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United States Department of the Interior

UNITED STATES
DEPARIMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
DOUGLAS McKAY, SECRETARY ALBERT M. DAY, DIRECTOR

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries

prepared in the BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

A. W. Anderson, Editor R. T. Whiteleather, Associate Editor
J. Pileggi and J. J. O'Brien, Assistant Editors

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspond-
ence and requests to the: Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the

Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Service is not an endorsement.
The Service is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained

in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be re-
printed freely, reference to the source will be appreciated.

The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau
of the Budget, November 5, 1952.

CONTENTS

COVER: CUBAN TUNA FISHERMEN CLOSING NET TO FORCE BAIT INTO
FLOATING RECEIVER. THE CUBAN TUNA FISHERY HAS BEEN DEVEL~-
OPING SINCE 1940. (SEE PAGE 8 IN THIS ISSUE.

SEA-FOOD PRODUCTS IN ARMED FORCES RATIONS, BY STANLEY R. PETERSON .....+-seceerossenseres 1
A REPORT ON THE CUBAN TUNA FISHBRY, BY JOHN E. RAWLINGS ....ccceeecerereecereeresare vores 8

x ek mk

PAGE PAGE
RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES ....e.+.- 22 | FOREIGN (coNnTD. ):
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ....eeeeeessceeee 24 AUSTRALIA:

ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U. S. FISHING CANNED FISH PRODUCTION, 1951/52 ...... 38
VESSEL Sion os een a eee eee tin oeemne 4 SPINY LOBSTER FISHERY, 1951/52 ....... 38

CALIFORNIA SARDINE FISHERY--STATE CANADA:

RECULATION FROROSED Gsadcosooncaadcocse Qe BAN ON FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS TO BE
CALIFORNIA SARDINE FISHERY OUTLOOK ..... 25 ISTRTTEDY "asc ities slcial soe ch ane leletec oe Ce eee ee!
FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS .. 27 LOBSTER FISHERY REGULATIONS UNDER
GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: DISCUSSION IN MARITIME PROVINCE ..... 41

SMALL CATCHES OF SHRIMP TAKEN BY OREGON BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON PACK,

OFF CAPE SAN BLAS, FLORIDA (CRUISE NO. O52» esau aisle un aniwis sieleloloe eee ee es
La) Ancien Cp dodE tuonddc doam bond hou COSTA RICA:
OREGON REPORTS GOOD SHRIMP? CATCHES IN GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOP SHRIMP FISHERY . 44
NORTH CAMPECHE AREA (CRUISE NO. 18) .. 28 CYRENAICA:

METAL CANS--SHIPMENTS FOR FISHERY SPONGE CONCESSION GRANTED ....e..e0-e. 45
PRODUCTS, OCTOBER 1952 .....sseeeeeeee- 29 ECUADOR:

NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY UNITED STATES-OWNED ECUADORAN FISHERY
PROGRAM: COMPANIES ENCOUNTER DIFFICULTIES .... 46
JOHN N. COBB INVESTIGATES WINTER EGYPT:

HERRING FISHING IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA Fl SHNEXPORTSPROHI| BI EDieeereteereiste arate eee
(EXPLORATORY CRUISE NO. 14) ...eeeee-5 29 ETHIOPIA:

MILO BELL JOINS FISH AND WILDLIFE EXPORT DUTIES ON CERTAIN FISHERY
SERVICE AS CONSULTING ENGINEER ......-. 30 PRODUCTS, ol agiswec «cise cleeniaatellen eGR

OYSTER GROUNDS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY FRENCH MOROCCO:

PHOTOGRAPHED BY MARYLAND ...e.e.eee+e+e 31 FISHERY INDUSTRIES TAXED TO FINANCE
PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: RESEARCH AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT ...+. 46

LONG-LINE TUNA FISHING EXPERIMENTS BY GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

JOHN R. MANNING (CRUISE NO. 13) ...... 32 AMERICAN TRAWLERS RETURNED TO U. S.

SERVICE'S FISH=COOKERY DEMONSTRATION ARMY: | sland avs 3's ols'aiele.elsreleie lols elelelel ele eteaiaaan
PROGRAM) HIOS2e 00 vive iaubvegtietlsiesevelsieniy a. SS | CELAND:

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES: FROZEN FISH PRODUCTION HIGH ...seseeee 47
WHOLESALE PRICES, NOVEMBER 1952 ....... 33 HERRING FISHERIES PROSPECTS POOR ..... 48
RETAIL PRICES, NOVEMBER 1952 .......... 35 MOTORBOAT FISHERY FLEET DENIED

FOREIGNs ha cee ayo rentats Ima teae eee ee eae 6 GREENLAND HARBOR FACILITIES .++-----. 48

INTERNATIONAL: TWO INVENTIONS OF INTEREST TO

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISS/ON: FISHERMEN? cake toteeacitaetasiect siete. | 46
REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES, AUGUST-NOVEMBER INDIA:
cE On AEP OBEN. enna acacia SURVEY. OF THE FISHERIES ..eee.ssesee0s 49

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANI ZATION: INDONESIA:

COUNCIL'S SIXTEENTH SESSION CONVENES ECA "MAJANG" FISHING VESSELS ......-.. 50
TUN ROME) he ccarsle apc ua tau ey I emme Her cte ty am taal ITALY:
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 37 CONSTRUCTION OF WHALING FACTORYSH | P

SUSPENDED 2... scccccccvercseroneseses SO
CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 87

January 1953 Washington 25, D.C. Vol.15 ,No.1

SEA- FOOD PRODUCTS IN ARMED FORCES RATIONS

By Stanley R. Peterson*

ABSTRA CT

FOODS HIGH IN PROTEIN ARE NOT SO PLENTIFUL AS TO WARRANT OVER-
LOOKING ANY SOURCE THAT CAN BE ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITED. MARINE PROD-
UCTS HAVE NOT, TO BE SURE, BEEN OVERLOOKED, BUT IN MILITARY FEEDING
AT LEAST THEY HAVE NOT BEEN AMONG THE PROTEIN FOODS THAT COME TO
MIND IMMEDIATELY WHEN DESIGNING OPERATIONAL RATIONS. BECAUSE THESE
PRODUCTS OF THE SEA HAVE MANY VIRTUES IMPORTANT IN NUTRITION--A
GOOD QUALITY OF PROTEIN IS ONLY ONE OF THEM--ATTENTION IS CALLED IN
THIS ARTICLE TO THE MERITS OF SEA FOODS IN THEMSELVES AND TO THE
RICH RESOURCES AVAILABLE WHEN IT COMFS TO PROCURING FOODS IN VOLUME
LOTS FOR MILITARY FEEDING. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE CONTRIBUTION
OF .FISH TO THE DIET, THE RESOURCES OF THE NATION FOR PRODUCING
FISHERY PRODUCTS, AND SOME OF THE OBJECTIVES OF ARMED FORCES DEVEL-
OPMENT WORK. CURRENTLY, THE EMPHASIS 1S ON INCREASING THE VARIETY
OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AVAILABLE AND ACCEPTABLE TO THE ARMED FORCES.

CONSUMPTION IN ARMED FORCES

Consumption of sea foods in Armed Forces rations is small in comparison with
the amount of meat and poultry products being consumed. At present, such products
are in use by the Military
primarilyto provide variety
in the "A" and "B" rations

for general mess feeding, a - Good Quali
andto provide fish on Fri- = PROTEIN - G Q
IODINE - High ~~

Sa
t

days in accordance with tra-
ditional Army menu _ prac- pha eae Gi teeny EES ity eee
tices. This apparent lack VITAMINS - A,B, and.D
of Armed Forces interest is
due to a number of factors.
Perhaps the most important
single reason is the general
American consumer prefer—
ence for meat and poultry
over fish and the availability of these more preferred items.

In 1951, the average United States per-capita consumption of meat (excluding
fish) was 137.7 pounds. This figure included beef, veal, lamb, mutton, and pork
(no lard). The average per-capita consumption of chicken was 28.8 pounds and of
turkey 5.2 pounds, making a total of 34.0 pounds for poultry products. The aver-
age per-capita consumption of edible fishery products--11.5 pounds--is obviously

well below the averages for other types of meats, and far below the averages for

% TECHNOLOGIST, ANIMAL PRODUCTS DIVISION, FOOD AND CONTAINER INSTITUTE, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, CHICAGO, ILL.

NOTE: REPRINTED FROM THE THIRD QUARTER 1952 ACTIVITIES REPORT ON FOOD AND CONTAINER RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ARMED FORCES, VOL. 4, NO. 3, PP. 216-224, PUBLISHED BY THE RESEARCH AND

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol s5, No. 1

certain sea food-consuming European and Asiatic nations. However, during any
emergency, the abundant availability of meat and poultry must be discounted and
sea-food products may have to be used in much larger amounts to help conserve
the diminishing supplies of more generally accepted meat items. Furthermore,
many sea-food products can also be served at alower cost than most meat andpoul-
try products.

Although sea-food products never have enjoyed the place in the Americandiet
that they occupy in the diets of many European and Asiatic peoples, the popular-
ity of fish as an entree is increasing in this country and this dietary tendency
is naturally being reflected among the members of the Armed Forces. Most per-
sons have many firmly developed food likes and dislikes before entering the Arm-
ed Services. Army consumption of sea foods during World War II showed a decided
sectional influence. Depending upon where they had lived prior to the war, the
men tended to eat a greater or lesser amount of sea-food products. Those from
the West, certain parts of the Middle West, and from some sections of the South
did not consume much fish whereas troops from coastal areas consumed both a wide
variety and a large quantity. It must also be recognized that appetite and di-
gestion are affected by a great variety of psychological factors associated with
Armed Services operations, i.e., anxiety, boredom, homesickness, etc. Consequently,
inorder to promote agreater consumption of sea-food products by members of the
Armed Forces, these items will have to be made highly acceptable and must also
have the necessary military characteristics.</ The future possibilities of more
sea foods in the rations will, undoubtedly, depend to a large extent on the pro-
vision of products with a greater degree of acceptability.

SEA FOODS RICH IN FOOD VALUE

The food elements found in sea foods are protein, fat, mineral matter, and
vitamins. The water content will vary from 70 to 80 percent, depending on the
species and the individual fish.

Sea foods have always been a substantial source of the world's protein sup—
ply, largely because they are practical for preserving processes, storage, ship-
ment, and later consumption in areas distant from the sea. Canned sea-food prod-
ucts possess a world-wide market and provide menu variety at low cost to Consum—
ers of almost every nation. Dry-salted sea-food products, because of their salt
content, are staple foods in many warm countries. When freezing began to develop
as a method of preservation, frozen fishery products were among the first newfro-
zen foods. Fish meals and oils have become valuable in animal feeding programs,
and the vitamin-bearing oils and pharmaceutical products derived from fish have
contributed considerably to the netion's health.

Evidence that fish is an excellent source of high-quality protein is to be
found in these facts: (1) the nutritional value of its protein has been found
equal to that of beef; (2) they are digested more readily although no more com-
pletely than beef proteins; (3) fish proteins are complete because they contain
the ten essential amino acids in proportions that can be economically utilized by
the body; (4) the amino acids making up the proteins of fish muscle are the same
as those found in chicken muscle and exist in approximately the same proportions
(constituting about 18 percent of the meat). Fish, however, has more gelatin-
forming protein and less extractives and consequently is perhaps less palatable
for a steady diet. The fat content of fish varies from 1 to 20 percent, depend—
ing on the individual fish, the species, sex, degree of maturity, the season, and
the abundance of food.

Mineral matter constitutes approximately one percent of the edible portion

of fish, and these minerals are comparable to those found in other meats, Sea
3/7 MILITARY CHARACTERISTICS MAY BE DEFINED AS THOSE REQUIREMENTS FOR SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE

UNDER CRITICAL AND UNUSUAL MILITARY OPERATING CONDITIONS.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

foods, however, contain considerably more iodine than any other meat. (This does
not hold true for fresh-water fish.) Analyses have shown that oysters,clams, and
lobsters have 200 times more iodine; and shrimp, crabs, and ocean fish show 50 to
100 times more iodine than beef or milk. Because of the known relationship be-
tween iodine and goiter prevention, the so-called "goiter belts" are becoming in-
creasingly aware of the need for more sea foods in the diet. In countries such
as Japan where sea-food constitutes the main source of protein, goiter is unknown.
Oysters, in addition, are rich in copper and iron--rating second only to liver in
iron content. However, the common belief that fish is an especially good "brain
food" has been discredited.

No standard value can be assigned fish as to their vitamin content as it is
a variable factor. Fatty fish are a good source of the fat-soluble vitamins A
and D, and with variations from species to species in vitamin B. However, the
meat of fish generally is low in vitamin C. In this respect fish is comparable to
other meats.

The average caloric value of one ounce of fish is 30 as compared with a value
of 89 for an ounce of beef. The low fuel value of fish may be attributed to the
high percentage of water, the low percentage of fat, and the high percentage of
waste. Fish cannot be ripened like meat because of the unpalatable flavors re-
sulting from the enzymic action. Furthermore, a great deal more waste is obtain-
ed from fish than beef due to the quantity of offal in the head, scales, fins,
and entrails. Yet, in spite of the relatively low caloric value and its compara=
tively high percentage of offal, fish is an economical food. For example, produc-—
tion of other types of meat requires crop cultivation along with the expenditure
of considerable labor. Today our land areas are progressing toward their peak of
production of beef and other forms of animal protein. Fish, however, live on the
vegetation found in all waters and consume no cultivated crops. They are foundin
almost inexhaustible numbers and require little or no planting; all that is nec-
essary is some means of harvesting.

PRESENT SCOPE OF THE SEA-FOOD INDUSTRY

Granted then that the fishing industry offers a good source of nutritious
and high-protein foods which may assume especial importance in the event of any
national emergency, why the past indifference on the part of the public and the
Military? Part of the answer may be found in the industry itself. Perhaps a
brief look at the scope of the fishing industry is here in order.

It has beeen estimated that the world production in 1948 of 39 billion pounds
would be worth about three billion dollars at the fishermen's level. The sea-food
resources of the oceans, though relatively unexplored, are probably on the thres-
hold of their greatest development, and therefore are of economic importance far
beyond the casual current conception.

The following statistics may present a better picture of the size of the pres-
ent fishing industry. The estimated catch of fishery products in all sections of
the United States and Alaska in 1949 totaled 4.8 billion pounds, valued at
$339,000,000 to the fishermen. The catch was landed by 160,000 fishermen aided
by 4,000 transporters; and 110,000 workers in 4,000 shore plants processed, pack-—
ed, and distributed fishery products. The industry also was responsible for the
indirect employment of an estimated 300,000 persons in allied industries, such as
gear manufacture, shipbuilding, manufacture of processing equipment, and service
industries supplying food, fuel, etc. About 85,000 craft were engaged in the fish-
eries, of which 8,000 were documented fishing vessels of five net tons or over,

The products of the industry were worth an estimated $996,613,000 when purchased by

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vole bg Nove ed:

the consumer in 1948, and the estimated replacement value of fishing craft, gear,
processing plants, wholesale establishments, etc., was $951,000,000.

The fresh-—and salt-water fish and shellfish teken for food annually in the
United States and Alaska are sold under 200 or more different name's; however,
consumer purchase is generally limited to only a few species, although all of the
species are edible.

Approximately two-thirds of the world catch of fishery products is marketed
as fresh, frozen, canned, or cured, and the remaining one-third is reduced to
fish meal and oil. Of the amount that is caught for human consumption, about 40
percent is edible and the remainder (60 percent) is waste products. From an an-
nual catch of 39 billion pounds it has been roughly estimated that the world's
production of processed fishery products has been about 2 billion pounds of can-
ned fish and about 3 billion pounds of cured fish (dried, salted, and smoked).

A significant part of the catch along with the processed waste was used to pro-
duce fish meal and fish oil. It was estimated that about 13 billion pounds of
the catch was used for reduction purposes. The remainder of the catch--approxi-
mately 16 billion pounds--was marketed as fresh or frozen products.

SPECIAL ARMED- FORCES REQUIREMENTS

In the procurement, storage, and shipping of foodstuffs, the Armed Forces
have problems that are associated with factors arising from the providing of
seasonal food the year-round to troops located both nearby and in distant parts
of the world. This is certainly true of sea foods; they are generally caught
during certain periods of the year and then sold fresh, canned, frozen, or pre-
served by other means. The canned and frozen products may be in storage for some
time even after procurement bythe Armed Forces before reaching the ultimate consumer.
Generally speaking, this consumer is a new taster of any new sea-—food item and the
product will have to be good for him to eat it. If he likes it, then more of the
same will be provided and eaten again, and he, the Armed Forces, and the fishing
industry will have benefited. Itisalso safe to assumethat if a likingis established
for a food while in the Service, that liking will be maintained for the same food
when out of the Service. It would seem important then that any sea-food ration
provided to a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine should be what he desires and
likes.

Perhaps one factor that needs brief mention here is the fact that despite the
attractiveness and eye-appealingnature of most modern sea-food products, the pic-
ture is not entirely satisfactory. While great strides have been made generally
by the industry, there are still some plants throughout the country that have not
kept pace with the more modern handling of sea-food products. This tends to deter
Armed Forces interest in such items. The Services are as always desirous of in-
cluding more highly-acceptable, nutritious, and stable sea-food products in the
rations in order to provide a greater variety in the menu of economical products
readily available from a tremendous potential supply of protein food. Even at
this date, however, the majority of sea-food products do not have the acceptabil-
ity that they should have to meet Armed Forces requirements. This condition,
then, should be remedied if the fishing industry is really interested in selling
a larger amount of sea-food products to the Armed Forces.

The desired requirements and military characteristics of sea-food items in
the three major product categories can now be presented in greater detail.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

CANNED SEA FOODS

Canned sea-food products are needed that will have a storage life of at
least one year at 100° F. These items, required for the operational rations,
must be palatable when cold. Such products are further limited, at present,
from the standpoint of variety. Development of at least a dozen acceptable fish
combination items for operational rations is the present need.

A technological examination of an optimum canned fish product might dis-—
close the following points:

1. Can size--dictated by the ration in which the product is to
be used. For individual feeding, such as the C-ration, Assault Ra-
tion, In-Flight Ration, use is made of 6-to 12-ounce cans of stand-
ard size (300 x 200 or 300 x 308). For the B-ration, cans that are
as large as possible and yet retain the quality of the contents
should be used (30-ounce 401 x 411 or 404 x 404 to No. 10 cans,

603 x 700).

2. General appearance--pleasing and appetizing in the can with-
out heating or any other kind of preparation. A lesser degree is
acceptable for the large-size can where kitchen facilities (B-ra-
tion) are available.

3. Color--should be characteristic of the product, i.e., can-
ned tuna--dark- to white-colored meat while salmon is pink to red
colored; should denote high degree of preservation; should be uni-
form.

4. Odor--not to exceed a mild fish odor. Other ingredients,
if used, should produce a pleasing aroma.

5. Flavor--within the limits of a mild fish flavor should be
characteristic of the product. Highly spiced, salty, bitter, sour,
or excessively sweet flavors are not desirable.

6. Texture--firm. Excessively dry or watery texture is un-
desirable. All ingredients should be clearly outlined in the can
and a mushy appeerance avoided. The minimum standard is-- "suf-
ficiently firm to permit retention of characteristic outline of the
product during additional preparation for those items used where
kitchen facilities are available."

The above requirements may be considered the military characteristics neces-
saryto assure satisfactory performence under critical and unusual military con-
ditionsof use, i.e., use without additional preparation in aircraft or a foxhole;
with limited facilities in a submarine or in rear fighting areas.

Thus far, a number of canned sea-food items--both straight product-type and
"combination" items have been examined, including: fish cakes, fish cakes and
beans with tomato sauce, fishburger (both unfried and prefried), shrimp cakes,
herring, mackerel, spiny lobster, turtle soup, lobster bisque, oyster soup, cod-
fish patties, tuna loaf, turtle chili, salt codfish, fish vienna, salmon, tuna,
sardines, salmon patties, chopped clams, and smoked fish patties in tomato sauce.

The experimental products that have enjoyed greatest acceptance in limited
tests to date are: fish cakes, fish cakes and beans with tomato sauce, codfish
patties, salmon, tuna, and sardines.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

At the present time, canned salmon and tuna are the principal canned-fish
products used by the Military. Other canned-fish items have not been used inthe
operational rations dueto the lack of acceptability. Acceptability evaluations
and freezing tests have been made on Puget Sound sockeye salmon packed in i-
pound cans. This product has received a very good rating. Various types and
grades of canned tuna and California and Maine sardines have been examined for
possible use in the operational rations, with some of these products also re-
ceiving good acceptance ratings.

Canned combination items utilizing sea foods appear to present the most
feasible means of including sea-food products in the operational rations. Fish
products marginally acceptable to the Armed Forces as straight fish items may be
entirely acceptable if combined with other food items to provide a nutritious
and satisfying product. Two such combination fish products have been prepared
and tested for possible inclusion in the operational rations. One consists of
tuna and noodles with vegetables and the other of tuna and noodles with cheese.
A Military specification for these items is being coordinated with industry and
other governmental agencies.

FROZEN SEA FOODS

Acceptance of perishable sea-food products by Armed Forces consumers depends
largely on the variables connected with processing, preservation, transportation,
preparation, plus of course, original condition. The principal difficulties at

a : om present are (1) to develop ameans
ye bs he i ss ede of measuring the degree of quality
oe in sea foods prior to freezing and
storing, (2) to obtain more com-
plete knowledge of the storagelife
of various sea-food products test-
> ed under different conditions of
Aj} storage, and (3) to determine the
acceptability of the different
species. Frozen sea-food products
are new procured by the Quarter-
master Market Center System for
nationwide and overseas distribu-
tion to all branches of the Armed
Forces. The items of greatest pro-
curement are: fillets of cod,

OVEN SIRES eaETEED FISH FILLETS, FROZEN FILLETS ARE sp UHL Pets OE SEI
ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR FISHERY PRODUCTS PURCHASED sy S@mon, and sole; halibut and sal-
THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS FOR THE ARMED FORCES. mon steaks; oysters; and shrimp.

Some frozen fish do not have a
sufficiently good over-all consumer acceptance in the Armed Forces and this gen-
erally results in considerable waste when served. Improvement of standards for
frozen fish are required in order to increase Armed Forces acceptance. Such an
effort is under way--an investigation dealing with improved standards for frozen
fish has recently been initiated. Selected types of fresh-frozen fish fillets
have been prepared and sampled to determine if the average consumer can signifi-
cantly determine the relative eating quality of several species of fish generally
considered to be of excellent, medium, and poor acceptance. It is anticipated
that investigations will soon be conducted to better determine the characteristics
of various species of fish under different conditions of storage. This is requir-
ed because some species may be acceptable after relatively long periods of storage
whereas others may have a very short storage life, and procurement should be gov—
erned accordingly.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 4

Breaded shrimp is a recent item of procurement by some branches of the Arm-
ed Forces. Investigational work is being initiated toward development of an ap-
propriate Military specification. In general, this investigational work will be
concerned with the formulas for preparing breaded shrimp, processing methods,
freezing, and storing the product.

DEHYDRATED SEA-FOOD ITEMS

It is desirable that new dehydrated sea-food items be developed since they
provide a concentrated body-building food of high caloric density with a minimum
of weight and bulk. Dehydrated shrimp and dehydrated fish fillets have been test-
ed. The short shelf life and low-acceptance ratings of dehydrated sea foods dis-
courages any attempt to include them in the rations at this time. Studies should
continue on fish, shrimp, and other sea-food products in an effort to develop
satisfactory items with considerable acceptability after prolonged storage at
relatively high temperatures.

NEED FOR ARMED FORCES- INDUSTRY COOPERATION

There are four significant reasons why the Armed Forces are desirous of in-
cluding sea-food products in the operational rations, namely: (1) the excellent
nutritional qualities of this protein-rich food; (2) the vastness of the sources
of supply; (3) the desirable element of variety that such products bring to the
military menu; and (4) the advisability of expanding the basis of Armed Forces
procurement by bringing into the picture a sizable industry thet heretofore has
been relatively untapped. This last is a particularly valuable consideration in
the long-range planning for possible conditions of national emergency.

In its continuing research and development program, the Food and Container
Institute prepares and tests various types of sea-food products for possible in-
clusion in the rations. The industry, on the other hand, has the essential know-
how for producing sea foods, and it is because of their technological advances and
the lessons learned from repeated processing of the items that the results of re-
search can be realized in practical, high-quality products.

The function of the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute is toserve as
both a co-developer and a liaison agency with the fishing industry, and it is
hoped that this article will help to bring about a truly successful working re-
lationship. The reward of this relationship, it might be emphasized in conclu-
sion, is that millions of young Americans of military age will become habituated
to sea-food products and thus a firm basis will have been laid for a greatly ex-
panded future civilian market.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

A REPORT ON THE CUBAN TUNA FISHERY

By John E. Rawlings*

CONTENTS

PAGE PAGE
SUMMARY .cucccccccsorccesrscccussenrsaresereresesseees 8 BAIT seccnescccscserescceeesssersse ses esseeessssssees 1S
INTRODUCTION cccvescesrvccccescccrsoreserensrereresere 8 THE CATCH sescecocevescvecesecesees sessseseressserere 18
HISTORY .cccvccersccrecsseraserersrerereseresarererere 10 SEASONS cccccccccccrccccccccen cece sevesesssesecssese 19
LOCATION OF FISHERY AND FISHING RANGE wcccsesesceovere 10 PROCESSING AND MARKETING eeeccecseecerecesesesssscees 20
FISHING VESSELS AND CREWS «coececosccosesercveunsvsere 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS o.ceseeeeseseces iaielelele'vie's e\peisle bins cinisiate 21
FISHING GEAR AND METHODS woesercrescrererorevaeeses eee 12

SUMMARY

The Cuban tuna fishery has been developing since 1940 as an off-season activ-
ity for canneries, vessels, and fishermen. The canneries pack not only other sea
food but vegetable products as well.

The fishing is carried on very close to shore with live bait. The tuna fish-
ing grounds frequented mostly, as well as the bait grounds, are within the terri-
torial limits of Cuba.

The estimated annual catch of 1,000 to 1,500 tons of tuna is canned and mar-
keted in Cuba as "Bonito en Aceite." This supply satisfies about 85 percent of
the present domestic demand.

The tuna taken are small (average weight between 3 and 4 pounds on the South
Coast) and are approximately 75 percent blackfin tuna and 25 percent skipjack. On
the North Coast somewhat larger fish are taken, with skipjack making up a larger
proportion of the catch.

INTRODUCTION

Large schools of several species of tuna during some seasons of the year were
observed in preliminary surveys conducted in the Gulf of Mexico during 1951 and
1952 by the exploratory fishing vessel Oregon. This vessel is operated by the

- ——— U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service's Branch of Com-
|} mercial Fisheries. It
was apparent that many
of the problems in the
development of tuna fish-
ing in the Gulf would
be similar to those en-
countered and, to some
extent, solved by the
small but successful
Cuban tuna fishery of
the adjacent Caribbean.
As a result I was sent
_| to Cuba in late August
| 1952 to get first hand

- : : information on fishing
FIGURE 1 - MAP OF CUBA AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES. :

in thi ter-
FISHERY METHODS AND EQUIPMENT SPECIALIST, EXPLORATORY FISHING AND are her s inter
GEAR DEVELOPMENT SECTION, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. Ss, ©S%4nNg iishery.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI.

UNITED STATES

Sv

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

January 1953

*SGNNOND ONIHSI4 LIVE GNV YNOAL SNIMOHS ‘Vand NY3LS3M - Z 3YuNdI4

YW, sprnorg Surysiy y1eg
Reet spunor9 BHurqsry

VNVAVH..

YYW TOD

Sips ae

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 15, No. 1

HISTORY

There have been few changes in tuna-fishing techniques in Cuba since the
production of tuna was begun on a commercial scale in 1940. Local fishermen of
Japanese ancestry, using live-bait fishing methods similar to some of those used
in the Japanese fishery, provided the initial impetus and figured prominently in
the actual fishing for tuna until 1942 when they were restricted to occupations
ashore. At the time of my visit only two fishermen of Japanese ancestry were ac-—
tive in the Cuban tuna fishery. Cuban fishermen have continued the fishery since
1942, but the Japanese influence is strongly reflected in the methods used. Even
the eating habits aboard the Cuban tuna vessels show Japanese influence. The Cuban
fishermen's "pescado crudo" is the Japanese fishermen's "sashimi," except that it
is prepared differently.

The Cuban tuna fishery began as a part-time operation. The fishermen still
depend on other fisheries and the canneries on other raw materials during the off-
season.

