consist of
sessile polypite cells (hydrothecee) arranged in one or two rows
on flexible, tubular stems, which radiate from a central dise.
They seem to have been free-floating colonies. The specimens
usually observed are fragments of stems in a flattened condition,
presenting only a serrated edge; they seldom preserve more of
their substance than a carbonaceous or corneous film of extreme
tenuity. Graptolites are exclusively and characteristically Cam-
brian and Silurian fossils, and prevail in argillaceous deposits.

GRAPTOLITID&. 155

No. 490. Graptolithus (Monoprion) clintonensis, Hall.

In this genus the polypidom is a
long, narrow blade with a row of
cells on one side. Clinton Group,
Rochester, N. Y.

No. 491. Climocograptus typicalis, Hall.

The cells of this genus appear to have their mouths sunk, the surface of
the polypidom forming a row of openings on each side. Cincinnati Group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

No. 492. Diplograptus pristis, Hall.

See II
SISSSSS TL IM
IS SSSSSSSSESEEERY
In this genus the polypidom possesses a row of cells on each side. This
and the preceding genus range from the Cambrian to the Upper Silurian.

Utica Slate, near Utica, New York.

SUBKINGDOM

PORIFERATA (SPONGIA®).

The Sponges are many-celled animals without a true digestive
cavity. They consist of protoplasmic matter in three cell-layers,
supported in most cases by a framework of horny (keratode)
fibres, or calcareous or siliceous spicules. The body-mass is
traversed by ciliated passages, which are dilated at intervals to
form chambers, lined with flagellated monad-like cells. Food is
obtained by currents of water, which is drawn in at multitudes of
inhalent orifices (pores), and expelled through a single or several
large openings (oseula). There are no further digestive or cir-
culatory systems, and no definite nervous organs.

Reproduction takes place in the sponges by gemmation, and
also by fertilized ova. They are hermaphroditie.

Sponges are divided into Calcispongiz and Carneospongie.
In the former the skeleton is calcareous spicules, disposed in lines
or columns at right angles to the walls, and the permeating ciliated
canals are without sacs. The latter class have a thick mesoderm,
cilia restricted to the chambers, and either no skeleton or a horny
or siliceous framework.

The Calcispongiz are mostly extinct, and include the Palso-
zoic forms, Leeceptaculites and Stromatopora.

Carneospongiz include the only known fresh-water genera,
Spongilla and Siphydora, the common sponges of commerce
(Spongia), the boring Cliona, and the “glass-sponges,” of
which the most beautiful is the Venus’ flower-basket (uplec-
tella).

Several hundred species of fossil sponges are described, rang-
ing from the Cambrian.

No. 493. Astraeospongia meniscus, Roem.
Meniscus Limestone (Niagara Group), West Tennessee.

No. 494. Chenendopora fungiformis, Lamour.
Lower Greensand, Faringdon, Berks, England.

SPONGIA. 157

No. 495. [1164, Cast]. Brachio-
spongia digitata, Owen.

This large and remarkable fossil
sponge, with eleven beautifully radiat-
ing and recurved hollow branches, is
from the Lower Silurian, Franklin
County, Ky.

According to Mr. Beecher the num-
ber of branches or arms in this species
vary from 8 to 12, and the specimens
range in size from 34 to 11 inches in
diameter.

Size of this specimen, 11 x 11.

These mushroom-like Sponges have the
upper surface marked by pores in trans-
verse lines, and the lower one rayed. -
From the Chalk, Haldem, Westphalia,
and now in the Ward Collection of the
University of Rochester.

No. 497. Cryptozoon protiferum, Hall.
This sponge was long known as Stromotopora rugosa, and was assigned to
the Calciferous Epoch, instead of the Potsdam as at present. Saratoga, N. Y.

No. 498. Dictyophyton nodosum, Hall.
Chemung Group, Bath, Steuben County, New York.

No. 499. Dictyophyton tuberosum, Hall.

This interesting sponge was formerly supposed to be a plant,
as the name signifies. It is the internal cast of a sponge which
had a network somewhat like the living Huplectella. The
genus is known by eight or ten species. In the present species
(as also in D. nodosum) the body expands at intervals, and is
protruded into tubercles or nodes, with a longitudinal axis and
moderate elevation. From the Chemung Group (Upper De-
vonian), of Steuben County, N. Y. Size, 7 x 5.

No. 500. [1168, Cast]. Polypothecia dichotoma,
[ Benett.

This genus is allied to Scyphia. The species presents
considerable diversity of shape. This beautiful speci-
men shows several branches springing from one root.
Upon breaking these stems transversely, sections of
parallel longitudinal tubes are exhibited as in Siphonia.
From the Upper Greensand, Warminster, England.

Size, 7 x 4.

158 PORIFERATA.

No. 501. Receptaculites Oweni, Hall.

This sponge was hollow, of a discoidal, cylindrical or globular shape, and
with a small protuberance near the center of the lower side which is thought
to indicate the point where growth began.

The body-wall has a complex structure. It consists of three layers. The
inner and outer integments are composed of numerous rhomboidal caleareous
plates, so peculiarly arranged as to give fragments the appearance of an
engine-turned watch-case. Numerous small, straight, hollow spicula connect
the inner and outer layers. The animal has some points of resemblance to the
Foraminifera. It ranges through the Silurian. Trenton group, Rockford, Ill.

No. 502. [1174, Cast]. Siphonia (Hallirhoa) costata, Lamoureux.
Syn. Polypothecia septemloba, Benett.

The fossil Sponges belonging to this genus,
have a comparatively symmetrical form. The
body is bulbous and supported by a slender stem,
which is composed of very fine parallel longitud-
inal tubes, terminating on the surfaces of the
central cavity. The base of the stem was fixed
by root-like processes. The genus does not occur
above the Chalk. From the Upper Greensand,
Westminster, England.

Siphonia pyriformis, Goldf.

These pear-shaped Sponges are from the Upper
Greensand, Blackdown, England (a locality which
has furnished many very interesting and peculiar
forms of Sponges), and are now in the Ward Collec-
tion of the University of Rochester.

No. 504. Stromatopora -

This genus forms globular or hemispherical masses of large size. It con-
sists of thin concentric laminz, penetrated by minute tubes. The genus
ranges from the Lower Silurian to the Trias. This specimen is from the
Hamilton Group, near Shueyville, Lowa.

No. 505. [1185, Cast]. Ventriculites

The Ventriculites are the largest group of Cretaceous Sponges.
They are shaped like a mushroom or funnel, tapering to a point
below, and attached by rootlets. The astonishing complication
of their surface is shown by the fact, pointed out by Toulmin
Smith, that in one specimen, only three inches high, nine millions
of fibres were found! Like Siphonia, this genus is not found
above the Cretaceous. From the Upper Chalk of Bridlington,
England, and now in the Ward Collection of the University of
Rochester. Size, 10 x 3.

SUBKINGDOM

PROTOZOA.

This division, created by Von Siebold in 1845, has been gener-
ally adopted by naturalists as a convenient receptacle for those
lowest minute forms of animal life which do not readily fall into
any one of the other subkingdoms. From their extreme sim-
plicity the Protozoa possess few positive characters. They are
unicellular, and consist of slightly modified protoplasm called
“sarcode.” In the lowest forms (Monera) even the nucleus of
the cell is wanting, and the animal is termed a cytode.

In the typical Protozoa, the outer layer of the cell is denser
and more homogeneous than the internal protoplasm, which is
filled with dark particles called “granules,” and clear spaces
termed “ vacuoles.” Many of the latter are only temporary, but
usually one is larger than the rest, permanent and fixed, and
dilates and contracts at regular intervals. It is termed the ‘‘con-
tractile vesicle.’ There may be more than one contractile vesi-
cle, and more than one nueleus. No tissues are present. The
highest organization is seen in the Infusoria, which possess merely
a rudimental food-cavity, and permanent cilia. The nucleus and
contractile vesicle seem to be rudimental organs of reproduction
aud circulation. Notwithstanding the lack of organs and struc-
tures possessed by the higher animals, the Protozoa carry on all
the primary animal functions.

The Protozoa may be divided into the classes Infusoria, Gre-
garinida, Rhizopoda and Monera. The Monera are sometimes
placed with the Rhizopods, near the Amceba. They, however,
are simpler than the Ameeba, as they possess no nucleus or con-
tractile vesicle. Only the Rhizopods occur as fossils.

160 PROTOZOA.

CLASS INFUSORIA.

These animalcules were first observed by Lewenhéck in 1675;
and our present knowledge is chiefly due to the labors of Ehren-
berg, Pritchard, Dujardin and Bailey. The later researches have
tended to diminish the numbers of the so-called Infusoria; many
forms have been shown to be only larval worms, while whole
genera (as Diatomacw and Bacillarie) have assumed under the
microscope a vegetable character. They are distinguished by
having bodies of a definite form, by moving chiefly by means of
vibratile organs (cilia), instead of prolongations and digitations
of the sarcode, and by the possession of a mouth and gullet and
rudiments of digestive, circulatory and reproductive organs.

Infusoria inhabit both fresh and salt waters, and are not found
fossil,—the fossil organism often called Infusorial, being Fora-
minifers, Polycystines and Diatoms.

CLASS GREGARINIDA.

These are parasitic forms without mouth or power of emitting
pseudopodia. They have a definite cell-wall and nucleus, but no
contractile vacuole. They reproduce by encysting and produc-
tion of moner-like young which undergo metamorphosis.

The Gregarinida resemble worms, and are internal parasites of
various animals, particularly the earth-worm and cockroach.
They are sometimes ranked as the lowest of the subkingdom,
but they may be forms degraded by their mode of life. Having
no hard parts they do not occur fossil.

RHIZOPODA. 161

CLASS RMIZOPODA.

The members of this typical class are characterized by the
absence of a mouth, and the possession of pseudopodia. The
latter are thrown out at will as long, delicate, contractile fila-
ments, resembling roots (whence the name Rhizopod), and are
used like the tentacles of the Polyp for locomotion, and for the
introduction of food. The majority have the power of secreting
a testaceous envelope, either siliceous or calcareous; a few are
naked; while fewer still are strengthened like the Sponge by
spicules.

The class is divided into the Ameebea, which are naked, with
blunt finger-like pseudopodia, and the Foraminifera and Radio-
laria, which secrete a test and have thread-like and anastomosing
pseudopodia. The latter order has siliceous tests or spiculee, and
includes Polyeystina and other marine groups, and the fresh-water
Heliozoa.

The Protozoans with calcareous shells constitute the interest-
ing group of HLoraminifera. The existence of these microzoa
was first made known to naturalists by Beccarius nearly 150 years
ago. They were first ranked as minute forms of Nautili, and
even d’Orbigny, in his first memoir (1825) described them as
Cephalopods. It was reserved for Dujardin, ten years after, to
demonstrate their Rhizopod type of structure. Since then our
knowledge has been greatly extended by the elaborate researches
of Williamson and Carpenter.

The Foraminifer is a marine animal, dwelling in shells of ex-
treme beauty, sometimes simple, but usually consisting of an

ageregate of chambers which intercommunicate by minute aper-
tures, whence the name. These chambers grow by successive
gemmation from a primordial segment, sometimes in a straight
line, more commonly in a spiral or discoidal form. D’Orbigny’s
classification, founded on the numerical increase of the chambers,
has been set aside. Carpenter divides the order into two primary
groups according as the envelope is perforated or imperforated.

162 PROTOZOA.

The former include a large proportion of the Foraminifers which
come under general observation, namely, the three families
Lagenida, Globigerinida and Nummulinida. They are charac-
terized by a calcareous shell perforated by tubular openings.
The extraordinary multiplication of Wwmmudlites in the Eocene
gives the last family a place of no mean importance as a member
of its fossil fauna. The imperforated Foraminifers include the
families Gromida, Miliolida and Lituolida, in which the nature
of the envelope is membranous, porcellanous or arenaceous.
The Miliola is now the most universally diffused Foraminifer ;
its type can be traced back to the Lias.

Upwards of 700 fossil species of Foraminifers have been de-
scribed. They commence in the Palzeozoic, increase in number
and variety with successive strata, and attain their maximum in
the present seas. Indeed, they are so abundant in the most com-
mon materials, as chalk for example, as to justify the expression
of Buffon, that the very dust has been alive. The calcaire gros-
sier—the building stone of Paris, and the material of the pyra-
mids are full of these minute chambered shells; while the deep-
sea soundings show that the bed of the Ocean is composed of
little else than shells of Globigerine and the shields of Poly-
cystine.

