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Trend in Atlantic Coast Sea Scallop Fishery Fishing Effort Average Annual ¥ (Thousands of Days/Year) Landings Zo |[REESS Total | %U.S. | Millions of Lbs. 94 91 85 73 52 45 There alsohas been an interesting diver- sion of the fishing effort, Inthe earlier years, Georges Bank (ICNAF Subarea 5) supplied most of the landings; but, since 1965, the U.S. fleet has abandoned Georges Bank to the Canadians and concentrated onthe Middle At- lantic grounds (ICNAF, Statistical Subarea6). Incidental Catch Lowered for Yellowfin Tuna BCF has announced that tuna bait boats in the regulated area of the eastern Pacific Ocean are restricted to an incidental catch rate of 15% for yellowfintuna taken with other tuna--and with bonita, billfishes, and sharks, Bait boats aretuna boats that use hooks and lines. Regulations published in the Federal Reg- ister, May 3, 1969, permitted bait boats fish- ing regulated area during closed season to land yellowfintuna up to50% of vessel capac- ity, or 130 tons per vessel, whichever was less, until a total of 1,500 tons was reached, Also, the regulations provided that when limit was reached, the incidental catch of yellowfin would revert to 15% maximum, An announcement that the 1,500-ton limit was reached appeared in the June 11 Federal Register. The limitation became effective on June 13. Purse Seining for Winter Industrial Fishery Deemed Impractical Purse seining is not economically feasible for the menhaden industry to catch a winter supply of industrial fish in the mid-Atlantic coastal area. This is a preliminary finding of a study by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) under a grant from the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries. The purse seine is used tocatch dense schools of men- haden during spring, summer, and fall. Dr. Jackson Davis, head of VIMS' Ichthy- ology Department and of the study, said men- haden have been in short supply lately along mid-Atlantic shores. They are not available at all during winter and spring when they are thought to be in deeper waters. If other fish could be harvested for manufacture into in- dustrial fishery products during this offsea- son, the industry could operate year-round. The possibility of using sea herring as an alternate was evaluated. Seaherring, cousin tothe river herring caught by the millions in Chesapeake Bay each year, offers great po- tential. Cape Hatteras-Block Island Study Cruises were made in the area from Cape Hatteras, N. C., to Block Island, Rhode Island, from February through May in search of sea herring and mackerel. Most explorations were along the inner two-thirds of the conti- nental shelf, but deeper water up to 4,800 feet also was checked. Davis reported modern electronic fish-finding equipment located schools of fish averaging less than 50 yards wide. These were mostly along the 30-fath- om contour, where foreign vessels also were fishing. Schooling During 2 Periods Sea herring and mackerel were plentiful but were too scattered most of the time to make harvesting practical witha purse seine. The seine is effective when fish concentrate in dense schools. But fish did school briefly during 2 periods of theday: just before dawn and again just before dusk. During first period, schools broke up into very small groups with dawn's first light. These groups settled to the bottom and re- mained there until late afternoon. During second period, fish schooled upinlater after- noon but stayed deep until sunset. Then they rose quickly to the surface and scattered. Schooling lasted no more than 4 of each 24 hours. InMarch, these fish were south of the Virginia Capes; by May, they had moved to just south of Long Island. This migration pattern istypical of fishes that winter in the mid-Atlantic. Harsh winter weather ham- pered experimental fishing. Only 40% of the scheduled work days were calm enough for purse boats to operate. Shrimp-Separator Traw! Tests Continue The M/V 'Baron,' chartered by BCF's Seattle (Wash.) Exploratory Base, recently completed fishing efficiency studies of 6 dif- ferent designs of experimental shrimp-sepa- rator trawls. Conclusions drawn from the field testing included: (1) The optimum mesh sizes for use in the capture of pink shrimp appear to be 1 to 1$-inch in the outer portions of the body and 1g to 2 inches in the separator pan- els. (2) All separator trawls require weight- ing with chain to facilitate fishing near bot- tom. (3) Optimum-sized catches of. shrimp appear to be related to the height of footrope over the bottom. (4) The 10- to 12-foot trash chutes resultedinbest performance. (5) The separator trawls harvest nearly pure shrimp of much better quality than those taken in conventional trawls simultaneously with much greater quantities of fish and debris. Future Testing Future field work will capitalize on these findings and center on 2 of the separator trawl designs tested that showed more prom- ise than the others. The objective of future testing will be toincrease shrimp catch rates of the separator trawl to equal, or exceed, those of conventional shrimp trawls used in Pacific Northwest waters. —. nds Certain Sounds Attract Sharks Some of the sounds that attract sharks have been determined by researchers at the Uni- versity of Miami's Institute of Marine Sci- ences, They also discovered that the lemon shark can perceive the displacement of water due tothe passage of sound waves. This shark may uSe the information and pressure signals to locate prey. Irregularly pulsed signals, 800 Hz and be- low, accounted for over 370 shark sightings. The tests were conducted by A. A. Myrberg Jr., J.D. Richard, and Arnold Banner. They used the Institute's underwater video-acous- tic installation off North Bimini. The Operation Most sharks appeared at the test site in 11 to54 seconds from onset of the signal. The signalwas alow-frequency sound simulating one made by a struggling fish. On a screen inside a dry laboratory, the researchers ob- served various species approaching the un- derwater sound projector and television: the sharpnose, reef, nurse, and a silky or dusky shark, As sharks increased, their swimming activity resembled a feeding frenzy. No sharks appeared at test site when either pure tones, or signals with components only 10 Underwater Television. (Ed Fisher) above 100 Hz, were generated by the sound projector. Shark's Receptors Dr. Myrberg said: ''Because these sharks detected the signals, apparently oriented quickly tothem and rapidly reached thetest site, the importance of certain acoustic stimuli to these animals is assured. Our work has alsorevealed that the lemon shark can perceive displacement of water due to the passage of sound waves. All sharks have a great many displacement receptors arranged along their lateral line or scattered about their bodies... .'' Underwater TV A unique underwater television enables the researchers to observe sharks ona screen in the Institute's small monitoring station at North Bimini. (Divinginatest area may influence animal behavior.) The TV is mounted on the sea floor at 60 feet about a mile off the coast. It canscanthe underwater scene 360 degrees horizontally and 70 de- grees vertically. It has a zoom lens for closeup to wide-angle viewing. Periodically, the TV's dome is automatically cleaned by a ‘windshield wiper" impregnated with a toxic material, "The underwater installation alsoincludes hydrophones, acoustic projectors, and anen- vironmental sensor system that records tem- perature, current, and turbidity information, All of the instruments can be monitored and controlled by researchers inthe laboratory." i National Water Commission to Consult With Governors The National Water Commission (NWC) will hold a series of conferences Aug. 26- Nov. 7--6 regional and 1 national--on its tentative program of studies, Charles F, Luce, Chairman, announced on June 27. The Commission is inviting the 50 Gov- ernors and representatives of municipal and inter governmental water agencies and private organizations. NWC is a nonpartisan group of 7 private citizens appointed by the President. It has a 5-year statutory assignment to develop an overall national water policy. NWC's Job The law establishing NWC directs it to review present and future U.S. water prob- lems, assess future water needs, and identify several ways of meeting these needs. Also, it requires Commission to consider both economic and social consequences of water resource development. These include impact on regional economic growth, institutional arrangements, and on esthetic values. Luce emphasized that the Commission's approach will recognize that it is impossible to consider water-resource development as an independent problem, This problem must be viewed as an integral part of a great U.S. effort to protect and improve the quality of man's environment, Regional Conference Luce said the main purpose of the regional conferences will beto get the views of state, local agencies, and organizations onthe scope of NWC's tentative program of studies. The 2-day Washington conference will include national nongovernmental organizations concerned with water-resource care and development. Morethan 50 nationwide asso- ciations, clubs, societies, etc., willbe offered a chance to submit statements or to appear. The conferences will be open to press and public. Participants will be encouraged to file written statements and to avoid long talks. Luce wrote to the governors that the act establishing NWC "requires the Commission to consult with the Federal Water Resources Council (FWRC) and to furnish its reports to that body for review and comment prior to their submittal tothe President and the Con- gress," He added: FWRC was "primarily an or- ganization for coordinating the work of the agencies that actually plah and carry on the Nation's water activities impartially, with- out being involved in day-to-day operations, and to recommend improvements in policy, procedures, and institutional arrangements." BCF Lists Wrecks on Georges Bank & Nantucket Shoals BCF's Fishing Vessel Safety Unit has listed the location of 36 fishing-vessel wrecks known to lie on or near productive fishing grounds off Georges Bank, Nantucket Shoals, and South Channel. Latitude, longitude, and depth in the immediate vicinity are included. The list will be distributed to the fishing industry of New England and fishermenusing these areas for otter-trawl fishing. With few exceptions, the vessels were sunk during the past decade. Reports of hang-ups and loss of fishing gear resulting from en- counters with the wrecks have been reported by many fishermen, Copies are available to the fishing indus- try from BCF, 408 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass, 02210. 11 Conferences Scheduled The 22nd annual meeting of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, sponsored by the University of Miami's Institute of Marine Sciences, will be held at the Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla., Nov. 16-20, 1969. For more information, write to Executive Sec- retary, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Insti- tute, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, The 14th annual meeting of the International Game Fish Research Conference, sponsored by the International Oceanographic Founda- tion, will be held at the same hotel, Nov. 21- 22,1969. Write: International Oceanographic Foundation, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway, Mi- ami, Fla. 33149. IS LF U.S. Fishery Products to be Promoted at Overseas Trade Shows BCF has invited producers and processors of fishery products to participate intwo over - seas food trade fairs this fall. Bureau per- sonnel will coordinate allefforts to introduce and promote U.S. fishery products at the shows. Fishery products must be U.S.- caught, or processed in the U.S. to be eligible. Floor space, adequate storage space, and in- terpreter services will be provided free. Participating firms are not required to send representatives. H. E. Crowther, Bureau director, said that the purpose of the overseas trade shows is to develop and expand foreign markets for U.S. fishery and agricultural products. The Bu- reau has participated in 20 previous trade fairs, which have attracted leading trades- people in Europe. The shows are scheduled for Sept. 3-8 in Brussels, Belgium, and Oct. 4-10 in Cologne, Germany. Participation agreements will be accepted on a first-come, first-serve basis. Deadline for receipt of the agreements is August 1. Further information may be obtained from Office of International Trade Promotion, Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries, 1801 N. Moore Street, Rm. 401, Arlington, Va. 22209. Tele- phone: area code 703, 557-4731. Es J) 12 Certified Shellfish J. David Clem People who eat oysters are usually more familiar with the injunction to avoid this fa- vorite seafood in the "non-R' months than they are with the unique public health prob- lems associated with these molluscan shell- fish. These problems of food sanitation and safety involve edible molluscan shellfish, es - pecially fresh andfrozen oysters, clams, and mussels, and arise because of the peculiar life cycle and environment of these marine animals. For 44 years, the shellfish problem has been accorded official recognition in the creation and continuance of a voluntary three- way (State, Federal, and industry) consumer protection activity known as the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. Last July, the Program was transferred to the Food and Drug Administration as part of FDA's new Bureau of Compliance. Why public health officials are concerned over these shellfish involves many facets, including reproduction and growth habits, methods of harvesting and processing, and other problems that have troubled the shell- fish industry since the turn of the century. Oysters, clams, and mussels must breed and live in estuarine waters. The estuary, defined simply, is a coastal zone where sea water and fresh water mix. These mollusks feed by pumping estuarine water through their gills, filtering into their digestive systems such substances as algae, detritus, bacteria, and whatever other suitable sized particulate and dissolved matter might be present. An oyster, through movement of its cilia, can transport water through its crude but highly coordinated anatomy at the rate of 20 liters an hour. This feeding action, however, con- centrates substances with little selectivity. Therefore, the chemical and microbiological quality ofa mollusk's visceralmass is a re- flection of the quality of the estuarine water it inhabits. If the water is polluted,so is the mollusk. Itis because of the ecology of these marine species and their method of feeding, along withthe continuing degradation and pol- lution of our estuarine waters and our habit of eating shellfishin a raw or partially cooked state, that special health controls have had to be imposed and enforced. Oyster production in the United States reached a peak in 1910, before the present sanitary control program began. Its decline since that time has been caused by an excess of indiscriminate harvesting and exploitation of this natural resource, uncontrolled pollu- tion of many shellfish waters, shellfish di- seases, a meagerness of technological ad- vances in production, and an increasing lack of consumer confidence inthe sanitary qual- ity of shellfish. Human consumption of sew- age-polluted shellfish has caused numerous outbreaks of infectious disease. Because there were no Sanitary controls, the consum- er could never be sure that the oysters, clams, or mussels he was purchasing were safe to eat. Consumer concern was voiced in an editorial in the ‘Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association’ in 1905: ''Consum- ers of raw oysters atpresent arequite at the mercy of oyster dealers, presumably of vary- ing intelligence and conscientiousness, There should be some means of preventing the dis- tribution of sewage-saturated oysters in any part of the country. Is this something that the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Seryv- ice should take up?" Despite the AMA editorial suggestion, it took 20 years and an unprecedented outbreak of disease to prompt action in shellfish sani- tation. Latein1924, major typhoid fever out- breaks occurred, resulting in 1,500 cases with approximately 150 deaths, all traced to the consumption of contaminated oysters. The country was shaken by what later be- came known as the “oyster scare." Sales dropped dramatically. In 1925, the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service called a conference of representatives from the shellfish industry, the Department of Agri- culture's Bureau of Chemistry (now FDA), the Commerce Department's Bureau of Fish- eries, State conservation agencies, and State and local health agencies. This conference marked the beginning of an unparalleled co- operative agreementin the form of measures The author joined the Food and Drug Administration in 1968 as Chief of the Shellfish Sanitation Branch in Bureau of Compliance. Article reprinted from FDA PAPERS May 1969. The Chesapeake Bay between Maryland and Virginia and the bay's tributaries are plentiful in both oysters and clams. Oysters are har- vested with both hand tongs and power dredges, and oystermen use both sailboats and power boats under State regulations covering each operation. On Maryland's Nanticoke River (2 and 3), workers tong up oysters and cull or discard those under legal marketable size. The bay and rivers are patrolled by Maryland Marine Police for illegal oystering in uncertified waters and for other violations such as those involving times and methods of harvesting. Power dredging for oysters in the Nanticoke is shown (4). The oysterman on the pier (1) is tending a "wet storage" operation in which harvested oysters are suspended live in "float" containers under water by use of ropes and winches until ready for processing. In a processing plant (5), shucked oysters are washed with clean ice water ina (Continued following page.) 14 "blow tank," which removes impurities and brings temperature down to 38-40° F. Russell (center), FDA Baltimore District Inspector, and Frank Hobbs (right), Chief, Shellfish Section, Maryland Department of Health for storage and shipping. Checking are William Division of Food and Milk. Live whole clams are desanded in clean salt water treated with chlorine and ultraviolet light to kill bacteria (6). The chlorine is later removed from the water. Mr. Hobbs (right) watches with the plant owner and a plant employee. Clam shucking is shown in a packing plant (7). Charles Harmon, a Wicomico County sanitarian's aide, takes a sample of water (8) from the bottom of an oysterbed for coliform bacteria analysis. Detail (9) shows how the stopper stays in the bottle until the holder hits bottom, is unstoppered when tension is released on the string, and restoppered when lifting retightens the cord. to insure the future safety of shellfish. Both the concepts and the agencies represented at the conference are still very much in evi- dence today in the National Shellfish Sanita- tion Program--a consumer protection pro- gram that has made considerable progress in strengthening sanitary controls, adminis- trative procedures, and State regulatory ac- tivities. Each member of the National Shellfish Sanitary Program's three-way State, Feder - al, and industry partnership has a defined area of responsibility. Thebasic premise of the Program is that coordination and uni- formity of control may be achieved best by mutual agreement among the States, which in- dividually bear the chief responsibility for the sanitary control of the shellfish industry. The Federal Government coordinates pro- gram activities through the Food and Drug Administration, which assumed the shellfish sanitation function after a reorganization within the Public Health Service. FDA is responsible for operating the Federal Gov- ernment's share of the program through ad- ministrative and technical machinery in its new Bureau of Compliance. A Shellfish Sani- tation Branch has been established and staffed with personnel who were associated with the program in its former PHS location. All the coastal shellfish-producing States participate in and subscribe to the procedures outlined in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program's manuals of operation, which have been published by the Public Health Service. The States have adopted uniform rules and regulations administered principally by health and, conservation agencies for the sanitary control of the shellfish industry. Their re- sponsibilities span a total range of controls which begin at the shellfish growing areas and continue through the processing and dis - tribution phases. Typically, a shellfish con- trol agency makes sanitary and water quality surveys of growing areas, classifies and pa- trols closed shellfish waters, inspects har- vesting methods and shellfish plants, makes laboratory investigations, and provides any additional surveillance measures necessary to assure that the shellfish that reach the consumer have been grown, harvested, and processed under sanitary practices. The State health departments issue operating cer- tificates to those shellfish shucking, packing, repacking, and shellstock plants whose equip- ment, method of operation, basic construc - tion, and product meet ccoperative program 15 standards. Every package offresh or frozen oysters, clams, or mussels shipped in inter- state commerce from a State certified plant has been marked with an identifying number preceded by an abbreviation of the State name. These ''certified shellfish" are guaranteed to have been grown, processed, and packaged under strict sanitary controls. It is not easyfor States to apply the neces- sary controls. Trained and experienced personnel are needed in the biological and physical sciences, public health, engineering, law enforcement, and several other disci- plines to effectively administer an adequate Sanitary control program. State agencies employ atotal of 1,200 such personnel, either full or part time. The bulk of their effort is in making comprehensive surveys and resur- veys of shellfish-growing waters, and pre- venting illegal harvesting of shellfish from closed areas. A joint study by the Public Health Service and States in 1965 disclosed that two million acres of shellfish waters have been closed or restricted to the taking of shellfish. A total of 8.2 million acres are approved. Thenationaltrendis to close more estuarine waters where the shellfish grow, because they fail to meet the rigid water quality requirements of shellfish-approved waters. FDA's part inthe Shellfish Sanitation Pro- gram is not only a continuation of former PHS activities, but also a strengthening of the coordination and assistance giventoa State program. The FDA field staff, headed by Regional Shellfish Consultants in the six HEW Regions that have coastal waters, will continue to conduct annual evaluations of State control programs. Each review will include an analysis of the legaland general adminis - trative procedures, inspection of a represen- tative number of shellfish plants, and review of laboratory procedures and the effective- ness of closedarea patrols, From the infor- mation thus obtained, Federal endorsement of a State program is either given or with- held, depending on the State program's de- gree of compliance with national program standards. This regulatory procedure is a strong incentive for the State control agen- cies and the shellfish industry to encourage and follow good sanitary practices and to comply with the Manuals of Recommended Practice, issued jointly with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program participants. 16 Every 2 weeks, the FDA will be issuing the familiar national list of some 1,400 State- certified interstate shellfish shippers for the information of food control officials through- out the country. FDA would like to see a greater distribution and use of this list to assure that consumers get shellfish from certified sources. Cooperative efforts to combat pollution of the water habitat of shellfish is a never-end- ing job and the smallest relaxation of vigi- lance could result in a fresh outbreak of some health hazard to shellfish consumers. Beginning in the 1960's, there have been seven outbreaks of infectious hepatitis, affecting 867 people, associated with the consumption of shellfish harvested from polluted waters. Although the hepatitis virus is stillto be iso- lated by the laboratory, recurrence of such outbreaks can be and is prevented through the effective application of program standards based on the use of indicator organisms. Responsible Federal and State officials must continue to promote fundamental and applied research. FDA will obtain shellfish research support from three laboratories administered by the Environmental Control Administration. These facilities are located at Purdy, Wash., Dauphin Island, Ala., and Narragansett, R. I. In addition, research grants also willbe available to qualified non- profit institutions with worthwhile study proj- ects in shellfish sanitation problems. A to- tal of 11 such grants totaling $690,000 has been committed for the current (1969) fiscal year. If conditions affecting our estuaries re- mained unchanged, the needfor research and technical assistance to other Federal depart- ments andState agencies would not be great. But the rate of man-induced degradation of our estuaries is alarming. Each time a ship channel is dredged, a new sewage treatment plant is constructed, a subdivision is made possible by filling a salt marsh, or a new in- dustry locates near shellfish-growing areas, the possible changes these alterations may cause inthe water quality must be evaluated. National Shellfish Sanitation participants are working w ith conservation groups, water pol- lution agencies, water resource planning agencies, and fishery groups to try to protect and preserve the remaining natural oyster beds and clam flats from pollution. Enhance- ment and restoration of some shellfish re- sources may be achieved through concerted and cooperative efforts, but more rigorous pollution prevention and abatement action is needed to reverse the national trend of simply closing productive shellfish-growing areas subjected to hazardous pollution. FDA will continue to provide the leader- ship and coordination necessary to focus at- tention on the needs of State agencies and will offer technical assistance and training pro- grams for State andlocal health and conser- vation personnel. For assistance to State agencies in special studies, laboratory meth- ods, consultation, and training, FDA has two Technical Service Units, one located at Dauphin Island, Ala., and the other at Davis- ville, R.I. Some current activities in these units include studies about the effectiveness of practices involving chlorination of sewage effluent, the fate of those bacteria of sanitary significance in estuaries, the effect of dump- ing sewage sludge at sea, ways to naturally purify polluted shellfish, and the design of cold water wash systems for chilling shell- fish. Periodically, members of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program meet at work- shops to discuss proposed technical and ad- ministrative changes, new developments, and research findings. In recognition of the past history of the shellfish industry in the United States and of the relationship of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program to the effective use of this natural resource, the 1964 Na- tional Shellfish Sanitation Workshop endorsed the following principles: 1. Shellfish are a renewable, manageable natural resource of significant economic value to many coastal communities, and should be managed as carefully as other natural resources such as forests, water, and agricultural lands. 2, Shellfish culture and harvesting rep- resents a beneficial use of water in the es- tuaries. This use should be recognized by State and Federal agencies in planning and carrying out pollution prevention and abate- ment programs and in comprehensive plan- ning for the use of thes« areas. 3. The goals of the National Shellfish Sani- tation Program are: (1) the continued safe use of this natural resource, and (2) active encouragement of water quality programs which will preserve all possible coastal areas for this beneficial use. The more progressive oyster and clam fishermen are looking to the future for ways to effect better controls over the growing, harvesting, and processing of shellfish. Cul- turing methods that are being successfully usedinJapan andsome of the European coun- tries on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean offer one wayto avoidsome of the calamities that beset shellfishermen who inthis country rely mainly on Nature's vicissitudes to pro- vide a sustaining crop year afteryear. Con- trolled cultivation and adoption of good con- servation practices have provided the more resourceful U.S. shellfishermen with a de- pendable supply and uniform quality product. In those countries that practice extensive artificial shellfish culture and _ scientific shellfish farming controlled breeding, selec- tion of disease resistant strains, and close scrutiny from spat or juvenile stage to mar- ket size have produced desirable character- istics and made high-yield shellfish farming possible. These controlled methods allow harvesting of excellent market quality oysters within a year to 18 months after spawning. Because of site selection and preservation, these techniques offer relative freedom from 17 contamination by human diseases, The oys- terman and the clammerin this country may be ableto return to something of their former production levels by taking better advantage of such proved culturing methods. We believe that the shellfish sanitation program of the United States, which is ad- ministered jointly bythe States, the Food and Drug Administration, and the shellfish industry, has been highly successful in pre- venting transmission of disease through shellfish. We believe the program affords a challenging example of the achievements that are possible through cooperation of the State agencies, the Federal Government, and the affected industry. This general type of pro- gram will be continued by the FDA, subject only to those modifications necessary to meet changing conditions. Program improvements will be effected through increased research, development of better standards, assurance of adequate surveillance by State and FDA shellfish sanitation personnel, and through an increased awareness of the program ob- jectives in shellfish receiving areas. FDA will make every effort to ensure and main- tain consumer confidence in asafe and whole- some shellfish product, 18 OCEANOGRAPHY New Ocean-Current Tracking System Tested Successfully ESSA has tested successfully a new ocean- current tracking system that uses a satellite and a free-drifting buoy. This system also can provide satellite transmittal of oceano- graphic and atmospheric data collected by the drifting buoy. The test was conducted in the Gulf Stream by ESSA and NASA. Test's Significance The test represents the first successful attempt at tracking afree-drifting buoy in the deep ocean with satellite telemetry. M. E. Ringenbach, Acting Director, Engineering Development Laboratory, Rockville, Md., said: ''The potential implication to the public and to the community of environmental scien- tists, as a result of the success of this ex- periment, cannot be overemphasized. Not only canoceancurrents be traced accurately in this manner, but sensors on the drifting buoy can acquire oceanographic and atmos- pheric data, whichcanbe transmitted with the navigational information. Through this tech- nique, oceanographic and atmospheric data can be acquired from remote regions of the world." The Test In the test, a buoy equipped with Omega Position Location Equipment (OPLE) was al- lowed to drift freely in the Gulf Stream off Florida's east coast. An Applications Tech- nology Satellite (ATS-3) interrogated the buoy upon command, The buoy's navigational data were relayed through the satellite to the Goddard Space Flight Center at Greenbelt, Md., for processing. The buoy was released about 15 miles off Miami, permitted to drift 24 hours, and re- covered about 18 miles off West Palm Beach. It had traveled 66 nautical miles. During its course, it was tracked concurrently by an ESSA Coast and Geodetic Survey launch, by the 'Gulf Stream' (an oceanographic vessel operated by Nova University of Ft. Lauder- dale, Fla.), and via satellite by NASA in Greenbelt, Md. A drogue chute was attached to the buoy at a depth of 90 feet. As a result, the buoy's movement was affected primarily by ocean current, not by wind and waves. New Nautical Chart Issued for New England Coast A new small-craft nautical chart covering New England's coastal waters from Boston, Mass., to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, has been published by ESSA's Coast and Geodetic Survey. The accordion-folded chart (613-SC) is on a scale of 1:40,000. It is sufficiently detailed to provide safe and efficient navigation for a large part of the more than 100,000 small craft registered in Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire. The harbors of Boston, Portsmouth, Salem, Gloucester, Rockport, and Newbury- port, all shown, support much commercial and recreational boat traffic. Fishermen's Favorite Area Color and infrared photography taken by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1965 was used in the chart's development to depict the rocky coast and offshore features. Hydro- graphic information was updated from 1967 Coast and Geodetic Survey surveys near Cape Ann, This section of the New England coast has beena favorite of sport and commercial fish- ermen Since the days when whalers put to sea from the area. In 1967, commercial fisher- men from Massachusetts and New Hampshire caught nearly 400 million pounds of fish and shellfish worth about 40 million dollars. Chart 613-SC may be purchased for $1.50 from Coast and Geodetic Survey agents, or from Coastand Geodetic Survey (C44), Rock- ville, Md. 20852. 07” PORTLAND () Q Portsmouth NEW HAMPSHIRE BAIS 613 -SC \ “ CAPE ANN MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS BAY \\ —— a S) | CAPE COD BAY | CAPE COD ] | RHODE » ISLAND \ ! ‘ r) | Woods Hole A“ Blocked area shows region covered by ESSA's new small-craft nautical chart (613-SC). 19 20 New Bathymetric Map of Bering Sea, Alaska A new ESSA bathymetric map of the bot- tom of the upper Bering Sea shows an exten- sive, relatively flat, basin about the size of Maryland and Vermont combined. An unusual feature of the 19,000-square-statute-mile basin is that it drains generally to the north toward the Arctic Ocean. The Area Covered The map(PMB-1, scale 1:250,000) provides the most detailed bottom topography ever published for the area. The area is bounded Provideniya \2y Gambell Savoonga | 3 J untie_ =? DIGMEDE eur) SAINT LAWRENCE >__ISLAND roughly by Seward Peninsula and Norton Sound to the east, Little Diomede Island to the north, St. Lawrence Island to the south and, on the west, by the U.S.-Russian Conven- tion line, established in 1867 to separate the 2 jurisdictions. The sea floor adjacent to the Seward Peninsula and St. Lawrence Island is marked by numerous narrow ridges and basins. Map Is Preliminary The map is a preliminary one. It will be replaced after new surveys have been com- pleted. It isthefirst of the Continental Shelf series to include overlays showing geophy- sical displays of gravity and magnetics be- sides bathymetry. The geophysical overlays are expectedto be available by September 1. ARCTIC OCEAN Shishmaref PEE NORTON SOUND Seabottom of 19,000 square statute miles, equal to Maryland and Vermont, covered by ESSA's new bathymetric map. Unusual feature of the largely flat undersea basin is that it drains toward the Arctic Ocean. Chart Entrance to Alaska’s Inland Waterway ESSA's Coast and Geodetic Survey has published a new nautical chart (8080) for the entrance to Alaska's Inland Waterway. It provides the first detailed chart coverage for such major commercial waterways as George and Carroll Inlets, Thorne Arm, Revillagi- gedo Passage, and Nichols Passage. The large-scale detail (1:40,000) displays the new aids to navigation, harbor improve- ments, andnew topographic and hydrographic surveys conducted to 1965. To Aid Industries It is believed the new chart will aid the fishing, lumbering, mining, and petroleum industries, whichtransport their products by sea. Chart 8080 may be purchased for $1 from Coast Survey Nautical Chart agents, or from Coast and Geodetic Survey (C44), Rockville, Md. 20852. (Chart on following page.) ies 76 Fluke’s Migrations Are Being Tracked A cooperative effort to track the migra- tions of the fluke, or summer flounder, has been launched by the American Littoral So- ciety (ALS) and the Sandy Hook Marine Lab- oratory, reports Graham Macmillan, Society vice president. He said: ''Marine biologists are concerned about the recent rapid decline in fluke catches. Our members are all volunteer fish taggers and I know they will respond to this study of fluke migration and growth rates." L.A. Walford, director of the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, notes that commercial fluke catches from Massachusetts to Virginia droppedfrom 19 million pounds to 8.4 million pounds in the last 10 years. Sport-fishing catches also have declined. At the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, tank studies on adult fluke are underway. Offshore expeditions have been sampling waters for spawning fluke and for fluke larvae and fry. 21 Spawning Areas & Season Marine biologists have found that fluke spawn in the fall in areas 10 to 30 miles off- shore from Cape Cod, Mass., to Cape Lookout, N. C. When they are less than an inch long, they migrate into estuaries. There, they live for a year before venturing again into the open ocean. Somebiologists believe juvenile fluke survive well only in southern waters--and that Long Island waters are supplied mostly by North Carolina fluke. Much of thisis theory, ALS states. But, it is afact that inrecent years no baby fluke have been reported from waters north of Chesa- peake Bay. Urges Members! Help ALS members willbe urged to tag and re- turn as many fluke as possible over the next 2summers. The members will collect sam- ples of very smallfluke in estuaries north of the Chesapeake. The results of tagging re- turns are published in ALS! journal. They are made available to marine biologists and to the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Com- mission because of the Commission's interest in the status of coastal fisheries resources. Since ALS' tagging programbegan 5 years ago, its members have ordered over 15,000 tags. These tags are the''spaghetti'' type in- serted through the fish's body behind the dor- sal fin. While volunteer taggers have concen- trated on striped bass, they also have tagged flounder, sailfish, tarpon, shark, bluefish, bonefish, grunt, spot, cod, croaker, tautog, tuna, bonita, dolphin, pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass, and muskie. Macmillan notes: 'Our members are Sportsmen in every sense of the word and will be most interested in helping marine biologists preserve a species on the wane. We are asking fishermen to tagafish that they love to catch and love to eat. We know that many will choose to tag and return some of their catch--hopefully, one for science, one for the pan." Dr. Walford hopes that fishermen will tag the undersized fish they have to throw back. "We are especially interested in the wander- ings of the young fluke." o 22 Pacific Ocean Area covered by ESSA's new nautical chart 8080 for entrance to Alaska's Inland Waterway. Foreign Fishing Off U.S. in May 1969 OFF ALASKA Soviet: A sharpdecline beganin April and continuedinMay. Gulf of Alaska shrimp fish- ery ended, and the king crab and groundfish fleets withdrew from eastern Bering Sea. Nearly 80 vessels were sighted in early May; 21 remained at month's end (nearly twice as many as at end of May 1968). Pacific oceanperch fishing along the Aleu- tians increased from 5 stern trawlers to 10 sterntrawlers and 1 refrigerator, primarily in Samalgo-Seguam Passes region, in east- ernandcentral Aleutians. However, at least 2 sterntrawlers were fishing off the western Aleutians by late May. The western Gulf fishery declined rapidly--10 stern trawlers and 2 refrigerated fishcarriers infirst week, 2 stern trawlers by mid-month, and 1 stern trawler at end. Catches were poor, both in the Gulf and off Aleutians. Five medium side trawlers anda refriger- ator fished bottomfish along Continental Shelf edge incentral Bering Sea through May. Two medium trawlers fishing west of the Pribilofs were joined by 2 stern trawlers in late May. Sablefish, Alaska pollock, arrowtooth floun- der, and rockfish were trawled in depths down to 500 fathoms, A 20-vessel fleet that had shifted from flounder topollock and sablefish, south of the Pribilofs, had shrunk tq lessthan 10 by mid-month. It disbanded in a few days after shiftingto fishing off the Alaska Penin- sula. ; Apparently king crab catches again were poor thisyear. The2 tangle-net fleets with- drew in mid-May. In 1968, they had with- drawn by May 2, with a total catch of 22,442 cases. This year's catches are probably not much larger --far below the 52,000 case catch quota. By mid-month, 2 fleets fishing shrimp east of Kodiak Island had joined a third in the western Gulf, east of the Shumagins. The Soviets said that catches east of Kodiak were not good and that they had been hampered by bad weather. Catches observed east of the Shumagins appeared to be good. All 3 fleets had withdrawn by late May, about the same time as in 1968. 23 Japanese: Thearrival of part of the 1969 high-seas salmonfleets, and of herring fish- ing vessels off Bristol Bay and in Norton Sound, raised the number of vessels to over 300 by end of May. The longstanding ocean perch fishery in the Gulf was at a low level; only 2-3 stern trawlers were fishing, primarily in the west- ern Gulf. Perch fishing along the Aleutians was observedin early May. By month's end, 2 stern trawlers were intermingled with the Soviets' in the Samalga-Seguam Passes re- gion, and a third was near Amchitka Island, About 10 stern trawlers, taking pollock, sablefish, arrowtooth flounder, and ocean perch, remained along the Shelf edge in east- ernand central Bering Sea throughout month. By mid-May, 2 more factoryship fleets had joined the minced meat and meal fishery in eastern Bering Sea, making a total of 5 factoryships and about 84 trawlers. During first half of month, all 5 fleets centered on the Continental Shelf, northwest of Unimak I. About mid-May, 2 shifted to the Shelf edge north of the eastern Aleutians. Twoto 3 longliners sought sablefish inthe Gulf, one off southwest Kodiak Island, the others off southeast Alaska. By mid-month, the 2 crab fleets had moved from outer Bristol Bay to east of Pribilofs. Unlike Soviets, they fished both tangle-nets and pots, and sought tanner rather than king crab, The 2 fleets are expected to continue until summer or early fallto achieve the quotas of 85,000 cases of king crab, and 16 million tanner crabs (principally frozen in sections). The 11 factoryship fleets in the high-seas salmonfishery left Japan May 15. By end of May, 4 fleets (132 gill-net vessels) were lo- cated far south of western Aleutians. In mid-May, at least 14 stern trawlers, 3 smaller trawlers, and 6 longliners fished herring south of Togiak Bay, in northern Bristol Bay. The longliners, and some stern trawlers, fished with surface drift gill-nets. A second gill-net fishery for herring, with at least 2 longliners, was sighted in Norton Sound. (Japan had conducted a similar fish- ery in Same areas April-June 1968.) 24 a ——— — ci 90 s Northern Edge Cultivator / Shoal BLOCK 61s. 7 Montauk BS Pp SUB-AREA 5 GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY (SUB-AREA 5 -ICNAF) ° ° ° ° e ee eS a Fig. 1 - Principal New England waters fished by foreign vessels during May 1969. | South Korean: The lone factory trawler that had fished about a month along Shelf edge in eastern Bering Sea returned home by mid-May. In early May, a second South Korean fish- ing operation--1 processing refrigerator and 5 small trawlers--appeared. This fleet was observed when it sought shelter in U.S. ter- ritorial waters onnorthwest Unimak I. It was reported nearly identical to a fleet that had fishedunsuccessfully in 1967 and 1968; that fleet took very small catches of pollock. In late May, a second refrigerator and another trawler joined the fleet. OFF PACIFIC NORTHWEST Soviet: Twenty-eight stern trawlers, 15 side trawlers, and 12 support vessels were sighted. Most had come from off California. They fished almost entirely off Oregon, until last week of May, when 10 vessels moved north off Washington, Large catches of Pa- cific hake were observed. Some side trawl- ers had an estimated 20,000-30,000 pounds in their nets, and substantial quantities on the decks. A large single tow aboard one stern trawler was estimated at about 80,000 pounds. (In May 1968, 56 vessels had been sighted.) Japanese: Nofishing vessels were sighted during May. (Two stern trawlers and 2 sup- port vessels had been reported in 1968.) OFF CALIFORNIA Soviet: On May 1, 12 stern trawlers were sighted fishing between Cape Mendocino and the Oregon border. One side trawler was southwest of San Francisco. On May 5, an observation flight failed to sight any vessels between Monterey and the Oregon border. (In May 1968, 8 Soviet vessels had fished off California.) GULF OF MEXICO & SOUTH ATLANTIC Noforeign vessels were reported in May. NORTHWEST ATLANTIC For a third month, good weather afforded excellent surveillance of New England and Middle Atlantic coasts; 201 individual foreign fishing and support vessels were sighted--18% less than the 237 reported in April. (In May 1968, 207 vessels had been sighted.) 25 The Soviet fleets included 27 factory stern trawlers, 116 medium side trawlers (131 in April), 4 factory base ships, 1 refrigerated fish transport, 3 tankers, and 1 tug. OFF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND & GEORGES BANK Soviet: Throughout month, large groups of vessels were dispersed from south of Block Island, R.I., to eastern slopes of Georges Bank. Fishing in those areas in- creased early in May, when Soviet vessels gradually moved eastward from the mid-At- lantic off New York and New Jersey. During first half of May, 90 vessels, most- ly side trawlers, took herring and some mack- erelin a 30-40 mile area, 50-60 miles south of Block Island. Smaller groups, about 50 vessels each (stern and side trawlers), were 24-40 miles south of Nantucket. Those 25 miles south were mostly stern trawlers fish- ing red hake. A group of stern trawlers has been fishing red hake in this general area since January 1969. After mid-month, the mainfleet shifted to south of Nantucket and the southwest part of Georges Bank. Catches were primarily her- ring. At month's end, the fleet was spread along eastern slopes (southwest and southeast parts) of Georges Bank, fishingin 30-40 fath- oms. Catches were mostly herring. A siza- ble fleet, including about 20 stern trawlers, remained south of Nantucket fishing red hake. Late inMay, U.S. fishermen sighted about 100 foreign vessels, largely side trawlers, along southeast part of Georges Bank and Cultivator Shoals. The fishermen said 30-35 were Seining herring with huge purse seines and power blocks. A BCF Agent, observing from a USCG cutter, May 27-29, reported 44 Soviet vessels fishing in 35-40 fathoms on northeast part of Georges Bank, 15 miles north of Corsair Canyon, About 35, mostly SRTR's, were rigged for purse seining. The gear was uSed off the starboard side. Seines were deep-water type. Two large power blocks were aft of the superstructure. Fish were brailed out of the seine by a long- handled dip net and lifted on deck. Catches were mostly herring, but fish on one vessel appeared to be pollock. At least 3 factory base ships and 2 refrigerated fish transports were heaped with barrels. (During April 1968, at least 9 Soviet me- dium trawlers equipped for purse seining 26 aoe - rom FF ’ »~ % We WAY NY Fig. 2 - Catamaran trawler ‘Experiment, * were Sighted off Long Island, N. Y., and Block Island. Seven were actually seen seining for herring. In September 1968, the Soviets had indicated that purse seining off U.S. coast was exploratory, but that favorable results could leadtoamore extensive fishery. Seining was described as a lower-cost operation than con- ventional trawling.) The catamaran trawler 'Experiment! was sighted on May 27, about 55 miles south of Martha's Vineyard. . The first of her kind, she was undergoing sea trials off New England, The 1,000-displacement-tontwin-hulled ves- sel, tested earlier inthe Baltic, is said to have better maneuverability and stability than single hull trawlers. Each of Experiment!'s 2 hulls is shaped like a conventional SRT-300 medium side trawler, with 2 sternramps and trawl decks for continuous fishing. She can be used for bottom and midwater trawling and purse seining. Greek: During mid-May, the trawler 'Paros' was sighted on the Cultivator Shoals area of Georges Bank. OFF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND & MIDATLANTIC COASTS Soviet: About 30 vessels fished off New York and New Jersey, substantially fewer than the 100 sighted in April. The decrease was caused by an eastward shift of fishing opera- tions to areas off southern New England and Georges Bank, Early in May, 9 medium side trawlers were 55-60 miles south of Moriches Inlet, L. I. Large catches of herring and mackerel were observed on deck. Five factory stern trawl- ers fished 80 miles east of Cape May, N. J., but no catches were observed. By mid-month, 27 vessels (mostly side trawlers) were in a 20-mile area 65 to 85 Fig. 3 - Cuban freezer stern trawler (Atlantik class) ‘Playa Giron.* Sighted during May 1969 south of Block and Nantucket Islands. miles east of Atlantic City, N. J., 10 to 30 miles southwest of Hudson Canyon, Limited catches appeared to be herring. Polish: Three factory stern trawlers, 25 large sidetrawlers, 1 factory base ship, and 5 transport vessels were sighted. During first half of month, 20-30 vessels shifted back and forth, from Long Island to south of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Moderate catches were mostly herring, with some mackerel. From mid-month, 20 to 25 were dispersed from south of Nantucket tothe eastern slopes of Georges Bank. Catches were mostly herring. (A year ago, 25 to 30 Polishvessels had fished off New York, New Jersey, and southern New England.) East German; Three stern trawlers and 8 side trawlers fished among the Polish and Soviet fleets off southern New England. A few vessels were scattered off Long Island and, late in the month, along the easternslopes of (Photos - C. Philbrook, BCF.) Georges Bank. Catches were identified as herring. Japanese: Earlyin May, 2 stern trawlers fished 85 miles south of Nantucket, and 65 miles south of Montauk Point, L.I. Nocatches were noted and no further sightings were made, Cuban: One factory stern trawler, 'Playa Giron,'was sighted among other foreign ves- sels south of Nantucket. No catches were noted. This may be the first sustained Cuban fishery off New England. Bulgarian: A stern factory trawler was sighted in early May fishing about 80 miles southeast of Cape May. In late May, she was about 60 miles south of Martha's Vineyard. This was the first sighting of a Bulgarian fishing vessel off U.S. coasts. Bulgarian sources have been predicting the beginning of this fishery for several years. No catches were observed, but itis believed she was seeking herring and mackerel. 28 STATES Alaska GOV. MILLER SIGNS 'COAST' COMMISSION BILL Gov. Keith H. Miller of Alaska has signed legislation creating the Commission for Ocean Advancement through Science and Technology. He said: ''Withthe COAST Com- mission established, we can proceed with development of a comprehensive coordinated State planfor the wise multiple use and con- servation of our marine and coastal re- sources," The Law The law provides for a 10-member com- mission: 5 Alaskans experienced in ocean- ographic resources and problems, and 5 non- State members. The Commission is charged tobegin a comprehensive study of the marine sciences and the marine and coastal environ- ment in and near the State. 7 OA OK BCF METHOD SPURS KODIAK'S SEAFOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT Kodiak plans to ask the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration for a dem- onstration grant to apply the process for shellfish waste utilization developed by Food Chemical and Research Laboratories under BCF contract. This decision followed meet- ings coordinated by BCF's Ketchikan Tech- nological Laboratory staff. It culminated in a State -sponsored public meeting in Kodiak on May 21 to discuss harbor pollution. Plant & Process A plant would be designed to handle over 80 millionpounds of waste now being dumped into Kodiak's harbor each year. The plant would cost more than one million dollars, It would operate by 1971. The process separates the waste material into 3 products: (1) a high-quality protein concentrate, (2) a calcium chloride brine, and (3) chitinfor marketing as valuable separate products. PAN ALASKA ORDERS 5 MULTIPURPOSE VESSELS Pan Alaska Fisheries, Inc., has ordered 5 multipurpose king-crab fishing vessels total- ing about $1,800,000. It is the largest single order ever placed in the king-crab industry. The 93-foot steel-hulled ships aretobe owned and operated by the firm. Capabilities of Vessels The new vessels are designed to be fully adaptable to the other types of fishing in Northern waters. Besides their king crab capabilities, the sea-water-tanked vessels canbe used for scalloping, andin other trawl- ing for bottom fish and shrimp. Oregon TUNA SCOUTS SAIL ABOARD 'SUNRISE'! The Oregon Fish Commission's tuna scouts sailed from Astoria June 28 aboard the chartered vessel 'Sunrise' on their annual 800-mile search for early arriving albacore tuna off Oregon's coast. The researchers will m onitor oceanographic conditions and test-fish for tuna 30 to120 miles offshore on the cruise down the Oregon coast tothe Cali- fornia border. Daily radio contact with the commission's Astoria research laboratory will advise re- searchers and fishermen of ocean conditions and the location of albacore concentrations. This information will be relayed to Oregon tunafishermen, Oregon State University Ma- rine Science Center, and to BCF, La Jolla, Calif., headquarters for news dissemination to the entire Pacific tuna fleet. Warm Water Important The abundance of the elusive albacore off Oregon is related directly tothe presence of warm water. Fish Commission biologists are encouraged about Oregon albacore fishing prospects this year because of water temper- atures. Through June 15, these were com- parable to those through that date last year, when landings set a record of almost 38 mil- lion pounds. Larry Hreha, Astoria-based biologist in charge of the tuna exploration, believes Ore- gon will have another good season in 1969-- at least about 20 million pounds or more. Through June 23, he reported, there were no knowntuna catches in California waters. This was a fairly good indication the fish will be found off Oregon again this season. KK OK RECORD SALMON RUN TO FLOOD-CONTROL RESERVOIR More than 4,000 adult spring chinook have returned to Fall Creek Damfrom a 1966 re- lease of 1.1 millionunfed fry, the Oregon Fish Commission has disclosed. It was Oregon's most successful attempt tointroduce and rear salmon in a flood-control reservoir. The project on Fall Creek was completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineersin1965. It has upstream and downstream migrant col- lection facilities. Rough fish in the stream were eradicated before it was filled. Then, early in 1966, 1.1 million spring chinook fry surplus to the Fish Commission's Willamette hatchery were planted in Fall Creek above the dam. They reared that summer inthe reser - voir and reached an average of 7 inches before emigrating during December 1966 and Janu- ary 1967. Survival Exceeds Commission's Hopes The collectionfacility was monitored, but the exact number of juveniles that migrated from the reservoir is not known because many escaped through the dam's regulating outlet and could not be counted. However, the spec- tacular return shows that survival far ex- ceeded the commission's hopes, It was difficult to get young fish into the dam's collection "horns" or exits, but the Engineers! procedure of drawing the reser- voir down for the anticipated spring run-off helped. Again this past year, the Fish Com- mission asked the Corpsto evacuate the res- ervoir completely to aid juvenile emigration and to flush out predators above the dam. The Return On returning, the 4,000-plus adults, all 4- year-olds, enter a short fish ladder leading 29 into a trap. The collected salmon, along with other species, are then put into an''anesthetic tank,'' Rough fish are thrown away and the game species are hauled to a destination above the dam by Corps personnel. Plants have beenmade each year since the first in 1966. In 1970, even more can be ex- pected back because both 4- and 5-year-old fish will be returning. The Fish Commission saysthis return is an example of the tremendous potential in reservoir -rearing of fish. Its earlier studies revealed excellent growth and survival of juvenile salmon in reservoirs when there were few predators, The commission adds that this does not necessarily mean all dams are good for fishery resources; on the con- trary, many problems at dams are unsolved. However, certain impoundments may have considerable potential to enhance a fishery if they are constructed and operated so the young downstream migrants are able to emi- grate. Juvenile Fish Most attempts at juvenile salmonid pas- sage so far have been unsuccessful because of inadequate collection systems, especially at high dams. Also, at the high dams, there often is no spilland the juvenile fish may not "sound'' or go down to enter the low-level entrance oftheturbines. So, inthe past, runs affected by such structures either have been forfeited or transferred to a hatchery. Recent commission studies have con- firmed that some nonpower-producing flood - control projects might be usedtorear salmon without provisions for expensive and complex collection facilities for juvenile fish. One method of passing salmon smolts at these projects can be accomplished by evacuating a reservoir tothe level of the stream bed each winter; this is now being done at Fall Creek reservoir. The Fall Creek study is only one of 7 begun in the mid-50s to evaluate fish passage and fish behavior at public and private projects. The study is guided by a steering committee representing the Corps of Engineers, Oregon Game Commission, the Oregon Fish Com- mission, BCF, and the Bureau of Sport Fish- eries and Wildlife. 30 LAST PART OF WILLAMETTE FALLS FISH LADDER BEING BUILT Construction began June 26 on the third and final phase of the $4-million fishway at Oregon City's Willamette Falls, reported Ed Neubauer, Director of Engineering for the Oregon Fish Commission. The fishway is funded by BCF (partly by Portland General Electric), The construction of a 750-lineal-foot ladder and 2 more fishway entrances will greatly improve fish-passage conditions, Also, the perennial 'Wet hole'' problem willbe resolved. By filling and capping this pothole, a notori- ous salmondeath-trap on the falls' east side will be eliminated, The naturally occurring holes create a problem each year asthe spring flows recede, Previous efforts to re- move the stranded fish alive were unsuccess- ful. Salvaging Fish To salvage the fish, commission biologists are gillnetting the wet hole day and night. Carcasses are given to Clackamas County for uSe in its institutional food program. Spring chinook escapement above the falls was good this year. The commission's Wil- lamette River hatcheries already have enough returnees to satisfy their artificial-propaga- tion needs, Maine MECHANIZED SARDINE-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT TO BE TESTED Mechanized sardine -processing equipment from Stavanger, Norway, will be tested by the Maine Sardine Council in an attempt to im- prove and modernize the entire Maine sardine industry. The machinery will be installed in a canning plant at Prospect Harbor. Goal of Production Test The Council's Executive Secretary, Rich- ard E. Reed, explained the project. The pri- mary goal is to deliver uniform-size fish speedily and efficiently--with heads and tails removed--tothe women whoplace them inthe cans, This would loosen a time-consuming and costly production bottleneck, He said the Council decisionto obtain suf- ficient equipment for a full-scale commercial production line resulted from promising pilot tests made last year. The tests indicated that production can be increased as muchas 100% with uniform precut fish. Alsothe work will be muchpleasanter andeasier. Traditionally, the cutting is done with hand-held scissors. Production Line The production line will consist of a fish sorter or size grader. Three automatic de- vices will orient and head the fish in one di- rection and feed them intoa high-speed cutter. The cutter also cleans. The equipment is being leased by the Coun- cil, All results will be made available to in- dustry. Reed said this automatic processing machinery is not manufactured in the U.S. Florida UNIVERSITY PLANTS "ARTIFICIAL SEA GRASS! Some ‘artificial sea grass' was scheduled to be laid down along the Gulf bottom in July by Florida State University oceanographers, They are trying to provide a habitat for such valuable shellfish as scallops and shrimp. Dr. R. W. Menzel, a biologist inthe Oceano- graphy Department, said that if the experi- mental plantings were successful they could show the way toward replacing the coast's natural habitats destroyed through dredging and filling. There, natural grass cannot be started again. "But we don't know whether it will work," Menzel added, ''Barnacles may attach them- selves to the blades of grass and weight them down sothat the grass doesn't wave like ordi- nary sea grass,’ 3 Areas The ribbon-like, 18-inch long, strands of artificial grass have been attached to pieces of wire fencing. These will be put in 3 loca- tions, each a 30-square-yard area, One location willbe in a dredged area along the channel leading from the marine lab har- bor. Another will be inbare areas near where natural grass is growing. A third will be on a bottom where no grass has grown before. Productivity of the artificial grass areas will be compared with natural-grass-bottom productivity. California FEES VIRTUALLY PAY FOR FISH & WILDLIFE CONSERVATION The California Department of Fish and Game reported on July 5 that Director Ray Arnett had told Gov. Reagan: ''There are some 755,000 licensed hunters and 2,250,000 licensed fishermen in California, and that their license, tag and stamp purchases pay virtually the entire bill for fish and wildlife conservation activities in the State. The re- mainder of the funds come from fines for fish and game violations, commercial fish taxes and federal aid money from the federal excise takes on the sale of fishing tackle and sporting arms and ammunition. The Department of Fish and Game does not receive any General Fund money for its operations." OK OK COMMERCIAL LANDINGS & TUNA SHIPMENTS DECLINED IN 1968 California's Department of Fish and Game has provided this report on State fisheries: "California's commercial fish landings and tuna shipments totaled 567 million pounds in 1968, a decrease of 22 million pounds from the previous year. A 59 million pound de- crease in the landings was partially compen- sated for by a 37 million pound increase in tuna shipments. "Landings amounted to 445 million pounds, a decrease of 12 percent from 1967. The major factors in this decline were the drop in skipjack tuna landings and the absence of a substantial anchovy fishery early in the year. 31 "As in 1967, yellowfin and skipjack tuna were the first and second ranked species, to- gether making up almost half of the catch. Jack mackerel was third ranked and anchovy fourth, reversing their 1967 order. Squid re- placed Pacific bonito as the fifth ranked spe- cies, The next five species, in order of im- portance, were market crab, albacore, Pacific bonito, bluefin tuna, and rockfish. The top ten species made up 88 percent of the total landings. "The most significant change in the land- ings was the drop of 51.7 million pounds in skipjack tuna landings, almost erasing the gain made in 1967. The anchovy catch de- clined by 38.6 million pounds, reflecting poor economic conditions for the reduction fishery early in the year. Other major decreases were a6,3 million pound drop in Pacific bonito landings and a 2.8 million pound decrease in albacore, Bigeye tunalandings were down by 1.0 million pounds, reflecting a change in re- porting procedures, "The most important gain was made by jack mackerel; landings increased by 17.5 million pounds as fishing effort increased. Yellowfin tuna landings increased by 12.7 million pounds even though international con- trols limited the take. Squid landings jumped by 27 percent because of good market demand, and reached the highest level since 1946. Market crab landings were up by 4.3 million pounds, reflecting a record season in the Eurekaarea, Pacific mackerel landings rose by 2.0 million pounds to show a very slight recovery from the all time low recorded last year. Dover sole also showed a significant gain with landings increasing by 1.3 million pounds. "Tuna shipments increased to 122 million pounds, a 43 percent increase from the low level recorded in 1967." ARTICLES FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY Felix Favorite This is the first of a series by Dr. Favorite who, for over a decade, has been in charge of an oceanographic program to define the ocean environment of the Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus). The purpose of the series is to show how oceanographic research can aidin locating areas of profitable fishing andin solving problems of fish- ery research. The meteoric rise in popularity and fund- ing of oceanographic research in the United States has caught most fishery biologists by surprise. Funds for biological studies have increased somewhat proportionately to those of other fields, but little effort has been made toinfluence oceanographers outside the agency concerned to conduct research direct- ly related to fishery problems--except per- haps for the efforts of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference. Nevertheless, in most national oceanographic programs, itis clear- ly stated that the research to be conducted will benefit thefisheries. Several years ago, while participating in a U.S.