LOCATION OF FISHERY AND FISHING RANGE

The fishing vessels working the south coast of Cuba base at Nueva Gerona on
the Isle of Pines, and at Batabano and La Coloma on the mainland (fig. 2). On
the North Coast, Cojimar has had a small cannery in operation less than a year,
-with two boats fishing tuna. Cuba is perhaps unique in having a fishery for pe-
lagic fish operating to a large extent within its own territorial waters. The
tuna boats seldom fish more than
three miles from shore or reef
on the South Coast, and lOmiles
from the reef are extreme dis-—
tances. Only one commercial
fisherman spoke of going beyond
10 miles off the reef for tuna.
On the North Coast most commer-
cial tuna fishing is done from
3 to 15 miles outside the reef.
i The range of the fishery is lim-
| ited so that very little fishing
is done offshore. In fact, the
vessels fish only a short dis-
| tance from port. This is prob-
| ably dictated by the methods and
| gear used, which make it neces—
sary to fish within a few miles
of a good live-bait resource.
However, the general opinion of
the fishermen is that tuna are
quite common outside the reefs
all along the Cuban coasts, and
further offshore generally aver-
age larger in size.

i

FISHING VESSELS AND CREWS

The typical Cuban tuna-fish-
ing vessel (fig. 3) is amodified
sloop with a gaff-rigged main-
sail, usually with a flying jib.

ek SS cee a a

FIGURE 3 = THE CUBAN TUNA=FISHING BOAT MAGDALENA.

>

11

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

January 1953

* INSWADNVYNV TWOIdAL SNIMOHS LVOG DNIHSIS-VNNL NVEND JO 31140Y¥d GYVOENI - vy 3YHNDI4

\

MNVL LIVA LWOd- -NVId WILdVd

oe

Sea |

fe) i
S310H 2 \\
ener 1

NOILILYVd ®
MNVL Live
SSS SSSI

\ AdON VO™

NOILILYVd /
MNVLI LIVE
2 eal a =a

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

The sails are not used regularly, but are still carried aboard in case of emer-
gency. The largest tuna boat in Cuba is 58 feet long; the smallest 30 feet. The
shallow draft (33 to 44 feet) is important in working the shoal areas during daily
bait-catching operations. There is very little special equipment, and accomoda-
tions for the crew are simple. The smaller vessel upon which I sailed (and in-
cidentally the smallest tuna boat in Cuba) had a 30 hp. main engine without re-
verse gear or clutch, while the larger vessel had a 70 hp. engine with a clutch
and reverse gear.

The typical crew consists of 7 men: captain, engineer-cook, majuero (chum-
mer), and 4 fishermen. Two of the fishermen usually have an apprentice status
and wash all dishes, police the vessel, and do the bidding of the older fishermen,
particularly the captain. The captains of both vessels that I accompanied were
unquestionably the most able and hard-working men aboard, and they were obeyed
most implicity. On the fishing grounds the captains steer the vessels, Steering
is done from the stern when actually fishing.

FISHING GEAR AND METHODS

Cuban fishing equipment is made by the fishermen aboard the vessel. New gear
is required often and some gear preparation is in progress almost every day. The
feathered squids are made
from a small halibut-type
hook (5/8 inch from tip
to shank) which is short-
ened, the barb removed
(the point is flattened
on the inside toward the
shank), and weighted. This
is a minor modification
but may be of considerable
importance in landing
blackfin tuna (Parathun-
nus atlanticus), the spec-
‘les common in. Cuban waters.
The jaw structures of this
species are weak, and the
point of the hook, flat-
tened transversely to the
direction of pull, presum-

FIGURE 5 - CUBAN FISHING GEAR. (A) TOP = MATERIAL USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE BAIT SEINE. (8) UPPER LEFT - HOOK USED IN ably does not tear out the
PREPARATION OF JIG. (C) LOWER LEFT - HOOK SHORTENED WITH jaws as easily as does the
WEIGHTED SHANK, (D AND E) - FINISHED BARBLESS JIGS WITH FEATH- round pointed hook. Lead

\ 9 EES! . . :
ERS! AND FEATHER GUARDS MADE OF FRIGATE BIRD QUILL is poured into small dies,

usually bamboo, to form
the squid shank. For larger fish the fishermen make up a double hook rather than
use a larger size. The hollow quills from man-o-war birds and vultures aretrimmed,
split, and pulled over the squid and provide excellent protection for the feathers.
The bamboo fishing poles are obtained on the Isla de Pinos. Some of the fishermen
rig their poles with two lines. The line not in use is held against the pole by
hooking the squid into a small square hole cut near the base of the pole. The
poles vary in length from 10 to 13 feet and are light and flexible. Spares are
carried forward in the standing rigging to be made up in case of breakage or loss.
The Japanese custom as practiced in the Hawaiian Islands where each fisherman has
three or four poles in readiness for different size fish and for fish of different
behavior was not in evidence. Since the fish are uniformly small this is not nec-
essary. The line from the tip of the pole to the leader is equivalent in diameter

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

to 30- or 36- thread hard-laid seine twine. The preferred material is four strands
of nylon of about 6—thread diameter, twisted together and tightly served with a
hard—finished cotton thread. However, many poles were observed to be made up

with hard-laid seine twine of either 30- or 36-thread. Several types of swivels

FIGURE 6 = FISHING OFF THE STERN OF THE MAGDALENA.

and snap-ons, some homemade, are used on the end of the line. The leader wire (30
inches from snap-on to squid) is No. 6 (.016 inch diameter with a 58=pound break-
ing point) with a special dull finish. The over-all length of the line and leader
is such that when the butt of the pole is in position the hook will swing in just
about even with the left armpit. As the fish swings inboard it is caught solidly
against the body of the fisherman with the left arm. The pole is then cradled in
the crook of the right arm and the right hand is brought over to remove the hook
from the mouth of the firmly held fish. While fishing the base of the pole rests
in a small bag or socket suspended with a piece of line around the waist. This
bag, which rests against the groin, is the equivalent of the American harness.
The Cuban bag is made up by the fishermen from pieces of a small automobile tire
wired together. This in turn is carefully covered and padded with sewn burlap.
The typical Japanese fishing dress was modified to a one-armed canvas jacket with
a reinforced left armpit. Although all fishermen wear wide straw hats, one-armed
canvas jackets, and "jolongos" (as the pole socket is called), the remainder of
their dress seems to be a matter of personal preference.

The fishing routine on the 11 days I was aboard varied little. In the morn-
ing, once bait was obtained, the shortest possible course was made to the one- to
three-mile area paralleling the keys and reef. When the reef was passed, all hands
began putting on jackets and preparing to fish. The fish were usually found first
by the presence of birds hovering over the school. On no occasion was there more
than a ten-minute delay in finding fish on the grounds. When coming toward fish
the procedure was to slow the speed of the vessel to approximately two knots, and

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

circle wide to port or starboard throwing handfuls of bait off the starboard side,
amidships. If fish broke water in the wake, which was always watched very close-
ly at this time, the spray system would be started on the stern and pole fishing
would begin. The captain would steer from the extension wheel as shown in figure
6. The engineer would complete his adjustments below, batten the engine-room
hatch and join the others on the stern. Once the fish began working and biting
well the captain would gradually straighten course to intercept the nearest like-
ly-looking school in the vicinity. The innumerable small schools in the one- to
three-mile belt off the fringing reef made this procedure seem quite effective.
Often just as action from one school slackened, another would be intercepted and
action would pick up. This interception course from school to school would often
result in changes in size and species of fish.

Occasionally, during a lull in the bait fishing, especially when no birds
were immediately in sight to indicate the presence of fish, supplementary fishing
was done with a trolling jig. The speed of the vessel was increased, and a jig

FIGURE 7 = TUNA STRIKING NEAR THE STERN.

strike would usually be followed by circling and chumming. The effectiveness of
this method of finding fish was rather poor,as often the strike would be a barracuda
or dolphin. The small tuna, especially the blackfin, usually tore off the jigeven
at the comparatively siow speeds of 5 to 7 knots, and in all cases the fish taken
had the throat torn and the neck broken. (These conditions parallel the experience
of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Oregon with the blackfin tuna in the Gulf
of Mexico.)

Considerable time was spent by the Cuban fishermen in "string" chumming on
little or no signs of fish. This seemed a very extravagant use of bait, but was
explained on the basis of the inevitable bait mortality. The expenditure of bait
is not only conditioned by the fish encountered and the way they bite but howcrowd-
ed the bait is in the tanks, the appearance of the bait, the time of day, and the
quantity left. The tuna often came in ahead of the stern of the vessel and inter-
cepted the bait as it worked toward the stern. The fishermen work from the stern

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

only, and make no effort to work the quarter of the vessel. The spray nozzles
send all water directly astern. This spray resembles a shower of feed and helps
to obscure the fishermen and vessel.

The tuna on the south coast of Cuba apparently do not travel or feed in any
particular direction. The fishermen believe that they are not migratory, andthat
some are always present. The current fiows to the west on a rising tide’and to
the east on an ebbing tide. During pole fishing in midday and early afternoon,
the speed of the vessel while working fish would often be increased to threeknots.
Later in the evening a slower speed of two knots was maintained. The best fish-
ing occurred between 5:30 p.m. and sundown. No early morning fishing was done
as during that period bait was caught for the day's fishing.

In trolling, a single No. 7 barbed hook with shaped eye was used. Short sec-
tions of discarded manila rope were combed out, worked through the eye, and seized
to the shank to form a primitive but effective jig. A single strand of pliable
20-gauge wire was used for trolling line (it greatly resembles baling wire). These
lines when taken in were made up quickly by making figure-eight loops from palm to
elbow. The fishermen explained that the wire was used to get greater depth for
the lure.

The birds seen over the fish in the south of Cuba were not identified. Men-
tion should be made of the common occurrence of one or two large sharks in schools
of tuna. The sharks, which the fishermen ignore, do not attempt to take tuna as
they are caught, and the fishermen often work their squids right on the shark's
back. However, occasionally a large barracuda appears. When this happens, two
or three of the men immediately stop tuna fishing and catch and remove the barra-
cuda from the school of tuna.

BAIT

The live bait used by the Cuban tuna fisherman is primarily the majua (Jen-
kinsia lamprotaenia), a very small fish about 1 to 13 inches long. This species
schools well, follows the boat, and lives an average of one day in the Japanese-
type bait wells. A second species called cabezona by the Cubans and hardhead by
Americans (Atherinomorus stipes) is taken indiscriminately with the majua and is

FIGURE 8 = MAJUA IN THE BA‘T WELL.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

usually considered by the fishermen as identical. It is quite different in ap-
pearance, however, and is the more hardy of the two species. These two bait spe-
cies arethe stand-by of the Cuban tuna fishery. There is an anchovy (called the
catucuche by the Cubans) which, according to the fishermen, would rival or sur-
pass either of the bait fish mentioned if they would live in the tank. Except on
rare occasions, when small numbers are taken and there is no crowding, the catu-
cuche will not live to reach the fishing grounds. When taken in a bait net in
large numbers, they are released by the fishermen and no attempt is made to use
them. Another bait fish, sardina de ley, is used occasionally, but they are much
larger, occasionally growing to six inches. They are not sought out for bait, but
are taken along with the majua. The fishermen spent considerable time telling me
of the importance of the lunar cycle in predicting the presence, size, and hardi-
ness of the majua,

After the day's fishing was concluded, there always remained a scoop or two
of bait in the tank. The tank would then be emptied of all dead bait, and the
inboard plugs (shown in fig. 4) removed. The eviscerated catch of tuna would be
dumped in this tank for washing and then iced-down in the fish hatch. The holes
were left open overnight.

The following morning all the bait left over from the previous day would be
found alive and active, which suggests that probably the high bait mortality is
due to poor water circula-
tion and overcrowding. Al-
though the open holes at
the bottom of the tankwere
not plugged until a quan-
tity of new bait was added,
the old and new bait did
not escape. The fishermen
contend that majua and cabe-
zone will quickly escape
from a hole in the sidesof
a vat or well, but willnot
go through a hole in the
top or bottom. This is un-
doubtedly the reason the
floating bait receiver was
lined with webbing on the
sides to prevent escapement
of very small majua, and
not similarly lined on the
bottom.

A potential bait source
possibly exists on the fish-
ing grounds. Huge schools
of a species called majua

del golfo were seen on the
pit ak fishing grounds off the
FIGURE 9 - THER EEOAUING BAIT RECEIVER BEING TAKEN TO SHALLOW south coast of Cuba 2 or 3
5 miles from the reef. Ex-
cept for the fact that they were a little larger and had a more bluish color on
the back, the majua del golfo resembled the majua.

a

The prime source of the majua used for bait is the waters surrounding the in-
numerable keys in the Gulf of Batabano and, in particular, the keys most accessible

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ay

to the reef and to the passage to and from Nueva Gerona and the fishing grounds.
The bait is most abundant in water from 3 to 5 feet in depth over eel-grass bot-
tom but is also found over sandy bottom, shoals, and protected and exposed reefs.

aig

FIGURE 10 = NET FULL OF BAIT READY FOR TRANSFER TO THE RECEIVER.

The fishermen claim that majua exist in all Cuban waters but are particularly a-
bundant in protected shoal areas. Although there is a sufficient supply available
most of the time, there was some expression of concern over the occasional bait
scarcity. Few of the fishermen that I met on the South Coast had much experience
in other Cuban fishing areas, but many believed the Gulf of Guanacabibe north of
Cape San Antonio and the northeast coast of Cuba back of the fringing reef have
an abundant supply of majua. The fishermen emphasized the marked fluctuations of
availability of bait. It was either very abundant in many areas or scarce in all
areas.

The gear used to catch bait
consists of a 12- to 15-foot flat-
bottom skiff, a 20- to 35-fathom
bait net, and a floating bait re-
ceiver. The bait net is 4 feet
deep on the wings, 7 feet deep in
the center where the bag tapers
to a square, and is sewn to iron
or brass rods to make a square
opening the same size as the slid-
ing door in the receiver. The us-
ual procedure in taking bait is
for the large vessel to approach
a key as close as the shallow wa-
ter will permitand for the skiff
to proceed from there with two
men. The majua are sometimes
found in extremely shallow water,
as little as six inchesdeep. The
fishermen do not seem to be wor-
ried about the majua escaping

FIGURE 11 = TRANSFERRING MAJUA FROM THE RECEIVER TO THE
BAIT WELL WITH A DIP NET.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

after they are located, although it may occasionally take many hours in the skiff
to find a suitable school. Most sets with the bait net are made from the skiff
with one man rowing and another paying the net off the stern. The majua, when
frightened or crowded, head into deeper water, so often the bait net is paid out
in a straight line against the side of a channel or up against the shore of a key.
The wings are then worked in gradually, the man in the center of the net working
the bag into deeper water and forming an area for the majua to school in. Mean-
while the wings are moved around behind the fish to form a full circle. Then both
wings are worked together down to the pocket. The majua are crowded through the
sack of the net and into the receiver without handling. The receiver is then
taken out to the large boat by two or three men wading or swimming, and the majua
are scooped directly from the receiver into the live wells. Stories were told of

FIGURE 12 = BLACKFIN TUNA WITH LARGE PECTORAL FINS AND SKIPJACK WITH SMALL PECTORALS. A DOL-=
PHIN IS IN THE FOREGROUND.

one set from which 4 or 5 vessels took full tanks of bait, with many majuareleased,.
While I was aboard the two vessels, some sets were made on as little as two or
three scoops of bait. The fishermen believe certain areas in Cuba are overfished
for bait because of their accessibility.

THE CATCH

The blackfin tuna (Parathunnus atlanticus) and the skipjack or oceanic bonito
(Kat suwonus pelamis) comprise the commercial tuna catch of Cuba. Fishermen on the
south coast talk of occasionally taking 50-pound tuna, usually on a jig. From the
description these could be yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus argentivittatus). In the
course of each day's fishing another species of tuna was taken in small numbers.
The fishermen call this comevivieres. The flesh is dark and the fish are not ac-
cepted at the canneries. Positive identification was not made. On the SouthCoast
the annual average size of both the commercial species as received at the canner-
ies is about three pounds, with blackfin tuna accounting for 75 percent of the
catch. On the North Coast the average size is 6 to 8 pounds, but skipjack account

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW i)

for 75 percent of the catch. Several schools of mixed fish were abandoned by
both the Atun and Magdalena because the fish fell below the one-pound minimum
size accepted by the cannery. The canneries were reluctant to accept a load in
which one-pound fish exceeded ten percent of the total catch. The smallest tuna
of both commercial species in the catches I saw measured between 7% and 9 inches
in total length. Fishermen spoke of taking 4- and 5-inch blackfin and skipjack

FIGURE 13 - BLACKFIN TUNA, UPPER AND UPPER LEFT, AND THREE WHITE SKI PJACK.

tuna in August 1951, and also mentioned finding many smaller than this in the
stomach contents of the catch. A specimen 13 inches long taken from the stomach
of a 4-pound blackfin was identified as a young blackfin by Giles Mead of Stanford
University.

During the six days I spent aboard the Magdalena, 1,180 fish were taken weigh-
ing approximately 3,200 pounds eviscerated. Twelve hours were actually spent on
the fishing grounds. The rest of the time was spent in traveling to and from the
fishing grounds and looking for bait. The catch was better than average for the
season. Five days were spent aboard the Atun and 1,1CO fish were taken weighing
approximately 3,400 pounds eviscerated. Twenty-one hours were spent on the fishing
grounds. The usual trip from tHe Isle of Pines takes from 4 to 7 days.

SEASONS

In 1951 most of the bonito boats, as the Cuban tuna boats are called, fished
tuna the entire year for the first time. Before this the season began in March or
April and ended in September or October. The interim period, November through
February, was spent by the same vessels and crews fishing for spiny lobster.

I was unable to determine whether this sudden change to year-round fishing
was brought about by an unusual cycle of abundance, pressure from boat owners, un-
usually good weather (bad weather could understandably drive the fishermen from
the open-water tuna grounds to the more protected spiny lobster grounds in the Gulf
of Batabano), or a combination of these circumstances. The tuna are very abundant
early in the season, bite well, but are very small. The men aboard the Magdalena

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll wi5, wNOvr:

reported an 8,000-pound day in April 1952, consisting of two-pound eviscerated
fish. Toward the end of the season (September-October) the fish are larger, less
abundant, and do not bite so well.

I was able to spend one day at sea off the North Coast aboard a sport-fish-
ing vessel. Excellent trolling was found 10 to 12 miles north of Havana. Skip-
jack (10 to 15 pounds each) were taken along with blackfin (5 pounds each), both

FIGURE 14 - PART OF AN AFTERNOON'S CATCH READY FOR ICING.

from the same schools. Many schools were seen in every direction, and the use of
binoculars showed more bird signs beyond the range of normal vision. These fish
were generally fast moving, feeding, and working toward the west. This was said
to be their normal direction of movement in the area.

PROCESSING AND MARKETING

The processing of tuna, as well as most of the fishing, was on a part-time
basis in 1952. Five companies operated 7 canneries, working on tuna for some por-
tion of the year; two at Batabano, two at LaCaloma, and one each at Nueva Gerona,
Pinar del Rio, and Cojimar. Estimates of the Cuban pack for 1952 are upward of
100,000 cases (24 cans, about 9% ounces each) labeled "Bonito en Aceite" to compete
with a similarly-named product imported from Spain. The local product retailed at
42 to 45 cents a can in 1952, while the similar Spanish product retailed up to 75
cents a can. It is estimated that local production would satisfy about 85 percent
of the Cuban market demand in 1952.

The tuna were produced by 23 boats, 21 of them fishing on the South Coast.
The Magdalena produced 60 tons of eviscerated tuna in 1951. The Atun produced

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

35 tons in the period from April to the end of August 1952. Estimated total tuna
landings for 1952 are approximately 1,300 tons of eviscerated fish. The tuna-
fishing boats are owned by the canneries or the cannery operators and the fisher-
men are paid on a share basis. The tuna price in 1952 was $200 a ton with no
species differential. Under the share system, the cost of fuel, lubricating
oil, ice, and water is deducted from the gross. Of the remaining amount the boat
owner gets 25 percent and the fishermen share 75 percent equally. The fishermen
pay for the provisions. Usually the captain receives 10 percent of the boat own-
er's share in addition to his regular share as a fisherman.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Extremely helpful in making arrangements for collecting the information con-
tained in this report were Mr. Guy Bush, Agricultural Attache of the United States
Embassy at Havana, Dr. Gerardo Canet, Banco de Agricola e Industriales de Cuba,
and Mr. Casimiro Tellaeche. JI am also indebted to many other persons connected
with the Cuban fishing industry for assistance, particularly to Captain Enrique
Marrero of the fishing vessel Magdalena and Captain Filipe Canoa of the Atun, and
the crews of these vessels.

“LITTLE TUNA" OF THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS

Recent developments offer some encouragement for the commercial
canning of "little tuna," Euthynnus alletteratus, along the Atlantic
and the Gulf Coasts. Formany years this fish has been caught in varying
amounts in these areas, Fram Cape Cod to the Florida Coast, and also
along the Gulf, the little tuna has been reported in abundance at certain
seasons of the year. It has also been reported to be in fair abundance
in various parts of the Caribbean Sea,

—Fishery Leaflet 353

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voliwv a5 Noses

t&be

ay RESEARCH

A IN SERVICE LABORATORIES

Vette 10 wt fas a arin

Me
Li
Progress on Projects, December 1952

REFRIGERATION: Freezing and Storing Alaska Shrimp and Dungeness Crab: Sev=
en experimental packs of frozen Dungeness crab meat were examined. The sample
packs were prepared to study the effect of a low storage temperature (-20° F.)
and improved packaging methods on the keeping quality of the meat. Organoleptic
and physical tests on these samples after nine weeks of storage revealed that all
test packs were in good marketable condition. Appearance of all sampleswas good.
Flavor and texture of all were good, but differences among the packs were evident.
There was an indication that the superior packs were (1) those vacuum packed in
cans and stored at -20° F.; and (2) those covered with dilute brine (2-percent
salt solution), vacuum sealed in cans, and stored at 0° F. (Ketchikan )

Kw HK

Cold-Storage Life of King and Silver Salmon: Only slight changes occurred
in the king and silver salmon steaks and in the drawn (heads-on) fish stored at
O° F. for three months. Results of organoleptic tests on the frozen salmon are:

uality Ratings (Organoleptic Tests) of Frozen King and Silver Salmon

Quality Rating of Baked Salmon Steaks
Before Storage (In-

After 3 Months of Storage

Salmon |Quality itial Examination
Immediately after Drawn (heads-on) fish | Drawn (heads-on) fiishwere
Species | Factor drawn (heads-on) were frozen; immedi- | frozen, ice-glazed, pack-
fish were frozen, ately after freezing,| ed in wax-lined wooden
steaks were cut, steakswere cut, glaz—| boxes, and storedat O°F,.
baked, and exami- ed, packaged, and Steaks cut from these
ned. storedat O°F, After | frozen fish after 3 months
3 months of storage of storagewere baked and
steaks were bakedand]} examined.
examined.
Flavor Good to Excellent. |Good. Incipient ran- | Good.
j cidity at tips of
King steaks.
Somewhat Soft.
Appearance Good.
Flavor Hee ee mecrom ay iulserat Slight rancid- ]Good. Slight rancidity
Sa ity attips of steaks.| at tips of steaks.
wes Good. Good.
“(Lot |

Lot A) Considerable surface |Good. Very little sur-
curd. face curd.
at tips of steaks.
Lot B) tips of steaks.
curd. face curd.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

Freezing, Glazing, and Thawing Salmon for Canning: Preliminary data on the
characteristics of canned Alaska redsalmon prepared frombrine-frozen fish follow:

Characteristics of Canned Alaska Red Salmon Prepared from Brine-Frozen Fish

Method of Material Added to Characteristics of Canned Product
Thawing Each 1/2-Pound Flat
Fish Prior |Sample =n Can

to Canning |Number

Alesis
1.

= -83 °
2.83 1.
2.8
0.65
0.65
0.6

HK K

In Still
Fresh
_Water
In Running
Fresh Wa—
ter
In Running
Fresh Wa-
ter

In Saturat-
ed Brine

J/ ESTIMATED.

(Seattle)

FreezingFish at Sea, Defrosting, Filleting, and Refreezing the Fillets: Mod-
ifications were made onthe absorption refrigerationunit aboardthe research trawl-
er Delaware which increased the refrigeration capacity by 60 percent. Further
changes are being made in an attempt to raise the refrigeration output to the rat-
ed capacity of 20 tons. A new 40 kw. Diesel electric generator and switch panel
were installed, tested, and approved. Stability tests were carried out on the
Delaware. Results of these tests will determine the limitations which must be
placed on the weight and location of a new brine-freezer.

A consumer taste panel has been built up to 120 families who will make regu-
lar tests on fish frozen at sea. The panel consists of families located over a
-wide area in metropolitan Boston and includes families in various income groups.
(Boston)

Ke HK HX

BYPRODUCTS: Vitamin Content and Nutritive Value of Fishery Byproducts: Ni-

acin assays of samples of fish meal were completed and the results follow:

Niacin Content of Samples of Menhaden and Crab

Sample Number

Maryland
Delaware

Crab Meal

Virginia 50

Menhaden North Carolina 53
Meal Florida 68

" 70

Louisiana

(Seattle)

2h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

TRENDS Sa

ELOPMENTS

Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels

A total of 40 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents
as fishing craft during November 1952--12 less than in November 1951. Florida
east coast and Florida west coast led with 7 vessels each, followed by Louisiana
with 4 vessels, the Bureau of Customs of the Treasury Department announced.

Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, November 1952
| section Poe Eleven mos. ending with November} Total
Section 1952 1951
j

iddle Atlantic ....coo
hesapeake cecccceccces
South Atlantic eecceccoe

ulf @ocoeseseeaeeeeeooe

Hawaii @eeeoeoeeoeeoeoeooe@
Total ..sceccrecce
VESSEL$ HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS SECTIONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR HOME PORT.
See eae eee

California Sardine Fishery--State Regulation Proposed

A proposal that legislation be enacted to give full regulation over the Cali-
fornia sardine fishery to the State Fish and Game Commission and the Marine Re-
search Committee was adopted by the Sardine and Mackerel Industry Advisory Commit-
tee in a meeting held in November. This action is the result of what appears to
be the most disastrous season in the history of the California sardine fishery.

The total catch of sardines at California ports in 1952 up to January 21 was
only 3,316 tons as compared with 115,562 tons for the same period in 1951.

Unanimous agreement by representatives of fishermen, cannery workers, boat
owners, processors, and sportsmen on the need for immediate sardine fishery manage-
ment signaled the close of a year's debate over the issue of restrictive regulation
consistently sought by the State Department of Fish and Game. The request forsuch
regulation was based upon warnings issued by the Department's specialists that the
California sardine fishery was in a precarious position with poor prospects for
the future.

The concern over dwindling supplies of Pacific mackerel and possible scarcity
of anchovy and jack mackerel was indicated by the Committee's inclusion of these

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

fisheries also in the management proposal. It called for investment of full reg-
ulatory powers over the four species in the Fish and Game Commission, acting upon
maximum-minimum seasonand ‘
bag-limit recommendations

of the Marine Research

Committee.

Commission control : ‘e
will be asked for a two- fe hig ar a
year period starting with ‘ om YE a Cn Ae

the 1953 season, the Cali-
forniaDepartment of Fish
and Game announced in a
November 26 news release.
All commercial fishing
laws are now set by the
State Legislature.

The Marine Research
Committeedirects the study
of the sardine life his- ae ua
tory and oceanic condi- SARDINE PURSE SEINERS DOCKED AT SAN PEDRO, CALIFORNIA.
tions affecting the sup-
ply. The investigations are made by scientists from the California Academy of Sci-
ences, Department of Fish and Game, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the University of California's Scripps Insti-
tution of Oceanography.

RN ee 2-e _

California Sardine Fishery Outlook

For the next few years the sardine industry of California will be dependent
for any significant improvement in the catch on the sardines that have been spawned
off Southern California and Baja California (chiefly the latter) since 1948, unless
the factor of availability should so operate as to increase the catch of older fish.
This prediction appears in the latest California Cooperative Sardine Research Pro-
gram Progress Report (1 January 1951 to 30 June 1959). Under present conditions,

that portion of the adult sardine pop-

SARDINE (PILCHARD) ulation that is available to the Cali-

SARDINOPS CAERULEA fornia industry is almost totally con-

fined to the waters off Southern Cali-
fornia.

The consensus is that the indus-
try, if it depends on the sardinealone,
and if availability does not operate
so as to increase the catch, must for at least the next two seasons subsist upon
the smallest catches in more than a generation.

There are two valid lines of reasoning leading to predictions of the future
catch that agree in principle though not in detail, according to the report. They
differ in the weight given the results of separate investigations, the spawning
surveys and the young-fish surveys, and in the emphasis placed on the factor of
availability.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

It will be seen that these two lines of reasoning lead to predictions for
the coming season that on the whole are very discouraging.