No. 506. EKozoon Canadense, Dawson.

baw This has been described by Principal
<. Pts Dawson as a gigantic Foraminifer. Its
organic nature is still doubted, and in the
opinion of a large number of our best
authorities, is entirely disproved. The
fossil, if such it be, is described as con-
sisting of a chambered calcareous skeleton,
infiltrated by silicates, chiefly pyroxene,
serpentine and Loganite, which occupy
the spaces formerly filled by the sarcode
of the living animal. These chambers are
arranged in tiers, one above the other, and
the fossil seems thus to have formed great
reef-like masses, and might have originated
whole beds of limestone. Itis the oldest
animal fossil known, occurring in the erys-
talline rocks of the Archsean of America and Europe. Laurentian, Petite
Nation, Canada.

RHIZOPODA. 163

No. 507. Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer.
Sub-Carboniferous, Greenwood Co., Kansas.

No. 508. Nummulites nummularia, Brug.

The genus derives its name from the Latin for ‘“‘coin.” The ‘‘ Nummulitic
Limestone” is a distinct formation of great thickness, in some places several
thousand feet, which stretches from France to China. The great pyramids
are built of this rock. An example is seen in the plinth or base of Cleopatra’s
Needle in Central Park, New York. Eocene, Great Pyramid, Egypt.

No. 509. Nummulites striata, d’Orb.
Eocene, Conizac near Alet, France.

No. 510. Orbitolites.
Chalk, Gravesend, England.

No. 511. Infusorial Earth.

‘“About one hundred species of Diatoms have been described by Ehren-
berg and Bailey from this earth, beside a few Polycystines (siliceous Foramini-
fers) and many sponge spicules.” Miocene, Richmond, Va.

ENLARGED MODELS.

The following twenty specimens are models, very greatly enlarged from the
originals, most of the latter being too small for examination without the aid
of a microscope.

No. 512. [966] Amphistegina vulgaris, d’Orb.
Miocene: Bordeaux, France.

No. 513. [999] Cassidulina serrata.
Miocene: Austria.

No. 514. [1002] Clavulina communis, d’Orb.
Pliocene: Nussdorf, Austria.

No. 515. [1059] Cristellaria cassis, Ficht.
(Young). Pliocene: Sienna, Italy.

No. 516. [968] Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer.
Carboniferous: Russia, Belgium, Ohio, Nebraska, Kansas, &c.

No. 517. [1007] Globigerina bulloides, d@’Orb.
Miocene: Austria. Pliocene: Italy. Living: Adriatic. °

164 PROTOZOA.

No. 518. [1077] Globulina gibba, d’Orb.
Eocene: Grignon, France. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Pliocene
Arquato, Italy. Living: Adriatic.

No. 519. [1094] Nodosaria inflata, Reuss.
Upper Chalk.

No. 520. [1097] Nodosaria oblonga, Reuss.
Eocene.

No. 521. [1098] Nodosaria radicula, Lam.
Gault.

No. 522. [1188] Orbitolites macropora, Lam.
Chalk: Maestricht, Holland.

No. 528. [1015] Proroporous complanatus, Reuss.
Gault.

No. 524. [1145] Quinqueioculina Ferussaci, d’Orb.
Eocene: Parnes, France. _

No. 525. [1086] Siderolina calcitrapoides, Lam.
Chalk: Maestricht, Holland.

No. 526. [1039] Siphonina reticulata, Reuss.
Miocene: Germany.

No. 527. [1150]. Spirolina cylindrica, Lam.
Eocene: Paris, France.

No. 528. [1043] Textularia conulus, Reuss.
Upper Chalk.

No. 529. [1047] Textularia pupoides.
Upper Chalk: Meudon, France.

No. 580. [1049] Textularia spinulosa, Reuss.
Miocene: Germany,

No. 531. [1161] Vertebralina nitida, d’Orb
Eocene: Grignon, France.

: Castel-

PLANT.
SERIES PHANEROGAMIA.

CLASS DICOTYLEDONS.

SUB-CLASS ANGIOSPERMZ.

No. 532. Sassafras
cretaceum, Newb.

Ss Gil Angiospermous plants

<M) y ¥ date from the Cretaceous,

Neat Y" ¢

Noes VY, 5

E e\£ and many genera are iden-

2 £ . . .

Me, pki i tical with those now liv-
Bite a ing. Our modern forest

E 4G/ trees are largely repre-

sented in the fresh-water
deposits of the interior re-
gion and in the cretaceous
clays of the Atlantic bor-
der.

Dakota Group (Creta-
ceous), Ellsworth County,
Kansas.

No. 583. Betulites Vestii, Lesq.
Dakota Group (Cretaceous), Ellsworth County, Kansas.

SUB-CLASS GYMNOSPERM £2.

FAMILY CONIFERZ.

No. 534, [1822, Cast]. Pinites pseudo-stroboides, Gop.

The genus Pinites—the ancient Pine Tree—was introduced upon the earth
much earlier than the other members of our present forest trees, and has been
persistent in itssojourn. This is attested by trunks, leaves and cones preserved

DICOTYLEDONS. 167

in strata of every age from the Devonian up through the Carboniferous,
Trias, Jura, Cretaceous and Tertiary. In this latter period, and at the present
day, the genus has had its maximum of development. This perfectly pre-
served cone is from the Lower Miocene Tertiary beds of Carbonne, France.
Size, 6 x 3.

No. 535. [1206, Cast]. Dammarites

A conifer from the Inferior Oolite, Burton, Somerset, England.

; Sternb.

Size, 6 x 6.

FAMILY CYCADACEZ.

No. 536. [1204, Cast]. Cycadoidea megalophylla, Buckl.

Syn. Mantellia nidiformis. Brongn.

This short, spheroidal trunk prob-
ably belonged toa Cycad,—a tropical
plant related to the Conifers in struc-
ture and fructification, but totally
different in habit. It supported a
tuft of large, pinnated, palm-like
leaves; and the surface is covered
with rhomboidal scars formed by the
attachment of the leaf-stalks. Its
shape has caused it to be named
‘“Orow’s Nest” by the quarrymen. Neither leaves nor fruit have been found.
From the Purbeck beds (Wealden), Isle of Portland, England, and now in
he Ward Collection, University of Rochester. Size, 12 x{12.

No. 587. Trigonocarpus Noeggerathi, Brongt.

Genus of nut-like fruits, ovoid, 38-6 ribbed. This species is ovate and tri-
costate. They are doubtfully referred to the Cycads. Carboniferous, Saar-
bruck, Rhenish Prussia.

No. 5388. Trigonocarpus tricuspidatus, Newb.

Nut elliptical in outline. 3-costate, with a bottle-shaped nucleus. Coal
Measures, Mahoning Co., Ohio.

®
No. 589. Carpolithes Brandonensis, Lesq.

A fruit of unknown affinity. Eocene, Brandon, Vermont.

No. 540. Fruit.

This fruit, or nut, is replaced by Marcasite, which radiates from the small,
spherical nucleus in thin fan-shaped plates, whence the name ‘‘ Cupid’s
Wings,” by which they are commonly known. Lias, Lyme-Regis, England.

168 PLANT.

CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONS.

No. 541. [1207, Cast]. Nipadites Burtini, Brongt.

This fossil palm-nut is so called from its resemblance to the fruit of the
existing Vipa of Bengal and the East Indies. The Nipa is allied to the cocoa-
nut tribe on the one side, and on the other to the screw-pine. Itis a low-
growing plant, luxuriating in marshy tracts at the mouths of great rivers.
From the Eocene clay, Scheerbeck, Belgium, and now in the Ward Collection
of the University of Rochester.

No. 542. Phragmites cretaceous, Lesq.
Dakota Group (Cretaceous), Ottawa Co., Kansas.

SERIES CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS ACROGENS.

FAMILY LYCOPODIACEZ.

No. 543. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sterns.

The leaf-scars (bolsters) are rhomboidal, in
quicunx order, making spiral rows. The inner
scar (‘‘cicatrice’’) bears three points (vascular
scars), and beneath it are usually two oval “‘ tub-
ercules.” A medial keeled line (cauda) runs
from the cicatrice to the inferior point of the
bolster. Other lines are variably present in
different species.

No. 544. [1825, Cast]. Lepidodendron Sternbergi, Brongt.
This fine cast of a decorticated specimen shows the original cylindrical form
of the stem. Coal Measures, Orange Co., Indiana. Size, 14 x 8.

No. 545. [1327, Cast]. Sigillaria.

The leaf-scars (cicatrices) are more variable in form than those of Lepido-
dendron, and are disposed in vertical rows upon bands or flutings of the trunk,
but still with spiral arrangement. Coal Measures, Pittston, Pa.

ACROGENS. 169

No. 546. Stigmaria ficoides, Brngt.

This genus may represent the subterranean stems and roots of Sigillara and
other plants, or perhaps some forms may be the stems of floating plants.
Coal Measures, Scranton, Pa.

No. 547. [1826, Cast]. Stigmaria ficoides, Brngt.
Coal Measures, South Joggins, Nova Scotia. Size, 10 x 5.

FAMILY EQUISETACEZ,

No. 548. Ancylogonatum carbonacium, Rom.
Lower Oolite, Whitby, England. -

No. 549. Annularia longifolia, Brngt.
Coal Measures, Mazon Creek, Grundy Co., II.

No. 550. [1829, Cast]. Calamites.
The family—Equisetaceze—is still represented by the common ‘‘ Horse-tail”’
or scouring brush. Aséerophyilites is only the foliage of Calamites.
Size, 12 x 4.
No. 551. Equisetites arenaceus.
Keuper, Stuttgart, Wurtemberg.

FAMILY FILICACEZ.

No. 552. Archzeopteris Jacksoni.
Catskill, Montrose, Penn.

No. 553. Neuropteris hirsuta, Lesq.

This beautiful fern, so
characteristic of the Coal
Measures, is from Mazon
Creek, Grundy Co., Ills.

No. 554. Pecopteris villosa, Brngt.
Coal Measures, Mazon Creek, Grundy Co., Ills.

No. 555. Sphenopteris communis, Lesq.
Sub-Carboniferous, North Western, Arkansas.

CLASS THALASSOPHYTES.

No. 556. Spirophyton caudi-galli, Vanuxem.
This is generally regarded as a sea-weed, although thought by some geol-

ogists to be only the result of mechanical forces. Caudi-galli Grit, Rondout,
ING Y.

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY

OF THE

College Collection of Paleontology.

The paleontological material described in the body of the
catalogue is in the following summary given a chronological
arrangement. The species are broadly grouped zoologically,
proceeding from lower to higher, under their respective Geologic
Ages and Periods, beginning with the earliest, thus giving the
classification which is most convenient and useful for a museum.

The number before each name is the list number of the cata-
logue.

The numbers in brackets are the numbers of casts, as recorded
at our Museum, and as published in the old “Catalogue of
Casts.” These numbers will be plainly marked on both the
specimens and the labels accompanying them.

Species of small size are usually represented by more than one
specimen. The number may slightly vary, but will always be
sufficient to fairly represent the species.

CAMBRIAN AND SILURIAN.

PROTOZOA.
No. 506. Hozoon Canadense, Dawson.

PORIFERATA.

No. 493. Astreeospongia meniscus, Roem.

No. 495. [1164] Brachiospongia digitata, Owen.
No. 497. Cryptozoon protiferum, Hall.

No. 501. Receptaculites Oweni, Hall.

CHLENTERATA.

No. 490. Graptolithus (Monoprion) clintonensis, Hall.
No. 491. Climocograptus typicalis, Hall.
No. 492. Diplograptus pristis, Hall.

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

Astrocerium pyriformis, Hall.
Cheetetes lycoperdon, Say.
Favistella stellata, Hall.
Halysites catenulatus, Linn.
Monticulipora Dalei, E. and H.

Monticulipora mammulata, d’Orb.

Streptelasma corniculum, Hall.

ECHINODERMATA.

Agelacrinus cincinnatiensis, Roemer.

Caryocrinus ornatus, Say.
[936]
[911]
[932]
[938]

MOLLUSCA.

Gorgonia antiqua, Hall.
Ptilodictya Shafferi, Meek.
Lingula cuneata, Conrad. -

Lingula (Lingulepis) prima, Con.

Crania scabiosa, Hall.
Strophomena alternata, Con.

Strophomena planumbona, Hall.

Leptzena sericea, Sow.
Orthis laticostata, James.
Orthis lynx, Eichwald.

Orthis occidentalis, Hall.
Orthis plicatella, Hall.

Orthis subquadrata, Hall.
Orthis testudinaria, Dalman.
Retzia evax, Hall.