-USSR Oceano- graphic Exchange Program, I discovered that Soviet oceanographers also claimed that their research was beneficial to fisheries; how- ever, fishery groups were somewhat skeptical about the extent to which it really aided their operations, The Ocean Is Many Things To the oceanographer, the oceanis a num- ber of things: a three-dimensional, stratified fluid, on arotating earth, subject to a variety of internal and externalforces;a vast reser- voir of heat which has a greatinfluence upon the earth's weather and climate; a sink for excess CO, spewed into the air by modern industry and for dissolved and particulate fractions of the earth carried into the sea by river runoff; a medium for transportation of people and things, subject to destructive waves and storms; a reservoir of vast min- eral wealth; and a highly complex biological environment, The environment includes an intricate food cycle that starts with chemical nutrients and specific physical conditions and advances from microscopic unicellular plants to mac- roscopic herbivores (or plant-eating plankton) and then to carnivorous plankton (which is the prey of small and large fishes, and whales). Thus, fisheries are onlya small portion of the spectrum of interest to the oceanographer. To the marine fishery biologist, also, ocea- nography is only one aspect of the total life history of fishes. But the oceanographer be- lieves that all oceanographic research has some bearing on fishery research, even though specific relations are not sought by him; for his part, the fishery biologist often believes that it is too early to consider seri- ously the effects of the ocean environment until more research is accomplished in phys- iology, behavior, distribution, and mortality of fishes. Fishery Oceanography Man has always considered the environ- ment to have an effect on fish. The use of surface temperatures on the Grand Banks is an excellent example that goes back several centuries. But it has been only during the last decade or two that a small group of de- dicated people--known as fishery oceanog- raphers --has tried to merge the fields of fish- eries and oceanography. The term ‘fishery oceanography' is purported to stem from fishery hydrography', which was coined at the beginning of this century. 'Fishery ocean- ography' is not only relatively new, but it is almost impossible to define--as witness the Dr. Favorite is an Oceanographer with BCF Biological Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98102. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 843 variety of about 100 opinions obtained by Dr. W. M. Chapman 2/ from leaders in marine science. Perhaps the most-pertinent definition originates with Dr. O. E. Sette, Director of the BCF Ocean Research Laboratory and Chairman of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference: "Fishery oceanography is the study of living resources of the sea and of natural phenomena directly or indirectly influencing them in a manner potentially or actually sig- nificant to their use by man, including any information gathering needed for such stud- ies. This definition includes two aspects: the first is basically fishery biology; the second, the study of natural phenomena, is oceanog- raphy. It is expertise in this field that the oceanographer brings to fishery research to expand our understanding of the distribution, behavior, and abundance of fish. It is this phase of fishery oceanography that will be discussed in the series of articles. More often than not, it is the physical oceanographer, rather than the biological or chemical oceanographer, who expands the horizon of the fishery biologist. This is be- cause the biologist has already received ex- tensive training in chemistry and biology. Someone has coined an apt phrase, fish-ical, rather than physical oceanographer. In some respects it is a good one. To be effective, this person must not confound his cohorts with rigorous hydrodynamical solutions--but bridge the gap between the two fields. Chem- ical and biological oceanography, however, are inextricably interwoven with the physical aspects; all must be considered in solving problems in fishery oceanography. For ex- ample, fish will not usually be in an area of ideal physical conditions if the water is pol- luted, or if there are no food organisms. Nevertheless, ''fishery oceanographer"' is not a particularly popular title because those that deviate from the pure-science aspects of their field are not looked upon favorably by their peers. This is perhaps particularly true in Japan, where a great deal of fishery ocean- ography is accomplished. Progress Has Been Slow Progress in fishery oceanography has been painfully slow. The fishery oceanographer 33 is often forced to work without the extensive facilities that are available aboard a vessel designed exclusively for oceanographic re- search. Usually, he must share vessel time with the fishery biologist, who has a specific assignment to obtain a certain amount of data on fish catch regardless of the environmental conditions. Thefishery oceanographer would like to change these circumstances. Unless one knows the environmental conditions under which the catch was made, the information does not contribute muchto our knowledge of locations of profitable pelagic fishing. One might as well indicate the fishing location with an X on the water fished as on a chart, because it would be impossible to find that spot again. Of course, this shortcoming does not apply specifically to groundfish, because their distribution may be directly related to bottom topography. Nevertheless, most groundfish perform spawning and seasonal migrations that are probably triggered by environmental conditions;sothe same state- ment can apply. Progress willbe slow as long as the fish- ery oceanographer is limited to taking ob- servations along a predetermined or arbi- trary fishing track, or only atfishing stations. It is important to know conditions inthe gen- eral vicinity of the fishing location. Rather than strivingfor an equitable division of time aboard a single ship, it would be best to have two ships working together, one observing environmental conditions before and during fishing operations. Actually, both vessels should be capable of either phase of opera- tion. I have not witnessed the routine used during Soviet fishing operations, but I was informed that areas of 80 by 120 miles were blocked out for fishery investigations. At times, 4 or 5 of the 10 vessels in an area of this size made extensive environmental ob- servations during their fishing, This com- parative effort could be considered fishery oceanography in the real sense of the term; the oceanographers involvedin these studies are attached to the fishery institutes. The general large-scale oceanographic investiga- tion that provides the background for select- ing general fishing areas should continue. More effort, however, should be expended on small-scale investigations at the time of fish- ing. The Pacific Salmon If one is attempting to ascertain relations between fish and ocean conditions, perhaps 1/Comments on ‘Fishery Oceanography, ' Vols. I-IIl. Prepared for working party on Fishery Oceanography of Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, International Council of Scientific Unions, 1962. 34 one of the most rewarding to study is the Pa- cific salmon. Like the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the Pacific salmon are anadromous: they spawn in fresh water and, after a resi- dence in fresh or brackish water (depending on species), they migrate downstream andfar out into the ocean. There they grow and ma- ture during a 1- to 3-year residence before returning to fresh water to complete the life cycle. But, unlike Atlantic salmon, Pacific salmon die after spawning. Only young salm- on, orfry, make up the downstream migrants. It is not too difficult to obtain an estimate of the progeny from major river systems. Furthermore, it is fairly well documented that most will return to parent streams. Some stocks canbe identified by chemical and bio- logical techniques, as well as by tagging methods. Studies on the ocean environment of these salmon have been made at the BCF Biological Laboratory over the past decade in conjunction with exploratory fishing in the Pacific Ocean. Some results of these stud- ies will be the subject of future articles. WHAT CAUSES HURRICANES AND HOW DO THEY DIFFER FROM TYPHOONS ? Hurricanes are great heat engines, much like the gasoline enginein a car. The moisture in the humid air over the sea is analogous to the gasoline in the gas tank; it contains the potential energy (or fuel) for the hurricane. Once the hurricane is born, it draws moist air up from the sea surface in a counterclockwise spiral to the condensation level. Here cool- ing of the air, due to reduced pressure, condenses water vapor in the air. This can be equated to the combustion cycle in the gasoline engine; it converts potential energy to kinetic energy. The latent heat of condensation (597 calories per gram of water) heats the air, which then accelerates in its upward spiralling journey. It literally goes "up the chimney" formed by the relatively cooler air around it. At the top of the chimney of cooler air, the warm air spreads outward in a clockwise spiral (when viewed from above). As air spirals upward, through and out of the chimney, it draws more warm, moist air into it from below. This self-perpetuating process intensifies the circulation, causing the engine to run faster and causes the hurricane to increase in size. The exact mechanism of hurricane formation is still unknown. Scientists know that very warm ocean water is required. The warmer the water, the greater will be the volume of moisture (potential energy) carried aloft. A storm must be some distance away from the Equator in order to start spinning, because the spin of an objecton the earth varies directly with the sine of the latitude. There must be an outward (divergent) flow of air in the high atmosphere; otherwise the chimney would be closed off. The origin of a hurricane is associated with an area where air converges and showers occur. This may be a remnant of low pressure from a cold front which moved far south; it may be an area of lower pressure moving westwardin the Trade Wind Belt (easterly wave); or it may be an area where air from the two hemispheres converges (intertropical con- vergence zone). The origin could be due to oscillation of the great high pressure system which dominates the ocean. Hurricanes and typhoons are alike in origin, structure, and features, their only difference being the area of the world in which they occur. Hurricanes occur in the waters adjacent to North America (North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Southeastern North Pacific Ocean); typhoons occur in the Western North Pacific Ocean. Because of the vast expanse of warm water in the Western Pacific, typhoons occur more often than hurricanes and are frequently larger and more intense. (‘'Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) 35 SEARCHING FOR TUNA Thomas Potthoff As part of the cooperation that exists be- tween the Atlantic Oceanographic Labora- tories of ESSA and the Tropical Atlantic Bio- logical Laboratory of BCF (both in Miami, Fla.), 1 participated in the Atlantic Trade- wind Expedition(ATEX)as an observer. The purpose of ATEX was to study oceanographic and atmospheric conditions in the central tropical Atlantic. This expedition was under- taken by three nations in February 1969: W. Germany furnished the two research ves- sels 'Planet'and 'Meteor'; Great Britain used the 'Hydra'; and the United States assigned the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship 'Discov- erer', The four ships took up positions in the mid-tropical Atlantic at the beginning of Feb- ruary on the corners and at the center of a triangle, each side of which was about 350 miles long, and then drifted for 25 weeks, in- stead of occupying oceanographic stations along a planned cruise track. Research at the Tropical Atlantic Bio- logical Laboratory (TABL) centers on the biology of commercially important tunas in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Research cruises over the past several years have produced large volumes of data from various sections of the tropical Atlantic, but biological in- vestigations inthe central tropical Atlantic -- the area covered by ATEX--have been vir- tually nonexistent. TABL therefore welcomed the opportunity for one of its biologists to be present aboard the Discoverer during the expedition. Knowledge of the presence or absence of larval, juvenile, and adult tunas in the region couldbe important to an under- Standing of the life cycle of tunas and, con- ceivably, might help commercial fishermenin their quest for new fishing grounds. Collec- tions made on ATEX of marine life other than tunas might alsobe valuable as indicators of the kinds of prey organisms that are avail- able in the central Atlantic to large pelagic fishes, particularly the tunas. My objectives as an observer on the Discoverer were to collect small tunas and other organisms by dipnet under a night light, to collect larval tunas and other zooplankton by 1-meter net tows, and to observe and make records cf schools of tuna and other large fishes. On February 5, 1969, when the Discoverer occupied a position at 13° N. 39° W., a plat- form and an800-watt light were rigged on the downwind side of the vessel. Part of each of the next 18 nights was spent dipnetting from the platform. Each midnight a plankton tow was made. The ship's rate of drift varied from 1.0 to 1.7 knots, which was slow enough to allow us to observe gradual changes inthe compoSition of marine animals over a con- siderable distance. (PLANET) (METEOR) o° e@ Start Fig. 1 - Drift tracks during the Atlantic Tradewind Expedition (ATEX}, February 1969. The small square on the inset map (upper left) delineates the area shown in the figure. No track- line was available for the R/V Hydra. During the first two nights, great numbers of the blanket octopus, Tremoctopus violaceus (rare in museum collections), were seen and caught. Fewer were netted during the third and fourth nights and, by the fifth night (at 12° N. 40° W.), they had completely disap- peared. Specimens were up to 13 inches long; males of this size were adult, but females The author is a biologist with BCF Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149. Contribution No. 124. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 844 36 were juvenile. (Dr. Gilbert L. Voss, personal communication, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Miami, reported that the adult female of the blanket octopus reaches a length of 3 to 5 feet.) Fig. 2 - The R/V Discoverer on ATEX. Flyingfish, Exocoetidae, became abundant on the second night and remained plentiful throughout the cruise; literally thousands of them thumped against the hull of the ship during some of the nightly observation per- iods. As we drifted SW, we encountered in- creasing numbers of young flyingfish until the vessel reached about 10° N. 43° W. From then on, the majority caught were very small-- only 1 or 2 inches long. Adult dolphin Cory- phaena spp., actively fed on the flyingfish. Lanternfish, Myctophidae, were collected in moderate numbers everynight. Almost as fast as they reached the surface, they were eaten by large squid and dolphin. Fig. 3 - Night lighting. Dolphins feeding on organisms attracted to the light. Small juvenile dolphin were caught around the light in good numbers but were apparently less abundant than the large adult ones. The numbers of adult dolphin milling about the ship increased each night until, at the end of the drift period, they were visible in a wide area all around the ship. We estimated at least one fish for every square yard of sea surface. Inthe daytime the dolphin scattered and few were observed. Many of the adult dolphin caught on fishing tackle by the crew averaged 5to10 pounds and some exception- ally large ones weighed 40 pounds. Sharks of 10 to 15 feet were seen often. Most were whitetip sharks, Carcharhinus longimanus, which were occasionally accompanied by rainbow runners, Elagatis bipinnulatus. Oth- er species were caught under the light, but in smaller numbers than flyingfish, octopi, dolphin, and lanternfish. A number of squid were captured also. Several times the ship drifted into large patches of salps that lu- minesced whentouched. Sometimes the area on the windward side of the ship was lit up by the salps as the vessel touched and drifted over them. Fig. 4 - Sorting night's catch aboard R/V Discoverer. On February 22, the drift period ended at 10° N. 44° W. The vessel had drifted about 360 nautical miles, The biological observations made during the cruise in this poorly known mid-Atlantic area may be summed up as follows: 1. Not a single school of tuna was sighted and no juvenile tuna were collected, although the chances of finding tuna appeared favor- able on the basis of the temperature (25-27° C.) and the presence of organisms suitable for tuna food. 2. Dolphin, the only large pelagic fish present in large concentrations, fed heavily on flyingfish. To my knowledge, this is the first report of concentrations of dolphin in the mid-Atlantic. 37 3. Study of the plankton tows made during this voyage (now in progress at TABL) has sofar revealed the presence ofa few skipjack tuna larvae. When all samples have finally been studied, better conclusions may be drawn as to the presence or absence of tunas in the tropical mid-Atlantic. 4, The many large concentrations of fly- ingfish, lanternfish, octopi, and salps ob- served, andthe other organisms seen or col- lected, suggest an abundance of forage or- ganisms Suitable for tuna, marlin, and other large pelagic fishes. WHAT UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES HAVE OCEANOGRAPHIC COURSES ? Before World War II, only two universities in the United States granted degrees in oceanography. By 1966, at least 50 colleges and universities were granting de- grees in oceanography, marine biology, and ocean engineering; at least 20 others offered courses. Because oceanographic facilities and ships are expensive, most institutions of- fer a broad training program covering the basic sciences, mathematical sciences, and some introductory environmental courses. Normally, the oceanographic cur- riculum is available to those who have completed the bachelor's degree. Speciali- zation in marine biology and marine geology is availableto undergraduates at some schools. In June 1966, the Sea Grant College Act, first suggested by Dean Athelstan Spilhaus, now President of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, and introduced into Congress by Senator Claiborne Pell(RhodelIsland), was passed. This project to de- velop and support universities in much the same fashion as land grant colleges is being administered by the National Science Foundation. A student interested inbecoming an oceanographer shouldfirst major in one (or more) of the basic sciences--physics, biology, geology, chemistry, or meteorology. His later study of the ocean willrelateto his past major. Most institutions offering degrees in oceanography require a bachelor's degree as a prerequisite. Oceanog- raphers are expected to have mathematics through calculus. Individuals planning to become oceanographers should begin preparation in high school; courses should include the sciences, mathematics, and a foreign language if possible. The best training for oceanography is to get into the "toughest" under- graduate science curriculum possible and to work hard. Single copies of a list of colleges anduniversities offering degrees in oceanog- raphy may be obtained without cost from the National Oceanography Association, Suite 301, 1900 L Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036. (''Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) 38 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF REGULATIONS IN MARYLAND OYSTER FISHERY Richard E. Suttor and Thomas D. Corrigan Among the many species of shellfish har- vested commercially in Maryland, the oys- ter isthe mostimportant by far. It accounts for over half the total value of the State's seafood landings. However, the oyster indus- try is not what it used to be. Depletion and Repletion In the late nineteenth century, Maryland oyster harvests exceeding 70 million pounds per year were recorded (Table 1). These large harvests were far greater than the maximum sustainable yield of the resource; Table 1 = Maryland Oyster Catch, 1880-1966 1966 1967 (est. 1968 (est. Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, "Fishery Statistics of the United States,’ Annual Statistical Digest, BCF, 1965 and 1966. Catch figures for 1967 and 1968 are BCF estimates. the depletion of the oyster beds during this period signalled the long-term decline of the fishery. During the first quarter of the twentieth century, oyster landings decreased rapidly--but stabilized later with harvests usually ranging from 10 to 20 million pounds during the next 30 years. Annual landings declined during the late 1950s and early 1960s to an all-time low of less than 8 million pounds in 1963. To revitalize the industry, the State began an oyster repletion program in 1961. Oys- ter shells are dredged from nonproducing areas of the Chesapeake Bay and distributed on public oyster bars to provide "cultch" on which the oyster spat can attach and grow. The State also transplants seed oysters from nursery areas to growing areas, where the mature oysters are later harvested. In re- cent years, Over one million bushels have been transplanted annually (table 2). As a consequence, the industry has recovered somewhat during the pastfew years; the 1967 harvest was over 16 million pounds, nearly double the 1965 landings. Maryland has now regained its position as the leading oyster- producing state. Table 2 - Oyster Seed Production, Maryland Oyster Propagation Program, 1961-1967 rs ee Source: "Seed Oyster and Shell Plantings," Annual Reports, The Natural Resources Management Division, Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs, Annapolis, Maryland, 1961-1967. Mr. Suttor is Associate Professor and Mr. Corrigan is Faculty Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland. Note: This research was supported in part by BCF and Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs under Commercial Fisheries Re- search and Development Act, Project Number 3-42-D. Members of BCF's Division of Economic Research assisted throughout research project and review of article. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 845 Fishery Regulations Over the years, a complex system of State and county laws evolved in response to the de- cline of the oyster fishery. Although these laws protected the resource from even great- er depletion, some restrictions militated against economic efficiency. There are good reasons for regulating fisheries, both from the conservation and the economic point of view. Conservationists wish to maintain the productivity of the re- source. However, increasing demand for commercially valuable seafoods forces up the price, thereby drawing more labor and capital into the fishery. Since the increasing fishing effort will, at some point, permanently dam- age the resource, conservationists argue for regulations designed to forestall its depletion. Economists argue for regulation on the basis of efficient resource allocation; that is, labor and capital should be allocated among industries in such a way that the total output of the economy is as large as possible. Un- fortunately, when the fishing grounds are not privately owned, too much labor and capital enter the fishery!/, Consequently, econo- mists believe that regulations should be devised withaview toward limiting the quan- tities of labor and capital employed in the fishery. Regulations 2/ ‘employed in the Maryland oyster fishery include: Closed fishing areas and closed seasons, limitations on technology, tax measures, and private leasing of oyster beds. Closed Seasons and Closed Areas The season for tonging, the most common method of harvesting oysters in Maryland, ex- tends from the middle of September to the end of March. The season for dredging is slightly shorter; it begins the first of November and closes the middle of March. The State also closes certain oyster-producing areas when deemed necessary to protect against over- fishing. A closed season causes specialized equip- ment to be idle during part of the year. It 39 also causes a concentration of fishing effort at the beginning of the season. However, the resulting inefficiencies are relatively unim- portant in the Marylandoyster industry. This is because investments in specialized fishing gear are small, and most oystermen work either in other fisheries or on nonfishing jobs when not oystering. Closed areas cause some fishermen to travel further between home port and oyster beds. However, some beds must be closed to improve their productive capacity in future seasons. Thus, the long-term benefits are greater than the immediate costs. Limitations on Technology The limitations on technology in the Mary- land oyster fishery are both well known and widely criticized. The complete prohibition on dredging public grounds with mechanical power was recently relaxed to allow power dredging 2 days per week. Only dredging by sail boats is allowed onother days. The im- pack of this limitation is illustrated by com- paring harvesting techniques in the 2 Chesa- peake Bay States. In Virginia, where power dredging is lawful 6 days a week, 48 percent of the oysters was harvested by dredges in 1966. In contrast, only 23 percent of the Maryland catch was harvested by dredges. 2/ There are at least 2 objections to limita- tions on technology. First, the enforced in- efficiency increases the cost of harvesting a given quantity. Second, the artificially high prices resulting from exclusion of the most efficient harvesting techniques induce too much labor or capital, or both, into the in- dustry. Also, in a long-run context, it may be argued that current limitations on tech- nology discourage innovation. A potential in- novator may, with some justification, expect the passage of a new regulation outlawing any new efficient gear that he may develop. This would explain why the harvesting methods in the Maryland oyster industry are virtually the same as the methods of the nineteenth cen- tury. Tax Measures Taxes are taking on an increasingly im- portant role in regulating the Maryland oys- 1/ The economic theory underlying this statement is discussed in the Crutchfield and Zellner reference. 2/ A detailed discussion of fishery regulations can be found in the Scott reference. 3/ "Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1966." 40 ter industry. The 1968 session of the State legislature raised the tax on locally produced oystersfrom 2 cents to25 cents per bushel a) Also, it increased the tax on oysters shipped out of the State in the shell from 2 cents to 10 cents. A simulation model of the Maryland oyster industry was used by the authors to evaluate the economic impact of various tax rates. The simulation results (Table 3) include the projected 1975 price, fishing effort, oyster- men's income, and tax revenue under three alternative tax rates: 0.31 cent per pound (2 cents per bushel), 3.88 cents per pound (25 cents per bushel), and 5.88 cents per pound. Table 3 - Projections of Maryland Oyster Industry Under Alternative Tax Levels, 1975 Tax rate (cents per pound) Price (cents per pound) ....-- Effort (men)1/ Net income per man (dollars). . Tax revenue (thousand dollars} Source: The projections were obtained from a simulation model of Maryland oyster industry. The model will be presented in a forthcoming University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station bulletin, 1/Effort is defined as number of full-time equivalent oystermen An increase in the tax rate causes a de- cline in the exvessel price and a fall in oys- termen's net incomes. So, there is a decline in fishing effort as some oystermen leave the industry or cut down the number of days fished. The higher tax rates coupled with only minor changes in landings results in sub- stantial increases in tax revenues. By set- ting an appropriate tax rate, the State can collect enough revenue to pay for the oyster repletion program. Private Leasing If the oyster beds were controlled by in- dividuals, there would be no need for legal restrictions limiting fishing effort. Long- term leases on oyster beds enable the fish- erman to cultivate the beds just as a farmer cultivates his land. If there were a large number of competing firms, as in U.S. agri- culture, private leasing would promote effi- cient use of labor and capital inputs. In ad- dition, the resource would be conserved be- causethe renter would have the same incen- tive for conserving his oyster bed as the farmer his land. Table 4 - Total and Private Catch in Leading Eastern Oyster Producing States, 1966 Total Cath Aptos CECH Ios euaeS 1, 437 4, 639 3,741 199 238 2,615 South Carolina Mississippi . . 0 Source: "Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1966." Private leasing is common in many states (Table 4). About 79 percent of the 1966 Louisiana oyster production and 49 percent of the Vir ginia production were harvested from private beds. On the other hand, only 12 percent of the 1966 Maryland production and 4 percent of the Texas production were landed from private grounds. The argument against extensive private leasing is a non- economic one; namely, that residents of a state should have free access to publicly owned natural resources. Thus, the private ownership question is a question of value judgments, which must be decided in the po- litical arena. Asthe above percentages indicate, Mary- land has attempted to steer a middle course by leasing some Chesapeake Bay bottom while leaving most acreage open to public fishing. Certain areas may be leased if the area does not contain a natural oyster or clam bar--or if the area produced nomarketable oysters in the last 5 years prior to application, As a consequence of these rather severe restric- tions, a relatively small acreage has been leased. Conclusions The many regulations applied to the Mary- land oyster industry all tend to reduce pres- sure on the fishery resource, thereby con- tributing, to the conservation goal. On the other hand, some regulations, particularly limits on technology, hinder the efficient use of labor and capital. However, there is some tendency to move in the direction of regula- tions conformable with economic efficiency. Notable changes are the partial relaxation of the prohibition on power dredging and the in- creased tax on oyster landings. 4/ A Maryland bushel contains 6. 3 pounds of oyster meats and usually returns between $4 and $5 to the oysterman. 41 In the absence of a large increase in pri- no radical changes in the foreseeable future vate leasing, which is unlikely, restrictions in regulations pertaining to closed seasons, will be required to protect the fishery re- closed areas, and fishing gear. source. As aresult, there will probably be References CRUTCHFIELD, JAMES and ARNOLD ZELLNER SUTTOR, RICHARD E,, THOMAS D. CORRIGAN, and RMAN 1962. "Economic Aspects of the Pacific Halibut Fishery, " ROBERT H, WUH Fishery Industrial Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, United 1968. The Commercial Fishing and Seafood Processing Indus- States Department of the Interior, BCF, April. tries of the Chesapeake Bay Area, Maryland Agri- ° cultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publica- SCOTT, ANTHONY tion No. 676, November. 1962. "The Economicsof Regulating Fisheries, " in Economic Effects of Fishery Regulations, R. Hamlish, ed., U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Na- 1966. Fishery Statistics of the United States, Annual Statistical tions. Digest, BCF. OYSTER GEAR Chesapeake Bay EASTERN OYSTER Ostrea virginica x CHAIN LINKS DUMP RING 42 FISH CULTURE "Directory of Fish Culture Institutions," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 85, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. This isa directory of private and govern- mental institutions engaged in fish culture research in 41 countries, including East and West Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Po- land, Netherlands, Taiwan, USSR, and U.S. Prepared by FAO's Department of Fisheries, it lists the location of the institutions, number of scientists employed, physical facilities, research programs, training facilities, and publications, MACKEREL "The Spanish Mackerel and King Mackerel Fisheries,'' by Charles H. Lyles, C.F.S. No. 4936, Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, April 1969, 21 pp., illus. Available free from Branch of Reports, BCF, 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, Va. 22209. An oily, delicately flavored fish, the Span- ish mackerel supports a commercial fishery that lands a yearly average of 8 million pounds worth about three-quarters of a mil- lion dollars, Landings fluctuate considerably, apparently influenced more by the market than by abundance. Full development of the fishery has been hindered by an inability to preserve the delicate, fresh flavor until the fish reaches the consumer, Lyles reviews the history of the fishery since 1880, provides statistics, and gives several recipes. He emphasizes the urgent need to attack the problem of long-term preservation, aproblem that must be solved in order to exploit this enormous, under- utilized resource, OCEANOGRA PHERS "The New World of the Oceans: Men and Oceanography,'' by Daniel Behrman, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1969, 436 pp., illus, $8.95. The mass media--newspapers, magazines, television, and radio--expend an enormous amount of time and effort telling us of the lives and works of men dedicated to outer space. But where can we go to learn of the lives and works of men dedicated to the study of inner space--the oceans? We can go to this book--an engaging, well-researched, and highly informative account of oceanographers and their science, Claiming no special knowledge, Daniel Behrman is an ideal reporter, The reader learns along withhim, andcomes to share his infectious enthusiasm for his subject, He decided early in his research that the most interestingforms of life in the sea were the men studying it. From Scripps Institution to Woods Hole, he met an unexpected force of biologists and economists, geologists and lawyers, fishermen and physicists. The variety of their research projects is astound- ing. Behrman, discovering the multifaceted world of oceanography, makes it both inter- esting and intelligible to the layman, OCEANOGRAPHY "Films on Oceanography," by R.P. Cuzon de Rest, National Oceanographic Data Center, 1969, 99 pp., $1. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D. C. 20402. This is a catalogue of 155 films on all as- pects of oceanography--biology, chemistry, engineering, geology, and physics. It includes abrief description of each film--and data on size, color, sound, running time, appropriate audience, sources, and cost. Many can be borrowed, SALMON CONSERVATION "The Pacific Salmon Fisheries: A Study of Irrational Conservation,’ by James A. Crutchfield and Giulio Pontecorvo, Johns Hopkins Press, 1969, 220 + xii pp., $6. As one of the most valuable North Ameri- can fisheries, the Pacific salmon has an im- portant economic influence. Beyond this im- portance, however, the industry itself is a good example of the general issues involved in fisheries management--biological yield, conservation, economics, the labor force, and industrial organization. The industry has suffered a chronic economic distress that can be attributed, only in part, to a decline in quantity of output. James Crutchfield and Giulio Pontecorvo are economists. They have traced the his- tory and analyzed the results of public man- agement programs, particularly as applied to commercial fishing in Alaska and Puget Sound. They point out that public manage- menthas failedfor the most part because the problems have been treated as strictly bio- logical rather than economic. They offer an alternative program of public regulation based onboth biologic and economic criteria. "Productive fish stocks are a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of optimal use of those stocks,'' they say. The book makes a compelling case for a stronger economic ap- proach to fishery management and conserva- tion. The authors also discuss fishing gear, geographic expansion of the fishery, the po- litical environment, and biological con- straints. SALMON COMMISSION "Annual Report 1968,'' International Pa- cific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminister, Canada, 1969, 37 pp., illus. This report includes a review of the Fraser River pink and sockeye salmon fisheries, their history, and the activities of the Com- mission during 1968. It includes the Commis- sion's plans to restore and increase the value of the fisheries by raising the population be- yond its original level. 43 SALMON IN ALASKA "Alaska's Fishery Resources: The Pink — Salmon," by Jack E. Bailey, Fishery Leaflet 619, Department of the Interior, Fish & Wild- life Service, 1969, 8 pp., illus. Available free from Division of Publications, BCF, 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, Va. 22209. Salmon fishing is the largest commodity industry in Alaska, and pink salmon is the mostvaluable species. The pink salmon, al- so called 'humpback,' is the most abundant Pacific salmonin Alaska. Its production has an average wholesale value of $28 million and it constitutes more than half the total salmon catch. Bailey describes the fish, its distribution, abundance, andnatural history, and discusses fishery management. SALMON MIGRATION "Final Report on Migrant Salmon Light Guiding Studies at Columbia River Dams," by Paul E. Fields, North Pacific Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon, 1966, 266 + Xvii, pp., illus. Numerous dams have made nearly all of the Columbia River from tidewater to the Canadian border a series of pools. There are facilities to assist adult salmon migrating upstream at all but 2 of these dams, but fa- cilities for young downstream migrants are limited. The mortality percentages of fingerling and yearling salmonids demand that some method be found to guide them around the dangerous areas in relatively small amounts of water. When this study was initiated, the only generally accepted method of guidance wasa mechanical screen, This is not practi- cal in large rivers. The study showed that light is an effective guiding stimulus, both under laboratory conditions and in field- validation experiments, SALT FISH "Improved Method for Producing Pin- dang," by Sofjan Iljas and Louis J. Ronsivalli, "Fishery Industrial Research," pp. 11-16, Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, 1969. 44 Boiled salt fish, 'pindang,' is a popular food in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, It is known as 'sinaeng' in the Philippines and ‘platunung' in Thailand. To produce pindang, alternate layers of eviscerated fish and salt are placed on a rack and held above boiling water in earthenware or tin containers, The containers are covered and the fish steamed for about 8 hours. Pindang can be held for 1 to 12 weeks depending on the concentration of salt. This paper describes an improved method of production using plastic pouches. With this method, the fish can be stored at room tem- perature for up to 3 months. The pouches eliminate sanitation problems, double the rate of production, and minimize losses du- ring storage. SPINY LOBSTER "The New Zealand Rock Lobster or Marine Spiny Crayfish, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) -- Distribution, Growth, Embryology and Devel- opment,''by J. H. Sorenson, Fisheries Tech- nical Report No. 29, New Zealand Marine Department, Wellington, 1969, 46 pp., illus. Crayfish, or rock lobster, has become the most valuable single species in New Zea- land's fishing industry. This is due mostly to a strong demand for frozen tails in the U.S. After reaching a peak in 1956, landings de- clined in volume and in size of individual fish. Later, huge unfished stocks were discovered off Chatham Islands, and a new record of 159,102 cwt., worth NZ$4,319,908, was reached in 1967. A fishery of this magnitude and value must be wisely managed to achieve a balance be- tween natural increase and exploitation. The protection of females carrying external eggs is essential. This report describes and il- lustrates a technique to determine whether unlawful egg-removal has taken place, It in- cludes the life history and biology of the species, and discusses initial steps taken to- wards laboratory rearing and 'farming,' "The New Zealand Crayfish, Jasus edward- sii(Hutton),'' by R. J. Street, Fisheries Tech- nical Report No. 30, New Zealand Marine De- partment, Dunedin, 1969, 53 pp., illus. This is an accountof the growth, moulting cycle, movements, reproduction, and pre- dators of the New Zealand crayfish. TECHNOLOGY "The Automation of Fish Processing and Handling - A Bibliography,’ by Garland L. Standrod, Department of the Interior, 1969, 37 pp. Available from Clearinghouse, Spring- field, Va, 22151. This is a selected list of 312 reports and articles, some in foreign languages, covering all aspects of automated fish processing and handling. U.S. FISHERIES "Fisheries of the United States. . . 1968," by Charles H. Lyles, C.F.S. No. 5000, De- partment of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, March 1969, 83 + xx pp. Available from Division of Publications, BCF, 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, Va. 22209. A complete review and analysis of U.S. catch, landings and value, imports and ex- ports, production and supplies, by species, region, and type of product. It includes sec- tions on prices, per capita consumption, and numerous statistics. --Barbara Lundy INTERNATIONAL Super-Seiners Slated for West African Waters The 'Biscaya,' a 1,082-ton French-flag tuna purse seiner left Bayonne recently for West African waters. Her departure her- alded a new phase in Huropean eastern At- lantic tuna fishing. The U.S.-designed tuna seiner, the largest ever built in Europe, is the forerunner of a new fleet of super seiners for the French, Spanish, and Italian fleets. Previously, only a few purse seiners had sought tuna off West Africa. This has been attributed to insufficient knowledge of the grounds andwaters of the Gulfof Guinea, and of fishing with the purse seine. American Influence But in 1968, the Americans came with their huge modern purse seiners and their heli- copters. Their success and obvious efficien- cy had a tremendous effect. In fact, their success in the Pacific was already being closely scrutinized by European and African fishing interests eager to exploit West Afri- can tuna resources. Japanese Plans One Japanese owner had sent a new 250- ton-hold capacity tuna purse seiner to oper- ate off West Africa in1968. He is to replace it this year with one of 1,000-ton-hold capac- ity, such is the increased overall efficiency of the larger vessels. Other Countries Italianinterests are planning one or more 1,000-ton-capacity purse seiners as are owners in Spain. One Spanish owner is re- ported to be studying conversion of the revo- lutionary suction purse seiner 'Sarasua! into a U.S.-style vessel. French Operations The French, who have had perhaps the strongest tuna fleet off West Africa, also have been watching developments with these large super -seiners. 45 In 1968, there were 35 French tuna freez- ers, 17 purse seiners, and 18 bait boats in the area. They increased production by 50% over the previous year, due to the conver- sion of many bait boats into purse seiners. Now, this freezer fleet is to be greatly ex- panded. France hopes to play a larger role in the production of tuna for both the EC and the international market. They have chosen the most efficient type of vessel available in order to compete on an equal basis. Characteristics of Biscaya The all-welded steel-hull Biscaya is 53.95m.(177 ft.) long overall, 50 m. (164 ft.) bp., and moulded breadthis 10.87 m. (36 ft.). Depth to main deck is 5.89 m. (19 ft.), and draft aft 6.40 m. (21 ft.). She has atwo con- tinuous deck construction, the engineroom is forward and all accommodation is in the deck- house superstructure. Although fitted with as much European equipment as possible, she still has a good deal of American machinery aboard, notably the fishing gear. ('Fishing News Interna- tional,' May.) Atlantic Albacore Fishery Developments In early June, about 15 Japanese long- liners were fishing albacore tuna in the At- lantic off Angola and South Africa, They were catching a daily average of 2.5-3 tons per vessel. This is considered normal for the season, but is somewhat below the same per- iod last year when many small albacore were taken. About 50 Taiwanese and 25 South Ko- rean tuna vessels aiso were reported fishing albacore in the region. Prices In early June, c.&f. prices for frozen round albacore exports to Puerto Rico were around US$510 a short ton for 40-pound fish and $480 for smaller sizes taken off Angola. Export prices for frozen round albacore de- liveries to California were about c. & f. $544 46 Export prices for frozen round albacore de- liveries to Californiawere about c. & f, $544 a ton for 30-pound fish. ('Suisan Tsushin,' June 5.) FAO & USSR Sponsor Caribbean Fishery Study Tour Fishery scientists from Latin America took part in a study tour aboard a Soviet oceanographic vessel in the Caribbean Sea June 22to July 25. The group fellowship study tour was sponsored jointly by the USSR and the United Nations Development Program, The USSR, though nota member of FAO, contrib- utes to UNDP. Fishery Lectures Some 20 fishery biologists and oceanog- raphers from various Latin American coun- tries, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico and Uruguay, were aboard the 3,730- ton research vessel 'Akademik Knipovich', They heard lectures on modern methods of fishery and marine research, and received instruction in the use of acoustical equipment and other fishing and navigational aids, They also were scheduled to visit marine and scientific institutions inBelem, Brazil-- starting point of the tour--Havana, Cuba, and Vera Cruz, Mexico, where the tour ends. The Akademik Knipovich carried out ex- ploratory fishing and marine biological re- search en route, The findings will be pub- lished by interested governments, Third Tour The tour is the third of its kind. Previ- ous tours were held aboard the Knipovich in the southern Mediterranean Sea last year, and in the Black Sea in 1967. Participants in these tours came from African, Asian and East European countries. Japan and Mauritania Reopen Negotiations Japan and Mauritania were scheduled to reopen fishery negotiations at Nouakchott on June 10. This willbe thetwo countries! third attempt to agree on allowing Japanese trawl- ers to operate in Mauritania's 12-mile exclu- sive fishery zone. The first talks were held in Tokyo in fall 1968. Thebasic understanding was that Japan would pay Mauritania US$277,800 entry fees for 69 trawlers planning to catch 10,000 metric tons of octopus. Talks at Port Etienne in Dec. 1968 were broken off because Mauri- tania requested fishery assistance over and above that offered by Japan. The latest negotiations may settle the prob- lem. The 8-man Japanese negotiating team will include 2 government officials. ('Suisan Tsushin,! May 14.) pay ai = . ba, coiif e Japanese Longliners Asked Not to Fish Off New Zealand The New Zealand Government reportedly has sent a request to the Japanese Foreign Office asking that Japanese tuna long liners fishing off her shores move into other areas. Close to 100 long liners were fishing for southern bluefin off New Zealand. Many of them had shifted from southeast Australia where the southern bluefin resource has de- clined. Since they operate beyond New Zea- land's 12-mile fishing limit there is no legal problem. However, the presence of a large number of Japanese vessels is causing some concern. ('Suisancho Nippo,' May 27.) Soviet Whaling Flotilla Calls at Las Palmas Returning from the Antarctic, one of the 3 Soviet whaling factoryships, 'lurii Dolgoru- kii', called for4 days at Las Palmas, Canary Islands. She was accompanied by 15 catcher boats and a support vessel. The whaling flo- tilla was on its way to home port at Kalinin- grad. During past years, the Iurii Dolgorukii flotilla usually stopped at Montevideo, Uru- guay. The vessel arrived at Kaliningrad on May 19. The Soviets have been using Las Palmas more and more Since the closure of the Suez Canal. The exact number of Soviet fishing vessels calling at Las Palmas is unknown, but it may approach 100 during 1969. Another Soviet whaling factoryship, the 'Sovetskaia Ukraina', accompanied by 20 catcher boats, called at Ceuta, a Spanish port in northern Morocco, onher way tothe fleet's home port of Odessa, aA New Company to Publish Marine Books A new book publishing and sellingfirm, the International Marine Publishing Company, has been established in Camden, Maine. The firm will supply books on such subjects as: the fishing industry, oceanography, marine photo- graphy, seamanship, and boat building. Where no published book canbe provided, the company willattempt to fill the need with its own publications. The books andother prod- ucts will be sold through normal retail outlets. Three publications are now inthe works-- one on the history of dories and how to build them,a photographic appreciation of the Chesapeake Bay oyster industry, and a book on handling small sailing and power boats in heavy weather. Nees Fishery Legislation Proposed in Congress Aware of growing public concern about the depredations of unrestrained technology on the environment, both the President and the Congress have responded constructively. Executive Action On May 29, the President established an Environmental Quality Council composed of himself, the Vice President, the Secretaries of Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Trans- portation, Health, Education and Welfare, and Housing and Urban Development. At the same time, he established a Citizens' Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality. Its members are persons who have been serving on the now defunct Citizens' Advisory Com- mittee on Recreation and Natural Resources. The President said: ". , .In our time, technological develop- ment threatens the availability of goodair and good water, of open space and even quiet neighborhoods. . .the quality of our American environment is threatened today as it has not been threatened before in our history. Each day we receive new evidence of the declining quality of the. . .environment. "T am asking the Council, with the assist- ance of the Citizens' Advisory Committee, to examine the full range of variables which af- fect environmental quality. . .to review ex- isting policies and programs, and to suggest ways of improving them. Its members must project the impact of new technologies and encourage scientific developments which will help us protect our resources. "|, .this new body must anticipate new problems even as itfocuses onpresent ones. Itis not enough that it provide answers to the questions we are asking today. It must also pose the new questions which willface us to- morrow." House Response More than 25 members of the House of Representatives have introduced bills and resolutions pertaining to environmental qual- ity. They range from a resolution creating the House Committee on the Environment, to abill that would expand the Department of the Interior and redesignateit the Department of Resources, Environment and Population. ALBBBZAAAS 11 Senate Action At least 46 Senators have introduced or cosponsored bills and resolutions aimed at preserving environmental quality. On July 10, the Senate considered and passed S. 1075, a bill to establish a national policy for the environment; to authorize studies, surveys, and research relating to ecological systems, natural resources, and the quality of thehuman environment; and to establish a Board of Environmental Quality Advisers. The report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs onS. 1075 states, in part: "The inadequacy of present knowledge, policies, and institutions is reflected in our Nation's history, in our national attitudes, and in our contemporary life. We see in- creasing evidence of this inadequacy all around us: critical air andwater pollution... the degradation of unique ecosystems; need- less deforestation; the decline and extinction of fish and wildlife species. . .thermal pol- lution, and many, many other environmental quality problems. "As the evidence of environmental decay and degradation mounts, it becomes clearer each day that the Nation cannot continue to pay the price of past abuse. The costs ofair and water pollution, poor land-use policies and urban decay canno longer be deferred for payment by future generations. These prob- lems must be faced while they are still of manageable proportions and while alternative solutions are still available. "One of the major factors contributing to environmental abuse and deterioration is that actions--often actions having irreversible consequences--are undertaken without ade- quate consideration of, or knowledge about, their impact on the environment. . seeks to overcome this limitation by authorizing all agencies of the Federal Government, in con- junction with their existing programs, and authorities, to conduct research, studies, and surveys relatedto ecological systems and the quality of the environment. (It) also author- izes the agencies to make this information available to the public, to assist State and local governments, and to utilize ecological infor- mation inthe planning and development of re- source-oriented projects." --Barbara Lundy 12 OCEANOGRAPHY Strange Buoys Thrive in Puerto Rican Waters The crews of vessels passing 20 miles south of Ponce, Puerto Rico, cansee ''aweird, bright orange bud attached to a yellow stem and protected from sun, wind and rain by a white umbrella."' It seems about to bloom. "We know it's alive because we can hear a good, loud audio tonefrom its monitor radio transmitter and are getting positioning data on it from a high-flying satellite,"' reported Bob Kee, a U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (NOO) oceanographic engineer. He helped develop and plant the exotic blossom in about 5,000 feet of Caribbean water. Complex Buoy Array The strange ocean flower is a complex buoy array that contains the Interrogation Recording LocationSystem(IRLS). This sys - tem was designed to record and transmit oceanographic data to aninterrogating satel- lite. It is supported in the Caribbean waters by an anchored subsurface buoy and a spar float. Kee saidIRLSnow transmits to the satel- lite only a limited amount of oceanographic data--on wave heights and sea states needed to assess the array's oceanenvironment. The satellite is the polar-orbiting NIMBUS B II launched last spring by the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration (NASA). Also, other instruments beneath the orange bud (which is a radar reflector) tell the satellite--and the scientists who later inter- rogate its recording and storing mecha- nisms--that the buoy system is well. Array's Information Kee explained: ''We are learning how far the array's mast has tilted and how far the mast is from the water's surface as well as the direction in whichits antennas are pointing -- performance information that we are compar- ing with weather and general oceanographic data to see how well the system is working in the hostile ocean environment. The array also has instruments aboard to notify the scientists of buoy leaks and mooring cable breaks. The Future The present experiment is designed pri- marily to test IRLS' performance. It is the first phase of an idea conceived by NOO and NASA scientists to determine the possibility of using a Satellite to locate and interrogate oceanographic instruments placed on plat- forms throughout the world's oceans. These future platforms may be thousands of IRLS-instrumented buoyarrays. The plat- forms also may include ships of opportunity-- Naval and commercial ships not normally equipped for oceanographic surveying. The scientists already are thinking about develop- ing compact electronic instrument packages designed to take oceanographic measure- ments. These devices would be installed on the ships that travel both established sea lanes and remote, deep-ocean areas. AO. A Step Toward Global Ocean Forecasting System U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (NOO) scientists believe they now have equipment to measure wind velocities that are needed to compute "momentum flux.'"’ This flux is complex air movements that produce waves by transferring energy across the ocean sur- face. The equipment is a boom and 2 wind gauges strong enough, when driven into steady Trade Winds, to measure wind velocities. The equipment was tested about 100 miles north of Barbados in the British West Indies. The results showed that it may now be pos- sible to instal rigging and instruments de- signed to measure horizontal wind velocities (wind's speed and direction as it blows across the ocean) aboard Navy and commercial ships. P.S. DeLeonibus, the cruise's chief scien- tist, said this capability is an important step in developing a world-wide oceanforecasting system. One day this system may operate like the daily U.S. weather-prediction net- work. 13 WHIRLING ANEMOMETERS MEASURE WIND --Two of the 4 cup anemometers attached near end of 10-meter boom extending forward from bow of GILLISS. These record horizontal wind velocities forwind-wave specialists. The measurements may help them lear how to compute momentum flux--complex air movements that produce waves by transferring energy across ocean surface. The Equipment "The rigging and instruments," he ex- plained, ''could be attachedto ships stationed indeep oceanareas where the construction of stable platforms designed to support oceano- graphic and meteorological measuring de- vices is not possible." This system would be based on quick com- puter mathematics obtained from descrip- tions of ocean and atmospheric conditions -- recorded by instruments aboard ships and stable platforms. Forecasts resulting from this network would ensure safety of ships at sea. Theyalso would speed passages and help fishing and mining industries to tap the ocean's riches, Si Storm Surge Studie Water not wind is the ''most deadly and destructive feature of the hurricane, ''accord- ing to U.S. Weather Bureau experts studying coastal floods caused by storm surges along most of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. At ESSA's National Hurricane Center in Miami, Fla., weathermen are gathering data on every aspect of these sudden, storm-gen- erated rises of water levels along the shore. The results, already complete for some areas, will enable forecasters to point out specific danger areas when a storm ap- proaches the U.S. What Storm Surge Is The height of a storm surge can vary greatly over a relatively short stretch of coastline. This would depend on geographic features andwhere the storm itself is in re- lation to the shore. A surge of only afew feet that could flood hundreds of square miles of low-lying deltaland at a river's mouth could go practically unnoticed 50 miles up the coast. The Weather Bureau states that the clas - sical definition of storm surge is the abnormal rise of the seaalongthe shore, resulting pri- marily from storm winds and low atmospheric pressure. However, many factors help de- termine.the height the surge will reach as it travels from storm center to coast. Super- imposed on the normal astronomical tide and storm tide are heavy, storm-produced waves 14 and swells. As the storm nears shore, the storm surge can reach "incredible propor- tions." The Deadliest In 1893, a hurricane struck the Atlantic Coast between Savannah, Ga., and Charleston, S. C. A tremendous wave submerged all coastalislands around the Charlestonarea. It killed 1,200-2,000 persons. The deadliest disaster in U.S, history was the 1900 Galveston, Tex., hurricane. Nearly 6,000 persons died. Most of them drowned in Gulf waters, which rose as high as 20 feet in a few hours. In 1957, a storm surge over 13 feet high was created by Hurricane Audrey. It inun- dated parts of the flat Louisiana coast. In some sections, the surge flooded areas 25 miles inland. The death toll was 390. The storm-surge data being compiled are available to local officials and civil defense agencies, The Weather Bureau has practical advice for coastal residents threatened by the hur- ricane storm surge: If a hurricane "watch" or "warning" is issued, tune in radio or tele- vision for the latest advisories and bulletins from the ESSA Weather Bureau. These will include information on expected rises of coastal waters. Gulf of Mexico Oceanographic Study Underway Oceanographers of the U.S, Naval Oceano- graphic Office(NOO) are conducting an inten- sive 1-year shipboard probe into the oceanog- raphy of the Gulf of Mexico. They are work- ing with geologists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aboard the USNS KANE to collect oceanographic and geological data from the Gulf. They are seeing much of their geochemical information analyzed almost as soon as they gather it. To Dr. Charles W. Holmes, a USGS staff geologist, positive results from this combina- tion of data-gathering and data-processing techniques ''will be a breakthrough in geo- chemical mapping atsea by making more ef- ficient and thus more economical surveys." Devices Used The KANE's oceanographers -analysts are using a direct-reading emission spectrom- eter--a device capable of simultaneously measuring 10 different chemical elements -- to get an idea of how these elements are distributed throughout the Gulf sediments retrieved in coring operations. By mapping the elements! distribution, geologists can assess the economic potential of large sea- floor areas, The result may help industrial- ists plan exploitation programs. Sea-Floor Elements NOO scientists are particularly interested in understanding the distribution of elements throughout sea-floor sediments, They canuse maps and analyses based on these data as guides in predicting ocean-floor geologic changes, which are needed by the Navy and the maritime community. Survey Aims The scientists hope the probe will clarify some historical theories onhow the Gulf was formed and how it may lookinthefuture. They want to substantiate recent data that point to more oil-producing sands than previously had been determined for offshore Gulf areas. The data also indicate the presence of high concen- trations of zirconium, a heavy metal with a high melting point that can be used in alloys. Probe Warm Eddy Near Gulf Stream Oceanographers of the U.S. Naval Oceano- graphic Office (NOO) hope that analysis of temperature and salinity data collected during a recent scientific cruise in Atlantic coastal waters will help them to learn "how warm water eddies form, develop and sometimes disappear in ocean waters." Al Fisher, the survey's chief scientist, said the eddy study is part of program designed to give oceano- graphers working as ocean forecasters great- er understanding of how temperature condi- tions in relatively shallow continental shelf waters fluctuate in relation to time and space. The analyzed results will provide the Navy with wave, current, and temperature predic- tions. Edge of Gulf Stream Working about 75 miles northeast of Cape Hatteras, N.C., near the edge of the Gulf Stream, the oceanographers aboard the USNS GILLISS first pinpointed the eddy and collect- ed their temperature data. It is a warm, highly saline phenomenon. Unlike the near- by warm Gulf Stream waters, it is limited apparently to near-surface waters. Fisher noted: "Although we do not know exactly how a warm water eddy forms, we believe that this one may be associated with physical conditions, which may result during offshore movement of the Gulf Stream as the strong current passes Cape Hatteras." Past attempts tolocate this eddy were not always successful and the oceanographers be- lieve it may disappear from time to time. Fisher said the eddyhas beenobserved in the past either as ''a tongue protruding from the Gulf Stream or as an independent feature." The GILLISS Operation As the GILLISS steamed along a grid pat- tern, across the area containing the eddy, the oceanographers used recording systems to obtain continuous data on water-surface tem- perature and salinity. They dropped expend- able bathythermographs--instruments de- Signed to record temperature as they sink to bottom--at 4-mile intervals along the grid. The oceanographers examined the rela- tionship between the warm eddy and the sur- rounding colder waters. At 19 different sta- tions along the ship's route, they stopped the ship to lower instruments that measured continuously temperature and salinity at sub- surface depths. These readings gave the Scientists an idea of the eddy's structure. The readings will be used, with surface tempera- ture, to draw a 3-dimensional picture of the phenomenon. Air Support To help determine the eddy's boundaries, other scientists working aboard a research airplane made remote-sensing flights over the areaon4 ofthe 10survey days. Airborne expendable bathythermographs and the 15 plane's radiation thermometer were used. The airborne scientists recorded tempera- ture data from both surface and subsurface waters. In-flight data analysis showed temperature fluctuations of several degrees. This allow- ing the scientists to pinpoint where the eddy's boundary was in relation to the surrounding cold waters. This informationwas relayed to GILLISS scientists, who used it to determine where to take detailedtemperature and salin- ity measurements. During one 5-hour period, the airborne Scientists ordereditflown as low as 200 feet over the ship to compare plane instrumenta- tion with the GILLISS'. Results of the com- parison will be used to aid data analysis and to evaluate new plane instrumentation. Marine Animals Surveyed Both air and ship oceanographers also look for the types and numbers of marine animals in a survey area because these, like ocean conditions, can hamper transmittal of sound Signals during Naval sonar ranging opera- tions. The scientists reported several whales and hundreds of porpoises. U. of Washington Sponsors S. American Oceanographic Tour The University of Washington is sponsor- ing a South American study tour in ocean- ography, Jan. 16-Feb. 8, 1970. Thetour will travel by air, sea, and land from San Diego, Calif., to the Galapagos Islands, Punta Arenas, Trinidad and Tobago, and intermediate points of interest. It will be conducted by University ocean- ographers andlocalbiologists and geologists for laymen--and offer ''on-site observation and study of intertidal and near-shore en- vironments, tropical marine biology, coastal engineering, coral reefs, volcanoes, beaches, and fjords." For information: University of Washing- ton, Office of Short Courses and Conferences, 327 Lewis Hall, Seattle, Wash. 98105. ao. 16 Foreign Fishing Off U.S. in June OFF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND & GEORGES BANK Bad weather reduced surveillance in the Soviet: One hundred and forty vessels-- Northwest Atlantic in June. About 146 : : : ae 3 28 factory stern trawlers, 96 medium side JO SES Eon eel Steger: Wessels Mere trawlers, 6factorybase ships, 9 refrigerated sighted, 25% fewer than the 201 sighted in fish transports, and 1 tanker were sighted. May. (In June 1968, 103 had been sighted.) Fig. 1 - Soviet fishing off southern New Englandand on Georges Bank in June 1969; includes number of vessels and species caught. sms \ \. 