The first line of reasoning and the evidence upon which it is based can be
summarized as follows:

1. The 1951 surveys indicate spawning population almost double the size of
that of 1950. This could indicate either that sardines of the 1948 year class
did not spawn appreciably in 1950 or’ that some other year class, presumably the
1949 year class, first spawned in 1951 and did not enter the 1951/52 catch in pro-
portion to its true abundance. Since one-half of all sardines are mature at a
length of 8.5 inches and all are mature at about 9.3 inches, one would expect
that one-third to one-half of the fish of the 1948 year class would have spawned
in 1950 and about three-fourths or more in 1951. If the increase in number of
eggs spawned in 1951 was due largely to the increased growth of the fish of the
1948 year class, no increase in catch should be anticipated. If, however, the
increase was brought about by fish of the 1949 year class, then this year class
is larger than previously thought and apparently up to now has been distributed
to the south of the regular fishing grounds.

2. There is little evidence on the size of the 1951 year class.

3. In the 1951/52 season, the 1948 year class made up the bulk of the catch
and the 1949 and 1950 year classes appeared to be of below average size. Even as-
suming that in the 1952/53 season the entering 1951 year class will be of about
average size, the outlook for the 1952/53 season is not a good one. This is only
a guess, however, since the fish might be less available than in previous seasons
and the catch would be even lower than expected, or the fish could be more avail-
able and the catch would be greater than might be expected. One indication that
the catch statistics do not reflect the total population with full accuracy is the
increase in spawning, as mentioned above.

The second line of reasoning and the supporting evidence can be summarized:

1. During 1951/52, the 1948 year class contributed 65 percent of the tonnage
taken and older year classes 30 percent. These groups supplied 120,000 tons dur-
ing that season and it is improbable that they will contribute any increased ton-
nage in the coming seasons. A decrease of 50 percent or more is much more likely,
As a result, in the next one or two seasons the fishery will be more and more de-
pendent on the younger year classes spawned in 1949, 1950, and 1951. Age analysis
of the fish in the 1951/52 catch indicates that the 1949 year class is a small one,
and this is borne out by the results of the young-fish surveys, which covered Baja
California as well as the California fishing grounds. These surveys indicate that
the 1949 year class is about one-sixth as abundant as the 1948 group. Since the
1948 year class as it has appeared in the catch is of only average or slightly
less than average strength, there is little hope for an improvement in fishing
based on the 1949 year-class contribution.

2. The young-fish surveys of abundance of the 1950 and 1951 year classes show
approximately equal abundance for each of these groups when about six months old
(spawning surveys indicate an egg and larvae abundance of approximately one to two
for 1950 and 1951), and that their strength is only slightly greater than that of
1949.

3. There is little hope for improved fishing in the 1952/53 or 1953/54 seasons
and the evidence suggests that conditions may be worse. The factors that affect
availability are as yet unmeasured. If availability should be exceptionally high
it might tend to offset the sparsity of fish.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

The work of the California Cooperative Sardine Research Program has been un-
dertaken by five scientific agencies under the direction of the Marine Research
Committee of the California Department of Natural Resources. The five agencies
are: California Academy of Sciences, California Department of Fish and Game,
Hopkins Marine Station (Stanford University), Scripps Institution of Oceanography
(University of California), and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

eZ
—SSs
a

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

— Se ee SS oT" ————————_

chases in October, but an increase of 15.8 percent in quantity and 13.5 percent in
value over November 1951.

The average price per pound for fishery products purchased in November 1952
was 53.7 cents as compared with 45.7 cents in October. This seems to indicate
that there were some purchases of higher-priced fishery products.

Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army
November and the First Eleven Months, 1952 and 1951

Gon Gol ai ene |
[__ November si]. ~——sJanuary-November _[[ _ November __|_January-November
1952 UO l 1952 1951 | 1952 1951 1952 1951

052, 56511,772,725 131,165, 904} 29,618, 3391, 102,939) 971,490) 14 41

January-November purchases in 1952 rose 5.2 percent in quantity and 14.3 per-
cent in value, compared with the corresponding period in 1951. The average cost
per pound was 46.3 cents for the first eleven months in 1952 as compared with 42.6
cents for the same period in 1951. This indicates that probably more higher-priced
fishery products were purchased in 1952 than in 1951.

$,659112,610,57

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

SMALL CATCHES OF SHRIMP TAKEN BY "OREGON" OFF CAPE SAN BLAS, FLORIDA (Cruise
No. 17): Shrimp catches, too small to be of commercial significance, were taken
by the Service's exploratory fishing vessel Oregon on a cruise off Cape San Blas,
Florida. Drags were made in the area southeast of Horn Island Pass, Mississippi,
towards Cape San Blas, Florida, in depths of 5 to 120 fathoms. Small amounts of
large (6 heads-off shrimp per pound) brown-grooved shrimp (Peneaus aztecus) were

taken in 56-fathom depths off Cape San Blas.

Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) were caught in a 40-foot flat trawl in 30-fathom
depths southwest of Cape San Blas at the rate of 800 pounds per hour. Flounder
(Paralichthys squamilentus) were caught at the rate of 102 pounds per hour in 55
fathoms of water south of Cape San Blas, Florida.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

This cruise was interrupted by mechanical difficulties, The Oregon sailed
from Pascagoula, Mississippi, on November 6 and was forced to return to that port
on November 10. The vessel resumed the cruise on November 13 and returned on
November 17.

KHH HE

—_—_—_ ——_ —

The production of shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) in the area north of the ecesent ae
grounds in the Campeche area
appears to offer the best
possibilities of extending

the shrimp fishing area dur-
ing the late fall. This state-
ment is based on the results

‘ : of Cruise No. 18 of the Serv-

- ice's exploratory fishing
: vessel Oregon. The areasouth-
west of the present fishing
\@ area did not produce favor-—
ny ably by comparison. Good re-

sults were obtained in posi-
tions near 20°20' N.by 91°28!
W. The commercial fleet was
informed by radio. Northwest
of this position shrimp were
found but not in such heavy
concentrations.

On this cruise theOQregon
departed from Pascagoula on
December 2 and proceeded di-
rectly to the Campeche shrimp-
ing area. Shrimp trawl drags
were made in the 15- to 30-
fathom range east and south
of Arcas Reef. A series of
drags was completed northeast
~ of Arcas along the northern

THE SERVICE'S EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL OREGON. edge of the present shrimp
fishery. From the Campeche
area the Oregon worked toward the Florida coast, making a 200-fathom drag on the
northeastern Yucatan shelf. In passage to Florida, several hours were spent in
plotting depths overthe area designated by some charts as a shoal off the Yucatan
shelf. Bad weather hampered operations off the Florida coast. Drags were made
southeast of Cape San Blas in depths of 15 to 40 fathoms; drags in 60- and 90-
fathom depths completed the cruise. Tuna-bait fishing at night was also success—
fully carried out off Arcas Reef. The Oregon returned to Pascagoula December 19.

In night "light" fishing operations, two species of tuna bait were taken by
the Oregon. An 1l-foot-square lift net was lowered over the side with a bright
light shining on the water over the net. When sufficient bait collected under the
light the net was raised. On one lift the net tore in half from the load of bait.
Two species (Jenkinsia lamprotaenia and Sardinella anchovia) of bait were taken.
Both species were abundant and schools could be detected easily with the depth re-
corder. Several scoops of each species were put in a small live-bait tank. All of
the Jenkinsia died within a week but the Sardinella were hardier, and approximately

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

50 fish were alive even after the Oregon docked. The bait was observed to be

most abundant in the vicinity of Arcas Reef in 10 fathoms or more of water. Little
tuna (Euthynnus alletteratus) were taken on trolling lines off the Florida coast.
Trolling lines were out at all times during the cruise when the Oregon was under-
way, but no other tuna were taken.

Metal Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, October 1952

Total shipments of metal cans for fish and sea food for October 1952 amounted
to 9,682 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the manu-
facture of cans), a decrease of 35 percent when compared with the
corresponding month in 1951 and 14 percent less than in September.
Most of the decline is attributed to the very small pack of Cali-
fornia sardines during October. This is based on a report issued
by the Bureau of the Census on December 29.

For the first 10 months of 1952, metal-can shipmentsfor fish-
ery products totaled 95,264 short tons of steel as compared with 93,937 short tons
of steel during January-October 1951.
NOTE: STATISTICS COVER ALL COMMERCIAL AND CAPTIVE PLANTS KNOWN TO BE PRODUCING METAL CANS.
REPORTED IN BASE BOXES OF STEEL CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANS, THE DATA FOR FISHERY

PRODUCTS ARE CONVERTED TO TONS OF STEEL BY USING THE FACTOR: 23.0 BASE BOXES OF STEEL EQUAL
ONE SHORT TON OF STEEL.

———— Oe Oa aes a

(Exploratory Cruise Cruise No. INE For six weeks the John N. Cobb, the Service's Branch
of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel, explored the commercial her-
ring possibilities of certain southeastern Alaskan waters.

The primary purpose of this exploration was to ascertain if in southeastern
Alaskan waters during November and December previously unknown stocks of herring
moved inshore in commercial quantities. Waters which were explored included the
bays and the inlets off Icy Strait, Chatham Strait, Stevens Passage, SeymourCanal,
the Sitka Sound area, Sea Otter Sound, Frederick Sound, and lower Clarence Strait.
Sets were made in Silver Bay and the south arm of Kendrick Bay. Small fish were
found in both of these areas. The majority were in their second year with an
average length of approximately 63 inches. Evidence of similar small fish was
found in Port Camden and Lisianski Inlet. With the exception of Tongass Narrows,
large adult fish were not noted in any appreciable quantities in any of the areas
explored. The vessel left Seattle on this cruise on November 4 and returned on
December 19.

The investigation was a cooperative study made by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and the Alaska herring industry. The industry supplied the purse seine
and other items of fishing gear, and the vessel and personnel were furnished by
the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Exploratory fishing operations were under the
direction of the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries and the biological activ-
ities were directed by the Branch of Fishery Biology. A biologist of the Alaska
Department of Fisheries joined the boat and assisted in the explorations and the
tagging of herring.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

In an attempt to gain information on the migration patterns, herring were
tagged in the south arm of Kendrick Bay (2,000 fish) and in Tongass Narrows (3,400
fish) with nickel-plated steel "belly" tags.

THE SERVICE'S EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL JOHN N. COBB INVESTIGATES WINTER HERRING FISHING IN

SOUTHEASTERN ALASKAN WATERS.

Milo Bell Joins Fish and Wildlife Service

as Consulting Engineer

The appointment of Milo C. Bell, of Blaine, Washington, as a consulting engi-
neer to assist in the further development of a Federal fishery program for the
Columbia River Basin was announced December 30 by the Director of the Fish and
Wildlife Service.

The problem of successfully getting fish over the numerous power dams now be-
ing constructed and planned for the future in the Columbia River is so serious
that the future value of the multimillion-dollar fishing industry is being threat-
ened, according to the Service's Director. To meet this situation, the States of
Washington and Oregon are cooperating with the Fish and Wildlife Service and other
agencies in studies to develop practical methods for guiding adult fish upstream
over the dams, and the young fish down. These studies involve both specialized
engineering and biological skills.

Bell, who is an authority in his field, will serve as engineering consultant
to the Director in all matters relating to fishways at dams and as liaison officer
of the Service with the construction agencies both in Washington and in the field,
Initially, he will be headquartered in Seattle, Washington.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Bil

Bell, who comes to the Service from the State of Washington's Department of
Fisheries where he has been chief technical adviser to the Director of Fisheries,
is particularly well qualified to handle his new Federal post. He has developed
fish-passage devices for the State of Washington; was chief engineer for the In-
ternational Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission during the construction of the
eminently successful $2 million fishways at Hells Gate Canyon on the Fraser River;
and served as consultant to the Corps of Engineers during the building of the
first major fishway at Bonneville Dam and later on the major fishery problems re-
lated to the construction of the McNary Dam fish facilities and the fish passages

for the Dalles Dam.
Z\

Oyster Grounds in Chesapeake Bay Photographed by Maryland

The use of an underwater camera to survey the oyster resources in Chesapeake
Bay was attempted by the Maryland Commission of Tidewater Fisheries late in Octo-
ber, according to a news release issued by the Maryland Department of Research and
Education. The purpose of the work of the Commission was to delineate the natural
bars of the State and to indicate the extent of oyster populations on them. It is
hoped that these underwater pictures will settle many arguments as to how many and
where the oysters are, and possibly justify a complete up-to-date Bay-wide survey.
If this can be done, it will clear up arguments concerning which parts of Chesapeake
Bay and its tributaries grow oysters naturally and which do not.

The camera, developed by an Ardmore (Pennsylvania) firm, is a stereoptic de-
vice which photographs through a large pyramid of filtered sea water. It is oper-
ated from a crane and comes to rest near
the bottom, at which timethe flash takes
place. From 3 to 5 minutes are required
per picture. Development of the camera
has been quite expensive, and operation
costs in the field are high. Its use in
Maryland to date, however, has been on an
experimental basis with a prearranged
sharing of the expenseby the manufactur-
ers and the Commission.

The Commission has not made public
the results of the underwater photograph-
ic exploration asthe study is still ina
preliminary stage. Those who have worked
closely with the problem of oyster popu-
lations are not sanguine in their expectations of substantial results from this
particular approach (photography) which is not new. The major difficulty is not
in the actual photographing of the bottom but in the interpretation of the pic-
tures. Oysters harmonize with the bottom to a remarkable degree. Frequently they
are encrusted by growths, and at times rest entirely under attached forms--both
plant and animal--such as eel grass, barnacles, sea squirts, sponges, and others,
through which they are not visible and cannot be photographed. Bottom sampling
(through diving or perhaps the use of regular types of gear) done by competent
scientists for the purpose of spot sampling to check the disclosure of the pictures
could be made to serve a useful purpose in developing factual information, which
is the end sought. \

ai

.
4
7
ie

UNDERWATER CAMERA BEING LOWERED TO PHOTOGRAPH
MARYLAND OYSTER BEDS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations

LONG-LINE TUNA FISHING EXPERIMENTS BY "JOHN R. MANNING" (Cruise No. 13):
Long-line tuna fishing experiments were carried out by by the Service's Pacific
Oceanic Fishery Investigations research vessel John R. Manning during a 51-day
cruise which ended December 6. The area of operations was from the vicinity of
Oahu south along the meridian of 150° to a point 5° south of the equator and then
back northward along the line of 170° W. longitude. Also, samples of sea water
from the equatorial region were collected for shipment to the Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, for study of their radio activity as a
clue to circulation in the ocean.

An innovation in long-line design was tested by setting at each station 10
baskets of gear in which the "sekiyama" was replaced by a similar length of No.
261 cotton line. The new gear, which performed as well as the regular line in
every respect, showed promise of giving better catches with simpler and cheaper
gear than that in commercial use at present.

Yellowfin tuna were fished with long lines south of 6° N. latitude with the
best catch of 6.95 fish per 100 hooks made at 29 N. The results of the othersta-
tions indicated a low abundance of yellowfin tuna both to the north and south of
the equator with the average cach being 2.51 fish per 100 hooks between 6° N.
and 3° S. latitude. North of 6° N. latitude the catches consisted of big-eyed
tuna and albacore tuna. Along 170° W. longitude between 5° S. and 4° N. latitude,
catches were generally poor with the best catch of 3.64 yellowfin tuna per 100
hooks made right on the equator. Tuna catches were somewhat better south of the
equator than north, The average yellowfin catch for this line, which included 10
fishing stations from 4° N. to 5° S., was 1.95 fish per 100 hooks.

Frozen sardine and squid were alternated as bait on successive baskets
throughout each set. Bait preferences of the different species of tuna were found
to vary with the big-eyed tuna decidedly favoring sardine while the skipjackseemed
to show some preference for squid. Yellowfin tuna appeared to take both baits im-
partially.

Two special stations were worked at 2° N. latitude 150° W. longitude where
a regular station had resulted in a good catch of 6.95 yellowfin tuna per 100hooks.
A 24-hour fishing series of setting and hauling 10 baskets of gear every 4 hours
around the clock showed that yellowfin catches were best in the set hauled at1300
hours with a catch of 6.45 yellowfin tuna per 100 hooks. Only sharks were caught
in the sets hauled after sunset.

At another special station, where 40 baskets of gear were set in the morning
and retrieved 10 at a time at 4-hour intervals, the best catch (4.84 yellowfin per
100 hooks) was made on the section retrieved at 1800 hours.

A Japanese tuna long-line boat was sighted about 300 miles north of Canton
Island. This is the first such sighting by a POFI vessel, although it has been
known that Japanese tuna boats are fishing southwest of Hawaii.

This 5,000-mile cruise of the John R. Manning produced important contributions

to the understanding of seasonal and local variations in the abundance of tuna in
the rich band of tuna grounds which POFI explorations have discovered along the

equator.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 535)

Service’s Fish-Cookery Demonstration Program, 1952

A total of 184 fish-cookery demonstrations were presented during 1952 by the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of its fishery educational and market de-
velopment program. Although the major portion of these were given for school-
lunchroom cooks and managers, 10 were for homemakers or Extension Service groups,
and 16 for institutional personnel, Army groups, or college classes. Fourteen
states plus the Territory of Alaska were hosts to the Service's home economists
for these meetings which were attended by a total of 8,925 persons.

The demonstrations for school-lunchroom personnel far outnumbered the meet-.
ings held for other groups because of the recognized importance of the school
lunchrooms as an influence on tne eating habits of the nation. These demonstra-
tions were attended by an average of nearly 50 people who were responsible for the
feeding of almost 3,000 children daily. The children, through the manager's menu
choices and the quality of the food served, learn food preferences whichinfluence
their eating habits at home and in later life. Therefore, the frequent serving
of well-prepared fish in their lunchrooms can do much to encourage greater utili-
zation of this valuable protein food.

In the program with school=lunch personnel during 1952, the Fish and Wildlife
Service continued its policy of concentrating most of the meetings in a few states
to obtain extensive coverage within a state. On this basis 22 demonstrations were
given in Pennsylvania, 44 in New York State, 25 in Louisiana, 36 in Illinois, 12
in Minnesota, and 8 in Michigan. Those given in Louisiana during 1952 supplement-
ed the 23 given, in 1951 so that the State has had altogether 48 demonstrations.

In addition to the extensive programs conducted in these states while school was
in session, a few demonstrations were given for summer "workshop" groups. Nebraska,
Kansas, Tennessee, Georgia, and Oregon were states in which one to four such dem-
onstrations were given. Most of those who came to these meetings were leaders in
their respective states who carried what they learned back to those unable to
attend.

The 26 demonstrations for persons other than school-lunchroom personnel were
presented before a wide variety of groups. These included Army Quartermaster
Corps subsistence classes, professional dietician's association meetings, college
home economics classes, vocational schools, cooks and nutritionists from hospitals
and other institutions, meetings of Extension Service leaders, and large groups of
homemakers.

Plans for continuing the demonstration program for school-lunch personnel dur-
ing 1953 have already been laid. In Alabama, 34 meetings are scheduled; New Jersey
will have 22; and approximately 30 additional demonstrations have been planned for
Illinois. By the end of this school year, all of the schools in these states will
have had an opportunity to be represented at one or more fish-cookery demonstra-
tion meetings.

Wholesale and Retail Prices

WHOLESALE PRICES, NOVEMBER 1952: Prices for edible fishery products were up
in November 1952, reversing the downward trend reported in October. With bad
weather curtailing fishing in most areas, a strong upward trend usually takes place
at this time of the year. The over-all edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen,
and canned) wholesale index for November was 112.7 percent of the 1947-49 average

3h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

(see table)--10.9 percent above October and 3.5 percent above November 1951, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor reported.

Except for fresh-water fish, products included in the November subgroup for
drawn, dressed, or whole finfish were in good demand and prices were up. Fresh
large drawn offshore haddock and fresh and frozen Western dressed halibut soldat
substantially higher prices in December 1952 than in the previous month and No-
vember1951. Dressed king salmon prices also rose but were considerably lowerthan
during the same month a year earlier. From October to November 1952, prices for

Wholesale Average Prices and Revised Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish,
___ November 1952 and Comparisons ____

Group, Subgroup, Point cornea Eee ~ Indexes
and Item Specification Pricing 1947-49 = 100

“TR, l= Nov. Oct. Sept. Nov.
igs2h 1952 |1952 | 1952 1952, 1951
ALL FISH AND SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, and CannGdl a nenceih meet cicias amare eae 112.7| 101. - } 108.

—-=
Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: ...+.esecescsersseressocsseserstsetesecss 125.8] 108.11 = 5} 115.8
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: .oocccocseecscveceseerereerressesecsrencs a pa. 8 | | 129.3 |
Haddock, large, offshore, drawn, fresh .......]| Boston
Halibut, Western, 20/80 lbs., dressed,
Fresh OF LFLOZON woesccccscvccccccscccccecsece| NeYeCe
Salmon, king, lge. & med., dressed,
fresh or LFLOZEN ceccccececccsccescceesecsceee| 7
Whitefish, mostly Lake Superior, drawn
(dressed), fresh ...c-cccsececerccccerccovcee| chicago
Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie pound or gill
net, Tound, freSh ..cccccccscccccccccevccccce| NeoleCe
Lake trout, domestic, mostly No. 1, drawn
(dressed), freSh ce.cvcccccceccceccrecccccose | Chicago
Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (Lakes Michigan
& Huron), round, fresh oe.c.cccccccccrcrcccee | Note Ce
Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish): 2c...
Fillets, haddock, “sml., si skins on, 20-lb. tins
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh
OF FIOZON cocecerceccccescccrcceccvercveccccs

Oysters, shucked, Standards ceceosecscccccsevece

N.Y.C.
Norfolk
area

Processed, Frozen (Fish and Shellfish): seccove
Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless,
LO-1b. Pkge ceccccccecccccscccccoce
Haddock, sml., skins on, 10-1b.
Collo—pack secvcsercrcccsccccccccces
Ocean perch (rosefish), skins on,
10-1b. cello-pack cesceccccccceeccce
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. ..cc...-
Canned Fishery Products: ...ccescsesecesecccceces
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans
PET CASE coccccceccccccccccccccceccsccccescces
Tuna, light meat, solid pack, No. 4 tuna
(7 02.) , 48 canS per CASE cocccccceccncccccecs
Sardines (pilchards), Calif., tomato pack,
No. 1 oval (15 oz.), 48 cans per Case seeceeee
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. + drawn
(3k oz.), 100 cans per Case ce.ceesescccoceces
T/REPRESENT AVERAGE PRICES FOR ONE DAY (MONDAY OR TUESDAY, IF AVAILABLE) DURING WEEK BEGINNING NOVEMBER 10,

fresh-water fish items dropped and were lower than a year earlier, but lake trout
prices at Chicago rose. Drawn, dressed, or whole finfish prices for November1952
as a group were up 23.9 percent over October and 11.4 percent over November 1951.

Fresh processed fish and shellfish prices moved higher following the same
trend as unprocessed finfish. Products under the fresh processed fish. and shell-
fish subgroup in November sold substantially above the same month in 1951 and Octo-
ber 1952. The only exception was fresh haddock fillets which sold somewhat lower
than a year earlier.

Frozen processed fish and shellfish prices showed a mixed trend in November
1952. Substantially lower prices for flounder fillets and ocean perch fillets were

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

not quite offset by higher prices for haddock fillets and shrimp. The frozen fil-
let market was considerably weaker than in the same month of 1951; the market for
frozen shrimp registered a strong upward trend because cold-storage stocks were
considerably below a year earlier. The index for processed frozen fishery prod-
ucts in November 1952 dropped 1.8 percent below the same month in 1951 and 0.8
percent below the previous month.

Higher prices for canned pink salmon accounted for the increase in the canned
fishery products subgroup index. The November 1952 index for this subgroup was
up 1.0 percent over October 1952, but was still 5.9 percent below November 1951.
Prices for canned tuna and California sardines were substantially higher than a
year earlier, but those for canned pink salmon and Maine sardines were consider-
ably lower.

RETAIL PRICES, NOVEMBER 1952: Retail prices of all foods purchased by moder-
ate-income urban families dropped very slightly from October 15 to November 15,
1952, but were higher (0.4 percent) than during the same period in 1951. This was
the third straight month that these prices declined, which is outstanding in view
of the fact that for the past few years prices rose at this time of year. Prices
of all finfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) also declined (0.7 percent) from the
previous month and were lower (4.3 percent) than a year earlier.

Table 2 = Adjusted Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Finfish
November 15, 1952, with Comparisons

Tae as

Nov. 15, 1952

1935-39 = 100 232.3 232k

do. of 8.1 dhol
do. LSB: 437 oh ATT b

Retail prices for fresh and frozen finfish from October 15 to November 15 de-
creased 0.5 percent at a time whenprices were normally rising, and were 1.7 percent
lower than in mid-November 1951. Canned pink salmon prices continued downward as
they have each month since June 1951, and were 1.0 percent lower than in mid-Octo-
ber and 9.3 percent below mid-November 1951.

able 3 - Average Retail Prices and Price Ranges of Individual Finfish Products, |}
November 15, 1952

UPN LRRD DES LAME re rins
Range of Prices| Average Prices
Unit
1b

Nov. 15, 1952 |Nov. 15, 1952/Oct. 15, 1952
g q

29-69

29-69

rozen Finfish Fillets:
Ocean Perc cooogd0DKgD
Haddock</ "eset Soa 2 es
(Canned Finfish:

9-89

PRICED IN 46 CITIES OUT OF

In mid-November 1952, frozen ocean perch fillets retailed at an average price
of 45.6 cents per pound and frozen haddock fillets at an average of 50.5 cents per
pound. During the same period in 1951, retail price averages were: frozen ocean
perch fillets 46.3 and frozen haddock fillets 50.9 cents per pound. Canned pink
salmon retailed at an average price of 53.6 cents per 16-oz. can in mid-November
1952, compareu with 59.1 cents per can in mid-November 1951.

> a an

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

“FOREIGN

International
NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES, AUGUST-NOVEMBER 1952: Italy Ratifies Convention: The
Government of Italy deposited its instrument of ratification of the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries Convention on August 19, 1952. The member Governments of the
Commission are now: Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
United Kingdom, and United States. The Government of

France is taking action toward early ratification.

Net-Mesh Regulation in Subarea 5: The Depositary
Government transmitted the Commission's proposal concern-
ing the net-mesh regulation for haddock fishing in sub-
area 5 to Contracting Governments on August 28. The
regulation will become effective four months following
acceptance of the proposal by Canada and the United States,
the Governments holding membership onthe panel for sub-
area 5.

Annual Report: The Commission's report for the year
ending June 30, 1952, isin the hands of the printer and distribution is anticipated
during January 1953. The report contains four parts: (1) Administrative report
for the year ended June 30, 1952, (2) Report of the Second Annual Meeting, (3)
Mesh regulation to increase the yield of the Georges Bank haddock fishery, (4)
Statistics of landings of groundfish from the Convention area.

Panel and Committee Meetings: A meeting of the Panel for subarea 1 was held
at Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 8. Delegates were present from Denmark, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom; and observers attended from France, Iceland,
United States, and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The
report of the meeting to the Commission contains two resolutions dealing with (1)
improved statistics and (2) coordination of 1953 research programs.

A meeting of the Special Committee on the Commission's research program was
held at Copenhagen on September 26-27. A draft program was prepared and arrange-—
ments for further committeemeetings have been made. A preparatory discussion will
be held at St. Andrews, N. B., in late January 1953 and a three-day meeting of the
Committee will be held beginning May 21, 1953 at New Haven, Connecticut, immediate-—
ly before the Third Annual Meeting of the Commission.

Third Annual Meeting: The 1953 Commission Meeting will be held at New Haven,
Connecticut, U.S.A., from May 25to 30, inclusive. The dates have been selected to
conform with availability of meeting space and living accommodations at Yale Uni-
versity.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

COUNCIL'S SIXTEFNTH SESSION CONVENES IN ROME: The Sixteenth Session of the
Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) con-
vened in Rome, Italy, on November 17. The main topic of discussion was the FAO
report, "The State of Food and Agriculture (including fishery products): Review
and Outlook 1952."" At this session the Council will for the first time be sub-
stituting for the Conference in reviewing the world food and agricultural situa-
tion, according to a State Department press release of November 17.

The FAO report presents a detailed picture of the changes in world produc-—
tion and consumption of agricultural products from 1950/51 to 1951/52 and abrief
outlook for production in 1952/53. It also contains a review and outlook by
regions and a similar analysis of major commodities. Fisheries are included.

Progress reports were made to this session of the Council on investment for
agricultural development, production of pulp and paper, expanded technical assist-
ance program, locust control, and the progress and improvement of statistical
technology.

In establishing the FAO program of work and budget for 1953, the Council re-
viewed its information, educational, and extension services, and FAO activities in
the fields of agriculture. This included the progress in economics, fisheries,
forestry, and nutrition.

The session was open to the representatives of the 18 governments which are
members of the Council. The Fifteenth Session of the Council met in Rome, Italy,
June 9-14, 1952.