Zygospira modesta, Say.
Rhynchonella dentata, Hall.
Rhynchonella capax, Con.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sow.
Pentamerus oblongus, Sow.
Leptoccelia hemispherica, Sow.
Ambonychia radiata, Hall.
Conularia trentonensis, Hall.
Tentaculites irregularis, Hall.
Maclurea Bigsbyi, Hall.

(2 specimens).
(8 specimens).

(5 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(8 specimens).

Lepadocrinus (Apiocystites) Gebhardi.
Crotalocrinus rugosus, Miller.
Ichthyocrinus levis, Conrad.
Mariacrinus nobilissimus, Hall.

(2 specimens).

(2 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(8 specimens).
(5 specimens).
(6 specimens).

_ (6 specimens).
(10 specimens).
(6 specimens).
(10 specimens).
(5 specimens).
(25 specimens).
(10 specimens).
(8 specimens).

(2 specimens).

(2 specimens).

(2 specimens).

171

172 GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

No. 299. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sow. (3 specimens).
No. 298. Murchisonia bellicinati, Hall. (4 specimens).
No. 287. Cyclonema, bilix, Con. (4 specimens).
No. 281. Raphistoma lenticulare, Sow. (2 specimens).

No. 253. [598] Cyrtoceras macrostomum, Hall.

No. 251. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall.

No. 250. [585] Orthoceras amplicameratum, Hall.

No. 249. Orthoceras Duseri, H. & W. (2 specimens).
No. 248. [580] Lituites undatus, Conrad.

ARTICULATA.

No. 171. Scolithus linearis, Hall.

No. 143. Asaphus gigas, De Kay.

No. 144. [873] Asaphus gigas, De Kay.

No. 142. [876] Asaphus megistos, Locke.

No. 145. [886] Acidaspis Buchii, Barrande.

No. 146. [3890] Bumastus (Illenus) Barriensis, Murch.
No. 147. Calymene niagarensis, Hall. (2 specimens).
No. 148. Calymene senaria, Conrad. (2 specimens).
No. 149. [894] Calymene Blumenbachii, Brongniart.

No. 150. [898] Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green.

No. 151. [407] Dalmania (Phacops) limulurus, Green.

No. 153. , [410] Dalmania nasutus, Conrad.

No. 154. [412] Dalmania nasutus, Conrad.

No. 156. [416] Dikelocephalus minnesotensis, Owen.
No. 157. Elipsocephalus Hoffii, Schlotheim.
No. 157. [421] Harpes ungula, Barrande.

No. 158. [423] Homalonotus delphinocephalus.
No. 159. [426] Illenus giganteus, Brong.

No. 160. [428] Lichas Boltoni, Green.

No. 161. [481] Lichas pustulosus, Hall.

No. 163. [487] Paradoxides bohemicus, Bock.

No. 166. [447] Spheerexochus mirus, Beyrich.

No. 167. Triarthrus Becki, Green.

No. 168. Trinucleus ornatus, Burm.

No. 169. Trinucleus concentricus, Eaton. (2 specimens).
No. 170. [1296] Climactichnites Wilsoni, Logan.
No. 1388. Eurypterus remipes, DeKay.

No. 139. [1814] Eusarchus scorpionis, Grote and Pitt.
No. 187. [870] Pterygotus acuminatus, Salter.

Cambrian and Silurian, 64 Genera, 81 Species, 103 Specimens;
Value $75.00

. 556.
. 582.

. 498.
. 499.
. 504.

. 476.
Hide
. 478.
. 480.
. 483.
. 484.
. 485.
. 488.
. 468.
. 470.
vias
. 478.

. 459.
. 448
. 485.

. 094.
. 384.
. 385.
. 387.
. 388.
. 390.
ae orl
. 378.
. 879.
. d81,
» Slee

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY. ~—

DEVONIAN.

PLANTZ.
Spirophyton caudi-galli, Vauxem.
Archeopteris Jacksoni.
PORIFERATA.

Dictyophyton nodosum, Hall.
Dictyophyton tuberosum, Hall.
Stromatopora. :

COELENTERATA.

Acervularia Davidsoni, E. and H.
Acervularia Davidsoni, E. and H.

Calciola sandalina, Defrance. (8 specimens).

Cyathophyllum helianthoides, Goldf.

Hadrophyllum d’Orbignyi, E. and H. (10 specimens).

Heliophyllum epigium, Hall. (6 specimens).
Heliophyllum Halli, E. and H. (2 specimens).
Zaphrentis corniculum, E. and H. (4 specimens).

Dendropora ornata, Rom.
Favosites Emmonsii, Rom.
Favosites.

Michelinia cylindrica, E. and H.

ECHINODERMATA.

Neucleocrinus Verneuli, Troost. (2 specimens).

Melocrinus (Ctenocrinus) typus, Bronn.
[1820] Renaster margaritatus.

MOLLUSCA.

Orthis Hifleensis, Vern. (10 specimens).
Athyris concentrica, Buck. (8 specimens).
Athyris spiriferoides, Eaton. (8 specimens).
Athyris vittata, Hall. (4 specimens).
Meristella barrisi, Hall. (4 specimens).
Uncites gryphus, Defr.

Spirifer micropter. _ (8 specimens).
Spirifer mucronata, Con. (3 specimens).
Spirifer Oweni, Hall. (2 specimens).
Spirifer speciosus, Schloth. (3 specimens).

Atrypa aspera, Schloth. (8 specimens).

173

174 GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

No. 3738. Atrypa primipilaris, d Orb. (10 specimens).
No. 374. Atrypa reticularis, Linn. (3 specimens).
No. 375. Atrypa reticularis, Linn. (3 specimens).
No. 364. Rhynchonella alta, Hall. (6 specimens).
No. 363. [728] Stringocephalus Burtini. (2 specimens).

No. 362. Rensselaeria ovoides, Eaton.

No. 323. Megalodon cuculatus, Sow.

No. 295. Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata, Con. (2 specimens).
No. 254. [602] Gyroceras trivolvis, Hall.

No. 252. [592] Gomphoceras inflatum, Quenst.

No. 247. [595] Nautilus maximus, Conrad.

ARTICULATA.

No. 152. [409] Dalmania myrmecophora.

No. 155. [405] Dalmania (Crypheus) calliteles.

No. 164. Phacops bufo (Var. rana.), Green, (2 specimens).
No. 165. [445] Proetus longicaudus, Hall.

VERTEBRATA.

No. 105. [809] Holoptychius nobilissimus, Agassiz.
No. 106. [818] Cephalaspis Lyelli, Agassiz.
No. 107. [13803] Cephalaspis Dawsoni, Lankester.

Devonian, 34 Genera, 46 Species, 128 Specimens; Value $39.30

CARBONIFEROUS.

PLANTZ.

No. 558. Neuropteris hirsuta, Lesq.

No. 554. Pecopteris villosa, Brngt.

No. 555. Sphenopteris communis, Lesq.

No. 549. Annularia longifolia, Brngt.

No. 550. [1329] Calamites.

No. 543. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sterns.

No. 544. [1825] Lepidodendron Sternbergi, Brongt.

No. 545. [1327] Sigillaria.

No. 546. Stigmaria ficoides, Brngt.

No. 547. [1326] Stigmaria ficoides, Brngt.

No. 537. Trigonocarpus Noeggerathi, Brongt. (3 specimens)
No. 538. Trigonocarpus tricuspidatus, Newb. (3 specimens).

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

PROTOZOA.

Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer.
[968] Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer.

CHLENTERATA.

Cyathophylum Murchisoni.

Lithostrotion canadense, Castelnau.

ECHINODERMATA.

Granatocrinus Norwoodi, 9. and S.

Pentremites cervinus, Hall:
Pentremites Godonii, Defr.
Pentremites pyriformis, Say.

(4 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(5 specimens).
(5 specimens).

[864] Actinocrinus proboscidialis, Hall.

Actinocrinus Verneulianus, Shum.
Batocrinus rotundus, Y. and S.
Dorycrinus unicornis, 0. and S$.
Platycrinus planus, 0. and 8.
Platycrinus.

Crinoid.

Crinoid.

Crinoid.

(4 specimens).
(8 specimens).

(8 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(6 specimens).
(2 specimens).

[781] Paleechinus (Melonites) multipora.

MOLLUSCA.

Archimedes laxa, Hall.
Fenestella retiformis, Schloth.
Discina nitida, Phil.

Productus horridus, Gein.
Productus longispinus, Sow.
Productus Prattenianus, Norwood.
Productus semireticulatus, Mart.
[690] Spirifer pinguis, Sow.

[698] Spirifer striatus, Martin.
Athyris ambigua, Sow.

Athyris subtilita, Hall.
Rhynchonella pleurodon, Phil.
Bellerophon hiulcus, Sow.

(6 specimens).

(2 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(2 specimens).

(4 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(6 specimens).
(4 specimens).

[622] Euomphalus pentangulatus, Sow.

Gasteropod, enlarged by silica.
Goniatites ixion, Hall.
Goniatites Oweni, Hall.

176 GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

ARTICULATA.

No. 141. [1316] Euproops Dane, M. and W.

VERTEBRATA.

No. 120. [1808, 1810] Rhyssodus (Cochliodus) latus.
(2 specimens).
No. 117. [843] Edestes vorax, Leidy.

No. 108. [811] Rhizodus Hibberti, Owen.
No. 96. [291] Archegosaurus Decheni, Goldf.
No. 95. [801] Sauropus primevus, Lea.

Carboniferous, 37 Genera, 51 Species, 109 Specimens; Value $42.90

TRIASSIC.

PLANTZ.
No. 551. Equisetites arenaceus.
ECHINODERMATA.

No. 444. [917] Enecrinus liliiformis, Schloth.
No. 445. [920] Enerinus liliiformis, Schloth.

No. 415. Cidaris dorsata, Brown. (5 specimens).
MOLLUSCA.

No. 341. Gervillia socialis, Lyc. and Mor. (2 specimens).

No. 336. Modiola minuta, Quenstedt. (2 specimens).

No. 334. Nucula strigillata, Goldf. (5 specimens).

No. 331. Myophoria (Schizodus) Kefersteinii. (2 specimens).
No. 229. [1208] Ammonites tornatus, Brown.
No. 184. Ceratites nodosus, De Hann.

ARTICULATA.
No. 134. [858] Pemphix Seurii, Meyer.
VERTEBRATA.

No. 104. [840] Ceratodus. (2 specimens).
No. 93. [293] Labyrinthodon (Mastodonsaurus) Jeegeri.
No. 100. [805] Labyrinthodon.

No. 94. [294] Cheirotherium Barthi, Kaup.

-I

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 1

271] Belodon (Phytosaurus) Kapffii, Meyer.
No. 79. [237] Placodus gigas, Agassiz.
235] Nothosaurus mirabilis, Munst.
No. 67. [278] Dicynodon lacerticeps, Owen.
No. 61. [191] Brontozoum giganteum, Hitchcock.
2. [192] Brontozoum Sillimanium, Hitch.
No. 63. [195] Anomoepus major, Hitch.

Triassic, 19 Genera, 21 Species, 34 Specimens; Value, $69.50

JURASS#C:

PLANTA.
548. Ancylogonatum carbonacium, Rom.
No. 536. [1204] Cycadoidea megallophylla, Buck.
540. Eruit ‘‘(Curips WInNGs).”
No. 535. [1206] Dammarites, Sternb.

C@LENTERATA.
No. 489. [962] Acalepha deperdita, Bey. (2 specimens).

ECHINODERMATA.

No. 439. [898] Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth.

No. 440. [904] Astrocoma cirini.

No. 451. Pentacrinites cingulatus, Munst. (20 specimens).
No. 449. [945] Pentacrinus (Extracrinus) Briareus, Miller.
No. 450. Pentacrinus Briareus, Miller.

No. 452. [942] Pentacrinus subangularis, Miller.

No. 436. [860] Ophioderma Egertoni, Broderip.

No. 434. [863] Solaster Moretonensis, Forbes.

No. 414. Cidaris coronata, Goldf. (6 specimens).
No. 416. Cidaris glandifera, Goldf. (2 specimens).
No. 417. [771] Cidaris suevica, Desor.

No. 422. Echinobrissus (Nucleolites) scutatus. (3 specimens)

No. 423. Echinobrissus (Nucleolites) cunucularis, Blainv.
(8 specimens).
No. 426. Hemicidaris intermedia, Fleming.

No. 430. Pygaster semisulcatus, Phil.

No. 431. [789] Rhabdocidaris copeoides, Desor. (8 specimens).