15 Vessels ~=5 *“ ‘\ ‘Catch: Herxing c- i Whiting Fundian Chonnel > 3 ontauk Pt. a 5 a Hak P10 Vessels a ae OAL P © Catch; Herring i. eee Se HK a re | wi 30 Vessels Yon ioe , é 4 Catch: Herring 2U Vessels Seesy, I Magicenedl Catch: Herring SUB-AREA 5 GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY (SUB-AREA 5 -ICNAF) ———————————————————— §)e°__— a Polish: Two stern trawlers and 1 side trawler were sighted. Bulgarian: The factory stern trawler 'Flamingo' was sighted off southern New England in May, and again in June. Late in June, the stern trawler "Bekas' joined her about 30 miles south of Martha's Vineyard. Catches reportedly were herring and mack- erel. Fig. 2 - Bulgarian stern freezer trawler 'Flamingo' fishing off New England. Greek: The trawler 'Paros'had been fish- ing on Cultivator Shoals, Georges Bank since early May and, by June 23, had caught about 235 metric tons-- + Catch was 94 tons of cod, 58 tons of flounder, 27 tons of haddock, 40 tons of herring, scup, and mackerel, and 16 tons of other species. MID-ATLANTIC, SOUTH ATLANTIC & GULF OF MEXICO No foreign fishing vessels reported. OFF PACIFIC NORTHWEST Soviet: Sixty-five vessels were sighted-- 31 stern and 10 side trawlers fishing hake, 9 vessels whaling, 3 conducting fishery re- search, and 12 support vessels. By mid- month, nearly allexcept the whalers were off south Washington coast. (In June 1968, 83 vessels including 43 stern trawlers had been Sighted.) The whaling fleet was off south Oregon. Ten whales were seen being towed by a fac- toryship, parts of 4were on deck, and8 were buoyed and flagged in vicinity of catcher boats. her 700-ton capacity. 17 Japanese: No vessels sighted. (In June 1968, 3 stern trawlers had been reported.) OFF ALASKA Soviet: From 20 to 25 vessels were sighted, about the same as in May 1969 and June 1968. In the ocean perch fishery, 1 to 3 factory trawlers fished along the 100-fathom curve in the Gulf, and 3 to 12 factory trawlers, 3 medium trawlers, and 1 refrigerated carrier were along the Aleutians. About 10trawlers and1 refrigerated car- rier fished pollock, sablefish, arrowtooth flounder, and rockfish northwest of the Pribi- lofs, off Shelf edge in central Bering Sea. About 2 medium trawlers were northwest of Unimak Pass in eastern Bering Sea. Japanese: Vessels increasedfrom slightly over 400 in late May to 530 by late June. In the ocean perch fishery, 2-12 stern trawlers and 1 refrigerated transport fished in the Gulf, 2 to 6 stern trawlers were along Aleutians, and 15-20 independent stern trawl- ers, and at least 2 refrigerated transports were along Shelf edge in eastern and central Bering Sea. Five factoryship fleets in the BeringSea trawlfishery for Alaska pollock andflatfishes to be usedfor minced fish meal, meat and oil centered onthe Shelf edge in the Bering Sea, northeast of the Pribilofs. By late June, 8 high-seas salmon fleets were incentral Bering Sea, 2 were around Attu in western Aleutians, and another was south of western Aleutians, out of Alaskan area. The Bering Sea herring fishery--2 fac- toryships, 40 gill-netters, and 2 cargo ves- sels--ended after first week, when 2 vessels were apprehended for fishing in U.S. contig- uous zone. South Korean: Seven small trawlers, 1 factoryship, and 2 refrigerated transports fished on the Shelf, northeast of the Pribilofs, close to the Japanese minced -fish-meat-and- mealfishery. Catches primarily were Alaska pollock. Alarger sterntrawler operating in- dependently also fished pollock in the same area. Late in June, 5 gill-netters and a refrig- erated transport began fishing salmon in outer approaches to Bristol Bay, north of Alaska Peninsula. Catches were mature sockeye salmon on their way to Bristol Bay. @o00@e@00 80 18 STATES Alaska 1964 ALASKAN QUAKE MOVED MOUNTAINS, SHIFTED ISLANDS The force of the 1964 Alaskan earthquake shifted islands, moved parts of vast mountain ranges horizontally 50 feet, and sank some mountains almost 10 feet. This has been re- ported by ESSA's Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Good Friday earthquake was the strongest ever recorded on the North Ameri- can continent. The seismic sea wave that followed caused 131 deaths and over $750 million damage. Scientists still are assess- ing the effects. Book Contains Findings Some of their findings are reported in the third volume of "The Prince William Sound, Alaska, Earthquake of 1964 and Aftershocks, A prepared by the ESSA agency. This volume contains research Studies and interpretations in geodesy and photogrammetry. Among the findings are: 1. The Chugach and Kenai Mountains, about 80 miles from Anchorage in southeastern Alaska, shifted southward about 50 feet. 2. The mountain masses south of Portage subsided 9.84 feet. 3. Three islands in Shelikof Strait--Usha- gat, Afognak, and Kodiak--shifted to east and south, 4. Montague Island, at edge of Prince Wil- liam Sound, the earthquake center, was lifted over 30 feet. This unpopulated island, about 50 miles long and 10 miles wide, was tilted: one side rose more than 10 feet above the other, and shifted its position 40 to 50 feet. 5. The Matanuska Valley settled about 1.6 feet. 6, The earthquake was so strong and fol- lowed by so many aftershocks that "the earth's crust was fractured in many different forms throughout the entire region. 7. The ocean floor between Kodiak and Montague Islands rose about 50 feet, the greatest uplift ever recorded, Gravity stud= ies indicated ''a massive intrusion of magma" (molten rock from within the earth) caused the uplift. Findings Based on 1964-68 Surveys The findings are based on 1964-68 sur- veys. Scientists emphasized that the findings were relative. No one could be absolutely sure of what happened. But the findings were based on painstaking surveys by geodetic, photogrammetric, and hydrographic field parties. Charles A. Whitten, the Coast Survey's chief geodesist, analyzed the movement of mountain ranges andislands. He stated: ''The resurveys have indicated that the Chugach Mountains (which are south of the Matanuska River), the Kenai Mountains, and the islands in Prince William Sound have allshifted to the south." He added that the shift began ''with aslight elongation across the Matanuska Valley, ac- cumulating to a maximum of the order of 15 meters (50 feet) for the southeastern slopes of the Kenai Mountains, Montague Island, and the nearby regions extending into the Gulf of Alaska. ' Whitten continued: "Repeat surveys made in 1967 across Shelikof Strait show that Usha- gat Island, Afognak Island, and Kodiak Island have been displaced to the east and south with a direction that is fully related to the dis- placement of the Kenai Mountains." He said the maximum movement occurred between Homer Spit and the south side of the Kenai Mountains, a distance of less than 50 miles, Other findings: 1. The maximum earth subsidence from Glennallen towards Fairbanks was 7 feet, In the Alaska Range along the Richardson High- way, an upheaval of .3 to .8 foot occurred. 2. From Matanuska to 15 miles southeast of Fairbanks, maximum subsidence was 1.9 feet. 19 LOCATION OS Up ontague Is. 2 Afognak Is. GULF OF ALASKA “Kodiak Is. Gb ve Vast mountain ranges moved 50 feet, some mountains sank 10 feet into the earth, and islands were shifted by force of 1964 Alaskan earthquake, according to new findings oftremor's effect recently made public. Drawing depicts areahit hardest by strongest earth- quake ever recorded on North American continent. 20 3. In general, subsidence from Seward to Anchorage rangedfrom2,.3to 6.2 feet. From Anchorage to Matanuska to Glennallen, the subsidence ranged from .167 foot to 5.1 feet. The new earthquake volume can be pur- chased from Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 20402, for $4.25. KOK x SEA LIONS OBSERVED ON AN ALEUTIAN ISLAND Two BCF scientists observed Steller sea lion rookeries on Ugamak Island in the Aleu- tians from June 3-21. Ugamak, on the south- west approachto Unimak Pass, is part of the Aleutian National Wildlife Refuge. The rook- eries are heavily populated in June, when the pups areborn. The scientists estimated that there were more than15,000sealions around the island. Storms cause a substantial loss of pups from rookeries on steep beaches. Prepare for Future Study The scientists also established counting and photographic stations, and access routes to rookeries, in preparation for a proposed future sea-lion population and behavior study. California FASTER ANCHOVY AGE ANALYSIS DEVELOPED New procedures for age analysis of an- chovies have been established by scientists of the California Department of Fish and Game and BCF, Otoliths to be Used Otoliths and scales are equally usablefor anchovy age determination. Otoliths will be used because they are availablefrom allfish, while scales often are missing from a high percentage. The time required to clean and mount scales between glass slides also will be saved because otoliths are read without mounting. The samples collected during each quarter of a year will be divided equally among 4 readers; quarterly summaries will be compiled, Check Systems Devised Routinely, each pair of otoliths will be read only once. But, to insure that all 4 readers continue to read alike and to detect changes in reader accuracy, 2 check systems have been devised. During a quarter, each reader will receive at least one sample read by another to compare their readings. The second test will be a standard set of otoliths covering allage-classes onwhichall readers have agreed. Periodically, this standard set, labeled like a routine sample, will be sent to each reader. a CATFISH FARMS IN IMPERIAL VALLEY AROUSE INTEREST The establishment of Imperial Enterprises with about 300 acres of catfish ponds has created considerable interest in California's Imperial Valley. About 380 acres are under production and 500 more areplanned. Almost ideal conditions exist in water, soil, and temperatures. Until now, most sales have been to catch-out ponds, but interest is de- veloping in restaurant and market outlets. aA So Massachusetts GLOUCESTER-BASED SHRIMP FISHERY IS DEVELOPING A new shrimp fishery based in Gloucester, Mass., may develop into a year-round oper- ation. There are now 7 vessels in the fishery. Trucks haul the catch from Gloucester to Boothbay Harbor, Maine, for processing, However, a Shrimp plant is expected to be opened in Gloucester within a few months. Shrimping Good The fishing has been surprisingly good. Several vessels have landed 15,000 pounds from 1- to 2-day trips. New England shrimp fishing has been mainly a winter operation, primarily out of Portland, Maine. Oregon PORTS CLOSED TO CALIFORNIA-CAUGHT SHRIMP On August 5, the Oregon Fish Commission closed Oregon ports to landings of pink shrimp caught off California. The California Depart- ment of Fish andGame hadclosed California ports earlier. The small pink shrimp, widely usedin sea- food cocktails, are harvestedfrom large beds off Washington, Oregon, and California. The California bed is limited in size and intensive - ly managed. California Department of Fish and Game biologists set a quota annually for the harvest. When the quota is reached, the bed is closed to further fishing, leaving a brood stock to replenish the bed. The 1969 quota of 3 million pounds was expected to be reached on August 2. The Oregon Fish Commission action only prohibits landings of shrimp caught south of the Oregon-California border. It does not apply to shrimp taken off Oregon. ah Texas ADVICE FOR STOCKING FARM PONDS New farm ponds should not be dumps for any kind of fish, asserts Fred G. Lowman, supervisor of freshwater fisheries in Waco for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Special attention should be given to species and numbers. New impoundments should be stocked with the kinds of fish the owner or operator wants to catch or use. 21 It is very important to restrict the num- ber to what the water willbe able to support. Lowman emphasizes that it wouldbe futile to place balck bass in a farm pond if no one in the area fished these. The same is true of other species. Catfish Before Black Bass When bass and channel catfish are going to be putin a stock tank, the best results may be expected when the catfish are introduced in the fall--before releasing the black bass the following spring. Bass stocked in farm ponds in the spring often grow large enough by fallto consume most catfish, or other fish stocked at the same time. Lowman says people hurt their chances for good fishing when they release fish of varying sizes and species. HK PORT OF HARLINGEN FISH KILL DUE TO PROLONGED POLLUTION The recent estimated killof 5 million fish in the Arroyo Colorado and the Port of Har- lingen was due toa "natural''form of pollution, report biologists of the Texas Parks and Wild- life Department. They explain that hydrogen sulfide, created by decaying organic matter, settles to the bottom and accumulates until the water is disturbed. Low tides and the disturbance caused by propellers of boats and ships causedthis gas to circulate through the water and kill fish. Of the 5 million, over 99% were menhaden, the remainder small noncommercial fish. Oy gle << ARTICLES GROUNDFISH SURVEY PROGRAM OF BCF WOODS HOLE Marvin D. Grosslein Otter trawl surveys of groundfish popula- tions in New England waters have been con- ducted from time totime over the last 20 years by BCF's Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The frequency and scope of these surveys increased markedly after acquisition of the new research vessel ‘Albatross IV' in 1963. Nine surveys in 1963-65 represented 3 seasons each year and covered the Continental Shelf out to a depth of 360 meters (200 fathoms), from Long Island to western Nova Scotia. This was about 60,000 square miles. In1967, the survey area was extended south to Cape Hatteras, N. C., in response to increasing concern over for- eign exploitation of the stocks of fish in the Middle Atlantic Bight (Fig.1). The total sur- vey area now covers nearly 75,000 square miles, It is being covered twice a year, one cruise each spring and fall. Principal objectives of the survey program are: 1. To monitor fluctuations in structure and size of fish populations--to provide ameasure of the effects of fishing that is independent of commercial fishery statistics. 2. To assess the fish production potential of Atlantic coastal waters. 3. To determine environmental factors controlling fish distribution and abundance. 4. To provide basic ecological data on fishes (e.g., growth rates and food) necessary to understand interrelationships between fish and their environment. METHODS Routine Data Collected Routine data recorded for each survey trawl haul include length frequency and total weight of every fish species in the catch--and invertebrates suchas lobsters, shrimp, scal- lops, and squid. Scales or otoliths are also collected routinely for several important groundfish species to estimate age composi- tion, and from this information, mortality rates. Water temperature profilesfrom sur- face tobottom are taken routinely throughout the region. Since 1968, fish eggs and larvae have been sampled with plankton nets down to 50 meters simultaneously with otter-trawl hauls. A wide variety of other kinds of data is also collected. This depends on available personnel and needs of individual investiga- tors within and outside BCF. Machine Processing Methods Developed So far, only preliminary analysis of part of the survey data has been possible. The minimum routine information collected ona single cruise represents a formidable quan- tity of data, and comprehensive analysis re- quires automatic data processing (ADP) methods. Development of ADP capability at the Woods Hole Laboratory has now reached a point where, for the first time, itis feasible to begin an adequate analysis of the basic survey data--past and present. Sampling Design Tailored to Objectives One prerequisite for successful monitor- ing of changes in fish abundance is an objec- tive measure of the precision of the abundance index: that is, the sampling error of the average catchper haul of the research trawl, This requirement, plus consideration of the nature of groundfish distribution, led us to adopt a stratified random sampling design for the surveys. The entire area from Cape Hat- teras to western Nova Scotia is now subdivided into58 sampling strata; their boundaries were selected chiefly on the basis of depth--which is knowntobe correlated with groundfish dis- tribution (Fig. 2). Trawl stations are The author is a Fishery Biologist, BCF Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543. Note: Figs. 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10are inthe appendix in reprint (Sep. No. 846) of this article. Fora free copy of the Separate, write to Divi- sionof Publications, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, BCF, 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, Va. 22209. U.S, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 846 23 "sseW ‘eToH] spoom ‘Artoye10qe7 Teotboporg jog Aq Ajead aotmy apeut buraq are sAaans [Mes]-19}}0 YOTYM ut uotbar ouepy - T ‘6ty ww $354039 VILO9S WAON 1H918 OLLNWTLY 21001K A yy O Ne ? YY : SSO SS WN os Oa 3 : 7p <« RN K cE : K<« SS \ ‘ / XW Ks ‘ 25 *Avams ystzpunorb [Tey 796] wo AI ssoneqry Aq petdnoso suone3s [men rao 222 JO uloyeg - € *B6ty 2961 “930-190 VILOOS VAON OL SVYSLIVH 3dVv9 A3AYNS HSISGNNOYD Al SSOYLVETV 26 randomly located within each sampling stra- tum, A typical station pattern is shown in Fig. 3. This sampling scheme provides fairly uni- form distribution of stations throughout the survey region and insures some trawling in every depth zone in all geographic subdivi- sions, At the same time, random sampling within each stratum obtains valid estimates of the sampling error variance of the abun- danceindices. The indices are unbiased (rep- resentative of the stratum) in the sense that every habitat type is sampled with probability proportional tothe area covered by the habitat within each stratum, Preliminary analysis indicates that, with our present design and sampling intensity, the statistical confidence intervals around our abundance indices are sufficiently small to provide a new capability in monitoring fluctuations in groundfish stocks. Advantages of Research Vessel Data Relative abundance indices should have small sampling error; it is even more im- portant that they reflect faithfully changes in true abundance of the fish population. Com- mercial fishing practices change in response to market demand as wellas fish availability. And availability from a commercial stand- point may be more closely related to the de- gree of aggregation of fishthanto the absolute abundance, In addition, technological im- provements in commercial trawls and fish detection gear occur from time to time. These increase fishing power in a manner very difficult to measure. Research vessel abundance indices are free of these biases because they are based ona standardized fishing method (30-minute haul with a stand- ard survey trawl) and because trawling is done at randomly preselected locations. Other important advantages of research vessel surveys are synoptic coverage and completeness of catch records. The statis- tics of commercial landings reflect only those species and size groups Suitable for market in a particular port at a particular season. Within any one season, a fleet usually con- centrates its effortin a relatively restricted portion of its annual range, depending upon aggregation of the principal species sought. On the other hand, research vessel catches provide information ondistribution and abun- dance of all kinds and sizes of fish available tothe trawl over the entire shelf, from Cape Hatteras to western Nova Scotia, within a period of 6-8 weeks, Rapid and complete coverage of the survey area at specific seasons of the year, as well as over a period of years, is necessary if we are to make real advances in understanding the magnitude and causes of fish movements. Itis equally important tomonitor the general structure or species composition of the groundfishcommunity. Replacement of heay- ily exploited desirable species by their un- exploited competitors is a possibility that must be considered in any rational long-term management plan, Our surveys are providing "ecological benchmarks" against which future changes in the fish community can be com- pared. Distribution and abundance of juvenile fish are otherimportant kinds of information ob- tained from surveys. Smallfishare retained by afine-mesh liner in our survey trawl. The data on precommercial sizes are necessary to study recruitment; they are useful for making short-term predictions of future abundance. These predictions are rapidly becoming essential as we enter anera of management of international fisheries by national catch quotas. Trawl Efficiency--A Critical Problem Trawl efficiency, the ability to catch de- sired species in desired quantities, imposes the principal problem in interpreting re- searchtrawlcatches. Ideally, we would like the research trawl to catch all organisms within a specified range of size, insome known proportiontotheir absolute numbers under a unit area of sea surface. This would give a direct estimate of an identifiable segment of totalbiomass. Ofcourse, this is not possible. At present, we must settle for some unknown proportion (varying widely for different spe- cies) of organisms present in the path of a trawl, the opening of whichextends only a few meters above the sea bed. To convert such trawlcatchdata into estimates of biomass, a great deal more must be learned about factors that determine catching power. These are: 1, Actual distribution of fish in 3 dimen- sions, 2. Behavior of fish in front of the trawl, 3. Performance of the trawlitself: its configuration and motion relative tothe bottom, Direct measurement of these factors will re- quire remote sensing devices. In particular, 27 (peaye Apy6rqs) punor6yoeq ut st AI ssoneqity *Aeaims ystzpunos6 utof ogy] ut Tessa Yoreasel JatAOg e pue AT ssoneqry Aq pardnoso SUOT}EIS [MEI] 18NO - 7 *brg VSNn-e YSSN-e | 296! 430190 STVOHS LAMONLNVN OL SVYSLLVH advd ASAYNS HSISGNNOYD LNIOP YSSN-VSNn 28 development of acoustic methods for asses- sing absolute abundance and distribution of fish appears to hold considerable promise. Eventually, these methods may replace trawl- ing altogether in certain aspects of census studies. For the time being, however, con- ventionaltrawlingis a necessary method for providing some information on the dynamics of fish populations here and now. It is an in- dispensable link with the past as revealed by trawl catch statistics--both research and commercial. Furthermore, trawling, per- haps in conjunction with photographic meth- ods, will continue to be required for a long time in identifying and calibrating acoustic targets. Trawl Comparison Studies in Progress Some insight intothe problem of trawl ef- ficiency canbe obtained by comparing catches of different trawls for which physical config- urations are known, Studies of this nature were conducted as part of the joint cruises of Albatross IV and USSR research vessels in 1967 and 1968. These were carried out in cooperation with BCF's Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base at Gloucester, Mass. (Fig. 4). Biologists from state, university, and Federal laboratories in Maine, Massa- chusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Is- land, Maryland, and Virginia also took part. The first cruise (October 1967) was de- signed to improve our understanding of the dynamics of fish stocks inthe Middle Atlantic Bight. The same area was covered in fall 1968; then it was extended to the remainder of the Albatross IV survey area (see Fig. 2). The U.S. survey trawl was fitted with rollers (absent on the USSR trawl) on the groundrope. The headrope height and total mouth area were approximately half that of the USSRtrawl. Analysis of the 1967 data has confirmed most of the expected catch differ - ences between the trawls, which were related to the above factors, For example, on the 1967 joint survey from Hatteras to Nantucket shoals, the USSR trawlcaught several times as many red and silver hake. This might be expected because of its higher headrope (sil- ver hake are oftenfound well off the bottom) and because it tended bottom more closely without rollers (red hake are a bottom-hug- ging species). The smaller U.S. trawl, how- ever, gives essentially the same general picture of distribution and relative abundance (Fig. 5inappendix). The final results of these joint studies, which are still being analyzed, will provide valuable data onfactors affecting fishing power. The results will be a signifi- cant step toward better interpretation of our survey catch data as indices of relative abun- dance. SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ALBATROSS IV SURVEYS Predicting Fluctuations of Georges Bank Haddock Catches of juvenile (6- to 8-month-old) haddock on fall groundfish surveys are prov- ing a good index of the strength of incoming year classes, or broods of haddock, on Geor- ges Bank, Normally, haddock onthis bank do not reach a Size suitable for the U.S. market until they are about 25 years old. Therefore, the juvenile haddock index provides a means of predicting the relative numbers of recruits to the fishery 2 yearsin advance. As yet, the indexis not highly precise and factors affect- ingits accuracy are being studied. Never- theless, along with research vessel catches of older haddock, the index for juvenile fish has proved invaluable in predicting and ex- plaining recent changes in the abundance of Georges Bank haddock. This was particu- larly true for the drastic decline since 1965. Research vessel surveys indicated very poor survival in 1960 and 1961, followed by moderate survivalin1962 and a bumper crop of young haddock in1963. Brood success was poor again in 1964 and 1965. With sucha series of brood years, it was expected that the fishable population (age 2+) would show some increase in 1964 withrecruitment tothe fishery (43 inch mesh) of the moderate 1962 year class, anda substantialincrease in 1965 when the very strong 1963 year class entered the landings. Abundance in terms of weight of fish available to the fishery was expected toincrease stillfurther in 1966, and possibly stillmore in1967, despite the weak 1964 and 1965 year classes. This trend in abundance was expected because, under normal levels of fishing effort, the maximum weight yield of the average haddock year class on Georges Bank occurs betweenthe ages of 3 and 4, Up until that time, growth more than compen- sates for mortality, both natural and fishing mortality. After that, however, total weight of the year class declines steadily as mor- tality more than compensates for growth. The expected increases intotal abundance for 1964 and 1965 occurred as shownin fig. 6. = fe) i a wu) a n a Zz =) je) a ac Oo (= 6 oO lu oO aq 29 @ suMMER A FALL %& WINTER Fig 6 - Haddock abundance indices (average catch per 30 minute haul with standard survey trawl) for Georges Bank from Albatross IV groundfish surveys. Age analysis showed the increase to be due principally to the 1963 year class. The ex- pected increases for the next twoyears never materialized for the U.S. haddock fleet, how- ever, because of extremely heavy fishing by foreign fleets on Georges Bank haddock in the latter half of 1965 andin1966. Total landings in each of those 2 years were about triple the previous long-term annual average, and large numbers of the 1962 and 1963 year classes undoubtedly were removed. A substantial proportion of the 1963 year class apparently was removed in1965 andthe first half of 1966 before full recruitment of that year class to the U.S. fishery. The effects of such heavy fishing are reflected in the precipitous drop in Albatross IV abundance indices early in 1966 (Fig. 6). In addition to a large increase in fishing mortality generated by the sudden increase in fishing by foreign vessels, the juvenile haddock index for the 1966 year class was low: the 1967 year class index was the lowest on record. The inevitable serious decline was reflected in Albatross IV indices shown in fig. 6. Of course, it has appeared as well inthe scarcity of haddock to the commercial trawlers. The 1968 juvenile haddock index also was very low. Therefore, the earliest / possible improvement in haddock abundance on Georges Bankisin1971. It will depend on the success of the 1969 spawning, Distribution and Seasonal Movements Surveys on the scale of the Albatross IV series are particularly valuable in determin- ing the relation between fish distribution and environmental factors. The reason is that they cover a large area within a short time and neither the environment nor the fish dis- tribution will change very much. With proper spacing, Surveys can measure efficiently seasonal migrations which, for most species, are correlated with seasonal temperature changes. Red and silver hake, for example, are in shoal waters during summer and autumn when bottom temperatures are high (maximum in autumn). They move off the shoals into deep- er water during the winter, presumably in response to winter cooling; they are concen- trated alongthe shelf edge indeeper, warmer water during spring, when shoal water tem- peratures are lowest (Figs.7, 8, 9,in appen- dix). Improved knowledge of distribution and seasonal movements makes it easier for 30 fishermentofind fish concentrations; it also provides a better basis for establishing ef- fective management policies whenit becomes necessary to limit or redistribute the har- vest. A case in point is the current U.S.- USSR bilateral agreement in the Middle At- lantic Bight. This was designed to help pro- tect the U.S, industrial fishery, which depends chiefly oninshore migrants of the hake stocks in late spring and summer (Lundy, 1969). Knowledge of the spring concentrations of hake was taken into acc ount when ''closed fishing areas'' in early spring were selected. The areas chosen were closed to reduce the mortality of hake at a time when they were particularly vulnerable to the large USSR trawlers--but not available to the small U.S. boats of the industrial fleet. Unexploited Stocks Edwards (1968) has reported some first approximations of total biomass estimates for each major species, based on Albatross IV surveys, for the areas east and north of Hud- son Canyon. Although these estimates must be confirmed by further study of trawl effi- ciency, they have served to focus attention on certain abundant species that so far have not been exploited. For example, the largest single unexploit- ed resource is the spiny dogfish, which has longbeen a nuisance tomost U.S. fishermen, Since the dogfish is caught and sold for food in the eastern north Atlantic, the population off our coast very likely will be harvested in the near future. Spiny dogfish migrate seasonally, but the nature of these movements is not yet well known. Jensen(1969) reported that all avail- able evidence, including our groundfish sur- vey records, indicated a general movement tothe south andintodeeper waters during the winter, and a reverse movement in the sum- mer. Before 1967, our surveys generally stopped at Hudson Canyon, but the usual southern limit of the dogfish migration in our area is thought to be in the vicinity of Cape Hatteras. The recent extension of Albatross IV surveys southto Cape Hatteras has greatly improved our capacity to monitor the dogfish movements; sofar, the dataconfirm Jensen's conclusions for the survey area. In fall 1967, spiny dogfish were most abundant between Cape May, N. J., and Nantucket in depths less than 100 meters (55 fathoms). In that region, the largest catches were made near the 30- meter (15-fathom) isobath, which represents the approximate inshore boundary of Alba- tross IV surveys (Fig. 10in appendix). In the following spring, dogfish had moved at least as far south as Cape Hatteras. They also moved offshore inall areas, east and northas well as south of Cape Cod. Other Studies Details of the studies mentioned above and many others will be forthcoming in the next few years in papers by BCF biologists. The groundfish surveys also are providing valu- able data for many non-BCF scientists. In particular, there are current investigations by state biologists, graduate students, and others on various phases of the ecology of several species of hake, squid, flounders, dogfish, crabs, butterfish, skates, and sea robins. LITERATURE CITED EDWARDS, ROBERT L, 1968. Fishery resources of the North Atlantic area. In'"'The future of the fishing industry in the United States." University of Washington Publications in Fisheries, New Series, Vol. 4, pp. 52-60. JENSEN, ALBERT C, 1966. Life history of the spiny dogfish. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Fisheries Bulletin 65(3):527-554. LUNDY, BARBARA 1969. U.S. and USSR agree anew on Soviet fishing off U.S. Mid-Atlantic Coast. Com. Fish. Rev. 31(1}: 38- 41. MUSSELS: A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF HIGH-QUALITY PROTEIN T. Joyner and John Spinelli The success of musselculture in severalparts of the world suggests that further mechanization of cultivation practices -- and their extension to appropriate growing areas not now uti- lized--could make a substantial contribution to increasing the supply of inexpensive, high-quality protein. Mussels can be readily processed into dried concentrates, rich in protein, with desirable flavor, odor, and nutritional characteristics. The exponentially growing deficit in the world supply of protein has been widely pub- licized. Among the proposals for reducing this deficit, the one for converting unutilized marine organisms into a dry, protein-rich, powdered concentrate has attracted much attention. The Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries has undertaken extensive technological research into the development of a system for the conversion of fish into FPC (fish protein concentrate) of good quality with a promising market potential. A viable protein-concentrate industry will require the use ofa number of different spe- cies as sources of raw material. FPC of high quality has been produced from hake, as well as from oilyspecies such as menhaden, her- ring, and anchovy. The needfor high-quality marine protein for both human and animal use dictates a continuing search for suitable raw materials. Inany assessment of other marine sources of protein, mussels appear very promising. Their wide distribution, fecundity, rate of growth and growthdensity already have been adapted to highly successful culture systems in many parts of the world. The bulk of the world's commercial mussel harvest is sold fresh, in the shell. Development of markets for significant additional production will re- quire close attention to development of suit- able preservation and storage techniques -- as well as to the stimulation of new markets for preserved and processed mussel prod- ucts. If a dried concentrate, rich in protein, Mr. Joyner is Oceanographer, BCF Biological Laboratory Mr, Spinelli is Research Chemist, BCF Technological Laboratory could be producedfrom mussels at low cost, it might generate market interest as a nutri- tional ingredient. To explore the feasibility of using mussels as a source of dry, protein concentrate, we prepared samples from Puget Sound bay mus- sels (Mytilus edulis). Preparation of Protein Concentrate From Mussels Meats were removed from the shell, ground in a food chopper, and steamed for 5 minutes at a pressure of 5 lbs. After being steamed, the meats were extracted twice with hot isopropanol (80° C.) at a ratio of 2 parts solvent to 1 part meat. The extracted meats were then dried in a vacuum at 80° C. for 6 hours. The dried product was milled and screened to separate the protein from the byssal threads (holdfasts) that had remained with the meats. A 13.5-percent yield (based on the weight of wet meats; 6.75% based on total weight of the mussels) of light-tan-colored concentrate was obtained by this process. Various opin- ions were expressed by a panel of tasters. Clam-like flavor, lobster-like flavor, hydro- lyzed protein flavor and odor, and seaweed color were some of the descriptive terms used by the panelists. Subsequent work has shown that these qualities can be controlled by varying the extraction process. For ex- ample, washing the protein with acid in the presence of sodium hexametaphosphate prior } Seattle, Wash. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 847 32 to extraction with isopropanol produced a product with only slight odor and flavor. Other workhas shown that the protein can be extracted more easily by grinding the mus- sels whole. The resultingslurry is steamed, dried, and then crude milled. The protein can then be separated readily from the shell by air classification. Nutritional Evaluation and Chemical Analysis To evaluate the nutritional and chemical characteristics of mussel protein concentrate (MPC), samples produced by isopropanol ex- traction of steamed mussel meats were an- alyzed for proximate composition, minerals, and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Table 1 shows the results of these analyses. ania) Ake 3.6L/ eyes eile! ate 70.0 percent Dreweyieiie 12.0 percent Lipid. . . 2 « Cllenelleuoiels|ehielole 0.2 percent Carbohydrate (glycogen) ..... 15.0 percent Fluoride’. « —__ =p => 66 LATIN AMERICA Cuba ELECTED TO UNDP GOVERNING COUNCIL Cuba was elected to the UN Development Program (UNDP) Governing Council in early June 1969 by secret ballot of the 27-member UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Cuba is not a member. UNDP Governing Council was formed in 1965 to coordinate and consolidate all UN technical aid anddevelopment programs. Its 37 members exercise direct policy control over the programs. Only 3(ECOSOC) members arefrom Com- munist countries: USSR, Bulgaria, and Yugo- slavia. Since all 5 members from South America (Argentina, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, and Uruguay) had opposed Cuban election, votes must have come from Asian and African delegates. Edges Out Argentina Cuba was elected by a vote of 14 to 13 over Argentina, the South American candidate pre- ferred by other Latin American nations. Mexico, favored by the U.S, and Latin Ameri- cans, also was elected. Fishing Industry Expands In the world of fishing, Cuba's election may be more Significant thanin the political world. Cubans are rapidly expanding their fishing industry. In thepast they received consider- able aidfrom UN. They may apply for more. CORRECTION Dr. J. W. DeWitt, author of ''Pacific Salmon Introduced into Southern Streams" (of Chile), CFR July 1969, p. 58, has asked that end of next-to-last paragraph be changed to read: '', . . to spawn in the Chilean fall Oral oles ; SOUTH PACIFIC American Samoa TUNA PRICE IS UNCHANGED Tuna delivery prices at American Samoa for July 1969 were the same as June's, ac- cording to an agreement reached between Japanese suppliers and U.S. packers. The July delivery prices per short ton were: round albacore: frozen US$425, iced $410; gilled and gutted yellowfin: frozen $342.50, iced $322.50. The Japanese had askedfor a $5-a-ton in- crease for albacore. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 12.) Western Samoa SEEKS JAPANESE FISHERY AID WesternSamoa's Prime Minister Mata'afa visited Japan June 15-30 at the invitation of the Japanese Pacific Ocean Society. He in- dicated his wish to receive technical fishery assistance. Western Samoa, with around 145,000 people, wants to build her fishing in- dustry on the Japanese pattern andis looking to Japan for capital investments. Japanese Investments Prime Minister Mata'afa also requested that Japan approve the investment planned in Western Samoa by Taisho Shamitsu Indus- tries, Ltd. In February 1969, that firm was licensed by Samoa to establisha corporation. The Japanese firm plans to invest 100 mil- lion yen (US$278,000) to build a 100-ton cold storage--and to operate two 20-30-ton fish- ing vessels for pole-and-line and gill-net fishing, primarily for lizardfish. Japan's Fisheries Agency plans to send asurvey mis- sion to Western Samoa. ('Shin Suisan Shim- bun,' July 7.) ASIA Japan SALMON MOTHERSHIP FLEETS END FISHING The 11 Japanese salmon mothership fleets (11 motherships and 369 catcher vessels) fishing in Area A (north of 45° N. latitude) in the North Pacific were scheduled to end operations between July 21 and 23. They were expected to have caught their quotas. The end would come about 8 days later than in 1967, the previous good pink salmon year, due to the unexpectedly light run of reds and chums. These caused the fleets to shift frequently. Runs Near Shore Heavier The salmon runs closer to shore were heavy compared with high-seas runs. So the land-based gill-net and longline fleets, which operated in Area B(southof 45° N, latitude), fared well. Fishing in Area B ended June 15 for longliners, and on June 23 for gill-net- ters. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,’ July 16.) OK SUMMER ALBACORE FISHERY NEARS END As of June 30, the Japanese summer pole- and-line albacore tuna catch was 27,500 met- ric tons. The fishery was near the season's end. Catches after that date were averaging around 50 tons a day of albacore mixed with skipjack. As of June 30, landings of pole-caught al- bacore at principal ports were about: central Japan: 16,100tons Yaizu; 5,800 tons Shimizu; 600 tons Misaki; 500 tons each Numazu and Choshi; southernJapan: 400 tons Kogoshima; northern Japan: 1,700 tons Nakaminato; 800 tons Onagawa; 250 tons Kesenuma; and 200 tons Ishinomaki. Landings Above 1968's Landings this year are substantially above the 1968 season's 17,300 tons--but are not likely to reach the 30,000 tons of 1967. (‘Suisan Tsushin,' July 12.) OK OK 67 EXPLORATORY TRAWLING IS DISAPPOINTING IN NORTHEAST ATLANTIC The stern trawler ‘Akebono Maru No. 51! (1,454 grosstons) is inthe northeast Atlantic on a government-subsidized resource Survey cruise. She recently completed fishing tests in the Bay of Biscay with little success. The vessel reported that the Bay has an abundance of cod andherring, but practically none of the species sought by Japan--octopus, squid, and red sea bream. Akebono Maru is scheduled to extend op- erations northward toward the west coast of England for the second part of her cruise. However, the trawler's operators do not an- ticipate promising results. ("Minato Shim- bun,* June 12.) TRAWLERS FACE CANADIAN RESTRICTIONS The Japanese Fisheries Agency says Can- ada intends to declare as internal waters the landward side of the baseline connecting Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Is- lands immediately after legislationis enacted around September. On June 11, Canada an- nounced straight baselines. She defined her territorial sea and fishing limits along the coast of Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands on the west coast, and Nova Scotia on the east coast. Negotiations May Be Necessary Japan points out that Canada's claims will shut out Japanese trawl operations; already, these have been adversely affected by adop- tion of straight baselines, It might be neces- sary to negotiate with Canada for a fishery agreement similar to the one with the U.S. The area to be affected by Canada's dec- laration is used now by Japanese trawlers primarily to load, although 1 or 2 trawlers also fish between the 2 islands. Japanese Position Japan has ratified the Convention on the Territorial Sea andthe Contiguous Zone. She cannot protest the straight baseline system 68 Japan (Contd.): recognized by that Convention. But she con- siders exclusion of foreignfishing vessels in the internal waters defined in connection with the straight baseline system as inter- nationally illegal. Therefore, she plans to contact the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo about the matter. ("Minato Shimbun,! July 6.) x KX TUNA PURSE SEINING FAILS COMPLETELY IN EASTERN PACIFIC Japanese purse-seine operators were shocked to learn that the 4tuna purse seiners that sailed in early Januaryfor thefirst time to the Eastern Pacific took only 340-350 tons. All 4 left the grounds between late April and early May. One Taiyo vessel and one Kinkai arrived in Japan at the end of May; the re- maining two were en route to purse Seine off Africa. Last Year's Method Fails Last year, a Kawajiri Gyogyo vessel took nearly 1,000 tons of yellowfinfrom the same area. This year's plans of the 4 purse seiners were based onthe same method. The result, however, was complete failure. Only Japanese Failed Each U.S. purse seiner uses 3 or 4 speed boats to herd dolphin-chasing yellowfin into anet. Japanese purse seiners have no speed boats andcannot keep up with yellowfin. The Japanese failure, while catches by other countries were high, shocked Japanese fish- ermen. ('Shin Suisan Sokuho,' May 10.) OK TO SURVEY SKIPJACK TUNA IN SOUTHWEST PACIFIC Japan is planning an extensive skipjack resource survey in the southwest Pacific, from Palau Island (U.S, Trust Territory) to south of New Guinea. The survey is to deter- mine the potential for a pole-and-line skip- jack fishery in the southern region, and to develop ways of keeping baitfish alive in the wells. The latter is a problem previously considered impossible to overcome, Chartered Survey Ship The modern skipjack vessel 'Seishu Maru No. 7' (345 gross tons) will be chartered to conduct the surveyfrom September or Octo- ber until March 1970. The trip will be sub- sidized by the Mie prefectural government and supported by the Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Cooperative Associations. (*Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' May 22 & 26.) OK OK FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO U.S. DROP Owing to short supply, and U.S, rejections Since late 1968, direct exports of frozen tuna to the U.S, during Jan.-May 1969 were down to 8,376 short tons worth US$3,666,236. Ex- ports during same period 1968 were 21,239 tons worth $9,786,554. Quantity and value of Atlantic transship- ments to the U,S.--9,442 tons worth $3,418,021 Jan.-May 1969--were about thesame as 1968 transshipments: 9,519 tons and $3,065,667. (Figures include tuna loin exports.) Domestic Packers Bought Much May albacore exports to the U.S, amounted to 1,357 tons of direct shipments and 527 tons of Atlantic transshipments. Normally, June is the peak monthfor albacore exports, but this year's June shipments, as of the 15th, were only about 1,000 tons. Practically allthe summer albacore taken off Japan were bought by domestic packers at high prices, There may not have been much left for ex- port. ('Suisancho Nippo,' June 17.) * OK OK HIGHER PRICES FIXED FOR CANNED TUNA EXPORTS TO U.S. On July 8, the Tokyo Canned Tuna Sales Co. resumed sales of canned tuna-in-brine for export to the U.S. after a temporary sus- pension. It announced that a premium would be added to the present price for all can sizes, The Sales Company willnot apply the "fall clause" (contract provision to adjust prices in case of price decline) to the premium Japan (Contd.): added. The quantity for sale was not an- nounced, but itwas speculated that about half the stock of about 200,000 cases (mostly whitemeat tuna packed in 7-oz. cans) would be offered during a one-week period. The price andpremium are shown below. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 10.) Present Pricel/ | Premi Style of Pack Can and Case Size ee ee o (US$). se oo Solid: 7-0z. 48's Gls bl 0.28 13-02. 24's 10.33 0.28 35-02. 488s 6.66 0.17 a e 665 oz. 68s 6.6elb. 68s a f) 65 oz. 48's 6.6-lb. 6's 12.33 21.17 0.42 0.83 Chunk: Canned lightmeat tuna in brine: Solids 7-02. 48's 8.49 0.14 13-02, 24's 7,86 35-02, 483s 5.11 665-02. 6's _6.6=1b, 61s Chunk: 6.6-lb. 6's 1/Ex-warehouse, Shimizu, Japan. % OK OK CANNED TANNER CRAB EXPORT PRICES UP The Japan Canned Salmon and Crab Sales Company announced 1969 export prices for canned tanner crab. The company also con- ducted its first tanner crab sales. About 25,000 cases were sold to trading firms for delivery in June and July. ('Suisan Tsushin,' June 5.) Export Prices, 1969 and 1968 i ) 65 oz. 24's 12.65 65-02. 48's 25.00 35-072. 48's 13.50 69 FROZEN SHRIMP IMPORTS HIT HIGH IN MAY In May 1969, Japanimported 4,232 metric tons of frozen shrimp worth about US$10.5 million. Although below April purchases of 4,817 tons worth $11.6 million, May imports exceeded 4,000 tons for the second time this year, India, Mexico, Thailand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, and Taiwan were the leading sup- pliers. ('Suisancho Nippo,' June 19.) Frozen Shrimp Imports, May 1969 India » eo « Mexico. . . Thailand. » Indonesia. Taiwan. . Australia. SGNVEHEG GD OO OOOO Sabah (ex-North Borneo} IMalaysiave\tels) «el lelete Othersiepeleieloienelete iotaltewaeemelenens GEAR LOST OFF MEXICO Data collected by the Federation of Japa- nese Fisheries Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN) show that, since July 1968, 8 longliners lost 13 cases of gear while fish- ing off Mexico. Some 178 baskets of longlines (1 basketis 650-1,300 feetof line), 249 glass floats, 19 lamps, and one radio buoy were lost or damaged. Most ofthe longlines were severed by sharp instruments; 41 glass floats were damaged by rifle bullets. The vessels reported that the offenses were committed by small 40-50 tonpurse seiners whichfled into territorial waters when pursued. To Tell Mexico NIKKATSUREN plans to submit the data to the government, requesting that Mexico be reminded of these incidents at the forthcom- ing meeting on the Japan-Mexico fisheries agreement, During April-July 1968, 13 Japanese long- liners fishing off Mexico suffered 13 cases of gear theft. They lost 418 baskets of long 70 Japan (Contd.): lines, and 443 pieces of radio buoys, glass floats, banners, and lamps. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' June 18.) TUNA FISHERIES ARE IN TROUBLE Taiwan Taiwan's tunafisheries are beset with dif- ficulties--despite a record 1968 tuna catch of 79,000 metric tons (nearly 3 times the 1965 catch) and tuna exports to the U.S. worth US$25 million (only $2 million in 1965). Over half the vessel owners are unable to repay loans or modernize fishing gear and equip- ment. The situation is expected to worsen with delivery of twenty 250-ton tuna vessels built in South Korea and financed from a $14.4 million loan granted Taiwan by the World Bank in 1967. Forty similar vessels will be built in Taiwan with a $10 million loan re- cently approved by the Asian Development Bank. While production costs are rising, world market prices for tuna have stabilized in recent years. What Taiwan Needs , The tuna fishery also lacks well-trained and experienced skippers and crews. It has poor marketing facilities. It depends almost entirely on Japan for bait and fishing gear. Because of these problems, the Chief of the Fisheries Division of Taiwan's Joint Com- mission on Rural Reconstructionhas recom- mended postponement for a few years of the planned expansion. (U.S. Embassy, Taipei, June 13.) %* OK OK EXPORTS AND IMPORTS FISHING VESSELS The Nantai Shipbuilding Co. of Taiwan has won a contract to build fishing vessels for a Chinese firm in Indonesia, Prices were: (1) US$175,000 for a 200- gross-ton, distant-water, vessel with main engine, freezer compartment, communication devices, and radar; (2) $30,000 for a 30- gross-ton coastalfishing vessel with engine, navigation instruments, and fishing gear. Hong Kong Intermediary The contract was negotiated through a Chinese merchant in Hong Kong because In- donesia does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. The Chinese firm in Indonesia learned that Taiwan builds as well and more cheaply than other countries. Before, all large Indonesian fishing vessels were im- ported from Japan. Buys from S. Korea The S. Korean Commerce and Industry Ministry reportedly has concluded a US$6.14 million contract with the Taiwan Central Trust Bureau to export twenty 250-gross-ton tuna vessels to Taiwan. The vessels, now being built at S. Korean shipyards, were scheduled for delivery by the end of August 1969. S. Korea hopes contract will lead to vesselordersfrom other countries. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,' June 6 & 16.) According to information from the U.S. Embassy in Taipei, the 20 tuna vessels are financed by a World Bank loan to Taiwan in 1967. The contract with S. Korea was con- cluded then. x KX REQUESTS OBSERVER STATUS AT IPFC MEETINGS The Republic of China(Taiwan) has asked to participate as an observer at meetings of the FAO Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council (IPFC). The Council voted 14 to 10, with 4 abstentions, in favor of the request. Taiwan withdrew from FAO membership in 1952. The IPFC was started in 1948 and has 18 members. Taiwan accounts for about 10% of total annual catch in Indo-Pacific area. (FAO, June 19.) (| & alg South Korea VALUE OF FISHERIES IS INCREASING RAPIDLY In first-half 1968, the value of South Korea's fishery output was 9.3 billion won (US$33.2 million), or 2.1 percent of her gross national product (GNP). (‘Korean Business Review,' Dec. 1968.) The fishery contribution to the GNP re- mained the same in 1968 as in 1967 because the entire economy grew as fast as the fish- eries., In first-half 1968, fishery output in- creased 16.4% compared to 1967 production value of 8 billion won ($28.6 million). The GNP in the first half of 1968 grew at a rate of 17.2%. Both rates are practically un- matched in world economies. Latest estimates by the Ministry of Agri- culture indicate value of 1968 fisheries ex- ceeded 18.5 billion won (US$66 million) in constant 1965 prices. % OK OK TO EXPORT TUNA LONGLINERS TO EL SALVADOR S. Korea plans to buildand export in 1969 11 tuna vessels (235 gross tons each) to El Salvador on a deferred-payment basis. The 71 terms are US$338,738 per vessel payable in installments over 4 years. This includes a 1-year grace period. Interest rate is 7.75% a year. S. Korea will send 33 senior crew members (captains, radio operators, and en- gineers) to El Salvador to manvessels. ('Sui- san Keizai,' Apr. 1.) Sale Follows Survey The sale follows the October 1968 agree- ment between Korean Office of Fisheries and El Salvador. The Korean Fisheries Mission visited El Salvador in March 1969. It recom- mended reorganization of fisheries pro- grams, increase in staff and budgets, a Min- istry of Fisheries to include research training and statistical collection, drafting of develop- ment plan, and organization of fishermen!'s training center. Mission Recommendations The Korean Mission recommended that all longliner tuna catches be frozen and sold on world markets because it could not find mar- kets fortuna and alliedfish in Central Amer- ica. Also, it recommended establishment of a longline fishery rather than purse-seine or bait-boat fisheryfor tuna. The standard long- line boat of 240 gross tons recommended agrees with reported tonnage of the 11 long- liners ordered. ARE THERE REALLY SEA MONSTERS? Although we discount the fabled sea monsters, such as the kraken which could swal- low vessels whole, we have not yet explored the ocean thoroughly enough to say with abso- lute certainty that there are no monsters in the deep. Scientific observations and records note that giant squids with tentacles 40 feet long live at 1,500 feet and that sizable objects have beendetected by explosive echo sounding at greater depths. Oarfish 40 to 50 feet long also have been observed by scientists. Either the oarfish or the giant squid with its long tentacles may have given rise to the sea serpent stories told by sailors of old. In recent years, Danishscientists have studied large eel larvae that would grow to 90 feet if their growth rate is the same as eels of other species. (''Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) 72 MID EAST Israel BROADENS OCEANOGRAPHIC WORK Prof. Moshe Shilohas summarized Israeli oceanography and limnology. He is associ- ated with the National Council of Research and Development. The limnological laboratory at the Sea of Galilee now has adequate equipment and staff. The laboratory is nearly ready to study the lake's ecology, geology, microbiology, biol- ogy, and physical and chemical limnology. Red Sea Station The Marine Biological Research Station at Eilat is a going concern. Prof. Heinz Steinitz, Professor of Zoology, Hebrew Uni- versity of Jerusalem, is slated to be named director. Haifa Institute Construction of the Institute of Oceanog- raphy and Limnology at Tel Shikmona, on the outskirts of Haifa, willbegin in afew months. Scheduled for completion in 3 years, it will be the center for all major oceanographic research. It will include the Sea Fisheries Research Station. Vessels The sea-going oceanographic vessel 'Shikmona! is being outfittedfor more exten- sive and sophisticated research. A cata- maran has been purchased for in-shore in- vestigations, Also, propeller-driven boats of the Florida Everglades type are on order to broaden investigations at Bardawil Lagoon, near El Arish, in Sinai. A hydrographic, geologic, and oceano- graphic coast survey offshore to 100 kilo- meters, and from Lebanon to Port Said, has been completed. Although possible offshore deposits of petroleum were explored, its im- mediate purpose was to locate sand suitable for construction. Hydrographic maps are ex- pected to beissued soon. (U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv, July 5.) = Qatar EXPORTS SHRIMP TO U.S. AND JAPAN Qatar is a small, oil-producing skeikdom on a Persian Gulf peninsula. Fishing is part of its economy. For the Qatar National Fish- ing Co., 1968 was an active year. (Its private investors hold 45%; government, 15%; Ross Group, 40%.) The company's modern refrig- erated plant processed over 260 metric tons of shrimp. Processed shrimp now is being exported to the U.S. and Japan. Progress in 1968 Significant strides were made in 1968 to improve Qatar's economy. The Doha Port Project awardedto the European consortium in 1967 was virtually complete at the end of the year. It includes a new 4-berth quay with an inner channel 1.5 miles long and 400 feet wide, and a maneuvering basin a half-mile square. In April 1968, another contract estimated at US$204,000 was awarded to a Canadian firm for construction of two 200-foot span ware- houses to provide 160,000 square feet of stor- age space. (U.S. Consulate, Dhahran, July 9.) ae gf FOOD FISH FACTS Outdoor Fish Cookery. Thousands of people agree that food rarely tastes better than when properly cooked out-of-doors. The reason? Probably because the open air, the relaxed, congenial atmos- phere, and the tantalizing aroma of outdoor cookery all combine to whet the appetite and sharpen the taste. Fish and shellfish are no exception to this happy rule, and almost all varieties adapt readily to outdoor cooking and eating. Whether your equipment is a simple charcoal grill, an elaborate electric or gas grill, or a primitive campfire, the results can be equally suc- cessful and the eating equally good. The four important rules to remember for successful outdoor seafood cookery are: 1. Care in selecting and preparing the fish and shellfish; 2. Cooking the seafood until just flaky when tested with a fork. Overcooking of tender, Succulent fish and shellfish is apt to toughen and dry them; 3. Controlling the heat; and 4, Marinating, basting, or coating the fishery products to keep the juices in and dryness out. HOW TO BUY Fish are marketed in various forms for different uses. Know these forms or "cuts" when you buy: WHOLE - asthe fishcomes fromthe water. Before cooking, it must be eviscer- ated and scaled; usually the head, tail, and fins are also removed. DRAWN - whole, eviscerated fish. Usually the head, tail, and fins removed. DRESSED OR PAN-DRESSED - whole, eviscerated and scaled fish. Usually the head, tail, and fins are removed. Ready to use. STEAKS - cross-section slices from large dressed fish. Ready to use. FILLETS - sides of the fish, cut length-wise away from the backbone. Ready touse. STICKS AND PORTIONS - pieces of fish cut from blocks of frozen fillets and having uniform sizes, ranging in weight from one to several ounces. Ready to use. CANNED FISH - includes many varieties of both fish and shellfish. (Continued following page.) 73 74 When ordering fresh or frozen fish or shellfish, tell your dealer how you plan to serve it. If you wishthe head, tail, and fins removed from the whole or drawn fish, or if you wish the fish cut into serving-size portions, ask your dealer to doit. He will also open oysters or clams ready for serving--or shuck them ready for cooking. HOW MUCH TO BUY The amount of fish tobuy per serving varies with the recipe to be used, the size of the serving, and the amounts of bone in the fish. Count about 3 ounces of cooked, boneless fish as a serving--a little less for small children and a little more for adolescent boys and men. The following table can help you decide how much fish to buy per serving: 1 Whole 2 pound Portions 3 2 ound Dressed or pan-dressed > pound Sticks z Pound Fillets or steaks 4 pound Canned 2 pound Fish may be purchased fresh, frozen, and canned. OPERATING A GAS GRILL To light the grill--raise the hood or uncover. Remove grid, if manufacturer recom- mends. Strike long style match or light a soda straw. Turn gas valve to "high''--follow manufacturer's instructions if grill has pilot light. Hold match at ignition point. Leave valve on "high'' topreheat, but do not lower hood. If burner is below food, pre- heat for 10 to 15 minutes. [f burner is above food, preheat for one minute. Before placing food on grid or rotisserie, adjust valve to proper setting. Experience and personal preference will help you learn best setting. With outdoor grills, allow for climate conditions, Follow manufacturer's directions for cooking on grid and rotisserie and for grill cleaning, OPERATING A CHARCOAL GRILL If your grill is of the charcoal variety, here's how to start the fire: Line the bottom of the fire bowl with heavy-duty aluminum foil for easier cleaning later. To prevent the grill from burning out, line the bottom of the firebox with a layer of smallpebbles or vermiculite. This permits the fire to breathe, giving more heat from the coals, Make charcoal layer slightly wider all around than the food to be cooked on the grill. Start the fire sufficiently in advance so you will have a good bed of coals when you start barbecuing. One method used, which takes about 45 minutes, is to stack briquets in pyramid, and soak lightly with any recommended charcoal lighting fluid. Let stand 1 min- ute, then light. Many commercial forms of lighter fluid, easily ignited mats, and other lighting aids are available. WARNING: AT ALL TIMES TAKE NECESSARY PRECAU- TIONS WHEN LIGHTING THE FIRE. NEVER USE GASOLINE! When the surface is cov- ered with a gray ash, spread the coals evenly and the fire is ready. FOR SMOKY FLAVOR Wood chips from apple, oak, maple, hickory, and cherry give smoke flavor to fish, Soak chips in water at least an hour before using, so they will give maximum smoke and not burn too rapidly. Ona charcoal grill, add a few chips at a time to the charcoal while cooking. Ifchips flame up, add more wet chips. For a gas grill, scatter wet chips directly onthe ceramic briquets for added flavor, or--for a more subtle flavor--wrap them in per- forated foil before placing them on the briquets. REMEMBER NEVER OVERCOOK FISH. Cook only until they flake easily when tested. (Source: National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Rm, 526, Chicago, Ill. 60611. (Recipe and photo pp. 75-6.) 75 FISH SQUARES ARE "IN" FOR THE "OUT" CROWD Summertime--the weather is balmy and you want to be OUTSIDE. Well, summertime's the right time to forget formality--so, relax and enjoy life. Whether you're feeding the family or the boss, go ahead--now is the time to cook and eat outside where the breeze is soft and the sun is warm. What could be simpler than ready-in-minutes fish portions cooked to perfection on a grill? Freezer-ready portions are great anytime of year and are especially appropriate in the summer when the less time spent cooking--the better! Whether you're planning a dinner on the patio, a picnic, or a Camping trip, fish portions are right and ready, no muss--no fuss, just good eating. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has a new recipe, ''Charcoal Broiled Portions With Choron Sauce", which is great for special occasions. The Choron Sauce, a variation of world-famous Bearnaise Sauce, elevates the practical, good-every-day fish portion into the gourmet class. Quickly cooked corn on the cob and flavorful broccoli or other in-season vegetables complete the feast. Be sure to have plenty of fish portions on hand; they will be eaten almost as quickly as you can grill them. Did you know that fish portions are generally madefrom groundfish which includes cod, haddock, and pollock? The tender, serving-size pieces are cut from frozen blocks of fish fillets and are 100 percent edible. Portions are always sold frozen and may be purchased breaded or unbreaded and either raw or partially cooked. They come in a variety of sizes and Shapes to fit all needs. Keep frozen until ready to use, and cook without thawing. Fish portions may be baked, deep-fat fried, oven-fried, pan- -fried, broiled, or charcoal broiled on a grill. CHARCOAL BROILED PORTIONS WITH CHORON SAUCE Cheromes 12 frozen raw breaded fish portions > cup butter or margarine 1 teaspoon instant minced onion 2i ; ( = to 3 ounces each) Dons eres 1 teaspoon dried parsley flakes pcupioi 1 teaspoon salt 3 teaspoon s: Paprika 4 egg yolks sean 2 tablespoons tarragon Dash cayenne Choron Sauce vinegar 3 tablespoons tomato paste Dip frozen portions in oil and sprinkle Melt butter in water in top of double with paprika. Place portions in well-greased, hinged, wire grills, cook about 4inches from moderately hot coals for 5 to 7 minutes. Turn. Cook for5to7 minutes longer or until fish are brown and flake easily when tested witha fork. Serve with ChoronSauce. Makes 12 servings. boiler over direct heat. Remove from heat. Add egg yolks. Beat until mixture almost doubles inbulk. Stir in vinegar, onion, pars- ley, salt, andcayenne. Cook over hot water 5 minutes or until thick, stirring constantly. Remove from heat. Stir in tomato paste. Serve warm. Makes approximately 2 cups sauce. Want to know more about outdoor seafood cookery? The Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries has published a 24-page, full-color booklet that is filled with information on how to buy and prepare fish, how to build and light the fire, and 36 wonderful recipes for your use. "Fish and Shellfish Over the Coals" (I 49.39:14) costs 40¢ and is available from the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. (Source: National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Department of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Room 526, Chicago, Illinois 60611. 