HHH KH EK

REVIEW OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: The technical assistance program of
a point where it is as large as the Organization's regular program, reported Sir
Herbert Broadley, Deputy Director-General and Chief of FAO's technical assistance
progrem, in a recent report to FAO's Council in session in Rome, Italy, during
November 1952. This year's technical assistance budget of $6,300,000 is more than
three times the amount spent by FAO during its first year. Such an expansion is
accounted for by the increasing ability of underdeveloped countries to utilize the
technical assistance provided, as well as by the need for supporting projects re-
quired to make the first ones undertaken wholly effective. FAO has signed agree-—
ments with 52 countries to provide technical assistance, and has recruited 890
experts, including those who have completed their assignments, to do the work.
Included are fisheries projects and experts.

FAO has reached the position where requests from its member nations for tech-
nical aid are beginning to show signs of outstripping available resources, and
priorities must soon be initiated. FAO will follow the principle that priority
will be given to projects where it is clear that the requesting government is de-
termined to implement them and undertake the full financial and administrative
commitments implied in their adoption. It has always been the policy of FAO to
require governments asking for aid to meet the local operating costs of the FAO
experts.

The expanded technical assistance program is shaping into a three-stage pro-
gram, beginning with advice and planning, passing to implementation and pilot pro-
jects, and ending when governments take over the full operation of development
plans on a wide basis with general assistance from FAO. The stages are necessar-
ily of a long-term nature and could not show immediate results.

SSS

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Australia

CANNED FISH PRODUCTION, 1951/52: The total production of canned fish in Aus-
tralia during the 1951/52 season totaled 7,140,331 pounds, an increase of onlyone

percent over the 1950/51 season
Australian Canned Fish Pack, 1950/51-1951/52 pack. Barracouta (46 percent) and
——— eee —————
[i Seiad ea Ge | ae reed)

Australian salmon (44 percent)
comprised 90 percent of the out-
put (see table).

eoceee

*# tH HK EK

TUNA CANNER RECEIVES RECORD
ORDER FROM UNITED KINGDOM: A
Sydney tuna canner has received
Sars SSS TT IC TERETE WT an initial order for approximate-
ly £80,000 (US$177,300) worth of canned tuna from a major distributcr in the United
Kingdom, reports the October 1952 Fisheries Newsletter of the Commonwealth Direc-
tor of Fisheries. This order (for a million cans) is believed to be the record
commercial export order for Australian canned fish. It will be packed from this
season's tuna catch at the company's canneries at Eden and Narooma, N.S.W.

: 520,096

75049 335

Total

Some Australian canned tuna had previously been shipped to the same United
Kingdom firm. Distribution by one of the largest group of retail food stores in
Great Britain has been scheduled for this previous order. It is estimated that
this distributor has more customers than the entire population of Australia.
These early shipments will give the United Kingdom housewife her first taste of
Australian canned tuna.

The Australian canning firm has opened up new markets for canned fish of all
types in Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, and Zanzibar. The Managing Director of the can-
nery, who has just returned from England, said: "....our problem was to establish
a well-spread market, here and overseas, to enable us to plan continuous production
in all our canneries. The economic position today is quite obscure and our company
must do everything possible to keep its employees and fishermen fully engaged, as
well as assist the country's export drive."

The Australian tuna industry is in its infancy, dating back only four years.
The Australian cannery Director indicated that the high capital outlay for vessels
suitable for catching tuna at present hinders further development. He further in-
dicated that "Government assistance in expanding these activities could be of ma-
terial benefit towards increasing food production, as well as helping the export
trade and stabilizing the position of the fishermen upon whom, of course, the in-’
dustry ultimately depends." The Commonwealth Government has assisted in develop—
ing the industry, and investigations which should expand the tuna catch are being
carried out.

Reports have been received from the fishermen that more boats will fish for
tuna this season. The Australian cannery announced that a substantial part of the
return from the season's catch will be passed on to the fishermen. In order to do
this they increased tuna prices to: albacore, northern and southern bluefin, and
yellowfin, 8d. (75 U.S. cents); and striped tuna, 63d. (6 U.S. cents).

Hw ue KK

SPINY LOBSTER FISHERY, 1951/52: Production of spiny lobster in Australia
during the 1951/52 season totaled 14,002,545 pounds (round weight), of which

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

10,957,000 pounds were packed for export and 3,045,545 pounds for domestic con-
sumption (see table 1), reports the October 1952 Fisheries Newsletter of the Com-
monwealth Director of Fisheries.

Spiny-lobster exports from Australia in the 1951/52 season totaled 3,606,095
pounds of tails and 54,472 pounds
of wholespiny lobsters (table 2), |Table 1 - Australian Spiny-Lobster (Crayfish
with a total value of 41,777,880 Production by States, 1951/521/
(US$3,940,000). The United States ["~"State SSS —*dY Sua |
received 95 percent of these ex-
ports, nearly all in the form of
frozen tails.

There was an increase of 42
percent in dollars earned for the
spiny-lobster industry as compared
with the previous fiscal year. This [i7riscat vearR JULY 1, 1951, TO JUNE 30, 1952,
large increase in dollar earnings |2/ROUND WEIGHT (LANDED WEIGHT).
was due to a rise in price during
the year from 6s.3d. (69 U.S. cents) per pound to 7s. (77 U.S. cents) per pound,
and a 25-percent increase in quantity of spiny lobsters exported to the United
States.

There has been a steady increase in Australian exports of spiny-lobster tails
from fiscal year 1948/49 to 1951/52, while exports of whole spiny lobsters have
declined (see table 3).

Western Australia Fishery: About 60per-
cent of the Australian spiny-lobster produc-
tion and 77 percent of the exports of this
shellfish originate in Western Australia.
There has been a steady increase in produc-
tion in that State for the past 3% years.
However, the number of boats fishing has also
increased. Spiny-lobster fishing came into
prominence in the State in 1947/48. The next
year production was doubled because fishermen
realized that a livelihood could be obtained
from spiny-lobster fishing by working about
eight months of the year. There seems to be
a slight decrease in production per boat in
recent years. Although there is little evi-
dence to prove depletion, there are definite
signs of strain. Before 1952 in certain areas
of Western Australia it was the exception
rather than the rule to fish deeper than 25
fathoms; now pots are being set in depths up
to 40 fathoms, and some of the larger boats
have dropped their pots in 50 fathoms with a
consequent loss of gear. The spiny lobsters
have shown a decline in size since fishing
in deeper water began, and there is a possi-
bility that the boats are encroaching on the
natural maturing ground of the shellfish.
This appears to indicate that the "accumulat—
AUSTRALIAN SPINY LOBSTERS BEING WEIGHED eq stocks! have been removed, and that the
BEFORE PACKING. : ; ANS

fishery is beginning to "settle down." In

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

order to stabilize the industry, Western Australia has placed certain restric-
tions, such as closed seasons, on spiny-lobster fishing. The minimum length pre-

Table 2 - Australian Spiny-Lobster (Tails and Whole) Exports by State of
Origin and Country of Destination, 1951/52L

State of Origin:
Tasmania . United States
South Australia .. Singapore
Western Australia. 6 Ganaday acs ss.
Moai veraleisvare
B/ FISCAL YEAR JULY 1, 1951, TO JUNE 30, 1952.

scribed for spiny lobsters is 2-3/4 inches measured from the rear ends of the horns
to the end of the carapace or body.

The cost of maintaining efficient boats is becoming a great concern to the
Western Australian spiny-lobster skippers. Many are finding that production costs
are forcing them into an unfavorable position. The general cost of upkeep and
fueling is, of course, increasing, but this has been somewhat offset by higher
prices. The main factors affecting the industry are the scarcity and cost of wire
and bait.

Sheep heads and animal hooves were the popular bait for spiny lobsters, but
these have become scarce and fishermen have been forced to use salmon heads from

Table 3 - Australian Spiny-Lobster (Tails and Whole) Exports

by State of Origin, 1948/49-1951/52
| Tasmania [South Australia | Western Australia
Tails Whole

the southern coast of Western Australia. Because of the increased number of boats
operating, a greater number of pots are being used. In one area, fishermen who are
now using cane and wire pots, formerly used batten pots which proved unsatisfactory
in deep water. The shortage and cost of wire is thus a major factor when consider-

ing production costs.

Canada

BAN ON FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS TO BE LIFTED: The law banning foreign fishing
vessels from entering Canadian ports for other than emergency purposes will be re-
pealed, according to the Government's decision announced in a Speech from the Throne
in Ottawa at the opening of Parliament on November 20. As of July 1, 1952, it had
been announced that this 58-year old law was to be applied with full effect. How-
ever, this action was protested by Nova Scotia members of Parliament and the vari-
ous affected ports on the east coast of Canada, reports a November 21 American
Consulate dispatch from Halifax. The Throne Speech said that "to meet conditions

resulting from the entry of the Province of Newfoundland into Confederation andthe

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AL

introduction of new methods of fishing off the Atlantic Coast, a bill to revise
the Custons and Fisheries Protection Act will be placed before you." The ban
will be lifted by amending the aforementioned Protection Act of 1868 to empower
the cabinet to make new regulations allowing foreign vessels to enter Canadian
ports for specific purposes; these will include the purchase of supplies, re-
pairs, and other emergencies.

The prohibition against fishing and loitering at sea within territorial wa-
ters without permission will be continued. Some provision is also expected to
be made for the protection of the equipment of inshore fishermen.

The United States and British vessels will not be affected by this ban. The
British are permitted to enter Canadian ports by rights carried over from coloni-
al days; United States vessels hold it by a right granted under an annual Order-
in-Council passed by the Federal Government since 1888 extending these special
privileges to United States fishing craft under what are known as "modus vivendi"
licenses.

xR NH H

LOBSTER FISHERY REGULATIONS UNDER DISCUSSION IN MARITIME PROVINCE: Aseries
of open meetings were held in October 1952 at key points in the Canadian Maritime
Provinces! lobster fishing areas. Problems peculiar to this fishery were discuss-
ed, reports the November 1952 Trade News of the Canadian Department of Fisheries.
These meetings, arranged by the Department of Fisheries, were held at Moncton,

N. B., Summerside, P. E. I., Antigonish, and Shelburne, N. S. In attendance were
representatives of the Department, the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, the
fishermen, and the-dealers. A memorandum (previously circulated by the Depart—
ment suggesting certain changes in the lobster regulations) was used as a basis
for discussion.

On the whole, the fishermen were against any major changes in fishing areas
or open seasons and as a result no important changes are to be made except in one
Bay-of-Fundy district, where there will be two short seasons in the fall and spring
instead of one long one from January to July. This was done at the request of the
fishermen.

Other matters discussed at the meetings were minimum-size limits, the pro-
tection of berried (egg-bearing) lobsters, licenses, and lath spacing. The im-
portance of preventing poaching and the taking of small lobsters was stressed,
and it was made clear that this would mean the cooperation of everyone involved
in the industry.

The fishermen made many suggestions at the meetings, one of the most frequent
being that a minimum fine should be set for each illegal lobster discovered.

The departmental officials told the fishermen that the division of Maritime
waters into areas and the setting of different seasons in each appeared to be of
little benefit in conservation. The fishermen were informed that the Department's
Opinions on conservation were based on scientific investigations which had shown
that the intensity of fishing for lobsters varied from 5U to 75 percent of the
catchable population, an extremely high figure reached in very few fisheries.
Lobsters of the size used in the present fishery, when left alone, increase each
year about 15 percent in length and 50 percent in weight. Also, that lobsters do
not move about much and their populations should be considered local. Tagging
has shown that it is not usual for a lobster to move more than three or four miles
from any one spot.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

An increase in the minimum-size limit of lobsters, in the "canning" areas
was suggested by the Department's representatives. The present limit, set earli-
er this year, is 2-3/8 inches (carapace measure). The proposal was that, for
reasons of conservation, it should be raised to 2-1/2 inches.

The fishermen were advised that this year's increase in the minimum—size
limit for market lobsters arose from the fact that the State of Massachusetts
had adopted the 3-3/16-inch minimum. The Canadian change to that figure from
the previous 3-1/8 incheswas made because a large part of the Maritime lobster
production is sold in Massachusetts and a serious marketing problem would have
arisen if no action had been taken.

Under present regulations, a fisherman may take lobsters in only one dis-
trict each year and may use his boat and gear in only that district. It was
pointed out to the fishermen that this seemed to be a wasteful practice, employ-
ing more boats and traps than were necessary. However, there was almost unani-
mous opposition to any change in the present system.

The lobster catch in Canada's Martime Provinces is worth more to the fish-
ermen than any other single fishery of that area. It provides them with an an-
nual revenue of between C$11 million and C#12 million, an income which gains in
significance because of its wide distribution. If entirely unrestricted, the
lobster resource could easily be overfished. The Canadian Department of Fisher-
ies regulates it by prohibiting the taking of small or berried lobsters and by
dividing the Maritime coastline into various areas which have different open and
closed seasons. The main objectives are to make possible a maximum catch and at
the same time guarantee the survival of stocks for the future. Over the years
the lobster industry has changed and developed, and scientists have collected
new information on the life history, behavior, and populations of the species.

KHeK KK

BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON PACK, 1952: The 1952 British Columbia salmon
canning season ended November 29 with a total pack of 1,286,468 cases (48 1-pound
cans), the Canadian Department of Fisheries reported on December 3. This is 34
percent less than the 1951 pack of 1,955,475 cases; and it is the smallest pack
since 1944 when 1,097,000 caseswere packed. Substantially smaller packs of coho

(silver) and chum (keta) salmon were responsible for most of this decline.

BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON PACK, 1947-52 (In Standard Cases of 48 1-Pound Cans)
1952

Coho (silver) ..
iealals GoGUaDO0000
Chum (keta) ....
Steelhead ....c.%

Mot alicireteteteretele

British Columbia's 1952 salmon fishing season was unpredictable from the
start, reports a December 8 Consular dispatch from Vancouver. The industry was
faced with complex marketing problems and was, therefore, not prepared for the
. great all-out efforts of production which marked the war and postwar years. The
heavy carryover of canned salmon packed in the previous year provoked a cautious
attitude on the part of cannery operators and this resulted in protracted price

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

disagreements between operators and fishermen. Cycle-year catch records did not
offer promise of any great salmon runs. The general forecast, before the season
got under way, was for one of a comparatively small operation.

However, the 13,000 fishermen of British Columbia set out in early summer
and by the end of August had landed one of the largest total catches of salmon

— S

SOCKEYE (RED) SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA.

in ten years; this despite a tie-up of several days during which price arguments

were resumed. The fishing tempo halted abruptly at the beginning of September as
another price dispute tied up the fleet and prevented what might have been a rec—
ord catch for the season.

Sockeye gill-netters on the Nass River began the season by making heavyhauls.
With the few sockeye taken by purse seines in this area, the total passed the
quarter million mark before the season closed. On the Skeena River, anall gill-
net area, upwards of 800 boats were busy during July and August and by the endof
the season had taken 1,269,000 sockeye salmon. Rivers and Smith Inlets did not
produce the phenomenal sockeye yields of the previous year but were nevertheless
exceptionally good, with a combined season total of 1,270,000 fish. The Fraser
River later yielded 1,100,000 sockeye to Canadian fishermen and a like number to
American fishermen. This was the Chilko sockeye run and was well above expecta-
tions.

Following brief rains in June,a long dry spell gripped the coast, but in
July the pink salmon fishing got under way to an auspicious start. The Skeena
River run brought a second harvest to gill-netters, in spite of the fact that
this run was substantially tapped by purse-seiners operating in Ogden Channel.
Between them the two fleets accounted for 1,500,000 pink salmon. Nearly two mil-
lion of this species were caught by seine in Massett Inlet and Naden Harbour, and
a very good run to the central and southern waters of the Queen Charlotte Islands
provided better than another million fish. Altogether, with Whales Channel, Bella
Coola, and Johnstone Strait contributing strongly, the total catch of pink salmon
exceeded 10,000,000 fish. In mid-August a prolonged dry spell caused masses of
pink salmon to be temporarily stalled, unable to ascend to the rivers and streams
to spawn. In the interests of conservation the Canadian Department of Fisheries
made several early closures of salmon fisheries.

Lh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Coho salmon was in relatively short supply and the trollers had a somewhat
mediocre season, but not as bad as the figures of the pack of this species would

PINK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA

seem to indicate. There was a very heavy carryover of coho salmon from last sea-
son and packers sold most of the catch in fresh or frozen condition rather than
add to canned stocks in the warehouses.

The pack of chum salmon was also comparatively very light as fishermen were
unwilling to catch this species and sell at prices offered by the operating com-
panies. As a result of the disagreement on prices there was alabor disputewhich
lasted seven weeks.

Early in December, British Columbia wholesale prices for advertised brands
of fancy-quality salmon were reported as follows:

However, in some instan—
S0000000 ces export prices for unad-
48 1-lb. tall ..|C$31.50 vertised brands of standard
Z-lb. flat ..| 16.50 qualitywere selling for C$3.00
96 z-lb. flat ..| 19.00 less a case than the prices
quoted in the table.

In 1951, the United Kingdom purchased 300,000 cases of salmon in British
Columbia, costing approximately C4#6,700,000, but not a single case was sold in
that market in 1952. Early in 1952 there was a heavy carryover of chum, coho, and
pink salmon amounting to about 698,000 cases and a substantial quantity of the
latter species were sold in the United States. The complexion of the marketing
problem has now changed and the emphasis now is on the disposal of sockeye and
pink salmon.

Costa Rica

GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOP SHRIMP FISHERY: The Costa Rican Government has licensed

part of its plan to develop a more significant shrimp fishery, reports a November 14

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

dispatch from the American Embassy at San Jose. This company's operations will
be largely exploratory and it will report to the Costa Rican Government in de-
tail its findings on tides, size and location of hauls, size of shrimp, etc.

The California firm will pay an export tax of US#12.00 for each metric ton
of shrimp caught and will be permitted to fish in Costa Rican Pacific territori-
al waters, with the exception of Nicoya and Dulce Gulfs.

The Costa Rican Government hopes to license more shrimpers under similar
arrangements in the future.

TAF

Cyrenaica

SPONGE CONCESSION GRANTED: Exclusive rights to fish for, take, and dispose
of sponges in the territorial waters of Cyrenaica were granted by the Government
of Cyrenaica to a Benghazi firm :
on May 14, 1952, according to
reports. The contract came into
forceon May1, 1952, and extends
for a period of ten years.

The contract allows the hir-
ing of foreign vessels with for-
eign crews until such time as
the company-cwned Vessels with
Cyrenaican crews are trained in
sponge fishing. Payment for the
hire of these vessels may be ei-
ther in cash or a share of the
sponges, at the optionof the com-

pany.

Divers of foreignnational-
ity may bs employed in accordance
witha planagreed to by the Gov-
ernment. All foreign divers must have had no less than two years' experience as
sponge divers.

SPONGES ON THE SEA BOTTOM.

The only sponge-fishing methods to be employed are: the diving system, the
"tuffo" system, and the harpoon system. Dragging for sponges will not be per-
mitted.

The company undertakes to train each year a number of Cyrenaicans (not less
than 10 nor more than 25) as sponge fishermen and shall employ as many of these
as have acquired.the necessary skill and knowledge of sponge diving to replace
foreign divers. In addition, the company undertakes to insure all divers in its
employment against the risk of death, injury, or disease arising out of or in the
course of their employment for such sums and with such insurance company as the
Government may approve or with an insurance company recognized by the Government.
Vessels licensed for the purpose of sponge fishing may operate in the territorial
waters of Cyrenaica within an area bounded on the East by the meridian of longi-
tude passing through Bardia and on the West by the meridian of longitude passing
through El Agheila. Sponges are to be landed in prescribed areas at the ports
of Benghazi, Derna, and Tobruk only, and declared for grading, weighing, andval-
uation. Sponges will be processed in Cyrenaica. The company is to pay the usual
export duties on all sponges exported from Cyrenaica.

46 COMMERCTAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Ecuador

UNITED STATES-OWNED ECUADORAN FISHERY COMPANIES ENCOUNTER DIFFICULTIES: Two
United States-owned Ecuadoran fishing companies encountered difficulties during
the third quarter of 1952 because of alleged failure to fulfill their contracts
with the Ecuadoran Government. In addition, some California vessels fishing off
Ecuador were seized and fined, reports a November 10 dispatch from the American
Embassy at Quito. It was reported that the two companies and some California

vessels expanded their fishing operations in waters off Ecuador.

In general, the situation in the Ecuadoran fishing industry was chaotic and
many difficulties arose, not only economic. but also with respect to both Ecuado-—
ranand international laws. If these problems can be solved satisfactorily, the
fishing industry, especially tuna fishing, should grow rapidly and become an im-
portant factor in the Ecuadoran economy, according to reports.

2

Egypt

FISH EXPORTS PROHIBITED: Fish and industrial feedstuffs are included in a
long list of products which cannot be exported from Egypt. A communique issued
on November 17, 1952, by the Egyptian Ministry of Finance announced the enforce-—
ment of new regulations to govern Egyptian exports, a November 24 American Em-
bassy dispatch from Cairo states.

Ethiopia
EXPORT DUTIES ON CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS: An export duty of 5 percent ad

valorem has been established by Ethiopia for certain fishery products. This duty
was announced by Legal Notice 171, published in the Negarit Gazeta of September 26,
The fishery products affected are: fish meal, fish livers and fins, and mother-
of-pearl buttons or button blanks. These products were previously exportable free

of duty.

French Morocco

FISHERY INDUSTRIES TAXED TO FINANCE RESEARCH AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT: Twonew
taxes on the "industrial" production of sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and tuna
have been levied by the Protectorate Government of French Morocco in a decree of

October 4.

The first tax is to be levied on fish destined to be canned or exported fro-
zene The proceeds will be applied to governmental scientific research on fishing
and to the agency charged with the inspection of fresh fish. This tax is 0.60
francs per kilogram (about 7-3/4U.S.centsper hundredweight ) of edible fishcaught,
or 0.30 francs per kilogram (about 3-3/4,U.S.centsper hundredweight ) of fish des—
tined for the production of byproducts, the charges to be shared equally by the
fishermen and the industry purchasing the catch.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW L7

The second tax is levied on fish delivered to the canneries. Tax proceeds
will be given to the Federation of Fish Canners, which is charged with protect-—
ing the interests of the canners and with aiding them in developing foreign mar-
kets for their products. The tax is 0.20 francs per kilogram (about 2-1/2 U.S.
cents per hundredweight) payable by the canners.

The imposition of these taxes at a time when the fishing industry of French
Morocco is encountering export difficulties demonstrates the determination of the
Protectorate Government to develop the activities of organizations devoted to
scientific fishing research and the development of foreign markets for fresh and
canned fish. Thisstepwas taken as a measure to aid in the rehabilitation ofthe
industry, reports a November 20 American Consulate dispatch from Casablanca.

States fishing trawlers furnished to the read sail Republic of Germany on a charter
basis (under the authority of the Foreign Aid Appropriation Bill of 1949) were
returned to Army control on December 5, 1952, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
was advised by the U. S. Department of State. It has been determined that the
German fishing industry has reached a position whereby the further use of these

trawlers was no longer required.

Iceland

FROZEN FISH PRODUCTION HIGH: Continued high demand for frozen fillets dur
ing the early months of 1952 resulted in the delivery of large quantities of fish
to Icelandic freezing plants. Production of frozen fish during January-June 1952
rose 37 percent over the
corresponding period of 1951,
according to an October 24
American Embassy dispatch
from Reykjavik. However,
by the end of the second
quarter of 1952 large un-
sold stocks of frozen fish
packed for the European mar-
ket had begunto accumulate,
causinga great deal of con-
cern as to their disposi-
tion. The manner in which
they are packed makes their
diversion to the United
States market (in which de-
mand held steady) impracti-
Cal. Though considerable
demand exists for frozen
fish inCentral and Eastern oe Loan
Europe, and Israel, trade COD FILLETS PASSING THROUGH SKINNING MACHINE PREPARATORY TO
with these countries has @U!CK FREEZING AT ICELANDIC PLANT.
been hampered by difficulties. The principal hindrance was Iceland's disinclina-
tion to accept manufactured products from these countries in return so longas the

L8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Icelandic Government's trade liberalization policies made imports from the dol-
lar area possible.

HERRING FISHERIES PROSPECTS POOR: About 140 vessels prepared to take part
in the summer herring fishery off the North Coast. Unfavorable weather made the
prospects poor, but hope was expressed that the introduction of floating trawls
would improve the herring catch. This new gear enables the fishermen to trawl
below the surface, and it is hoped that a combination of sonar-—searching and sub-
surface trawling might improve the chances for a good herring catch. However,
this hope proved illusory this year, but may prove justified in the long run.
Failure of the herring fisheries again this year would have serious repercussions
upon the motorboat fleet and herring factories already heavily in debt. Many
trawler owners were also in difficulty, being unable to meet their obligations
and repay loans from the Fisheries Loan Department.

Although the herring fisheries were a failure last year, they still provided
Iceland with about 100 million kroner (US$#6,127,000) in foreign exchange. This
year the price of herring and herring oil slumped around 50 percent, making a
much greater catch necessary if the foreign exchange earnings of the industry are
merely to hold their own.

In 1952, the State herring factories were authorized to purchase herring for
processing into oil at 60 kroner per mal (approximately 1g U. S. cents per pound)
as compared with 110.16 (2; U. S. cents per pound) in 1951, 65 kroner (1-1/3 U. S.
cents per pound) in 1950, and 40 kroner (3/4 U. S. cents per pound) in 1949.

MOTORBOAT FISHERY FLEET DENIED GREENLAND HARBOR FACILITIES: Iceland was
anxious this spring to obtain the harbor facilities necessary to enable its motor-
boat fleet to engage in fishing in the grounds off Greenland. A representative
was sent to Denmark to discuss this question, but no concessions could be obtained
from Denmark, which still refuses Icelandic vessels anything but water and other
internationally recognized harbor services. This makes it about impossible for
the Icelandic motorboat fleet to operate in the grounds off the west coast of
Greenland, but a few Icelandic trawlers did operate there during the second quar-

ter of 1952.

x eu KH

TWO INVENTIONS OF INTEREST TO FISHERMEN: The Director of Fisheries in Ice-

land recently demonstrated two new Icelandic inventions of interest to fishermen,
according to a report in Fiskets Gang, a Norwegian fishery periodical.

One invention is a machine which cuts up bait herring, one at a time. This
device can be regulated to cut pieces of bait of any desired size.

The other invention is a machine which can be used in the line-trawl fishery
to lay the line in coils in a half barrel as it is hauled in by the winch,

Patent applications are being made for both inventions in those countries
where the devices would be useful.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

India

SURVEY OF THE FISHERIES: Marine Fisheries: For the past few years the Cen-
tral Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam, South India, with survey cen-
ters located along the coastline of India, has been collecting statistics on the
marine fisheries of India, in addition to its normal scientific activities. A
1948 census revealed that there are 1,264 marine-fishing villages with Thy 2hl
indigenous boats of different types engaged in marine fishing, reports FAO's In-
do Pacific Fisheries Council in its September 1952 Current Affairs Bulletin. The
boats range from an ordinary raft of 3 logs lashed together and known as a'tata-
maran" to the very skillfully designed plank-built boat. There are more than
364,000 pieces of nets in use, ranging from the small cast net to a mile-long
"rampani" net of the Ratnagiri Coast.

Since 1949, attention has been paid to estimating the total landings of ma-
rine fish in India by the sampling method. In 1951, total landings of marine
fish by the indigenous boats and nets amounted to 521,438 long tons, as compared
with 567,246 tons in 1950. The west coast of India contributed the major portion
of the landings and accounted for about 82 percent of the total catch in 1951 and
about 75 percent in 1950. There is a small number of mechanized vessels operat-—
ing in Indian waters, but when compared with landings from indigenous craft the
production is negligi-
ble.

An analysis of the
seasonal variation of
——- the landings reveals
=< that almost two-thirds
of the landings occur
from October to March.
The heavy monsoons on
the West Coast from
June to August bring
fishing activities al-
most to a standstill.

5 A eS | 2 The average annu-
RSIS Kg P——_ al return per boat dur-
Bd SS -— ing the years 1950 and
Rie —=— 1951 was 16,083 pounds,
— “while the average an-
: E nual return per active
= pcicies fisherman was 1,590
TYPICAL CATAMARAN USED FOR FISHING IN INDIA. i ear aE
species vary from year to year. The figures for 1950 and 1951 show that sardines,
mackerel, and prawn form nearly half of the total catch. The average percentage
yields of some of the important groups of fishes are: mackerel 18.20, sardines
16.58, prawn 14.18, anchovy and herring 11.38, jewfish 5.90, sharks and rays 4.43,
silverbellies 3.31, ribbonfish 3.27, catfish 3.00, flatfish 2.89, perches Bo Sc
Bombay duck 1.98, carangids 1.51, pomfrets 1.33, seerfish 1.30, tuna 0.50, other
fishes 7.67.

- eres

The distribution of some of the above groups of fishes is regional while
others are available along the entire coast. Mackerel form 18 percent of the
total catch and are mainly landed along the Malabar and Kanara coasts of Madras
and Bombay States. Sardine, sharks, rays, and catfish occur throughout, but the

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

oil sardine occur only on the West Coast. Prawn are especiallyabundant off Bom-
bay and Cochin. Jewfish, though an all-India fishery, are caught heavily off Bom-
bay coast. Bombay duck as a fishery is confined to the Bombay coast. Tuna are
caught off Travancore and Tuticorin, although they have been reported at Ratnagiri
and along Orissa and Andhra coasts.