MOLLUSCA.
No. 368. [737] Rhynchonella speciosa, Munst.
No. 369. Rhynchonella varians, d’Orb. (10 specimens).

359. Terebratella umbonella, Lamk. (4 specimens).
No. 358. Terebratula sphzroidalis, Sow. 3 specimens).

178 GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

No. 360. Terebratula gregaria, Suess. (8 specimens).
No. 351. Gryphea arcuata, Lam. (Gryphea incurva, Sow.)

No. 347. Ostrea Marshii, Sow.

No. 343., Lima rigida, Deshayes. (2 specimens).
No. 389. Perna mytiloides, Lam.

No. 329. Trigonia costata, Park.

No. 330. Trigonia incurva, Sow.

No. 328. Opis lunulata, Sow. (3 specimens).
No. 325. Astarte obliqua, Desh.

No. 311. Pholadomya Aequalis, Sow. (2 specimens).
No. 310. Panopeea jurassi, d’Orb. (2 specimens).
No. 296. Pleurotomaria ornata, Defrance.

No. 297. Pleurotomaria conoidea, Deshayes. (2 specimens).

No. 246. Nautilus semistriatus, d’Orb.

No. 232. Trigonellites (aptychus) latus, Park.
No. 185. [467] Ammonites armatus, Sowerby.
No. 186. [470] Ammonites athletus, Phillips.
No. 188. Ammonites bifrons, Bruguiere.

No. 189. [473] Ammonites bisulcatus, Brug.
No. 190. [475] Ammonites Blagdeni, Sow.
No. 191. [476] Ammonites Birchii, Sow.

No. 192. [478] Ammonites Brongniarti, Sow.
No. 193. [479] Ammonites concavus, Sow.

No. 194. Ammonites complanatus, Brug. (4 specimens).
No. 195. [481] Ammonites Comptoni, Pratt.
No. 196. Ammonites cordatus, Sow. (2 specimens).

No. 197. [484] Ammonites cordatus, Sow.

No. 198. [486] Ammonites coronatus, Brug.

No. 199. [488] Ammonites cornucopia, d’Orb.

No. 200. Ammonites communis, Sow. (2 specimens).
No. 201. [490] Ammonites fimbriatus, Sow.

No. 202 [492] Ammonites gigas, Zieten.

No. 203. [494] Ammonites giganteus, Sow.

No. 204. [495] Ammonites Goliathus, d’Orb.

No. 205. Ammonites Henleyi, Sow.

No. 206. [499] Ammonites heterophyllus, Sow.

No. 207. Ammonites Humphriesianus, Sow.

No. 209. [505] Ammonites Jason, Reinecke.

No. 210. Ammonites Lamberti, Sow. (3 specimens).
No. 211. Ammonites laticostatus, Sow.

No. 218. Ammonites macrocephalus, Schloth.

No. 216. Ammonites margaritatus, Mumfort.

No 217. [521] Ammonites obtusus, Sow.

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ne

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GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 179

[519] Ammonites modiolaris, Luid.
Ammonites Murchisone, Sow.
[524] Ammonites perarmatus, Sow.

- Ammonites planicostatus, Sow.
[531] Ammonites serpentinus, Schloth.
Ammonites (POLISHED SECTION).
[463] Beloteuthis subcostata, Munst.
[466] Belemnosepia, Agassiz.
[456] Belemnites Owenii, Pratt.

Belemnites hastatus, Blainv. (6 specimens).
Belemnites densus, M. and H. (3 specimens).
Belemnites elongatus, Miller. (3 specimens).

Belemnite (InK-Bag).

ARTICULATA.
[364] Limulus giganteus, Munst.
[360] Megachirus locusta, Germar.
304] Eryon propinquus, Germar.
[452] Locusta speciosa, Munst.
[451] A®schna eximia, Hagen.

VERTEBRATA.
[330] Squatina acanthoderma, Fraas.
[337] Acrodus Anningiz, Agassiz.
[345] Ichthyodorulite—Hybodus reticulatus.
[326] Gyrodus umbilicus, Agassiz.
[824] Gyrodus circularis, Agassiz.
[320] Microdon (Pycnodus) elegans, Agassiz.
[319] Aspidorhynchus speciosus, Agassiz.
[1801] Lepidotus Maximus, Wagner.
[317] Lepidotus minor, Agassiz.
Lepidotus (Scaes). (8 specimens).
[286] Chelonemys ovata.
[1289] Platichelys Oberndorferi, Wagner.
[276] Saurophidium Thollieri.
[254] Teleosaurus minimus, Quenst.
[253] Teleosaurus Mandelslohi, Bronn.
[249] Crocodileimus robustus.
[233] Pliosaurus grandis, Owen.
[231] Pliosaurus brachydeirus, Owen.
[227] Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Conyb
[225] Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Conyb.
Ichthyosaurus (Coprovire).
Ichthyosaurus (Toorn).

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

. 71. Ichthyosaurus (VERTEBRA).

. 70. [214] Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb.

. 69. [215] Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb.

. 68. [207. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb.

. 101-103. [806-808] Ichthyosaurus, with Plesiosauri.
. 98. [303] Megalosaurus (RESTORATION).

. 66. [1286] Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus, Marsh.

. 65. [241] Pterodactylus crassirostris, Goldfuss.

. 64. [1287] Compsognathus longipes, Wagner.

. 51. [1278] Archeeoyoteryx macrura, Owen.

Jurassic, 61 Genera, 115 Species, 183 Specimens; Value $324.70

No.

No.

No.
No.
No.

CRETACEOUS.
PLANT.
542. Phragmites cretaceous, Lesq.
533. Betulites Vestii, Lesq.
532. Sassafras cretaceum, Newb.
PROTOZOA.
. 510. Orbitolites. (10 specimens).
519. [1094] INodosaria inflata, Reuss.
521. [1098] Nodosaria radicula, Lam.
522. [1138] Orbitolites macropora, Lam.
523. [1015] Proroporous complanatus, Reuss.
525. [1036] Siderolina calcitrapoides, Lam.
528. [1043] Textularia conulus, Reuss.
529. [1047] Textularia pupoides.
PORIFERATA,
. 494. Chenendopora fungiformis, Lamour.
. 496. [1165] Ccoeloptychium agaricoides, Goldf.
. 500. [1168] Polypothecia dichotoma, Benett.
. 502. [1174] Siphonia (Hallirhoa) costata, Lamor.
. 5038. [1177] Siphonia pyriformis, Goldf.
. 505. [1185] Ventriculites.
CHLENTERATA.
482. Cyclolites elliptica, Lam.
ECHINODERMATA.
413. Ananchytes ovata, Lam.
420. Cyphosoma texana. : (2 specimens).
421. Discoidea subuculus, Leske. (4 specimens).

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oh;

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

Galerites albogalerus, Lam.
[842] Hemipneustes radiatus, Agass.
Micraster cor-anguinum, Agass.

Toxaster texana. (2 specimens).
MOLLUSCA.

Terebratula biplicata, Defr. (3 specimens).

Terebratula semiglobosa, Sow. (3 specimens).

Exogyyra arietina, ’Orb. (3 specimens).

Exogyra costata, Say.

Gryphea vesicularis, Lam.

Ostrea larva, Lam. (3 specimens).
Pecten (Neithea) quadricostata, Sow. (2 specimens).
[667] Gervillia anceps, Deshayes.

Inoceramus Sagensis, Owen.

[659] Radiolites (Sphcerulites) crateriformis.
[655] Hippurites radiosa, Desmoulins.
Coralliochama Orcutti, White.

[662] Caprina adversa, d’Orb.

Cardium multistriatum. (2 specimens).
Tellina (Arcopagia) texana.

Teredo amphistena, Goldf.

Pyrgulifera humerosa, Meek. (5 specimens).
[608] Rostellaria carinata, Mant.

[570] Nautilus elegans, Sow.

[574] Nautilus pseudo-elegans, d’Orb.

[546] Baculites anceps, Lam.

Baculites compressus, Say.

[558] Hamites (Hamulina) cinctus, d’Orb.

[567] Turrilites costatus, Lam.

[560] Helicoceras rotundum, Sow.

Scaphites nodosus, Owen. (2 specimens).
Scaphites equalis, Sow.

[563] Scaphites Ivanii, Puzos.

[541] Ancyloceras gigas, Sow.

[552] Crioceras Duvailii, Leveille.

[550] Crioceras, Leveille.

Ammonites Batesii, Thrash.

[503] Ammonites interruptus, Brug.
Ammonites latus, Park. (2 specimens).
Ammonites mammilatus, Schloth.

Ammonites Mantelli, Sow.

[523] Ammonites peramplus, Mant

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

Ammonites placenta, DeKay.

[530] Ammonites rothomagensis, Brong.
Ammonites rothomagensis, Brong.

Ammonites semisulcatus, d’Orb. (4 specimens).
Ammonites splendens, Sow. (2 specimens).
Ammonites Woollgari, Mant.

[460] Belemnites dilatatus, Blainv. (3 specimens).
Belemnitella mucronata, Schloth. (3 specimens).

ARTICULATA.

[1202] Hoploparia (Astacus) longimana, Sow.
Paleecorystes Stokesii, Mantell.

VERTEBRATA.

[846] Beryx superbus, Dixon.

Ptychodus decurrens, Agassiz. (2 specimens).
[1304] Pelecopterus perniciosus, Cope.
Coprolite (oF Fisx), Buckl.

[248] Thoracosaurus neocesariensis, DeKay.
[1292] Liodon.

[263] Mosasaurus Hoffmanni, Mantell.

[200] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

[204] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

[1293] Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer.

[302] Pterodactyl.

Cretaceous, 60 Genera, 80 Species, 122 Specimens; Value $142.05

No.
No.
No.

No.
No.

No. :
INOr

No.

INO: :

No.

No. ?
No.
No. 5
No.

No.

No.

No.
No.

TER ELAR.Y,

PLANTZ.
[1207] Nipadites Burtini, Brongt.
Carpolithes brandonensis, Lesq. (2 specimens).
[1822] Pinites pseudo-stroboides, Gop.

PROTOZOA.
Nummulites nummularia, Brug. (3 specimens).
Nummiulites striata, d’Orb. (20 specimens).

Infusorial earth.

[966] Amphistegina vulgaris, d’Orb.
[999] Cassidulina serrata.

[1002] Clavulina communis, d’Orb.
[1059] Cristellaria cassis, Ficht.
[1007] Globigerina bulloides, d’Orb.
{1077] Globulina gibba, d’Orb.

[1097] Nodosaria oblonga, Reuss.
[1145] Quinqueloculina Ferussaci, d’Orb.
[1039] Siphonina reticulata, Reuss.
[1150] Spirolina cylindrica, Lam.
[1049] Textularia spinulosa, Reuss.
[1161] Vertebralina nitida, d’Orb.

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

ECHINODERMATA.

No. 418. Clypeaster ghizehensis.
No. 419. [814] Clypeaster umbrella, Agass.
No. 424. Echinolampus affinis, Desm.

No. 432. Scutella disca, Mather.
MOLLUSCA.
No. 355. Terebratula grandis, Blum.

No. 350. Ostrea.

No. 345. Pecten expansus, Dall.
No. 387. [685] Dreissensia (Congeria) subglobosa.

No. 335. Pectunculus pulvinatus, Lam. (2 specimens).
No. 3338. Arca diluvii, Lam.

No. 382. Arca biangulata, Lam.

No. 327. Cardita Partschii, Goldf.

No. 326. Venericardia rotunda, Lea.

No. 324. Crassatella protexta, Con.

No. 318. Chama calcarata, Lam.

No. 314. Cytherea nitida.

No. 313. Venus levigata, Nyst.

No. 305. Helix Tryonii, New.

No. 304. Helix turonensis, Desh.

No. 308. Dentalium hexagonum, Sow.

No. 293. Trochus podolicus, Dubois.

No. 290. Ampullaria vulcani, Br.

No. 289. Cerithium Bronni, Partsch.

No. 288. [618] Cerithium giganteum, Lam.
No. 285. Turritella Mortoni, Con.

No. 284. Turritella turris, Bast.

No. 283. Opalia anomala, Stearns.

No. 282. Opalia varicostata, Stearns.

No. Crepidula cornu-arietes.

No. Natica helicina, Broc.

No. Natica sigaretina, Desh.

2 specimens).

(8 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(8 specimens).
(8 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(2 specimens).
(10 specimens).
(4 specimens).

(5 specimens).

(8 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(4 specimens).
(8 specimens).
(12 specimens).
(3 specimens).