76 FISH SQUARES ARE "IN" FOR THE "OUT" CROWD (Contd.) 77 FOOD FISH FACTS Rainbow trout are known for the furious leaps and runs they make when caught in swift, cool, white-water rivers. These aerialists of the trout family are spectacular fighters and give a strong battle to fishermen. DESCRIPTION Rainbow trout are easily identified by the broad reddish band or "rainbow'' which runs along the side of the fish from head to tail. The reddish band blends into a dark olive green onthe back and pure white or silvery on the belly. The back, dorsal fin, and tail are generously sprinkled with © black spots. The brightness of color varies with where the fish lives and what it eats. Rain- bow sometimes migrate to the ocean where they spend several years of their life. When they return to their stream to spawn they have acquired a grayish tinge from the salt water and are called steelhead. RAINBOW TROUT HABITAT The rainbow is a native of the Pacific slope of the Sierras from California to Alaska. It has since been transplanted to nearly every state in the Union. Troutprefer clear, cool, un- polluted water and are usually not found in waters without these qualities. LIFE HISTORY Wild rainbows usually spawn in the spring during their secondor third year of life. The female deposits the eggs in the gravel of the streambed. The size of the female determines the number of eggs produced. In 8 weeks or more, depending on water temperature, the eggs hatch. The growthrate of the newlyhatched fish varies anddepends on such factors as water temperature, food supply, and water chemistry. From the many eggs deposited in the gravel, only afew young fish survive to adulthood. Therefore, relatively few trout reach catchable Size to be taken by fishermen. TROUT FARMING Wise homemakers know, however, that they don't have to rely on the whims of nature to enjoytrout at mealtime. Moderntrout farms raise their tempting fish for the tables of Amer- ica. Using modern scientific equipment, troutfarms create the best environmental and feed- ing conditions for fast-growing, healthy trout. Carefulselective breeding has produced strains of rainbow trout that grow bigger and faster than their wild counterparts. When grown to the correct size, these meaty delicacies are carefully selected for market. They are then cleaned and packaged for fresh or frozen distribution throughout the country. Modern technology is used in every phase from hatching to the finished package. MARKET FORMS Because of modern freezing and shipping techniques, frozen rainbow trout are available nationwide at almost anytime of the year. All trout are sold with head and tail attached. Frozen trout are sold fresh-frozen, boned, and boned and breaded. Boned trout have the back- bone and ribs removed. Boned and breaded trout have the fins, backbone, and ribs removed. Frozen trout are usually soldin 8-ounce packages. Each package contains two 4-ounce trout. Fresh trout, packed in ice, are also available in many areas. Those trout displayed in many seafood markets are usually 5, 6, 8, or 10-ounce fish. Trout of these weights are also tray-packaged by supermarkets to meet the needs of their customers. (Source: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Department of the Interior.) (Recipe on p. 78.) 78 For aspecial treat, try ''Southern Baked Rainbow Trout,'"' a new recipe from BCF. Bureau Home Economists took the goodness of trout and added one of the tastiest stuffings ever to come out of the deep South. After testing and retesting, they declared this recipe to be just the right combination to please the man of the house or those guests you want to surprise with something deliciously different. They are raised in great numbers in large ponds of cold, clear, running water on trout farms in the United States. The trout are fed carefully balanced diets and are hand-selectedfor mar- ket while they are still swimming. They are cleaned and packaged, fresh or frozen, minutes after being caught. The flesh of rainbow troutis firm and white when cooked and is delicately flavored. It is high in nutritive value containing high quality, easily digested protein. Troutis also an excel- lent source of vitamins while being low in fat. Market forms include whole, dressed, filleted, boned, and breaded. For best results, thaw the trout before cooking and do not overcook. Frozen trout are usuallysold inpackages con- taining two 4-ounce trout. Fresh trout, packed inice, are usuallyfrom 5 to 10 ounces in weight. SOUTHERN BAKED RAINBOW TROUT 6 pan-dressed rainbow trout or other pan-dressed fish, fresh or frozen Salt Cornbread Stuffing 2 tablespoons butter or margarine, melted Thaw frozen fish. Clean, wash, and dry fish. Sprinkle inside of fish with salt. Place fish in a single layer on a well-greased bake and serve platter, 16 x 10 inches. Stuff fish loosely. Brush fish with butter. Bake in a moderate oven, 350° F., for 20 to 30 minutes or until fish flake easily when tested witha fork. Makes 6 servings. (Source: National Marketing Services Office, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Room 526, Chicago, Illinois 60611.) Today's modern homemaker knows the value of time. With her in mind, BCF has produced a full-color recipe booklet, ''Time For Seafood.'' Fish and shellfish are natural timesavers and the booklet is filled with short, attractive, and flavorful recipes developed as the basis for quick, complete meals. ''Time For Seafood,'' Fishery Market Development Series No. 12, is available for 45¢ from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. HOW ABOUT A TREAT WITH TROUT ? How about rainbow trout for dinner? Trout can be baked, deep fried, pan fried, broiled, poached, grilled, or barbecued. Any way you prepare them, rainbow trout are good eating. Rainbow trout, a favorite of game fishermen because of their fighting spirit, are now available year round to all thosefishermen who prefer to do their fishing at seafood counters. CORNBREAD STUFFING pound mild pork sausage meat $ cup chicken broth icup chopped celery A i teaspoon poultry seasoning > cup chopped onion z 2 cups toasted commbread cubes 1 teaspoon sage 2 Fry sausage meat until crumbly and brown. Add celery and onion. Cook until tender. Add remaining ingredients and mix well. Makes approximately 2 cups stuff- ing. 20 21 21 21 22 INDEX Page UNITED STATES: . Fish Prices Higher in 3rd Quarter 1969 Than Year Earlier . Catfish Farming Grows in the South . Temperate Tuna Forecasting Is Expanded . San Pedro Wetfish Fleet Is In Poor Economic Condition - Pacific Halibut Landings Increase . Lake Erie Fishermen Reject 30-40% of Catch . Fish Oil May Be Marketed For Human Con- sumption Biologist Tests Effects of Lunar Materials on Aquatic Species BCF Studies Shrimp-Sorting Trawls in Pacific Northwest BCF Tests Fresh Halibut Stored in Refriger- ated Sea Water U.S. & Japan Cooperate in Salmon Research BCF Conducts Tuna/Porpoise Survey in East- ern Equatorial Atlantic . Financial Aid Provided for Fishing Vessels U.S. and 9 States Discuss Control of Water Pollution - Record Run of Spring Chinook in Columbia River . Bonneville Hatchery To Be Enlarged Columbia River Water Temperatures Pre- dicted . Seattle Gets Ready for FISH EXPO '69 . Fraser River Salmon Outlook Is Promising, Commission Believes . BCF Home Economist to Broadcast in Spanish . Trout Farmers Meet in October New Company to Publish Marine Books . Fishery Legislation Proposed in Congress Oceanography: . strange Buoys Thrive in Puerto Rican Wa- ters A Step Toward Global Ocean Forecasting System . Storm Surge Studied Gulf of Mexico Oceanographic Study Under- way Probe Warm Eddy Near Gulf Stream U. of Washington Sponsors S, American Oceanographic Tour . Foreign Fishing Off U.S. in June States: Alaska: 1964 Alaskan Quake Moved Mountains, Shifted Islands 0 Sea Lions Observed on an Aleutian Island California: Faster Anchovy Age Analysis Developed C Catfish Farms in Imperial Valley Arouse Interest Massachusetts: Gloucester-Based Shrimp Fishery Is De- veloping Oregon: Ports Closed to California-Caught Shrimp Texas: 5 Advice for Stocking Farm Ponds oO Port of Harlingen Fish Kill Due to Pro- longed Pollution ARTICLES: Groundfish Survey Program of BCF Woods Hole, by Marvin D. Grosslein 31 36 41 44 46 46 47 ai 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 58 58 59 59 60 TY ARTICLES (Contd.): .- Mussels: A Potential Source of High-Quality Protein, by T. Joyner and John Spinelli .. Fishery Oceanography--Il, Salinity Front at Entrance to Washington's Strait of Juan de Fuca, by Felix Favorite Fresh Fish Shipments in the BCF Insulated, Leakproof Container, by Robert L. Wagner, Allan F, Bezanson, & John A. Peters . -BOOKS INTERNATIONAL: . International Herring-Tagging Experiment Begins Development of Fishing Systems for Distant- Water Fisheries Is Discussed . . Antarctic Whaling Quotas Set for 1969/70 Season European Communities Council Adopts Zero- Duty Fishery Quota Japanese-Brazilian Firm to Start Fishing Shrimp Off Brazil .. Japan Sends Fishery Team to Peru Spanish-Moroccan Fishing Convention Published Draft Treaty on Southeast Atlantic Fisheries 50 Nations Discuss Fishery Investment Op- portunities Fish Farming Combats Pollution Man-Make Lakes: Opportunities for Develop- ment .. Japan & Indonesia Sign Fishery Agreement FOREIGN: Canada: Raises Ceiling on Fisheries Improvement Loans Act Maritime Provinces Landings Drop in May .. Pair Seine-Netting Trials Are Successful Winnipeg to Get New Freshwater Research Institute Europe: USSR: May Fish Atlantic Saury With Electric Lights 06 Far Eastern Fleet Faces Repair Problems O° Far Eastern Sealing Fleet Is Aging Raise Freshwater Fish in Sea Water Underwater Laboratory Is Planned Devise New Method for Sealing Fish Barrels Roles of Efficiency Experts and Inventors Are Emphasized Conducts Midwater Trawling Explorations Off NW Africa 00 Film Industry Uses Dried King Crab Shells United Kingdom: 66 Frozen Fish Production Breaks Record White Fish Authority Needs Loan Funds White Fish Authority Offers New Services Plastic Fish Box Developed Poland: O60 Makes Good Catches in Northwest Atlantic First Automated Stern Trawler Built for French Led World in 1968 Fishing Vessel Con- struction Spain: The Spanish Seaweed Industry, by Norman W. Durrant Index continued page 80. 80 INDEX (CONTINUED) Page Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): Europe (Contd.): Asia: France: Japan: G2aiene Buys Japanese Longliner for Indian Ocean 67 Salmon Mothership Fleets End Fishing Tuna Base 67 Summer Albacore Fishery Nears End 62. Fishery Imports From Communist Coun- 67 Exploratory Trawling Is Disappointing in tries Decrease Northeast Atlantic 625 6 Tuna Landings for Packers Declined in 1968 67 Trawlers Face Canadian Restrictions Denmark: 68 Tuna Purse Seining Fails Completely in 622. Faroese Fresh Fish Deliveries to Britain Eastern Pacific Decline 68 To Survey Skipjack Tuna in Southwest Pa- Sweden: cific 63 Shrimp Import Regulations Affected by 68 Frozen Tuna Exports To U.S. Drop Kennedy Round 68 Higher Prices Fixed for Canned Tuna Ex- Norway: ports To U.S. 63) as Expedition To Take Part in Antarctic 69 Canned Tanner Crab Export Prices Up Whaling 69 Frozen Shrimp Imports Hit High in May Gane Salmon Catches Drop 69 Gear Lost Off Mexico 64 .. Interest in Georges Bank Herring Fishery Taiwan: Grows 70 Tuna Fisheries Are in Trouble Hungary: 70 Exports and Imports Fishing Vessels GB oc Fish Ponds Yield More Fish 70 Requests Observer Status At IPFC Meet- Switzerland: ings 3) 45 Imports Fish Meal South Korea: West Germany: 71 Value of Fisheries Is Increasing Rapidly 65). International Symposium on Cultivation of 71 To Export Tuna Longliners To El Salvador Marine Organisms Mid East: Latin America: Israel: Cuba: 72 Broadens Oceanographic Work HS oo Elected To UNDP Governing Council Qatar: South Pacific: 72 Exports Shrimp To U.S. and Japan American Samoa: Food Fish Facts: BS G6 Tuna Price Is Unchanged 73 Fish and Shellfish Western Samoa: 77 Rainbow Trout HS 56 Seeks Japanese Fishery Aid 79 . .INDEX *® U. S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 392-620/2 As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources, Indian and Territorial affairs are other major ve concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources, The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States -- now and in the future. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review | 1 UE VOL. 31, NO. 10 GSHEIX OCTOBER 1969 Fi Sher COVER: Tuna fishing in the Pacific. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review A comprehensive view of United States and foreign fishing industries--including catch, processing, market- ing, research, and legislation--prepared by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Gloucester, Mass. Managing Editor: Edward Edelsberg Production Manager and Associate Editor: Jean Zalevsky ASEDEUEN® RINGS Benoa LURE Production: Alma Greene (Senior Compositor) and Mary Andrews The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife make up The Fish and Wildlife Service of The United States Department of the Interior. Throughout this book, the initials BCF stand for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Address correspondence and requests to: Commercial Fisheries Review, 1801 North Moore Street, Room 200, Arlington, Va. 22209. Telephone: Area Code 703 - 557-4246. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions of these sources. Although the contents have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by the Director, Bureau of the Budget, April 18, 1968. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S$. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $7.00 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. TI CONTENTS Page UNITED STATES JOST Gyeel Wrens ooo00obc ono od G ODD OdDOD0DD @ Dal ARTICLES BCF Begins Mariculture Training Program for Northwest Indians, by Anthony J. Novotny......... 11 Feasibility of Monitoring West African Oceanic Front From Satellites, by Paul M. Maughan, Merton C. Imgloana, & J, lta leebopidl 6 ob ob ooo oOo ood on ooo 24 Experimental Production of Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC) From Mediterranean Sardines, by Norman L. BCoV fim Eyal Inlevery IMGUUIeie Dress Gc bo ooo oan oOo odo S 30 Fishery Oceanography--III, Ocean Temperature and Distribution of Pacific Salmon, by Felix Favorite ... 34 Fishing For A Living Off New Jersey, by Nicholas INGEN 5p op oOo doo OO One ODO DOOD OOD OaDdODOOOG 41 Pictorial Report on ‘Korean Fishing & Support Vessels Off Alaska, by William R. Dickinson ............ 69 Preparing Dungeness Crab for Serving, by Harold Barnett, Arnold Einmo, and Roy Stevens ......... 75 BOOKS coos ocoo0da0 nb Doo Oooo OU OD co0nDd0d0n 46 TOMEI IOI, G oF OO DOD OOObODOODo ODO DaODOD ay FOREIGN (Garraclaitencivciesmcuishtceareure aves. si.3/ ga. .o).e) ge: ep iehesh, Gulepi staan Japanese Method Tried in Saury Fishing A chartered 100-foot whale catcher, the ‘Dennis Gayle, was used Aug. 13-19 to de- termine the suitability of the Japanese 'Boke Ami! (stick-held dip net) methodfor catching saury off California. The operation was led by Dr. Frank Hester, BCF Fishery-Ocean- ography Center, La Jolla, Calif. Fishing was done between Point Reyes and Monterey, 40 to 100 miles off California. To attract and holdfish, three 8-foot light stand- ards were mounted on the port (fish-gather- ing) side about 10 feet apart, Each standard had three 500-watt incandescent lamps housed in aluminum reflector bases. Half the lamps were equipped with blue filters; the other half were bare. Asingle 14-foot standard bearing three 500-watt lamp was mounted onthe star- board (fishing) side; the outboard lamp was equipped with a red filter, A 2-kw. spotlight mounted on the bridge scanned the water's surface. The trial dip net was constructed of z- inch nylon webbing, about 40-ft. wide and 20- ft. deep. Polyvinyl chloride pipe provided buoyancy and suppert; the bottom was weighted with chains and lead. The Operation With the ship underway, all lights were turned on at dusk, The spotlight swept over the surface to induce saury to jump. When saury were sighted, the main engine was stopped and the starboard lights turned off. When large concentrations gathered under the port lights, the Boke Ami was lowered into the water on the starboard side. The star- board lights were turned onand the port lights extinguished. After the fish had aggregated under the starboard lights, the 2 white lamps were turned off. This left only the red lamp, which caused the fish to rise to the surface. As the fish were being brought aboard, the port lights were turned on again to gather morefish. Saury concentrated quickly under the lights, their numbers increasing with time. Small saury tended to stay on the sur- face, while larger saury stayed 5 to 10 feet below. Because of rough seas, the Boke Ami was used only at 3 stations, although saury were caught at all stations with a dip net. About 1,000 pounds of saury was caught dur- ing the cruise. Effective But Expensive It appears that the Boke Ami method is an effective means of catching saury. However, its commercial application in California may not be feasible because a large crew is re- quired. Flowing Sea Water Gives Best Growth of Oyster Spat An experiment by BCF's Milford (Conn.) lab on the growth of oyster spat in different environments showed that those in raw, flow - ing sea water grew much faster than sibling spat in recirculated sea water to which food was added daily. There was no difference in growthof spat in recirculatedsea water fed X or 2 X quan- tities of food daily. The growth of spat in the raw, flowing sea water was improved still more when X or 2 X quantities of food were added daily. These spat grew 2-23 times as fast as those in re- circulated sea water withthesame amount of food added. of Industrial Pollutants Found in World Oceans The U.S. alone contributes from i to 3 of all industrial pollutants found in ocean wa- ters, a speaker recently told scientists and students at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va. The speaker was Dr. Edward D. Goldberg, Professor of Chemical Oceanography at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Despite contamination of ocean waters by all industrialized nations, however, he is optimistic that the oceans will not become seriously polluted if proper con- trols are established in time. Petroleum the Problem Handling and using petroleum products is the key problem, according to Dr. Goldberg. "Petroleum products not onlyform the major basis for power and transportation, but they also provide the raw material for the syn- thetic chemical industries. Ninety-five per- cent of all organic chemicals originate from petroleum." Dr. Goldberg pointed out that the introduc - tion of lead tetra-ethyl into fuels has in- creased enormously the amount of lead byproducts in the air and water. ‘Although the percentage of lead added to the world oceanis Small, wedo not know its fate or how it may affect life in these waters. Lead has increased about 20 times that of the natural level in ocean surface waters in the last four decades." Mercury's Impact Dr. Goldberg said the real problem indis- posing pollutants is to prevent their return to man. He cited mercury as an example. It is used as a catalyst in industrial chemical processes, electrodes in the chemical in- dustry, and in pesticides. Between5,000 and 10,000 tons of mercury are lost each year by agricultural and industrial users as stack gases and other wastes; much of it finally reaches the oceans. Mercury's impact on the oceans was felt by the Japanese a few years ago. People in a coastal town were afflicted with ''Minamata Bay disease." At first, doctors thought it was a new disease. Persons became seriously ill, palsied, blind, and bald. Fifty died. Later, it was determined that these people had been poisoned by the ingestion of methyl mercury chloride, a waste product from manufacture of plastics. This had been con- centrated by fish and shellfish--and had re- turned to man. The local government soon regulated the use and disposal of mercury contaminants. Excellent Salmon Run at Kodiak, Alaska A late-developing salmon run at Kodiak, Alaska, turned a predicted modest prospect into a ‘phenomenal! run of pink salmon, re- ports BCF Juneau. By late August 1969, more than 13 million salmon had been caught, perhaps the best odd- year runever. Over 600,000 cases were pro- duced. An estimate of salmon value was 50 cents per fish. No one could remember so large a catch so late in August. Million In 1 Day On Monday, Aug. 13, Kodiak fishermen caught a record one million pounds of salmon; a week later, Aug. 31, they caught 529,000 salmon. Commercial Quantities of Geoduck Clams Found in Puget Sound, Wash. Surveys conducted by the Washington State Department of Fisheries show that commer- cialquantities of geoduck clams exist in Puget Sound. These clams will be harvested by divers with hand-operated hydraulic equip- ment. BCF's Seattle Marketing Office has in- formed local firms of the clams! availability and suggested their use in the firms! minced clam and chowder operations. Samples have been sent to a Seattle seafood company for testing and evaluation, The Geoduck The geoduck, Panope generosa, lives deep in the unshifting sand and mud bottoms of sheltered bays from Alaska to Mexico. It is usually found on the mean low water line, or somewhat below. It is the largest clam found in these bays. Individuals more than 8 inches long and weighing more than 10 pounds are not uncommon, The geoduck lives in a semipermanent burrow often 3 or4feet below the surface; it sends its long siphon(tubular organ) upward. Any disturbance in its neighborhood causes the geoduck to partially withdraw its siphon. Further disturbance causes further retrac- tion. But, because the geoduck's shells are not large enough, its siphons cannot be with- drawn completely into the shell. The geoduck is comparatively safe from all enemies--except man. Contraryto popu- lar belief, it is an extremely poor digger. Maine Seeks Improved Method of Holding Sardines at Sea The Maine Sardine Council is conducting a major experiment to develop an improved method for holding purse-seined herring (sardines) at sea. The work is being done from Fort Clyde, Maine, in cooperation with the local canning company. The Council has bought new types of equipment being used ex- tensively in Norway. The Experiment Freshly caught fish are transferred alive from purse seine to floating boxlike nets, The nets then are towed 6 to 24 hours to keep the fish in good shape and improve their con- dition while awaiting transportation to the cannery. This also frees the purse-seine catching boat for more fishing. If the tests are successful, the process could be used by the entire sardine industry. It could result in better use of the available supply of fish along the coast. Veteran Norwegian fisherman Captain Arne Gronningsaeter is supervising the op- eration. The canning company is furnishing boats and crews. am ECONOMICS OF HAWAIIS SKIPJACK FISHING INDUSTRY IS EXAMINED A study by Yung Cheng Shang of the Uni- versity of Hawaii suggests that the slow growth of Hawaii's skipjack fishing industry is not due to overfishing. He indicates that industry profits--by themselves or compared to other industries--have been too low to in- duce new investment. His study is titled: "The Skipjack Industry in Hawaii: Some Eco- nomic Aspects," published by the university's Economic Research Center. Mr. Shang says that the new state loan programs and higher exvessel prices of the last few years "hold some promise for the future of the industry." If present tuna prices and industry costs continue, ''some invest- ment might be forthcoming.'' However, costs are likely to rise. Increasing costs could be offset by greater eatches. If the increase proves substantial, however, "it will affect the price of tuna." How great an effect would depend on the po- tential of the several markets for skipjack. The fresh-fish market in Hawaii has only a limited potential. Because of high shipping costs, it is not feasible to ship to U.S. west coast cannéries. Possible alternatives are: substitution of Hawaiian catches for the fro- zen-tuna imports that feed the local canner- ies--and export of canned tuna to U.S. mar- kets. But even with present higher cannery prices, and the state loan program, "the in- vestment in a fishing vessel is not even mar- ginally profitable. This again points out the erucial role that the productivity increase will play in determining the future of the in- dustry in Hawaii." THE INDUSTRY Hawaii's commercial fishing industry ac- counted for about { of 1%of the state's gross product in 1955; in 1967, about 0.12%. This was''not due to an absolute decline in the value of commercial catchbut to avery rapid growth of other sectors of the economy." Skipjack tuna are the largest part of the commercialfishcatch: in 1965-67, 75% of the weight and about 48% of the value of marine catch. During the past 20 years, the amount and value of annual skipjack catch "have re- mained relatively stable'': about 10 million pounds and $1.3 million. Between 1948 and 1968, the number of boats and fishermen has declined steadily: from 25 to 16boats and 260 to 162 fishermen. This indicates some in- crease in catch per boat and per man. During 1948-1967, frozen tuna imports into Hawaii ''increased significantly."' In the U.S., per-capita consumption of canned tuna rose from 0.9 pound in 1948 to 2.4 pounds in 1967. Neither increased productivity nor favorable demand induced investments to re- place worn-out and sunken vessels during the past 14 years. Noting that past research studies of com- mercial fishing were concerned primarily with biological aspects, Mr. Shang states: "While the solution of certain biological pro- blems is crucial to the industry, it is widely recognized that economic aspects play an in- creasingly important role." Fishing Methods There are 3 techniques of tuna fishing: longline, purse-seine, and pole-and-line. The longline is used for tunas that live hun- dreds of feet down: albacore, yellowfin, big- eye, and bluefin--and such tunalike species as marlin and swordfish. The longline is composed of baskets of gear. Each basket has a mainline section supporting branch lines. Each branch line has one hook. The longline itself is supported at the surface by glassor metal floats. Long- lining is used in tropical and temperate wa- ters. Tuna in surface andnear-surface tropical waters--skipjack, small yellowfin, and small bigeye--are caught mainly by purse-seining and pole-and-line. Purse-seiners are highly mechanized and have power blocks, nylon seines, and better facilities to carry fish. They can catch thousands of pounds at one time. This technique is used in the eastern tropical Pacifie and in Japanese waters. In Hawaii, the fishing gear is a bamboo pole, a line, and a hook that is part of the lure. The poles are7.5 toldfeet long. The shorter one catches fish over 20 pounds; the longer one, smaller fish. Pole-and-line or live-bait fishingis done fairly close to the continental coast and oceanic islands. Itis the major Ja- panese technique for skipjack and albacore fishing. The Boats Hawaiian skipjack boats, ''which have evolved from the Japanese sampans,"’ are built of wood, 59.3-80.5 feet long, and are 29 to 77 gross tons. Diesel engines range from 135 to 400 horsepower. Sonar and mechanical 10 Fig. 2 - This tiny silver fish--the nehu--feeds Hawaiian tuna in- dustry. It is the bait. (Warren R. Roll, Honolulu Star-Bulletin.) Fig. 3 - Live-bait fishing for skipjack., Fish are breaking astern in vessel's wake. (H. Mann) refrigeration are lacking. Each vessel has 6 baitwells, which also storefish. The crew is 6 to 12 men, depending on vessel size. The Bait: Nehu Live bait is used exclusively. It is pre- dominantly the nehu, a small anchovy, 92-99% of allskipjack bait. The crewhas to accumu- late enough bait before scoutingfor skipjack. Nehu is found in estuarine areas, fairly un- common in Hawaii. The nearness of certain baiting grounds is one reason why 12 of the 16 full-time skipjack vessels are based in Honolulu, Oahu. The Operation The vessels leave before dawn and, with daylight, begin to scout and fish. Bird flocks and water movements associated with the schools point to the schools. When a school is located, the vessels try to reach its head and the fishermen "'chum" live bait to attract the fish close to the vessels. When fish fol- low a vessel's wake, they develop a ''feeding frenzy'' and attack anything that looks like bait. Standing shoulder to shoulder along the stern, each fisherman uses one pole to catch one fish as rapidly as he can. Only a small partof the schoolis caught. The vessels may run into several schools during the day. Dark- ness, or the absence of bait, ends scouting and fishing. This operation has several problems; the bait problem probably is most serious. The fisherman spends about 30-40% of his time fishing for bait. This limits the number of trips. Also, the nehu is very delicate and about 30% diebefore the rest areusedat sea. The nehu can live a few hours to a few days on the boats. It is one reason why fishermen work within 90 miles of coastline of the main islands. Theneed to replenishnehu also con- tributes to preventing trips to distant offshore grounds. Search for Nehu Substitute Attempts have been made to establish a source of bait fish that wouldbe available with- out losing time. Marquesan sardine has been introduced into island waters, tilapiahas been cultivated, and artificial bait tried (ineffec- tive). BCF scientists have found threadfin shad comparable to nehu in luring tuna. It is hardy, stays alive for weeks, but it has not spawned in tanks. So there maynot be enough to support a bait fishery. Markets Hawaii has 4 markets: a fresh-fish mar- ket, where fish are sold to consumer whole or filleted; a bait market for other fisheries; cured fish market, where fish is dried or smoked; and a cannery market. BCF BEGINS MARICULTURE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR NORTHWEST INDIANS Anthony J. Novotny The Indians of the Pacific Northwest traditionally have lived near salt water, animportant part of their richheritage. Atone time, the region's supply of marine products --halibut, salmon, crabs, and oysters--far exceeded the demand; the prosperity of the tribes was attributable directly to these resources. The artwork of the Indians expresses the importance of these resources to the vigor of the tribal community. The impact of non-Indian populations exploiting these same resources has been felt for about 200 years--most seriously in the past 50to 75. Now, Indian and non-Indian alike use modern methods to harvest fish and shellfish, almost all destined for commercial sale. As demand frequently exceeds supply, it has become impor- tant to investigate every potential method for increasing the har- 11 vests of fishery products. Lummi Indians The Lummi Indian Reservation lies less than 15 miles from the Canadian border, in the northwest corner of Washington. Some 1,200 of about 1,600 members of the tribal community live there. About 90 percent of the Lummi families have incomes of less than $2,500 per year, mainly from salmon fishing on the reservation and on traditional fishing grounds nearby. In recent years, the total tribal incomefrom salmon fishing has ranged from $100,000 to $200,000 per year. The in- come from other fishery resources has been much less. The traditional dependence of the Lummi tribe on marine resources cannot be main- tained without increasing the quantity of com- mercially important fish and shell fish. As the natural fishery resources outside the reservation are opento exploitation by Indian and non-Indian, one recourse is to increase the resources within the reservation. This can best be accomplished through mariculture (marine aquaculture), Mariculture Has Merits The reservation is a large tract of flat land bordering the Strait of Georgia. Many of its 7,600 acres are Suitablefor housing or com- mercial development; for the latter, the prime acreage is 5,000 acres of tidelands. The Lummi Tribal Council is considering an imaginative project for developing the aquacultural potential of these tidelands. Pri- mary emphasis will be on the culture of fish and shellfish of high economic value in a series of diked enclosures on the tidal flats. BCF Provides Training To support the Lummi tribe, the BCF Seattle (Wash.) Biological Laboratory is pro- viding personnel and facilities to train Lummi youth. Guidelines are limited, and BCF scien- tists were given the responsibility for plan- ning the training program. We embarked on a program of maximum effort in practical training and experience, coupled with extensive assistance in contin- uing the formal education of locally accredited schools. Academic training would be given by BCF scientists whenever such training could be related directly to the trainees' pos- sible future responsibilities. At every op- portunity, they would participate in fishery research projects of BCF and the University of Washington to broaden their background and skills. The Training Program The experimental program began with four trainees. They were quartered on board the 115-foot BROWN BEAR, formerly an oceano- graphic research vessel, now converted into Mr. Novotny is Fishery Biologist, BCF Biological Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98102. 12 afloating maricultural laboratory. The ves- selis moored infresh water near the Univer- sity of Washington's Fisheries Center and within walking distance of BCF's Seattle Bio- logical Laboratory. The trainees were started immediately on practices of fish culture with eggs of fall chinook salmon, The adult salmon reach the Seattle Biological Laboratory via a short, interconnecting waterway that discharges into Puget Sound. The trainees spawned the fish and transferred the fertilized eggs to incu- bators on boardthe BROWN BEAR, The ap- proximately one-quarter-million eggs taken enabled the trainees to arrange a variety of experimental conditions during the incubation period. These experiments were demon- strably effective in stressing the importance of environmental conditions to the health, vigor, and survival of the developing embryos. Fig. 1 - Lummi trainees check their newly hatched chinook salmon eggs. Temperature-controlled supplies of fresh or salt water can be pumped into all the laboratories of the BROWN BEAR, Standard salmon cultural practices were used (fig. 1). Since formal education com- pleted by the trainees averaged 10 years, con- siderable effort was put into on-the-job academic training that would apply directly to mariculturalproblems. The trainees were taught the International (Metric) System and its application to laboratory instruments. They were instructed in the rudiments of statistics and statistical applications, the use and significance of elementary graphs for plotting data, manipulation of analytical bal- ances, vernier and other calipers, and other measuring devices, desk calculators, and the slide rule. The trainees were taught to use anesthetics and prophylactic compounds for handling and treating fish. This training required instruc- tion in proportionality and its application to weight, volume dilutions, and to practical experience in preparing anesthetic solutions and salt baths. Fig. 2 - Trainee measures dissolved oxygen in floating laboratory's water supply. The training emphasizes learning to measure--and to understand importance of--the properties of water that are vital to the mariculturist. They were instructedin water chemistry. Emphasis was on characteristics of water quality important to mariculture, such as dis- solved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrogen, phos- phates, nitrates, turbidity, salinity, and alka- linity. Thorough experience was given in using analytical instruments and ''cook-book" techniques (fig. 2) for spotting trouble with the quality of the water used in maricultural systems. The phases of training in fresh-water salmonculture are now almost complete, and the BROWN BEAR willsoonbe moved to salt water. There, the trainees will get experience inthe salt-water acclimation of rainbow trout and salmon--and the culture of these highly desirable fish in salt-water pens and cages. Training in shellfish culture was begun in late fall 1968. The trainees collected bay mussels in Puget Sound, Wash., at regular intervals and processed the samples. They are being taught how to measure and weigh shellfish to interpret growth patterns, and what to look for in gonad development. They are also being taught to collect plankton sam- ples, to determine when bivalve larvae appear, and how to prepare artificiai cultch material for collecting spat. BCF scientists are pre- paring to begin training inthe culture of algae for feeding bivalves and bivalve larvae. When the BROWN BEAR is moved to salt water, the trainees will learn to condition commercially important bivalves for spawn- ing, the care and feeding of larvae, and the collection of spat on artificial cultch. Other Work Experiences The Lummi trainees have benefited from work experiences other than those given on the BROWN BEAR. One trainee spent 23 weeks on the BCF research vessel MILLER FREEMAN off California assisting inthe col- lection of plankton, learning how to operate large plankton nets, and to prepare plankton samples. More recently, two of the trainees have been working atthe University of Wash- ington with Professor Lauren Donaldson, a world-renowned authority on rainbow trout and salmonculture. Prof. Donaldson has been teaching them techniques for spawning trout, the care and incubation of trout eggs, pre- paring and handling eggs for shipment, ''cold- branding" of salmon fingerlings, and good cultural practices. When their training with Prof. Donaldson is completed, they will spend several days at the BCF Biometrics Institute, in Seattle, where they will be introduced to data proc- essing. Although they willnot be expected to acquire any specialized skills, they will be made aware of the labor-saving aspects of automatic data processing by working with IBMcards. Theywillstart with simple card- sorting. 13 Some Problems But Progress Evident Within 2 months after training began, it became evident that the trainees were not adequately prepared for the technical instruc- tion. The scientists were not able to divert sufficient time from their regular duties to provide the guidance necessary to improve the trainees' comprehension. The number of trainees, therefore, was reduced to two. This reduced thetraining load for the scien- tists andincreased personal contact, a factor that proved extremely important. The Lummi Tribal Council reassigned one trainee to Peninsula Community College in Port Angeles, Wash., where he was enrolled in the Fisheries Technician program. The effectiveness of our training program was noted by one instructor there. He said that of five Lummi students enrolled, the one who had undergone 2 months! training with BCF was relatively advanced in technical compe- tence and skills. The cooperation of local school authorities in the training program has been outstanding. One trainee attends a local high school each morning, where he takes academic subjects required for graduation. The school authori- ties have arranged to give him elective credits for the work experience and academic in- struction provided inthe BCF training (called "Elements of Marine Science’). These credits will be applied toward his certification for graduation. The training program is still highly ex- perimental; it will be modified as the needs of the Lummi Aquaculture Project become evident. Plans arebeing made to include the training of Lummi women; it is expected that their involvement will encourage family par- ticipation and increase the stability of the project. U.S. Fishery Jurisdiction U.S. territorial waters are 3 miles-- but fishery ‘jurisdiction extends an additional 9 miles. 14 Fishery Statistics Program Is Set Up in Puerto Rico The first commercial marine fisheries statistics program for Puerto Rico has been established. It was the work of the Division of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Agricul- ture, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, assisted by the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Flor- ida. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Public Law 88-309 funds were used, Development of the program began in July 1967 and reliable statistics were being ob- tained by August 1968. A fish ticket system similar to the one used in developing the Flor- ida fisheries statistics program was recom- mended by the Institute andis presently inuse. The data are processed by the Office of Agri- cultural Statistics of the Department of Agri- culture. Preliminary Estimates Preliminary estimates place the minimum annual production near 3 million pounds, val- Charter sloop sails tradewinds from St. Croix to Buck Island, Virgin Islands. ued at nearly 800 thousand dollars to the fish-- ermen. Landings are highest on the island's west coast (42% by weight, 35% by value) and lowest on the northcoast(10% by weight, 14% by value). The east coast produces 23% by weight and 25% by value, and the south coast 25% by weight and 26% by value. Finfish represent 87% of the landings by weight and 72% by value. Snappers, mack- erels, and groupers are the most important commercial fish species. Lobsters (mostly spiny lobster, but including some sand lob- sters) constitute 9% of the total landings by weight and 22% by value; these have the high- est average exvessel price, $0.73 per pound, of allfish and shellfish landed in Puerto Rico. Land crab represents less than 1% of the landings by weight and value, but at $0.67 per pound, itis alsoarelatively high priced item. The overall average exvessel price for fish and shellfish is $0.28 per pound. --Charles W. Caillouet Jr. (Photo: M.W. Williams) House Streamlines Fishing Fleet Improvement Act To speed renewal and modernization of the aging U.S. commercial fishing fleet, the House of Representatives has passed a bill amend- ing the Fishing Fleet Improvement Act. The bill, H.R. 4813, would simplify the granting of subsidies for new construction, and provide, for the first time, subsidies for reconstruction of existing vessels. Amendments in H.R. 4813 would: 1) extend the construction assistance pro- gram until July 30, 1971; 2) provide subsidies of not more than 35% for vessel reconditioning, conversion, and rebuilding; 3) increase yearly appropriation authori- zation from $10 to $20 million; 4) base amount of subsidy, both for re- modeling andnew construction, on the differ- ence between foreign and domestic costs for aclass of similar vessels--instead of con- tinuing to require a separate determination for each vessel; 5) eliminate several time-consuming pro- cedures and administrative costs; 6) authorize study of ways to improve ef- fectiveness of the U.S. fishing industry. Need for Legislation Urging passage, Rep. Pelly (Wash.) said: "A modern fishing boat in a U.S. shipyard is a very Substantial investment. For ex- ample, the cheapest boat constructed. . .since the 1964 amendment, cost over $230,000. Many of them were over $500,000, and several cost in the millions. Forthe average fishing boat operator, the construction of a vessel of this size and complexity is simply out of the question." This billprovides subsidies for rebuilding and modernizing existing vessels, Rep.-Pelly explained, ''so that a vessel operator may improve the efficiency of his fleet without the Staggering burden of constructing completely new ships." 15 Appropriation Increase Limited It would take an estimated $30 million a year in Federal funds for 7 years to signifi- cantly modernize the U.S. fishing fleet. The authorization, however, has been limited to $20 million a year for 1970 and 1971. By 1971, Rep. Pelly believes, ''we should be ina position to study the effect of the changes we are now considering. Hopefully, they will prove to have been aneffective aid. . .and will justify afurther commitment to complete the modernization of this. . .industry." Simplified Procedures Were Needed Rep. Pelly considers that previous legisla- tion has been hindered by the ''fact that the complicated hearing and administrative pro- cedures of the Maritime Administration were adopted as the guidelines for the granting of subsidy applications.'’ While thesé may be desirable in the construction of cargo liners costing $15 to $20 million each, he feels ''they are an unnecessary burden and expense for small companies in the fishing business." New Methods Eliminate Uncertainties The Congressman added: "|, due to the procedures for determining foreign shipbuilding costs many fishing-boat owners could not find out how much subsidy actually would be paid until after they had committed themselves. The amount of money they would have to raise to cover their share of the cost was always in doubt, pending certi- fication by the Maritime Administration of the cost of building a comparable vessel in a foreign yard. "No longer will the Maritime Adminis- trator be required to determine the foreign costs of building each vessel for which sub- sidy is requested. Under this legislation, the Maritime Administrator will only be required to make periodic generalsurveys of the cost of building representative classes of vessels in foreign yards. These cost determinations will be a matter of public record so that ap- plicants will be able todetermine in advance how muchassistance they can expect if their application is approved.” Minimum Construction Subsidies Speaking for H.R. 4813, Rep. Feighan (Ohio) said: "It is anticipated that small 16 fishing craft operators should benefit substan- tially. . .from this bill, because of anew guar- antee to receive a minimum subsidy of 35% for the construction of new fishing vessels. Heretofore, an applicant for a subsidy could never be certain of the amount he would re- ceive until the 6 month's application period was completed," Public Hearings No Longer Mandatory The amendments end the requirement for a mandatory public hearing on each applica- tion. "Every application approved since 1964 has involved a formal hearing before a hearing examiner'' explained Rep. Dingell (Mich.). "Except for afew cases, most of the hearings have been quite pro forma, since there was no one to speak in opposition to the applica- tion. By providing everyone with an opportun- ity to request a hearing equal results would be obtained, with a smaller. expenditure of time and money." Trade-In Subsidies Discussed Although he favored passage, Rep. Van Derlin (Calif.) voiced concern about the continued exclusion of vessel trade-ins from the program. Hefeels this omission may dis- criminate against those already in the fishing business who are trying to operate obsoles- cent boats. He believes they should receive more of the subsidy benefits already available to industry newcomers. The latter do not have to worry about unloading an aging boat to obtain a new one. He noted that H.R. 4813 has tried to cope with this problemby authorizing a study that NS! will include consideration of vessel trade-in subsidies. Areas to be Studied Discussing the proposed study, Rep. Keith (Mass.) said: 'We have been trying to help the fishing fleet regain its proper position ever sinceI have been a Member of the Con- gress, and for many years before that. "I think, perhaps, the most unique step in our current effort to solve this problem is in this legislation. ..a study under the leadership of the Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with the Maritime Administra- tion, other interested Federal agencies, and professional and industrial organizations knowledgeable about U.S. commercial fishing vessels and their operation. "The first area is that of insurance. It costs about $800 per man for insurance pre- miums alone fora fishing vessel to put to sea, In some nations. . .they do not have any in- surance. In other nations--Canada, for ex- ample--they subsidize the cost of this insur- ance, andthe net cost per man is around $200 per year." Rep. Keith described 4 other areas to be studied: improvements and innovations in vessel and equipment design; trade-ins; im- provement of safety and efficiency of exist- ing vessels; and possibility of a construction reserve fund similar to that given the mer- chant fleet. There, owners are allowed to set aside reserves against vessel depreciation. --Barbara Lundy OCEANOGRAPHY Microscopic Organisms May Help Clean Up Oil Spills The use of microscopic organisms to help clean up oil spills is being studied by oceano- graphers of Florida State University. They plan to collect and study bacteria and other tiny organisms that oxidize and decompose small quantities of oil in polluted harbor wa- ters and shorelines. They have observed that certain bacteria may speed the natural de- composition of oil that often fouls water and beaches. At St. Marks, Fla., the eastern terminus of the Gulf's Intracoastal Waterway, bacteria have reduced or cleaned minor spills from oil barges and other craft. Federal Grant The scientists have received a $105,000 grantfrom the Federal Water Pollution Con- trol Administration to collect from around the world microorganisms that keep minor oil spillages from fouling the water, Dr. Carl Oppenheimer, director of Florida State's shore facility, said: ''We know that this method by itself couldnot clear up a spill of say 100,000 barrels, but it could signifi- cantly speed up clearing the last portions, which sometimes linger on shorelines for years," Mechanical methods could be used first to clear away most of the spilled oil. Then the organisms would finish the job. So far, the oceanographers have observed organisms that attack the oilat the molecular level. They break the oil's hydrocarbon mol- ecules into smaller and smaller units; even- tually, they oxidize the oil into carbon dioxide. 17 U.S. and Florida Are Mapping State’s Sea Boundaries ESSA's Coast and Geodetic Survey (CGS) and the Florida Department of Natural Re- sources are working together to map the state's seaward boundaries. At stake is ownership of coastal and offshore lands which, atone timeor other, are covered by the tide. The problem involves a determination of federal, state, and private boundaries, ESSA states. Incoastalareas, the mean high-water line generally marks the boundary between state and private property--whereas the mean low-water line is the base line, or starting point, for determining the limits between U.S. and stateownership. In Florida, state owner- ship starts at the mean high-water line and extends offshore 3 miles beyond the mean low- water line along the Atlantic coast--and 9 miles along the gulf coast. 5-Year Program Costs of the 5-year program willbe shared by the U.S. and Florida. Randolph Hodges, executive director, Florida Department of Natural Resources, hailed the program as "a major milestone in the history of our state. Valuable oil, gas and mineral reserves may well exist offshore. Frequently we learn of valuable recoveries of salvage materials from sunken vessels, These, together with the commercial and sport fisheries and marine nursery grounds, constitute a valuable asset." Hodges said that although Congress has established the intended legal definition of Florida's boundaries along the Atlantic shores--and the Supreme Court for Gulf of Mexico waters--nevertheless controversy may continue until the state's seaward bound- aries are determined. 18 States’ Seaward Boundaries Not Accurately Determined Rear Adm. Don A. Jones, director of ESSA's Coast and Geodetic Survey (CGS), said on Sept, 10 that the seaward boundaries be- tween states have not been accurately deter- mined. He noted the need to define these legal limits because of their increasing eco- nomic importance. He spoke at the annual meeting of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association in Atlantic City, N.J. Adm. Jones revealed that most states have not laid claim to as much ocean space as Congress has authorized. Although the na- tional domain extends only 3 miles from shore, the Geneva Conventions (adopted in 1958 and ratified by U.S. in 1964) pushed U.S. economic boundaries (and thus the states') as far out to sea as land beneath it could be exploited economically. New Significance Adm. Jones declared: ''The coastal zone is acquiring a new Significance as the nation enters into a new phase of national interest in the sea. Accelerated development and growthof the use of the sea indicates the ex- tent to which it will be exploited to the bene- fit of commerce, industry, recreation,and settlement." "Some day,'' he predicted, ‘aquaculture may well rival and surpass agriculture in importance as the population growth imposes an increasing dependence upon the marine environment," The ESSA official said an expanded na- tional effort must be made "if our technology is tobe used effectively in making intelligent use of our oceanic frontier. ..Among the basic problems now being encountered is the determination of the extent of offshore waters over whicha maritime nation has sovereign- ty. Ownership of rights to the ocean floor, state-federal jurisdiction, the extent of fish- ing rights, and other factors are pressing problems." The Admiral concluded: "Until recent years there seemed tobe no need on the part of coastal states to claim ocean space."' But rapid developments in the coastal zone and on submerged Continental Shelf now make it "increasingly imperative!’ that CGS acceler- ate its traditional shore-and-sea boundary program specificallyfor boundary purposes. SZS488h4848 Alcoa Is Building Deep-Ocean Search & Recovery Vessel Aluminum Company of America is build- ing the "largest and most advanced deep- ocean search and recovery vessel ever de- signed.'' The work isbeing done by Peterson Builders of Sturgeon Bay, Wisc. The ship, the 'Alcoa Seaprobe,' will be operated by Ocean Search, Inc., a joint venture of Alcoa and Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc. The 244-foot, all-aluminum craft will be capable of recovering 200-ton payloads from 6,000-foot depths. It is expected to be fitted out and ready for sea trials early in 1971. The Vessel The vessel will have a 50-foot beam, 9- foot draft, and2,000-tondisplacement. Alcoa says: ''It will possess the ability to hold its position in rough seas; search, core and sam- ple mineral deposits on the sea floor; locate and retrieve heavy objects more than a mile beneath the surface; andto perform other re- search and exploratory oceanographic func- tions. No existingor proposed ship has any- thing approaching these capabilities," The vessel's hull and superstructure will be of Alcoa-developed aluminum marine al- loys. It will be powered by diesel electric generators giving it a 10,000-mile, 45-day cruising range. It will be equipped with "the most advanced communication navigation and search equipment available." Its Missions The kinds of missions the vessel will be given have not yetbeen determined. However, these are expected to include ''deep-sea re- covery work, deep-ocean archeological proj- ects, and proprietary undersea geological explorations. ...'' The ship also will be available to assist in searching and recover- ing missing submarines or other objects. 19 20 Scripps’ Newest, the ‘Melville,’ Nearly Ready for Work The newest U.S. oceanographic research vessel, the 245-foot, 2,075-ton Melville left Defoe Shipbuilding Co., Bay City, Mich., Sept. 2 for San Diego, Calif., and use by Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She was sched- uled to arrive in late October. The Melville paida2-day courtesy call on Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). A sister ship of the Melville, the 'Knorr,!' is being built by Defoe for WHOI. She is scheduled for deliverylater this year. The Melville then proceeded to the Bahama Islands area for 2 weeks of intensive sea tests and trials. Bahama Tests The Bahama trials will provide extensive testing of the ship's machinery, especially winches and other deep-sea gear. Tested too will be her maneuverability with a new type of propulsion that enables her to move forward, backward, or sideways, or remain stationary over afixed point in 35-knot winds and heavy seas. This propulsion system uses vertically mounted, multibladed, cycloidal propellers, one at the bow and one at the stern, Although this system was U.S.-designed, its use is relatively new here. It has been used in Eu- rope for more than 30 years. The Melville The Melville was built at an estimated cost of $7 million, including equipment. She has a maximum capacity of 62 scientists, technicians, andcrew members, She and the Knorr were constructed under an $11.8 mil- lion, 2-ship, contract, excluding equipment. ‘Franklin’ Scientists ‘Amazed’ by Fish Abundance Off New Jersey During the 30-day Gulf Stream Drift Mis- sion of the 146-ton 'Ben Franklin' that ended in August, the crew saw relatively little ma- rine life, But in September, during a 24-hour research dive 81 miles southeast of Atlantic City, New Jersey, scientists aboard the Franklin were "amazed" by the abundance of fish surrounding the submerged vehicle. Also, the crew reported, findings ‘hint! that a new seamount exists off the Jerséy coast, > 2D CLIN New Maps Show Subsea Mineral Areas Four new maps showing the world distri- bution of known and potential subsea mineral resources have been published by the U.S, Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. The maps are supplemented by a 17-page pamphlet that describes subsea geologic features and reviews the magnitude and po- tential usefulness of seabed resources. The maps were prepared at the request of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, They are part of the U.S. government's effort to assemble basic information helpful to U.S. and foreign officials concerned with seabed exploration and development. Dr. Vincent E, McKelvey and Dr, Frank F.H. Wang, authors of the maps and report, note that subsea petroleum (oil and gas), produced offshore by 25 countries, contributes 17% of world's output. It makes up nearly 90% of total value of current subsea mineral pro- duction. The maps and pamphlet, "World Subsea Mineral Resources," are published as Mis- cellaneous Geologic Investigations MapI-632. They are available for $2.75 the set (maps not sold separately) from Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Virginia, 22202; the Federal Center, Denver, Colorado; and Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701. Foreign Fishing Off U.S. in July-August OFF NEW ENGLAND & ON GEORGES BANK Fog and haze restricted surveillance in July, but good weather in August permitted excellent coverage. In July, about 175 vessels (150 in June); in August, 325 from10 countries, perhaps the most in 1 month since summer 1963, when a | Fig. 1 - Location of foreign vessels fishing off southern New England and Georges Bank in July and August 1969; numbers, country of origin and species fished. an re Zink ath Co flex yee ny is e, ny Or ‘ Yon = o -July - RSS a Soviet-30, Bulgarian-1, Japanese-1 \ Moog | Catch: Herring, mackerel, whiting Ag Oo, rO, Wo ? -August- Late in month: Soviet-125 | GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY (SUB-AREA 5 -ICNAF) 72° 70° E. German-14, W. German-8 Catch: Herring Lf xf -August- |” ‘ : E. German-35, W. German-22 \ go Polish-6, Romanian-1, Israeli-1 4 a Con, ey 7 Dh, month shifted to southern On Gi To 3rd week: Soviet-80, Bulgarian-1. Catch: Herring, red hake, whiting 21 far-less-modern, 300-400-vessel Soviet fleet fished off New England. Soviet: Fleetin same general areas, June, July, and August. InAugust, 212 vessels--39 factory stern trawlers, 152 medium side trawlers, 8 factory base ships, 12 refrigerated transports and cargo vessels, and 1 tanker (118 in August 1968). Polishewaing June yeomvacsisie WStraimlys seer August, 37--28 side and 4 stern trawlers, 4 carriers, and 1 factory base ship. Late in August: Soviet-15 Norwegian-1 Polish-31 =? \}- Catch: Herring PA July - -7 Soviet-85, Polish-18 A Wu Catch: Herring, mackerel On, On, ~August- Ce, ™” ° To 3rd week: Soviet-60, Yop Dre, Polish-19, E.German-6, 4029 te, W. German-2. Late in New England & Cultivator Shoals. Catch: Herring 68° 66° 22 East German: In July, the base ship ‘Junge Garde! and 14 vessels; in August, 40-- 27 factory andfreezer sterntrawlers, 11 side trawlers, and 2 factory base ships (31 in August 1968). West German: In July, the fisheries en- forcement vessel 'Frithjof' and over 10 trawlers; in August, 22 freezer stern trawl- ers and 2 fishery protection vessels. The latter provide medical aid, technical assis- tance, towing and salvage, and meteorological services. (About 29 in August 1968.) Icelandic: Five herring purse seiners used Gloucester, Mass., as an operation base in July. A 6th joined them in August. Norwegian: In August, 'Gadus' (stern trawler) was east of Cape Cod and Georges Bank, and 'Kloster! (herring purse seiner) explored herring fishery. Bulgarian: Afactory stern trawler sighted in early July and again in mid-August. Israeli: 'Hiram!' (factory stern trawler), 20 miles north of Race Point, Cape Cod, in July. Spanish: 'Sobroso,! VI-5-8380 (side trawl- er about 165 feet long, 425 gross tons, 26 crewmen) entered Boston Harbor August 21. Japanese: One stern trawler in July. SOUTH ATLANTIC & GULF COASTS No foreign vessels reported fishing in July or August. WEST COAST Soviet: One stern trawler off northern California in July. (One fishery research vessel in August 1968.) Off Northwest coast, in July, 38 stern and 9 medium trawlers, 12 support vessels and 4 research vessels (54 vessels, including 37 stern trawlers, in July 1968). In August, 37 stern and 7 side trawlers, 9 support ves- sels, and 2 research vessels, mostly o.f northern Washington; some on lLaPerous Banks off Vancouver Island. (In August 1968, 49, including 34 stern trawlers.) July and August catches were almost entirely Pacific hake. A stern trawler off Vancouver Island and Cape Flattery caught almost 30,000 pounds in a single haul. Japanese: In late July, 1 longliner off Washington; in August, 2 longliners and 1 stern trawler. One longliner caught about 5,000 pounds of oceanperch, Harly in August, a longliner was taking black cod on almost every hook. (Two longliners in August 1968.) ALASKAN COASTS Japanese: In July, vessels decreasedfrom 390 to about 185. About 190 remained through- out August (only a few more than in August 1968). Early in June, 6 high-seas salmon fleets moved west toward Soviet coast. Justbefore fishery ended, about July 22, only 3 fleets were still in the area. A North Pacific whaling fleet--about 12 whale killers, 1 factoryship, and 2 refriger- ated carriers --was south of eastern Aleutians during July. In July, the eastern Gulf ocean perch fish- ery increased from 12 stern trawlers and 1 refrigerated carrier to 20 trawlers and 2 stern trawlers. In August, 3 of the trawlers shifted to Albatross Bankin central Gulf. The ocean perch fishery along Aleutians increased from 2 stern trawlers in July to 6 trawlers and 1 refrigerated carrier in August. As the Gulf ocean perch fishery increased, the groundfishery along Shelf edge in the Bering Sea decreasedfrom 20 vessels to 12. In August, these 12 and a refrigerated carrier were south to northwest of Pribilofs. Throughout July, 5 factoryship fleets trawled Alaska pollock and flatfish for minced-fishmeat, meal, and oil on Shelf east and north of Pribilofs. In August, 4 were northwest of Pribilofs; the fifth was north of Unimak Pass, in eastern Bering Sea. In July and August, 2 factoryship fleets fished crab on Shelf, north of Alaska Penin- sula. A separate fishery for tanner crab--1 combination processing and pot-fishing ves- sel and 3 smaller pot-fishing vessels --began northwest of Pribilofs in August. Sablefishing longliners in eastern Gulf increased from 2 to 5 in July, and to 8 in August, 23 Fig. 2 - Location of Soviet\?* fishing vessels off Alaska in July and August 1969; num~ bers and species fished. CANADA Ocean Perch 2 stern trawlers -early July- Groundfish 8 medium trawlers 1 refrigerator 90°F FO aMyeNs UMUtturUr-einjeiedura; yo Atepunog u1ey3nos Jo suorjztsod azeutxoiddy - Zz “bry MoOZdl “MoOE!l MoOvI MoOSl MeoO9l MoOZLI 008! ‘300L!l “3.009! 4300S! “J.0vl a M.Odl MOE! MoOvl “M.OSI M09! M.OZI 008! “3.021 ‘3009! ~3.0SI ‘3000! 38 stations and in water of maximum surface temperature--12.4° C.; also, that the south- ern limit of salmon catch (lat. 49° N. at this longitude) coincided with a subsurface (below 50 m.) temperature front which marks the southern limit of the temperature-minimum stratum. Data obtained subsequently have shown this feature to be permanent for the region and to extend across the ocean, The southern limit of the temperature minimum stratum has withstood the test of time as an indicator of the southern limit of salmon dis- tribution in the central part of the ocean in summer; it also indicates the southern limit of sockeye salmon, O. nerka, year round in the central part of the ocean (fig. 2). In the eastern part of the ocean, the south- ern boundaries of the temperature-minimum stratum and the limit of sockeye salmon dis- tribution diverge; the southern limit of the temperature-minimum stratum (as defined) turns northward into the Gulf of Alaska, whereas the southern limit of sockeye salmon distribution continues eastward toward the Oregon coast. Skeptics may point to this di- vergence as evidence that the relation between temperature front and salmon does not hold. In many instances, when a scientist measures only one variable that has a direct effect on natural phenomena, the skeptics are right. In the present situation, however, the signifi- cance of the subsurface temperature boundary in this area is supported by other data. The environment north of the subsurface temperature boundary appears to be prefer- able for adult sockeye salmon in the Gulf of Alaska, where they are found in winter and early spring before their shoreward migra- tion to spawn. Figure 3 shows the distribu- tion of sockeye salmon (from longline catches) in this area in spring1962.1/ The large con- centration inthe central Gulf is inthe general area of the temperature-minimum stratum (fig. 4). Particularly significant is the _5O°N. Ie 1/Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Fish. Comm., Annu. Rep. 1962: 30-53. Fig. 3 - Relative numbers of sockeye salmon in longline catches (per 1,000 hooks), April 9-May 6, 1962. 