The oil-sardine fishery has been showing a notable recovery during the past
three years after a long period of decline which had caused much distress to the
Malabar fishermen.

An advisor to the Norwegian Director of Fisheries hastaken up a six months!
assignment at Bombay in the FAO-ETAP. He will be engaged in making an appraisal
of the operations undertaken by the Indian Pilot Deep-Sea Fishing Station and as—
sessing future possibilities. He will soon be joined in west Bengal by a Neth-
erlands fishery engineer who will work for one year with special reference to cap-
ture methods in fresh and brackish water and inland fish distribution.

Inland Fisheries: CARP CULTURE: Survey work for locating river spawning
areas of quick-growing carp like Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla, and
Labeo calbasu, which do not as a rule breed in confined waters, has been taken
up systematically since 1945. It has now been possible to establish 50 spawn—
collecting and rearing centers. Lack of knowledge on the proper catching methods
and feeding habits of fry is responsible for mortality in nurseries as high as
97 percent. Results of investigations carried out by the Central Inland Fisher-
ies Research Station in the laboratory and in the field have now generally been
applied to the nursery centers in the State. As a result of this, the survival
rate has been raised to 50 percent.

Indonesia

ECA "MAJANG" FISHING VESSELS: The Economic Cooperation Administration (now
the Mutual Security Administration) had supplied the Indonesian fisheries as of
November 1952 a total of 57 motorized "majang" fishing vessels and 60 Diesel en-
gines for installation in locally-built vessels, according to a December 1 dis-
patch from the American Embassy at Djakarta. Fishermen operating the vessels
claim they are very satisfactory because of their speed and stability. Some dif-
ficulties have been experienced with training crews to operate them and the se-
lection of fishing areas, However, these problems are reported to be straighten-
ed out and future operation of these vessels should be more productive.

Italy

CONSTRUCTION OF WHALING FACTORYSHIF SUSPENDED: Construction of the 22,500-
ton Italian whaling factoryship Trinacria has been suspended due to the drop in
whale-oil prices and the opposition of Italian butter and olive oil producers,
according to a recent Trieste press report. It is now believed that the ship
will not be completed and that the hull may be turned into a tanker, according
to the October 1952 Fisheries Newsletter of the Australian Commonwealth Director
of Fisheries.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

The Palermo, Sicily, firm, owners of the Trinacria, had obtained a 9-billion
lire (US$14,500,000) subsidy from the Italian Government for the building of this

ship and 12 other ships of 1,000 tons each to be used in Antarctic whaling.
NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952, P. 65.

—-

Japan
LATEST CHECK PRICES FOR TUNA EXPORTS TO U. S. AND CANADA: The latest Japa-

nese check — prices (floor aaIECO) on tuna exported to theUnited States and Canada
were releasedrecently bythe Ministryof International Trade and Industry (tablel),

reports a November 17 American Embassy dispatch from Tokyo. The prices are:

Table 1 - Japanese Check Prices For Tuna AE to U. S. and genoa
[Came Ei Cul

pale
USE USE
-- |whole 300 white-meat Neary
fancy A2/ §.80 fane
fillets 240 fancy A 7.90 fancy, A
fancy 7.90 fancy

1/ CASE CONSISTS OF 48 7-0Z. CANS.
2/ ALSO WHITE MEAT FANCY B GRADE AT US$8.10 PER CASE.

Price per
casel

In addition, on October 24, the Canned Tuna Check Price Administration Com-
mittee established check prices on Grade B canned tuna in brine (table 2), accord-

: ing to a Japanese press report (Suisan Tsu-
Table 2 - Japanese Check Prices on shin, October 25).

rade B Canned Tuna in Brine Exported

to U. S. and Canada A group representing the canning in-
dustry recommended that Grade B tuna in
brine not be shipped to North and South A-
merica, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Okinawa.

The Canned Tuna Check Price Adminis-
tration Committee is composed of represent-
atives of the two governmental units con-
cerned with the production and export of fisheries products, namely, the Fisheries
Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Agricultural and Aquat-
ic Products Section of the Trade Fromotion Bureau, Ministry of International Trade
and Industry. This Committee meets monthly in consultation with the industry to
determine whether changes in check prices on exports of tuna are advisable in view
of prevailing production and marketing conditions.

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO U. S. AND CANADA: Data on Japanese tuna exports to

the United States and Canada on a monthly basis were recently released by the Jap=
anese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (see table):

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Japanese Approved Exports of Frozen Tuna to United States and Canada by Months, Jam

y-October 1952

United States United States United States TOTAL

2,079,277
1,146,470
524,925
76 22,760
4,1943/ | 1,054,474

1/ WHOLE AND LOINS,
2/ WHOLE (HEADLESS AND GUTTED) AND FILLETS,
3/ THIS ENTIRE QUANTITY INCLUDED IN OCTOBER MONTHLY TOTAL.

The Japanese Government's plans are still indefinite on details of the ex-
pedition, reports a November 24 dispatch from the American Embassy in Tokyo. It
has been agreed, however, that there will be only one factoryship. Its size, the
number of catcher boats, and the catch target will be decided after a study is
made of information on United States crab fishing in the East Bering Sea during
the last several years. This survey will be related to the total catch which
should be taken on the basis of the present known facts of crab resources andthe
extent of United States fishing operations. Estimates for the 1953 catch will
include consideration of prewar Japanese fishing.

In 1933, two Japanese factoryships produced 50,000 cases of canned crab meat.
A case consisted of 96 8-oz. cans, or double the contents of a present-day case.
Hence the 1933 Japanese catch was equivalent to about 100,000 cases at current
estimates. There were no large United States fishing operations for crabs in wa-
ters off Alaska in 1933.

Officials of the Japanese Fisheries Agency strongly favor a scientific study
of the crab resources of the Bering Sea. They hope that such a survey will be
sponsored by the International Commission which will be established in accordance
with the North Pacific Tripartite Fisheries Treaty.

The Japanese crab-fishing expedition is expected to depart in late April 1953.
Its area of operation will be in the East Bering Sea. Current production of Jap-
anese crab is limited to the inshore waters off Hokkaido, large island in north-
western Japan. Output in 1951 consisted of 192,871 actual cases, as follows:

Type of Can No. cans per case Cases
No. 2, 65 oz. each.. 4g 192,039
No. 2, 6% oz. each.. 96 632
No. 3, 3% oz. each.. 48 200

TOPAleenIns lie ke 192,871

Domestic consumption accounted for 46.5 percent of the pack and exports, 53.5
percent. The United States received 91 percent of the crab meat exports, with
Hawaii 3 percent, European countries 3 percent, andother countries (including the
Far East) 3 percent.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

Export prices (f.0.b.) in 1951 ranged from a monthly average of $22.50 per
case (fancy grade, 48 63-oz. cans) in February to $26.24 in December. The pre-
vailing price for the same quality is quoted at #26.00 per case.

panies in the Japanese fishing industry has notified the Japanese Fisheries Agency
of its plan to engage in experimental purse-seining for tuna and skipjack in the
Celebes Sea. This report was published in the Japanese press (Suisan Tsushin, .
October 25). The Japanese fishing boat Kosei Maru (190 gross tons) will operate
like an American purse-seiner would. A net constructed of amylon (synthetic fiber)
will be used. The total Japanese fishing fleet includes 18 boats of this type,
ordinarily used in the highly competitive fisheries for skipjack and mackerel in
the coastal waters of Japan. The experiment will be watched with interest by op-
erators of this type of craft to determine whether the American-type purse-seine
vessel will produce profitable catches in these distant fishing grounds. The
Kosei Maru sailed from Japan on November 30 and was expected to return by the end
of December, declares an American Embassy dispatch from Tokyo dated December 17.

EXPERIMENTAL PURSE-SEINING FOR TUNA IN CELEBES SEA: One of the largest com—

Recent Japanese fishing in the Celebes Sea was by a tuna mothership expedi-
tion using long lines. This fleet consisted of one mothership (2,940 gross tons)
and 10 catcher boats. The catch totaled 2,005 metric tons, including 988 tons of
yellowfin and 247 tons of other tuna. The remainder of the catch was composed
chiefly of shark and swordfish. The fleet operated from June 17 to September 2,
1952.

MOTHERSHIP-TYPE SALMON FISHING IN NORTH PACIFIC PLANNED FOR 1953: A plan

for Japanese mothership-type salmon fishing in the North Pacific in 1953 was an-
nounced by the Japanese Fisheries Agency in November, These operations will be

similar in some respects to the 1952 150" 160” 170° 180° 1702 160°
operations, according to a November 21 |
dispatch from the American Embassy in U. |S. S. R.

Tokyo. The fleets are expectedto sail
in May 1953.

No decision has been reached on
the number of motherships that will op—
erate. The expedition will include a
total of 85 catcher boats and 15 re=
search vessels. In contrast to the
joint arrangement in 1952, each fleet
in 1953 will be headed by a mothership
and will be operated independently by ay
a Japanese firm. Operations willbe in
accordance with Japanese Government é
regulations. A : us — |

|

PACIFIC | OCEAN|
To qualify as motherships, vessels |
must (1) exceed 1,000 gross tons; (2) hes sa BPA ia Ba uk ld Ul tS asa oT
have a freezing capacity of 10 tons per APPROXIMATE AREA (AREA ENCLOSED WITH DIAGONAL=LINED
eibomeesi))belifultyieandpped citi Arie Sryec leiivbN E1GHING: IN THE NOBTE CACIEIC.
wireless, radar, direction finders,
and similar apparatus; and (4) have machine-shop facilities for repairs to catcher
boats. Catcher boats must (1) exceed 50 gross tons; (2) have proper wireless and
radio equipment; and (3) have Diesel power and be capable of a speed of 7 knots.

5h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

The region to be fished will be in accordance with provisions of the Triper-
tite Fisheries Agreement (Canada-Japan-United States). The Japanese Government
will instruct the motherships to confine their salmon activities to the following
area in the North Pacific:

Beginning at 55°00! N. latitude, 175°00' W. longitude, south tothe territori-
al waters limit of Atka Island, resuming at the western extremity of the territori-
al water limits of Atka Island and running due south to 48°00! N, latitude, west to
48°00' N. latitude, 156900' E. longitude, northeasterly to 53°30' N. latitude,
163°00' E. longitude, east to 53°30! N. latitude, 170°00' E. longitude, north to
55°00! N. latitude, 170°00! E. “longitude, and east to the beginning point at
55°00! N. latitude and 175°00' W.' longitude. This area extends approximately from
Atka Island in the Aleutians westward toward Kamchatka and the Northern Kuriles.

The Japanese fishing industry is showing keen interest in participating in
these operations. According to a recent press item (Kyodo, December 4), applica—
tions have already been filed with the Japanese Fisheries Agency for authorization
to participate in such fishing during the next season to begin in May 1953. Ap-
plicants include the three major firms which engaged in the 1952 expedition. The
applications to date total 6 motherships ranging from 1,100 to 4,700 gross tons
each, 195 catcher boats, and 35 research boats. The Japanese Fisheries Agencyhas
not announced a decision on the number of applicants to be authorized or the num-

ber of motherships to be permitted.
NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952, P. 40.

vit ay Tay Gor ty

RESULTS OF 1952 NORTH PACIFIC SALMON EXPEDITION: The 1952 Japanese North
Pacific salmon expedition produced a total catch of 2,100,000 salmon with a total
weight of about 6,800,000 pounds, compared with the catch target of 1,800,000fish,
report recent dispatches from the American Embassy in Tokyo. Of the total catch,
209,000 pounds went for canning and the balance (6,600,000 pounds) placed instor-
age, mostly as salted and the remainder as frozen fresh. Most of this stock was
earmarked for domestic consumption, especially during the New Year holiday season,

Of the amount canned, approximately 2,000 cases have been exported--1,000
cases to Ireland, 500 cases to Belgium, and an additional 500 cases to Belgiumand
Holland. There has been no export of fresh and salted salmon.

The 1952 salmon expedition consisted of 3 motherships (one of 3,600 grosstons,
and two of 500 gross tons), 50 catcher boats, 2 inspection vessels, and 2 research
vessels. Operations extended from about May 10 to August 6.

HR HH

GOVERNMENT AID TO COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: During fical year 1952 the Japanese
Government granted considerable aid (direct and indirect) to commercial fisheries
of Japan in the form of subsidies, loans, tax exemptions, and appropriations for
research, reports a November 14 dispatch from the American Embassy in Tokyo.

Subsidies: The following subsidies do not include aid from prefectural gov-
ernments. Most of the subsidies listed below are for fisheries operators in the
inland, coastal, and offshore waters. Tuna fisheries operators are not included
as they are not interested in this type of aid. Direct subsidies totaled
633,791,000 yen (about US#1,'760,000).

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Amount in
1. Experiments on utilization Studies or experiments on utiliza-
of marine productS ..coee 30,000
Bo

tion of seaweeds, fish meal, fish
ing gear of synthetic fiber, etc.
Reduction and readjustment eee. Compensation for compulsory reduc-

of small-type trawlers .. 22,510 tion of small-type trawlers.

water reSOUrCeS .sccoccce 026 waters.

Conservation of marine re- nates Promotion of the growth of shallow

sources in shallow seas . 12,800 seas resources (algae, etc.).

sources propagations .. 67,9 erounds in shallow waters.
pearl OyStersS 2... ters.
ae |
tic management and accounting of
raw Alt fisheries cooperatives.
eal Democratic and effective education
10,310 for fishing crew members.

Increased establishment of radio
land stations of small type for
6,760 fishing use.
National share in the expenses to
enforce the Fishing Boat Damage
21,953 Compensation Law.

Training of staffs and
officials of fisheries
Aid for reconstruction and rehabil
itation of depressed fishermen's

oo

cooperatives ..
Training of crew members
of fishing boats ...
Establishment of small-
type land radio stations
OTe eS CMS Clitetalslelelelelels
10. Administrative expenses of
fishing boat insurance

ASSOCIATIONS. seccccssvee
11. Reconstruction and reha-
bilitation of fishermen's

eee oe

Cooperatives ...ceccsce 110,868 cooperatives.
TiGieeal Lv Roo BE en cnorrotines 633,791

Loans for Vessel Construction: A loan of 300 million yen (US$833,000) was
recently favored by the Bank of Development (Kaihatsu Ginko) for the construction
of 10 tuna vessels over 200 tons.

Tax Exemptions: No exemptions are made in regard to the National Tax. But
in the Local Tax, warehouses and offices of fisheries cooperatives are exempted
from the fixed assets tax. The tuna fishery has scarcely any exemption under this
category.

Emergency and Disaster Relief: This type of aid totaled 1,402,692,000 yen
(US $3 , 900,000 e The amount of benefits obtainable by tuna fisheries operators un-

der this type of aid is very small.

Subsidy for interests of For interests of loan for the res-
restoration loan for torationof fisheries damages caused
fisheries damages ..... 30 by the typhoons in October 1951.

Subsidy for expenses of For the restoration of fishing
counter-—measure works for ports, etc., damaged by changed
changed foundation of fish- foundations caused by earthquakes

ing ports, etc. cecccccece in Nankai district, etc., in 1944

Subsidy for expenses of For the restoration of fishing ports
restoration works for damaged by storms and floods inthe
POOLS Melos lolslelelatotalale period from 1948 to 1951.

©e20ee2e60000

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Loans wees ¥440,000,000 (US$#$1,222,000).
Grants ..... ¥1,841,100,000 (US$5,115,000).

Administrative Costs: Costs for the administration of fisheries regulations,
supervision, and guidance totaled 485,378,000 yen (US$1,350,000).

Regulation and guidance-adjustment expenses for off-

Shore fisherie€S ..ccccccccccccccercccsccccescrccccees
Regulation and guidange cupsnuiston expenses for high-
seas fisheriesd/ .

THE AMOUNT FOR TUNA FISHERIES REGULATIONS, GUIDANCE, AND SUPERVISION OCCUPIES ONLY A SMAL
PART OF THIS ITEM.

Appropriation: ¥262,000,000 US#730, 000)--¥15 ,000 , 000 is appropriated for bio-
logical studies of tuna and tuna-like fishes. Numberof experimentalstations: 28
(3 of them carry on studies of tuna, principally of tuna and skipjack resources,
etc.). Number of research vessels: 14 (4 of them are mainly used for tuna re-
search, principally of tuna and skipjack resources, etc.).

Assistance Rendered Through Research: BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAFHIC STUDIES:

TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES: Appropriation not available. Number of laboratories:
15 prefectural laboratories with 15 vessels engaged in research on tuna, skipjack,
and saury pike fisheries.

MARKETING AND OTHER ECONOMIC STUDIES: Appropriations of ¥44,414,000
(US$123,000). Types of studies: (1) survey on economical activities in fishing
industry and their effects on the national economy; (2) rational adjustment of
fishing techniques; (3) improvement of fish marketing; (4) rationalization of
fishing industry; (5) administration of inland waters; (6) overseas fisheries in-

formation.

Kenya

TURTLE INDUSTRY PLANNED: The possibilities of establishing a large-scale
turtle industry off the Lamu Archipelago and the Bajun Coast on the borders of
y Kenya and Somalia (Africa) are being explored by
Va a Mombasa vessel owner, the October 1952 South
an) African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review
states. It is reported that the turtles will be
exported to the United States since importers in
that country have shown considerable interest in
the possibility of obtaining turtles from Kenya.
This proposed project is the outcome of a report
concerning turtle fishing in the Bajun Islands

REMORA (LEPTECHENEIS NAUCRATES) R 5

BELIEVED TO BE-SIMILAR TO THE FisH 2SSued recently by the Fisheries Department of the
USED BY KENYA FISHERMEN TO HUNT Kenya Government.

TURTLES.

The plan calls for establishing a "turtle
park" in a suitable bay frequented by turtles. This "park" would be fenced off
to provide a natural sanctuary where turtles can live and feed without danger,
and assuring a steady supply of turtles.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

It is hoped that the turtles will breed in such a sanctuary so that the industry
would be a long-term one. It takes about five years for turtles to mature to
marketable size.

The turtles will be caught by specially—designed harpoons which will pene-
trate the shell but. will not kill. Hunting will take place at night when lanterns
will be used to attract the turtles.

A further supply of turtles will be obtained from the Bajun natives who use
a most unique method to catch.turtles. live suckerfish, abundant near the sandy
beaches of the Bajun Islands, are "allowed".to cling to the side of a canoe.
When the turtles are sighted, a strong line is affixed to a suckerfish and the
fish is then thrown towards the turtles. With its sucker the fish attaches it-
self to the turtle. The fishermen then "play" the turtle with the suckerfish
acting as a hook. So strong is the suction these fish exert that rarely do fish
and turtle part. This method of catching turtles is a carefully guarded tribal
secret and the Bajun natives will not allow any outsiders to learn the art.

Present plans are to make monthly trips to the Archipelago to collect about
200 to 300 turtles a trip. The meat will be exported to the United States and
Britain. From the balance, oil will.be extracted for use in cosmetics,

ne
S|.)
aay _—
Lebanon

A REPORT ON THE FISHERIES: Fishery production from local Lebanese waters de-
pends largely on migratory species. Catch per fisherman is so small and the com=
petition so keen that fishermen will use any means to catch fish, including ex-
plosives. The use of explosives has depleted stocks so low that national attention

is being focused on this method of fishing.

Sardine Fishery: Sardines are reported to be present in Lebanese waters the
year-round, but are landed in abundance only from May through September. The
general pattern of occurrence of these fish is believed to be a northward spring
migration, building up in intensity during the summer months, and tapering off
during the fall and winter.

Sardines comprise 25 to 30 percent of the annual fisheries production. Dur-
ing a regular "shabak luse" season (extending from June through September ), approx-
imately 200,000 kg. (440,000 pounds) of sardines are caught.

Sardines occur in small numbers in April and May and again in the fall in the
beach-seine fishery, but this is of little importance as a measure of abundance.
A large mesh net is employed, and fishing is done in the daytime.

The chief method of capture for sardines is an adaptation of the lampara
method ("shabak luse,"or "light fishing with net"). The Arabic name of this fish-
ing method refers to the fact that in its most effective operation it depends upon
attracting fish at night through the use of lights. These lights are pressure-
type petroleum oil lamps suspended downward, either singly or in pairs, from a
frame on a bow of a small skiff, at a height of 1 to 13 meters (3 to 5 feet) above
the surface. These skiffs, “asmetiligr operated by one man, are rowed to location
just before sunset where they are anchored with lights on. These locations are
usually within 13 kilometers (1 mile) from shore in a depth of about 30 meters
(98 feet). Later in the evening, a larger skiff carrying the net and 3 to 6 men

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

proceeds to the location, usually securing to an anchor buoy previously set near
the location. This buoy and anchor are actually components of the gear unit. On
the judgment of the man in the skiff with the light that a reasonable number of
fish have collected under the light, the net is cast (usually in a clockwise loop)
around the smaller skiff which serves as a guide point for the set. Before the
start of this setting operation, the anchored line is hauled in short and transfer-
ed from its normal attachment tothe net skiff over to the"first-end" of the net it-—
self, thereby providing for the necessary drag which with the forward movement of
the net skiff will cause the net to unfold out into the water. This attachment
to the anchor buoy simplified picking up the "first-end" again when the skiff com—
pletes its loop to the starting point. The "last-end" of the net is equipped with
a running line, paid out from the skiff until the "first-end" can be retrieved.

In the hauling operation which follows, the two ends of the net are brought to-
gether by hauling in the running line, which for this purpose is now a towline.
Having brought these two ends or wings together and lifting the lead lines, both
wing ends are hauled aboard the skiff's starboard side. In the meantime, the an-
chor line has been shifted from the "first-end" of the seine, back to the skiff,
passing around a row pin on the port gunwale which now serves as a snubbing pin.
As the two ends of the net are brought aboard, the lead lines tend to come togeth—
er, closing the net at the bottom. This rather sharp closing action of the lead
line is a result of both the normal drag of the net and an opposite drag on the
skiff accomplished by paying out the anchor line slowly, under tension, around
the snubbing pin. As the hauling process continues, the "light"skiff is worked
over the cork line to a position outside of the circle. This enables the man
there to give added support to the cork line and to assist in emptying the net at
the completion of the haul.

The net used is more or less a conventional two-wing and bag structure float-
ed by a cork line and weighted down by a lead line. The wings start with approxi-
mately 50-mm. (2-inch) knot-to-knot mesh. This mesh size is successively reduced
as the wings approach their attachment to the large bag of the net. This main net
section is made chiefly of 18-to 20-mm. (3/4-inch) mesh. In actual local practice
(though illegal) the center of the main net is supplied with a final bag with a
7=mm. (1/4-inch) mesh, After the balance of the net has been hauled aboard, this
final bag holds the catch until it can be removed. This lifting may first be done
with a dip net and later by bringing aboard both net and catch as a "blanket."
After completing the haul, the net is overhauled to place the ends in proper order
for a new set. As many as five sets per night may be made. Average weekly produc
tion is said to be approximately 200 kg. (440 pounds). The catch will, of course,
vary according to the dark- and light-phases of the moon.

The length of the entire net may vary with the number of men in the fishing
group, but a a typical net would be 75 meters (246 feet) long at the cork line,
and are reported to cost up to L&3,000 (US$900).

In addition to sardines, which dominate the catch of "shabak luse," anchovies,
scup (porgy), and mackerel as well as immature forms of bonito occur,

The consumption of these sardines is almost entirely restricted to the fresh
form, fried in olive oil. However, some salting on a family scale does take place.
The general problem of disposal of the catch is little different from that of other
species. Demand for fresh fish exceeds supply and preservation is not yet required.
Canned sardines are imported into Lebanon.

Tuna and Tuna-Like Fish: Tuna and tuna-like fish are known to inhabit Leba-

nese waters, but there are no assembled data as to their occurrence, habits, spe-
cies, abundance, or the contribution they make to the total fisheries production,

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Tuna-like fish are only occasionally observed in the markets and in the small rec-
reational fishery of Beirut.

One observer reported that for a 3-week period in August 1952 particularly
large aggregations of tuna~like fish were seen in the outer Beirut harbor during
the evenings and about two miles westward during the mornings. This occurrence
of tuna is reported as common during the summer months, but they are not fished
commercially. Tuna appear in the catch only incidentally. Since it is a dark-
meat tuna, it is not liked by the Lebanese.

Marketing: The fish markets of Beirut offer both locally-caught and imported
fish. However, the handling of the latter does not typify local marketing and
transportation patterns.

In general, fish are received at fishing squares in boxes or baskets directly
from the fisherman who usually remains on the spot to watch the sale and collect
his money. At these squares, proprietors auction the fish either in bulk, by in-
dividual species, or in lots of usually 3 kg. (63 pounds) each. In extreme cases
the amount offered may actually be only a handful. The fisherman receives the
auction price in cash less 5 percent commission. In the event that no bids are
made or if the proprietor desires to purchase for later retail sale, he may agree
with the fisherman on an acceptable lot price.

Another method of disposal is by direct sale-from the fisherman to the con-
sumer, usually by peddling. Still another form of marketing is the peddler who
regularly handles fish from individual fishermen or fishing groups.

There are no well-defined patterns for delivering fish to market or to the
peddlers with whom a regular sales arrangement has been established. In the larg-
er ports, such as Tyre, Sidon, and Tripoli, fishermen bring their catch directly
from their boats to the fishing squares where they are bought and selected largely
for distribution in Beirut. In Beirut, this intermediate step is eliminated. For
those fishermen who are scattered along the coast, each must devise his own deliv-—
ery method. The pattern here is to carry the catch to the highway and hail a pass-
ing taxi, truck, or bus on its way to town. In such cases the fisherman is obliged
to accompany his catch to the point of sale and later seek transportation back home.
This may mean that the time spent on the disposal of the catch is equal tothe time
spent in making the catch. This method probably stems from the fisherman's desire
to see his fare disposed of and the need to receive his money on the spot.

The transportation of fish in iced boxes by truck and also by taxi, from the
larger towns to Beirut, is a typical method of transport.

The typical shop where fish is sold to the consumer is open to the street with
fish segregated by species and displayed on concrete or marbleized counters, Other
fish are set in boxes or baskets on. the floor, Frequent applications of water on
the fish reduce drying and preserve an appearance of freshness. In some instances
ice is used in the display. No covered or screened display cases are used. Where
larger volumes of fish are handled, particularly if they consist of imported fish,
these are stored in ice chests until needed. In most cases the fish offered for
sale are small, but in the larger shops it is possible to buy cuts or sections of
large fish. Other than this, the dressing of fish is not practiced.

In addition to those fish which are peddled house to house the same day they
are caught, day-old fish are sold out in the open at street stands which may be on-=
ly upturned packing boxes. Under thesecircumstances, the fish may be completely ex-
posed to the elements or may be sheltered by an umbrella. It is usually only the
very poor who will buy fish handled under such conditions.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Shrimp, lobster, red mullet, and sole in that general order command very high
prices. Next are the bream and perch-like fishes. Bonito, sardines, dogfish, and
mackerel are the lower-priced varieties.

The high average temperature which characterizes Eastern Mediterranean coun-
tries is always a factor to be considered in the handling of fish. However, the
problem of transporting fish in Lebanon is not particularly one of distances.
Nearly every population center where fish could be marketed lies within two hours
travel time from the several fishing ports. Beirut, which itself is on the coast,
lies midway between the fishing centers of Tripoli on the north and Tyre on the
south.

Retail Prices: Typical retail fish prices in Beirut during July 1952 are
shown in the table.

Retail Fish Prices in Beirut, July 1952
Price Per Pound Price Per Pound
US$ US$

|
ed Mullet ("Pandora") ..cscee Soleveee Sete ee

ed Surmullet e@ceececseeeeecce
DCAUBFCAIM lelcisiciclerelclelsielercleleieverelele

DOLRUSHalelelelsiele
BOMbOmslelele cere
Common shrimp .

Sardine (fresh) ..cccccccscece

It is apparent that these prices are in no way a reflection of the relative
food values of the several species listed. These prices are regarded as being
partly an expression of cultural preference.

Consumer Preferences: Lebanese taste is restricted to fried or baked fish.
Boiled (or steamed) fish is almost unheard of. Imported canned tuna is well re-
ceived in Lebanon, but it is not recognized as fish processed from tuna similar
to that caught locally. There is a preference for small fish,

CEE

Mexico

GUAYMAS SHRIMP FISHERY OUTLOOK DARK: Approximately 400 metric tons of shrimp
were landed at Guaymas in October 1952 (the first month of the current shrimp-
fishing season). This is just about one-half the production in October 1951 and
considerably below the most pessimistic predictions. The average catch per boat
this year was only about two metric tons each as compared with three tons in Oc-
tober 1951. Unlike last year, fishing was poor this year, even the first fewdays
of the season. Most shrimp caught were small and the relatively few tons of the
large premium size landed were mixed with the smaller shrimp.