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No. 274. Pyrula (Tudicea) rusticula, Bast. (2 specimens).
No. 273. Pyrula bulbus, d’Orb. (2 specimens).
No. 270. Rostellaria fissurella, Lam. (4 specimens).
No. 26 (8 specimens).

8. Conus striatulus, Broc.
7

No. Pleurotoma turricula, Broc. (8 specimens).

6

No. 266. Pleurotoma demidiata, Broc. (4 specimens).
No. 265. Columbella nassoides, Bell. (5 specimens).
No. 264. Oliva Greenoughii, Lea. (4 specimens).
No. 263. Voluta cithara, Lam. (3 specimens).
No. 262. Nassa limata, Chemn. (4 specimens).
No. 261. Nassa senilis. (10 specimens).
No. 260. Pisania plicata, Broc. (10 specimens).
No. 259. Buccinum stromboides, Lam. (4 specimens).
No. 257. Fusus antiquus, Miiller.

No. 256. Fusus longevus, Lam. (2 specimens).

No.

Sr:

DW WW DW WW DW DW WD W WD W W W WD W WD

ou

Murex caticulata, Broc.

(10 specimens).

184 GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

ARTICULATA.
No. 131. Lobocarcinus Paulo-wurtembergensis, Meyer.
No. 130. Insects. (2 specimens).
VERTEBRATA.

No. 124. Diplomystus altus, Leidy.
No. 125. Fish. :
No. 116. Lamna elegans, Agassiz. (4 specimens)
No. 115. Carcharodon megalodon.
No. 97. [297] Andrias Scheuchzeri, Tschudi.
No. 90.) : [283] Emys hamiltonoides, Fale. and Caut.
No. 89. [281] Testudo hemispherica, Leidy.
No. 86. [259] Leptorhynchus giganteus, Fale. and Caut,
No, 52. [1277] Odontopteryx toliapicus, Owen. ‘
No. 48. [112] Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup.
No. 44, [124] Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup.
No. 42. [159] Mastodon longirostris, Kaup.
‘

No. 37. [59] Anoplotherium commune, Cuvier.

No. 36. [57] Oreodon Culbertsoni, Leidy.

No. 364. Oreodon Culbertsoni.

No. 364. Oreodon Culbertsoni.

No. 35. [74] Hexaprotodon sivalensis, Fale. and Caut.
No. 34. [77] Hippopotamus.

No. 38. [78] Hippopotamus major, Cuv.

No. 32. [79] Hippopotamus major, Cuv.

No. 28. [56] Poebrotherium Wilsonii, Leidy.

No. 26. [48] Sivatherium giganteum, Falc. and Caut.
No. 25. [105] Pliolophus vulpiceps, Owen.

No, 24. [1255] Menodus (Titanotherium) Proutii, Leidy.
No. 28. [102] Tapirus arvernensis, Croiz. and Job.

No. 21. [89] Rhinoceros platyrhinus, Fale. and Caut.
No. 19. [106] Paleeotherium crassum, Cuvier.

No. 20. [111] Paleeotherium crassum, Cuv.

No. 18. [85] Anchitherium Bairdii, Leidy.
No. 17. [83] Hipparion elegans, Christol.

No. 15. [175] Halitherium Schinzi. (2 specimens).
No. 14. [179] Balzenodon gibbosus, Owen.
Mo. 13. [176] Zeuglodon cetoides, Owen. 2 specimens).

No. 12. [177] Zeuglodon hydrarchus, Carus.
No. 8. [14] Galecynus ceningensis, Owen.
No. 5. [5] Dryopithecus Fontani, Lartet.

No. 4. [1251] Mesopithecus pentelici, Wagner.

Tertiary, 84 Genera, 99 Species, 256 Specimens; Value $223.60:

QUATERNARY.
CQHLENTERATA.
No. 479. Caryophyllia clavus, Mch. (3 specimens).

MOLLUSCA.
No. 349. Ostrea.
No, 344. Pecten opercularis, Lam.

GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 185.

No. 316. Cardium echinatum, Linn. Var. Desh. (2 specimens)
No. 315. Artemis (Dosinia) exoleta, Linn. specimens),

€

~

(c
No. 302. Dentalum elephantum, Linn. (2 specimens).
No. 294. Trochus magus, Linn. (8 specimens).
No. 292. Turbo rugosus, Linn. (2 specimeus).
No. 286. Turritella terebra, Linn. (5 specimens).

No. 279. Xenophora crispa, Chem.

No. 276. Natica millepunctata, Lam. (2 specimens).
No. 272. Cassidaria echinophora, Lam, (2 specimens).
No. 271. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Lam. (8 specimens).
No. 258. Fusus antiquus, Muller.
ARTICULATA.
No. 172. Serpula. (2 specimens).
VERTEBRATA.

Oo

Dinornis (Meionornis) casuarinus, Owen.

[1276] Dinornis, Owen.

[186] AMpiornis maximus, St. Hilaire.

[184] Didus ineptus.

[185] Didus ineptus.

[181.] Diprotodon australis, Owen.

No. 49. [386] Glyptodon (Schistopleurum) typus, Nodot.
No. 48. [35] Megalonyx Jeffersonii, Harlan. (2 specimens).
No. 47. [82] Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm.

No. 46. [26] Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm.

No. 45. [21] Castoroides ohioensis, Foster.

No. 41. [155] Mastodon giganteus, Cuv.

No. 40. [1258] Mastodon giganteus, Cuv.

[141] Elephas primigenius, Blum.

[132] Elephas primigenius, Blum.

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[63] Sus scrofa, Meyer.
Nos. 29 and 30. Tarandus Rangifer (Reindeer). (5 specimens).
No. 27. [55] Ovibos (Bootherium) bombifrons, Leidy.
No. 22. [98] Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Cuv. (2 specimens).
No. 16. Equus fossilis.
No. 9. [16] Ursus spelzeus, Blumenbach.
No. 10. Ursus spelzeus, Blum. (2 specimens).
No. 11. Ursus spelzeus, Blum.
No. 7. [11] Hyzena eximia, Wagner.
No. 6. [6] Machairodus neogeeus, Kaup.
No. 3. [4] Homo sapiens.
No. 2. [2] Homo sapiens.
No. 1. [1] Homo sapiens.

Quaternary, 34 Genera, 35 Species, 67 Specimens; Value $397.60

TOTAL, 394 Genera, 529 Species, 1103 Specimens;
Value $1,318.65

This whole collection will be furnished, packed and
delivered at Depot in Rochester, for $1,200.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Not including Geological Summary, pages 170—184.

Acalepha (sea nettle) _._.......- 154
deperdita (lost).

Acervularia (a@ heap)_----.-..-- 152
Davidsoni ( proper name).

Acidaspis (point-shield)...._.__- 83

Buchii (proper name).
Acrodus (hump-tooth)...._....-- 72
Anningi (proper name).

Actinocrinus (ray-lily)___.__..- 144
proboscidialis ( proboscis-like).
Verneulianus (proper name).

Agelacrinus (herd-lily)_.......-- 148

Cincinnatiensis (ef Cinn. Ohio).
4Epiornis (lofty bird)......-..--
maximus ( greatest).
Jaschnay()) tis 2so0)5 eee a
eximia (evtraordinary).

~—
oad
ae

Ambonychia (boss-cluw)...._.-- 122
radiata (radiate).
Ammonites (horn of Ammon).. 97

armatus (armed).

athletus (champion).

bifrons (double-fronted).
Batesii (proper name).
Birchii (proper name).
bisulcatus (double-furrowed).
Blagdeni ( proper name).
Brongniarti (proper name).
complanatus (smoothed).
Comptoni (proper name).
communis (common).
concavus (concave).
cordatus (heart-shaped).
cornucopie (horn of plenty).
coronatus (crowned).
fimbriatus (fringed).
giganteus (gigante).

gigas (giant).

Goliathus (proper name).
Henleyi ( proper name).
heterophyllus (¢rregular-leaved).
Humpbriesianus (proper name).
interruptus (¢vterrwpted).
Jason (mythological name).
Lamberti ( proper name).
laticostatus (broad-ribbed):
latus (broad).
macrocephalus (large-headed).
mammilatus (mammilated).
Mantelli (proper name).
margaritatus (pearly).
modiolaris (b2shel-shaped).
Murchisone (proper name).

obtusus (blunt).

peramplus (very full).

perarmatus (full-armed).

placenta ( placenta).

planicostatus (smooth-ribbed).

Rhotomagensis (of Rowen, France).

semisulcatus (halffurrowed).

serpentinus (winding).

splendens (shining).

tornatus (turned).

Woollgari (proper name).
Amorphospongia (formless sponge)
Amphistegina (dowble-deck)___.- 163

vulgaris (common).

Ampullaria (a globular flask)... 114
vulcani ( pertaining to Vulean).

Ananchytes (not pressed)______- 137
ovata (egg-shaped).

Anchitherium (near to, beast)... 138
Bairdii (proper name).

Ancyloceras (cwrve-horn)...---- 105

gigas (giant).
Ancylogonatum (incurved angle) 169
carbonaceum (carbon).

Andrias (image of man)_...---- 63
Scheuchzeri ( proper name).

Annularia (cirewlar)......-.--- 169
longifolia (long-leaves).

Anomeepus (wnlike foot)......-- 43

major (greater).
Anoplotherium (weaponless beast) 21
commune (common).

Apiocrinus (pear-lily).......--- 144
Parkinsoni (proper name).

Aporrhais (‘‘ spout shell” )____- 112
pes-pelicani ( pelican-foot).

Aptychus (ridgeless)_.._.._--..-- 105

lamellosus (of very thin plates).
EAS CR) (O. CHESL) sae ee 12
biangulata (00 angled).
diluvii (of the Deluge).
Archeopteris (ancient fern).--- 169
Jacksoni ( proper name).

Archeeopteryx (wncient bird)... 36
macrura (long-tatl).

Archegosaurus (ancient lizard). 62
Decheni ( proper name).

Archimedes (proper name)-_-.--- 134
laxa (loose).

Artemis (classical name).----.--- 119
exoleta (defaced).

Asaphus).(obscune)_ <3 fae st 82

gigas (giant).

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

mezgistos (very large).

Aspidorhynchus (shield-beak).. 69
speciosus (beautiful).
Astarte (classical name)..------- 121

obliqua (slanting).
Astreospongia (star-sponge) -.- 156
meniscus (concavo-conver).
Astrocerium (stwr-honeycomb)..- 150
pyriformis (pear-shaped).
Astrocoma (sla7-hair)
cirini (ef Cirini, France)
Athyris (without w door)_-------
ambigua (doubtful)
concentrica (concentric)
spiriferoides (Spirifer-like)
subtilita (thin).
vittata (banded).
Atrypa (without w pore)
aspera (rough).
primipilaris (first captain).
reticularis (reticulate).

Baculites (stone staff)-..-------
anceps (dowbtful).

compressus (flattened).
Baleenodon (balena-tooth)..-----

gibbosus (gibbous).
Batocrinus (prickly bush-lily).-- 145

rotundus (rownd).
Belemnitella (« little dart) 94
mucronata (sharp pointed)
Belemnites (durt-stone)..-------
densus (dense).

dilatatus (expanded).

elongatus (elongate).

hastatus (spewr-shaped).

Owenii ( proper name).
Belemnosepia (dart-cuttle- fish). 93
Bellerophon (mythologic name)_- 115

bilobatus (tz00-lobed).

hiulcus (gaping).

Belodon (dart tooth)....--..---- 57
Kapfili (proper name).

Beloteuthis (dart-calamary).--- 98
subcostata (somewhat ribbed).

Beryx ( proper name)_--.------- 74
superbus (magnificent).

Betulites (birch)...._.__---.---- 166
Vestii (proper name).

Bootherium (bovine beast)___.--- 18

bombifrons (bomb- fronted).
Brachiospongia (a'm-sponge).-- 157

digitata (finger-shaped).
Brontozoum (giant animal)._-..- 42

giganteum (gigantic).

Sillimanium ( proper name).

Buccinum (trwmpet)__._-------- ial
stromboides (top-like).

Bumastus (bunch of grapes) ----- 83
Barriensis (of Barr, England).

Calamites (wu reed).....-.------- 169

Calceola (shpper)es-) sel) Siar 152

sandalina (slipper-like).

Calymene (0bscw7'e).--.--------- 83
Blumenbachii ( proper name)
niagarensis (of Niagara, NV. Y.)
senaria (sz tubercles).

Gaprina: (goats... = sane oe 119
adversa (opposite).

Carcharodon (shark-tooth)._.._- 71
megalodon (huge tooth).