1964. Progress in 1962 in Canadian research on problems raised by the Protcol. Int. N. Pac. 39 Fig. 4 - Temperature distribution at 150 m. showing extent of subsurface temperature-minimum stratum (shaded}, spring 1962. absence, or near absence, of sockeye salmon incoastal areas because they must cross these waters eventually to reach natal streams. Also interesting, though not shown, was the fact that only a few pink salmon were taken in the central Gulf area; the largest catches of pink salmon were taken between the diverging boundaries shownin figure 2 of the major con- centration of sockeye salmon, The subsurface temperature distribution indicates some of our 1965 sampling inade- quacies (fig. 1). At that point in our investi- gations, fishing was conducted at 110-km. (60- mile) intervals, usually at each whole degree of latitude along various longitudes inthe Sub- arctic Region; and, because of the possibility that the long string of gill nets might drift ashore during the night, no fishing was done close to land. Later, however, when oceano- graphic observations were obtained en route to fishing stations, it was revealed that the inshore areas along the Alaska Peninsula and AleutianIslands were among the most inter- esting and significant from an environmental standpoint. Effects of Warm Water Warm water (4° C.) flows westward out of the Gulf of Alaska at depth along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Is- lands; it forms a northern boundary to the temperature-minimum stratum in the Gulf, Thus, it is isolated as an offshore feature bounded on the south by an eastward-flowing Subarctic Current and, onthe north, by a west- ward-flowing Alaskan Stream, along the south side of the Aleutian Islands. The warm water at depth immediately south of the Alaska Peninsulais a permanent feature of this area, It probably has a signi- ficant effect on Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) stocks because it occurs atthe ap- proximate depth of the edge of the Continental 40 A Fig. 5 - Location of subsurface temperature-minimum stratum (shaded) and numbers of sockeye salmon caught in gill-net sets, October and November 1965. Shelf; also, it provides a uniform tempera- ture of 4 to 5° C, during the year at 100 m., where surface temperature may vary from 2 to 12° C., and inshore bottom temperatures may vary almost as muchas surface tempera- tures. The location of the temperature-minimum stratum also appears to influence the distri- bution of maturing sockeye salmon south of the Aleutian Islands in fall. Data obtained in October and November 1965 show that large numbers were caught in surface gill nets in the general area of this stratum (fig. 5). I have been careful not to imply a cause- and-effect relationship. Although the sub- surface temperature distribution is a guide to determining salmon distribution (particu- larly of sockeye), it may not be temperature alone that is the controlling factor. It is ob- vious that ocean currents are involved; these currents will be discussed in a later article. The fact that the temperature-minimum stra- tum occurs at sucha shallow depth is because the subsurface salinity distribution effec- tively prevents the cold surface waters from sinking any further. Both temperature and salinity determine density, whichin turn gov- erns flow. Furthermore, this plateau-like feature has cold water (approximately 3.0°C.) normally found only below 600 m. south of about lat. 48° N. in eastern part of ocean, It exists year round at depths usually less than 100 m. and has interesting biological and chemical aspects that have received only limited attention. Muchresearch remains to be done, 41 In a harsh economic sea, commercial fishermen--aging, hardy, fatalistic-- struggle to survive. FISHING FOR A LIVING OFF NEW JERSEY Nicholas Kazan Everyone knows what the oldest profession is. Fishing. Itis olderthan man, Or woman, Figure it this way. .Man evolved from lower orders: One day a monkey spoke, an- other understood, and man was created. But before monkeys existed, before dinosaurs and pterodactyls, before the first venturesome creature crept ontoland, everything that lived livedinthe ocean, And most things that lived there made their living by opening their mouths and going fishing. It's not so easy for man. Before he can taste fish, an anachronistic process must bring it to him. Fishermen today use radios and charts, depth meters and fish scopes, but the basic elements of their art remain:a sea, a man, a boat, a net (or a hook, or a harpoon) and, somewhere, a fish. These arethe rules, and they have not changed for thousands of years. Men who live and work by these rules are scattered on a 50-mile radius from Philadel- phia--in inlets, bays, and harbors along the southern New Jersey coast, Half a mile from the beaches. and the Ferris wheels and the Spin-Inn Drive-In Hamburger joints are se- ereted half a dozendock areas that send fresh fishto Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York. Some docks are old and healthy, others old and dying, but the state of the industry is best described by the scene at one of them: Oteen's Harbor in Wildwood. There, behind the 30-odd boats that were built to trawl for fish and now dredge for clams because that's what's left, behind the dock that has rottedunder foot and collapsed overhead, looms the huge rusted hull ofa ship--a fishing boat that was begun and never finished. Mr. Kazan is a free-lance writer. The lines of the boat are clean and sleek, and promise to guide easily through water. But today it sits helplessly grounded, awk- ward and anomalous among the cars and trucks that come and park beside it and then shift away injerky, graceless spurts, the way motor boats move on the ocean. Those that work in its shadow--the men who clam or pack clams or cut fillets out of fish sent down from Massachusetts--ignore this most pristine of vessels, this wreck un- touched by seawater. But they all understand its unfulfilled promise. They know it is a monument to the times. It is as if the God of fishermenhad commanded Noah to build, and Noah had begun, and picked his way slowly along the pier, avoiding the holes, and hopped into the pretty, vinyl-blue tourist vessel that floats at the end of the harbor, next to the sidewalk along Park Boulevard; as if Noah had chatted with the other tourists, eaten pop- corn and hot dogs and sipped gin, and then gone out for a spin on the waters. Fishingis a dilapidated, retarded industry in New Jersey, and it needs a flood. If the vast cleansing waters do not descend, if there is no new worldcreated, the present industry will splinter and rot until nothing remains-- not docks, boats, fish or fishermen, The decline in available fish has been ap- palling. John Shaw, a lobster pot fisherman from Atlantic City, recalls that in the old days "the problem wasn't catching fish; it was sellingthem., We caught too many." To- day the situation is reversed. Alledible fish are sold, and rising prices help to compen- sate for diminished fish stocks. But the time may come, regardless of price, whenthere is nothing left to sell. Last year New Jersey fishermen landed 126 millionpounds of fish, slightly more than Article appeared in "Today," Sunday Magazine of "Philadelphia Inquirer, * Aug. 17, 1969. 42 their fathers and grandfathers caught in1901. But last year more than half the fish landed were inedible--caught for industrialuse. The 1901 catch, made with the most rudimentary equipment, included at least 12 million more pounds of edible fish than the 1968 catch. So it goes. The New Jersey fishery reached its peak level, 540 million pounds, in 1956. But almost 90 percent of that catch was menhaden, a fish caught for processing into such products as animal feed, lipstick and linoleum. By 1956, most edible fish were becoming scarce. That trend has become precipitous in the past seven years, following the heavy storm of 1962. Since then virtually every species of finfish, including menhaden, has declined drastically. Porgy and fluke (a kind of floun- der), which have been the mainstays of the local industry for the past decade, are being caught at less than a third of their former levels. Only higher prices and an increase in available shellfish--lobsters, surf clams and scallops--have allowed the industry to survive. Fishermen regard the depletion of the seas with alternating moods of indignation (‘Why doesn't the government help? It pays the farmers not to plant, but it doesn't pay us not to fish,"') and equanimity ("It's afading life like anything else.") Fishermen accept whatever fish come into their nets, whatever money comes to their pockets. The sea, the work, is always there, beckoning; and it's like a boxer missing his opponent, it's just as much work to catch nothing. Besides, as one dock owner says, ''Many fishermen think like Ido. Fishing may be dead here in 20 years--but so will I." As docks are old, as boats are old (more afloat today were built before 1925 than since 1960) so are the fishermen. They look like the backboue of the Social Security system, these old men of the sea, and they walk on land with the easy rocking rhythm of the water. They will haul in a net on the day they die; and those that won't, the ones who come ashore first, do not retire to their homes and wives; you see them packing fish onthe dock or running the pulley that unloads the catch. Whenthey get too old for that, they stand and watch. They say it getsin your blood, Most have had it in their blood all their lives, They started fishing because they went to sea inthe Navy and liked it, or because they lived in the neighborhood and watched, or because their fathers handed them a mop and said to swab the deck, They've fished ever since. It shows inthe clear blue eyes, the skin thick and wrinkled like a turtle's, the testy sinuous strength that gives aman of 60 the vigor of someone 30 years younger, It shows too in their language, which is rough, and in their use of it, which is simple and direct. A fish can't be sweet-talked or hustled. You can swear at him if you want to make yourself feel better, but there's no uSe lying or prevaricating. The only truth a fish understands is your net. The truths of fish and net are primitive ones without a visible financial future. They have nothing to do with tax benefits or stock transfers, with healthinsurance or early re- tirement plans. It is not hard to see why most "younger" fishermen turn out to be 40, and why young men who used to go to sea, today goto college. A few still move from the Navy to the fishing boats, but there is a shortage of men on thedocks, and sometimes a captainhas to waita week togather acrew. The eager boys from the neighborhood are gone, and today when a captain takes his son on board, he hopes the boy will get seasick-- and sea-weary. Only in small towns like Wildwood does the old familiar pattern hold true. There you can still see a 12-year-old boy scrubbing the deck after the boats come in, You ask him about the day's catchand he frowns: ''I don't know. Ask my father; he's the captain," But even most old-timers say they wouldn't go into the business today. And then they glance toward the water, shrug, and smile-- asif to say that it's not a business, it's a way of life, and they're glad they had the chance to live it. As much as the financial prospects, that way of life may discourage younger men, Sig Hansen, a big ruddy Norwegian who worked at sea for 52 years and now manages a fishing cooperative at Point Pleasant, says: "Some young men still come and say they want to go fishing, but one trip out and you don't see them any more. They get seasick, Besides, the younger generation wants to sleep." A*fisherman does his sleeping on shore. As soon as his boat leaves land, he tows his net 24 hours aday aslong as he's out there-- three toten days. At night he tries to sneak three or four hours sleep while one of the nets is inthe water--and while the rest of the erew checks the last tow for ''trash,'' fish that can't be sold and have to be thrownback. Of course not all fishermen go out fora week at a time. Mostclam dredgers work on "day boats''that come in every night, but. they stay out for 13 hours--from four in the morn- ing until five in the afternoon. Nobody says the life is easy. They say it's strenuous. They say it's hazardous, too, both physically and financially. Every time out you run the risk of being rammed at night by a larger vessel, or being caught in rough seas that may throw a man overboard or sink a boat. Seven boats from southern New Jersey were lost in the 1962 storm. As if these worries weren't enough, you never know when you may snag your net and wire and lose both (value--$1000). Or when your technical equipment may break down and send you home early. Or when you'll have a "broker,'' a trip that doesn't pay for supplies. And when you come home with a boat full of fish, sure of your fortune, you may find that the price has dropped from 30 cents a pound to 10. For all the uncertainty, fishermen still make what they call, simply, "a living.'’ In avery good year a captain can clear around $18,000, and a member of his crew about half that. But the rewards, the fishermen Say, are largely intangible--the beauty of the sea in the summer, three months out of 12; the sense that each trip is a mystery, a bout with fortune; andthe firm self-respect that comes from working for yourself (every crew mem- ber gets a percentage) and yet being part of a crew. Fishermen are among the last of the hardy, independent Americans--the last frontiers- men, The captain of a boat in Atlantic City explains: ''You take a guy on my crew and put him behind a desk, and nine times out of ten he'll get fired. When he's out there he doesn't have to punch a clock, to get here at nine and leave there at five. He's working for himself.- He's more his own boss. Of course, the skipper makes the decisions, but he consults the crew. And everybody on 43 board knows that the better the gear is, the more fish he'll catch and the more money he'll make." The interdependence of a fishing crew acts as a powerfulcommunal force. It molds the men into a unit that has much of the co- hesion and the spirit of a Navy boot camp or a high school locker room. The menrageach other with the same raucous enthusiasm: "Took sharp? You couldn't look sharp if you had your face lifted. I feel good because as long as you're alive I know I'm not the ugliest guy in the world," And out on the water the communal feel- ing increases; it extends beyond the limits of any single boat. Fishermen lend each other equipment, assistance, and advice on where tofish. If you need something, it's a long way --often a hundred miles--back to shore. This spirit even encompasses the foreign boats that have moved into our coastal wa- ters during the past ten years. Much has been written about resentment toward these boats, especially toward the most numerous ones, the Russian trawlers. But the fisher- men themselves--American or Soviet--are more likely to wave than to curse at each other. Our fishermen say, ''They're trying to make a living just like we are. They're catching fish to feed people." At times the Russian boats also have been blamed for the decline in available fish, so much so that an agreement recently was reached which prevents Soviet vessels from fishing for the most valuable edible finfish. But the Soviets made the agreement be- cause they weren't interested in these fish. They knew that such species were on the de- cline, and they brought their large vessels here to fish for plentiful varieties, like her- ring and hake, that can't be soldin this coun- try. Russianboats may be retarding the re- covery of the best species, but they are not responsible for the present depletion. Probably no single factor is responsible, but every man inthe business looks for a pri- mary cause. This is the ten-million-dollar question--the industry's present value; and every Man comes up with his own answer. Vernon Rise, manager of a menhaden plant in Wildwood, said, "The decline started in 1963, right after the big storm. I still say 44 that had something to do with it. The storm changed the bottom out there." Sig Hansen, Point Pleasant fisherman: "I lay it to overfishing. We've been doing it for 20 years, The Russians will leave soon. You can bet they won't come 4000 miles for nothing." Warren Lund, former fisherman, now a Cape May dock owner: ''Fishing's not dying out. It's changing like any other small busi- ness. Fish protect themselves. When they start getting caught, they move. The porgies and the fluke are leaving, so we'll have to create a demand for something else. Like mackerel, We have more mackerel now than I've ever seen," Alfred Jones, Atlantic City dock owner: "We're killing all the young. The government should pass laws requiring a certain mesh size on the nets and prohibiting sale of any- thing smaller. What would happen to human population if we destroyed all the young males?" Captain Jack'' Lawson, itinérant fisher- man: "You used to be able to get croakers all day long--now they're down off Mississip- pi. We're catching scallops here that used to be off Nantucket, and they're getting Boston mackerel in the Chesapeake Bay. Hither the water's getting colder or the equator's moved," The government laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass., reports that ocean temperatures have been dropping for 15 years, but they say the trend may have stopped. The cooler waters here account for the increase in available shellfish, If New Jersey alone were registering de- clines, some local cause (foreign boats, the storm, colder waters) might be held account- able. But decreasing fish stocks is a national problem, The United States now supplies less than a fourth of the fish she consumes, Once second in the world in total poundage, she is now sixth. So as our primary cause we must look for a national problem, and the one explanation most often cited by fishermen is that ubiq- uitous and invisible destroyer, pollution--in- dustrial, detergent, human, and agricultural (pesticide) pollution. Captain Dave Hart, who had his own ¢éom- mercial boat for 18 years and now works for various government agencies, documents a persuasive case against pollution: ''The spe- cies that don't use the inland estuaries for spawning--herring, hake, whiting--all seem to be in good shape. The porgies, the fluke, the sea bass, all the ones that use the estu- aries, are declining. Of course there has to be an exception: Striped bass spawn in the estuaries and they're more abundant than ever. But the overwhelming patterns points to some sort of pollution." A possible solution tothis problem comes from Harry McGarrigel, dean of the Atlantic City dock. (‘Me and my father before me. We've been onthe street since 1911.") Harry is a heavy, friendly man. As he sortsfish on his dock he looks like the owner of a New York delicatessen, but his friends note with pride that he went to Washington to help ne- gotiate the treaty with the Russians, Harry McGarrigel says, ''All we needis $35 million dollars to pipe all that waste out to sea and then things will be straightened out, after about ten years. It'll take that long for the water to clear up." However long it would take for the waters to clear--and ten years probably is an ex- treme prognosis--the fishermen need some- one tobeginthe process, That someone prob- ably will have tobe the Federal Government. States take little interest in fishing--they don't even collect statistics, and what interest they do take varies. New Jersey has a law, poorly enforced, prohibiting sale of small fish; most Southern States have no such statute. Compared to other nations, even our Fed- deral Government pays negligible attention to its fishery. Foreign countries build and man enormous fleets complete with the most modern equipment; our country authorizes Small Business loans, Besides the loans, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries con- fines its activities to periodical bulletins on fish sightings and prices, and to research, Thus far the predominant product of the re- search has been expensive new equipment that small fishing boats cannot afford, But recently the government has been developing a new product that may help revitalize the industry. Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC) is an odorless, tasteless fish flour made by reducing six pounds of whole fish into a pound of fine powder. Because FPC converts the whole fish, it retains every one of the 30- odd amino acids that are the main compo- nents of protein. The resultis a product that is 75 percent protein--and that could domuch toward relieving under -nourishment through- out the world. Other countries, like Norway and Sweden, already have begun to produce FPC, The United States is now building its first plant, Although the Food and Drug Administration has approved only hake-like species for the pilot project, all signs indicate that it will soon approve all species. If so, this would mean that the greatmass of trash (sea robins, dogfish, sharks) as well as the abundant species the Russians are catching (herring, hake, mackerel) could be harvested. The boats that would go for such fish would haveto be enormous company ves- sels, toolarge tobe owned by the captain, too expensive and mechanized to hunt for fish in the old, romantic and desultory fashion. The men whoworked these boats would live some- thing like today's clammers or menhaden fishermen. Their work would be more rou- tine, more like drudgery and less like sport, than the life of today's finfishermen. The sea is full of trash. But there is a possibility that the small boats may linger on, Captain Dave Hart from Cape May explains, ''Up to now we've done our damnedest todestroy the natural ecology of the sea. We've taken the good fish and let the weeds flourish. If we start to fish for trash we may restore the natural balance," He goes onto describe what may happen then: . If the finfish do come back, they may do so very suddenly. Fish canreproduce like insects. Scientists opened up one striped bass and found three million eggs." If the finfish returnin vast numbers, large vessels probably will be constructed to fish for them. Such boats already operate out of enormous fishing ports like New Bedford, 45 Mass. If comparable boats come to New Jersey, thenthe smallindependent boats, like the local grocery store, will die out. But if the valuable finfish increase inlimited num- bers, if catching them remains an uncertain and speculative venture, construction of larger boats would be too risky. Then the small boats might survive. No one canbe certainwhat will happen. It seems that fishing's future is largely in the hands of the Federal Government. If it dem~ onstrates that FPC is a feasible product, it may helpcreate a new industry. But the real problem probably isthe estuaries. The gov- ernment must weigh America's traditional agricultural-industrial perspective--the one that ultimately leads to contaminated estu- aries--against a future in which man may have to depend on his marine resources for food, But the sea is a mystery. Next year, the year after, thefish may return. They've done itbefore. ''Captain Jack'' Lawson says," Any- one who thinks he knows anything about the sea is a damn fool.'' The fishermen have a Saying to express this. Ask one ofthem any- thing about fish and he'll answer, as often as not, with a shrug--and then he'll add: ''They have tails, and they swim." But every fisherman changes the expres- sion a little to suit his personality. ''Captain Jack" is 67 years old, a lithe, spunky little Virginian who speaks with a Boston twang from fishing therefor many years. He says, "Fishing's deteriorating just as fast as you can push it down the hill. Don't ask me why. They have fins and tails; they go where nobody knows." Will the fisherman go, too? Probably in one guise or another, he will remain. The captain of a boat in Atlantic City says: ''To- day I'm a bum because I make a living from the sea. People hear I'm a commercial fish- erman and they turn uptheir noses, They're snobs. Some day--I may not live to See it-- the man of the sea will be respected. He'll provide the food that the world will subsist on. 46 FREEZING & IRRADIATION "Freezing and Irradiation of Fish," edited by Rudolf Kreuzer, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England, 1969, 528 + xvii pp., illus. This is a record of the FAO Congress on the Freezing and Irradiation of Fish, Madrid, September 1967. The intention of the Con- gress was to provide the latest and most complete knowledge about the merits and capacities of refrigeration practices as a con- tribution to fuller utilization of the world's fishing catch for human food. While essen- tially scientific, this volume should be of enormous practical importance to all fish processors and distributors. The book, divided into six main parts, in- cludes 80 papers from probably the most ex- perienced and authoritative scientists and technicians in the world. Much valuable and informative material from session discus- sions has been included. The 6 main parts are: 1) Freezing fish at sea; techniques and equipment, factors affecting quality, freezing media, and superchilling. 2) Freezing and processing of frozen fish; physical effects of freezing, specific prob- lems and techniques, effect of polyphosphate treatment, freezing tropical fish, and thawing of frozen fish. 3) Economics of producing and marketing frozen fish products; shore-based plants, economic considerations, and product de- velopment. 4) Quality of frozen fish products and its assessment; factors influencing quality and the measures of assessment. 5) Storage, packing, and distribution; de- sign and operation of cold stores, and meth- ods of packing and distribution. 6) Preservation by irradiation; quality, present status, production technology, and economic aspects. FROZEN FISH "Draft Code of Practice for Frozen Fish," Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1969 (French and English), 74 pp., $1.80. Sold by OECD Pub- lications Center, Suite 1305, 1750 Pennsyl- vania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. This is a guide for industry on the treat- ment of fish andfish products before, during, and after freezing. It has been approved by the International Institute for Refrigeration and the OECD Fisheries Committee, and recommended to the WHO/FAO Codex Ali- mentarius Commission. The code covers: raw material; freezing times and rates; sanitation and hygiene in handling and processing; packaging; storage; thawing; and transportation and retailing. FROZEN FISH IN TRADE "Market for Frozen Fish in OECD Mem- ber Countries 1964-1968," Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1969,120 pp., $3. Sold by OECD Pub- lications Center, Suite 1305, 1750 Pennsyl- vania Ave., N.W., Washington, D. C, 20006. The introduction of frozen fish as a com- modity in international trade is comparatively recent. Modern mechanical refrigeration be - gan in the late 1940s. By 1967, one million tons worth $400 million to the shippers had entered international trade, This study concentrates onfrozen products from groundfish caught in the North Atlantic fisheries. It includes specific studies of prices, product groups, production, trade, and consumption in the principal exporting and importing countries. There are fairly complete analyses of the situation in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the U.K., and the U.S.--and shorter sections on France, Greece, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Eastern Europe. GEAR "German One-Boat Midwater Trawl, De- velopment Since 1959 to Beginning of 1968," by Joachim Schaerfe, ‘Informationen fuer die Fischwirtschaft,' Vol. 15, No. 3/4, Hamburg 1968. Translation sold by Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151, 65 pp., $3 (microfiche 65¢), Order TT-68-50211, Dr. Schaerfe is Chief, Gear Technology Section, Fishing Operations Branch, FAO. He describes the use of the one-boat midwater trawl in experimental work and in commer- cial fishing. The article also covers fishing eonditions for herring, cod, hake, pollock, mackerel, and other species; fish behavior; fishing vessels, fishing efficiency and tech- niques; handling of catch onboard; and gear-- warps, trawl boards, bridles, front weights, headline floats, nets, and net sounders. HYDRODYNAMICS "Theoretical Hydrodynamics," by L. M. Milne-Thomson, Macmillan Co., New York, 1968, 743 pp., illus. The science of hydrodynamics is con- cerned with behavior of fluids in motion. The object of this book is to give a thorough, clear, and methodical introductory exposition of the mathematical theory of fluid motion that will be useful in both hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Dynamics of a frictionless fluidis a subject that has always been neces - sary to the naval architect. As scientific theory becomes more exact, it tends to assume a more mathematical form. In a radical departure, the author has based 47 his presentation consistently on vector meth- ods and notation. The previous mathematical knowledge required of the reader did not go beyond the elements of infinitesimal calculus. SONIC -SCATTERING LAYER "An Investigation onSonic-Scattering Layers; the R.R.S. 'Discovery' SOND Cruise 1965," by R.I. Currie, B.P. Boden, and E,M, Kampa, ‘Journal of the Marine Biological As - sociation of the U.K.,' Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 498- 514, 1969. The SOND 1965 Cruise was designed as an ecological study of sonic scattering layers at a certain season in a restricted volume of ocean near the Canary Islands. The primary intention was to study the vertical distribution and migrations of animals in the upper 1,000 meters. Biological, acoustical, and environ- mental observations were essentially inde- pendent but closely coordinated. The scien- tists hoped the cruise could assess the po- tential of acoustical methods for general use in distribution studies and, at the sametime, cast some light on the nature of acoustic scattering in the sea. This article is a pre- liminary report on the investigation and its methods. Joe The following, published by the Fish & Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, are available from Division of Publications, BCF, 1801 N. Moore Street, Arlington, Va. 22209. ALGAE "Green Algae, Chlorella, as a Contributor to the Food Supply of Man," by Norman W. Durrant and Carol Jolly, Fishery Industrial Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1969, pp. 67-83. Efforts to solve world hunger usually fall into two categories: 1) controlling population growth; and 2) increasing food production. Whenever the latter is considered, the pos- sibility of large-scale culture of green algae arouses great enthusiasm. This paper is concerned specifically with the tremendous potential of algaefor increasing food supply. 48 A primitive group of plants, algae are usually classified according to their color-- green, blue-green, brown, or red. They all contain the chlorophylls essentialfor the pro- duction of organic matter. Brown and red algae differ considerably from green and blue-green both in size and structural com- plexity; their potential for artificial cultiva- tion and effective use as foodis less than that of green and blue-green. The authors examine the supplies and uti- lization of all algae, but report on the green in greater depth--especially developmental investigations and production and nutrition studies. BILLFISHES "Billfishes of the Central Pacific Ocean," by Donald W. Strasburg, Circular 311, 1969, 11 pp., illus. Swordfish 'Billfish' is a collective term embracing the various kinds of marlin, spearfish, sail- fish, and the broadbill swordfish. These large fishes, some exceeding 1,000 pounds, are found in all warm seas. Despite their size, game qualities, and commercial potential, they are poorly known biologically. The data used in compiling this report were obtained from the records of the Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament, the Hawaii State Divi- sion of Fish and Game, and scientific litera- ture. PACIFIC MACKEREL "Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Pa- cific Mackerel, Scomber japonicus Houttuyn (Northeast Pacific),'' by David Kramer, Cir- cular 302 (FAO Species Synopsis No. 40), 1969, 18 pp., illus. Mr. Kramer has tried to assemble all existing knowledge on the identify (nomen- clature, taxonomy, morphology), distribution, bionomics, life history, population, fishery, and protection and management of the Pacific mackerel. SALMON & STEELHEAD "Identification of Pacific Salmon and Steel- head Trout, by Scale Characteristics," by Kenneth H. Mosher, Circular 317, 17 pp., illus, Identification of species of salmon (Oncor- hynchus) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) in Pacific coast sport and commercial catches is important in assessing the relative produc- tion and value of each species. At times it may be necessary to determine the species from a portion of fish, suchas a steak orfil- let. Any scales on these portions offer a means of identification. The species differ from each other in their life histories, and some scale features clearly show this dif- ference. Fishery inspectors, in the field or on shipboard, will be able to use this illus- trated guide with a minimum of preinstruc- tion. OCEANOGRAPHERS "Explorers of the Deep,''by Donald W. Cox, Hammond, Inc., New Jersey, 1968, 93 pp., illus., $3.50. This book should stimulate young people's interest in the oceans, It tells the stories of 18 "searchers of the sea''--biologists, geolo- gists, engineers, and aquanauts --ranging from Ben Franklin, who was the first to study the Gulf Stream, to Willard Bascom, pioneer of the Mohole project. --Barbara Lundy INTERNATIONAL British Sport Fishermen Blame Danes for Decline in Salmon Catch British sport fishermen claim that poor 1969 salmon fishing in British rivers is due to Danish salmon catches off Greenland. They have started a campaign against the purchase of Danish products. Anti-Danish posters reading "Save our Salmon, Boycott Danish Food" have been displayed in the northwestern part of the country. English housewives are refusing to buy Danish butter and bacon. Danish Ambassador Replies Erling Kristiansen, the Danish Ambassador in London, said there is no evidence that Danish fishing off Greenland is responsible for the decrease in British salmon catches. Kristiansen is an avid sport fisherman him- self. He added that about 1,500 metric tons of salmon are fished off Greenland annually, and 2,000 tons are caught off British coasts, In all probability, most salmon caught off Greenland originate from the rich Canadian salmon areas, he said. Kristiansen also called attention to the spread of ulcerative dermal neurosis (UDN) and the increase in illegal fishing with explosives. Danish trawlers also fish cod and halibut, and other countries fish in the area between Greenland and Scotland. Charge Unproven No one from the British Sport Fishermen's Organization has been able to establish any connection between the Danishfishery and the decrease in British salmon stocks. However, British sources point out that, at two confer- ences held this year in London, Denmark voted against prohibiting open sea salmon fishing. Sweden and West Germany also voted against a prohibition. ("Berlingske Tidende' and 'Bérsen,' July 12.) me > 49 OECD Reviews 1968 Fisheries Again in 1968, there was a slight overall improvement in North Atlantic and North Pa- cific fish catches. The increase resultedfrom better catches of fish for direct human use (up about 6%). The production of fishfor re- duction to meal and oil was smaller than in 1967 (down 4%) mainly because some herring fisheries failed. On the whole, marketing conditions for bulk catches continued unsatisfactory. So fishermen often were no better off then in 1967, a year of poor returns. OECD Review The main 1968 fishery developments inthe northern hemisphere are described in a Re- view of Fisheries in countries of the Organi- zation for Economic Cooperation and Devel- opment (OECD): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, W. Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ire- land, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Por- tugal, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, U.K., U.S. These provide about half the world's fish supply and handle around three-quarters the global trade in fish and fish products. Northern Countries Hurt Affected most by low prices were the more northern countries: Iceland, Norway, Green- land, and Canada. Their fisheries depend considerably on outlets for frozen cod and similar species, and for fish meal and oil. These products all figure prominently as commodities in international trade and all were affected by poor demand. In isolated cases--Denmark'!s reduction industry, for example--it was possible to in- crease productivity. As a rule, however, the condition of North Atlantic fish stocks allowed only marginal improvement. More Government Aid One outcome of the prolonged market de- pression is that governments have provided more financial aid. How many additional 50 provisions and their possible repercussions on international trade are now being examined in OECD by the Committee for Fisheries. Market for Coastal Catches In 1967, the adverse conditions in the ex- ternal market had not affected unduly internal demand for high-quality fresh fish caught by coastalwater homefleets. This was repeated in 1968. The OECD Review notes the high rate of vessel renewalinthis sector--usually a reliable indicator of good economic health, (OECD, June 25.) World Fish Meal Production and Trade Set Records in 1968 "World Agricultural Production and Trade," July 1969, published by the U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, contains this sum- mary of worldfish meal production and trade in 1968: SUPPLIES World fish meal exports (including meal equivalent of fish solubles) were a record 3.9 million short tonsin1968. This was a rise of 694,200 tons, or 22%, from 1967--and more than double the 1960-64 average. The marked increase reflected chiefly Peru's record an- chovy catch. Also contributing were sub- stantial recovery inChile's catch andfurther expansion by Denmark, South Africa, and South-West Africa. However, herring exports from Norway and Iceland declined sharply. World production increased by 330,000 tons, or 6.6%. On Dec. 31,1968, aggregate stocks of fish mealin primary exporting countries were es- timated to be sharply lower. This was evi- denced by the fact that world exports in 1968 increased nearly 400,000 tons more than pro- duction. In 1968, exports were 73% of 5.3 million tons produced; this compared with 64% in 1967--and only 60% during 1960-64, IMPORTS In 1968, fish mealimports into major mar- kets of nearly 3,5 milliontons expanded at an accelerated rate: nearly 24% above 1967. The average annualincrease in imports dur- ing 1962-68 was 13.2%. During 1960-68, aggregate imports by some countries have been substantially less than world exports. The annual unaccounted mar- gin, though erratic, has widened sharply. A Sizable part of unexplained difference was due to increased imports by nonreporting countries in Eastern Europe. Of the 66,400-ton net increase in 1968 fish mealimports, the U.S. accounted for 30%, the European Communities countries 22%, the United Kingdom 16%, and Japan 10%. U.S. imports, the largest market, were up 31% in 1968 to 855,800 tons, or 24.5% of ag- gregate. This compared with 23.1% in 1967 and only 15.4% in 1962. In recent months, U.S. imports have de- clined. This reflects sharply higher prices for Peruvian anchovy meal. In January-May 1969, U.S. imports were only 203,144 short tons--compared with 327,000 tons in 1968 period. However, imports into West Ger- many--the second largest market--were steady during January-April at 218,500 tons. This compared with 216,200 tons in the 1968 period. PRICES The price for fish mealhas increased sub- Stantially since Jan. 1969. In early July, it was US$168a short ton c.i.f. European ports, or $36 above the same period a year ago, and $47 above the 1968 average annual price. Compared with a year ago, soybean meal prices have not changed appreciably. There- fore, fish meal has become less competitive with soybeanmeal. This could resultin some shift toward heavier use of soybean meal in livestock and poultry rations. CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Output in major producing countries through May 1969 was slightly less than in 1968 period. Exports were nearly equal to 1968 period despite stocks in major producing countries that are about a quarter-million tons below last year's. Stocks are expected to be drawn down even more sharply before Oct. 1, when supplies from the 1969/70 season in Peru start moving into export. Since 1963, Peruvian production in the Oct.-Dec. quarter has been erratic. It ranged between 366,000 in 1963 and 806,000 tons in 1967. Peruvian fish meal production during Oct.-Dec. 1968 was 659,000 tons. In the past, sharp price fluctuations have taken place in the Oct.-Dec. quarter; in 1967, Euro- pean prices in Nov., at $120 ton, were down $35 a ton from Sept. Record World Fish-Oil Production & Exports in 1968 In 1968, net exports of fish oil (including fish liver oil) were 757,800 short tons, or 42,100 tons above 1967 and more than double the 1960-64 average. The increase reflected phenomenal expansion in exports of Peruvian anchovy oil and South African pilchard oil; these were largely offset by sharp reductions in herring oilfrom Norway and Iceland. Much of overall increase in exports of fish oil re- flected heavy disposal of stocks. These had been largely built up during big bulge of 1967. 1969 Outlook Clouded The outlook for 1969 productionis clouded as usualby several major uncertainties. The basic question continues: Will low Peruvian anchovy oil yields and a possibly smaller catch there--and reduced quota on S. African pilchard and herring scarcities in Norway and Iceland (if they continue)--more than off - set expected increases in oil output from Chile and Denmark? Any substantial recov- ery by Norway and Iceland could result in another overall increase; if it occurs, it would set a new record. Export Decline Expected Although fish-oil output may continue near 1968 record, exports are expected to decline somewhat in 1969. Peru's exports, which in 1968 exceeded production substantially, are expected to be a majorfactor influencing this decline. However, movement from Chile and Denmark could increase somewhat. Exports from Iceland and Norway will likely remain substantially below 1966. Exports from S. Africa and South-West Africa are expected to continue large, but these may be somewhat below 1968 record. Sharp spurtin 1968 pro- duction of pilchard oil from S. African fac- toryships might not be matched in 1969 due 51 to quota restrictions. In long run, key fac- tor there will be whether present catch limit for pilchard can be maintained without de- pleting stocks. Aggregate exports from major producing countries are running substantiallyless than in 1968 period. Fish Oil Exports & Prices In 1968, record fish-oil exports resulted in markedly lower prices. These averaged about 4.5 U.S. cents a pound for Peruvian, semirefined, c.i.f. European ports, compared with 5.8 and 8.9 cents in 1967 and in 1966. However, prices in recent months have strengthened to 6.1 cents in June and early July. Although prices for most other oils also have strengthened from a year ago, price spreads or discount for fish oil in relation to most competing oils have narrowed substan- tially. Thus, fish oil prices have become less competitive in world markets. The notable exception is palm oil. This declined to about 7.3 cents a pound, Malaysia 5% bulk c.i.f. Europe, in July, compared with 7.8 cents a year earlier. ("World Agricultural Produc- tion and Trade,' U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, July.) in Antarctic & N. Pacific Reported On June 13, 1969, the Japanese Fisheries Agency published data on 1968/69 whale catches in the Antarctic and North Pacific Oceans. The 1968/69 Antarctic catches reflect about a 50% increase in fin whales over the previous season--but a 50% decrease in sei whales. The Soviet Antarctic catches show prac- tically no change for fin whales--but a de- crease of 287 sei whales. In the 1968 North Pacific mothership whaling, fin whale catches decreased 20% from previous season, sei whale hauls in- creased 10%, and sperm whale catches were virtually the same. ('Suisan Tsushin,' June 16.) 52 1968/69 Antarctic and North Pacific Whale Catches Type of Operation Antarctic mothership: Catch Fin Whale Sei Whale 1 © ee © e e (Number)... .. « Number 3,495 0 2 se Not Available J 3,015 5,770 2,469.16 eiapanseed. titers aie Aled 729 388 1,001 Sere 1,062 714,33 North Pacific aathee rship: PMI Mo tate Maxiclio i uwttavore tail (hohe Zola North Pacific land station: “litin DOD DOOD OE COC WSSROE inc a 6 ok ee Canadaneeccceccevesece | Totalesseceeceee | a units. et Japan to Aid Indonesian Fishery Research & Training Japan has signed a 3-year agreement with Indonesia to provide technological and material cooperation for Indonesian fisheries research and training projects, according to the Foreign Ministry. Theagreementis part of Japan's official program of technological cooperation with Indonesia. Japan will send 4 fisheries experts and provide some machinery and equipment for Indonesian fisheries research and training institutes. (‘Japan Times,‘ July 11.) IAFMM Conference Held in Cannes The International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers (IAFMM) celebrated its tenth anniversary at the 9th Annual Conference, held in Cannes, October 6-10. Over the past 10 years regular conferences have been held where producers and scientists advising the industry meet to discuss matters of mutual interest. The Executive Council and the Scientific Committee also meet at least once a year between conferences. 1,715. Le 7aSS33e i Member Countries IAFMM member countries are Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Iceland, Morocco, Norway, Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, U.K., and the U.S. Other major producing countries are invited to participate in conferences as ob- servers. IAFMM Activities The Association does not engage in actual marketing or price questions. Itis primarily concerned with assembling economic, sta- tistical, and general marketing information. The Scientific Committee constantly exam- ines methods of improving processing and quality control to ensure production of high- quality fish meal. The Association has liaison status with FAO, and FAO representatives participate in all conferences and meetings. It cooperates with the Fish Meal Exporters Organization(FEO) in market promotion and technical activities. It maintains close con- tact with leading fishing industry research institutes. A symposium for compounders was held in Amsterdam on October 2. Scientists, pro- ducers, and technicians in the compounding industry presented papers onfish meal proc- essing, assessment of protein quality, fish meal in poultry rations, fish meal in pig ra- tions, and new developments, such as the use of anti-oxidants. (IAFMM, Aug. 4.) First Fish-Inspection Conference Held in Canada The Technical Conference on Fish Inspec- tion and Quality Control, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organizationin cooper- ation with Canada, concluded an eleven day session in Halifax on July 25. About 250 delegates from 45 countries participated. General Agreements The Conference, first of its kind, examined the scientific, technical, and legal aspects of fish inspection and quality control. It agreed on the need for efficient, scientifically based inspection systems to assure the highest quality of fish andfish products inthe interest of consumers and the fishing industry. It was emphasized that better quality control would also helpto reduce wastage and facili- tate exports, especially by developing coun- tries. Individual Country Programs It approved recommendations to establish Suitable inspection programs in individual countries, including education and training of personnel. The Conference discussed the question of whether fish-inspection programs should be voluntary or mandatory; it decided this depends on circumstances in each coun- try. In any case, itwas emphasized that there shouldbe "no compromise in matters affect- ing public health". Glossary The Conference also recommended that FAO publish a glossary of terms used infish inspection and quality control which could be applied internationally. The glossary would facilitate understanding by establishing a common language in avery complicated field. Spoilage Finally, the possibility of detecting fish spoilage through chemical means was noted. The most promising is trimethylamine, which develops during spoilage of fish, though this method applies only to certain marine spe- cies. Some speakers called for greater research into fish spoilage and development of quick, efficient methods for its detection. Others, 53 especially from developing countries, empha- sized the need for education and training. The participants agreed that the trend is towards more stringent standards for fish quality, and that consumers are becoming more de- manding. C. H. Castell, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, predicted that spoilage of fish after catching will be reduced to insig- nificance eventually, thanks to modern scien- tific advances; also that consumers will en- joy the same high standards for fish and fish products they now expect and get from meat and poultry products. General Topics Almost 100 papers on various aspects of fish inspection and quality determination were discussed. General topics were: the need for inspection and quality control; national fish-inspection programs; general principles and program development; industrial advan- tages of inspection and quality control; re- search reports on methods for quality assess- ment, ena hbad USSR Conducts Joint Oceanographic Research With Japan & France The first Soviet-Japanese oceanographic research team, aboard the 'Hakiko Maru', concluded a 1-month study of the Sea of Japan seabed on June 28. Thirty scientists from the Soviet Academy of Sciences' Institute of Oceanography andoceanographers from Jap- anese universities conducted geological and geophysical research to obtain data on the origin of the Sea of Japan. Soviet-French Research Aparty of Soviet and French oceanograph- ers left Sevastopol, USSR, on June 28 fora joint research cruise in the Mediterranean. The French scientists went aboard the 'M. Lomonosov! of the Ukranian Academy of Sci- ences! Marine Hydrophysical Institute. At the same time, Soviet scientists entered an underwater laboratory designed by Jacques Cousteau for joint underwater research. Both programs are partof a French-Soviet Scien- tific Cooperation Agreement. 54 FOREIGN CANADA FISHERIES MINISTER URGES INCREASED PENALTIES FOR FOREIGN VESSELS FISHING INSIDE 12-MILE LIMIT Canada should increase the penalties levied against foreign vessels caught fishing inside the 12-mile zone, says Fisheries Minister Jack Davis. He believes current maximum fines under the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act "are nota sufficient deterrent. Weshould be free... .to extract greater penalties for repeated offenses.'' Maximum fines now are C$5,000forasummary conviction, or $25,000 for conviction on indictment. 4 Vessels Fined Davis said the maximums are outdated, but declined to spell out what he considered would be reasonable fines. The highest penalty levied this year, against a Japanese vessel caught inside the limit off British Columbia, was $3,500 and loss of catch. An- other Japanese boat and two Russian trawl- ers were fined $2,500 each. The Minister said the matter of increased fines would probably come up at the next sitting of the Commons in Ottawa. "At the very least we should bring all the legislation up to date,'' he added, What Act Provides Under the act, itis an offensefor a foreign fishing vessel to be inside the limit, except in case of emergency. The actalso provides for confiscation of fish, boat, and gear. ''The confiscation of the catch inside territorial waters will continue,'' Davis said. (Canadian Embassy, Aug. 26.) OK SOVIET TRAWLERS SEIZED AND FINED On August 4, a Canadian Fisheries En- forcement vessel seized 2 Soviet medium side trawlers 9.4 miles off the Canadian coast. Both vessels were within the 12-mile limit, near Cleland Island, west of Vancouver Is- land. The captains and crews were arrested, and the 'Gherman Titov' and the 'Kuzachin' escorted to Victoria, B.C., for inspection and legal charges. Canadian law allows a maxi- mum fine of C$5,000. The vessels may be confiscated. Captains Fined On August 11, the Victoria Court fined each captain C$2,500. Both pleaded guilty, blaming their violation on nets threatening to foul the propellers and the strong onshore current. Both also claimed that Soviet vessels have standing instructions to remain a minimum of 1.5 miles seaward of the 12-mile limit. Although no fish were found on board, the Court contended that the vessels were pre- paring to fish because their nets were in the water. The Canadian press noted that this was the first time Soviet fishermen had been found guilty of fishing illegally in Canadian Baga (U.S. Consulate, Vancouver, Aug. 4 & 11. x KX SALMONID IMPORTS RESTRICTED A new Canadian law prohibits imports of live or dead salmonids or salmon eggs, un- less they meet specific requirements, to pro- tect against the spread of disease. Similar legislation became effective in the U.S, in mid-1967. The New Law The Canadian legislation defines 'salmonid! as fish of the family Salmonidae. Live or dead salmonids, or salmonid eggs, may be imported only if(a) they have been processed by a method that destroys the protozoan ‘Myxosoma cerebralis' andthe virus causing viral hemorrhagic septicemia; or(b) they are accompanied by a certificate, signed by a fisheries pathologist inthe country where the fish were caught, stating that thefish or eggs are free of 'Myxosoma cerebralis' and the viral hemorrhagic septiciemia virus. A specimen of the pathologist's signature must be filed with the Department of Fisheries and Forestry in Ottawa. The regulations do notapply to salmonids caught in the wild inNorth America. ('Fish- eries Council of Canada Bulletin,' July-Aug.) * kK Canada (Contd.): KELP PROCESSING STARTED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA A 1,000-ton kelp cutter vessel has been launched andaplant built at Masset on Cana- da's Queen Charlotte Islands to process 40,000 short tons of kelp this year and 200,000 tons in 1970. The product will be algin, used in ice cream, chocolate milk, cheese, icings, salad dressings, candy, puddings, aspirin tablets and other pharmaceuticals, paint, tires, food packages, and adhesives. Also produced will be kelp meal for fertilizer, animal feed, and for humans. The New Plant At the new plant, chopped kelp will be pumped from the harvesting vessel into two 600-ton-capacity storage tanks. From there it will be washed in fresh water and fed into Shredders. The shredded kelp will be led into a hot air stream. A collecting ‘cyclone there will drop the diced kelp into a 50-ton silo. From the silo the kelp will be ground and bagged. Storage capacity of the warehouse is 2,000 tons of bagged kelp meal in pellets. Each ton of wet kelp harvested will pro- duce two 100-pound bags of kelp meal; 2,000 pounds of dried kelp meal are required to extract 400 pounds of algin. No Canadian Market Yet According to the British Columbia Re- search Council, the market for alginates in Canada has not been established. Gross sales of seaweed colloids in the U.S. have been estimated at $10-$20 million a year. ('Sea Harvest and Ocean Science,' Aug.-Sept.) * KO FIRST-HALF 1969 MARITIME PROVINCES! LANDINGS ABOUT SAME AS 1968 Landings in Canada's Maritime Provinces for first-half 1969 were 427 million pounds worth C$34.4 million. Statistics for the same period of 1968 were 431 million pounds, C$33.3 million; for 1967, 299 million pounds and C$25.3 million. 55 June 1969 Catch June 1969 landings were 140.4 million pounds worth C$11.5 million. Included were 51.6 million pounds of groundfish, C$2.5 mil- lion; 73.1 million pounds of pelagic and estu- arial species, C$7.1 million. The quantity and value of the June catch were above June 1968 by 27.4 million pounds and C$2.3 mil- lion. The catch also was above the 3-year (1966-1968) June average by 35.8 million pounds and C$2.8 million. Species & Vessels Used During June, landings of cod, redfish or ocean perch, flatfish, mackerel, herring, swordfish, scallops, and lobsters were above the 1966-1968 June average; landings of had- dock, halibut, pollock, andsalmon were below the 3-year average. Landings by trawlers and draggers over 70 feet long totaled 29.1 million pounds. Their catch represented 53.7% of groundfish land- ings and 85.8% of scallop landings. (Depart- ment of Fisheries & Forestry, Halifax, N.S., July 24.) OK OK FISHING RETURNS TO NORMAL IN NEWFOUNDLAND'S PLACENTIA BAY Normal fishing resumed in Newfoundland's Placentia Bay, Jack Davis, Canada's Fisher- ies and Forestry Minister, announced. Phos- phorus pollution from the plant at Long Har- bour forced closure in early May of a large Bay area. The fishery was reopened June 16. Since then, the Department bought all fish, The area's fishery products have been de- clared safefor human consumption. The De- partment's purchases were scheduled to end July 12. Its "buy program! permitted smooth transition to normal operations. Fish Tested All fish at time of closure were bought by the government and destroyed. Fish caught after the reopening on June 16 have been purchased andheldby the government to per- mit exhaustive tests by the Food and Drug Directorate of Department of National Health and Welfare. (Canadian Dept. of Fisheries and Forestry, July 1.) onoogaqgago 56 EUROPE United Kingdom LARGER FISH SUPPLIES EXCEED DEMAND Britain's deep-sea fishermen increased their catchin 1968, but supply was not matched by demand. The White Fish Authority (WFA) announced this inits reportfor the year ended March 31, 1969. All 3 sections of the deep-sea fleet in- creased landings. But only the middle-water operators escaped a drop in revenue. The average value of landings by deep-sea ves- sels declined more than 3%. There are 3 categories of vessels in the deep-sea fleet: distant-water (more than 140°), middle water (110" to 140'), and near water (80! to 1105). Deep-Sea Fleet Declined During 1968, the deep-sea fleet lost 34 vessels. WFA approved only one grant to construct a vesselmore than 80 ft. long. Its report states: "It is to be hoped that im- proved profitability, assisted by the new sub- sidy arrangements, will encourage owners to undertake new building during the coming year." Inshore Fleet For the inshore fleet, it was a more fav- orable year. Landings wereslightly up. The average value was 5% above 1967. One seiner and 63 trawlers were added to the fleet. Fresh & Frozen White Fish In 1968, supplies of fresh and frozen white fish, excluding shellfish, were 929,559 metric tons worth US$175 million. Of that, imports were 165,966 tons valued at US$44 million. Compared to 1967, supplies increased 36,311 tons and value US$5.7 million; increased im- ports accounted for 20,760 tons worth US$4.6 million. Of 383,000 tons used for fish meal, 232,200 tons were offal, 1,600 tons condemned fish, and 59,000 tons surplus fish with no buyers. Fish Exports Fish exports rose more than 6,000 tons (21%). This was an increase of 22% in value to US$21 million. Shellfish landings were worth US$11.6 million, compared with US$9.6 million for 1967. Loans to the industry during 1968 were US$1.3 million. These included US$1 million for construction and replacement of motors of inshore vessels. US$355,000 went for processing and ice plants. Gross expendi- tures on grants for vessels were US$8.6 mil- lion. (Charles Barker City Ltd., June 24.) OK OK RANGER CO. PLANS INCREASE IN TRAWLER FLEET If fleet-expansion plans of Ranger Fishing Co. of North Shields are approved by the White Fish Authority (WFA), a Lowestoft shipyard will get the most valuable single order yet placed by a British trawler owner-- about US$7,680,000for four 215-ft,-long fac- tory stern trawlers. The firm already has 3 factory trawlers. It has been considering an increase. WFA approval is necessary to get the 35% building grant. In this case, it would amount to more than $2,400,000. This probably would be spread over the 2- to 3-year building period. The Ranger Fleet The 3 vessels in the Ranger fleet were builtin 1965 and1966. They aresmall factory trawlers 171 ft. long with a fish hold capacity of 13,000 cu. ft. In the 33 years since they first entered service, the firm has accumu- lated considerable experience. Its dock has been modernized. It has put up a cold store able to hold 800 metric tons of fish landed in fillet packs ready for distribution to fish friers. Factory Trawler Operations While the trend in other large British trawler ports has been towards the whole fish freezer, North Shields now seems des- tined to become the base of an efficient fac- tory trawler operation, This includes a United Kingdom (Contd.): Ranger Training Center at the fish quay, where recruits are given instruction in spe- cialized work aboard the factoryship. ('Fish- ing News,' May 23.) OK SCOTTISH BOARD HAS INVESTED US$3.6 MILLION IN FISHERIES The Scottish Highlands and Islands De- velopment Board reports that it had invested US$3.6 million in the fishing industry since Nov. 1965; $485,854 in grants; $3,083,926 in loans, and $48,000 in equity participation. The investment has provided 850 jobs, half sea-going. About $1,965,600 directly assisted vessel purchase; the remainder went to shore-based projects. Board's Report The Board assisted catching, ancillary trades, processing, and fish farming. Of the 24 new vessels approved--19 for the Western Isles fleet--15 had been launched and were fishing; 5 were under construction. Sixty-two fully experienced fishermen had been helped to buy secondhand boats. Al- though these have a shorter working life, they created jobs at alower overall cost than most other assistance. The Board helped purchase 10 new 16-ft. seaweed boats. Their yield raised produc- tivity of the 3 processing factories in the Western Isles by an estimated 15%. The Board approved building 20 "dual pur- pose vessels''--lightly built boats up to 35 ft. which can be used for creel-fishing, tourist trips, sea-angling, or short-distance ferrying. Seven of these had gone to Caithness County because of the great interest in sea-angling there. Ancillary Trades Before the Board adopted its various schemes, the boatyards had been limited basically to their local markets. The prob- lems of transport, cost, and basic commun- ications had worked against expansion. Now the market extends to all 7 crofting counties. The $336,000 invested provided 99 jobs. 57 Thirty vessels, 28 under 35 ft., had been built, or were on order. Help to other ancil- lary industries totaling about $117,600 in- volved 38 jobs, including marine engineering and ice-making. ('Fishing News,’ May 23.) Norway STATE SUPPORT FOR FISHERIES IS INCREASED Increased state support to the Norwegian fisheries for June 1, 1969, through May 31, 1970, has been approved unanimously by the Storting (Parliament). As in previous years, the bill was based on negotiations between the Norwegian Fishermen's Union and the Minis - try of Fisheries. State subsidization of fish- eries is estimated at US$35.7 million for the year ending May 31, 1970. This does not in- clude the extraordinary support measures for the stockfish industry previously adopted. 