Freezing plants paid about 54 pesos per kilo (29 U. S. cents per pound) in
October as compared with 8 pesos per kilo (42 U. S. cents per pound) in October
1951.

Shrimp landings at Guaymas during November 1952 were estimated at less than
the 400 metric tons landed in October, and not more than one-half the 775 metric
tons landed in November 1951. The average catch per vessel in November was ap-
proximately 13 metric tons; and the shrimp caught was of mixed sizes with only a
small proportion of the large (26-30 count) size.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

Two of the seven shrimp-freezing plants at Guaymas failed to open for the
1952/53 season because of financial difficulties brought about by too rapid ex-
pansion and the steady decline of the industry generally. Boat owners and freez—
ing=-plant owners are seriously upset over their future prospects at Guaymas. No
government loan was granted them this year, and most are heavily in debt to supply
houses and financial institutions. It is feared that the smaller operators and
boat owners have little chance of completing the season unless conditions improve.
Credit has been uniformly denied shrimp dealers, and collections are down to abare
trickle by comparison with those of thelate 1940's when the shrimp "boom" was in
full swing at Guaymas.

During October some vessels searched for productive beds as far south as
Mazatlan and others north to the Gulf of California with little success. Most
vessels are currently confining their efforts to waters in the immediate area to
congerve fuel and provisions.

Shrimp fishermen blame the scarcity of shrimp and their financial straits
upon a number of factors. However, two factors stand out: (1) the reported pre-
season operations of canoe fishermen (approximately 3,000 in number) with throw
nets in the bays where the shrimp spawn and grow; and (2) the refusal of the Gov-
ernment to further lower export taxes totaling nearly 1,000 pesos (US$116) per
metric tone The second complaint has been aggravated by the levying of an ad-
ditional 50 pesos (US$5.80) per ton "vigilance tax" to defray expenses of the
Mexican Navy for patrolling the spawning grounds.

Most responsible shrimp operators feel that no preseason concessions should
be made to the myriad canoe fishermen, and that the Navy patrol should be an hon-
est and efficient one, which they state has not always been the case. Further,
they see no reason why the Government cannot absorb the "vigilance tax" within
the export levy, in view of present circumstances. It would seem the need is not
for additional loans but for a retrenchment to fit operations for a reduced scale
of production. Prominent Guaymas shrimp men are reported to be planning a trip
to Mexico City to voice their complaints before the Government.

A protective move that has been applauded locally is the announcement that no
additional boats will be licensed to enter the industry, at least on the West
Coast.

Guaymas newspapers have begun to carry editorials pointing out the necessity
of basing the local economy on activities other than shrimping if the town is to
survive, according to American consular dispatches from Guaymas dated November 6
and December 5.

KEK HK

MAZATLAN SHRIMP FISHERY, NOVEMBER 1952: Shrimp exports from Mazatlan in No=
vember were almost double those for the month of October, but Mazatlan freezing—
plant owners did not feel that the increase was an improvement, according to a
December 6 American consular dispatch from Mazatlan. They felt that the resetting
of the Escuinapa weirs and heavy shrimp fishing in the Bays of Altata and Topolo—
bampo have prevented this season's shrimp from moving into the ocean.

The weirs in Escuinapa during October caught more shrimp than could be han-
dled by the local cannery and some of their catch went to waste. However, the
opening of these weirs would arouse the opposition of several hundred Escuinapa
fishermen who would be left without means of livelihood. It is reported that the
monthly output of the fishing firm that has the concession in the Bays of Topolo-
bampo and Alteta is asmuch as that of the four Mazatlan freezing plants put together.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

A committee is scheduled to leave for Mexico City to discuss the problem with
the Secretario de Marina.

The Mazatlan freezing plants in November 1952 exported to the United States
24 cars (1,222,614 pounds) of shrimp as compared to 13 cars (705,050 pounds) in
October and 25 cars in November 1951.

IMPORT DUTIES INCREASED FOR CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS: _Some higher import du-
decree published in the Diario Oficial. The changes became effective October 13,

The modifications of the Mexican import tariff affecting fishery products are
(shown are tariff fraction number; item description; specific duty in pesos per
eross kilogram; ad-valorem duty; new and former rates):

[eee EE See Former Duties
Pirio idsuiehtis

Specific Plus Ad Valorem
Codfish, dried, salted, or
smoked, in any container.
Fish, salted, smoked,
pressed, or preserved, not
CAPIedMelclelelelslelcicleleleletela
Crustaceans and molluscs,
dried, salted, or pre-
served, all kinds ....ce.
NOTE: ONE MEXICAN PESO EQUALS ABOUT 11.5 U.S. CENTS.

Mexican Import
Tariff Schedule

Percent
1.21.04 ————

+ 30

xe KKK

SPINY LOBSTER AND CURED FISH EXPORT TARIFF FRACTIONS CHANGED: Mexico has
changed the number of the export tariff fraction for dried, salte: salted, or smoked fish
from 11-10 to 11-02, and the number of the cooked, fresh, or chilled (spiny) lob-
ster from 11-02 to 11-10, effective November 11. The duties remain unchanged,
This change was announced in the Diario Oficial of November 7, 1952.

Norway

WOLFFISH FISHERY INCREASING IN IMPORTANCE (Correction of news item titled
"Lumpfish Fishery Increasing in Importance"): In the October 1952 (Vol. 14, No. 10)
issue of this Review, page 73, appeared the news item "Lumpfish Fishery Increasing
in Importance." Due to an error in translating the Norwegian word "steinbit" to
"lumpfish,'" the news item referred to lumpfish when it should have referred to
wolffish. The Universitetets Biologiske Laboratorium og Statens Institutt for
Hvalforskning, Oslo, Norway, called to our attention that "steinbit" refers to two
species of tet (catfish )--Anarrhichas minor and A. latifrons. The lumpfish
(Cyclopterus umpus ) called "stenbider" in Denmark and in some places in southern
Norway and a aahe known in Norway as "rognkjeks," has no economic importance
at the present time. Therefore, actually all references to lumpfish in the news

item published in the October 1952 issue of the Review should be interpreted to
refer to the wolffish (catfish).

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

The Norwegian frozen fish industry has developed the wolffish from an almost
unknown species to a fairly important one. Both in vo remth and appearance wolf=

, _ WOLFFISH OR
SPOTTED SEA CATFISH
TT ae (ANARRHICHAS MINOR)

lll | 2a r SS

WOLFFISH OR SPOTTED SEA CATFISH (ANARRHI CHAS MINOR) 1S ONE OF TWO SPECIES OF WOLFFISH! FIL-
LETED AND FROZEN IN NORWAY.

fish yield white-meated fillets which look good in cellophane packages. Reports
indicate that Norwegian sales efforts for these fillets (marketed as ocean cat-—
fish fillets) in the United States have met with unusual success.

KH KHER

NEW TYPE BARREL INVENTED: A new type of barrel, which is 100 percent air-
tight an and wat: watertight, “has been patented by Johannes Thaule of Haugesund, Norway,
reported the Norwegian Information Service on November 20. First ever to be de-
signed for liquids of light buoyancy, thisbarrel is nowin production at O. Hamres
Fabrikk, Haugesund, and will shortly be made at five other cooperages in Norway.
The inventor has already sold production rights to a Swedish factory and is pres—
ently negotiating with companies in Denmark, Canada, and the United States.

This cylinder-shaped barrel is made according to a new patented method which
cuts labor cost substantially. Composition staves, fastened to a specially—de-
Signed cylinder of the same shape and cubic content as the finished barrel, are
fused under great hydraulic pressure by means of ultrahigh-frequency rays. The
conic bottom, which snaps into a conic hoop, is patented throughout the world.

Made of "fibonitt," a composition of wallboard and plastic, the low-cost bar=
rel is ideally suited for salted herring because it saves 20 to 30 percent of the
required brine. Barrels made of wooden staves usually absorb quite a few pounds
of the salt solution.

Ur hie ear ae Ere

eee WHALE MEAT ACCEPTED IN UNITED STATES RESTAURANTS: Introduced inthe
- United States late in 1951, Norwegian whale

- meat has already met with wide acceptance by

some of the finest restaurants in the United

States, reports The South African Shipping

News and Fishing , Industry Review of October

= 1952. ~ Surveys indicate that there is a poten-

= tial market for about 10 million pounds of
whale meat in the United States. The main

a problem to date has been limited supply rather

than demand, but one of Norway's main exporters

seal Hopes to increase exports to the United States

to about 5 million pounds in 1952,

6h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Whale meat exported to the United States is quick-frozen and packed in handy
cartons. A good whale steak, enough for three persons, sells for 85 to 90 cents
retail. It compares favorably with beef tenderloin.

The Seamen's Institute in New York City recently added Norwegian whale meat
cutlets as a regular course on its daily menu.

kt KK %

HERRING FISHERY OFF WEST COAST OF AFRICA BEING DEVELOPED: Two fishing ves—
sels from from Romsdal, isdal, Norway, were due to sail late in October on an expedition to
purse seine for herring off the west coast of Africa, reports the October 1952
South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review. The leader of the ex-
pedition on declares that herring are abundant off West Africa and are suitable for
reduction into meal and oil. A total of £22,500 (US#62,500) has been invested in

this enterprise.

a ae a

NEW HERRING FISHING GROUNDS DISCOVERED: For the first time in history, Nor-
west coast of Norway near the Faeroe Islands and made large catches, the Norwegian
Information Service reported on December 4. A total catch of well over 200,000
barrels of pickled herring (average catch--4 barrels per net) was landed in a two-
month period by a fleet of about 15 ocean-going vessels (ranging in size up to 400
tons) using drift nets on the Faeroe Banks.

The Faeroe fishery actually was the tail-end of the Iceland herring fishery.
On its search for food, the herring follow the current of cold water running fran
Iceland past the Faeroes until they plunge through warmer waters in order to spawn
along the Norwegian coast. Rough outlines of the route followed by the herring
throughout the year have been established by means of tagging and electronic in-
struments by the Norwegian Fisheries Directorate research vessel G. O. Sars.

Portugal
WHOLESALE PRICES FOR SELECTED CANNED FISH AND FROZEN SHELLFISH: The table

eS eee

lists average Portuguese wholesale prices for selected canned fish products and
frozen shellfish products during January, February, and March 1952.

Portuguese Average Wholesale Prices for Preserved Fish, January-March 1952

—

ten ff Sanuary 1952 | February 1952) | March 195209)

US$ | Escudos | US$ |[Escudos | US$

anned Fish: (Price per case f.o. Lisbon) ejeeee en
Sardines in olive oill/ ........ 12.40 } 332.50 317.30

Sardines in peanut oil)/ ....00.6 11.40 } 320.00 229.50
Mackerel in olive oill/ ......0. 11.54 | 360.00 332.12
Fillets of anchoviesS/ ...s.se0- 101,271 314.10. 317.50
rozen Shellfish: Price per pound f.o.b.
ares unseen GGoocgdb00000000 5.54

Cuttlefish and squid, frozen ...

PACKED IN 100=CAN CASES, 1/4 CLUB, 30 MM.
2/ PACKED IN 100-CAN CASES, ES, 1/10 Cui CLUB.

i

Kk HU K

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1951: Landings of fish and shellfish (not includingwhales
and cod) in continental Portugal during 1951 amounted to 176,987 metric tons, val-
ued at 627,944 contos (US$21,978,040), as compared with 171,720 metric tons, val-
ued at 648,069 contos (US$22,682,415), in 1950, according to an American Embassy
dispatch of July 21 from Lisbon. These totals include landings of the coastal,
otter-trawl, fresh-water, and shellfish fisheries. Salt-water fish comprised the
bulk of the landings (see table).

Portuguese Fish_and Shellfish Landings, 19511

GES rire

Metric Tons
170,715

Seilgaweiiee swale GogcondnnHd00GKdgOo0b00005
Hree'sh—Wweart.c rites lille leleleleleloleveloieleloleleieieteievelelerelere
SAIMIMIGN Qododoos0gcgo0d0daoUK bs od0o0GeGG
Wowenk stein ‘elacl Saoibbiign ooaonndoaqeboo0d
Landings of Selected Species:

Tinaalvandesimillarl Species leiices6<cjewee ees 655,095
DUT Cee SMelelelolaielelslolelelejsielelelejelelsleielelele/elelelelelee 8,550,885
Chinchards (horse mackerel) ..ccscsccccce 2,441,110
Pargo and common sea bream ..cccecccsccee 1,499,015
Nineteen omereteteieerimelecieielins cores aie we 0's occ 3,258,150
AAC OMAVARATICLS PIA bieletolotereielel=\efelejelovelehelekel oleiele 515,165
CUEEIORIEA SooododccoondudooUOD OO GNGd0000G 70,875
SePElGl soocccond00 Go 0d o0bODD0D0D00C 0000000 82,845
Octopus SSOCCOCCLECHOOCOSTCOCECL COLE O F222 2900 c 140 070
1/ DOES NOT |NCLJDE: (A) LANDINGS AT MADEIRA AND AZORES-ISLANDS; (B) LANDINGS OF COD AND

WHALES.

Trawl Fishery, 1951: Trawling on the high seas during 1951 yielded a catch
of 37,074 metric tons, valued at 189,932 contos (US#6,647,620), compared with
38,644 tons, valued at 183,711 contos (US$6,429,885), in 1950. The average month-
ly number of vessels utilized in 1951 was 77. A total of 3,892 trips were made
during the year as compared to 3,101 trips in 1950. Trawling operations were
carried out chiefly off Cabo Branco on the northwestern coast of Africa. Varie-
ties of fish caught were chiefly whiting, pargo, and sea bream. (The gremio of
owners of trawling vessels, a semi-official trade organization, reports the 1951
trawl landings as 39,351 tons and the 1950 catch as 40,593 tons; total trips in
1951 as 3,937 and in 1950 as 4,179.)

Cod Fishery, 1951/52: Vessels taking part in the 1951/52 cod-fishing season
(July 1-June 30) were 45 schooners and 20 trawlers. These vessels operated off the
Grend Banks of Newfoundland and Greenland and brought in 48,959 metric tons of wet
cod, of which 24,528 tons were caught by schooners and 24,431 tons by trawlers.
During fishing operations, however, three schooners were lost. The amount of
dried cod obtained from this catch is nct yet availeble, but on a percentage loss
basis of wet to dry cod that figure should be about 34,761 tons, or slightly less

than the 1950/51 season.

Sweden

DEPTH INDICATOR DEVICE FOR FLOATING TRAWL NETS BEING DEVELOPED: A device

Oe OO OO.

being developed in Sweden, according to Fiskaren (Nov. 12), a Norwegian trade
paper. Upon completion it is slated for testing by a Government research vessel.

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, Noo’ 2

A one-boat floating trawl has been developed by a Norwegian and demonstrated be-
fore the Ocean Research Institute which, reportedly, was enthused over the re-
sults of the test. The trawl stays open without otter boards, can be operated
by a 50 hp.-boat, and is cheaper than drift gill nets, according to the inventor,
who is now seeking a patent on his invention.

Union of South Africa

NEW SPINY LOBSTER FISHING GROUNDS EXPLORED: Experimental trawling for spiny
Africa by the privately-owned Cape Town trawler Mary Mortimer, the October 1952
South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review reports. Although the
vessel had varied success in the initial stages of the trip, one catch yielded
8,000 spiny lobsters. The catches so far have been absorbed by the local market
ee Durban. The dealers in that city reported that the spiny lobsters were 16 to
18 inches in length and possessing a softer shell than the Cape-Town variety.

The color is lighter and when cooked the spiny lobsters turn pink instead of red.

Whether or not further development of these spiny lobster grounds is possible
will not be known until data collected are studied and additional reports are re-
ceived on the acceptability of the product. In the past other research vessels
have established that there are spiny lobster resources off the Natal coast which
have not been exploited.

United Kingdom
GOVERNMENT AID TO THE FISHING INDUSTRY: Further Government aid to the fish-

ing industry ndustry was announced in the House of Commons before the 1952 summer recess
of Parliament, reports an August 12 dispatch from the American Embassy in London.
This aaeaall assistance is to be given as (1) a continuance of the white-—fish
subsidy, and (2) loans for building and equipping fishing vessels for the inshore,

and near= and middle-water fleets.

White-Fish Subsidy: The white-fish subsidy was introduced as a temporary
measure to alleviate the distress of those engaged in this industry (as distinct
from the herring fisheries) following the disastrous glut in 1949. After the
creation of the White Fish Authority in 1951 it was continued pending studies by
that Authority with a view to reorganize the industry along more profitable lines
which would eliminate the need for such assistance. It applied to near— and mid-
dle-water vessels and the inshore fisherman only, and was introduced July 30, 1950,
for a period of six months! duration. Since its inception it has been extended
several times and efforts have been made to include the distant-water trawlers
(over 140 feet in length). On July 24, 1952, the Minister of Agriculture and Fish-
eries announced that payment would be maintained until March 1953 although it had
been agreed not to increase the rates generally but to consider "one or two minor
upward adjustments" to make the total level of expenditurealmost that of lastyear.
This was done in consultation with the White Fish Authority whose first annual
report recommended such continuance. The total subsidy for the year ending March
1952 was close to the annual estimated total projected when the subsidy was first
put into operation. The subsidy payments were as follows:

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

Near- and Middle-Water Trawlers: & us$
England and Wales ccccccccccce 7225353 2,022,588
Scoillandifiay syarerereicrsinvats oleleleresiaunre 348,690 976 , 332

Inshore Trawlers:

England and Wales ..ccccccccce 182,572 511,202
Scotlands: deletsleretstevei tere clelotehelereve 301,173 843 28h
Northern Ireland .occeccccccce 19,404 Sybnsieil

Toi alMarnsareole creas statetcve aloreia te MLNS i 710, 2 WL O37

Loans: Proposed legislation was also announced in the House to provide
grants for building and equipping fishing vessels not exceeding 140 feet in
length. The intention is that the grant should be at the rate of not more than
20 percent with a maximum of £16,000 (US$#27,800) and, in the case of the smaller
vessels owned by working fishermen, 25 percent witha maximumof 44,000 (US$11,120).
It is understood these loans will be in addition to those empowered to the White
Fish Authority by the Sea Fish Industry Act of 1951 and to the Herring Industry
Board by the Herring Industry Scheme of 1951. The White Fish Authority report
put the cost of building a 110- to 125-foot trawler at £60,000 to £100,000
(US$166,800-278,000) at present. An inshore vessel under 70 feet renal cost not
less than 430,000 (US$83,400).

Kt kK K

GOVERNMENT TO BUILD FISHING TRAWLERS: A plan for the British Government to
build fishing trawlers for lease to private fishing firms was under discussion by
the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party at a conference held in No-
vember, reports the November 15 Fish Trades Gazette, a London trade periodical.
The cost of building modern fishing vessels is now so high that private enter-
prise cannot afford to re-equip the industry, and since up-to-date trawlers would
be necessary for national defense in wartime, the Government must now build them.
Also, the fishing industry would be in a better position to keep down the price
of fish if it was not burdened with the capital cost of building new vessels.

The president of the British Trawlers! Federation commented that if the char-
ter rate for leasing such government-owned vessels was considerably less than the
present cost of keeping trawlers at sea and building new vessels, the plan would
be welcome. However, until the stocks of fish in the near and middle waters are
considerably improved, the real incentive to go along with such a plan would be
lacking.

Ke H EK EK

GOVERNMENT GRANTS FOR BUILDING AND EQUIPPING FISHING VESSELS: The proposal
to provide ovide Government financial help for the building of fishing vessels will be
implemented in a bill to be introduced before the new Parliament, according to
the Speech from the Throne at the formal opening of Parliament on November 4,
1952. The original plan for British Government grants for building and equipping

fishing vessels was announced in the House of Commons in July 1952,

As this project was considered an essential one by the White Fish Authority
in its first annual report, it is expected that action will not be long delayed.
However, should orders for new fishing vessels be forthcoming fromforeign sources,
particularly those in a position to assist the dollar-export program, delay may
be experienced through lack of shipyard facilities, reports a November 6 dispatch
from the American Embassy in London.

Although the deep sea or "distant water" trawlers will be excluded from the
scheme of financial assistance, it is probable that the smaller vessels that will

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

be built will incorporate many of the improved features of design and equipment
found in the larger vessels. Particular attention will likely be paid to mechani-
zation of the tasks incidental to fishing and comfort of the crew, since efforts
will be made to attract men to these smaller vessels which always suffer in com-
peting with the larger vessels for fishermen.

HRM H

WHITE FISH AUTHORITY REPORT ON ema COLLECTED FROM FISHING INDUSTRY: The
fishing industry as of November 15, ae a dispatch from the American Embassy
at London dated November 24. This levy was placed on the industry when the White
Fish Authority was given approval on May 10 by the Minister of Agriculture and
Fisheries to grant loans (up to 60 percent of the cost) for building or improving
fishing vessels not exceeding 140 feet in length.

The Authority has spent 365,912 (US#183,525) on general administrative ex-
penses, training grants, research and experiment, and export promotion. The bal-
ance is being held for expenditure on projects which the Authority will be under-
taking under the powers conferred on it by Section 4 of the Sea Fish Industry Act,
1951.

bi a Sr

SHIP-TO-SHORE TELEVISION PICTURES OF SEA BOTTOM: Television pictures of the
distant in trials carried out in Portsmouth, England, during September by the H.
M. S. Reclaim, reports the November 22 issue of The Fishing News, a British trade
periodical. Viewers in Portsmouth were able to see the diver, fish, and crabs.

These tests were successfully completed using special equipment for relaying
underwater television pictures from ship to shore. The equipment was designed and
produced by a Cambridge (England) firm. The 16-mile distance tested is not the
full range of the ship-to-shore link nor is the 100-foot depth the maximum operat—
ing depth of the television camera.

"The ship-to-shore transmitter was supplied from the normal ship's A. C. sup-
ply, the input was 2.3 kw. from a 240-volt, 50-cycle supply. The output of the
transmitter was theoretically 500 watts, but it was estimated that the actual out—
put during the trials was in the order of 250 watts R.F. At the shore stationthe
signals were frequency-converted, amplified, and fed in a closed circuit to a num-
ber of standard receivers," according to the British trade periodical.

HR K KK

ULTRASONIC BEAM TO LOCATE WHALES: British whaling expeditions to the Antarc-
tic this season (commencing January 1953) will employ a device which utilizes ul-
trasonic sound pulses to locate whales, a November 28 dispatch from the American
Embassy reported. This ultrasonic "whale-finder" uses the Asdic principle bywhich
the range of a target in the water is measured by the time interval between the
transmission of an ultrasonic sound pulse and the reception of an echo from the
object. Its bearing relative to the vessel is also indicated.

This "whale-finder" equipment was demonstrated at the Barkingside factory of
a British marine firm under electronically—simulated sea conditions. Its poten-
tial value to whale hunters was shown successfully.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

Although the whale can be attacked only on the surface, its position in the
water can be located with reasonable accuracy at any distance up to 2,900 yards.
Since the ultrasonic beam can be deflected downward to an angle of 45 degrees
to the water's surface, the whale's movement can be followed while it is "sound—
ing," which may be for as long as 15 to 20 minutes. The harpoon-gunner will then
know the location of the whale as it again surfaces.

Also, it has been reported that helicopters will be used for locating whales
this season.

COD - THE BEEF OF THE SEA

Cod is extremely plentiful and inexpensive this winter, according to
reports from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Economical main dishes that will lower the homemakers' food budget
This pub-
lication contains background ma-
terial and helpful suggestions on
the purchase and preparation of
cod.

Have you ever smelled the de-
licious aroma of a cod chowder
simmering on the stove, and sat
down to a big bowl of its creamy
goodness? Have you ever tried
those delectable morsels from the
land of the Cabots and Lodges--
cod cakes fried in hot fat until
they area glorious sun tan? Have
you ever tried smoked cod, that
table delicacy that holdsa gusta-
tory pleasure for many? At the

next opportunity try this cod chowder and see if it doesn't rate high in
eating pleasure.

COD CHOWDER

2 POUNDS COD FILLETS 2 CUPS POTATOES, DICED
1/4 CUP BACON, DICED 1-1/2 TEASPOONS SALT
/4 CUP ONIONS, DICED DASH PEPPER

2 CUPS HOT WATER 4 CUPS RICH MILK

Cut fillets in 1 inch cubes. Fry bacon until crisp and golden brown.
Add onion and slightly brown. Add water and potatoes and cook 10 minutes,
or until potatoes are practically done. Then add cod, and cook until it
can be separated into large flakes with fork. Add remaining ingredients
and heat. Sprinkle top with chopned parsley. Makes 6 servings. This is
aU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service tested recipe.

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

Department of Commerce
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

—= —_ Ce

tion of Commodities Imported into the United States, effective January 1, 1954.
Changes in Schedule A, other than those required because of the negotiations un-
der GATT, will be considered. In making changes to be effective January 1, 1954,
consideration will be given to all recommendations now on file, as well as to any
other recommendations which are received by May 1, 1953. It will probably not be
possible to make all the recommended changes in view of the limitations on avail-
able resources, and users of the statistics are, therefore, requested to recommend
only changes which they feel to be urgent.

All members of the fishery and allied industries who feel that listings of
imports of fishery products should be shown in greater detail are urged to send
their recommendations to the Foreign Trade Division, Bureau of the Census, Depart-
ment of Commerce, Suitland, Maryland.

In addition to changes recommended by users of the import figures, it is an-
ticipated that some combinations of Schedule A classifications may be made on or
before January 1, 1954. These combinations would be made of classifications which
have the same Tariff status, which are adjacent in Schedule A, and for which im-
ports are relatively small in terms of value or which represent reporting problems.
A study is now in process to determine the areas where such combinations could be
made. It is believed that economy in compiling costs as well as improved accuracy
in the statistics will result from some combinations.

Any changes made as a result of recommendations by users of the figures or as
a result of this study will, of course, be subject to the approval of the Advisory
Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Trade Commodity Classification.

Almost all revisions made in Schedule A in recent years have been those which
became necessary as a result of negotiations under GATT. No thorough investiga-
tion or revision of Schedule A has been made for a number of years. In view of
limited resources available and the need to do other foreign trade compiling work
which appears to be more urgent at this time, a complete investigation of Schedule
A is not being planned for the immediate future. But users of import statistics
are at present being given this opportunity to recommend changes in the listing of
imports.

NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY

CAN QUOTA~PERCENTAGE RESTRICTIONS EXPIRE: Quota-percentage restrictions on
the quantity of cans which could be used to pack various products (including fish-
ery products) expired December 31, 1952, theNational Production Authority announced,

This action is a clarifying amendment to NPA's Order M-25 (Cans) removing
those parts of the order which became obsolete in 1953. The quota-percentage limi-

January 1953

°

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

WZ

tations established in the order were made effective only until December 31, 1952.
Revocation of Directions 2, 3, and 5 to M-25, effective January 1, 1953, to imple-
ment elimination of the quota restrictions was also announced.

This amendment also includes "fibre-body cans" in the order's definition of
"cans,'' restoring the situation which existed prior to the last amendment to M-25,

issued October 2, 1952.

efficiency and convenience.

The change is being made for the sake of administrative

The quota-percentage limitations of M-25 are being permitted to lapse because
the action is not expected to involve a net increase in the industry's use of tin,

explained NPA.

Direction 2, issued December 12, 1951, required can manufacturers to meet cur-
rent demands for cans before filling carry-over requirements on a prorata basis.

Direction 3, issued December 29,1951, set up standard procedures whereby can
users were enabled to calculate their quarterly base quotas on the amount of cans
they might use to pack a particular product.

Direction 5, was issued September 9, 1952, to permit can manufacturers to
minimize cutting losses which would result if the restrictions of M-25 were made
to apply to tin plate purchased under emergency conditions during and after the

steel strike.

The Direction permitted can manufacturers to make and sell cans or

parts of cans made of such tin plate for packing any product irrespective of the
can material specifications and quantity usage limitations of M-25.

Can material specifications remain in effect.

The full text of M-25, as amended December 31, 1952, follows (but only fish-
ery products are abstracted from the original Schedule I as it appears in the or-

der):

This amended order is found necessary
and appropriate to promote the national
defense and is issued pursuant to the
Defense Production Act of 1950, as
amended. In the formulation of this
amended order there has been consulta-
tion with industry representatives, in-
cluding trade association representatives,
and consideration has been given to their
recommendations. However, consulta-
tion with representatives of all trades
and industries affected by the issuance
of this amended order has been ren-
dered impracticable because the
amended order affects a very substantial
number of different trades and indus-
tries.

EXPLANATORY

This amended order affects NPA Order
M-25 as amended October 2, 1952, in the
following respects:

1. The definition of ‘“‘can” in section
2 has been amended to include fibre-body
cans, and a new paragraph has been
added to exempt such cans from the can
material specifications of Schedule I.

2. Those provisions of the order which
established quota percentage limitations

or were predicated on the existence of
quota percentage limitations have been
deleted,
drawn to expire by their own terms with
the year 1952.

Directions 1 and 4 to NPA Order M-25
have previously been revoked.