Cardita (the heart).....__-- Sarria
Partschii (proper name).

Cardium (the heart)_.........--- 119

echinatum (spiny).

multistriatum (many lined).
Carpolithes (fruit-stone)_._._-_- 167

brandonensis (ef Brandon, Vt.)

Caryocrinus (nwut-lily)..-.....-- 148
ornatus (adorned).

Caryophyllia (clove-shaped)--.--- 152
clavus (knob-like).

Cassidaria (a helmet)_.......--- 112
echinophora (spine-bearing).

Cassidulina (helmet)......_...-- 163

serrata (serrate).
Castoroides (beaver-like).....--- 29
ohioensis (of Ohio).

Cephalaspis (head-shield)..__--- 68
Dawsoni ( proper name).
Lyelli (proper name).

Ceratites (horn)......-.-.------ 96
nodosus (Anobby).

Ceratodus (horn-tooth).....-.--- 66

Ceraurus (horn-tail)....-------- 84

pleurexanthemus (s¢de-twbercles).
Cerithium (little horn)....-.-.-- 114
Bronni ( proper name).
giganteum ( gigantic).
Cheetetes (hair)....---.--------
lycoperdon ( puff-ball-shape).
Chama (cockle)
calearata (spurred),
Cheirotherium (hand-beast)__._-
Barthi ( proper name).
Chelonemys (turtle-terrapin) --.--
ovata (egg-shaped).
Chenendopora..-_-_-------------
fungiformis (fungus-shaped).
Cidaris: (¢ inban) sas os 25228 137
coronata (crowned).
dorsata (dorsal).
glandifera (gland-bearing).
suevica (of Suevia. Ger.).
Clavulina (little nail)....-------
communis (commo).
Climactichnites (/adder-step)-- -
Wilsoni ( proper name).
Climocograptus (/adder-writing) 155
typicalis (typiea/).

59

88

Clypeaster (shield-star)... --.-- 188
ghizehensis (of Ghizeh, Egypt).
umbrella (@ shade).

Ceeloptichium (hollow-fold)..--- 157
agaricoides (mushroom-like).

Columbella (little dove)....----- 111

nassoides (nassa-like).

188 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

Compsognathus (elegant jaw)... 44
longipes (long-foot).

Conularia (wu little cone)..-._-_-- 117
trentonensis (of Trenton, N.Y.)

Conus: (conical) s. 2. 5a) 112
striatulus (marked with lines).

Coprolite (dung-stoné)_--_2--2--- 74

Coralliochama (coral-cockle) ___. 120
Orcutti ( proper name).

Crania (capitate ome) tien 182
scabiosa (rough).

Crassatella (thick)... 2.2222 - 121
protexta (front-web),

Crepidula (w lady's cap)_--.--_-- 113
cornu-arietes (horn of ram).

Crimoid (i Lhe Ww) Sistine 147

Crioceras (ram's horn)... --.2-- 105
Duvalii (proper name).

Cristellaria (little tuft)..._....- 163
cassis (helmet).

Crocodileimus (crocodile)... __- 59
robustus (st7o79). ;
Crocodilus (crocodile)_......---- 55

clavirostris (elub-beak).
Crotalocrinus (rattle lily)______- 145

rugosus (fll of wrinkles).
Cryptozoon (concealed animal)__ 157
protiferum.
Cyathophyllum (cup-leaf) ---- - 152
helianthoides (sw-flower-like).
Murchisoni (proper name).

Cycadoidea (cycas-like)_.__-2---- 167
megalophylla (great-leafed).

Cyclolites (circle-stone).-..-.---- 152
elliptica (elliptical).

Cyclonema (circle-thread)___.--- 114
bilix (t00-threaded).

Cyphosoma (conver body)------- 138
texana (of Texas).

Cyrtoceras (curve-horn).-------- 109

macrostomum (large-mouthed).
Cytherea (of Cytherea, Greece)_. 119
nitida (neat).

Dalmania (proper nume)____--- 84
calliteles (handsome-ended).
limulurus (/émulus-tailed).
myrmecophora (ant-bearing).
nasutus (/arge-nosed).

Dammarites (Dwmimara) ------- 167

Dendropora (tree-pore)__-------- 150
ornata (o771aTe).

Dentalium (a tooth)....___.._- 115

elephantum (elephant).
hexagonum (stv-angled).

Dictyophyton (net-plant)--.-._- 157
tuberosum (tuber-like).

Dicynodon (tio canine teeth)__-. 47
lacerticeps (Wzard-headed).

Didus (proper name)_---------- 38

ineptus (s7ly).
Dikelocephalus (two bump-head) 85
minnesotensis (of Minnesota).
Dinornis (terrible bird)__..-.---- 36

casuarinus (cassowary-like).
Dinotherium (¢errible beast)_-.-- aT
giganteum (gigantic).
Diplograptus (duplex-writing).- 155
pristis (saw-fish).

Diplomystusit (ys _Arsnogsom 74
altus (lofty).

Diprotodon (two front teeth)... - 384
australis (Australia).

Discina (disk-like).. 0222 2220222 132
nitida (eat).

Discoidea (quoit-like)_--.------- 1388
subuculus (der garment).

Dorycrinus (spear lély)...--...- 145
unicornis (one horn).

Dreissensia (proper name) -.-.- 122
subglobosa (almost globular).

Dryopithecus (wood-ape)-_------ 5

Fontani ( proper name).

Echinobrissus (sea-wrchin)__..-- 1388
clunicularis (hawnch-like).
scutatus (shield-like).
Echinolampus (/antern-urchin_- 139
affinis (adjoining).

Edestes (devowrer)___.---------- 71
vorax (7@vEenous).
Elephas (elephant) ....------+--- 23

primigenius (original).
Elipsocephalus (elliptical head).- 85
Hofili (proper name).

Emmys. (tortoise). 8) ees 49
Hamiltonoides (Humiltonia-like).

Encrinus @7 ily) hae See 145
liliiformis (li/y-shaped).

Endoceras (77 horn). .--.-- 22+. 109
proteiforme (many-shaped).

Eozoon (dawn animal) .-.------ 162
canadense (of Canada).

Equisetites (horse-tail).._-._--_- 169
arenaceous (sandy).

Hquus .(horse)__. /Awss_ vowed 13
fossilis (foss?/).

Eryon (mythological name)------ 79
propinquus (eighboring).

Evomphalus (large navel)__----- 113
pentangulatus (five-angled).

Euproops (for forward eye) ----- 81
Danse ( proper name).

Eurypterus (broad fin)_--.----- 80:
remipes (oa7-footed).

Eusarchus (fleshy)... -..------ 81
scorpionis (scorpion-like).

Exogyra (outward twist). ...---- 124

arietina (ram-like).
costata (ribbed).

Favistella (a little honeycomb) . =~ 151
stellata (stwrred).

Favosites (« honeycomb)..------ 151
Emmonsi (proper name).
Fenestella (a little window)-_-. -- 134

retiformis (net-form).

Fish? (220 oka betes 74

——OO

GLOSSARY
PTUiG 252 2002 tL Seis Sarees 167
Fusulina (little spindle) _...----- 163
cylindrica (cylindrical).
Fusus (spindle)e Veeo Ae is ee 111
antiquus (ancient).
longevus (aged).

Galecynus (weasel-dog) j
ceningensis (of G2ningen, Switz.)

Galerites (helmet) --_.- 22-222. 139
albogalerus (white helmet).

Gasteropod (belly-footed) _--_---- 116

Geoteuthis (earth-squid) _____---

Gervillia (proper name) __------ 123
anceps (doubtful).
socialis (soczd/). -

Globigerina (bull-bearer)_------- 163
bulloides bubble-like).

Globulina (little ball) _-.-------- 164
gibba (humped).

Glyptodon (sculptured tooth) .... 31
typus (typical).

Gomphoceras (niil-hori)------- 109
inflatum (szollen).

Goniatites (angle) __...-___---- 96
nodosus (knotty).
Oweni (proper name).
ixion (mythological name).

Gorgonia (clussical mame) ---- ~~ - 184
antiqua (ancient).

Granatocrinus (grained lily)... 147
Norwoodi (proper name).

Graptolithus (stone-writing) ---- 155
clintonensis (ef Clinton, N. Y.)

Gryphea (griffin) -.------------ 124
arcuata (arched).
vesicularis (bladder-like).

Gyrcceras (ring-horn) _.-------- 109

trivolvis (thrice-turned).

Gyrodus (ring-tooth)_.....------ 70
circularis (edreular).
umbilicus (navel-shaped).

Hadrophyllum (mighty-plant) -- 152
dOrbignyi (proper name).

Halitherium (sew-beast)________-
Schinzi (proper name).

Halysites (@ chain) _.-222-_ 22: 151
catenulatus (made of links).

Hamiutes (hook) me siss). ules 106
cinctus ( girded).

Harpes (sickle). = 22222-0422 l seus 86
ungula (ook-like).

Helicoceras (tiwist-horn) --_----- 106
rotundum (round).

Heliophyllum (swn-leaf)_-_----- 152
epigium.
Halli (proper name).

Helis ((isisted)) 222-8 Sea ee 116
Tryonii (proper name).
turonensis ( proper name).

Hemicidaris (half-crown)______- 139

intermedia (¢ntermediate).
Hemipneustes (halfinflated)_.- 139

AND INDEX.

189

radiatus (radiated).
Hexaprotodon (si-front-teeth) __ 20
sivalensis (of the Sewalik Hills, India).

Hipparion (little horse)_.___.__- 13
elegans (elegant).

Hippopotamus (river horse)... 20
major (greater).

Hippurites (horse-hoof-like) -___- 120
radiosa (radiated).

Holoptychius (whole fold)_____- 67
nobilissimus (#o0st famous).

Homalonotus ( plane back)... - 86
dolphinocephalus (dolphin baek).

FLOM + (1071) ee es a tow i 3
sapiens (27se).

Hoploparia (entire walls)__.__._- 79
longimana (long-handed).

Hyena (hyena) soesess) aisatewe Uf
exima (remarkable).

Ichthyocrinus ( fish-lily)___-___- 145
leevis (smooth).

Ichthyodorulite (fish-spine stone) 72

Ichthyosaurus (fish-lizard)____-
communis (common).
intermedius (¢termediate).
platyodon (bread-toothed).

Iguanodon (/qguana-tooth)._____- 41
Mantelli (proper name).

Illeenus (look about) _...____-.-- 86
giganteus (gigantic).

Infusorial (¢arth). 222282 soi t2e: 164

Inoceramus ( fibrous shell)_____- 122
Sagensis (proper name).

(PENSCCTS) Sse ys erst ti csne 77

Labyrinthodon (labyrinth-tooth)_ 61
Jegeri (proper name).

amma) (@sharkys. W155) 5293220 71

elegans (elegant).
Lepadocrinus (barnacle-lily) _... 148
Gebhardi ( proper name).
Lepidodendron (scule-tree)_____-
aculeatum (sharp prickles).
Sternbergii ( proper name).
Lepidotus (scaled)____-__-__.----
maximus ( greatest).
minor (/ess),
Leptena (thi)
sericea (silky).
Leptoceelia (slender hollow)--___- 127
hemispherica (alf-sphere).

69

Leptorhynchus (slender-beak).-. 57
giganteus (gigantic).

Lichas (mythological name)------ 86
Boltoni ( proper name).
pustulosus (covered with blisters).

ima (Gijile) S32 2 eee, Seas 2
rigida (st77f).

TLimulus)| (itl file) ey es 81
giganteus ( gigantic).

Lingula (a little tongue)_----.---- 1355

cuneata (@ wedge).
prima ( first).

190

Liodon (smooth tooth)...-..-_--- 54

Lithostrotion (stone-rafter) -._-- 152
canadense (of Canada).

Lituites (trwmpet)......---._--- 108

undatus (wavy).
Lobocarcinus (lobe-crab)_-.-_--- 79
Paulo-wurtembergensis (proper mame)
Hocusta: (Cociws2) oI.) eet a 77
speciosa (beautiful).

Machairodus (swhre-tooth)._____- 6
neogeeus (of the New World).

Maclurea (proper name)..------ 115
Bigsbyi (proper name)

Mariacrinus (sea-lily).._...----- 146

nobilissimus (most famous).
Mastodon (nipple-tooth)..-_..__- 24

giganteus (gigantic).

longirostris (long-snouted).

Megachirus (long hand)..------ 80
locusta (locust).
Megalodon (great tooth) __.___-- 121

cuculatus (hooded).
Megalonyx (great Claiw)_._-__-
Jeffersoni ( proper name).
Megalosaurus (great lizard)_-__-
Megatherum (great beast)_____-
Cuvieri (proper name).