1969/70 Aid High The 1969/70 fisheries subsidies are US$3.5 million higher than those originally voted for 1968/69. However, including aid to the stock- fish industry (US$4.2 million), fishery pay- ments were officially estimated at US$36.4 million in 1968/69. Other Aid The Storting also approved a US$2.8 mil- lion loan arrangement for owners of fishing vessels hit hard byfailures in major fisheries in1968/69. A similar arrangement of US$1.4 millionwas voted forherringcurers affected by the complete failure of this year's winter herring fishery. (U.S. Embassy, Oslo, July 1.) OK OK USES MORE SEA WEED A new factory using sea weeds as raw material is operating near Haugesund in southern Norway. Owned by Protan& Fager- tun, it will produce 1,000 metric tons of alginate a year. Using its older factory and the new one, the firm now can produce 15% of world's need for alginate. Itis the world's largest company of its kind. 58 Norway (Contd.): The Firm's Operation The firm has a new experimental trawler and 8-10 other vessels gathering sea weeds for alginate production. It employs 300 per- sons; 1,500 other persons gather sea weeds. As muchas 95% of productionis exported. The textile industry is one of the largest buyers of alginate. It uses the product to thicken and print textiles with special colors. The food industry, another important buyer, uses it as an ingredient in jelly, instant des- serts,and ice cream. The paper industry, a major customer, uses itin surface treatment of paper and cardboard. Exports to developing nations are increas - ing. Eastern Europe also is becoming a large customer. The company is working to in- crease sales to the U.S. ('News of Norway,! June 23,) OK OK POLAR COD FISHERY DEVELOPS Norwayis rapidly developing a new indus - trial fishery for polar cod in Arctic Ocean. These fish are suitable for meal and oil-- not human use, So far, 20 to 30 boats have caught 2,325-2,790 metric tons. Biggest single catch was 558 metric tons. ('News of Norway,! June 23.) OK OK FROZEN FISH EXPORTS TO U.S. RISE Norwegian exports of frozen-fish products to the U.S, are expected to be 25,000 to 30,000 metric tons this year. Annual exports before 1967 were about 7,000 tons.. Partly responsible is Nordic Group, a combination of 21 companies in the frozen fish business, In itsfirst year of operation, it has exported 8,000 tons. Total Nordic Group exports for 1969 are expected to be 12,000 tons, nearly half national total. A large part of export products, such as "haddock fillets,'' hadnot been produced in Norway. ('News of Norway,' June 23.) Denmark INDUSTRIAL FISH LANDINGS DOWN IN EARLY 1969 Unusually poor weather caused a consider- able drop in industrial fish landings in early 1969. In1968, thefisheryhad started on Jan- uary 2, but this year it didnot begin until April. Landings infirst4 months were 194,000 met- ric tons, a drop of 68,000 tons from the 262,000 landed in same period 1968. Even if the remainder of the year should prove un- usually profitable, the loss cannot be made up. The largest decrease was in April, when catch reached only about 35,000 tons. It had been 77,000 tons in April 1968. Fish Meal & Oil Fish meal and oil production dropped markedly as a result of the light landings. Exports of herring meal were 62,500 tons worth US$890,000 in first 5 months 1968. ('Bérsen,' July 15 ) Greenland HER FIRST MODERN TRAWLER WILL TRAIN LOCAL FISHERMEN Greenland's first modern trawler 'Nuk! will help Eskimos become up-to-date fisher- men. Nuk, registered in Godthaab, will be a training vessel. Initially, she willbe manned by Faroese who will teach the Eskimos to operate her. Cost and Construction The vessel cost about US$1.2 million, in- cluding US$360,000for equipment. She is 164 ft. long, 31 ft. wide; depthto main deck is 15 ft., deadweight 433 gross tons, and speed 15-16 knots. Constructed as a shelter deck- er with elongated afterend, she is equipped with trap nets andfloating trawl. Before she sailed to Greenland, tests were made with the ‘net-sonde' equipped trawl. Processing Equipment The 300-cubic meter storage compart- ment below is insulated. The work deck has 9 hydraulic movable bleeding tanks, gutting Greenland (Contd.): tables, cutting and gutting machines, wash- ers, and cold-storage equipment. Conveyor belts connect the bleeding tanks to the storage room. The fish hatches and stern gate move hydraulically. Final processing will take place at land-based plants. Operating Plans The vessel will operate primarily onfish- ing grounds off Greenland's west coast, mak- ing relatively short trips. Depending on the Success of the experiments and training, other Nuk-type trawlers may be constructed. ('Fiskaren,' May 5.) Iceland PROMINENT ICELANDERS VISIT U.S. The Icelandic Freezing Plants Corp., one of the country's major fish-exporting firms, organized a visit to the U.S. in late Sept. for about 90 persons. The trip marked the 25th anniversary of the Coldwater Seafood Corp. of Scarsdale, N.Y., and Cambridge, Md., the U.S. affiliate. Prominent Visitors Participants included officials of the Min- istry of Fisheries andits Economic Institute; journalists; representatives of the Central Bank and 2 principal commercial banks; and directors of the 60 fish-processing plants that are corporation members. (U.S. Em- West Germany TRADE MINISTER OUTLINES FISHERY POLICIES The West German Minister of Trade has issued this summary of his nation's fishery policy and its concern with the proposed European Communities (EC) fishery policy: "West Germany's Common Market part- ners are today already large purchasers of 59 German fisheries products and the trade with- in the EC will expand even more as the re- maining barriers are removed. At the pres- ent time, we can not foresee the effects of the planned market organization for fisheries products. The Federal Government is skep- tical toward the EC Commission's proposals with respect to a common fisheries policy be- cause such proposals wouldimply a centrally directed structural policy and a complicated system for protection of prices based on public funds. The proposals are to a con- siderable degree based on already existing market arrangements--farfrom having been successful in all aspects--and therefore are subject to anextensive revision. Before con- clusive evidence of sucha revision is reached, we cannot determine any new market arrange- ments." Wants Simple System "The Federal Government advocates a simple and liberal system which should be limited to the most important fish species. We must consider the Regional differences in the fishery of the Atlantic Ocean, the Medi- terranean, and the coastal waters of the As- sociated African states, The responsibility of the fishing industry must be based on ef- forts to stabilize the market as well as the prices. Therefore, establishment of producer organizations should be encouraged. The Federal Government is a definite adversary to public intervention efforts in the fisheries sector because such efforts after experiences with market support under the German fish- eries law lead to alarge-scale fishery with- out consideration to demand." Recommends Coordinated Efforts "Of particular importance for a well ar- ranged and outlined marketing place for fish- eries products is unity in quality norms, packaging, sorting, etc. Because EC is in need of fisheries products, the aim should be toward achieving liberal arrangements in relation to their countries. While negotia- tions take place with the mostimportant sup- plier countries, EC should stabilize unity ar- rangements of the reference price system, for example like those which have been practiced successfully in the herring trade between Denmark and the Federal Republic. In principal, the structural policy should be the private matter of each member country within a certain frame so that distortions in 60 West Germany (Contd.): competition may be avoided. Through closer cooperation, the possibilities of creating more effective fisheries protection and re- search work will be greater. A coordination of efforts from each member country would strengthen the EC's economic and political importance ininternational unity. Asidefrom some unavoidable transitional difficulties, the Common Market would generally offer advantages to the German fishing industry." Optimistic About Future In conclusion, the Minister of Trade said the German fishing industry is adjusting to changed conditions. He is encouraged by its knowledge and willingness to face future prob- lems. "In view of the fishing industry's posi- tion to the problems,I findit easy to recom- mend assistance supplementary to one's own efforts.'' ('Fiskets Gang,' May 8.) gy France THEY ARE EATING MORE FRESH FISH Frenchmen are the most voracious fresh- fish eaters in the European Community (EC), according to the Community's statistical office. In 1967, Frenchmen averaged 33.9 pounds of fresh fish, compared with 27.1 pounds in Belgium, 25.1 pounds in Italy, and 21.8 pounds in Germany and the Netherlands. In 1967 the Community averaged 26.7 pounds per person, compared with 23.8 pounds in 1960. 1967 EC Landings Down In 1967, landings of fish by Community fleets were slightly lower than in 1966. This resulted largely from a 10% decline in her- ring catches. This decrease was offset partially by an 11,000-ton rise inGerman codcatches which were 80,000 tons in 1967. (‘European Com- munity,’ July.) sor Fare ital USSR BLAMES JAPANESE FOR DEPLETING PACIFIC HERRING & FLOUNDER Herring and flounder stocks off Soviet Far-Eastern shores--traditional grounds off Kamchatka and Sakhalin--are in jeopardy because of intensive, uncontrolled Japanese fisheryfor immature herring and groundfish. This was stated bluntly by the official organ of the Soviet Fisheries Ministry, 'Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 6, 1969. The situation has become so grave that people whose livelihood depends on these species face serious economic consequences unless drastic measures are taken to save the resources. Soviet Suggestion The Soviets suggest these steps as a mini- mum remedy: 1) Stop 1969 fishery for im- mature herring in Shelikhov Bay (Okhotsk Sea, west of Kamchatka) north of line from Cape Utkolokskii to Cape Tolstoy; stop this fishery in Karaginskii Bay (Bering Sea, east of Kamchatka) north of line from Cape Oliu- torksii to Cape Ozernyi. 2) Discontinue flounder and other groundfish fishery off western Kamchatka--between 53° and 589 N. lat. at depths less than 100 fathoms in winter, and less than 50 fathoms in other seasons. Unilateral Soviet measures restricting their herring and flounder fisheries are no longer sufficient to save resource; Japanese cooperation is imperative. Another Soviet Complaint The Soviets also complain about preemp- tion of the fishing grounds: 70 Japanese ves - sels in Shelikhov Bay had gill nets extending over 60 miles in May-June 1967; over 140 Japanese vessels in May 1968 had nets ex- tending over 250 miles in Korf and Anapka Bays. * OK OX SCIENTISTS PESSIMISTIC ABOUT FUTURE OF NORTH SEA HERRING STOCKS Scientists of the Soviet All-Union and At- lantic Fisheries and Oceanography Research Institutes (VNIRO and ATLANTNIRO) warn that prospects for the NorthSea herring fish- ery are "bleak" unless--(1) the immature USSR (Contd.): herring fishery is discontinued; (2) the fish- ery for maturing herring is strictly con- trolled; and (3) bottom trawling for mature herring on spawning grounds during larvae and fry reproduction and growth is reduced or stopped. Soviets Say Stock Overfished The Soviets say the stock is overfished. Any increase in effort will have negative effect on quality, quantity, and biology of North Sea herring populations. The Soviets blame the 1964-66 expansion of Norwegian purse seining for depleting the maturing herring of the 1963 year-class. The harvestable 1960-class that replenished stocks in 1963-64 declined considerably in 1966-67; the abundant 1963 year-class fished intensely in 1964-66 lost commercial value by 1967-68. This is reflected in North Sea herring catches, which increased from 932,000 metric tons in 1963 to over 1.4 mil- lion tons in 1965; the catches dropped to 706,000 tons in 1968. Soviet catch data are exclusive of Bldden Bank, where the West Germans and Danes annually take 100,000 tons of immature her- ring. Further declines in North Sea herring fish - ery must be expected. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 5, 1969.) GRAPPLES WITH WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS A Soviet official writing in 'Izvestiia' on July 7 called public attention to water-pollu- tion problems caused by industrial waste. He decried uncontrolled dumping of waste that endangers fresh-water supplies and produces "irreversible" biological changes in fresh- water and marine life. Exortations, even legal regulations pre- Scribing use of waterper unit of factory out- put, are being ignored, the official said. 61 Proposes Water Tax He suggested the solution would be to end "free water" and begin to tax industrial enter- prises for the use of water. He proposed ‘differentiated taxes.'' Plant managers would be forced to speed construction of water- purification facilities. Price of water would vary from region to region and depend on availability and demand for water. Suggests New Control Agency Finally, the author calls for formationof a new ministry-levelagency to deal with pol- lution problems. One major beneficiary of any new regula- tions would be Ministry of Fisheries. For years, it has led the fight against waste-dis- charging enterprises on river shores and coasts of Caspian and Black Seas. Purification Expensive Research and planning groups are con- centrating on introducing new techniques for water purification. Building costs of waste- processing facilities are extremely high-- sometimes 30% of original construction cost of a plant. Costs run as high as 31 to 36 U.S. cents per cubic meter of waste water. % OK OIL-OXIDIZING BACTERIA FOUND IN WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Insti- tute of Hydrobiology at Kiev has published a paper on microbial oxidation of oil products in the Danube. Soviet scientists isolated and identified cultures of oil-oxidizing bacteria (machine and various mineral oils); most were genus Pseudomonas. The distribution and oxidizing properties of 26 species were studied. The capability of some species to oxidize hydrocarbon compounds of oil was found for the first time. ('Gidrobiologichekii Zhurnal,' Vol. 5 (No. 3) March.) OK OK 62 USSR (Contd.): KRILL PASTE IS SUCCESSFUL ON MOSCOW MARKETS The All-Union Fisheries and Oceanograph- ic Research Institute (VNIRO) has developed a commercial paste from Antarctic krill "rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals.'' The paste, under the brand name "'Okean,''is sell- ing well in Moscow. It has a pleasant taste and aroma, somewhat like shrimp. According to VNIRO, the paste has this chemical composition: moisture 65-75%; fats 3-10%; nitrous substances 15-20%; carbo- hydrates 2%; ash 1.5-3.0%. It also contains potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, etc. Anal- ysis by VNIRO's Laboratory of Fisheries Technology reveals that krill is high in es- sential amino acids like arginine (9.1%), lysine (12.8%), leucine (16%), and phenylalanine (6.8%). R Fishing & Processing Developments Other Soviet sources report that Antarctic krill stocks are "practically unlimited". VNIRO is developing a "special trawl for krill fishing"--and a mechanized processing line to produce a semiprocessed krill product with 50% protein content. Promotion 'Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No.5, 1969 (official organ of the Soviet Fisheries Ministry) car- ries afull-page ad recommending use of krill paste in sauces, cheese spreads, and hot dishes. The Ministry also recently mixed krill paste with cheese (10% krill, 90% cheese) and claims the product is selling rapidly in Moscow food stores. Its brand name is "Korall." * KO FISHING FLEETS NOW BASED ON CANARY ISLANDS Spain has agreed to allow Soviet fishing fleets in the Southern Atlantic to base at the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife inthe Canary Islands. A ‘Manchester Guardian' corre- spondent reported from Madrid that details were worked out early this year, but revealed only in early August. At that time, a Soviet delegation at Santa Cruz signed the contract to use the port's facilities. Equality With Japanese The agreement will put the Soviets on equal footing with the Japanese, who have operated about 100 fishing vessels for several years. It has been estimated that over 200 Soviet fishing and support vessels are in the south- cain Atlantic. (‘Washington Post,' Aug. iLike The official Spanish news agency CIFRA announced ''semiofficially" that the Soviets were scheduled to begin using Santa Cruz before the end of August. OK OK EXPORTS HERRING TO JAPAN Negotiations to import Soviet herring were concluded in early April by the 11-company Japanese Corporation for Import of Soviet Herring and DALINTORG (Soviet Far East- ern Trade Office). The USSR will export 7,000 metric tons of fresh and frozenherring to Japan in 1969. In return, she will import fishing gear, fish finders, work clothes, fruits, and household materials. It was the largest transaction for this type of trade made by the two countries. Prices According to the Federation of Hokkaido Fisheries Cooperative Association, the im- port price for 4,000 tons of fresh herring was set at US$125 a metric ton, or $3 above the 1968 price. The fish are to be received by Japanese carrier from Soviet vessels on the fishing grounds. Frozen herring (3,000 tons) will be delivered to Wakkanai at $220 per ton, or 25 dollars above the 1968 price. Total 1969 imports would be 2,500 tons above 1968's. Alaska Herring The herring import quotais 8,000 tons for this year. To fill the balance, Mitsubishi Shoji began negotiations to import 1,000 tons of frozenherring from Alaska. The 1,000 tons at $200-210 a ton were scheduled to be im- ported into Japan by the end of May or early June. ('Minato Shimbun,' Apr. 8.) * LATIN AMERICA Cuba REPORT ON FISHING INDUSTRY TRENDS During the 1969 Spring Fair at Leipzig, East Germany, the correspondent of the Brit- ish 'Fishing News International’ interviewed the Cuban delegation. Some interview highlights: (1) Cuba and East Germany seem bent on increasing cooperation to develop the Cuban industry. E. Germany may possibly replace some Soviet fishery aid Cuba has received over the past 9 years; (2) Cuban shrimp fishing will be concen- trated in offshore waters, off Guyanas, and in Gulf of Mexico; (3) Fishing vessels delivered to Cuba by E. German shipyards will be paid for by Cuban fishery exports (E. Germans especially want tuna); (4) Processing and freezing capacity of Cuban industry has quadrupled in past few years; (5) A School of Fishing to provide pupils and apprentices for expanding fleets has been organized. Over 5,000 pupils with elementary education are attending classes. A new Fish- eries College trains captains, navigators, engineers, technologists, and electronics specialists; (6) Cubais assisting Guinea. It is running a training school at Conakry. Cuba also plans to aid fishing industries of developing coun- tries in Central and South America, but de- tails were not disclosed. Buying Vessels In July 1969, the Cuban high-seas fleet had 143 vessels: about 30 were fishing tuna; 90 were new Shrimp trawlers bought from Spain. On order are 5sternfreezer trawlers and 15 Wish meal cutters' from E. Germany, 30 shrimp vessels from France, and a few ves- sels from Spain. * OKO 63 SALTED COD INDUSTRY DEVELOPS Dried and salted cod,a traditional dish in Cuba,is an important factor in supplying the protein needs of the people. Heretofore, cod was imported, but now Cuba is developing her own fisheries and establishing her own salt- ing industry. FAO Aid The government of Cuba has asked for FAO assistance to improve all areas of cod production--catching, preparation and salt- ing, and product distribution. Salted cod is produced primarily for domestic consump- tion; other Cuban fisheries cater to the ex- port market. Production Annual capacity of existing salted cod plants in Cuba is about 5,000 metric tons; most is produced by one plant in Havana. With a new plant under construction in Antilla, it is hoped that production will reach 20,000 metric tons. The new plant production will equal current imports. ("Industrias Pesqueras,! Apr. 15.) Chile FISH-MEAL PRODUCTION DECLINED IN JAN.-APR. North Chile's anchovy catch and fish-meal production continued to declinefrom January through April. This followed the trend of the previous 2 years. For thefirst 4 months of 1969, the 4 plants in Arica averaged 15 working days per month; the 9 Iquique plants 16 days per month; and Antofagasta averaged 10, 17, and 22 working days per month. Protein content of anchovy meal averaged 65%. Prices c. & f. per metric ton were: US$132-146 in January; US$142-145 in Feb- ruary; US$130-140in March; and US$110-132 in April. (Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, In- forme Mensual Nos. 2, 3, 4, 1969.) — 64 ASIA Japan 1970 FISHERY BUDGET WILL BE LARGER The Japanese Fisheries Agency pre- pared a budget asking for about US$138.9 mil- lion for fiscal year 1970 (Apr. 1970-Mar. 1971. This was over $44 million morethan the $94 million budgeted for FY 1969. The budget request was scheduled tobe submitted to the Finance Ministry in early September. 1970 Budget Items Important items in the 1970 budget and funds requested are: (1) vessel construction and remodelling, $2.4 million; (2) a new pro- gram of cultivating deep-sea fishery re- sources--salmon, tuna, crab and euphausid-- $342,000; (3) fishing ground development: $892,000 for operating 2 purse seiners in northwest Pacific and off New Zealand, $212,400 subsidy for saury survey in Pacific east of 180° long., $181,400 for tuna research, and $878,400 for 2 trawl explorations off New Zealand and in northeast Atlantic; and (4) fishery imports countermeasure, $16,100. This would establish an import system to cope withimpending liberalization of fishery imports, ('Shin Suisan Shimbun,!' July 28.) * KOK NEW DISTANT-WATER GROUNDS MAY HELP DEPRESSED SAURY FISHERY The Japanese coastal saury fishermen, who could not make money whencatches were very good, are now poor because they can't catch enough fish. Saury landings peaked in 1958 with 575,000 metric tons, Later, land- ings started to decline and, in 1968, slumped to a record low of 130,000 tons, Cause of Decline Unknown The fall-off is attributed by someto heavy Soviet fishing off Japan, but Fisheries Agency data show the Soviet catch also has not been good, Despite continued investigations of coastal saury resources, the cause of decline is unknown, Saury fishermenfear thereis no hope for recovery. Tokyo Aids Fishery In April 1969, tohelp the depressed fishery, the Fisheries Agency launched a US$50,000 resource survey program to develop new grounds. Six survey cruises were scheduled in offshore waters. However, the industry feels the effortisinadequate, It wants tocon- duct a separate survey over a much wider Pacific area withmajor fishery firms. Some large firms have offered to cooperate. Firms Seek New Grounds Meanwhile, some leading firms are seek- ing todevelop new grounds in the eastern Pa- cific, Nihon Suisan has plans to conduct saury fishing in the eastern Pacific and is optimistic about distant-water operations, If downward catch trend continues, the firm be- lieves, the price would remain sufficiently high. For example, medium saury of 50-60 count per 7.5-kilogram (16.5-pound) box would bring $2.78-3.33 on food-fish market; catches of 130-140 count per 10-kilogram (22-pound) box could be sold for $4.16-5.56 as bait fish. If Nihon Suisan's expedition develops new grounds for enough home-based vessels, it will help stabilize Japanese saury fleets. Quantity & Value of Japanese Saury Catch, 1958-68 Source: 1958-67--Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Statis- tics; 1968--Japan Saury Association. Experimental Fishing Planned Nihon Suisan applied to Fisheries Agency for a permit to fishexperimentally for saury with stick-held dip nets in eastern Pacific from early July 1969. The 538-gross-ton Japan (Contd.): trawler 'Shinano Maru! and the 84-ton saur vessel 'Koshu Maru No. 8' would spend 13 months in area extending southeast from Aleutian Islands to southern coast of Cali- fornia. (One trade journal reported the ves- sels would fish from July until Dec. with target of 280 tons.) The Agency reportedly intended tolicense the operation. The saury fishing industry in- dicated it would support the venture if it would not affect adversely the coastal saury fisher - men and would develop new grounds for them. Nihon Suisan has agreed to make all data available to the industry and totake aboard a representative. Nichiro Interested Nichiro Fishing Co. also informed the Agency of its desire to explore saury re- sources in eastern Pacific. It is considering using three 500-tontrawlers. ('Suisan Shuho,' June 15, and 'Suisancho Nippo,' June 19 & 20.) OK SALMON MOTHERSHIPS REACH 1969 QUOTA The 11 Japanese salmon motherships in Area A (north of 45° N. lat.) of the North Pa- cific attained their 1969 fleet target of 44,000 metric tons in late Aug. By end of Aug.,, all fleets had returned to Japan. By species, the fleet catches averaged 30% reds, 30% chums, 30% pinks, and 10% silvers and kings. Compared with 1967 Compared with the previous good pink salmon year of 1967, pink salmon catches were up, but red salmon landings were down sharply. In 1967, the fleet catches averaged 46% reds, 32% chums, 20% pinks, and 2% sil- vers and kings. The 1969 high-seas salmon fishery was hampered by stormy weather and wide dis- persion of fish because of cold-water masses. ('‘Suisan Keizai Shimbun,' Aug. 7.) * OK OK 65 CANNED RED SALMON EXPORT PRICES RISE On Aug. 1,1969, the Japan Canned Salmon and Crab Sales Co, adopted new export prices for fancy-grade canned red salmon to the United Kingdom. The new prices (c.i.f. plus commission) are: US$24.20 a case for 48 3-pound cans, and $13.30 a casefor 48 4-pound cans, They are about $5.60 and $1.00 a case above 1968 prices and new highs. Why Increase Adopted The increase was adopted for 2 reasons: 1) to make up for unreasonably low export prices set in 1968; 2) to cope with reduced canned red salmon production by mother- ships. Their catches this year were largely frozen because of strong domestic demand. ('‘Suisan Keizai Shimbun,' Aug. 5.) x KOK CANNED WHITE TUNA STOCKS EXHAUSTED, PRICES RISE The TokyoCanned Tuna Sales Co, had sold all its canned white meat tuna by mid-June as a result of heavy buying by major firms, Since the new business year began April 1969, the Sales Co. received from packers canned white-meat tuna consignments of about one million cases. About 600,000 cases were sold during April, May, and early June; the remaining 400,000 cases were sold in mid- June in one week, Canned light-meat tuna stocks dropped to several thousand cases. Why Sudden Mass Buying? On June 24, the Sales Co. directors met to assess situation and to develop counter- measures. They stopped sales of future consignments temporarily until a sufficient- supply could be accumulated. Then they would renew selling price and method of sales. General opinion is that trading firms, noting unpromising summer albacore fishery, feared possible shortage and bought early to meet sales targets. Some Higher Prices On June 3, 1969, the Sales Vo. increased prices for two can sizes of caymed white meat 66 Japan (Contd.): tuna packed in brine: US$0.28 for 663-o0z. 6's; $0.50 for 6.6-lb. 6's; and $0.45 for chunk white meat tuna in 6.6-lb. 6's, The new prices, exwarehouse Shimizu, are: ite meat solid, 664-0z.6's ite meat solid, 6.6-1b.6's hite meat chunk, 6.6-lb. 6's CANNED FISH EXPORTS TO WEST GERMANY INCREASE In 1968, Japanese canned-fish exports to West Germany totaled 13,679 metric tons worth about US$10.9 million, This was an in- crease of 2,126 tons and $1.6 million over 1967, and 2,257 tons and $1.86 million over 1966, Canned Tuna & Mackerel Canned tuna exports to West Germany in 1968 were 94% of her total value of canned- tuna imports. This compared with 91% in 1967 and 83% in 1966. Canned-mackerel ex- ports to West Germany in 1967 and 1968 (none exported in 1966) were 65% of the value of her imports of that product. ('Suisan Tsu- shin,' July 26.) % OK OK TO SURVEY U.S. CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY The JapanExternal Trade Organization, a government agency, is scheduled to survey the U.S. canned tuna industry in fiscal year 1969 (April 1969-March 1970). Major tuna packers in Terminal Island, Calif,, and in Puerto Rico will be selected to gain better knowledge of the competitive power of U.S. canned tuna, The survey will include case studies: (1) plant history, (2) importance to company of tuna-packing plant and its products, (3) source of its major raw materials, (4) manufacture of byproducts and development of new prod- ucts, (5) cost study, and (6) sales network. (‘Nihon Suisan Shimbun,' June 18,) * * * CONTRACTS TO BUY SHRIMP FROM CUBA The Taiyo Fishing Co, recently concluded a long-term shrimp-purchase contract with Cuba. Reportedly it already has taken deliv- ery of 600 metric tons worth about US$500,000. The contract provides for purchase of 1,000- 2,000tons of Cuban shrimp and miscellaneous fish through a triangular trade involving a British agent. Taiyo's Part In return, Taiyo will export to Cuba fish- ing vessels and gear, port machinery, canning plants, and shrimp culture equipment; also, it will provide technical assistance, Cuba is promoting her fisheries, The shrimp contractis saidto be aimed primarily at obtaining technical assistance for their development. ('Suisancho Nippo,' July 30.) OK OK RESOURCE SURVEYS PLANNED IN 6 COUNTRIES To promote expansion of distant-water fisheries, the Japan Fisheries Association plans to send resource survey teams to 6 countries during fiscalyear 1969(Apr. 1969- Mar.1970). Totalcost is almost US$144,900; the government is expected to contribute half, The Surveys The 6 countries are: Indonesia, New Guinea (Papua), New Zealand, Spanish Sahara, Mauritania, and Chile. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 29.) Thailand BEGINS LARGE-SCALE CARP BREEDING Large-scale induced breeding of Chinese carp is beginning in Thailand. Several gov- ernment fisheries stations, the University of Agriculture, and 3 private hatcheries have adopted the technique; about 1,500,000 fry have been produced in 1969. As a result, the market price of fry has dropped about 75%. Thailand (Contd.): Catfish Fry The Bung Borapet and Chiengmai Fisher- ies Stations continue induced breeding of "Pangasius"'--a large catfish greatly appre- ciated as food fish--and produced about 200,000 fry. Chiengmai Station also breeds "Puntius gonionotus,'' a variety of carp; it produced about 500,000 fry. (‘FAO Fish Cul- ture Bulletin,’ vol. 1, no. 3, Apr. 1969.) South Vietnam OFFSHORE FISHERY TO BE DEVELOPED An Offshore Fishery Development Project is now underway in South Vietnam. It is ad- ministered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) under the United Nations Development Pro- gram (UNDP). Total funding is US$4.2 mil- lion--the U.S. contributes $2 million, the Netherlands $220,000, South Vietnam about $833,000, and about $1 million comes from the UNDP Special Fund. Purposes The project is to last 3 to 4 years. Its purposes are: (a) to conduct exploratory deep-sea fishing, mainly trawlingfor demer- sal--snappers, cuttlefish, shrimp, etc.--and pelagic species--tuna, mackerel, sardines, etc.;(b) to conduct exploratory coastal trawl- ing and purse seining; (c) to study the com- mercial feasibility of introducing modern craft and fishing methods to exploit newly found resources; (d) to study current market- ing problems, and assess prospects for marketing increased landings, and (e) to train Vietnamese fisheries staff and fishermen. Survey Areas A survey area has been designated in the South China Sea within the limits of South Vietnam's Continental Shelf. It has been di- vided into 3 sections, each corresponding to 67 a phase of the project. Phase 1 includes the area east and south of the Mekong Delta be- tween 105° and 110° E, long., and 5° and 10° N. lat. This area has been divided into 105 grids, with 4 stations in each grid. Phase 2 involves the area south and west of the Mekong Delta in the Gulf of Siam, Phase 3 extends north of the phase 1 area along the east coast. At the stations, the vessels trawl, take depth soundings, measure water temperature, salinity, etc. Project Vessels The project requires 2 vessels. One will be needed for 3 years, another for 2, anda third for 1 year. The first is the 'Kyoshin Maru,' a 300-ton sterntrawler chartered from the Japanese firm Kyokuyo Hogei. She ar- rived in December 1968 and operates out of Singapore because the Japanese Seamen's Unioninsisted that a non-Vietnamese port be selected as her operating base. The 'Hau Nghi,' a 120-ton trawler contributed by the Netherlands, arrived at Singapore in May. She, too, is based in Singapore. Upon com- pletion of the project she will be donated to South Vietnam. The third vessel, consider- ably smaller than the first two, will be used for purse seining during phase 3. Phase 3 is scheduled to begin by January 1971. Cruises Underway Kyoshin Maru has completed 6 of 12 planned cruises in the first of the 3 survey areas, Her initial findings are very encour- aging: several commercially important fish- ing grounds have been discovered. Even at this stage, studies seem to indicate both the economic and technical feasibility of develop- ing South Vietnam's fishing industry to the point of doubling the yearly fisheries catch, It is now 400,000 metric tons. The training of South Vietnamese fishermen, fishery ad- ministrators, and specialists, however, is running behind schedule because of the gen- eral mobilization. (U.S. Embassy, Saigon, Aug. 5.) 68 South Korea MARINE CATCH ROSE OVER 11% IN 1968 South Korea's 1968 marine fisheries catch was 852,291 metric tons, 13.6% more than the 750,349 tons caught in 1967. Inreporting these data, the Central Association of Fishery Coop- eratives noted that Korea's marine catch growth rate has averaged 13.5% a year since 1962. ('Suisan Keizai,' April 24.) Planned 1968 fisheries production, in- cluding fish culture, was 859,000 tons. Fish culture wasto contribute 93,000 tons, or 11%. Actual marine catchin1968 exceeded planned by 86,000 tons--more than 11.2%. OK OK S. KOREA TO SEND SURVEY TEAM TO NEW GUINEA S. Korea plans to send a 3-man survey team to Papua, New Guinea, in Oct. 1969 for one month, The survey follows agreement on fishery cooperation between S. Korea and Australia during Korean President Park's visit to Australia in Sept, 1968. Survey Objectives Theteam will gather data on New Guinea's fisheries, production facilities, marketing and distribution systems to plan for cooper- ation between the 2 countries. Speculation in Japan, alsoplanning to send a team to Papua, is that S. Korea may be planning toform a joint venture with Austral- ianinterests. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,! July 29.) KOK DEEP-SEA FLEET IS EXPANDING RAPIDLY The Republic of Korea's deep-sea fishing fleet has one of the fastest growth rates in the world. Between January 31 and July 1, 1969, the fleet increased by 19 units (16,926 gross tons) to 209 vessels (63,000)--a 36.5% increase. Shing Hung Co. Joins Fleet The largest increase, both vessels and tonnage, resultedfrom the entry of Shin Hung Fisheries Co. into the North Pacific with 17 vessels (13,560 gross tons). Not all were new; 11 hadbeenfishing shrimp off Indonesia unprofitably. Five new fishing vessels, and a new processing vessel, were bought from Japanese Shipyards. The new vessels began fishing Alaska pollock in the Bering Sea in early June. Five gillnetters engaged ina short-lived salmon fishery in Bristol Bay. Other Companies Active Dae Lim Fishery Co.,a secondnewcomer in the high-seas fishery, based one 820- gross-tontrawler at Las Palmas, the Canary Islands. The Korea Deep-Seas Fisheries Co. ex- panded more than any other of the 18 South Korean companies already deep-sea fishing on January 31; it added 5 vessels and 1,762 tons. Demersal (Bottom) Trawling Demersal trawling, insignificant in Jan- uary, had expanded eightfold by July. In January 1969, the government-sponsored Korea Marine Industry Development Corp. (KMIDC) was fishing bottom-living species with 2 trawlers (2,000 gross tons) based at Las Palmas. By July, 23 vessels (17,594 gross tons) were bottom fishing. Operating from Pusan, Shing Hung and KMIDC fished Alaska pollock in the North Pacific, and KMIDC and Dae Lim trawled from Las Palmas. Tuna Fleet The number of tuna vessels remained about the same--187 in January and 186 in July-- but gross tonnage increased from 44,315 tons to 45,702. The Korean tuna fleet ranges the world. Thirteen overseas tuna fleet bases were operational in July: American Samoa (about 70 vessels); Fiji Islands (18); New Hebrides (7); Freetown, Sierra Leone (21); Cape Verde Islands (11); Tema, Ghana (4); San Martin, West Indies (4); Abidjan, Ivory Coast (3); Las Palmas (10); Durban, South Africa (20); Tematave, Malagasy (9); Penang, Malaysia (6); and Fortaleza, Brazil (3). OK 69 PICTORIAL REPORT ON KOREAN FISHING & SUPPORT VESSELS OFF ALASKA William R. Dickinson Since 1966, when the Republic of Korea (S. Korea) sent its first exploratory fishing vessel through the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska, operations have increased each year. In 1969, her activities off Alaska have involved 2 large independent sterntrawlers, 2 smaller fleet stern trawlers, 7 side trawlers, 5 gill- netters, two 1,000-ton refrigerated support ships, a 350-tonsupport ship, and a 7,000-ton factory ship. The 4 stern trawlers are of French manufacture. The large factory ship is anex-Norwegian unit. The restof the fleet is Japanese built. Sought Groundfish Before 1969 Prior fishing efforts had been for ground fish, primarily Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogrammus) and yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera). In 1969, however, 5 gillnetters worked the approaches of Bristol Bay during the height of the salmon run. The 1969 fishery was conducted with larger and more efficient ships than the 1967 and 1968 expeditions and, for the first time, ap- peared economically successful. Fig. 1 - The 'Kook Yang No. 115' hauling a salmon gillnet in outer Bristol Bay between Port Moller and St, Paul Island. The South Korean salmon boats fishing here in 1969 were in excellent concentrations of red salmon. Mr, Dickinson is Fisheries Management Agent, BCF, Office of Enforcement and Surveillance, Kodiak, Alaska. 70 Fig. 2 - The 'Kook Yang No. 118! retrieving a gillnet. Five of these gillnetters operated in the 1969 high seas salmon fisheries off Alaska. They are 107 feet long, 133 gross tons, and appear to be the same basic ship as the seven Kook Yang otter trawiers operating in the same area, Fig. 3 - The refrigerated processor 'Kook Yang No. 51'. Built in 1959 in Japan as a tuna longliner, She is 141 feetlong, 338 gross tons, has three refrigerated holds, a sharp freeze capability of 5 tons daily, and a crew of 33, The Kook Yang No, S1 first appeared off Alaska in 1969 in the high seas salmon fishery. ell Ee ae ane Trae De rem OE ene Fig. 4 - 'Kook Yang No. 112.' In 1969 seven trawlers of this type worked in the bottom trawl fishery off Alaska. They are 107 feet long and 133 gross tons. These otter trawlers are the same basic ship as the five Kook Yang gillnetters that operated in the same area of the eastern Bering Sea and approaches to Bristol Bay. Fig. 5 - The South Korean stern trawler 'Kang Wha 601' is one of two similar ships which have operated off Alaska since 1968. Built in France in 1966, she is 252 feet long, 1,518 gross tons, with accommodations for a crew of 48. Equipped to both catch and process fish, she hasa 900 cu. m. hold capacity and an 18 ton a day sharp freeze capability. 72 Fig. 6 - The stern trawler 'Keo Mun 501', This ship is one of twosimilar French-built small trawlers first seen off Alaska in 1969. The Keo Mun 501, built in 1966, is 106 feet long and 223 gross tons. Fig, 7 - The South Korean factory ship 'Shin Hung', Built in Norway in 1947, she was operated by the Norwegians as the refrigerated processor 'Bataan' until 1967, then sold to Shin Hung Refrigeration Co. The Shin Hung is 508 feet long, 7,073 gross tons, with a crew of 200. She first appeared off Alaska in 1969, processing salmon and bottom fish catches from 7 trawlers and 5 gillnetters. She is equipped with: 1)a complete two-line canning plant (10 tonanhourcapacity);,2)a reduction plant (25 ton daily capacity); 3) a sharp freezer (100 ton daily capacity); 4) refrigerated holds with a 2,900 ton capacity; and storage space for 400 tons of fish meal, 200 tons of fish oil, and 2,500 tons of canned fish. SOUTH PACIFIC Australia TIGHTENS SHRIMP STANDARDS Health standards for both imported and exported prawns (or shrimp) have been tight- ened by new regulations at Federal and State levels. In New South Wales, the Department of Public Health set bacteria limits for frozen shrimp from any source, In Canberra, the Department of Primary Industry set new standards for frozen green shrimp. The standards have been observed voluntarily for years by importers, who have been paying to have allconsignments tested as ahealth safe- guard. Bacteria Standards The new regulations define prawn or shrimp as crustacea of families Penaeidae or Pali- monidae. When cooked, prawn or shrimp on laboratory examination must comply with following bacteriological standards; (1) total plate count at 37° C. (96.89 F.) shall not exceed 500,000 per gram; and (2) count of E. coli (faecal type) shall not exceed 20 per gram; and (3) count of coagulase positive Staphy- lococci shall not exceed 100 per gram; and (4) there must be no salmonella or other pathogenic organisms. What May Be Added Permitted additions: Frozencooked prawn or frozen cooked shrimp may contain ascorbic acid or erythorbie acid (iso-ascorbic acid) or their sodium salts as an antioxidant, in proportion not exceeding 400 parts per mil- lion (ppm). Labelling (1) Where ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid (iso-ascorbic acid) or their sodium salts is added tofrozenfish fillets, or tofrozencooked prawn, or frozen cooked shrimp, those sub- stances shallbe deemed antioxidants in writ- ten statement onpackage, or onlabel attached to package. 73 (2) No statement shallbe written onpack- age, or on label attached to package, that ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid (iso-ascorbic acid) or their sodium salts have been added as vitamins. Need for Export Standards Australia's Chief Veterinary Officer said the need to protect this valuable trade has concerned his department and the Australian Fishing Industry Council(A.F.1.C.). He stated that ascorbic acid and sulphite compounds are now permitted for prawn held in storage pending final preparation. He warns against their overuse. The department has reserva- tions about the use of sulphides. It is allow- ing it for the time being on A.F.I.C's recom- mendation. The regulation will be reviewed. In the meantime, discoloration or abnormal flavor or odor resulting from sulphide com- pounds may bring rejection. Tolerances Permitted Tolerances allowed include 2% of ''soft- shell" in whole, headless, or prawn cutlets-- but only a 1 percent tolerance in "deveined" or "cleaned" prawn. Total plate count of prawn tested bacteriologically must not ex- ceed 100,000 organisms per gram. No patho genic organisms are permitted, ('Fish Trades Review,!' June.) American Samoa TUNA PRICES REACHED NEW HIGH IN AUGUST Japanese tuna suppliers and U.S. packers in American Samoa agreed on a $5-a-ton price increase for tunadeliveries in August. The new prices per short ton: round alba- core: frozen US$430, iced $415; gilled-and- gutted yellowfin: frozen $347.50, Both alba- core and yellowfin prices represent new highs. ('Suisan Tsushin,' Aug. 4.) 74 AFRICA Ghana SEEKS JAPANESE ASSISTANCE The Ghanaianfishery association recently asked the Japanese Fisheries Agency and the Japan Fishery Associationto helpit get tech- nical assistance from a private Japanese firm. The Ghanaian association wants to charter vessels with Japanese crews to develop a tuna fishery. It also wants to set up a small net-manufacturing plant. ('Minato Shimbun, ! July 29.) South Africa JAPANESE CATCH MANY BLUEFIN TUNA OFF S, AFRICA The Japanese tuna longliner 'Fukuhisa Maru No, 12' (370 gross tons) reported good fishingfor southernbluefintuna early in July southwest of Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, In 72 sets, the vessel took 150 metrictons of southern bluefin, This was double the aver- age catch per day by vessels in the Tasman Sea off southeast Australia and in the Indian Ocean, Southern Bluefin Found According to the Yaizu Fishery Coopera- tive Association, there is considerable inter - estin the discovery of southern bluefin off the Cape of Good Hope. If examination shows the meat tobethe same as bluefin, it would inter- est even scientists. ('Minato Shimbun,' July 4.) Fishery Increased in August By mid-August, numerous Japanese long- liners were fishing southern bluefin off south- ern Africa, according to the Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Cooperative Associa- tions (NIKKATSUREN). Between 60 and 70 vessels were on the Indian Ocean side, and about 10 were on the Atlantic side. Some vessels were able to land about US$417,000 worth in one trip. Seeking African Port Privileges NIKKATSUREN, foreseeing increasing fishing activity off Africa, recently sent an official to Lourenco Marques, Mozambique, East Londonand Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and Walvis Bay, South-West Africa, tosecure port entry privileges for Japanese tuna ves- sels needing supplies. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Aug. 15.) Vessels May Switch From Tasman Sea The bluefin fishery in the Tasman Sea off southeast Australia continued poor. Daily average was about 2 tons a vessel. Inprevi- ous years, the longliners had concentrated in that region in August. This year, they were dispersed widely over the entire high-latitude region of the South Pacific. More vessels now are likely to seek the new bluefin grounds in the western Indian and Atlantic oceans. ('‘Suisan Tsushin,' August 5.) Albacore Fishery Increases Off Angola & South Africa Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese tuna vessels fishing albacore in the eastern Atlantic were making good catches off Angola and South Africa in July. Combined catch, since season began in early June, was about 15,000 metrictons, ahead of comparable 1968 landings. Although catch per vessel was lower than last year, the number of vessels (especially Taiwanese) had increased con- siderably. About 15 Japanese, 25 South Korean, and 50 Taiwanese vessels were fish- ing in early June. The albacore fishery in the Indian Ocean, near Madagascar, started picking up in late July. Many vessels were averaging 4-5 tons a day. Export Prices Export prices for albacore shipments to Puerto Rico held steady in July. They were about US$530 a short ton c.i.f. for large sized (over 30 pounds), and $500 a ton for Grade A and $450 a ton for Grade B smaller sizes, S oo@ee00 75 PREPARING DUNGENESS CRAB FOR SERVING Harold Barnett, Arnold Einmo, and Roy Stevens The general public is unfamiliar with the techniques used in preparing Dungeness crab for the table. This article provides that information. Procedures for cooking, cleaning, and cracking Dungeness crab are described and illustrated. Several popular Dungeness crab recipes are included. The Dungeness crab, Sometimes referred to as the San Francisco or Pacific crab, oc- curs in abundance on the Pacific coast from California to Alaska. Annual commercial catches of 30 million pounds or more are common. The crabs grow to be comparatively large: frequently, they attain weight of 83 to 45 pounds. Weights of average individual crabs, however, are closer to 2 pounds. Dungeness crabs are marketed in a variety of forms. These include live crab; whole, cooked crab (fresh and frozen); cooked sec- tions (fresh and frozen); cooked meats (fresh and frozen); and heat-processed canned meats. The body and leg meatfrom the Dungeness crab has a distinctive flavor and a delicate texture. Because of its fine flavor and tex- ture, seafood gourmets find Dungeness crab dishes delightful. Dungeness crabs have always been a popu- lar seafood on the Pacific Coast, but until recently they have been relatively unknown in other parts of the country. Improved methods of transportation, however, have carried them to markets in the Midwest and on the East Coast, where they have been eagerly received by seafoodfanciers. The general public, how - ever, is unfamiliar with the techniques used in preparing Dungeness crab for the table. Presented here are methods of cooking Dungeness crabs, cleaning and cracking them, and preparing Dungeness crab dishes. I, COOKING DUNGENESS CRABS To cook sufficient crabs for 6 servings: 1. Obtain 2 or 3 live crabs. 2. Add 3 to 2 cup of table salt to 8 quarts of fresh water, and heat the water to boiling. 3. Place the crabs in the boiling water. 4, After the water returns to a boil (the crabs will momentarily lower the tempera- ture of the water below boiling), cover the pot, and cook the crabs for15 to 20 minutes. 5. Remove the crabs from the pot, cool them in tap water, and drain them. Il, CLEANING AND CRACKING DUNGENESS CRABS Clean and crack the cooked crabs in the following manner: 1. Remove the back (Figure 1). 2. Remove the gills (Figure 2). 3. Remove the mouth parts (Figure 3). 4, Remove the viscerafrom the body cav- ity by washing itin cold, running water (Fig- ure 4), The yellowish fatty portion, or "crab butter,'' covering the viscera can be saved for later mixing in to salad dressing (optional), 5. Remove the tail flap(Figure 5) from the underside of the crab. 6. Place your hands on either side of the crab body(Figure 6), and press the body with a rolling motion to loosen body segments (optional). 7. Break the crab into halves, right and left. 8. Separate the legs (Figure 7) in sucha manner that the adjacent body segment is at- tached to each leg. 9. To remove the body meat, grasp each leg as shown in Figure 8, and strike the leg against the side of the bowl. 10. Using a wooden mallet (Figure 9), crack each leg section. 11, Peel off the broken shell (Figure 10), and remove the meat. 12. Torecover meats that do not shake out readily, use the tip of a crab leg as a pick (Figure 11). Mr. Barnett is Research Chemist, BCF Technology Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. Mr. Einmo is Fishery Marketing Specialist Mr. Stevens is Program Coordinator } BCF Division of Marketing, Seattle. 76 Fig. 1 - Removing the back. “te! a i wip “eS A i, 7 ih, es tins si Fig. 2 - Removing the gills. oy SAD Fig. 3 - Removing the mouth parts. Fig. 6 - Loosening the body seqments (optional), Fig. 8 - Shaking body meat from a leg portion. Fig. 10 - Peeling off broken shell. Fig. 11 - Using the tip of a crab leg as a pick. 78 Ill, PREPARING DUNGENESS CRAB DISHES The following 3 tested recipes on Dunge- ness crab salad, imperial crab, and crab Louis / make eating Dungeness crab apleas- ure. A, DUNGENESS CRAB SALAD The ingredients used in the Dungeness crab salad are: 1 pound of Dungeness crab meat 1 can (14 or 15 ounces) of artichoke hearts, drained can (8 ounces) of cut green beans, drained hard-cooked eggs, chopped cup of sliced celery cup of sliced raw cauliflower cup of sliced cucumber cup of sliced green pepper teaspoon of salt teaspoon of pepper cup of thousand island dressing 6 slices of tomato 6 leaves of lettuce 10 to 15 slices of radish ry BIW BIE eB) BIR B]E Ul DO Prepare the Dungeness crab salad in this way: 1. Remove all shell or cartilage from the meat of the crab; be careful not to break the meat into small pieces. 2. Cut the crab meat into pieces one-half inch long. 3. Cut the artichoke hearts into fourths. 4. Combine all the ingredients except the tomatoes, lettuce, and radishes. 5. Toss the combined ingredients lightly. 6. Arrange a slice of tomato on each leaf of lettuce, and place about 1 cup of salad on each slice of tomato. 7. Garnish the salad with the slices of radish, The amount of salad suggested serves 6 people. 1/These and other crab recipes prepared by Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries home economists are in a publication, Test Kitchen Series No. 10, "How to Cook Crabs."" The publica- tion may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, B. IMPERIAL CRAB The ingredients for imperial crab are: 1 pound of crab meat 2 tablespoons of chopped onion tablespoons of chopped green pepper tablespoons of butter or other fat, melted tablespoons of flour cup of milk teaspoon of salt Dash of pepper a teaspoon of Worcestershire sauce 2 hard-cooked eggs, chopped wh NS) Ft) ood ww) Prepare the imperial crab in the following manner: 1. Remove all shell or cartilage from the crab meat; be careful not to break the meat into small pieces. 2, Sauté the onion and green pepper in butter until they are tender. 3. Blend the flour into the sautéed onion “and pepper. 4, Add milk gradually, and cook the mix- ture, with constant stirring, until it is thick. 5. Add the seasoning, egg, and crab meat. 6. Place the imperial crab preparation in 6 well-greased individual shells or in5-ounce custard cups. 7. Bake the crab preparation in a moderate oven (350° F.) for 20 to 25 minutes, or until the preparation is brown. The amount of imperial crab suggested serves 6 people. C. CRAB LOUIS Supplied here are the recipes for crab Louis and for the Louis dressing to be used in the recipes. 1. Recipe for Crab Louis The ingredients for crab Louis are: pound of crab meat head of lettuce teaspoon of salt cucumber, sliced tomatoes, sliced 3 hard-cooked eggs, sliced eR de Re Prepare the crab Louis in this manner: 1. Remove all shell or cartilage from the meat of the crab; be careful not to break the meat into small pieces. 2. Shred the lettuce, and placeitin a large, shallow, salad bowl. 3. Sprinkle the components of the salad with salt. 4, Arrange the crab meatover the lettuce. 5. Place alternate slices of cucumbers, tomatoes, and eggs around the edge of the salad bowl. 79 6. Spread Louis dressing over the crab meat. 2. Recipe for Louis Dressing The ingredients for Louis dressing are: 1 cup of mayonnaise or salad dressing 3 tablespoons of catsup 2 tablespoons of chopped sweet pickle 1 tablespoon of lemon juice Combine all ingredients and chill. The amount of dressing suggestedis sufficient for 6 servings of crab Louis salad. 80 FOOD FISH FACTS OCEAN PERCH (Sebastes marinus) -- Atlantic (Sebastodes alutus) -- Pacific Ocean perch are truly the Cinderellas of the commercialfishingindustry. Few were caught by hook and line and, although the ottertrawl began to make some inroads onthis unexploited species, the market was slight. This situation changed when, in the mid-1930s, a fish cutter discovered by chance that ocean perch yield small white fillets similar in taste and texture to fresh-water perch fillets. The fishing industry immediately began experimenting with filleting and freezing of this species. Although the original filleting began in Boston, both coasts of the United States harvest either ocean perch or several varieties of closely related rockfishes. The fishing industry entered a ''Golden Era of Fishing" with these abundant families of fish. DESCRIPTION Ocean perch from the Atlantic are also called redfish or rosefish and range in color from orange to flame red, occasionally grayish or brownish red, with a lighter red on the belly side. The eyes are large and black, contrasting with the brightly colored body. Both jaws have many small teeth. The lower jaw, jutting out beyond the upper, has a bony knob at its tip which fits into a corresponding notch in the upper jaw. The oceanperch is a spinyfish having spiny projections on the sides of the large headas wellas on the long, continuous back fin running from just back of the head almost to the tail. The Pacific coast rockfish number about 50 varieties and are very similar in appearance to their relatives inthe Atlantic; however, they vary greatly in color variations. Pacific ocean perch are sometimes called longjaw rockfish. Atlantic ocean perch average 1 to 2 pounds in weight and 12 to 15 inches in length. A 3 pound perch is about 93 inches long; and a 4 pound perch is about 20 inches long. The maxi- mum size is approximately 24 inches. Anything less than 8 inches in length is usually con- sidered too small for commercial use. Pacific ocean perch average 1 to 13 pounds and 12 to 16 inches in length. HABITAT Ocean perch are found in the Atlantic from southern Labrador to the Gulf of Maine; in the Pacific, they range from the Bering Sea to lower California. Oceanperchprefer cold wa- ters as a rule and are found most frequently in deep offshore waters. Perch taken from coastal waters are usually smaller and may be darker in color than those taken further out. (Continued following page.) 81 OCEAN PERCH FISHING Otter trawls are the most commonly used gear in the Atlantic coast fishery for ocean perch, with a trawling depth of approximately 300 to 750feet. In the Pacific, the high-opening otter trawls are the most effective because the Pacific varieties do not congregate so close to the bottom as other species of these families. OTTER TRAWL CONSERVATION Research vessels of the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries make regular information gathering cruises which enable scientists and fishery biologists to learn more about ocean perch and other fish, their environments, and factors affecting abundance. Regulations controlling trawl net mesh sizes are already in effect in some fisheries and are a part of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, whose 14 members include the United States, Canada, and 12 European countries. At the present time studies are being made and regulations considered by Bureau scientists which might be incorporated through ICNAF to prevent the depletion of ocean perch. USES OF OCEAN PERCH Ocean perch is an excellent food fish. The flesh, when cooked, is white and flaky and has a delicate flavor. Almost the entire catch of thesefish is filleted, frozen, packaged, and sold at frozen seafood counters across the United States. There are usually about 8 fillets toa 1-pound package, they are moderate in price, entirely edible, and are easy and attractive to prepare and serve. (Source: National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Room 526, Chicago, Ill. 60611.) 82 SEATTLE SEAFOOD SPECTACULAR The nation's fishermen did not go down to the sea in ships October 5-8 but to Se- attle, Washington, for the biggest Annual American Fish Exposition ever to be held. From a regional beginning in Boston three years ago, Fish Expo has grown nationwide, and in 1969, with many foreign countries joining in, will be the largest and finest fisheries expo- sition in the world, Congressmen, fishermen, wholesalers, retailers, advertisers, and representatives from every part of the fishing industry will be there with one main objec- tive--howto bringmore and better fish and shellfish to you, the American consumer. Sem- inars and talk sessions will be held, problems will be discussed, and everyone will be lis- tening, looking, and learning new ways of improving the quality, packaging, transporting, and selling of fishery products. Among these will be Pacific ocean perch, now on its way to greater prominence in the na- tion's markets. Very similar in taste tothe more widely-known Atlantic perch, Pacific ocean perch varies slightly in size and coloration. Ocean perch are usually filleted, fro- zen, and packaged for sale at frozen seafood counters across the United States. The white, flaky, delicately-flavored fillets are excellent eating and they are economically priced. | Chipper Perch, a Bureau of Commercial | Fisheries recipe, allows you to eat like a ; king and no one will ever know, unless you ' tell, that this recipe is very easy on the bud- | get. The fillets have a dip in Caesar dress- ing, then a topping of crushed potato chips and Cheddar cheese before being baked in a | hot oven, Chipper Perch is meltingly tender | Many of the Pacific Northwest's favorite fish will be enjoyed during Fish Expo 1969. | | | after only 10 to 15 minutes baking and ready to serve withits crunchy cheese crown. This recipe offers a whale of an ideafor the home- | maker--feed the family like royalty while | Saving money and preparation time. CHIPPER PERCH other fish fillets, fresh or frozen | | 2 lbs. ocean perch fillets or 1 cup crushed potato chips | | Wea 4 cup shredded sharp Cheddar | 2 cup Caesar salad dressing cheese | Thaw frozen fillets. Dip fillets in salad dressing. Place fillets | in a single layer, skin side down, on a baking pan, 15 x 10 x 1 inches. Combine crushed chips and cheese, Sprinkle over fillets. Bake in an extremely hot oven, 500° F., for 10 to 15 minutes or until fillets flake easily when tested with a fork. Makes 6 servings. | | Chipper Perch is one of 25 quick-fix recipes, some economy and some gourmet, in 'TimeFor Seafood,' a full-color booklet published by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. All recipes have been especially planned to give you TIME--time to enjoy, time to relax, time to do your thing. For these flavorful ways to beat the clock, send 45¢ to the Superin- | tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 andask for ! 'Time For Seafood,' Fishery Market Development Series No. 12 (I 49.49/2:12). (Source: National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio Street, Room 526, Chicago, iil. 60611.) 83 INDEX Page Page UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL: 1 .. U.S. and Poland Sign Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 49 .. British Sport Fishermen Blame Danes for De- Agreement cline in Salmon Catch 2 .. U.S. Navy Flying Oceanographers Aid Ice- 49 .. OECD Reviews 1968 Fisheries land's Herring Industry 50 .. World Fish Meal Production and Trade Set 3 .. Shellfish Sales Sluggish Records in 1968 4 .. BCF Seattle Scientists Invent Mechanical 51 .. Record World Fish-Oil Production & Exports Scallop Shucker in 1968 4 .. New England Shrimp Fishery Is Growing 51 .. 1968/69 Whale Catches in Antarctic & N. Pa- 4 .. Small Tuna Seiners Allowed Larger Incidental cific Reported Yellowfin Catch 52 .. Japan to Aid Indonesian Fishery Research & 5 .. Tuna Fleet Carrying Capacity Increases Training 5 .. Bluefin Tuna Transit Pacific 52 .. IAFMM Conference Held in Cannes 5 .. Japanese Method Tried in Saury Fishing 53 .. First Fish-Inspection Conference Held in 6 .. Flowing Sea Water Gives Best Growth of Canada Oyster Spat 53 .. USSR Conducts Joint Oceanographic Research 6 .. Iced Pacific Hake Tested in Making Kamaboko With Japan & France (Fish Paste) FOREIGN: 6 .. Restrictions on Walking Catfish Proposed Canada: 7 .. U.S. Agency Increases Efforts Against Fish 54 .. Fisheries Minister Urges Increased Penalties Kills for Foreign Vessels Fishing Inside 12-Mile 7 .. Coast Guard Surveys Fishing Vessels Limit 7 .. U.S. Contributed 3 to 3 of Industrial Pollutants 54 .. Soviet Trawlers Seized and Fined Found in World Oceans 54 .. Salmonid Imports Restricted 8 .. Excellent Salmon Run at Kodiak, Alaska 55 .. Kelp Processing Started in British Columbia 8 .. Commercial Quantities of Geodu:k Clams 55 .. First-Half 1969 Maritime Provinces! Land- Found in Puget Sound, Wash. ings About Same As 1968 8 .. Maine Seeks Improved Method of Holding 55 .. Fishing Returns to Normal in Newfoundland's Sardines at Sea Placentia Bay 9 .. Economics of Hawaii's Skipjack Fishing Europe: Industry Is Examined United Kingdom: 11 .. BCF Begins Mariculture Training Program BG oo Larger Fish Supplies Exceed Demand for Northwest Indians, by Anthony J. Novotny 56 .. Ranger Co. Plans Increase in Trawler 14 .. Fishery Statistics Program Is Set Up in Fleet Puerto Rico, by Charles W. Caillouet Jr. 57 Scottish Board Has Invested US$3.6 Million 15 .. House Streamlines Fishing Fleet Improvement in Fisheries Aet Norway: Oceanography: Bl ao State Support for Fisheries Is Increased 17... Microscopic Organisms May Help Clean Up Bog Uses More Sea Weed Oil Spills B66 Polar Cod Fishery Develops 17... U.S. and Florida Are Mapping State's Sea 58 .. Frozen Fish Exports to U.S, Rise Boundaries Denmark: is} 4 States' Seaward Boundaries Not Accurately Be oc Industrial Fish Landings Down in Early Determined 1969 18 .. Alcoa Is Building Deep-Ocean Search & Re- Greenland: covery Vessel 58 2. Her First Modern Trawler Will Train 20 .. Scripps' Newest, the 'Melville,' Nearly Local Fishermen Ready for Work Iceland: 20... ‘Franklin’ Scientists ‘Amazed! by Fish BE) 69 Prominent Icelanders Visit U.S. Abundance Off New Jersey West Germany: 20 .. New Maps Show Subsea Mineral Areas BE) oo Trade Minister Outlines Fishery Policies 21 .. Foreign Fishing Off U.S. in July-August France: ARTICLES: GD) oo They Are Eating More Fresh Fish 24 .. Feasibility of Monitoring West African USSR: Oceanic Front From Satellites, by Paul M. 60 .. Blames Japanese for Depleting Pacific Maughan, Merton C. Ingham, & J. Frank Herring & Flounder Hebard GD) oo Scientists Pessimistic About Future of 30 .. Experimental Production of Fish Protein North Sea Herring Stocks Concentrate (FPC) From Mediterranean Gl ao Grapples With Water Pollution Problems Sardines, by Norman L. Brown and Harry Gil oo Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria Found in Water Miller Jr. Pollution Research 34 .. Fishery Oceanography--II, Ocean Temper- 62... Krill Paste Is Successful on Moscow Markets ature and Distribution of Pacific Salmon, by G2itees Fishing Fleets Now Based on Canary Islands Felix Favorite (66 Exports Herring to Japan 41 .. Fishing For A Living Off New Jersey, by Latin America: Nicholas Kazan uba: 46 . .BOOKS 63 . Report on Fishing Industry Trends G3 o.0 Salted Cod Industry Develops Index continued page 84. 84 Page 63 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66 67 68 68 INDEX (CONTINUED) Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): Latin America (Contd.): Asia (Contd.): ~ Chile: South Korea (Contd.): Fish-Meal Production Declined in Jan.-Apr. He oo Deep-Sea Fleet Is Expanding Rapidly Asia: GE) os Pictorial Report on Korean Fishing & Sup- Japan: port Vessels Off Alaska, by William R. 1970 Fishery Budget Will Be Larger Dickinson New Distant-Water Grounds May Help De- South Pacific: pressed Saury Fishery ~ Australia: 5 Salmon Motherships Reach 1969 Quota 138 (ots Tightens Shrimp Standards Canned Red Salmon Export Prices Rise American Samoa: Canned White Tuna Stocks Exhausted, U3 00 Tuna Prices Reached New High in August Prices Rise Africa: 2 Canned Fish Exports To West Germany ~ Ghana: Increase TE O09 Seeks Japanese Assistance - To Survey U.S. Canned Tuna Industry South Africa: C Contracts To Buy Shrimp From Cuba WAeine Japanese Catch Many Bluefin Tuna Off 5 Resource Surveys Planned in 6 Countries S. Africa Thailand: 74 .. Albacore Fishery Increases Off Angola & : Begins Large-Scale Carp Breeding South Africa South Vietnam: 75 ..Preparing Dungeness Crab for Serving, by C Offshore Fishery To Be Developed Harold Barnett, Arnold Einmo, and Roy South Korea: Stevens 0 Marine Catch Rose Over 11% in 1968 80 ..Food Fish Facts (Ocean Perch) : S. Korea To Send Survey Team To New 83 . .INDEX Guinea HOW OLD IS THE SCIENCE OF OCEANOGRAPHY ? Mankind has been interested in the oceans since before the time of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on marine biology inthefourth century B.C. The early studies of the ocean were concerned with problems of commerce; information about tides, currents, and distances between ports was needed. While he was Postmaster General, Benjamin Franklin prepared temperature tables by means of which navigators could determine whether or not they were in the Gulf Stream. This resulted in faster mail service to Europe. The beginning of modern oceanography is usually considered to be December 30,1872, when HMS CHALLENGER made her first oceanographic station on a 3-year round-the-worldcruise. This was the first purely deep-sea oceanographic expedition ever attempted. Analysis of sea water samples collected on this expedition proved for the first time that the various constituents of salts in sea water are virtually in the same proportion everywhere (Dittmar's principle). Even before the CHALLENGER expedition, Lt. Matthew Fontaine Maury of the U.S, Navy was analyzing log books of sailing vessels to determine the most favor- able routes. Hedid muchto stimulate international cooperation in oceanography and marine meteorology. The present U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office is an outgrowth of his efforts. (''Questions About The Oceans,'' U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) * U, S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 392-622/3 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Walter J. Hickel, Secretary Russell E. Train, Under Secretary Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources Charles H. Meacham, Commissioner, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Dayton L. Alverson, Acting Director, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources, Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's 'Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States -- now and in the future. BACK COVER: A view of storied Gloucester, Mass. Foreground, an old offshore trawler now used as carrier vessel. (Photo: Frank Riley) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review VOL 3,NO.N “fy 2c 735 NOVEMBER 1969 COVER: This giant, 25-pound, lobster was caught in the off- shore waters of New England. BCF biologists are studying the lobster fishery to determine if the offshore and inshore fisheries competefor same supply of lobsters. In any case, the fishery must be managed properly to insure a continuing source, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review A comprehensive view of United States and foreign fishing industries--including catch, processing, market- ing, research, and legislation--prepared by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Fishermen's Memorial Gloucester, Mass. II Managing Editor: Edward Edelsberg Associate Editor: Barbara Lundy Production: Jean Zalevsky Alma Greene Mary Andrews The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife make up The Fish and Wildlife Service of The United States Department of the Interior. Throughout this book, the initials BCF stand for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Address correspondence and requests to: Commercial Fisheries Review, 1801 North Moore Street, Room 200, Arlington, Va. 22209. Telephone: Area Code 703 - 557-4246. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions of these sources. Although the contents have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by the Director, Bureau of the Budget, April 18, 1968. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $7.00 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. CONTENTS UNITED STATES IB VEMGS eine! MACS socaosaccno00tcooaccK. SHUCE nol og 0 0060 G00 000 60000000000000 ARTICLES A Trawler's Voyage Points Up U.S. Fishermen's Pre@lolleraas, joy Iaulkivo: Carelision 5 5566606c050n400 Tuna Purse Seine Fishery in Eastern Tropical Arlene, lyr JO 1, WHS conssoocncvoouc Fishery Oceanography--IV, Ocean Salinity and Distribution of Pacific Salmon, by Felix Favorite Tropical Atlantic Tuna Larvae Collected During EQUALANT Surveys, by William J. Richards BOOKS! Gore cceuces ces ee a ioualioniey avis Wotousliskeet's. creme: |6 TINA EIRUINAIONAT ¢ 65 oc ee ee eee De OOO ORD OL0/6 6 @amada |pewwes «ee: ONO PONCRORCECHORCNOTO SO ORTEOIO., 0.0074 EWU OP Cheever. orale eve. eo ew. chsh ol ae 9 OG6000000 iLgynlin Aone GoGo acs ono bo alist icuisiredtetct.e Kememerte INS UAW c vo) eve: 6 vay 5) Susi SonGnO 00 0 0.0 © GoD 0 646 0000 South Pace aes | ee ye og LNECUGE YS: Gum. Eiouauc OF OR CRIES ae Page III PROGRAM TO STRENGTHEN U.S. MARINE-SCIENCE ACTIVITIES IS ANNOUNCED A 5-point program to strengthen U.S. marine-science activities was announced on October 19 by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew as Chairman of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development (NCMRED). He said the Administration has selected 5 areas ''for immediate special emphasis inthe next fiscal year'' while the Administration and Congress workout along-term program. Money will be provided to carry out the 5 programs. Eachprogram willbe assigned to an appropriate Federal agency while studies of the organization of U.S. marine-science activities continue. The 5 priority programs were picked after an intensive Government-wide review of the Nation's urgent needs in marine affairs. President Nixon requested the study in February after receiving the Report of the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources--''Our Nation and the Sea." (See CFR, Feb. 1969.) I, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT A new U.S. policy will be fashioned ''to promote the national development of coastal areas and the Great Lakes.'' A grant program will aid States to plan and manage coastal activities. New legislation willhelpinsure that rapid coastal development does not destroy limited land and water resources. All interests in the coastal regions would be assured con- sideration--''for port development, naviga- tion, commercial fishing, mineral exploita- tion, recreation, conservation, industrial de- velopment, housing, power generation and waste disposal." The Administration anticipates that grants will be givenforthese purposes: 1) develop- ment by States of planning and regulatory mechanisms; and 2) operation of these State management systems. The latter grants would be made if States demonstrate the capability to prepare plans that provide for: e "balanced use of the coastal margin, both land and water, that considers viewpoints of all potential users"; e ''access to management-oriented re- search, including coastal ecology studies"; e regulatory authority as needed--zoning, easement, license, or permit arrangements -- to insure development consistent with State plans; e ‘consideration of the interests of ad- jacent States"; e land acquisition and power of eminent domain when necessary to implement the plan; and e review of proposed U.S., U.S.-assisted, State, and local projects to insure consistency with plans. Mr. Agnew believes that this program should strengthen the capabilities of States to manage coastal resources, lessen the need for Federal intervention, and "facilitate integration of planning, conservation, and de- velopment programs among diverse public and private interests." Il. ESTABLISHMENT OF COASTAL LABORATORIES Coastal laboratories will be set up, sup- ported by the U.S. Government, ''to provide information on resource development, water quality, and environmental factors to assist State authorities and others in coastal man- agement." Existing facilities will be strengthened in order to: e develop basic understanding and to de- scribe the ecology of the 13,000-mile coast- line. Ecology--the interrelationship of or- ganisms with their environment--differs with regions. e anticipate and assess the impact on a region's ecology of alternative land uses, of pollution, and of changes in the land-water interfaces; @ operate coastal monitoring networks; and e perform analyses needed for coastal management. II. PILOT TECHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF LAKE RESTORATION A pilot study of a lake will be carried out to determine the feasibility of restoring the Great Lakes with technological and regulatory mechanisms. Present environmental tech- nology and techniques will be tested. These will include "pollution measuring devices, methods of artificial destratification by aera- tion, mixing and thermal upwelling techniques, thermal pollution control and enrichment, artificial bottom coating, filtering, harvesting of living plants and animals, and restocking of fishery resources." The program will reinforce investigations now underway. Specialists from industry, academic institu- tions, and Federal laboratories will add their skills to these studies. IV. INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION "The United States will propose a range of specific programs as its initial contribution to the International Decade of Ocean Explora- tion during the 1970s.'' The U.S. proposed the Decade, which was endorsed by the UN General Assembly inDecember 1968. Wunds will be provided for the U.S. share. The United States proposes international emphasis on these goals: e Preserve the ocean environment by ac- celerating scientific observations of the ocean's naturalstate andits interactions with the coastal margin. This would be done to provide abasis for(a) assessing and predict- ing man-induced and natural modifications of the oceans! character; (b) identifying damag- ing, or irreversible, effects of waste disposal at sea; and (c) understanding the interaction of levels of marine life to prevent depletion or extinction of valuable species as a result of man's activities. e Improve environmental forecasting to reduce hazards to life and property--and permit more efficient use of marine re- sources. This would be achieved by improving physical and mathematical models of the ocean and atmosphere to provide basis for “increased accuracy, timeliness, and geo- graphic precision of environmental fore- casts." e Expand seabed-assessment activities to permit better management--domestically and internationally--of ocean mineral explo- ration and exploitation. Acquisition of needed knowledge of "seabed topography, structure, physical and dynamic properties, and re- source potential" would help to achieve these goals. e Develop an ocean-monitoring system to make it easier to predict oceanographic and atmospheric conditions, The system could be developed through design and deployment of oceanographic data buoys and other remote sensing platforms. e Improve worldwide data exchange by modernizing and standardizing U.S. and inter - national marine data collection, processing, and distribution. e Accelerate Decade planning so that there will be more international sharing of the scientific equipment, responsibilities, and costs of ocean exploration. This U.S. contribution to an expanded program of intergovernmental cooperation reflects 4 recent developments: (1) Greater population concentration along the coasts of the U.S. and other countries. This could harm the ocean environment and increase demands on coastal margins and marine resources. (2) Growth of technology that is rapidly opening new ocean frontiers. (3) Scientific advances that can improve environmental forecasts if better ocean data are available. (4) 100 coastal nations are showing more interest in benefiting from marine activities. The Decade will speed the needed under - standing of the ocean. It will permit nations individually to plan investments and, collec- tively, to arrange for preserving the ocean environment and managing ocean resources. The oceans are global. The scope of work to be done makes international cost sharing and data exchange very attractive. Inter- national cooperation in marine affairs may facilitate communication with developing nations, with the Soviet Union, and with others. The National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development says the U.S. proposals are compatible with the ocean ex- ploration program of UNESCO's Intergovern- mental Oceanographic Commission. The U.S. contribution to this program will depend on the contribution of other nations. V. ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH Arctic research activities will be inten- sified. These will permit fuller utilization of the rapidly developing area. The research will insure that this use does not degrade, through neglect, the Arctic environment. It will accumulate knowledge on the interaction of man with the Arctic environment. The program will be directed to: (1) the polar icepackto include its impact on trans - portation and global weather and climate; (2) the polar magnetic field and its effects on communication; (3) geological structures underlying the Arctic lands and polar seas-- as potential mineral sites and as hazards to construction and resource development; (4) balance of the Arctic ecologic system; (5) the presence of permafrost; and (6) slow degrada- tion of liquid and solid wastes under Arctic conditions. Behavior and physiology of man also will get more attention. In the beginning, the emphasis will be on strengthening and broadening Arctic research capabilities. Formulation of an overall policy framework for Arctic-related activities also will be considered. WENK COMMENTS ON 5-POINT PROGRAM In apress conference preceding announce- ment of the 5-point program, Dr. Edward Wenk Jr., executive secretary of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, said: e ''The states are pivotal to solving our coastal problem. We need the states to help us manage our ports, our fisheries, our waste disposal, conservation--you name it, they're all part of the same thing." e The 13,000-mile coastline: 'We want to know what's there, and then we want to find out what's happening to it." e Pilot study of lake pollution: A lake of several hundred square miles would be pol- luted. Then an attempt would be made to clean it up by chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological means. "This will be difficult,''Dr. Wenk concluded, "but we have to start somewhere. These things can't wait." e International Decade of Ocean Explora- e Arctic: Intensify marine research in tion: Some funds already have been autho- : ae: : area where oil, gas, and mining exploration rized. More wouldbe sought to increase re- acamch of Who oecems to Bindl ont bre asa 4s is increasing--and where pollution is special polluting them and how he can reduce that problem because of intense cold. pollution. The National Council The National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development was established by Public Law 89-454 to assist the President in developing and coordinating national marine- science policies and programs. The members are: Observers: Lee A. DuBridge, Director, Office of Science and Technology Chairman: Spiro T. Agnew, the Vice President Robert P. Mayo, Director, Bureau of Members: the Budget William P. Rogers, the Secretary of State John H. Chafee, the Secretary of the Navy Walter J. Hickel, the Secretary of the Interior Maurice H. Stans, the Secretary of Commerce Robert H. Finch, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare John A. Volpe, the Secretary of Trans - portation Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission William D. McElroy, Director, National Science Foundation Paul W. McCracken, Chairman, Council of Economic Advisors Thomas O. Paine, Administrator, Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration John A, Hannah, Administrator, Agency for International Development S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Executive Secretary: Edward Wenk Jr. UNITED STATES HICKEL URGES WORLD ACTION TO PROTECT & DEVELOP ARCTIC RESOURCES A 3-day Polar Plan Conference on Arctic problems ended in Shenandoah National Park, Va., on Oct. 1 with a request by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel that future Arctic plans be viewed from an international standpoint. He said: 'Knowledge of the world's polar regions will change not only the countries bordering on the Arctic--it will change economic, social and cultural conditions throughout the world. Iurge you to think of the Arctic as a single entity, so that all na- tions can contribute to its conservation and the wise use of its resources. The North Country is beginning to under- go the most rapid and profound changes ever seeninany wilderness regionin world history. It is unlike any other region in the world in many other ways. "All of us--throughout the world--who work with the Arctic must find new ways to meet this unprecedented challenge. We need new ideas, new techniques and attitudes, per- haps even new institutions, and we need them in every nation involved in the Arctic." Involve Alaska's Natives Secretary Hickelurged that Alaska's native Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts be given every opportunity to take part indecisions involving the Arctic and the work now beingundertaken by industry and government, Unlike most other workers, he noted, Alaska Natives are accustomed to the land and its climate. Their rate of turnover on the job canbe expected to remain low. Their keen personal interest in preserving their environment makes them most likely to re- spect it and work inharmony with it as much as possible. He emphasized that human values must be given paramount attention. All developmental problems must be con- sidered in terms of their effects on people. The Conference was attended by 100 repre- sentatives of industry, science, conservation, and government to exchange ideas about the North's spectacular boom, Canada and Nor- way sent high officials, Ses. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT LIMITS FISHERY LOANS TO $40,000 High interest rates charged by commer- cial lending institutions have led to an un- precedented demand for fishery loans from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This has required BCF to limit such loans to $40,000 per transaction. Dr. Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, said the action was necessary toprevent depletion of the loan fund during the next few months and to assure better distribution of the money still avail- able, The current rate for fishery loans is 73 percent; maximum maturity is 10 years. Purposes of Loans Dr. Glasgow said loans are made to finance or refinance the purchase, construction, maintenance, repair, equipping, or operation of commercial fishing vessels or gear. Ap- plications in the first two months of fiscal 1970, which began July 1, 1969, more than doubled applications of a year earlier. The BCF-administered loan program is scheduled to expirein1970. Interior Depart- ment has recommended extension. EASTERN PACIFIC YELLOWFIN TUNA CATCH RATE IS CHANGED The incidental catch rate of yellowfintuna inthe eastern Pacific Oceanfor seine vessels of 300 short tons capacity or lessreverted to 15 percent on October 2, 1969. This applies to vessels that fish any part of a trip within the regulated area. Res THE SHRIMP SITUATION During January-September 1969, 84.3 million pounds of shrimp (heads-off) were landed in the Gulf States, 10% below the 93.9 million pounds of the 1968 period and 23% below 1967 period. Heavier September landings were recorded in Florida (West Coast), Alabama, Missis- sippi, and Louisiana; landings declined in Texas. In eastérn and central Gulf, greater abundance of white shrimp improved landings somewhat. White shrimp were not prevalent in Texas. Of considerable significance were the heavier landings in Mississippi, where the August hurricane devastated most processing facilities. However, the fleet was only slightly damaged and fishing resumed as soon as fishermen got their personal affairs inorder, No High Catch Rate Of some significance was the fact that shrimp fishing always is excellent for a week or ten days following a hurricane. A possible reason is that the storm chillsthe water and results in premature schooling of shrimp. Surprisingly, no such high rate of catch was recorded following this hurricane. Some possible causesfor this: (1) excessive debris deposited onfishing grounds as result of this devastating storm, (2) local fishermen did not fish for a week or more because of the unusually highincidence of personal loss at home, and (3) fishermen from other areas failed to move into the area because they were uncertain of landing conditions; or, more likely, since catches in the area had been running behind a year ago, they did not expect unusual catches. Prices Begin To Weaken Prices generally have been holding firm but have beguntoweaken. On October 1, cold- storage holdings were 52.9 million pounds-- 7.7 million pounds above a year earlier. about 5 million pounds, is in breaded, peeled, and However, most of this increase, deveined; holdings of raw headless are up only 2.8 million. Most holdings of raw headless, shell on, are of larger sizes and very little small shrimp is available. This is substantiated by conversations withindustry and by exami- nation of import and catch data. Imports For first 8 months of 1969, imports of raw headless shell on, for example, are one mil- lion pounds less than a year earlier; peeled and deveined are 13 million pounds greater than a yearearlier. Imports of all types are up about 9 millionpounds over a year earlier (109 compared with 117). GULF MENHADEN FISHERY SETS RECORD The 1969 seasontotal of menhaden landings along the Gulf of Mexico coast through August was 36% ahead of the 1968 period and 7% better than the comparable period in 1962, the record year. Despite Hurricane Camille, August 1969 landings about equalled August 1968 landings. Gulf production was not matched by the Atlantic Coast fishery. There, landings through August 1969 dropped 36% from 1968 and 66% from 1963--the last year of a billion-fish Atlantic fishery. MANAGEMENT OF MENHADEN FISHERY IS SUGGESTED Midseason reports show that menhaden, the primary raw material for the Atlantic Coast fish-reduction industry, again have failed to appear in commercial quantities from Delaware to Rhode Island. This was reported in September by the University of Rhode Island (URI) Commercial Fisheries Newsletter. Although some catches were made, the total was less than 10% of the maximum production in previous years. Fishing on Chesapeake Bay has dropped sharply below 1968. This is strong indication that menhaden will be scarce throughout the middle and north Atlantic grounds during the 1970 season, The Gulf of Mexico fishery is the one bright spot. The menhaden catch to mid- season was exceptionally heavy. It is pos- sible that the fishery may set a recordin1969. Gulf Landings Rise Because of the progressive decline of the Atlantic Coast stocks of menhaden, it is time to pay more attention to the Gulf stocks, the URI newsletter states. Gulf landings have continued to increase. This might be inter- preted tomeanthat the maximum sustainable annual yield has not yet been reached. But continued unrestricted fishing pressure could push this fishery toward extinction. Management Overdue Much of the fishing industry is highly in- dependent and opposed to regulation or im- position of quotas. But intelligent manage- ment of resources has been beneficial to many fisheries, The application of basic principles of resource management to the menhaden fishery would appear long overdue, the URI newsletter concludes, ALEWIFE DIE-OFF IN GREAT LAKES IS MINOR The die-off of alewives inthe Great Lakes reached nuisance proportions in only a few areas this year, reports the Great Lakes Commission, Lake Michigan's southern end experienced a''fairly heavy mortality" of the silvery little fish which littered the beaches. In recent years, alewife die-off has been a particular problem in this lake. In Chicago, park district workers were busy in early July scooping up alewives. Later in July, the die-off was "substantial" along the Indiana shoreline. Around July 21, a sudden rise in temperature of 11-12 de- grees in about 48 hours appeared to have triggered the deaths of the temperature- sensitive fish, BCF researchers reported. Fewer Near Milwaukee In the Milwaukee, Wisc., area, fewer alewife deaths were reported than in 1968, when the die-off was ‘moderately light." Vessel and plane surveys found sizable amounts of floating dead fish in the lake's southeastern section in late July. No major concentrations fouled Michigan's lower pen- insula shoreline. Reports from the Lake Ontario area showed that no significant problem had de- veloped this year. UNDERWATER TUNA SCHOOL TRACKED BY SONAR For the first time, scientists have tracked a school of tuna underwater using the oceanic equivalent of radar. The feat was accom- plished by BCF scientists aboard the Bureau's research vessel 'Townsend Cromwell'in Ha- waiian waters in early September. On two occasions, the vessel used sonar to track a skipjack tuna school continuously, for a total of 6 days and 6 nights. Directing the opera- tion was biologist Heeny S, H. Yuen. The scientists believe they have uncovered some startling aspects of skipjack tuna be- havior. Here is their report: A skipjack tuna school, such as this one, spends the daylight hours near land and comesto the surface layers only infrequently. Toward sunset, the school heads to the open sea, spends the entire night in the surface layers, and travels as far as 60 miles from land, With the coming of dawn, the school returns to the original coastal site, or near- by. All are facts that carry important impli- cations for biologists and fishermen. They offer clues to the design of new fishing gear and techniques that could open up new fish- eries or improve existing ones. Cromwell's Special Equipment The Cromwell is equipped with specially designed sonar. Sonar gear detects high- frequency sound waves in water in much the Same way that radar detects electromagnetic waves in air. The sonar is a continuous- transmission, frequency-modulated (CTFM) device. It sends out a continuous sonar signal. When the signal is reflected by an object, suchas a fish or fish school, the gear can tell the object's distance from the ship, its direction, and depth. This is the sonar's “active'' mode. The sonar alsohas a ''passive,'' or listen- ing, mode: It listens for acoustic signals emanating underwater. The Cromwell used both modes in tracking the tuna school. Skipjack Fed Acoustic Tag Trolling near Kaula Island, a rocky islet about 35 miles southwest of Kauai, Hawaii, the vessel's party caught an 18-inch skipjack tuna. The fish was fed an acoustic tag. This is acylindrical, battery-actuated, transmitter 3 inches long and less than aninch indiameter. The transmitter produces a short, high- frequency burst of ultrasonic waves at the rate of two a second. These bursts -have a frequency of 50 kiloHertz. They cannot be heard by human beings--but are easily de- tected up to a mile away by the sonar, Ear- lier experiments in shoreside tanks had shown that a skipjack tuna would accept the tag and continue to swim and eat as usual. When the tagged skipjack tuna was re- leased, it rejoined the school. This was proved in two ways: First, in the passive mode, the sonar picked up the signal from the transmitter. Switched tothe active mode, while trainedon the same location, the sonar detected the school of which the tagged fish must have been a member. Second, on one occasion, the fish waslost for a few minutes. Soon observers on deck noticed a school of skipjack tuna feeding at the surface. The sonar was trained on the school and the familiar two-a-second signal of the tagged fish was picked up. Thus, the movements of the tagged fish were taken as representative of the movements of the school. During Daylight During daylight hours, the school kept close to the vicinity of Kaula Island, which is sur- rounded by a narrow shelf about 80 feet deep. About a mile from shore, the shelf breaks into a steep cliff that sweeps down into ocean depths of several thousand feet. It was near this break in slope that the school was first observed; the school returned to it on most mornings. The terrain closely resembles an underwater cliff off Oahu where, in 1966, BCF scientists in a small submarine observed skipjack tuna feeding at 500 feet. Sundown: Toward Open Sea Shortly before sundown, the school turned from the bank and swam toward the open sea. The direction of travel varied. One night the school swam southwest, another east, another north. The distance traveled also varied, from 30 miles to about 60. The varied dis- tances mean the school had to adjust its speed to arrive at the Kaula Rock site at dawn. On the 60-mile journey, Heeny Yuen says, the school was swimming at the very 10 high average speed of 8 knots for more than an hour. Surface Layer At Night At night the school kept to the surface layer of the water. It swam steadily in a straight line for an hour or more; often it would pause for as long as an hour. Then it would change direction and swim on, At the time, the night sky was heavily overcast. To Yuen, it seemed improbable that the fish could be navigating by starlight. Only on one occasiondid the school break its established pattern of movement. Then, instead of returning to the bank at daybreak, itremained 5 miles off the island all day. On the next morning, however, it was back on the bank. "As she has with many other animals," Yuen says, ''Nature has endowed the skipjack tuna withan internal compass and an internal clock," Tracking the School The observations of the school's move- ments were made during two periods. Dur- ing the first, the vessel tracked it for 2 days and 2 nights, and then had to return to Hono- lulu for sonar repair. Two days later, it returned to Kaula Island and, within a few hours, again pickedup the transmitter signal. The fish was at its accustomed place over the break in slope. Four more days andnights were then spent tracking the school. The transmitter has a battery life of 200 hours, and the experiment could have lasted at least 2 more days and nights, but Yuen decided that he had learned all he wanted to learn from that school. Questions About Larger Fish Unanswered Skipjack tuna form the basis of Hawaii's largest fishery. The catch peaks sharply in summer, when large fish of about 20 pounds are mostcommonly caught. The fishthat was tagged weighed only 3 pounds--so it was far from representative of the bulk of the com- mercialcatch, Since fishschools usually are made up of fish of about the same size, the new information fails to answer questions about the behavior of the larger and older fish, Some biologists theorize that there is a resident" population of skipjack tuna around the Hawaiian islands throughout the year, and that the ''season"' fish are a migrant popula- tion. The biologists are eagerly speculating about the results they would get if they suc- ceeded in tagging and following a large tuna. It is known that the fish, or at least some of them, migrate thousands of miles. But how long these migrations last andthe routes taken are matters of speculation. Positive information might help to open the immense central Pacific skipjack tuna fishery to com- mercial harvest. The yield of the fishery is estimated in the hundreds of thousands of tons; only about 5,000 tons a year now are taken by the Hawaiian fleet. Richard 8S. Shomura, Acting Area Director, BCF, Honolulu, says plans are being devel- oped to carry out extensive experiments with tagged skipjack tuna, especially the ''season" fish, during the 1970 fishing season, hs EAST COAST CLAM DREDGE TESTED OFF OREGON The BCF Exploratory Fishing Base in Seattle, Washington, reports that the Bureau research vessel R/V 'John N. Cobb! recently returned toSeattle after a 19-day clam-gear testing cruise along the Oregoncoast between Coos Bay and Newport. Eighty-five tows were made with an East Coast 36-inch-bar hydraulic clam dredge at depths from 5 to 15 fathoms. The dredge worked efficiently, without mechanical break- downs. Seattle gear specialists feel the dredge can be adapted successfully to West Coast conditions, Only small quantities of razor clams and cockles were collected during the cruise. Very large catches of sand dollars, up to4 tons per 15-minute tow, necessitated making shorter tows. Pa DESTROYER’S SONAR TRACKS WHALE Two marine biologists working for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office aboard a destroyer in the Atlantic visually identified sonar 'echoes" as a whale. Biologist William T. Leapley reported: "This was one of those rare incidents--the first time we have been able to verify a sonarman's classification of an 'echo' as a whale sonar target by first actually tracking the source of the contact and thenby visually identifying it as a whale--in this instance, a group of five finback whales." Leapley and his associate, Coleman Levenson, had just completed an investiga- tion into biological sonar targets when sound Signals indicating possible whales were re- ceived. Leapley recalled: "At that time, we were off Cape May, steaming toward Newport, Rhode Island... .Prior tothis, the sonarmen aboard the ship had reported what they thought were the 'echoes!' of sound signals bouncing off the bodies of whales, but we had yet to confirm any of these reports through visual identifications of the 'echo' sources. "Sowhen a sailor awakened me just before dawn on a Summer morningto report a whale off the ship's starboard side, I thought that this might bethe sighting we had beenhoping for. After dashing up to the bridge to have a look, I learned that the 'sighting' was just another sonar c ontact classified 'probable whale! by the senior sonarman. "T was about towriteit off as a frustrating near miss when Cole (Levenson) arrived on the scene with the suggestion that we try to track down this target and really get some proof of its identity." Whale Hunt They received permission to hunt for the whale. Asthe shipheaded at 28 knots back to where the sonarmanfirst picked up the whale contact, they scanned the predawn horizon. Then, dead-ahead, the marine biologists saw "this great long form stretching out in the path of the ship. We would have cut itinhalf, if we hadn't takenright rudder evasive action. And there lying near our ship were two huge finback whales, 65- to 75-foot specimens that had just surfaced." 11 The finbacks rank second in size to the blue whales, which reach a maximum of 100 feet. ''But the blue whales,'' Leapley notes, "are becoming very rare, almost extinct due to over-whaling.'' Finbacks feed on small planktonic organisms through a unique baleen mouth apparatus that works like a Sieve. Maneuvering Around Them Almost as soon as the marine biologists spotted the two adult finbacks, the destroyer's skipper began to maneuver the vessel in a tight circle around them. Leapley recalls: "About half-way around, the whales dove. Then, about five minutes later, they surfaced again. At about the same time, we noticed that two more adults and a juvenile had also surfaced approximately 100 yards away. By this time, Cole was snapping pictures of the whales." The skipper was able to maneuver the destroyer to a point 20 yards away from two adult and one juvenile whale--and the biolo- gists got a very good view. Echoes Tape Recorded During the 45 minutes the scientists main- tained visual contact with the 5 whales, the ship's sonarmen tape-recorded echoes bounced off the mammals! bodies on equip- ment connected to the ship's sonar. Leapley concluded: ''The tape containing the sounds now definitely determined to be whale echoes will be analyzed further to learn what a whale looks like onsonar equip- ment. Results of this analysis will eventual- ly help the Navy to classify the mammals." = UNIVERSITY CURRICULA IN MARINE SCIENCES PUBLISHED The National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development has published a compilation of institutions offering courses and degrees in marine sciences during the 1969-70 and 1970-71 academic years. It is entitled ''University Curricula in the Marine Sciences and Related Fields." The publication will help prospective stu- dents, research workers, and instructors 12 identify career opportunities and it will foster fulluse of educational facilities. In the fore- word, Edward Wenk Jr., Executive Secretary of the Marine Sciences Council, emphasizes that skilled manpower is central to achieve- ment of long-range national goals in marine sciences, It isthe individual talents that pace our progress, he emphasizes. What Report Contains The report is based on information pro- vided by the institutions in response to a questionnaire. Institutions are listed under 5 major categories: Marine Science, Ocean Engineering, Maritime Officers, Fisheries, and Marine Technicians. Each program is described in terms of teaching and research facilities--laboratories, classrooms, ships, computers--and academic programs and staff. Degrees offered and degree require- ments are described. Itis available for $2 fromthe Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. KZ U. S. AIDS GULF OF MEXICO OYSTER INDUSTRY BCF made available $281,388 in October for the hurricane-damaged oyster industries in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The Bureau had determined that a resource dis- aster occurred when Hurricane Camille ravaged the 3 coastal areas in August 1969. The money will be used to restore seed oyster grounds under State jurisdiction; $176,388 was allocated to Louisiana, $85,000 to Mississippi, and $20,000 to Alabama. The projects are financed 100% with Federal funds, BCF acted quickly to provide the funds because the timing of restoration is impor- tant: oyster larvae begin arriving in these Gulf Coast waters during October and must have clean shells to which they can attach during their early life. SENSOR STUDIES TEMPERATURE-FISH MIGRATION RELATIONSHIP Coast Guard planes flying monthly mis- sions at 130 knots, from 200 to 600 feet above Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters, are be- coming valuable parts of the fisherman's gear. Some of the information obtained on these flights is used by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife to "determine the re- lationship between surface temperatures and the distribution of migratory game fish." The findings also are useful to commercial fishermen; the data may help in predicting the movements of fishfrom the temperatures the fish are known to tolerate. The temperatures are detected ("read") with a Barnes infrared thermometer sensor, which transmits them to a strip-chart re- corder. Thesensor is aimed through a small hatch in a rear window of the plane. Also, scientists note on the chart what they see below. The Sensor The sensor exploits the principle that for certain wavelengths the amount of infrared radiation given off by anobjectis proportional to the surface temperature of that object. The sensor can be used at virtually any distance--solong as the target fills the field of view. It responds in a fractionof a second; it is ideal for measuring sea-surface tem- peratures from a plane. The sensor made practical the rapid preparation of tempera- ture maps. Areas Covered On July 1, 1969, the East Coast program of obtaining monthly sea-surface tempera- tures was transferredfrom the Marine Lab- oratory of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (BSFW) at Sandy Hook, N. J., to the Coast Guard's Oceanographic Unit in Wash- ington, D. C. On the West Coast, similar flights are made from BSFW's laboratory in Tiburon, Calif. Monthly flights along the East Coast are made between Cape Cod, Mass., and Miami, Fla.; along the West Coast, between Vancou- ver Islands, B.C., and Northern Baja Califor- nia, Mexico. Charts are issued after each series of flights and depict the flight paths and contours of surface isotherms. The data are used in ecologic studies to help explain temperature's Fig. 2 - Coast Guard team at work. Fig. 3 - Strip Chart Recorder for Infrared Thermometer Readout. (All Photos: Coast Guard) 14 These dota collected with the cooperatlamof the U. S. Bureou Af Sport Fisheries ond Wildlife, Sandy Hook Mari Jaboratory . U.S. COAST GUARD OCEANOGRAPHIC UNIT Airborne Radiation Thermometer Program SURFACE ISOTHERMS — °C A-L (August 22, 1969): Sea, colm-alight; sky, clear; wind, SW 1-10 kts.; air temp., 88-95°F. M-V (August 20, 1969): Sea, slight-moderate; sky, cleor-ptly. cldy.; wind, W 10-15 kts.; oir temp., 85-95°F . W-Z (August 21, 1969); Seo, slight-moderote; sky, cleor-ptly. cldy.; wind, NE 10-15 krs.; oir temp., BI-AA°F. influence on distribution of migratory fishes--and on seasonal cycles of ocean pro - ductivity. The charts are sent to hundreds of private and government institutions, newspapers, and commercial and sport fishermen. Sightings of Marine Life During East Coast flights, the crew reports and photographs sharks, turtles, porpoises, whales, and foreign fishing vessels. These are shown on the charts. Occasionally, sci- entists who are expertin recognizing marine life from the air are aboard. They increase the biological information obtained. 8 6G OF 15 SOVIET RESEARCH VESSEL ARRIVES AT WOODS HOLE The Soviet research vessel 'Ekliptika! arrived at Woods Hole, Mass., September 28, 1969. Researchthis year includes a study of herring spawning. Chief Scientist is Vladimir Sauskan, expert on the life history of Atlantic hake. He has studied various species of Merluccius throughout North and South Atlantic. The first cruise has been successfully completed. It was a 3-vessel operation; the Soviet ‘Aliot' joined in the work at Saus- kan's request. The survey cruises were scheduled to end in November. Atlantniro's 'Ekliptika' leaving Woods Hole (Mass.) Coast Guard Base to join BCF's 'Albatross IV" for a joint survey (September 1969). (Photo: Robert K. Brigham) FOREIGN FISHING OFF U.S., SEPTEMBER 1969 Generally good weather permitted excellent coverage of the northwest Atlantic off New England; 340 foreign fishing and support vessels were sighted(325 sighted in August). (Fig. 1.) ——— pS SS | country of origin, and species fished. - GLOUCESTER BOSTONG | ‘ ie > = Montauk Pr. = 1) een | Soviet - 65 Herring rn Po, Romania - 1 Mackerel Red Hake 72° 70° Fig. 1 - Foreign fishing off southern New England & a > Vessels rane Georges Bank, September Z é Soviet/- 100_—- 1969. Number of vessels, CAS eel Polish, - 46 ia SS _Norway - 1 E.German - 50 <, Catch | W.German = 29 B Herring _ Iceland -6 / Mackeréh \ Norway -3 | \ 16 SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND & GEORGES BANK USSR: 75 vesseis--34factory stern trawl- ers, 126 medium side trawlers, 6factory base ships, 8 refrigerated transports, and 1 tanker (102 vessels in September 1968). Catches, moderate to heavy, were primarily herring and mackerel. va / \ va a Vessels | A Spain - 20 Catch Cod 40° Catch * Soviet - 50 Herring Polish - 4 Mackerel Whiting [ty Se GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY (SUB-AREA 5 -ICNAF) 6)8° 66° Poland: 50 vessels--13 stern trawlers, 32 large side trawlers, 2 factory base ships, 3 carriers (25 in Sept. 1968). Catches, moderate: herring and mackerel. East Germany: 50 vessels--29 factory and freezer sterntrawlers, 19 side trawlers, 2 factory base ships (20 in 1968). Catches, moderate to heavy, probably herring. Floating cod-end and pickup techniques were used: A BCF Agent saw 3 floating cod- end sections buoyed together and containing over 100,000 pounds. Retrieval through stern opening of factory base ship took about 15 minutes. West Germany: 28 freezer stern trawl- ers, 1 fisheries protection vessel(21). Catch was mainly herring. Spain: 15-20stern andside trawlers were pair trawling. Catches were excellent (prob- ably cod). Iceland: 6 herring purse Seiners continued at-seatransfers to U.S. carriers for delivery to reduction plants atGloucester, Mass., and Amagansett, L.I. Norway: 1stern trawler, 3 herring purse seiners. Groundfish 2 medium trawlers 17 Romania: 1 stern trawler. Catch was presumably herring and mackerel. (Same trawler, 'Galati,' sighted in September 1968.) Japan: 1 stern trawler. GULF OF MEXICO & SOUTH ATLANTIC No foreign fishing vessels reported. WEST COAST USSR: 3 stern trawlers, 6 support ves- sels, 2 research vessels off Washington and Oregon, and adjacent to Canadian coast off Vancouver Island (33 in September 1968). Catch: Pacifichake. Severalhauls estimated at 10,000-35,000 pounds were observed off Washington. Japan: Early in month, 1 longliner off Washington, and 1 stern trawler off Oregon. Late in month, 2 longliners, 1 stern and 1 side trawler (1 longliner in 1968). Longliners believed fishing black cod. OFF ALASKA USSR: 17 vessels (5 more than in each of 2 preceding months, half number sighted in September 1968). (Fig. 2.) 155° 155° 145° Fig. 2 = Soviet fishing activities off Alaska, September 1969. 18 Japan: 110 vessels at end of September (190 in August). Ocean perch: In Gulf of Alaska, about 15 stern trawlers till mid-month; at month's end, 6 were between eastern and central Gulf. Off Aleutians, sterntrawlers decreasedfrom 6 to 5--3 south of eastern Aleutians, 2 along western. Groundfish: Early in month, 12 stern trawlers along Continental Shelf edge in Bering Sea; end of month, 6: 3 in eastern Bering, northwest of Unimak Pass, 3 in central Bering, northwest of Pribilofs. Minced fish-meat, mealand oil: 5factory- ship fleets fishing Alaska pollock and flatfish, decreased to 3: 2 in central Bering, north of Pribilofs, 1 in eastern Bering, north of Unimak Pass. The 2 crab fishing fleets departed the eastern Bering Sea after mid-month, Sablefish: 8 longliners in August; 9 in September--6 in eastern and 3 incentral Gulf. South Korea: Shin Hung's trawling fleet--1 factoryship, 1 carrier, 7 trawlers--left by September 1. One large and 2 small stern trawlers in eastern Bering Sea also believed to have left. Late in month, a new stern trawler appeared in eastern Bering and began trawling groundfish, primarily Alaska pol- lock. mental slope, and the ocean floor. land may be as much as 50 degrees. the sea are higher than Mt. Everest. cific, WHAT DOES THE SHEA FLOOR LOOK LIKE? The sea bottom is divided into three distinct areas: The continental shelf has numerous hills, ridges, terraces, and even canyons com- parableto the Grand Canyon. The average width of the shelf is about 30 miles, but it may extend several hundred milesfrom shore. The continental slope, betweenthe shelf and the deep ocean, has an average slope of 2 to 3 degrees, although the slope off a volcanic is- Features of the oceanbottom are comparable to those on land. Many mountains under All oceans except the North Pacific are divided by an almost continuous system of mountains, the largest being the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Most of the deep-ocean floor is made up of basins surrounded by walls of lesser depth. Oceanographers have compared the floor of the Pacific to the surface of the moon, Deeptrenches rim the Pacific in areas associated with great volanic activity and lie near islands and continental slopes. The deepest known trenches are in the Western Pa- Scientists once believed that the ocean floor was covered by a layer of recently de- posited sediments, but it is now known that sediments deposited 100 million years ago lie near the surface of the ocean floor and in some areas are even exposed. (''Ques- tions About The Oceans,'' U.S, Naval Oceanographic Office.) the continental shelf, the conti- STATES ALASKA 1969 SALMON PACK IS NEARLY MILLION CASES BELOW 1968's The Alaska Department of Fish and Game reported in September: "The 1969 salmon season is basically over now. The preliminary final case pack for this year by region in number of cases is as follows: "The Department each year publishes a weekly Salmon Case Pack by geographical area. Just what does this weekly case pack represent? For one thing over a seven year average the pounds of salmon producing the case pack represented 78% of the total pro- duction poundage. "The graph shows the number of cases of salmon packed, the total catch in numbers of salmon and the total pounds over the years 1962 to 1969. By using this information and Cohoes Total .. "This year's salmon pack was nearly a million cases below that of the 1968 season. A total of 2.2 million 48-pound cases was packed in 1969 comparedto 3.1 million cases in 1968. As shown by the graph the pack in 1967 was 1.5 million cases. "The extremely poor season in Southeast- ern accounted for practically all of the deficit. The Panhandle catchproduced 308,433 cases compared to 1.4 million in 1968. "Central Alaska's catch produced 1.4 mil- lion cases in both 1968 and 1969 while West- ern Alaska showed an improvement of 138,000 cases over last year. Catch in Pounds n 4 4 4 bs r 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969¥/ 4 1963 Southeastern . oe « eo 2 2 ee © © © 35, 497 Central, e- ce eesecececeee oe 311, 605 Western « «os eee eee. 440, 276 34,992 787, 378 24, 340 1, 223, 424 1/Preliminary. Notes: Salmon in numbers expressed in 10 millions. Salmon in pounds expressed in 100 millions. Salmon in No. of cases expressed in millions. Source: Compiled by Statistics Section. 1962-1969 Comparative Salmon Statistics. ify) 231, 105 32, 705 308, 433 992, 286 123, 146 1, 446, 866 33 26, 037 496,723 181, 388 2, 252, 022 knowing what the weekly case pack is at any time during the fishing season, a person can quite easily estimate salmon caught to date either in number or pounds. Sometimes a picture is truly worth 10,000 words." KOKO LARGEST BRISTOL BAY RUN PREDICTED FOR 1970 The largestsalmon catch in the history of the Bristol Bay fishery is in prospect for 1970. This was the preliminary forecast in late September by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in Juneau. The inshore run forecast in Bristol Bay sees about 64 million sockeye salmon return- ing; over 40 million of these should be harv- ested by fishermen. However, some indi- cators estimate inshore returns as low as 50 million--a yield similar in size to the parent year 1965. Maybe Over 5,000,000 Cases A 40-50 million catch wouldfar exceed the historic highs of 1917, 1938, and 1965, when sockeye catches ranged from 24 to 25 mil- lion. The case pack from such a catch, plus relatively good prospects for pink salmon in 1970 throughout Gulf of Alaska districts, should result inhighest packin more than 20 years. It may exceed 5 million cases. 20 Processing Problems Foreseen Although more than enough fishermen live and work in Alaska to harvest the expected 1970 bonanza in Bristol Bay, processors may have problems handling the catch, Governor Miller emphasized. This is because the run inthe Bay is short and the industry physically limited. 1 River System The huge size of the expected Bristol Bay run is almost solely attributable to a single river system: the Kvichak River-Lake Tliamna-Lake Clark. Over 52 million sock- eye of the 64 million run will return to this watershed, most of these from a Single age class of 5-year-olds produced from high- cycle-year spawning in 1965; then, about 25 million escaped thefishery and ascended the river. High Levels Confirmed Preliminary indications from high-seas fishing at Adak in 1969 on immature salmon that will make up 1970 run generally con- firmed very high levels of abundance. Im- proved growth rates had occurred compared to parent cycle. The fishing was done by the University of Washington working under U.S. contract. The 1970 run should require about 14 fish to make a 48-pound case of salmon; in 1965, 17 fish were required. Other Good Runs The preliminary forecast for Bristol Bay indicates the Naknek, Egegik, and Ugashik Rivers also will have relatively goodruns in 1970. The resident fishermen, especially of Ugashik, recently suffered a series of very poor runs, ae FISHERY ECONOMICS HAS SOME BRIGHT SPOTS Several reports have indicated the plight of the Alaskafishermen: alow average annual income that would reduce them to a poverty level if total catch value were distributed evenly among all. In 1967, the value of Alas - ka's catch, $48.8 million, divided among 18,172 fishermen would give an average an- nual gross income of $2,685. After deprecia- tion, expenses, and taxes, most would have lost money. Recently, Bill Evans, Statistician of BCF Juneau, drew "an altogether different picture for those who are truly fishermen in Alaska." SE Alaska Troll Fishery In the Southeast Alaska troll fishery, 22% of the 1,792 so-called trollers caught 76.4% of the fish. Evans arrived atthesefigures by going through the list of annual total vessel landings by vesselnumber. He recorded only trollers catching 1,000 fish or more. The highliner took 7,000 fish, and the most common (modal) catch for the group was about 2,500 fish. Based on catches of about 25% kings and 75% cohos, the vessel landing 1,000 fish would have grossed about $6,450. The modal annual catch of 2,500 fish would have grossed the fishermen about $16,000; the highliner with 7,000 fish would have grossed about $45,000. Most of these vessels probably fish for halibut also, and perhaps for some other species; so these would have higher annual earnings than indicated from the fig- ures that could easily be obtained. Central Alaska King Crab In the Central Alaska king-crab fishery of 222 vessels, only those landing more than 300,000 pounds were counted. Forty-one ves- sels, 18%, caught 52% of the total 37.3 million pounds. Annual catches for these vessels ranged from 300,000 pounds to 1.5 million pounds; the modal catch was about 500,000 pounds. This would amount to gross earnings for this group ranging from $75,000 to $375,000, with a mode of $125,000. Evans believes these examples show that many of Alaska's "serious fishermen are making a very good living." *k OK Ok STATE INSURANCE DIRECTOR URGES FISHERMEN'S CO-OP Alaska's State Insurance Director, W. W. Fritz, testifying in September before a Con- gressional Committee in Kodiak, urged Con- gress to make available aback-up fund of $2 million to form a fishermen's insurance co- operative inKodiak. This was reported inthe Kodiak 'Mirror'. Fritz said that the insurance industry has virtually no interest in providing marine in- surance to North Pacific fishing vessels be- cause of the high rate of boat disasters and resulting heavy losses to insurance firms. The fishermen of the North Pacific, for the most part, cannot afford the high and increas- ing rates of marine insurance coverage. One international requirementfor getting marine insurance involves hull stability tests. The stability tests are expensive. Own Co-Op Needed Fritz envisions the area's fishermen set- ting up their own insurance pool through an insurance cooperative and a Board they select. The Board, made up of fishermen, would decide which vessels could belong to the cooperative. He said the fishermen know which are the good and thebad risks. Fisher- men rejected by the Board would have to pay the commercial rate to be insured by the co- operative. Insurance pool cooperatives already have been operating for years in Seattle, Wash. Fritz said the cooperative would need ini- tially a back-up fund of about $2 million to Sustain it against any losses during its first few years. He urged that the first insurance cooperative be organized in Kodiak. This one would help set up Similar cooperatives in such areas as Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet. OK OK BCF HELPS COUSTEAU PREPARE SALMON FILM In early August, scientists of BCF's Auke Bay (Alaska) Laboratory aided the 6-man crew of Jacques Yves-Cousteau's 'Calypso! in production of a film on sockeye salmon. Two Kodiak Island bases were used: the BCF station at Karluk Lake, and the Fraser Lake station of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. A small part was made in a Salmon cannery at Alitak Bay. 21 Part of Life Cycle The film covers that part of the salmon's life cycle dealing with the adult's return to the spawning grounds. It includes the fishery, morphological changes in adult fish prior to and after spawning, the spawning act, behav- ior, and death. It is expected that the film will be ready for distribution to theaters and ABC and BBC TV in about a year. CALIFORNIA TO BUILD FIRST STATE-OWNED CHANNEL CATFISH HATCHERY California's Wildlife Conservation Board is financing construction of California's first state-owned hatchery for channel catfish. Building of the $1.2-million Imperial Valley Warmwater Hatchery will begin about Jan. 1, 1970, and take a year. The Hatchery The hatchery will be on state property 6 miles north of Niland, on east side of Salton Sea, in Imperial County. It will consist of 17 rearing ponds, each 6 feet deep, covering nearly 100 acres; 3 residences, and an ad- ministration building including shop, ware- house, office, and ice-storage facilities. The Department of Fish and Game will take over operation when the hatchery is completed. The Department recommended construction after nearly 4 years of on-site testing. 500,000 A Year About 500,000 one -half-pound channel cat- fish will be reared annually. These will be stocked in many suitable Southern California reservoirs and units of the State Water Proj- ect. The channel catfish growth rate is exceptionally fast, and the growing season lasts all year. % 36 22 TAGGED STURGEON MIGRATE FAR A green sturgeon tagged in 1967 in San Pablo Bay, Calif., by the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game, has been caught by a commercial fisherman in Grays Harbor, Washington. It was one of 25 tagged that year. Twoothertags were returnedfrom the same group, one fromSanta Cruz, Calif., the other from Astoria, Oregon. 3 from 1954 Tagging Three tags from a 1954 California tagging program also were recovered far away: one from Astoria, at liberty more than three years; another from the same area after 431 days; the third after 1,067 days in Winchester Bay, Oregon. This indicates that green sturgeon migrate along the Pacific coast for considerable dis- tances. They are likely to mix with other populations. A ——lis NEW YORK LONG ISLAND SOUND POLLUTION DOUBLES IN DECADE Two New York Congressmen warned on October 24 that Long Island Sound was be- coming more polluted--and that efforts to improve its water quality were becoming less effective. This was reported the next day by Nancy Moran in 'The New York Times’. Rep. Ogden R. Reid, Westchester County Republican, said: 'Long Island Sound is in danger of becoming another Lake Erie. The water is twice as dirty as it was 10 years ago and the pollution is spreading out from the shoreline. Rep. Lester L. Wolff, Nassau County Democrat, said Congress should create an intergovernmental commission '"'to stop the piecemeal destruction that is going on now. Pollution Increases Sharply The Congressmen had seen the results of a survey released that week by Interior Department's Federal Water Pollution Con- trol Administration (FWPCA). The report showed that the bacteriologic count in L.I, Sound had risen sharply along shorelines. Russell E. Train, Interior Department's Under Secretary, commented on the survey: "There is clear evidence of deterioration at the western end of the sound. The bad spots are danger Signals that give us a chance to save the sound as a whole.' The survey was made in October by Interior Department's 64-foot, laboratory- equipped 'Clean Waters'. Water was sampled at 100 places throughout the sound. Sewage Treatment Lags Most pollution, the survey found, came from the discharges of 179 municipal sewage facilities into the sound--andfrom commer- cial navigation, pleasure boats, and dredging. There arel0 times more pleasure boats than 10 years ago. Less than half the municipal sewage facilities provide secondary disinfecting treatment. Under U.S, regulations, all mu- nicipalfacilities are slated to have secondary treatment by 1972. Some are behind sched- ule. Nuclear Plants Planned Water quality may be affected significantly by planned construction in the 1970s of 5 nuclear-fueled power plants inthe area. The plants would use billions of gallons of water a day for cooling. The hot water discharged into L.I, Sound would cause an almost im- mediate change in water temperature. Conservationists oppose the plants because warming of water disrupts fish life. It also fosters growth of algae--from mild greenfuzz to huge seaweed-like plants that now are harming Lake Erie. Effect on Shellfish The Clean Waters cruised up and back 30 miles, from Port Chester to Flushing Harbor, through murky water. Most of this waterhas been closed to shellfish harvesting in recent years because of high bacterial counts. Daniel Marchishin, a sanitary engineer who had gathered water samples, reported many people shellfishing. He said: ‘We're not policemen, so we let them alone, but I sure wouldn't want to eat those clams, He and 2 assistants sampled for coliform, rod-shaped bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. At Whitestone Bridge, coliform count was 27,000 per 100 milliliters; at Port Chester Harbor, 14,000 per 100 milliliters. In shellfish areas, 70 per 100 milliliters is standard count. Coliform counts midstream in the sound and east of Port Jefferson generally were much lower; the water was of ‘generally good quality." FWPCA Survey in 1972 The Federal Water Pollution Control Ad- ministration plans a comprehensive survey of L.I. Sound in 1972. But, Cong. Reid said, "the pollution problem is growing every day" and the FWPCA survey Should begin im- mediately. = WASHINGTON HAKE LANDINGS IN PUGET SOUND REACH 9 MILLION POUNDS Hake landings in Puget Sound during the past season were about 9 million pounds. Chances for a record disappeared when 2 major buyers of hake restricted landings or stopped buying. A new, floating, fish-meal plant at Neah Bay, Wash., suffered mechanical problems from the time it opened in Nov. 1968. It was forced to limit landings until late March 1969, when it closed for major repairs. Million-Pound Vessels Five of the 6 vessels in the 1968-1969 fishery landed over 1,000,000 pounds each; 2 exceeded 2,000,000 pounds. Catch rates for the 6 were higher than in1967-1968--but the Significance of this is uncertain because trawler efficiency differed. FLORIDA SHRIMP FARMING STUDY WINS EDA FUNDS The Economic Development Administra- tion (EDA) has granted $180,759 to a firm to help determine the feasibility of raising fresh-water shrimp on Florida Indian reser- vations and other underdeveloped lands. The shrimp is the Macrobrachium species in- digenous to Florida. 23 The funds willhelp payfor a 2-year proj- ect of growing fresh-water shrimp in a con- trolled environment--and demonstrating shrimp cultivation on a semicommercial scale. The study will be conducted on the Big Cypress Reservation in Broward and Hendry counties, about 65 miles northwest of Miami. The Seminole Indian Tribe is leas - ing the land. Could Help Indians The firm says that if fresh-water shrimp farming proves feasible, there would be jobs for Indians on whose reservations the shrimp wouldbe raised. Techniques developed would be adaptable to other parts of the U.S. Facilities and technical help will be pro- vided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Interior Department, Florida Soil Conservation Ser- vice of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Total cost is $334,290. EDA EDA was established under the Public Works and Economic Development Act. It is authorized to conduct the research that will help to create new jobs and boost incomes in areas with employment problems. —— COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO 'STAHL' FINDS SNAPPERS & GROUPERS IN UNEXPLOITED AREA OFF PUERTO RICO Large red snapper, lane snapper, and grouper are available inanarea not generally exploited by local fishermen. The area is Vega Baja to Cerro Gordo. This was dis- covered in September during exploration and test fishing by the M/V ‘Agustin Stahl! of Puerto Rico's Department of Agriculture. Fishing Tests The Stahl conducted fishing tests in various depths up to 110 fathoms with fish pots. The results were lane snapper, red snapper (up to 10 pounds each), and grouper. Local fishermen normally do not use fish pots in this area. The test results may en- courage their use. Stahl personnel are help- ing fishermen build and operate the pots. my Glug ot ARTICLES A TRAWLER’S VOYAGE POINTS UP U.S. FISHERMEN’S PROBLEMS Elliot Carlson HAMPTON, VA.