Directions 2, 3, and 5 to NPA Order
M-25 are being revoked effective Janu-
ary 1, 1953.

REGULATORY PROVISIONS

Sec.

. What this order does.

. Definitions.

. Restrictions on use of cans.

. Restrictions on manufacture, sale, and
delivery of cans.

5. Restrictions on quantity of cans that
may bé accepted.

6. Manufacture and use of cans conforming
to former specifications.

7. Preference in filling defense orders.

8. Exceptions.

9. Certification of delivery of cans.

. Request for adjustment or exception.

. Records and reports.

. Communications.

. Violations.

AUTHORITY: Sections 1 to 13 issued under
sec. 704, 64 Stat. 816, Pub. Law 429, 82d

PONE

since such provisions were,

M-25

AS AMENDED
DEC. 31, 1952
(Effective JAN. 1, 1953)

Cong.; 50 U. S. C. App. Sup. 2154. Interpret
or apply sec. 101, 64 Stat. 799, Pub. Law 429/9
82d Cong.; 50 U. S. C. App. Sup. 2071; sec. ~
101, E. O. 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, 15 F. R. 6105;
3 CFR, 1950 Supp.; sec. 2, E. O. 10200, Jan.
3, 1951, 16 F. R. 61; 3 CFR, 1951 Supp.; secs.
402, 405, E. O. 10281, Aug. 28, 1951, 16 F. R.
8789; 3 CFR, 1951 Supp.

SECTION 1. What this order does.
This order places restrictions upon the
acceptance of, the delivery of, and the
uses of cans. Schedule I sets out re-
quired plate specifications which vary ac-
cording to the products packed. NPA
Order M-24 permits the use of tin plate
and terneplate for cans in accordance
with the terms of this order. NPA Or-
der M-8 sets forth specifications for
solder that may be used in the manu-
facture of cans. Inder the Controlled
Materials Plan (CMP), allotments of tin
plate, terneplate, and black plate are
made to can manufacturers for the pro-
duction of cans.

Sec. 2. Definitions.
order:

(a) “NPA” means the National Pro-
duction Authority.

As used in this

$

72

(b) “Can” means any unused con-
tainer made in whole or in part of tin
plate, terneplate, or black plate, which
is suitable for packing any product. The
term includes any container, other than
a glass container, which has a closure or
fitting made in whole or in part of tin
plate, terneplate, or black plate, but does

not include fluid milk shipping con-|

tainers nor crown closures for cone-
topped cans.

(c) “Person’”’ means any individual.
corporation, partnership, association, or
any other organized group of persons,
and includes any agency of the United
States Government or of any other
government.

(d) “Packer” means any person who
either (1) purchases or manufactures
empty cans and fills such cans in pack-
ing any product, or (2) purchases empty
cans and has them filled for his account
by another party, but who controls sale
and distribution of the finished product
after packing.

(e) “Tin plate’ means steel sheets
coated with tin, and includes electrolytic
tin plate, hot-dipped tin plate, primes,
seconds, unassorted, tin plate waste-
waste, menders, unmended menders,
and unassorted temper tin plate. Tin
plate (except waste-waste) is furnished
as “‘specification production plate’ or
“mill accumulation plate,’’ and each such
class includes primes, seconds, and un-
assorted. Specification production plate
is plate produced against orders for
specific end uses. Mill accumulation
plate is plate arising in the production of
specification production plate not appli-
cable against such orders.

(f) “Terneplate’’ means steel sheets
coated with terne metal, and includes
special coated manufacturing ternes
(SCMT), manufacturing ternes, primes,
seconds, unassorted, and _ terneplate
waste-waste.

(g) ‘‘Waste-waste’”’ means hot-dipped
or electrolytic tin-coated steel sheets or
steel sheets coated with terne metal
which have been rejected during proc-
essing by the producer because of imper-
fections which disqualify such sheets
from sale as primes, seconds, or un-
assorted.

(h) “Unmended menders” means tin-
coated steel sheets arising in the produc-
tion of electrolytic-tin plate which have
been set aside by the producer by reason
of surface appearance which disqualifies
such sheets from sale as primes, seconds,
or unassorted.

(i) “‘Menders” means tin-coated steel
Sheets arising in the production of elec-
trolytic tin plate which have been set
aside by the producer by reason of sur-
face appearance which disqualifies such
sheets from sale as primes, seconds, or
unassorted, and mended either into coke
tin plate primes, seconds, or unassorted
by hot-dipping in tin; or into primes, sec-
onds. or unassorted terneplate by hot-
dipping in terne metal.

(j) “Unassorted temper tin plate”
means primes, seconds, or unassorted tin
plate, arising in the production of hot-
dipped or electrolytic tin plate, which
has been packaged without regard to
temper.

‘imperfections

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(k) “Waste” means protective sheets
and lacquered or lithographed misprint
sheets of tin plate, terneplate, or black-
plate, and includes scrap such as strips
and circles produced in the ordinary
course of manufacturing cans, and tin
plate strips, terneplate strips, or black
plate strips, produced in the ordinary
course of manufacturing tin plate, terne-
plate, or blach piate. The term also in-
cludes tin plate, terneplate, or black
plate parts recovered from used cans.

(1) “Black plate’ means steel sheets
(other than tin plate or terneplate) 29-
gage (128 pounds) or lighter. The term
includes can manufacturing quality
black plate (CMQ), chemically treated
black plate (CTB), primes, seconds, and
unassorted.

(m) “Black plate rejects’ means black
plate 29-gage (128 pounds) or lighter,
which has been rejected during process-
ing by the producer because of imper-
fections which disqualify such black
plate from sale as primes, seconds, or
unassorted, and which has been segre-
gated as to gage and size.

(n) “Black late wasters’ means
black plate 29-gage (128 pounds) or
lighter, whici: has been rejected during
processing by the producer because of
imperfections which disqualify such
black plate from saie as primes, seconds,
or unassorted, and which has been segre-
gated as to gage but not as to size.

(o) “Black plate waste-waste” means
black plate 29-gage (128 pounds) or
lighter, which has been rejected during
processing by the producer because of
which disqualify such
black plate from sale as primes, seconds,
er unassorted, and which has not been
segregated as to either gage cr size.

Sec. 3. Restrictions on use of cans.
Subject to the exceptions set forth in
section 8 of this order, no person shall
use cans for any purpose other than for
packing a product listed in Schedule I,
which appears at the end of this order,
in accordance with the can material
specifications set out in Schedule L

Sec. 4. Restrictions on manufacture,
sale, and delivery of cans. No person
shall manufacture, sell, or deliver cans
which he knows or has reason to believe
will be accepted or used in vilation of
the terms of this order or any other order
or regulation of NPA. No person shall
sell or deliver empty cans which he
knows or has reason to believe will be
exported outside of the continental
limits of the United States, its territories
and possessions (unless such export is
to Canada) except as permitted under
section 8 (g) of this order.

Sec. 5. Restrictions on quantity of
eans that may be accepted. No person
shall accept delivery of any cans at a
time when his inventory thereof exceeds,
or by acceptance of such delivery would
be made to exceed, a practicable mini-
mum working inventory of cans, as de-
fined in NPA Reg. 1, as now in force or
as hereafter amended.

Sec. 6. Manufacture and use of cans
conforming to former specifications.

Vol. 15, No. 1

Schedule I of this order as from time to
time hereafter amended may establish
can material specifications for packing
a certain product or products differing
from those theretofore established.
Whenever the can material specifica-
tions respecting the packing of any prod-
uct are amended, a can manufacturer
shall continue to make, sell, and deliver
cans and/or parts of cans conforming
to the specifications for packing that
product which were in force immediately
prior to the effective date of the particu-
lar amendment, and shall not make any
cans and/or parts of cans conforming to
the specifications established by that
amendment, so long as there is available
to him specification production tin plate,
terneplate, or black plate which was in-
tended for his use in making cans for
packing that product in accordance with
the specifications in force immediately
prior to the efféctive date of that particu-
lar amendment, and which, on the effec-
tive date of that particular amendment,
was in process of manufacture for his ac-
count and cannot be converted to the
specifications established by that par-
ticular amendment, or was held for his
account by the manufacturer, or was
held in his own inventory. Moreover,
whenever the can material specifications
for the packing of any product are
amended, no packer shall use for pack-
ing that product any cans and/or parts
of cans conforming to the specifications
established by that amendment so long
as any plate, cans, and/or’parts of cans
conforming to the specifications for
packing that product which were in force
immediately prior to the effective date of
that amendment are available to him,
whether in process of manufacture for
his account, or held for his account by
the manufacturer, or held in his own in-
ventory.

Sec. 7. Preference in filling defense
orders. So far as practicable, every can
manufacturer shall schedule his opera-
tions. (including his ordering of tin plate,
terneplate, and black plate) so as to

“insure delivery of all rated orders bear-
ing a program identification consisting
of the letter A, B, C, or E, and one digit
| including the program identification
B-5 where it appears as a suffix), and
any other orders under NPA directives.

Sec. 8. Exceptions. (a) The can ma-
terial specifications in Schedule I do not
apply to cans used to pack any product
in home canning, community canning,
or institutional (meaning such institu-
tions as prisons, vocational schools, and
mental hospitals) canning where the
product is not to be sold. This exception
also applies to cans for packing labora-
tory samples and control samples, but
not to cans for packing samples dis-
tributed for the purpose of advertising or
for promoting the sale of a product, or to
any cans used for packing products
which are later repacked and sold.

(b) The can material specifications in
Schedule I do not apply to cans or parts
of cans made entirely of any of the fol-
lowing materials or entirely of any com-
bination thereof:

January 1953

Mill accumulation plate.
Unassorted temper tin plate.
Unmended menders.

Tin plate waste-waste.
Tin plate waste.
Terneplate.

Terneplate waste-waste.
Terneplate waste.

Black plate.

Black plate rejects.
Black plate waste-waste.
Black plate wasters.
Black plate waste.

(c) The can material specifications in
Schedule I do not apply to fibre-body
cans having other parts made of any ma-
terial or materials defined in section 2.

(d) Rated orders bearing a program
identification consisting of the letter A,
B, C, or E, and one digit (including the
program identification B-5 where it ap-
pears as a suffix), are exempt from the
restrictions in section 5 of this order on
the quantity of cans that may be ac-
cepted.

(e) The can material specifications
set out in Schedule I of this order shall
not apply to rated orders bearing a pro-
gram identification consisting of the let-
ter A, B, C, or E, and one digit (includ-
ing the program identification B—5 where
it appears as a suffix), and requiring the
packing of products in accordance with
military or Federal specifications for the

Department of Defense for use outside
the 48 States of the United States and
the District of Columbia by “the Armed
Forces of the United States, including
the United States Coast Guard.

(f) The restrictions of this order shall
not apply to military requirements for
cans of a special design or style not nor-
mally produced or used commercially, or
to cans for emergency rations and sup-
plies for lifeboats.

(g) The provisions of this order shall
not apply to the sale or delivery of empty
cans where the person selling or deliver-
ing the same has received a validated
export license therefor from the Office of
International Trade, or has received
from another person a certificate signed
manually. This certificate shall be by
letter in substantially the following form
the inapplicable words stricken there-
from), shall constitue a representation
to the sell and to NPA, and shall be filed
with each purchase order with the per-
son selling or delivering to such other
person cans for export:

To seller:
The undersigned purchaser certifies, subject]
to criminal penalties, that (he has received)
a certification from another person that)
the Office of International Trade has issued)
to (him) (such other person) validated ex-
port license No. -_---~_ for export shipment
of all of the items included in the attached
purchase order, and that all purchases from|
you of items included in the said purchase
order and the acceptance of the same will be
in compliance with the said validated export
license.

In cases of export to those countries
where the Office of International Trade
does not require an export license, no
certificate shall be required until such
time as an export license is required by
the Office of International Trade.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sec. 9. Certification of delivery of
cans. No manufacturer, jobber, or dis-
tributor shall sell or deliver cams unless
he has received from the purchaser a
certificate signed manually. This certif-
icate shall be by letter in substantially
the following form, shall constitute a
representation to the seller and to NPA,
and, once filed by a purchaser with a
manufacturer, jobber, or distributor,
shall cover all future deliveries of cans
from the manufacturer, jobber, or dis-
tributor to that purchaser:

BNO) a eee wen See ae SOS , Manufacturer,
jobber, or distributor: The undersigned pur-
chaser certifies, subject to criminal penalties,
that he is familiar with Order M-25 of the
National Production Authority, and that all
purchases from you of items regulated by
that order, and the acceptance and use of
the same by the undersigned, will be in
compliance with said order, and any amend-
ments thereto.

SEc. 10. Request for adjustment or exr-
ception. Any person affected by any
provision of this order may file a request
for adjustment or exception upon the
ground that such provision works an
undue or exceptional hardship upon him
not suffered generally by others in the
same trade or industry, or that its en-
forcement against him would not be in
the interest of the national defense or in
the public interest. In examining re-
quests for adjustment or exception
claiming that the public interest is preju-
diced by the application of any provision
of this order, consideration will be given
to the requirements of the public health
and safety, civilian defense, and dislo-
cation of labor and resulting unemploy-
ment that would impair the defense pro-
gram. Each request shall be in writing,
submitted on Form NPAF-38, in tripli-
cate, and shall set forth all pertinent
facts, the nature of the relief sought, and
the justification therefor. Form NPAF-—
38 must be executed as therein required.

Sec. 11. Records and reports. (a)
Each person participating in any trans-
action covered by this order shall make
and preserve, for at least 3 years there-
after, accurate and complete records of
receipts, deliveries, inventories, produc-
tion, and use, in sufficient detail to per-
mit the determination, after audit,
whether each transaction complies with
the provisions of this order. This order
does not specify any particular account-
ing method and does not require alter-
ation of the system of records custom-
arily used, provided such records sup-
ply an adequate basis for audit. Rec-
ords may be retained in the form of
microfilm or other photographic copies
instead of the originals by those per-
sons who, at the time such microfilm or
other photographic records are made,
maintain such copies of records in the
regular and usual course of business.

(b) All records required by this order
shall be made available for inspection
and audit by duly authorized representa-
tives of the National Production Author-
ity, at the usual place of business where
maintained.

(c) Persons subject to this order shall
make such records and submit such re-
ports to the National Production Author-

73

ity as it shall require, subject to the terms
of the Federal Reports Act of 1942 (5
U.S. C. 139-139F).

Sec. 12. Communications. All com-
munications concerning this order shall
be addressed to the National Production
Authority, Washington 25, D. C., Ref:
NPA Order M-25.

Sec. 13. Violations. Any person who
wilfully violates any provision of this
order, or any other order or regulation
of NPA, or whe wilfully furnishes false
information or conceals any material
fact in the course of operation under
this order, is guilty of a crime and upon
conviction may be punished by fine or
imprisonment or both. In addition,
administrative action may be taken
against any such person to suspend his
privilege of making or receiving further
deliveries of materials or using facilities
under priority or allocation control and
to deprive him of further priorities
assistance.

Nore: All reporting and record-keeping re-
quirements of this order have been approved
by the Bureau of the Budget in accordance
with the Federal Reports Act of 1942.

Schedule I is hereto attached and
made a part of this order.

This amended order shall take effect
January 1, 1953.

NATIONAL PRODUCTION
AUTHORITY,

By GeorcE W. AUXIER,
Executive Secretary.

ScHEDULE I oF NPA ORpER M-25—CaNn
SPECIFICATIONS

The figures in columns (2) and/or (3)
specify the maximum weight in pounds of
coating per base box of tin plate which may
be used for the parts of cans for the products
listed in column (1). Any packer may sub-
stitute, for pacKing a listed product, a can
with a tin-coating lighter than that speci-
fied for that product.

EXCEPTIONS

1. Electrolytic 0.25 tin plate may be used
for drawn fittings which are not required to
be attached by soldering.

2. Electrolytic 0.50 tin plate may be used
in place of electrolytic 0.25 tin plate or
terneplate for all soldered parts of 5-gallon
square cans and for drawn soldered fittings
for any cans.

3. Hot-dipped 1.25 tin plate may be used
for the body of a scored can to pack any of
the meat products listed in this schedule.

4. Tin plate menders arising in the pro-
duction of electrolytic tin plate may be used
where either electrolytic or hot-dipped tin
plate is permitted in this schedule.

7h,

NOTE:

110.

115.

116,

117. Shad

118.
119.

120.
121.

176.
177.

187.

225.

nn

235.
236.

277.

, Caviar
. Chowder, all varieties

sGlamiuicesessseseneee eee

. Crawfish.

. Fish and seafood, frozen or refrigerated -
. Fishballs and cakes
. Fish flakes and ground fish for human consumption only, excluding tuna flakes_-
. Fish frank{furters
pRIshilivers ere een ee

. Fish oil____

. Fish paste.
. Fish, pickled _
. Fish roe

. Halibut
. Herring, sea and river, in oil, or brine (including alewives, anchovies, mackerel,

. Herring, sea and river, intomato or mustard sauce (including alewives, anchovies,

. Menhaden

i Mussels, processed -

. All other nonfood produc:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Product
qd)

Soldered or
welded parts

(2)

Fish and shellfish

Enameled cans- _-
Plain bodies___-

1-gallon and larger cans_
Other'sizes?-222222 222:

BES

Deviled_.-------
Processed -

BB

BERBER

In reusable 5-gallon square cans__-_---_--------_-_-
In nonreusable 5-gallon square cans and smaller size cans

SREse

In round double-seamed cans
In oval drawn cans______-__-

REE

pilchards, and sardines) (1.25 tin plate may be used for scored covers) - -----_-_---} -------.-----}
Round (cans 822 ett ess Be eS ea

34)3-Dleca | CADS Se sae an ee etee nee eae ee
Oval or oblong drawn (other than 44 drawn) -__-

SERRE

mackerel, pilchards, and sardines in oval, round, oblong, or drawn cans) (1,25
tin plate may be used for scored covers)
Lobster, processed or Newburg- ---------

BRRERS

Oysters, processed _
‘Salmon sos eee eee
In round double-seamed cans
In oval or drawn cans---____-

Enameled cans
Plain bodies_
Tuna including t
Turtle

Miscellaneous food products

Animal and pet food
Baby food

Chinese food specialties. ___________ REALL ie eed 19 eb SEO eae) ee Set 1
Chop suey.
Chow mein.
Egg foo yong.

Soups, liquid:

All other seasonal. ____.--_-----_--_--.-------------
Nonseasonal. .. ---------

All other nonseasona

All other nonprocessed foods.
All other processed foods

Nonfood products
Oils, industrial:
Animal, fish, or vegetable
4-gallon square cans
All other sizes__-

Can materials

Vol. 15, No. 1

Non-soldered
parts

(3)

BEE

BEE

BE

RSRESE

SESER

BEE

BSE

BERRES

FULL TEXTS OF MATERIALS ORDERS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY,

WASHINGTON 25, D. C., OR FROM ANY DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REGIONAL OR FIELO OFFICE.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 715

Interstate Commerce Commission

TRIP-LEASING REGULATION UPHELD BY SUPREME COURT: The Interstate Commerce
Commission regulation regarding trip-leasing has been upheld by the Supreme
Court. The lower court decisions upholding the rules governing motor vehicle
leasing and interchange prescribed by the Commission in Ex Parte MC-43, Lease
and Interchange of Vehicles by Motor Carriers, were affirmed by the Supreme
Court of the United States, January 12, in an opinion written by Justice Reed.
Justice Black wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Douglas concurred.

One phase of the Commission!s regulation prohibits the leasing by regulated
motor carriers of equipment for periods of less than 30 days. Therefore, the
Supreme Court ruling strikes a severe blow at trip-leasing by regulated carriers
of equipment owned or operated by exempt truck lines. Trip—leasing has been used
to a considerable extent in the past by truckers serving the fishery industries,
especially to provide back hauls for exempt equipment initially used to haul a
load of fresh or frozen fishery products.

Department of State

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES CONVENTION PLANNED: Preliminary discussions of a
Great Lakes Fisheries Convention were completed on December 19 in Washington,
D. C., by representatives of the Canadian and United States Governments, accord-

ing to a December 19 Department of State news release.

One of the chief problems of immediate concern to the United States and
Canadian Great Lakes fishing industries is the parasitic sea lamprey. Most of
the discussions concerned this and related problems. Each delegation offered
proposals for the setting up of an international commission to handle the sea
lamprey and other problems of the fisheries of the Great Lakes.

The conference was scheduled to resume discussions in late January 1953.

A Convention for the Great Lakes fisheries was the aim of the meeting. Cer-
tain Great Lakes fisheries, especially the more valuable ones such as the lake
trout, are suffering from the scourge of the sea lamprey, a predatory, eel—like
creature which lives by attaching itself like a leech to a fish and subsisting
upon its blood. It is estimated that some $5,000,000 in lake trout alone have
been lost to this parasite each year since 1949. The sea lamprey has already
destroyed the lake trout fisheries of Lakes Huron and Michigan, and is now in-
vading Lake Superior where the lake trout fisheries is threatened with extinction.

The immediate purpose of the Convention is to bring about joint action of
the United States and Canada to eradicate this pest. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, cooperating with research agencies in Michigan and other Great Lakes
States, has developed electrical and mechanical devices which will control the
sea lamprey, but these must be installed on both United States and Canadian shores
of the lakes to be effective. Im addition, it is expected that arrangements will
be made to coordinate the fishery research programs in the Lakes which are now
being undertaken by eight State Governments, the Province of Ontario, and the two
Federal Governments.

The United States Delegation follows:

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

CHAIRMAN
WILLIAM C. HERRINGTON, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE UNDER SECRETARY,OEPARTMENT OF STATE,
MEMBERS
DR. Je L. KASK, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
WARREN F. LOONEY, FOREIGN AFFAIRS OFFICER, DEPARTMENT OF STATEe
SYLVIA NILSEN, TREATY ADVISER, DEPARTMENT OF STATE.
WILLIAM M. TERRY, ACTING CHIEF, OFFICE OF FOREIGN ACTIVITIES, FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
CLAUDE VER DUIN, MAJOR OF GRAND HAVEN, MICHIGAN; EDITOR OF THE FISHERMAN; EXECUTIVE SEC~
RETARY, MICHIGAN FISH PRODUCERS! ASSOCIATION; SECRETARY, WISCONSIN FISH PRODUCERS! ASSOCIATION.

Fe A. WESTERMAN, CHIEF, FISH DIVISION, MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION, LANSING, MICH.
HHHEH ER

REVISED INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA: The re-
vised International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea will come into
force on January 1, 1954. These regulations were agreed upon among the delegates
to the International Safety of Life at Sea Conference held in London in 1948.
They were circulated to all interested governments by the Government of the United
Kingdom, acting at the invitation of the other participating governments. When
substantial unanimity of acceptance had been reached the Government of the United
Kingdom was to notify all other governments of that fact, setting an effective
date not less than one year ahead. The United States is now in receipt of formal
notification that substantial unanimity has been reached and that the date of
January 1, 1954, has been decided upon as the effective date for the new Regula-
tions, a U. S. State Department news release dated January 14 announced.

Among the more important changes introduced by the 1948 Regulations are the
following:

1. The Regulations apply to seaplanes on the water as well as to watercraft.

2. The second white masthead light which is allowed by the existing Regula-
tions becomes compulsory except for vessels less than 150 feet in length and for
vessels engaged in towing.

3. The range of visibility of lights on fishing vessels is standardized at
two miles. In the existing regulations no range is specified.

4. The stern light which is allowed by the existing regulations becomes com-
pulsory and its range of visibility is increased from one to two miles.

5. The range of visibility of anchor lights is increased for all vessels un-
der 150 feet in length from one to two miles and for vessels over that length
from one to three miles,

6. When a power=—driven vessel which, under the regulations, is to keepcourse
and speed, is in sight of another vessel and is in doubt whether the other ves-
sel is taking sufficient action to avert collision, she may use a signal consist-
ing of five short blasts.

The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1948, haveso
far been accepted by the following countries;

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77
Australia France Pakistan
Belgium Greece Peru
Brazil Holland Poland
Burma Hungary Rumania
Canada Iceland South Africa
Chile India Spain
Colombia Iraq Sweden
Denmark Republic of Ireland Turkey
Dominican Republic Italy United Kingdom
Ecuador Mexico U.S.A.

Egypt New Zealand U.S.S.R.
Finland Nicaragua Yugoslavia
Norway

Treasury Department

BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

on December 12, 1952. The release making this announcement states:

"The following procedure is established for the control of the tariff-rate
quota on fish, fresh or frozen (whether or not packed in ice), filleted, skinned,
boned, sliced, or divided into portions, not specially provided for: cod, haddock,
hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish, for the calendar year 1953, as prescribed in
the proviso to item 717(b), Part I, Schedule XX, of the General Agreement on Tar-
iffs and Trade (T. D. 51802).

"In order to afford equal opportunities at all ports of entry for filing en-
tries and withdrawals for consumption at the opening of the quota periods, Janu-
ary 2, April 1, July 1, and October 1, 1953, no entries for consumption or ware-
house withdrawals for consumption covering these commodities shall be presented
on the above dates before 12 noon, eastern standard time, 11:00 a.m., central
standard time, 10:00 a.m., mountain standard time, and 9:00 a.m., Pacific stand-
ard time.

"Entries and withdrawals for consumption covering the quota fish may be ac-
cepted at the rate of 1-7/8 cents per pound provided the delivery permit is not
delivered to the importer or his agent pending determination of their quotastatus.
If delivery permit is desired before such determination, importers shall be re-
quired to deposit estimated duties at the rate of 2-1/2 cents per pound.

"At ports where a number of entries, or withdrawals, for consumption are an-
ticipated all importers desiring to file such entries covering quota-class fish
at the opening of the quota shall be gathered in one place and special arrange-
ments made so that all such entries may be presented at the exact moment of the
opening of the quota. Entries so presented in proper form with the deposit of
estimated duties will be considered as accepted at the opening moment even though
a certain period of time may be required by the customs officer for checking pur-
poses.

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

"Customs Form 3161 shall show the time zone and exact standard time of pres-
entation of each entry and withdrawal for consumption covering the quota-class
fish for the opening day of each quota period and the time of acceptance for the
remainder of each period.

"To insure uniformity of practice and that importers at one port shall not
be accorded privileges with respect to the entry of any quota merchandise which
are denied at other ports, you are hereby instructed that no extension of time
for making entry shall be allowed under section 8.59(i), Customs Regulations of
1943, as amended, with respect to any quota merchandise, if such extension in-
cludes the first day of the quota period for the merchandise in question.

"The quota on fish (paragraph 717(b)) for the calendar year 1953 will be de-
termined and published in a Treasury Decision as soon after December 31, 1952, as
possible." 5
NOTE: A SUMMARY OF ITEM 717(B), PART 1, SCHEDULE XX, OF THE GATT (T. D. 51802) READS: FISH,

FRESH OR FROZEN (WHETHER OR NOT PACKED IN ICE), FILLETED, SKINNED, BONED, SLICED, OR DIVIDED
INTO PORTIONS, N.S.P.Fet

COD, HADDOCK, HAKE, POLLOCK, CUSK, AND ROSEFISH:

ON NOT MORE THAN 15 MILLION POUNDS, OR A QUANTITY EQUAL TO 15 PER CENTUM OF THE AVERAGE
AGGREGATE APPARENT ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF SUCH FISH DURING THE 3 CALENDAR YEARS PRECEDING THE
YEAR IN WHICH THE IMPORTED FISH ARE ENTERED, WHICHEVER QUANTITY IS GREATER, ENTERED IN ANY
CALENDAR YEAR. TARIFF RATE==1-//8 CENTS PER POUND. ( GENEVA AGREEMENT PROVIDES THAT OF THE
TOTAL ANNUAL QUANTITY ENTITLED TO ENTRY AT THE RATE OF 1-7/8 CENTS PER POUND, NOT MORE THAN
1/4 SHALL BE SO ENTITLED DURING THE FIRST 3 MONTHS, NOT MORE THAN 1/2 DURING THE FIRST 6
MONTHS, AND NOT MORE THAN 3/4 DURING THE FIRST 9 MONTHS OF ANY YEAR«s

ON OTHER, ENTERED IN ANY CALENDAR YEAR: TARIFF RATE=-2-1/2 CENTS PER POUND e"

CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE KING CRAB

King crab (Paralithodes camtschatica, Tilesius) has been an important
source of canned crab meat. During the five years, 1935-39, it supplied
the raw material for approximately 90 percent of the 10,987,000 pounds of
canned crab meat consumed annually in the United States. Practically this
entire amount of king crab was imported from Japan and the Soviet Union,
only negligible quantities being produced domestically.

The extensive processing of this crab by floating canneries of foreign
nationals in Alaskan waters resulted in the President requesting the Sec-
retary of the Interior to investigate the practicability of establishing

an American king-crab industry in Alaska. Due to the lack of information
necessary in prosecuting such a fishery, the Congress, late in June 1940,
approved a special appropriation, authorizing the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Services to conduct an investigation of the king-crab fishery off the coast
of Alaska.