64
30

Melocrinus (melon-lily)_...___-- 146
typus (typical).

Menodus (strong tooth)_-.---_--- 16
Proutii (proper name).

Meristella (a little part).------- 130

Barrisi (proper name).
Mesopithecus (middle ape).---- 5
pentelici (Mt. Pentelicus).

Michelinia (proper name) -_-_-- 151
cylindrica (cylindrical).
Micraster (small star).--------- 139

cor-anguinum (sake heart).
Microdon (small teeth)._-.------ 70
elegans (elegant).
Modiola (a small measure)
minuta (small).
Monticulipora (hillock-pore)--.- 151
Dalei (proper name).
mammilatus (n¢pple-shaped).
Mosasaurus (Meuse-lizard)
Hoffmanni ( proper name).
Murchisonia (proper name).--- 115
bellicincta (beautifully banded).

Murex (classical mame).-------- 111
caticulata.

Myophoria (imzussel-carrier)__--- 122
Kefersteinii (proper name).

Nassa; (@ibaskel)l 1259) 2 eee 111
limata (@ file).
seniles (0/d).

Natica (swimming)......------- 113
helicina (whorled).
millepunctata (thousand dotted).
sigaretina.

Nautilus \(Gazlor) 222 pa 107

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

elegans (elegant).

maximus (greatest).
pseudo-elegans ( false elegant).
semi-striatus (Aa/f lined).

Neuropteris (nerve fern) -..-__- 169
hirsuta (airy).

Nipadites (Nipa-nut)__.-.._--- 168
Burtini (proper name).

Nodosaria (full of knobs)...-_-- 164
inflata (¢7jflated).
oblonga (oblong).
radicula (tile root).

Nothosaurus (bastard-lizard)... 52
mirabilis (wonderful).

Nucleocrinus (nut-lily) --.._--- 147
Verneuili (proper: name).

Nucula (a little nut)_._-----____- 122
strigillati (set with bristles).

Nummulites (coin-stone)_._..--- 163,
nummularia (coin-like).

Odontopteryx (tovothed-bird)_---- 36
toliapicus.

Oliva (olive)... -- tee) ees feta
Greenoughii (proper name).

Opalia (opal-like)__......------- 113
anomala (¢rregular).
varicostata (differently ribbed.

Ophioderma (snake-skin).._._-- 142
Egertoni (proper name).

Opis (classical name)_----------- 121
lunulata (moon-shaped).

Orbitolites (circular stone)__.__- 164

macropora (long-pored).
Oreodon (hillock-tooth)_____-..__- 21
Culbertsonii ( proper name).
Orthis (siraight\ se aie
Eifliensis (proper name).
laticostata (broad ribbed).
lynx (dyna).
occidentalis (western).
plicatella (@ little fold).
subquadrata (quite four sided)
testudinaria (eth a test).
Orthoceras (straight horn)_-----
amplicameratum (large chamber).
Duseri (proper name).
ie (oyster). 7-223! aa 123
larva (ghost).
Marshii (proper name).

Ovibos (sheep-o2) __...-2.------- 18
bombifrons (vomb-fronted).

Palechinus (ancient urchin).--- 140
multipora (with many pores).

Paleecorystes (old-armed)------- 79
Stokesii (proper name).

Paleotherium (ancient beast)... 14
crassus (thick).

Panopeea (a Nereid)___--------- 119

jurassi (ef the Jura).
Paradoxides (wonder)____-___-- 87

bohemicus (of Bohemia).
Pecopteris (comb fern)_-_-..----

GLOSSARY

villosa (hairy).
Pecten:|(acoms)- 224. Seaeu une 1238
expansus (spread out).
operculatus (opercular)
quadricostata (four ribbed).
Pectunculus (a little comb)
pulvinatus (cwshioned).

Pelecopterus (hatchet winged)... 72
perniciosus (destroying).
Pemphix (bubdle)__------------ 79

Suerii (proper name).
Pentacrinus (five lily)..--------
briareus (mythological name).

cingulatus (girdle).
subangulatus (somewhat angular).

Pentamerus ( jive-celled) __------ 128
oblongus (oblong).

Pentremites (five plates)_.__---- 147
cervinus (deer-like).
Godoni (proper name).
pyriformis (pear-shaped).

Perna (a shell-fish).._-..---------
mytiloides (mussel-like).

Phacops (lens-eye)..------------ 87
bufo (toad).

Pholadomya (Pholas-mussel).-.- 119
sequalis (equal).

Phragmites ( partitioned)-------
cretaceous (chalk period).

iPmites (pie). - AVM) Sus
pseudo-stroboides (false-cone-like).

iPisanial (of (Pisa). aoe ar eet 111
plicata (folded).

Placodus (.plate-tooth)_-_--_---- 58
gigas (giant).

Platichelys (jflat-turtle)_..___-- 59
oberndorferi ( proper name).

Platycrinus (broad-lily)--------
planus (smooth).

Plesiosaurus (near to lizard)----
dolichodeirus (long-necked).
macrocephalus (large-headed).

Pleurotoma (side-notch).--------
demidiata.
turricula (ttle tower).

Pleurotomaria (side notch)-----_-
conoidea (cone-like)
ornata (adorned).
sulcomarginata (furrowed margin).

Pliolophus (more ridge)_--.---- aly
vulpiceps (jox-headed).

Pliosaurus (nearer to lizard)_... 52
brachydeirus (short-necked).
grandis (great).

Poebrotherium (grass-eating beast) 19
Wilsonii ( proper name).

Polypothecia (many-footed box) 157
dichotoma (forked).

Productus (drawn out).---.----
horridus (horrible).
longispinus (long spine).
Prattenianus ( proper name).
semireticulatus (half reticulate),

Preetus (mythological name) -.--- 87
longicaudus (long-tailed).

50

AND INDEX.

191

Proroporus ( p'ow-pore)_--__.--- 164
complanatus (smoothed).

Pterodactylus (wing jinger)_---- 45
crassirostris (thick-beaked).
spectabilis (zotadle).

Pterygotus (wing-ear)_--..----- 80:
acuminatus (potted).

Ptilodictya (feather-net)_...__- 134

Shafferi (proper name).
Ptychodus (folded tooth) _____-- 73.
decurrens (extending).

Pygaster (thick star)_.....------ 140
semisulcatus (half-furrowed).

Pyrgulifera (tower bearing) ---- - 114
humerosa (humped).

Pyrula (a little pear)...--------- 112
bulbus (szollen).
rusticula (7w7ra/).

Quinqueloculina (five cells)____- 164
Ferussaci (proper name).

Radiolites (rayed stone)...-__.- 120

crateriformis (goblet shaped).

Raphistoma (seam mouth). __-- 113
lenticulare (lens-shaped).

Receptaculites (7 eceptacle-stone)_ 158.
Oweni ( proper name).

Renaster (Avdney-star)_..-.----
margaritatus (pearly).

Rensseleeria (of Rensselaer, N. Y.) 127
ovoides (resembling an egg).

Retzia (proper name)____------- 130
evax (a hurrah).

Rhabdocidaris (rod-crown).----
copeoides (chisel-shaped). .

Rhamphorhynchus (beawk-snout) 46
phyllurus (/eaf-tai/).

Rhinoceros (nose-horn)_-_.----- 15
platyrhinus (broad-nosed).
tichorhinus ( partition-nosed).

Rhizodus (7root-tooth)_....------ 68
Hibberti (proper name).

Rhynchonella (little beak)__-- --
alta (high).
capax (large).
dentata (toothed).
pleurodon (s¢de-tooth).
speciosa (beautiful).
varians (variable).

Rhyssodus (wrinkled-tooth)-----
latus (broad).

Rostellaria (little beak).._...---
carinata (keeled).
fissurella (@ little cleft).

Sassafras... {shies 22252) Pe
cretaceum (cretaceous).
Saurophidium (lizard-snake)----
Thollieri ( proper name).
Sauropus (lizard-foot)___-.------
primeevus (primeval).
Scaphites (Goat). ...-... 2152252
zequalis (symmetrical).
Ivanii ( proper name).

58

192 GLOSSARY
nodosus (Anobby).

Scolithus (fortwous)_.---------- 89
linearis (linear).

Scutella (little shield) --.-------- 140
disca (dise-like).

Serpula (creeping).------------- 89

Siderolina (constellation)__------ 164

calcitrapoides ( spwr-shaped).

Sigillaria (seq) se -Seeeee: cee

Siphonia (siphon)....---.------
costata (ribbed).
pyriformis ( pear-shaped).

Siphonina (/itile siphon)
reticulata (7et-like).

Sivatherium (Siva’s beast). -----
giganteum (gigantic).

Solaster (swn-star)._-.----------
Moretonensis (proper name).

Spherexochus (round prominence) 88
mirus (wonderful).

Sphenopteris (wedge-fern)---- --
communis (common).

Spirifer (codl-bearing)..--------- 129
micropter (small wing).
mucronata ( pointed).

Owenii ( proper name).
pinguis ( plump).
speciosus (beautiful).
striatus (striated).

Spirolina ((litile spire)....-------
cylindrica (cylindrical).

Spirophyton (twisted plant)-----
caudi-galli (cock’s-tad/).

Squatina (monk-fish)....-------- 73
acanthoderma (spine-skinned).

Stigmaria (dotted)......--------
ficoides ( jly-like).

Streptelasma (twisted layer)... 153
corniculum (horned).

Stringocephalus (o0wl-head)..-. 127
Burtini (proper name).

Stromatopora (s/ratwm-pores)__. 158

Strophomena (ent crescent)..-- 131
alternata (alternute).
planumbona (even bossed).

Sus). (Log)osss ss oe eee ee
scrofa (sow-lke).

Tapirus (tapi) foes eee 16

Arvernensis (of Auvergne, France).
Tarandus (classical name) .------ 19
rangifer.

Teleosaurus (end-lizard)._------
longipes (long-footed).
Mandelslohi ( proper name).
minimus (leas?).

Tellina (Greek name)..--=----==+-
texana (of Tevas).

Tentaculites (a feeler)._---------
irregularis (¢rregular).

‘Teredo (bore?) esse sae) ese 119
amphisteena (wround-worm).
Terebratula (little borer)....---- 126

biplicata (to-folded).
grandis (great).

AND INDEX.

gregaria (7 flocks).

semiglobosa (hadf-globular).

spheeroidalis (spheroid).

umbonella (tile protuberance).
Testudo (lor'toise).. _-.-.------- 59

hemispherica (hemdspherical).
Textularia (little weaver)..-_---

conulus (ttle cone).

pupoides (doll-like).

spinulosa (covered with little spines).
Thoracosaurus (breast-plute lizard) 55

neocesariensis (of New Jersey).

Toxaster (bow-stir)__--_ ~~ eget yell 140
texana (of Texas).

Triarthus (three jointed).....--- 88
Becki (proper name).

Trigonellites (triangle-stone)._.. 105
latus (broad).

Trigonia (three-angled).--.-.--- 121
costata (ribbed).
incurva (bent 77).

Trinucleus (three kernels)...-_-- 88

concentricus (concentric)
ornatus (ornamented).
Trigonocarpus (frungle-fruit)__ 167
Noeggerathi ( proper name).
tricuspidatus (three pointed).
Trochus (@voheél)i=s44-es2tere as
podolicus.
magus (magical).
Turbo \;(antop) ese bE shee 6 BHSs
rugosus (rough).
Turrilites (fower-stone)_.....---
costatus (ribbed).
Turritella (a little tower)_.---.--
Mortoni (proper name).
terebra (a auger).
turris (@ tower).

Uncites (hooked).--.--.--------
gryphus (@ griffin).

Ursus)\\(Gea7) oS) See ee eee 8
speleus (cwve).

Venericardia ( Venus’ heart)----- 121
rotunda (round).

Ventriculites (little belly)_.----- 158

Venus (classical nane)..-.------ 119
leevigata (polished).

Vertebralina Wiltle vertebra) --.. 164

nitida (eat).

WVoluta( (rolled): --es-se essere Taig
cithara (lute).
Xenophora (guest-bearing) ---- -- 1138

crispa (curled).

Zaphrentis (very ; diaphragm) -- 158
corniculum (horned).

Zeuglodon (yoke-tooth).--.-.---- 9
cetoides (whale-like).
hydrarchus (water-chief ).

Zygospira (yoke-spiral)...------ 129
modesta (modest).

SE ery! ENT.