Activities of the first expedition, lasting from September to late
November 1940, were confined to the Pacific waters between False Pass and
Kodiak Island, with the principal fishing and canning operations being
conducted in Canoe and Pavlof Bays.

--Fishery Leaflet 340

January 1953

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS

In Millions

MAINE - LANDINGS

NOT INCLUDING IMPORTS
80 : Tae

CUMULATIVE

7OP11 vgs. 1952 - 288.4
n 1951 = 212.2
| We 1951 - 220.9

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
SALT-WATER MARKET

26) CUMULATIVE DATA

2412 MQS. 1952 - 174.2
iz) |) 1951| = 1712
12 1950 - 174.9

22

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS
HEAQS OFF - FOR ALL USES

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1952 = 70.9
1951 - 76.1
1950 = 59.1

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

In Thousands

«

a CALIFORNIA jf - PILCHARD LANDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

1952/53 SEASON - 3.3
1951/52 SEASON - 126.5 ]]
1950/51 SEASON - 355.2

10)
JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

Pounds

MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS
_ BOSTON . GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD _

f CUMULATIVE DATA a
11 mgs. 1952 - 477.6
11, «(1951 = 524.2] |
12 1951 = 547.6

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
WHO‘ESALE MARKET

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
WHOLESALE MARKET LANDINGS . & IMPORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1952 = 97,5
1951 = 92.3
1950 - 88.9

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

of Tons

GALIFORNIA- TUNA AND’ TUNA-LIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

-« 1952 - 166.4
1951 - 167.9
1951_- 173.2

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Millions of Pounds
U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OGT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

— : = 8)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

()

Onu fF a Dn VN @wW ©

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA -
HOIDINGS OF FROZEN FISH CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FIS

48

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC, JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. Q

January 1953

CANNED

In Thousands

MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK

- 1952 - 2,875.9
1951 - 1/5538
1951

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CALIFORNIA - TUN. AND TUNA-LIKE FISH
1600 ———= :

CUMULATIVE DATA

1YOO#11 mgs. 1952 - 7,467.7
ial 1951 - 7,193.9
1951 - 7,440.3

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE \IULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

510
CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND SALMON

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

FISHERY PRODUCTS

of Standard Cases

UNITED STATES - SHRIMP

‘CUMULATIVE DATA

1952/53 SEASON,

AUG.-JAN.

1951/52 SEASON,

AUG. -JAN.

1951/52 SEASON,

TOTAL AUG.-JULY - 787.5

‘AUG. SEPT, OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY

CALIFORNIA - PILCHARDS
1BY

1951/52 SEASON, 1400
AUG.-JAN,.
1950/51 SEASON,

AUG.-JAN. = 5,257.1}1200

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

ALASKA - SALMON

CUMULATIVE DATA

TOTAL 1952 SEASON - 3,530.1°
TOTAi_ 1951 SEASON - 3,473.6 ff
TPRELIMINARY

J WN

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wat.
SARDINES 100 §=1/4 drawn 3 1/4 oz.

SHRIMP 48 — 5 oz.
TUNA 48 No. 1/2 tuna 7 oz.
PILCHARDS 48 No. 1 oval 15 oz.
MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 oz.
SALMON 48 l-pound tall 16 oz.

82

PRICES ,

BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE
ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN @ PER POUND

CUMULATIVE ATA

12 MQS. AYG. 1952 - 8.28
1951 = 8,37
1950 - 7.86

" n

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

In Millions

U.S. - IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FILLETS

OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING ROSEFISH,

CUMULATIVE DATA

ia vite 1952 - 103.3
11 1951 =
1951 -

U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
: ____AND TUNA-LIKE FISH _

cu comiar LVE DATA
11 MQs. 1952 ~ 17.0

1951 = 12.9
1951 = 14.0

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL
IN, }MOUSANDS OF TONS

12 vie 1952 - 194.9
Hl2 1951 - 189.0
1950 - 216.5

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 15, No. 1

IMPORTS, and BY-PRODUCTS

MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING
IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS

[CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

of Pounds
U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN

SHRIMP_FROM_MEXICO

11 MQS. 1952 30.5

ni" 1951 = 34:5
2 1951 - 39.6

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

of Pounds
U.S.+IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES
( Inciyae _in ol and not in oil ) E
v1 wie 1952 - 22,0
11 1951 - 25.8
N2 1951 - 27.7

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL
IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS | «.

Sara | _ A/a

12 “ire 1952 = 15.4
12 1951 - 17.9
1950 = 21, 4

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

January 1953

ee 5

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

83

<,
Reeser ON to ELUNE N I 7 Pee

Aas Da fr

--s

Recent publications of interest tothe commercial fishing industry are listed

below,

Number

CFS-671 -
CFS-813 -

CFS-814 -
CFS-815 -
CFS-816 -

CFS-817 -
CFS-820 -
CFS-821 -
CFS-822 -
SSR-Fish.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE

DIVISION OF
!NGTON 25, D.

INFORMATION,
Cc.

U. S.

CFS
ALASKA

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,
TYPES” OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

WASH-=-

- CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND

SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
SSR.-FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS=-FISHERIES (LIMITED

DISTRIBUTION).

Title )

Canned Fish and Byproducts, 1950 Annual
Sumnary (revised), 20 p.

Massachusetts Landings, September 1952,

1 390

Frozen Fish Report, November 1952, 8 p.

Lake Fisheries, 1950 Annual Summary, 10 p.

South- Atlantic Fisheries, 1950 Annual
Summary, 9 p.

Gulf Fisheries, 1950 Annual Summary, 10 p.

Maine Landings, September 1952, 4 p.

Texas Landings, October 1952, 4 p.

Fish Meal and Oil, October 1952, 2 p.

No. 87 - Doctoral Dissertations on the
Management and Ecology of Fisheries
(Additional Listings - 1952), by W. F.
Carbine, 46 p., October 1952.

Sep. 327 - Progress on Technological Research Proj-

ects of the Service's Branch of Commer-
cial Fisheries, 1951-52.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATION
ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON 25), D):

Effect of Floodwaters on Oysters in Mississippi
Sound in 1950, by Philip A. Butler, Research Re-
port 31, 23 p., illus., printed, 15 cents, 1952.
Productive oyster reefs in Mississippi Sound are

subject to seasonal floodwaters.

In 1945, lower-

ed salinity caused mass mortality on the reefs.
The mortality at that time was attributed to
fresh water discharged from the Bonnet Carre

Number
Sep. 328

Sep. 329
330

331

Sep.
Sep.
Sep. 332

333
334

Sep.
Sep.

Sep. 335

1S

spillway on the Mississippi River.

Title
- Freezing Fish at Sea--New England - Part
V - Freezing and Thawing Studies and
Suggestions for Commercial Equipment.

Freezing and Cold Storage of PacificNorth-

west Fish and Shellfish:

- Part I - Storage Life of Various Rock-
fish Fillets.

- Part II - King Crab.

- Technical Note No. 22 - A New Liquid
Medium for Freezing Round Fish.

- Technological Publications, Fiscal Year
1951-52.

- Odor Control in Fish Processing Plants.

- A Minimum Net-Mesh Size for the New Eng-
land Haddock Fishery.

- Further Experiments on the Escape of Un-
dersized Haddock through Otter Trawls.

FOR SALE AND |S AVAILABLE

Cc.

This report

discusses the biological and hydrographic data

collected during the flood period in 1950.

Con-

parison of 1950 with previous years indicates
that salinity levels in Mississippi Sound result
from a combination of factors, no one of which
can reasonably be cited as the cause of the oys-
ter’ mortalities,

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol.*15, Now: 1

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES IS-
SUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MEN-
TIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

Annual Earnings of Boston Fishermen in 1951, by
Solomon Shapiro, 15 p., processed. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor;
Washington 25, D. C., July 1952. This report
gives statistica] data for 1951 on the average
annual earnings of Boston fishermen by occupa-
tion, increase in employment opportunity, and
variations in earnings among ships. A chart
showing the percentage increase in annual earn-
ings of Boston fishermen from 1948 to 1951 is
also included. A comparison of the average an-
nual earnings of Boston fishermen by number of
days worked and average number of days workedby
occupation is made for 1951 and 1948. Other
tables show the 1951 distribution of fishermen

in the Boston Fish Pier fleet by annual earnings

and occupation; and distribution of fishermen,
deckhands, cooks, captains, mates, chief engi-
neers, and second engineers by annual earnings
and number of days worked.

For the Year 1950, with a Description of Methods
Used in Collecting and Compiling the Statistics,

Fish Bulletin No. 86, 120 p., illus., printed.
Bureau of Marine Fisheries, Department of Fish
and Game, San Francisto, Calif., 1952. The re-=
port contains complete data available on the
commercial catch of fish, mollusks, and crusta-
ceans landed and shipped into California during

1950; information on the number of licensed fish-

ermen in the State; the number of registered
fishing boats; data on the marine catch made by

sportsmen; and‘related information. In addition,

it discusses the changes that have been made in
the statistical forms and in the procedure of

collecting and processing the statistics ofCali-
fornia's fish catch. Since the State of Califor-
nia maintains the largest and most complete fish-

ery statistical unit of any of the States, and
has used the present statistical system forover
30 years, this section of the report will be of
special interest to those concerned with the
collection and tabulation of fishery data. A
list of common and scientific names of Califor-

nia fish, crustaceans, and mollusks is included,

--E. A. Power

"Commercial Shrimps of the Pacific," article, Trade
News, September 1952, vol. 5, now 3, ppe 5-6,

11, illus., processed. Department of Fisheries,

Ottawa, Canada. Five commercial species of
shrimp which are found in the waters off the
British Columbia coast are described: "side-

stripe" or "giant-red" (Pandalopsis dispar);
"pink" (Pandalus borealis); "prawn" or "spot"
(Pandalus ee ; "hump-back" or "king"

(Pandalus hypsinotus); and "coon-stripe" shrimp

(Pandalus danae). Pictures are included showing

features used in identification.

Handbook of Emergency Defense Activities, October

1952-March 1953, 125 p., printed, 30 cents. Gen-

eral Services Administration, Washington, D. C.
(For sale by Suverintendent of Documents, wash-
ington 25, D. C.) This is a guide to Federal

agencies whose activities are primarily devoted

to mobilization or to other related phases of

the defense program, It includes brief organiza-
tional outlines and the names and addresses of
officials of emergency defense agencies, the De-
partment of Defense, and the United States Coast

‘Guard. The Defense Fisheries Administration is

also listed. It also includes a separate list
of officials from whom information may be obtain-
ed concerning other Federal agencies.

General Series No. 20,\4 p., illus., processed.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Atlantic Bio-
logical Station, St. Andrews, N. B., September
1952. A brief resume of the life history and
movements of the northwest Atlantic stocks of
harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) during thecourse
of a year.

An Investigation of Fresh Clam (MYA ARENARIA) Meats

with Respect to Criteria of Adulteration, by
Donald M, Harriman, Research Bulletin No. 3, 21
p-, illus., processed. Department of Sea and
Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine, April 1950. De-
scribes an investigation of clam meat solids and
free liquors. Free liquid is itself a diluent,
and while it has not been shown to be an index

of absorbed water, it should be limited as rep—
resenting one type of adulteration. That free
liquids can be kept below 10 percent in the com-
mercial pack has been demonstrated. It is, there-
fore, recommended by the author that free liquids
in excess of 10 percent be accepted as a crite-
rion of adulteration. Other recommendations by
the author were: (1) total solids should not be
considered as a criterion of adulteration; (2)if
a minimum solids content is to be stipulated, 11
percent is considered the least objectionable,
This report discusses the history of Maine clam
standards; clam quality variables as determined
by meat assays; total solids; free liquid; ef-
fect of various washing methods on the free-liq-
uid content of clam packs; and the problem of
standards, 4

Lobster's Claw, by Frederick T. Baird, Jr., Re-
search Bulletin No. 2, 12 p., illus., printed;
and II. A Device for Determining Lobster Weights,
by Clyde C. Taylor, Fisheries Circular No. 6, pp.
13-16, illus., printed. Department of Sea and
Shore Fisheries, Vickery-Hill Bldg., Augusta,
Maine, March 1950. The first part of this bul-
letin covers experiments made with various types
of lobster plugs to determine their effect on
the meat of the lobster's claws. It was found
that no plug was effective in reducing or pre-
venting bacterial action or discoloration. Steri-
lization of plugs and claws followed by sealing
prevented the formation of discoloration, indi-
cating discoloration is caused by a factor not
associated with the plug itself. The secondpart
of this bulletin describes the construction and
accuracy of a measuring device used for deter-
mining lobster weights. Determinations of the
weight and length of lobsters have shown that,
within the legal size range, the average weight
in pounds can be mathematically expressed as a

January 1953

function of the length of the lobster, the weight
varying approximately as the cube of the total
length or of the carapace (body shell) length.

190 pages, illus., printed, $3.50. Doubleday
and Company, Garden City, New York, 1952. A book
for anglers, but also a handy reference for those
interested in any other aspect of fisheries. It
is essentially a guide for the identification of
marine game fishes throughout the world. Sharks
and rays, tuna, bonito, and mackerels, grunts,
snappers, croakers, flatfishes, and many others
are described in such a way that the average per-
son will have no difficulty in identifying them.
The groups are catalogued effectively with in-
formation on the distribution, color, distin-
guishing characters, size, food, habits, and
means of angling for each species. The book is
generously illustrated with 138 plates, arranged
for easy reference in the text. There are 80
illustrations in full color and 58 in black and
white. The artist is Janet Roemhild. A small
part of the book is devoted to a geographical
section where condensed information may be found
on types of angling and facilities for sport fish
ing in various localities throughout the world.
The book is well indexed--a real boon to those
readers who will make constant use of the index
in a reference book of this type. International
Game Fish Association charts list record sport—
fishing catches. The author is Secretary of the
Association and also the Associate Curator of
Fishes at the American Museum of Natural History.
This book aptly demonstrates her qualification
as an authority in game-fish identification.

--R. T. Whiteleather

Maryland's Natural Resources at a Glance, 2 po,

illus., printed. Board of Natural Resources,
State Office Building, Annapolis, Md., August
1951. This leaflet gives a few facts and figures |
to illustrate the variety and value of the natu-
ral resources of Maryland. Charts showing the
yield of Maryland's commercial fisheries for1949
and the number of Maryland hunters and fresh-
water fishermen for 1949-50 are included. The
State agencies which have been established to
protect, preserve, and develop Maryland's natu-
ral resources are listed.

(MSA) Monthly Report of the Mutual Security Agency

to the Public Advisory Board, (Data as of Au-
gust 31, 1952), 74 p., illus., processed. Div-
ision of Statistics and Reports, Mutual Security
Agency, Washington 25, D. C. Included arecharts
and tables summarizing important activities under
the economic assistance and defense support pro-
grams of the Mutual Security Agency and its pred-
ecessor, the Economic Cooperation Administration,
through August 31, 1952. Charts and appendix
tables on the European program cover MSA/ECA op-
erations beginning with April 3, 1948. Charts
and appendix tables on the Far East programcover
MSA/ECA operations under the China Area Aid Act
of 1950. A section of the report deals with

U. S. foreign trade.

North Carolina's Natural Resources, North Carolina

Resource Bulletin Series No. 4, 54 p., illus.,
printed. North Carolina Department of Conserva-
tion and Development, Raleigh, N. C., 1952. This
bulletin is intended to help the public in gen-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RaVIEW 85

eral, and especially the school children who are
studying the resources of the State of North
Carolina, to understand how the Department of
Conservation and Development is organized andthe
means it uses in conserving and developing the
resources under its supervision. The commercial
fisheries of North Carolina and the problems of
the industry are discussed. A chart on the de-
velopment of State agencies administering natu-
ral resources in North Carolina, an organization
chart of the Department of Conservation and De-
velopment, and descrirtions of the work of the
various divisions of the Department are included,

Prospects for the 1952-53 Herring Fishing Season,

by J. C. Stevenson, Circular No. 25, October
1952, 7 pe»with map, processed. Pacific Biolog-
ical Station, Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Nanaimo, B. C. This is the eighth in an annual
series of circulars dealing with the prospects
for the. British Columbia herring fishery. Vari-
ous studies of the adult herring populations
form the basis of these annual predictions of
the success of fishing. The studies provide in-
formation on (1) the relative abundance of the
different age groups in the fishing and spawning
runs, (2) the size of the catch and the fishing
effort expended, and (3) the relative size of
the part of the population which escaped the
fishery and spawned.

Ranch Fish Ponds in Montana (Their Construction and

Management) , by C.J. D. Brown and Nels A. Thoreson,
Bulletin 480,;30 p., illus., printed. Montana
State College, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Bozeman, Montana, December 1951. This bulletin
brings together from all sources the information
which is applicable to Montana on the develop-
ment and management of a ranch fish pond, In-
structions are given for choosing a suitablesite,
preparation of the dam and pond sites, con-
structing the dam, determining the kind of fish
to be planted, pond fertilization, and related
subjects. Laws pertaining to the regulation of
fish ponds in Montana are quoted.

€

Regulation and Investigation of the Pacific Halibut

Fishery in 1950, Report of the International
Fisheries Commission No. 16, 16 p., illus.,
printed. International Fisheries Commission,
Seattle, Wash., 1951. A brief review of theCom-
mission's activities in 1950 with reference to
the Pacific Coast halibut fishery. Presentedin
the booklet are data on the 1950 fishery and the
regulations for that year, statistics of land-
ings, abundance of halibut in certain areas,
changes in composition of stocks, and the marking
program.

A Revision of the Family EMBIOTOCIDAE (The Surf-

erches), by Fred Harald Tarp, Fish Bulletin No.
co 103 p., illus., printed. Bureau of Marine
Fisheries, Department of Fish and Game, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., October 1952, Includes an out-
line of the general history of the surfperches
(family Embiotocidae) and their viviparity. Be-
cause of their rather close relationships, the

Embiotocidae have been a problem for the angler,

the ecologists, the parasitologist, and others,
to identify and even, occasionally, have proved
to be difficult for the professional ichthyolo-
gist to determine. An attempt has been made in
this revision to remedy this situation by includ-
ing full descriptions based on ropulations rather

86

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 1

than on individual specimens, and by including
a key which will prove adequate for juvenile
specimens, as well as for adults.

Second Report to Congress on the Mutual Security

Program...for a strong and free world, 51 p.,
illus., printed, 30 cents. Mutual Security A-
gency, Washington, D. C., June 30, 1952. (For
sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington
25, D. C.) This report reviews the steps that
have been taken with other nations, during the
first six months of 1952, to work for peace and
security.

(Singapore) Fisheries Survey Report (No. 1--An In-

troduction to the Fisheries Survey of the Colony
of Singapore with a Consideration of the Method-
ology Employed), by G. L. Kesteven and T. We
Burdon, Fisheries Bulletin No. 2, 126 pe, illus,,
printed, British Malayasian $2.00 (approximately
US$.70). Government Publications Bureau, Sing-
apore, 1952. This is the first report of a de-
tailed and intensive study of the fishing indus-
try of the Colony of Singapore commenced in 1950.
Purpose of this report is to describe the steps
which have been taken thus far to secure reli-
able documentation of the industry, and in par-
ticular to give an account of the statistical
techniques employed to achieve a measure of re-
liability that will permit confident planning.
Many of the elements of the industry are best
regarded from the statistical viewpoint and much
of the survey work has inevitably been and will
continue to be concerned with the collection of
statistical data. The series of such data are
listed and described in this report and an ac-
count is given of the methods which are being
employed in this survey. Also discussed are the
general nature of the results which are emerging
from this work and the directions in which these
results point in respect to future work.

Trade with Norway (A Businessman's Guide and Direc-

tory), 130 pe, illus., printed. Economic Coop—
eration Administration Special Mission toNorway,
Oslo, April 1951. The purpose of this booklet
is to tell the American businessman a littlemore
about Norway and the way in which Norwegian-
American trade-is carried on, Among the sub-
jects included are Norway's fishing industry,
canned and frozen fishery products, and statis-
tics on canned fish exports. The directory of
Norwegian exporters includes the names and ad-
dresses 2f exporters of canned fishery products,
frozen fishery products, dried and salted fish,
fishery byproducts, fishing equipment, and pearl
essence.

"The Useful Algae," by Francis Joseph Weiss, article

Scientific American, December 1952, vol. 187,
NO» 6; pp. 15-17, illus., printed. Scientific
American, Inc., New York 36, N. Y. Describes

some of the algae most commonly known as seaweed.
"Algae are responsible for much more of our min-
eral and organic resources than is generally re-
alized," states the author. "The constant ero—
sion and leaching of minerals from the land into
the oceans during hundreds of millions of years
has vastly enriched the seas' mineral content.
Since algae have an extraordinary capacity to
accumulate minerals, they have become steadily
richer in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
chlorine, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese, zinc,
arsenic, cobalt, nickel, lead, tin, molybdenum,
antimony, titanium, boron, bromine, and iodine."
Algae of marine origin, therefore, make excellent
fertilizers for depleted soils," continues the
author. "Since time immemorial the larger sea-
weeds have served human beings as a food supple-
ment." Algin (a processed product) and its
derivatives have a great number of present and
potential uses in industrial and food chemistry,
the author points out. "Algin can be pressed
into boards or other plastic products. Its min-
eral salts canbe spun into noninflammable fibers,
Algin makes many food products more appealing
and palatable. It is estimated that no lessthan
75 percent of all the ice cream consumed in the
United States is now emulsified with algin. In
addition, it is used as a stabilizer in sherbets,
chocolate milk, and cheese, and as a thickener
for soups and salad dressings. And in the indus-
trial field, algin is widely used in pharmaceuti-
cal emulsions, cosmetic preparations, sizing
material, paper coating, paints and varnishes,
latex creaming, leather finishing--in short
wherever need exists for a gel-forming hydro-
philic substance."

TRADE LISTS

The Commercial Intelligence Branch, Office of
International Trade, U. S. Department of Commerce,
has published the following mimeographed trade lists.
Copies of these lists may be obtained by firms in
the United States from that Office or from Depart-
ment of Commerce field offices at $1.00 per list.

Boat and Ship Builders — Repairers and Chan-
dlers — Philippines, 6 p. (November 1952).
Lists the names and addresses of boat build-
ers and repairers, and ship chandlers in the
Philippine Islands. The size and type of
vessel handled and the types of productsand
services offered by each firm are shown.

Boat and Ship Builders, Repairers and Chan-
dlers - Portugal, 8 p. (November 1952). Lists
the names and addresses of boat builders and
repairers, and ship chandlers in Portugal.
Shown are the sizes and the types of vessel
handled and the types of products and serv-
ices offered by the firms listed.

January 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

CONTENTS, CONTINUED

PAGE PAGE
FOREIGN (CONTD.) FOREIGN. (CONTD. )
JAPAN: UNITED KINGDOM:
LATEST CHECK PRICES FOR TUNA EXPORTS GOVERNMENT AID TO THE FISHING INDUSTRY 66
We) Wis So ANY GANDY coacdaccodoscK00s5e Sl GOVERNMENT TO BUILD FISHING TRAWLERS .. 67
FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO U. "3, AND CANADA 51 GOVERNMENT GRANTS FOR BUILDING AND
FACTORYSHIP CRAB FISHING IN BERING SEA EQUIPPING FISHING VESSELS ......e0000. 67
BEANNEDMRORM O53) ieyeyoletorelelelelelelelelelelalelelelele OS WHITE FISH AUTHOR] TY REPORT ON LEVIES
EXPERIMENTAL PURSE-SEINING FOR TUNA IN COLLECTED FROM FISHING INDUSTRY ...... 68
CEEEBESMSEAmeierieieistsrteisisiiciellsiieicleisrerno lS SHIP-TO-SHORE TELEVISION PICTURES OF
MOTHERSHI P-TYPE SALMON FISHING IN NORTH S BAM BOMMOMMmersteysteyalelelateletelaiels aistalclolclelolsivicse OO.
PACIFIC PLANNED FOR 1953 ....cceccsecee 53 ULTRASONIC BEAM TO LOCATE WHALES ....2. 68
RESULTS OF 1952 NORTH PACIFIC SALMON FIDL (NGRIGNSS odanonndo00G5on00DuDD0000.. 2)
EXFEDITION sopcccsoccc0600nbdanasD0Gane Sh DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE:
GOVERNMENT AID TO COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 54 BUREAU OF CENSUS:
KENYA: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGES IN LISTING
TURTLE INDUSTRY PLANNED ....2-+0-es0e0- 56 OFMIMPORTSs REQUESTED er iercvelelereyeicletelelsreromnyO
LEBANON: NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY:
A REPORT ON THE FISHERIES .....eeeeee0- 57 CAN QUOTA-PERCENTAGE RESTRICTIONS
MEXICO: DIPIRE sococanadguoundGoD0aOOUbGSOHad LO
GUAYMAS SHRIMP FISHERY OUTLOOK DARK ... 60 INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION:
MAZATLAN SHRIMP FISHERY, NOVEMBER 1952 61 TRIP-LEASING REGULATION UPHELD BY
IMPORT DUTIES INCREASED FOR CERTAIN SUPREME COUP sonosccocccn0ce0sseho0n
PISKERY TROPICS) Gonos0o0-d50000G00b00 DEPARTMENT OF STATE:
SPINY LOBSTER AND CURED FISH EXPORT GREAT LAKES FISHERIES CONVENTION
TARIFF FRACTIONS CHANGED .........-.-. 62 PLANNED ...... boaoodguo0dnO0DDdSOO. UF
NORWAY: REVISED INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR
WOLFFISH FISHERY INCREASING IN PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA ......22 76
IMPORITPANGESavele/stelsialelelsicislelel-ielelel=ielelelelejelei«) | (OS TREASURY DEPARTMENT:
NEW TYPE BARREL INVENTED ......2-e-0-2. 63 BUREAU OF CUSTOMS:
NORWEGIAN WHALE MEAT ACCEPTED IN UNITED 1953 PROCEDURE FOR CONTROL OF TARIFF-
STATES RESTAURANTS ....-..ceeescaves-» 63 RATE QUOTA ON GROUNDFISH FILLET
HERRING FISHERY OFF WEST COAST OF INFORIS o600 coocncosDoGcOHOOOOODaO00. T/
AFRICA HEINE PEVELOHAD) codsancosc000d0 4b) PANES opogooooG saub do0obbbobLoObebOnenoD TENE
NEW HERRING FISHING GROUNDS DISCOVERED 64 EANDIIINGS6 RECENPTS) le cjetejeichelsiorelereieleleisicierel= 29
PORTUGAL: COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS & FREEZINGS OF
WHOLESALE PRICES FOR SELECTED CANNED FISHER Ya PRODUCT Siwelclsrerelstsiclole’s/olelclstcielelsfereron OO.
FISH AND FROZEN SHELLFISH .....-..0e-0- 64 CANNED) FISHERY PRODUGI:Sis)<telefelelofercielelelejererene Oil
FISHERY LANDINGS, 1951 .......0..0.56-0--. 65 PRICES, IMPORTS, & BYPRODUCTS .......... 82
SWEDEN: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: .....cceeee0- 83
DEPTH INDLCATOR DEVICE FOR FLOATING FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS . 83

TRAWL NETS BEING DEVELOPED ......0...2- O65 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

NEW SPINY LOBSTER F!ISHING GROUNDS

EXPEOREDEE retamtcteliielelelsfolcleisicislelele/nlel-ler-slefelo OO.

sleisieccviesicviee, G4.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Betty Coakley, Irene Mainster

* OK OK OK *

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho-
tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned
were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover and pp. 10 and 12-20--J. R. Rawlings; pp. 6 and 69--
G. T. Sundstrom; p. 25--J. Pileggi; p. 39--C. Bottomley;
pe A47--E, B. Lawson.

INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.C. 35629

Branch

Name
Joseph Pileggi
John J. O'Brien

Location
Boston 10, Mass.
New York 38, N- Y.
Hampton, Va.
New Orleans 16, La.
San Pedro, Calif.
Seattle 1, Wash.

Chicago 6, Ill.

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MARKET NEWS SERVICE SECTION

of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior

Title
Chief

Asst. Chief

Address

10 Commonwealth Pier

155 John St.

18 S. King St.
(P.0. Box 447)

314, Custom House

423 Canal St.

Rm. 208, P. 0. Bldg.

21 Bell St. Terminal

200 N.

Jefferson St.

Washington, D. C.

Room Number
{ 3351

Telephone
aembiie 7-1820

Ext. 4843

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Field Offices

In Charge Te le phone
(Fishery Marketing Specialist)
Thomas J. Risoli Liberty 2-1513

Henry M. Bearse Beekman 3-4382

Lester A. Keilman Hampton 3-3349

Stacey C. Denham Magnolia 1674

Victor J. Samson Terminal 2-5354

Chas. M. Reardon Main 0740

G. Andre Albano Randolph 6-2183

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Teletype
WA-452

8 1485

1

Teletype
BS-130
NY 1-1809
Hampton,Va. 80
NO-42
ZA 88-034
SE-211

CG-1,26

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