The series of 1103 Fossil Organisms, described in the pre-
ceding pages, represents well the prominent and important forms
of life in the several Geological Periods. The range of the
specimens—as will be seen by a glance at the geological and
zoological summary given upon page 170—is very great, and is
ample for the fullest purposes of illustration.

The great Glyptodon, Dinotherium, Mastodon and Diproto-
don, illustrate the huge dimensions attained by animals in geo-
logic times.

But there are instances where it is desired to make a still
further display, and add an*impressive feature in the central area
of a large Museum Iall. To meet this requirement we propose
the four monster specimens—the Megatherium, Elephas Ganesa
(Himmalaya Mammoth), Colossochelys and Plesiosaurns—which
are deseribed and figured in the following pages.

Their appearance is stately and imposing. These four speci-
mens—two of them with pedestals as shown in the cuts—will be
added to the previous series for an additional sum of $800.* If
ordered apart from the series (by institutions seeking to orna-
ment their present Musenm Halls), they will be furnished for
the sum of $840,—or they will be sold singly at the prices stated
for each. The area occupied by these four monsters may be
estimated by the dimensions appended to the description of each.

*Tf desired we willfsend a man to mount the latter three of these casts in
the Museum Hall (and to give information about mounting the Megatherium)
for his railroad fare and hotel expenses.

194 SUPPLEMENT.

No. [23.] Megatherium Cuvieri, DEsMAREsT.

SKELETON. This gigantic fossil was first ‘made known to the scientific
world in 1789. It was discovered on the banks of the River Luxan, near the
city of Buenos Ayres, and was subsequently transmitted to Madrid, where,
for half a century, it excited the most lively speculations among all European
naturalists, who were so fortunate as to see it. The original bones, of which
this specimen is a copy, were found in the same Pampean deposit between the
years 1831 and 18388, and belong partly to the Hunterian Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons, and partly to the British Museum. To give to
the singular quadruped its proper position in the Animal Kingdom, was for
many years a problem in comparative anatomy which the savans of Europe
could not solve. Led astray by the huge carapace of the Glyptodon, found
near it, the majority called ita mammoth Armadillo. Cuvrer, who gave it
its generic title, thought it combined the characteristics of the Sloth, Ant-
eater and Armadillo. The merit of throwing a flood of light on the nature
and structure of this most remarkable of all fossil mammals, was reserved
for the celebrated English Geologist, Professor OwrENn. He conclusively
proves that the Megatherium was a ‘‘ Ground Sloth,” feeding on the foliage of
trees which it uprooted by its great strength.

The extreme length of the mounted skeleton is seventeen feet and nine
inches ; its height when mounted as shown in the cut, 13 feet. No other fossil
so exceeds its modern representative, as the lordly Megatherium surpasses
the pigmy remnant of the Tardigrade race ; for the largest living Sloth does
not exceed two feet in length. One is tempted to join the Spanish natural-
ist who objected to the place assigned to the Megatherium, because ‘“‘all

SUPPLEMENT’. 195

other Edentates could dance in his carcass.” But that there is the closest
affinity between it and the diminutive arboreal Sloth, is now undeniable.
The number of the teeth, their deep insertion, equable breadth and thick-
ness, deeply excavated base, inner structure and unlimited growth, and the
absence of canines, are characters common to both. The part in which the
Megatherium least resembles the Sloth, is the tail; and, asa general rule,
in those modifications of structure in which it differs from its living ana-
logue, it approximates to the Anteater ; e. g. in the number and structure
of the true vertebrie.

The head of the Megatherium is remarkable for its relatively small size, for
the extraordinary depth of the lower jaw, and for the great size of the zygo-
matic processes. The length of the skull is thirty inches ; three inches less
than that of the Asiatic Elephant. The formation of the muzzle indicates the
possession of a short proboscis.

The spinal column consists of seven cervical, sixteen dorsal, three lumbar,
five sacral and eighteen caudal vertebre, and measures fifteen feet in length,
or three feet more than the Elephant’s. The circumference of the skeleton,
at the eighth rib is eleven feet.

The Megatherium differs strikingly from existing quadrupeds of corres-
ponding bulk, in the vast proportions of its anterior extremities. Its clavicle,
fifteen inches long, is the longest known. The fore-leg bespeaks enormous
strength ; with the foot, it is seven feet and four inches in length.

The posterior extremities are shorter than the anterior. The pelvis is the
largest bone in any land mammal, living or extinct ; it is upwards of five feet
broad. The rugged ilium and spinal crest .show that it was the centre of
muscular bundles of enormous power, which diverged to act upon the trunk,
the tail and the hind legs. These muscles, judging from the size of the spinal
cord, which in this region is four inches in diameter, must have been charac-
terized by the extreme energy of their vital contractibility. The acetabulum
is excavated in a very exceptional manner, its concavity facing directly down-
ward. This gave increased strength for sustaining vertical pressure at the
expense of rapid motion.

The hind legs appear more like columns for support than organs for locomo-
tion, and, with the hind feet, are models of massive organic masonry. The
heel-bone alone has the extraordinary length of seventeen inches, and a cir-
cumference of twenty-eight inches. The monster walked, like the Anteater,
on the outside edge of its foot, on a marginal hoof-like callosity. The mid-
dle toe of the hind foot, and likewise the second, third and fourth digits
of the fore-foot, were armed with powerful claws. The magnitude of the
tail fills the observer with wonder ; when clothed with flesh, it must have
been more than six feet around at the greater end. With the hind legs, it
formed a tripod upon which the animal rested when obtaining its food. :

It would be interesting to know something of the daily life of the animal
whose colossal size was united to such strange anatomy. As the brain of the
Megatherium was less by nearly one-half than that of the Elephant, we infer
that he was a creature of fewer instincts. Nevertheless, his cotemporary
quadrupeds must have acknowledged him as the head of the Animal King-
dom. To the tongue of a Giraffe and the proboscis of a Tapir, there was
added the power of rotating the bones of the fore-arm. These prehensile or-
gans were suited to a leaf-feeder. That the animal was not carniverous, is
settled by the structure of its molar teeth ; it lacks incisors ; therefore it was

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No. [128.] Elephas Ganesa.

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SUPPLEMENT. 197

nota Ruminant. But if the great animal fed on foliage, how did it obtain
it? The Elephant gathers its food with a long proboscis. The Giraffe, stand-
ing on stilt-like fore-legs, and reaching out its attenuated neck, plucks the
high branches with long flexible lips and muscular tongue. The Megather-
ium could imitate neither. Did it climb like the Sloth? Such was the con-
jecture of the Danish Naturalist, Dr. LuNpD ; but the clumsy make and the
immense bulk and weight of the creature forbid it. The structure of the
fore-feet, moreover, militates against the theory ; for the outer digit is hoof-
like, as if made for terrestrial progression. The hind-legs, too, are much
shorter than the fore-legs ; and the tail is too short and thick for prehensile
purposes.

The fossorial hypothesis, too, has no better foundation than the scansorial.
In burrowing animals, as the Mole, the pelvis is remarkably slender, and the
claws form a continuous plane with the palm of the foot ; while in the Mega-
therium the pelvis is remarkably large, and not one of the claws can be
brought into a line with the metacarpus. The fore arms are plainly formed
for grasping, not climbing or digging ; they were instruments of tremendous
strength, evidence of which is furnished by the deep groves and sharp ridges
on the radius and ulna, the starting points of stout tendons and muscles.
The moment we estimate this force, the colossal proportions of the hind-ex-
tremities lose their anomaly and harmonize with the front. The application
of the fore-arms to the work of tearing down a tree would demand a corres-
ponding fulcrum, such as we find in the heavy pelvis, the ponderous tail and
massive hind-legs.

The Megatherium needed not agility for securing prey, for it was not car-
niverous ; nor for flight, for its size alone must have been a protection against
any living foe. Had we beheld it living on its native plains, its slow move-
ment would have excited our wonder as well as its bulk. It was doubtless @
solitary animal. The gathering together in herds was not required for self-
defence ; indeed the necessities of the creature to obtain an enormous daily
supply of food would not have allowed it, unless the vegetation of that day
was far more dense than is the modern vegetation of the same region. When
stripping the trees it has prostrated, its position was probably a reclining one;
and Professor AGAsstz has ventured the opinion that this crouching attitude
was constant to the animal, and that it crept along with the full length of its
fore-arm resting upon the ground.

The Pampas, where the remains of the great fossils have been chiefly
found, are vast plains stretching from the mountains of Brazil to Terra del
Fuego. Palms grow at one end, while snow covers the other almost the en-
tire year. The soil is chiefly a dull-reddish, slightly indurated, argillaceous
earth, with here and there calcareous concretions ; underneath are beds of
stratified gravel and conglomerate. These deposits constitute the Pampean
formation, which varies in depth from twenty to one hundred feet. It was
in this recent formation—referable to the Quaternary period, because most of
its shells are still living in the ocean—that the Megatherium was entombed. |
Like the Aborigines of our own continent, like the Dodo of Mauritius, the
Edentate giants perished one after another, in the lapse of infinite ages, by
those changes of circumstances in the organic and inorganic world which are
always in progress. Price of bones packed but not painted $250.

No. [128.] Elephas Ganesa, Fauc. and Cavt.
SKULL witH Tusks. This remarkable Asiatic Elephant, long ago extinct,

No. [279.] Colossochelys atlas.

SUPPLEMENT. 199

is distinguished by a pair of tusks ten and a half feet in length, and twenty-
six inches in circumferance at the base, In consequence of their slight curv-
ature, they project eight feet five inches in front of the head. The length of
the skull is four feet two inches ; width, twenty-nine inches. The apparent
disproportion of the tusks to the size of the skull is truly extraordinary, and
exemplifies the maximization of dental development. By their great lever-
age they must have added to the skull of the living animal a weight of nearly
two thousand pounds. The molars present seven or eight ridges, and the
valleys between are filled with a large quantity of cement. The original,
preserved in the British Museum, was discovered in that classical palseonto-
logical ground—the Sewalik Hills of India—in a Pliocene deposit, consisting
of concretionary grit, conglomerate, sandstone and loam, and containing lig-
nite, trunks of dicotyledonous trees, and land and fresh-water shells.

This cast is in five pieces. Price, with mounting and pedestal, $95.

No. [279.] Colossochelys Atlas, Fac. and Cavr.

~This gigantic Tortoise—the King of the Chelonians—was a contemporary
of the Stvatherium. This cast is a restoration from fragments discovered in
the Pliocene strata of the Sewalik Hills, India, and now in the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Size, 12 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in.
Price of all the parts, with pedestal, $350.

No. [228.] Plesiosaurus Cramptoni, Carre and Batty.

SKELETON, on slab. This splendid Plesiosaurus-—the largest ever dis-
covered—was found in 1848 in the Lias, near Whitby, England, and adorns
the Natural History Museum of the Royal Dublin Society. It lies in a
prone position, resting upon the ventral surface with the head and neck
slightly inclined to the right. The skull is almost entirely free from the
matrix, and is very perfect, excepting the zygomas. In contour it is croco-
dilo-lacertian; it is somewhat flattened in proportion to its length and width,
tapering from the parietal crest to the snout. The orbits are obliquely placed
and subtriangular in shape; the greatest diameter is five and a half inches.
The nasal apertures are ovoid, and are situated just in front of the orbits.
The anterior portion of the cranium is elongated and rounded at the muzzle.
The lower jaw is extremely massive, its greatest length being three feet six
inches, and its greatest depth, six inches. The teeth number over a hundred.
They resemble those of the Crocodile in their irregular arrangement, and in
being implanted in distinct cavities. The large teeth are situated in front.
The length of the head is to that of the neck as five to eight, and to that of
the whole skeleton as one to six. The vertebral column throughout has
fallen over towards the right side, presenting a slightly irregular curve, thus
exposing in the cervical series a side of the centrums with their large neu-
rapophyses. The cervical vertebree number twenty-seven. There are thirty
dorsals, having a united length of eight feet. The caudal portion is some-
what dislocated; the centrums with their spines and processes are, however,
well exhibited. The vertebre of this region number thirty-four. The ribs
are well shown, being nearly in their original position. Excepting the left
hind-paddle which is imperfect, the extremities are remarkably preserved.
The carpal and tarsal bones are each six in number; the metacarpals and
metatarsals, four. The humerus and femur are each twenty inches long.

This cast is in eight pieces. Size, 22 ft. 8 in. x 12 ft. 6 in.

Price, painted and packed, $150.

[Size, 22 ft. 8 in. x 12 ft. 6 in.]

Plesiosaurus Cramptoni.

No. [228.]

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