--Old and weather -beaten, the trawler 'Dragnet!' slips almost unnoticed into this fishing port. Despite five tough days at sea, the crew of this 35-ton boat shows no elation at the sight of land. For the trip, in the argot of ocean-going fishermen, was nearly a "broker.'' There was barely enough money made to cover expenses, leaving little for the crew. The problems were many: Too muchtime spent chasing too few fish. Mechanical mis- haps. Bad weather that cut short the voyage. And, most depressing of all, an unexpected sharp dropinthe price of flounder--for which the men were fishing eight miles off the Virginia coast. "Many more trips like this one and we'll be out of business,'' grumbles Capt. James Callis, the pipe-smoking, 47-year-old skipper and part-owner of the Dragnet. "Captain Jimmy" and his two hands aboard the Dragnet aren't alone in their troubles. Indeed, unproductive trips like this one are becoming all toofamiliarfor many American deep-sea fishermen. For one thing, once- prolific species are dwindling. North Atlantic waters no longer yield the rich catches of cod, haddock and ocean perch of just a few years ago. Farther south, catches of porgy, sea bass and flounder have slumped. In Pa- cific Northwest waters, halibutand king crab are in short supply. The result: America's total fish catch last year was the second smallest since 1942. FOREIGN RIVALS Fishermen blame their woes on Russian ships and other foreign fleets that increas- ingly work waters near the American 12-mile limit. The problem may worsen. Two weeks ago a foreign fleet of more than 300 boats, at least 200 of them flying the Soviet flag, was reported sweeping the New England coast, Of course, by no means are allspecies on the decline, The 1968 shrimp catch set a This article appeared in the 'Wall Street Journal,' Sept. 29, 1969. record, and the tuna catch, while down, re- mained at a high level. Still, concern is heightening over the plight of the U.S. fishing industry, which pulled in $472 million worth of fish in 1968. ‘Large portions of the in- dustry are indeep trouble," says Lee J. Wed- dig, executive director of the National Fish- eries Institute Inc., a trade group. "The catch is declining, equipment is lagging and there are few, if any, profits." Much of the American fishingfleet is old, inefficient and unable to compete with the large, modern craft in foreign fleets, which are capable of operating thousands of miles from home ports. There are, to be sure, ex- ceptions; at least 350 new vessels joined the U.S. shrimp fleet last year. But noting that 60% of America's boats are over16 years old, a Bureau of Commercial Fisheries report states flatly: "Most of the U.S. fleet is obso- lete. RUGGED INDIVIDUALISTS What's more, foreign boats, often subsi- dized by their governments, are geared to cooperate in their expeditions. The large Russian fleets regularly send out scout boats that search for schools of fish. American captains, however, tend to be small business - men who view each other as competitors. Crusty and independent, they aren't inclined to cooperate, Andlike many small business - men, they're also plagued by rising costs, especially for labor and insurance. Whatever the reasons, the U.S. is rapidly losing its place as a world fishing leader. The U.S, share of the total world catch of fish has dropped to 5% from 13% in 1956, thereby moving the nationto sixth from second place (Peru is first), And while America's annual production has varied little since 1945, the world catch of fish has increased more than threefold. The U.S, now imports nearly three- fourths of the fish it consumes. A Congressional committee that studied the predicament of the fishing industry recently commented that "vessels generally become much less economical to operate by the time they are 15 years old.'' A case in point is the 31-year-old Dragnet, whose mechanical woes addconsiderably to ex- penses. "Something is always falling apart," sighs Capt. Callis, a slightly built, unflapp- able man who has skippered the boat for 15 years. CATCHING AN ANCHOR A few days aboard the 65-foot trawler il- lustrate what the captain means. The first day out the boat's nets were badly shredded when she snagged an old ship's anchor. It took the captain and his two-man crew three hours to disentangle the anchor and repair the net, a delaythat costthe men at least one net-load of fish. On the second day, a vital link holding the net to a cable snapped loose, permitting the net to danglefreely in the wa- ter. It took an hour to fix and probably cost another haul. (Actually, the boat got off easy this trip; afew months ago she had to be towed home when a propeller was damaged.) Finally, the weather--a constant worry to fishermen --forced the Dragnet to shorten her trip by two days. But it's unlikely that the extra days at sea would have greatly improved the Dragnet's fortunes. For while the fish- ing wasn't disastrous, it was mediocre. "I'm not so much disappointed as bored,'' muttered the captain as he bent over the wheel on the second day. ''Ten years ago you could catch twice the fish in half the time." Capt. Callis and his crew work14hours a day, from first lightat5 a.m. to 9 p.m. How do they spend the late evening hours? They fish--this time for themselves, dangling lines over the boat's side. Usually they have even worse luck than during the day: On this trip they caught nothing in two nights of trying. "We just like to fish,'' said deck hand Gar- land Smith, baiting ahook with a piece of raw fish. During the day, the trawler usually has time for seven hauls--assuming nothing breaks down--as she cruises back and forth off the Virginia coast. The nets cut a 60-foot swath along the ocean floor; after covering about two miles, they're hauled in with winches. Each haul yields roughly 70 to 150 pounds of fish. 25 All told, the Dragnet must haul in about 4,500 pounds of flounder on each trip for the captain and crew to make a modest profit. This is based on prices to the fishermen ranging between 30 and 60 cents a pound, depending on the size of the fish. But onthis trip, the catch was only 3,000 pounds, and prices--for reasons that stillaren't clear to Capt. Callis--slumped to an average of 27 cents a pound. (The wholesaler who bought the Dragnet's loadclaims prices always drop after the summer.) "That was a real blow,'' says the skipper, noting the boat grossed only about $800 for the five-day effort. The amount was sosmall it couldn't be divided up in the usual manner, which calls for 40% to be set aside for boat upkeep, 10% to goto the captain and his fellow owners, about $350 to defray expenses and the rest to go to the crew (which again includes the captain), Almost nothing would have been left for the crew had the captain followed this formula, so he juggled expenses so that each man got $100 for about 70 hours work. Capt. Callis concedes this is low pay, but he has troubles of his own. For the owners to break even each year, he has to gross a minimum of $50,000. Thisisn'talways easy. Last year, for example, the Dragnet's 13- year-old engine broke down, idling the boat for three months. As a result, the captain showed a slight loss for the year. Despite declining catches, it's still possible to make a profit most years because the prices of many dwindling species have doubled or better over the last five years, the skipper says. Even so, the skipper finds himself caught ina profit squeeze. Higher prices may enable him to gross about what he could when fish were more abundant, but the increases in costs cut profits. For one thing, insurance for his boat and crew now costs him $6,200 annually, up from about $3,000 ten years ago. The costs of fuel, ice, nets, cable and other equipment are also rising. While he can survive for the moment, the captain worries about the future. ''Prices have gone about as high as they can go," he maintains. ''So if the fish keep declining, I don't know what's going to happen." PROPOSALS FOR CURES Government and industry sources believe Capt. Callis' troubles are typical (the 35-ton 26 Dragnet may seem small, but only 13,000 of the country's 84,200 commercial fishing boats weigh five tons or more). Lately, dozens of proposals have been advanced for revitalizing the fishing industry. Early this year the President's Commission on Marine Sciences, Engineering and Resources recommended, among other things, that the U.S. develop a "technically advanced fishing fleet" and also reduce "excess fishing effort" inorder to re- plenish depleted species. One cost problem affecting U.S. fishermen stems from a1793law requiring that vessels landing fish in U.S. ports be built in this country. Construction costs in the U.S. are about double those elsewhere. A bill to end the restriction has been introduced in the Senate, but it is given little chance of pas- sage. In 1964, Congress did pass alaw granting subsidies covering up to 50% of the cost of new boats built in the U.S. The law expired in June, and abillto renew ithas been passed by the House and is pending in the Senate. But funds for the subsidies have been scarce, and so far only 32 new boats have been built under the program. Department of Interior officials say they have been somewhat more successful in ef- forts to ease pressure on over-fished spec- ies. Aspokesman notes that in 1967 the Russians agreed to refrain from fishing for flounder, porgy andafew other species found to be declining near U.S. shores. Officials say the program is working, but some fisher- men claim the Russians frequently ignore the agreement. Capt. Callis says that early this year his trawler passed within 100 yards of a Russian fishing boat hauling in large amounts of porgy. He says he complained to the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries but found the agency skeptical. ''They asked if I could prove the fish were porgy,''recalls the captain. ''Hell, I've been chasing porgy all my life, I ought to know what they look like," The captain claims that during the same trip a Russian boat veered towards the Drag- net and nearly rammed it. The incident was reported to the State Department, but noth- ing came of it, he says. "A lot of those Rus- sian boats just want to hog the bottom--and since they're bigger than we are, there isn't much we can do about it,'' he grumbles. The large Russian, Japanese and other foreign fleets that work off American coasts are equipped to haul in many more fish than U.S. boats. For instance, Russian trawlers, which range up to 423 feet in size, are large enough to pulltwo sets of nets--one dragging the bottom and one dragging at middle depths. This technique enables them to double their catch, "The Dragnet simply doesn't have the power to pull more than one set of nets,"' says Capt. Callis. Fishermen also complain that the Russians use a much finer net, which permits them to fishfor a number of species simultaneously. (American boats generally fish for just one species at a time.) The Russian trawlers periodically transfer their catches to large mother ships that process, can and refrigerate the fish while stillat sea. A LOW-PRESSURE LIFE Despite the industry's troubles, most fish- ermen are reluctant to leave their jobs, al- though there have been some departures. Nationally, the number of commercial fish- ermen declined to 136,500 in 1967 from 161,463 in 1950. Only about 45 trawlers now operate out of Hampton, compared with about 100 ten years ago, according to one study. Captains complain that young people are rejecting the fishing life for softer land- based jobs. Butsomefishermen say the low- pressure life at sea has its compensations. "Out here you're your own boss--there aren't all kinds of people standing over you," says deck hand Smith of the Dragnet. Still, he concedes his incomeis unimpressive. The two Dragnet deckhands say they gross $4,000 to$5,000ayear. They get no overtime pay, no paid vacations and few other fringe benefits. Nor does the Dragnet offer her crew much inthe way of amenities. The only fresh water comes from a small, hand-operated pump in the bow. Hence, everyone foregoes bathing, tooth-brushing and other niceties during what is ordinarily a seven-day trip. The captain and crew sleep in cramped quarters in the bow or in the engine room, which is hot and reeks with dieselfumes. (Indeed, a passenger found his engine room bunk so intolerable he ended up sleeping on the floor of the pilot- house.) Food on the Dragnet, however, is good and hearty. Mulligan stew, pork chops, hot dogs and beans--and occasionally fish--are stand- ard fare concocted by deck hand Eugene White, 44, who doubles as cook. ined TUNA PURSE SEINE FISHERY IN EASTERN TROPICAL ATLANTIC John P. Wise Since the 1950's, a surface fishery for tunas has been carriedon inthe eastern trop- ical Atlantic, principally in the Gulf of Guinea and southward. The Gulf of Guinea fleet, originally almost all French, has been aug- mented by afew vessels from other countries in recent years. In 1967, three American seiners made successful trips to the areaand, in 1968, eight American and four Canadian seiners fished in the area during the second half of the year with good results. In addition to the Gulf of Guinea fishery, now carried on most of the year, there is a less important winter-spring pole-and-line fishery by small French "ice boats" from Dakar. This fishery ranges from 5° N. to 20° N., not more than 250 miles from the coast and around the Cape Verde Islands. Total YF & SJ Yellowfin Skipjack = “ i= & & = = o = > 5 ao) . <= S iC} oO Fig. 1 - Catch per day at sea, Dakar ice boats (1965-66 season). In the early years of the Gulf of Guinea fishery, almost allof the fishing was done by pole-and-line, but the recent tendency has been for seiners to enter the fishery and for the bait boats to change over to seining. In 1967, seiners made upnearly half of the fleet landing at Pointe-Noire--18 seiners vs. 21 bait boats. (Many of the seiners use live bait to hold the schools while the net is being set.) The Pointe-Noire fleet, mostly French, concentrates on yellowfin tuna, but there has been a tendency in recent years toland more skipjack tuna. Landings in1967 and 1968 ran about 85 percent yellowfin, with the remainder almost entirely skipjack. This fleet is sup- plying a selective market, however, and the landings. do not necessarily reflect the dis- tribution of catchable fish. American seiners fishing in the same general areas in 1967 and 1968 landed about 35 percent skipjack. A clear picture of the distribution of good fishing areas is emerging. This is attribut- able to the cooperation of the skippers of the U.S, and foreign fleets, and of the French fish- ery scientists in west Africa who have ana- lyzed the landings data from the fleet that lands at Pointe-Noire. Onthebasis of the re- sults of the Pointe-Noire fleet in 1967, and the U.S. and Canadianfleets in 1967 and 1968, the best yellowfin tuna seining areas from June to November are: June G2 s 109, 6a os July 1 Ny = «12S, TO = gO ia}, August 1© Wi, = 1© §; 49 - 6° EF, 0° - 2°S, 70 - 99°F, September 1°N.- 2°S., BO = GO in, @@ = 908, qT = {2 is, LOGS = BOIS, 50 - 6° , 295. - 4°S. 79 - 10° &. TOS, = BS, 112 = 13© im, October $9 §, > BOS, 102 = 11© ip, TS = GS, IOS = 190 ip. 1 So = 1028, 199 = 13 in. Noweniee FS, + O28, 17 = 12 m TOS, = 11S, n9® = 130 in. Abundance of pole-caught yellowfin tuna inthe area increases steadily from February until August, then declines again until February. In some years the peak has been in September, or even as late as Oc- tober. The author is a fishery biologist with BCF Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33129. Contribution No. 136. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 853 28 — a c i) = J = = o = Catch per day Fig. 2 = Catch per day fishing, seiners landing at Pointe=Noire (1967). Catch per day (metric tons) Fig. 3 = Catch per day fishing, live-bait boats landing at Pointe= Noire (1964-67 smoothed average). A comparison of the good west African fishing areas with the average surface tem- peratures shows an apparent relation between the areas of good fishing and the 24° C. and 25° C, (roughly 759-779 F.) isotherms. The relation is consistent with reports of the French researchers at Pointe-Noire (Congo). They have mentioned frequently that the "Berrit Front, identified with the 24° C. iso- therm moving from just south of the equator in July to about 13° S. inJanuary, appears to be a concentrating mechanism for tunas. The Tropical Atlantic Biological Labora- tory, a research unit of the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, has been carrying on stud- ies of tuna biology and oceanography in the eastern tropical Atlantic since 1963. In 1968, the research vessel 'Undaunted' made two cruises to the area (January-Mayand August- December). We were particularly interested in the distribution and abundance of tuna schools and the relation of tuna to suchfactors as thermocline depthand water temperature. Some of the information gathered on these cruises is included in this report. Interest by the U.S. tunafleet in the east- ern tropical Atlantic surface fishery height- ened in the summer of 1969. This was due to the closure of the eastern tropical Pacific fishery in mid-April, and the success of U.S. seiners in the Atlantic in 1967 and 1968. As a result, the U.S, fleet operating in the east- ern tropical Atlantic increased to over 20 seiners in 1969. Three Panamanian seiners and two Canadian seiners joined the Gulf of Guinea fishery this year. The Japanese government licensed three more purse sein- ers for the area in early 1969, bringing the total of Japanese seiners in the area to nine. Portugal also is reported to be sending two or three large seiners to the eastern tropical Atlantic. TABL Data Summary No. 7, which contains more detail on the eastern tropical Atlantic purse seine fishery, is available from the Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149, FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY--IV OCEAN SALINITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PACIFIC SALMON Felix Favorite Pacific salmon(genus Oncorhynchus) have effective mechanisms for adapting to the osmotic pressures of freshand salt water, but the significance of salinity on the distribution of salmon is open to question. Young finger- ling salmon leaving fresh-water streams and entering the ocean appear able to control their movements so as to permit a gradual ac- climatization to oceanic salinities. A fishery biologist studying salmonblood informed me that he routinely placed live adult salmon caught in salt water directly into fresh-water holding tanks without adverse affects. He could thus see no reason why salinity had any bearing on the distribution and migration of salmon in the ocean. Whether any distress was experienced by the salmon, or whether its fresh-water migrationhad already begun, are beside the point. Salinity, as defined scientifically, is basically determined from measurement of the amount of chloride ion. As such, ithas no mysterious characteristics other than degree of concentration. I do not imply that salmon cannot detect small dif- ferences in concentration of other ions, but only that salt is salt. However, knowledge of the vertical and horizontal distribution of salinity permits us to ascertain general oceanographic conditions and processes. Our early investigations (1955-56) were conducted during summer. The salmon were not caught south of the southern boundary of the temperature-minimum stratum described in part 3 of this series ofarticles. After the 1956 summer season, we were notified that the 'Charles H. Gilbert! of the BCF Honolulu Biological Laboratory had caught four pink salmon(Q. gorbuscha) near lat. 41930'N, long. 165° W inApril 1956. The southern boundary of the offshore feeding grounds inthe eastern part of the ocean was thereby extended several hundred miles. When sufficient oceanographic data were available, it was possible to show a striking change inthe vertical salinity dis- tribution at this latitude (42° N). Tothe north, salinity increased monotonically with depth, but to the south a salinity-minimum stratum existed at depth. This division was clearly indicated by a vertical 34 %o isohaline in the surface layer, which was separate and distinct from the underlying 34 %o isohaline (which sloped downward from north to south across this latitude--fig. 1). SUBARCTIC - SUBTROPIC BOUNDARY ws 40° Latitude °N fe) SO 100 45° i] ° o) DEPTH (METERS) ° fo} Fig. 1 - Vertical section of salinity in central North Pacific Ocean showing near vertical 34 %o isohaline near lat. 419° N, which marks the Subarctic-Subtropic Boundary and the southern limit of Pacific salmon, Arrows indicate probable vertical circula= tion, At this point we had three environments: northern, characterized by a temperature- minimum at depth; transition, with monoton- ically increasing values of temperature and salinity with depth; and southern, charac- terized by a salinity minimum at depth (fig. 2). For convenience, the first two were sub- sequently defined as within the Subarctic Region, even though the transition environ- ment should not be considered subarctic be- cause of its occasional high temperatures. The boundary between the transition environ- ment and that having the salinity-minimum stratum is now referredto as the Subarctic- Subtropic Boundary; it has withstood the test of time as the southern limit of the Pacific salmon in the central North Pacific Ocean. Dr. Favorite is an Oceanographer with BCF"s Biological Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, Wash. 98102. 29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 854 30 140°E. I50°E. 160°E. _170°E. 180° 170°w. 160°w. I50°w. 140°w. 130°w. 120°w. = FRANSITION_ZONE+ + ae SUBARCTIC - SUBTROPIC BOUNDARy ~~ SALINITY = MINIMUM STRATUM mini | th + + SO7ESTIGO-ErOse 180° 140°E. 170°W. 160°wW. I50°W. 140°wW. 130°W. 120°w. Fig. 2 - Schematic diagram of extent of two salmon environments--one characterized by a subsurface temperature-minimum stratum and the other a transition zone, with neither a temperature- nor salinity-minimum stratum, The Subarctic-Subtropic Boundary de- notes the southern limit of Pacific salmon in the open ocean. The location of the Subarctic-Subtropic boundary also was found later to be an area of distinct changes in type and amount of planktonic forms. But no investigation has been made of the tongue-like intrusion of typically subarctic water, whichextends as a salinity-minimum stratum south of lat. 40°N under the surface lens of the saline subtropic surface water. A number of years ago, be- fore we were able to conduct winter salmon fishing, I speculated that some salmon might winter inthis deep stratumfar removed from the winter storms prevalent at the surface. Although we caught enough salmon at the sur- face at higher latitudes during winter to challenge this hypothesis, we have never caught them in sufficient quantities to estab- lish a winter distribution pattern. Indeed, it would be interesting to investigate the bio- mass in this stratum during winter. The distribution of salinity at depth also provides some clue as to cause of the tem- perature-minimum stratum. A plot of depth at which the 34 %o isohaline occurs (fig. 3) indicates that it rises closest to the surface in a plateau-like structure around the tem- perature-minimum stratum. If we accept the premise of a northward flow of deep or bot- tom water from the Antarctic region into the North Pacific Ocean, the physical barrier im- posed by the boundary of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands could deflect this water upward and cause a certain type of water structure. The subsequent formation of a sharp halocline at the interface of the deep saline water, transported upward, and the bottom of the surface layer of dilute water, limit the downward movement of cold but dilute surface water during winter turnover to 100-200 m. depth, and the temperature- minimum stratum occurs. I am aware that it would be advantageous to characterize stream runoff by specific chemical constituents or ratios of chemical constituents. The chemistry of sea water, however, is infinitely complex. Several years ago, when we established a chemical ocean- ography section in our Oceanography Pro- gram, we made little progress even though we adopted relatively new techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Dr. T. Joyner (a member of our group at that time) measured particulate aluminum in the plume of the Columbia River by this method. He showed that this technique was almost as effective as that of using salinity to define the extent of the plume; however, particle setting rates which affect the horizontal dis- tribution were not considered. 31 130°W. 140°E. ISOZE* [SOZEIVOSES 180° 170°w. I60°w. 150°W. 140°w. 120° W. 140°E. I50°E. 180° 170°w. 160°w. 150°w. 130°w. 120°w. Fig. 3 - Schematic diagram of the depth of 34 %o isohaline, showing area of minimum depth (shaded) south of Alaska Peninsula and 140°w. Aleutian Islands. That other properties are also advected with the dilute runoffis not extensively docu- mented because most of the elements amen- able to analysis atsea are nonconservative -- in other words, they are modified by other processes. These properties are primarily nutrients such as phosphate, silicate, or nitrate, which may be consumed by living plants--or replenished by decaying plants and animals as the plume moves seaward. Improvements in chemical analytical tech- niques for accurate determination of trace elements and other chemical constituents of sea water are sorely needed; such improve- ments will greatly aid in determining where in the oceana homing salmon first chemically detects its natal stream, if indeed it ever loses contact. Surface temperature was not discussed in the previous article because the so-called latitudinal "march" of isotherms, northward in spring and southward in summer as a re- sult of the increasing and decreasing latitude of the sun, is well documented. From ships and satellites, we now obtain data at 5-day intervals on distributions of surface temper- ature, but no data ondistributions of surface Salinity. This is unfortunate because the salinities wouldbe more useful than the tem- peratures in determining flow. Such obser- vations are not made aboard "Ships of Op- portunity'’ (merchant vessels), and remote sensing of salinityis not possible. Equilibra- tion of heatat the sea-airinterface and other processes tend to mask advective tempera- ture anomalies, but salinity anomalies in some areas canbe traced for great distances. Surface salinity across the North Pacific Ocean above lat. 45° Nis about 33 %o, At no other place in the world's oceans (except in coastal regions or the Arctic)is there wa- ter of such low salinity. Attheselatitudes in the North Atlantic Ocean, salinity is over 2 %o higher (34 %o is about the mean value for the surface salinity of the oceans). The Subarctic Pacific Region is characterized by anet precipitationover evaporation. The ex- tensive spring runoff from snowsheds at these latitudes lowers salinity of coastal waters during spring and summer. If we consider the 32.6 %o isohaline as indicative of coastal water, we find thatit extends over a wide area of the Region (fig. 4). 32 140°E. _I50°E. IGOSEss aliOSE= 180° 170° Ww. ese SUBARCTIC - SUBTROPIC BOUNDARY =, I6O°W. I50°W. 140°wW. 130°w. 120°w. 140°E. I5O°E. I60°E. 170°. 180° 170°w. I6O°W. I50°W. I40°W. I30°W. 120°W. Fig. 4 - Schematic diagram of the seaward extent of the 32.6 %o isohaline at the sea surface. Arrows indicate flow suggested by salinity distribution. The broad continental shelf in the Bering Sea is covered with dilute waterfrom various river runoffs. The absence of any source of deep, saline water (because of the shallow depths) prevents surface salinities in this area from attaining the higher values found in oceanic areas. South of the Bering Sea, it is obvious that dilute water occurs largely inshore of water overlying the temperature- minimum stratum, except where definite in- trusions are made into oceanic areas. One location is offshore of the Columbia River, and another is south of the Alaska Peninsula, where a southward intrusion clearly denotes a closed circulation in the Gulf of Alaska. Intrusions at the westward extremity of the Aleutian Islands and on the western North Pacific from the Kuril Island area quickly lose their identity by mixing with more saline oceanic waters; their extents are no longer indicated by surface salinity because of the broad area of rather uniform oceanic salini- ties. Other characteristics of these two plumes permitus to follow them farther sea- ward. In the next article, I shall describe other methods that are used to trace these intru- sions of water from the North American and Asian coasts farther into oceanic areas, We shall see how the intrusions appear to influ- ence the ocean distribution of North Amer- ican and Asian stocks of sockeye salmon (QO. nerka). 4 TROPICAL ATLANTIC TUNA LARVAE COLLECTED DURING EQUALANT SURVEYS William J. Richards The EQUALANT surveys, which consisted of multiship oceanic investigations, provided an excellent opportunity to study the tuna larvae of the tropical Atlantic Ocean (con- sidered here to be between lat. 20° N. and lat. 20° S.). The surveys were undertaken as part of the International Cooperative Investi- gations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA). Dates of the surveys were chosento coin- cide with the two oceanographic seasons which occur in these waters--EQUALANT I; Feb- ruary, March, and April 1963; EQUALANT Il; August, September, and October 1963. Most of tropical Atlantic is characterized by higher surface temperatures in the northern spring than in the northern. summer, but northward from about lat. 10° N. tempera- tures are higher in the northern summer. The larvae considered include yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre); big- eye tuna, T. obesus Lowe; albacore, T. alalunga (Bonnaterre); bluefin tuna, T. thynnus (Linnaeus); and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), The prin- cipal reason for collection of larval tunas is that their presence inan area isindicative of the recent spawning of adults; thus the date and place of spawning may be inferred from the distribution of the larvae. Besides dis- tribution data, aspects of the relation of the distribution and abundance of the larvae to physical features of the environment were analyzed from temperature and salinity measurements. Distribution Total larvae collected for each species studied (EQUALANT survey number in pa- rentheses) were: yellowfin tuna 158 (I), and 209 (II); bigeye tuna 53 (I), and 45 (II); alba- core 1 (I); bluefin tuna 3 (I); and skipjack tuna 222 (I) and 181 (II). Distribution charts for yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna are shown infigures 1,2, and 3. To facilitate comparisons, the numbers of larvae are ex- Sess as the number occurring beneath 100 m* of sea surface area. Differences inthe distribution and relative apparent abundance of the larvae of yellowfin tuna (fig. 1) and bigeye tuna (fig. 2) were striking during EQUALANTSI and II. Both species were concentrated in large numbers off West Africa and scattered off South Amer - ica incollections made during EQUALANT I; both were more abundant in collections made off South America than in those off West Africa during EQUALANT II. Water temper- atures may explain the differences because the two species apparently ''prefer'' waters above 26°C. Skipjack tuna larvae were abund- ant throughout most of the tropical Atlantic during both EQUALANT surveys, but absent off Cape Verde during EQUALANT I (fig. 3). Their distribution closely paralleled that of larval yellowfin and bigeye tunas during EQUALANT I, but the latter two species were scarce south of the Equator during EQUALANT II, Apparently skipjack tuna larvae are more tolerant of cool water temp- eratures than are the larvae of the other spe- cies (see below). Of the two other species of tunas obtained during EQUALANT I, the single albacore larva was collected at lat. 4-30' S., long. 33°30'W., on5 March, One bluefintuna larva was caught at lat. 7956'S., long. 15°27! W., and one at lat. 5°00' S., long. 15°29' W., on 22 March; and one at lat, 6°11' N., long. 13°26! W., on 29 March. Neither species was caught during EQUALANT II, Temperature and Salinity Relations Tuna larvae are assumed to be confined predominantly to the mixed surface layer. Comparisons of temperature and salinity values of the mixed surface layer with the distribution of the larvae indicated that only temperature is significant. At most Dr. Richards is Supervisory Zoologist, BCF Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149. Contribution No. 133, BCF Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149. 33 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ] Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 855 34 Thunnus albacares EQUALANT Lorvoe under 100 m2 of seo surface 100 ond over Present EQUALANT 11 Thunnus albacares Lorvae under 100m? of seo surface o 0 e 1-10 @ 11-30 3-99 100 and Fig. 1 - Distribution and relative abundance of yellowfin tuna larvae, EQUALANTS I and Il. | 10° 0° 10° + 20° = a 20° Thunnus obesus EQUALANT | Larvae under 100m? of sea surface r o (O e +0 @® 1130 . @ 31-99 bio @ 100 and over A Present EQUALANT I! Thunnus obesus Larvae under 100 m2 of sea surface 10° 100 and over Present Fig. 2 - Distribution and relative abundance of bigeye tuna larvae, EQUALANTS I and II. 35 36 Katsuwonus pelamis EQUALANT | Larvae under 100 m2 of sea surface o 0 e HO @ 11-30 @ 31-99 @ 100 and over A Present Katsuwonus pelamis FQUALANT I! Larvae under 100 m2 of seo surface ° 1-10 11-30 31-99 100 and over Present Fig. 3 - Distribution and relative abundance of skipjack tuna larvae, EQUALANTS I and II. EQUALANT I stations, temperatures were between 26.0° and 29.0° C.; during EQUALANT II they were between 24.0° and BUSY Cy We@il= lowfin and bigeye tuna larvae were taken only where water temperature was greater than 26.0° C. (26.1° to 29.4° C.). Skipjack tuna larvae were taken only in waters above 26° C, during EQUALANT I (26.1° to 29.49 C.), but in waters both cooler and warmer than 26.0° C. (in nearly equal numbers) during 37 Conclusion Larvae of yellowfin, bigeye, and skipjack tunas are widely distributed throughout the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Temperature may be a limiting factor inthe spawning or larval survival of yellowfin and bigeye tunas, but apparently skipjack tuna spawn and larvae survive withinthe limits of water temperature variation in this area. EQUALANT II (23.4° to 27.5° C.). LITERATURE CITED RICHARDS, WILLIAM J. 1967. On the distribution and abundance of tuna larvae. Abstract No. 37. Proceedings of the symposium on the oceanography and fisheries resources of the tropical Atlantic. FAO Fish. Rep. No. 51, p. 60. 1969. tributions. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 289-315. WHAT OTHER SEA LIFE IS USED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION ? Fish are only one form of marine life used for food. Two other important sources are shellfish andalgae. Shellfishare notfish at all; rather, they are members of two large groups of marine animals--crustaceans and mollusks. Lobsters, crabs, and shrimp are the most popular crustaceans on American tables. Spiny lobsters, Alaskanking crabs, and prawns are also harvested for food. Clams, oysters, and scallops are the most commonly eaten mollusks in this country. However, many other mollusks are used in some parts of this country and in other parts of the world. Mussels and cockles are popular in Europe, and squid is popular in Southern Europe and the Orient. Abalone is eaten in the Orient and the Western United States. One noted delicacy of the West Indies is conch salad; conchs are alsousedinchowder. Still more exotic delicacies are sea urchins and sea cucumbers; these animals are relatives of starfish. Although not popular in this country, sea mammals provide food for many peoples. Whales provide a great deal of meat which is marketed commercially in Japan and the Scandinavian countries. The Eskimo has dependedon seals andwalruses for food, oil, fur, and leather for centuries. Food from the sea is not limited to animal life. Seaweeds have also been used as food for centuries. In Iceland, sol, a red alga, is used as a vegetable during the long winters. Other algae have been boiled and made into puddings. Seaweed is also eaten inthe British Isles. The use of seaweed for food is most highly developed in Japan. Nori, a red alga, is cultivated as a croponnets orbushes setin quiet bays. In the past, Hawaiians have made use of a wide variety of seaweeds, and the most select varieties were grown in special ponds for the nobility. Kelp, a brown alga, is the raw materialfor a gelatin used in manyfood products. The growing world population, coupled with the shortage of protein foods in underdeveloped areas, has stimulated interest in algae as a source of cheap protein. Flour enriched with protein extracts from algae has been used in baked goods. ("Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) Distribution and relative apparent abundance of larval tunas collected in the tropical Atlantic during EQUALANT surveyslandII. Proc. Symp. Oceanogr. Fish. Res. Trop. Atl. - Review Papers and Con- ACOUSTICS "Underwater Acoustics: Volume 2," edited by V.M. Albers, Plenum Press, New York, 1967, 416 + xiii pp., indexed, illus. This book is a compilation of lectures presented at the Second Institute on Under- water Acoustics, Copenhagen, 1966. It in- cludes 18 lectures by outstanding scientists, each an authority in his field. The lectures and their bibliographies make the book an invaluable reference. The subjects include: advanced trans- ducers; underwater sound in marine biology and geology; frequency discrimination in the common seal; sound propagation in the pres- ence of bladder fish; flow noise; sound pro- pagation and ambient noise under ice; sound scattering; underwater sound in oceanogra- phy; internal waves, and transmission rates in underwater acoustic telemetry. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MARINE RESOURCES "The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources," edited by Frank E. Firth, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1969, 740 + xi pp., indexed, illus., $25. A handy reference compiled in response to the demand for readily accessible informa- tion on rapidly expanding undersea frontier. It covers more than 125 topics of current interest, from abalone to underwater mining; it includes minerals, bio-dynamics, food pro- duction, at-sea freezing and processing, fish- ing gear and equipment, pollution, and farming the sea. FISHING EFFORT "The Concept of the Marginal Yield from Exploited Fish Stocks," by J.A. Gulland, article (J. Cons. perm. inte. Explor. Mer., Vol. 32, No. 2, Nov. 1968, pp. 256-61). 38 When fishing effort increases on an ex- ploited stock, the increase in total yield (the marginal yield) is less than might be esti- mated from the product of the increase in effort and the catch-per-unit effort. Mar- ginal efficiency is the actual increase per- centage of the expected increase. It can be near 100% for very lightly fished stocks, and decreaseto near zero, or become even nega- tive, for heavily fished stocks. Mr. Gulland examines marginal efficiency as a function of catch for 2 commonly used population models. He discusses the impli- cation of the concepts of marginal yield and marginal efficiency for fishery management and for planning fishery development. OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH "Oceanographic Ship Operating Schedules," available free from Marine Sciences Affairs Staff, Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, Bldg. 159E, Rm. 476, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. 20390. A list of planned schedules and areas of operation of 79 U.S. Government-owned or sponsored research vessels, and Coast Guard ships at 6ocean stations, participating in the national marine science program from Noy- ember 1969 to April1970. Many are equipped to accommodate visiting scientists and ad- ditional instrumentation. Expected cruise dates, areas, and type of work--fishery research, plankton studies, etc.--are given for each ship. Interested scientists may apply for available berth space directly to agency or institution operating specific ships. Research data obtained dur- ing cruises may be obtained from the National Oceanographic Data Center, Bldg. 160, Wash- ington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C, 20390, PESTICIDES "Pesticides in Surface Waters of the United States: a Five-Year Summary 1964- 1968," by J.J. Lichtenberg, J.W. Eichelberger, R.C. Dressman, andJ.E. Longbottom, Depart- ment of the Interior, FWPCA, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 1969, 11 pp., 8 tables, illus. A report on 5 annualsynoptic surveys for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides showing widespread occurrences of Such compounds, The most frequently detected were Dieldrin and DDT, and its close relatives DDE and DDD. The maximum concentrations found did not exceed permissible limits in relation to direct human intake from a domestic water supply--but they often exceeded the environ- mental limit recommended by the Federal Committee on Water Quality Criteria. The tables show concentration percent- ages and their locations. PRODUCTIVITY OF MAN-MADE LAKES "Conference on the Ecological Aspects of International Development,'' by Julia McCaull, article, "Nature and Resources" (bull. of Int. Hydrological Dec.), Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1969, pp. o-h2) The lack of mechanism for ensuring that the advance of technology brings desirable benefits, not disasters, has been strongly felt in many areas, especially in fisheries. The biggest, and perhaps the most con- sequential, hydrological projects are those to control the great rivers of the world. The dangers of instituting such gigantic enter- prises without adequate ecological planning is illustrated by the Kariba Dam on the Zam- bezi, and the high dam at Aswan. This arti- cle, a synopsis of conference papers, notes the adverse affects on fishing created by these dams. Before the formation of Lake Kariba, government officials had predicted it would produce up to 20,000 tons of fish annually. The production did not materialize. In 1963, more than 2,000 fishermen took 4,000 short tons from the lake. In 1964, the yield was less than 2,100 tons and, by 1967, the lake supported only 500 fishermen. This drastic decline apparently was due to only partially understood ecologicalfactors. Some of these are discussed in the article. 39 The Aswan Dam, which halted the flow of nutrients reaching the ocean, has destroyed the coastal sardine fishing industry. Five delta lakes fished commercially also appear less productive. Although Lake Nasser may produce catches exceeding those lost at the delta, a parallel is drawn between these ex- pectations and the unfulfilled expectations at Lake Kariba. Mr. McCaull also discusses the slow strangulation of Lake Valencia in Venezuela. PUBLICATIONS "Fishery Publications Index, 1955-64," Circular 296, Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, May 1969. Sold by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, $1.75. This is a list of Fish & Wildlife Service fishery publications indexed by series, auth- ors, and subjects. It includes popular, sta- tistical, and scientific reports. The following, published by the Fish & Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, are available from Division of Publications, BCF, 1801 N. Moore Street, Arlington, Va. 22209: PROCESSING "Use of Sodium Tripolyphosphate to Con- trol Fish Shrinkage during Hot-Smoking,"' by H.J. Barnett, R.W. Nelson, and J.A. Dassow, article, 'Fishery Industrial Research,! Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 103-115, illus. Moisture loss in hot-smoking (kippering) thawed halibut, salmon, and black cod results in economic loss as well as loss of quality. Because sodium tripolyphosphate effectively reduces loss of moisture in other foods, in- cluding fresh fish, it was tried with these smoked products and found effective in hali- but and salmon. The authors describe the procedures and results of their experiments and provide rec- ommendations for industry trials. SCALLOPS "Explorations for Calico Scallop, Pecten gibbus, in the Area off Cape Kennedy, Florida, 1960-66," by Shelby B. Drummond, ''Fishery Industrial Research,'' Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 85-101. 40 Scallops, long have been considered a gourmet item in the U.S. Both bay and sea scallops are the basis of a thriving industry. BCF exploratory vessels have discovered an immense, and little fished, bed of calico scallops off the east coast of Florida. The bed, in about 5 to 40 fathoms, covers 5,790 square miles, from about 11 miles south of Stuart, to about 6 miles north of St. Augustine. At the more favorable locations, the supply is adequate to support an almost year-round fishery. The area between Fort Pierce and the southeast shoal of Cape Kennedy was pro- ductive most consistently. The bed is shown in14 charts; catch rates are given for the entire grounds. LEVELS OF RADIOACTIVITY IN SEAFOOD "Consumption Trials and Edible Fractions of Various Commercially Important Species of Fish and Shellfish," by C.J. Barker, arti- cle, in J. Cons. perm. int, Explor. Mer., Vol. 32, No. 1, July 1968, pp. 117-22. Consumption survey data are used to as- sess maximum permissible discharge rates for aqueous radioactive effluent from nuclear installations. To monitor the levels present in seafood, it is necessary to know the con- sumption rates for persons in an area, and to convert this into edible fractions. Consumption survey data are usually in the form of average and maximum numbers, or weight of fish consumed. The figures can be converted to edible materialby data from the consumption trials. The relative per- centage of edible material in raw whole un- gutted fish, or raw filleted fish, is determined. Mr. Baker describes the methods, pro- cedures, and results of trials on 11 different species. --Barbara Lundy WHAT IS BIOLUMINESCENCE ? Bioluminescence is light produced by living organisms, both animals and plants. In contrast to incandescent light, high temperatures are not necessary; oxygen, however, ap- pears to be essential to the light-producing process. Thousands of species of marine animals produce bioluminescence; most of them are animals of the lower orders. related animals produce displays. certain fishes and sharks. Displays are seen most commonly in warm surface waters. In addition to single-celled animals, various jellyfish and Among vertebrates, luminescence is found only in Although most of the organisms are small, there are such immense numbers present that brilliant displays occur when the waters are disturbed by the passage of a ship at night. Luminescent bacteria are present in sea water, but not in fresh water and can cause decaying fish to glow in the dark. At oceandepths where light does not penetrate, there are strange-looking luminescent fishes. Beebe estimated that 96 percent of all the creatures brought up by nets were luminescent. There is controversy among biologists concerning the purpose of lights on marine animals. Some creatures have well-developed eyes but no light to enable them to see in the dark; others have brilliant light organs but are too blind to see. The property of luminescence is perhaps used as a defense against predators or as a means of huntin food or finding members of the opposite sex in thedark. (''Questions About The Oceans, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) INTERNATIONAL FAO HOLDS CONFERENCE TO SPUR FISHERY INVESTMENTS World-wide action to stimulate capital investment in the fisheries of developing countries was recommended by FAO's Inter - national Conference on Investments in Fish- eries, held in Rome, September 18-25. About 150 representatives of government, industry, banks, and universities in 42 countries wound up the 6-day meeting calling for national and regional meetings to secure foreign financing for fishery projects in developing countries, FAO Backing Roy I, Jackson, FAO Assistant Director- Generalfor Fisheries, promised full support. He said: ''Where opportunities for promoting foreign-exchange-earning export industries exist, we would seek to interest private for- eigninvestors, bilateral agencies and banks," Objectives Oris V. Wells, FAO Deputy Director- General, stated that in most of the developing countries, for the next decade at least, "the major battle will still be fought on the food front.'' Despite improvements inthe general world food situation, he warned that population increase in the developing world is still be- tween 2.5% and 3% a year. Wells said that fish can contribute greatly to fulfilling human protein requirements. In many developing countries, itis ''the cheapest source of strategic animal protein,'' Inthese countries, and in those deriving important foreign-exchange earnings through fish ex- ports, fisheries would be emphasized in- creasingly in national development pro- grams. Wells added: "To meet the demand for more fish, for fish of a better quality offered at reasonable prices, investment in fish catching, processing and distribution will have to be expanded... . Finance will have to be found for new andimproved facilities at sea and onshore, for manpower training, resources, and technological research and development." Wells expected the conferenceto gofar in identifying investment opportunities and 41 proposing ways and means of exploiting them. It could evaluate techniques to promote im- proved investment planning, and ensure that scarce development resources were not Squandered. Information Problems The delegates agreed that private, govern- ment, and international capital is available for worthwhile fishery projects, but the question is how to bring capital together. They em- phasized lack of information on conditions and opportunities for investment. To bridge the ‘information gap,' it was suggested that FAO organize national and regional meetings as a 'brokerage function! topromote development. FAOalready assists industry and agriculture through its invest- ment center, the FAO/Industry Cooperative Program and Legislation Branch, Clearing House The delegates also suggested establish- ment of an ‘international clearing house! to pinpoint opportunities and channel invest- ments. Efforts must be made now to collect accurate information on investment oppor- tunities, and scientific data on fishery re- sources--a prime requisite of good invest- ment planning, Representatives of international financial institutions stated that private financing was sound business, "not an adventure in altru- ism.'' They discussed opportunities for fi- nancing by private institutions and joint ventures into fishery enterprises. Rising Demand for Fish The delegates agreed that sound opportuni- ties for investment exist. World fisheries are expanding steadily to meet growing food de- mands. The need for more animal proteins, especially in developing areas, is growing. Consumptionis expected todouble inthe next 20 years. This will assure producers a re- liable market, Developing countries recog- nize fisheries as a potential new source of export earnings. World Fishery Bank Recommended Creation of aworld fishery bank tofinance the industry, particularly in developing 42 countries, was recommended by B.M. O'Kelley, Chairman, Irish Sea Fisheries Board. He said bank should be part of a gov- ernment -financed international fishery devel- ment corporation, It should be treated as an international industry, utilizing a''total indus- trial approach,"’ The corporation would collect and disseminate marketing and tech- nological information, and promote invest- ments, particularly in less-developed areas. It would consult on investment problems, assist in identifying and promoting investment opportunities, and provide a "forum where investor and promoter could meet." The suggestion was a fresh approach to "bridging the gap betweenthe capital export- ing countries and those lessdeveloped areas of the world where the populations live on the verge of starvation,'' Kelly said. Unlike in- dustry or agriculture, fishing industry usually has trouble getting capital. Other Suggestions Prof, R. H. Barback of the U.K. said his government intendsto increase overseas aid when the balance of payments situation im- proves. The aid would be given on a multi- lateral rather than a bilateral basis, Can- ada's L, J. Berube suggested that developing countries establish fishery cooperatives by forming state enterprises and transforming them intocooperatives oncethe share-owning fishermen acquire majority control. Opportunities in Developing Countries Several representatives from developing countries cited investment opportunities in their areas, L. Nhwani, a Tanzanian fishery officer, said his country, with a 500-mile coastline on the Indian Ocean, was fishing only one-tenth its potential. R. B. William- son, chief fisheries officer of Malawi, noted Lake Nyasa's unexploited fisheries, Mexico's A, Cervantes Delgado pointed out opportunities in Latin America, Fish is rarely eaten in many areas, despite the 'ex- plosive' fishery development in countries like Peru. Speakers emphasized need for developing marketing and distribution systems, One African speaker said that building a 20-mile road could mean difference between develop- ment and continued stagnation. Future Plans FAO intends to follow upthe conference's work, It will hold one conference on the use of marginal fishery resources, like those in the Arabian Sea, and another on fishery edu- cation and training. HORMONES STIMULATE FISH GROWTH Fish culturists have found a new answerto sexual sluggishness in fish: treat them with hormones. Hormones are glandular secre- tions regulating growth, reproduction, and other vital body functions inhumans and ani- mals. Introduced artificially, they act like naturally produced hormones. Dr. T. V. R. Pillay, who heads the Fish Culture Section of FAO's Department of Fisheries, says hor- mones are used to increase carp production in Taiwan, India, and other Asian countries where carp is commonly grown for food. Carp A tasty, nutritious fresh-water fish, carp comes in several species; some of the best known are the Indian and Chinese. An Indian carp, the Catla, grows to about 6 feetand 140 pounds. Carp is a herbivore, hardy, compat- ible with other fish, and ideal for pond culture. Spawning Dr, Pillay points out, however, that Indian and Chinese carp do not spawn instill waters. "They normally spawn only inrunning water, especially after aheavy rainfall, Incountries such as Indiaand Pakistan, . .the Indiancarp will breed in the rising waters of the flooding monsoons. Infact, farmers and fishermen in these countries build special ponds totrap the monsoon waters so as to recreate the condi- tions under which the fish will spawn." Methods Seeking an easier method, carp culturists have borrowed from medical knowledge by using hormones, both synthetic and natural, from the carp's pituitary glands. Dr. Pillay explained: "The hormones are injected with a hypodermic needle into the shoulder or tail region of the fish. Normally, two or three injections are given, both tomale and female members of the species. The hor- mones stimulate the gland of the fish, induc- ing sexual maturation and spawning. Before injection, large fish may be treated with a tranquilizer to keepthem calm and facilitate handling. The fish are placed in a tank con- taining water to which a mild tranquilizing chemical has been added. They may be laid in a special cradle to receive the injection. "Since carp are very prolific--the larger females can lay millions of eggs during each spawning period--it is necessary to breed only a few fish to obtain the necessary num- ber of fry for cultivation. The process is not expensive and adding hormones does not affect the fish's taste in any way." Other Countries Dr. Pillay says the process has been de- veloped in a number ofcountries. In Brazil, it was used tobreedlocalspecies. Fish cul- turists in Mainland China also are reported using hormones to stimulate reproduction. Sopromisingis the practice that FAO re- cently sponsored a Regional Seminar on In- duced Breeding of Cultivated Fishes. The seminar, heldin Calcutta, Cuttack, and Bom- bay, brought together culturists from 12 Asianand Far Eastern countries. Knowledge of hormone use might help boost fish produc- tion in those countries. FRENCH TAG TUNA IN EASTERN ATLANTIC Scientists aboard the French research vessel 'La Pelagia! tagged albacore, Thun- nus alalunga, between 37° and 51° N, latitude and between the Continental Shelf and 20° W. meridian (off western Portugal, Bay of Bis- cay, and southwest Ireland), from June 5 to October 30. Plastic and Metal Darts Used Thetags are Floy Tag FT-1 (plastic dart) and WH FM67(metaldart). They beara yel- low plastic strip with the words "Institut Péches Maritimes Paris France-Récom- pense," 43 Tag Recovery All recovered tags should be returned to the Institut Scientifique et Technique des Péches Maritimes, 59 Avenue Raymond Poincaré, Paris 16, France, with the follow- ing information: date and place recaptured, type of fishing, size (from end of snout to the caudal fin), and weight, if possible. Fifteen French francs will be paid for all tagged fish recaptured. (FAO, Aug. 1969.) sy —— ZL 3 NATIONS SURVEY BARENTS SEA Five research vessels--one British, 2 Norwegian, 2 Soviet--sailed on a joint expedi- tion to the Barents Sea in late August. Their mission was toestimate abundance of the 1969 year-classes of cod, oceanperch, and herring inthe Barents and northeastern Norwegian Seas; also, toassess the maximum sustainable yield for 1972-76. An oceanographic survey will be carried out in the southwestern Nor- wegian Sea. Will Report to ICES When the surveys have been completed, participating scientists will goto Norway to prepare areport for the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES). (TASS, Aug. 25.) my * JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA PLAN JOINT VENTURE The Taiyo Fishing Co. of Japan and the Republic of Korea's government-owned Agri- culture-Forestry-Fisheries Development Corporation are planning a joint fishery ven- ture in South Korea. A joint company was scheduled tobe established around the end of September. Taiyo will furnish the vessels, and the Development Corporation will con- struct a large processing plant. Taiyo Trawlers Sought Reportedly, Taiyo hasbeen asked to pro- vide three 500- to 900-gross-ton bottom trawlers and two 120-ton shrimp trawlers to be manned by South Koreans. They will fish in the Pacific, the North Atlantic, and on shrimp grounds off foreign coasts. (‘Minato Shimbun,' Aug. 5.) eceece CANADA PAIR SEINE NETTING PROVES GREAT SUCCESS News of 5,000-10,000-pound catches of hake and sole in 1 hour has become common- place around Prince Edward Island. These astounding results have been achieved by an entirely new technique, 'Canadian pair-seine netting.' Similar to Spanish Pair-Trawling The technique is similar to the 'pareja' pair trawling commonly used by large Spanish deep-sea trawlers in the north Atlantic. In the Canadian version, 2 110-hp. diesel engine 40-foot lobster boats tow a single net between them. The net is funnel-shaped, somewhat like a regular otter trawl, but with a higher vertical opening. Two winches, one on each boat, haul the net. The skippers, coordinating operations by radiotelephone, can make as many as 8 tows a day. Inexpensive Conversion Small-boat fishermen will find two great advantages in the new technique: the ma- chinery and gear neededfor vessel commis - sion are relatively inexpensive, andthe power requirements are low compared to those of regular draggers. It also will enable lobster- men to use their boats during the many off- season months. Other low-powered inshore vessels also can use the techniques. A full report, including machinery and gear specifications, and a description of the fishing method with diagrams, photographs, and catch records should be available short- ly. (Dept. of Fisheries and Forestry, Sept. 12.) OK OK FISHERIES MINISTER PROPOSES STRICTER SALMON LICENSING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA The first phase of a scheme to limit salm- on licenses in British Columbia (B.C.) became effective Sept. 6, 1968. It was intended to in- crease the earning power of salmon fisher- men and permit better resource management. Regulations expected to reduce fleet size and production costs divided B.C. salmon vessels into 3 categories: 'A' for those pro- ducing annually over 10,000 pounds, or a Spanish pareja trawlers harvesting large codfish on easterly side of Georges Bank, Feb. 27, 1968. CANADA (Contd.): landed value of C$1,250; 'B,' producing less than 10,000 pounds; and 'C,' mostly for trawlers and crab boats not normally geared to fish salmon. Fleet Size Cut By June 15, 1969, the regulations had served to cut the fleet from 7,548 licensed in 1968 to 6,977--5,844 in category 'A,' 1,003 in 'B,' and 100 in 'C'. Net worth of the fleet in 1968 had been $87 million; though smaller in 1969, its value had risen to $95.6 million. Other Phase I Changes Under Phase I, the fleet added 255 newly built boats (already under construction on Sept. 6, 1968); 160 vessels that would have been 'A' did not renew their licenses; 70 'A' vessels were retired and replaced with new ones, and replacements were approved for 45 lost at sea. Proposed Phase II Regulations On Sept. 3, 1969, the Minister of Fisheries and Forestry, Jack Davis, proposed new reg- ulations for Phase II. Under these, B.C. salmon fishermen would be hard pushed to keep their vessels in category 'A,' license fees would behigher, and a percentage of the landed catch value would be collected for predator control. Phase II Proposals 1) To retain an 'A' license, vessel produc- tion must be equivalent to $20,000 for 4 con- secutive years ($5,000 yearly average). 2) After 1971, if average annual production for any 4-year period falls below $5,000, the vessels drops into category 'B'. Itwill be frozenin'B'. (Even if production improves, it will not be allowed to return to 'A'.) 3) An 'A' vessel must be retired before a new one can be built. 4) Any new vessel introduced into the fish- ery must assume an 'A' production. 5) Any vessel not reporting landings for 2 consecutive years will not be licensed in any category. Fishermen Informed in Advance When Phase I was announced, the initial cut-off was based on production prior to Sept. 6,1968. Under Phase II, fishermen would be informed in advance how much production would be required to maintain 'A' license. 45 New License Fees Under Phase I, the minimum license fee was $20: $10 for commercial fishing vessel registration, $5 for salmon fishing validation, and $5 for personal fishing license. Under Phase II, the minimum would be $25: $10 for vessel registration and $15 for salmon. Beginning in 1970, 1% of the landed catch value would be collected for use in controlling such predators as dogfish. This collection will increase by 1% of landed value in each of following 4 years, up to a maxi- mum of 5%. Further Fleet Reduction Expected The Minister said he expected the new proposals to knock about 50% of the present 'A'vessels down to 'B' andleave about 2,000- 2,500 in 'A', This class produces well over 80% of total salmon landings. (Dept. of Fish- eries & Forestry, Sept. 3; CFR, Feb. & Mar. 1969.) se sk ok To oS NEWFOUNDLAND LANDINGS IN FIRST-HALF 1969 Total Newfoundland landings for first-half 1969 were 499 million pounds, substantially more than the 456 million landed in same period 1968. However, a comparison of data for the first2 quarters 1969 reveals that in- creases in first quarter were significantly high than in second. Lobsters and Cod Decrease While landings of many fish increased, landings of cod, the major Newfoundland spe- cies, dropped markedly. The lobster harvest also decreased. Closing Placentia Bay for several weeks during the second quarter, be- cause of pollution, probably caused these de- creases. Greenland turbot landings also decreased despite the new sales campaign launched in the U.S. The capelin decrease probably was due to reduced demand. Increased Species Increased landings of 5 species that did not warrant mention in 1968--lumpfish, mack- erel, trout, mussels, and scallops--prove Newfoundland fishermen are willing to fish for previously unexploited species. Crab landings increased sharply, probably because of the new crab-processing facilities at the Bonavista Cold Storage Company. (U.S. Con- sul, St. John's, July 30.) sk oe ok ta 46 CANADA (Contd.): GOVERNMENT BUYS SALT COD FOR FOREIGN RELIEF The government was slated to buy a mil- lion pounds of salted cod, worth about C$365,000, from east coast suppliers for Canada's food relief program in developing countries. This purchase wouldclear remaining 1968 stocks, and even take part of this season's production. Suppliers were to deliver the fish to Montreal between the 8th and 14th of October. Salt Cod Highly Valued Relief organizations consider dried salted fish a prime food because of its high protein value. Canada has provided substantial quan- tities in the past 2 years and may provide more later this year. (Dept. of Fisheries & Forestry, Oct. 8.) OOK OK CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION & MECHANIZATION SLATED In a rapidly changing fishing industry, the intr oduction of ultras ophisticated catching and processing equipment, and the advanced op- erating and maintenance skill such equipment demands, raise manyproblems. These prob- lems will be studied at a Conference on Auto- mation and Mechanization in the Fishing Industry (CAMFI) in Montreal, Feb. 3-6, 1970. Main Objectives The structure of Canada's fishing industry is undergoing drastic changes inresponse to increasing competition from other fishing nations, and the problems of growing capital investment and productions costs. The main objective of the conference isto show how to meet these challenges and to improve pay and working conditions. To Aid Industry Modernization Participants whocan contribute tomodern- ization of the industry will represent govern- ment, industry, science, engineering, and business. More than 40 will present papers on the application of automation and mecha- zation and on related subjects, such as new management techniques. They also will dis- cuss the automated and mechanized equip- ment, the present new processes and production techniques, or those that will be- come operational within the next 5 years. The conference has beenplanned tobenefit the fishing industry, fishing-vessel builders, and producers of the machinery, systems, and equipment required on vessels and in shore- based plants. (CAMFI, Aug. 7.) KKK OCTOBER WAS FISH PROMOTION MONTH October was National Fish 'n' Seafood Month in Canada. Due to heavy summer fish- ing, fishery product inventories usually peak in October, making it an opportune time for a promotional campaign. As its contribution, the Department of Fisheries-and Forestry distributed recipe- photo releasesto newspaper editors and food publicists. A 4-minute sound-track, color film, 'Take a Pack of Frozen Fillets,' was sent to the television stations; a new recipe booklet, with the same title, was re- leased nationally. Special short scripts were provided for radio food commentators. Home Economists Helped The Department's home economists, who constantly test and develop fish recipes, sup- plied a number of newly tested, quantity recipesto restaurants andinstitutions. They appeared on radio and TV throughout the coun- try to demonstrate fish preparation, They assisted in local fishing industry-sponsored activities. (Dept. of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa, Sept. 8.) EUROPE USSR PROPOSES DAM TO PROTECT AZOV SEA The Azov Fisheries Research Institute (AZNIRKH) has proposed damming the Kerch Strait to protect and conserve the rich fish- ery resources in the Azov Sea. The Strait, 25 miles long and 2-9 miles wide, connects the Azov and the Black Seas. Itwill take 5-6 years to complete the project at a cost of 150 million rubles (US$165 million). Increasing Salinity Threatens Fish The future of the Azovfisheries is in jeop- ardy, according to AZNIRKH scientists. They fear that about half the freshwater runoff from rivers flowing into the Azov will be diverted for agricultural and industrial use by 1980. A diversion of this magnitude would increase salinity up to 16-18 grams of salts in each kilogram of water, a concentration too great for sturgeon, pike-perch, Azov roach and bream to withstand. Their foraging grounds wouldbe reducedto a smallarea in Taganrog Bay, at the mouth of the Don River, forcing them to migrate to the Black Sea. The proj- ected dam, regulating the influx of Black Sea water, would control salinity and conserve these commercially valuable species, Value of Fishery In 1968, the commercial yield of pike- perch and bream, spawning naturally in the Don flood plains (50 days in spring), amounted to 30,000 metric tons; the commercial yield of all fish-culture enterprises around the Azov was only 3,000 tons. The scientists claim that the Azov's high productivity can be maintained only if the Don spawning grounds remain intact, and the Azov foraging grounds are preserved. Dam Specifications AZNIRKH has proposed a dike encom- passing a 440-meter spillway dam with 22 metal-gated openings, ensuring a water flow of 10,000 cubic meters a second. A lock 260 meters long and 38 meters wide would be provided for ship passage. Other Problems The AZNIRKH scientists warn that dam- ming the Kerch Strait will solve only part of the problem of decreasing freshwater runoff. 47 An unanswered question is how to supply the slats and other chemicals needed for evolu- tion of feedorganisms andfish reproduction. (‘'Vodnyi Transport,’ Sept. 2.) OK OK DEEP-WATER TRAWLING TAKES ANTARCTIC COD The USSR has begun commercial exploi- tation of ''Notothenia'', a species of cod found only in Antarctic waters. Unable to survive temperatures above 6° C. (42,8° F.), it lives at a depth of 300 meters (984 ft.). Its aver- age length is 60-80 centimeters (23-31 in.). Notothenia flesh is delicate and tasty. New Freezer-Trawler Used The fishery is conducted by the Northern Fisheries Administration's Murmansk trawl- er fleet. A recent arrival, the processing trawler 'Skazochnik Andersen! has been averaging 10-20 metric tons per haul. ("'Vodnyi Transport,' Aug. 21.) The Danish-built 'Skazochnik Andersen'* is a "Skryplev'-class vessel of about 4,700 gross tons. This class combines processing freezers and stern trawlers. OK OK VESSEL SEEKS SHRIMP OFF AFRICA Anticipating a shrimp expedition scheduled to leave the Baltic port of Klajpeda on Sep- tember 12, the medium trawler 'Skakhtersk! (Western Fisheries Administration) has been scouting commercial shrimp concentrations "off the coastof Africa" (presumably Mauri- tania, Senegal, and Guinea). Using Echo Sounder The vessel is equipped with an ‘Omar' echo sounder, the first time Omar has been used to locate shrimp concentrations. Oper- ating athighfrequency, Omar can reveal fish concentrations down to 200 meters (650 ft.); operating at low frequency, to 400 meters (1,300 ft.). Working frequencies are 150 and 25.5 kilocycles a second. Shakhtersk also carries a new echo sounder, 'Zvuk-100M.!' ('Vodnyi Transport,' (Aug. 23, 1969, and 'Sudostroenie,' No. 9, 1967.) 48 USSR (Contd.): In the past, Soviet shrimp catches from West African waters have been exported to the U.S, via the Canary Islands. x KX CARP AND PIKE BRED IN RESERVOIRS SUPPLIED WITH THERMAL WATER A reservoir near Moscow is being supplied warm water by an electric power station. Fish raised inthe reservoir have yielded 380 metric tons per hectare (2.47 acres), 600 times the yield of conventional fish-culture ponds. Their breeding areas were staked out with metal or synthetic fiber nets. Allows High Growth Rate The warm water prevents the reservoir from freezing over, even during the most severe winter. Roes of carp, pike, and other fresh-water fish can be started in special incubators inearly spring. During the winter, 'insignificant' amounts of phytoplankton and other feed cause carp yearlings to grow 10%. (‘Ekonomicheskaia Gazeta,' No. 34, Aug. 1969.) No time periodfor measuring growth rate was given. Such growthwouldbe remarkable in winter, when carp and other fresh-water fish either grow very little or not at all. KOK OK ARTIFICIAL CULTURE OF SEA CUCUMBERS & SCALLOPS BEGINS Artificial culture of Sea cucumbers in the Bay of Peter the Great, off Vladivostok, has been slated by the Soviet Pacific Research Institute for Fisheries and Oceanography. The Institute also plans to expand artificial culture of scallops in the same area. ('Vod- nyi Transport,' Aug. 19.) * OK BATHYSCAPHE USED TO STUDY BEHAVIOR OF FISH IN TRAWL NETS Soviet researchers studied the behavior of fish (horse mackerel and sardinella) in trawl nets in the Gulf of Mexico, January-April 1968. The ‘Muksun' towed a bathyscaphe (Atlant-1) at 30-60 meters (98-197 feet) dur- ing daylight hours. No artificial light was used. Fish were observed schooling ahead of the trawl opening. Some entered the net; some moved away in the direction of the trawl faster than trawl speed, 2.06-2.21 meters per second--at a rate of about 20 fish per cubic meter in area of trawl square, Fish inside the bag escaped the net at a rate of 40-50 per cubic meter. Entry into and exit from the trawl net were orderly while the trawlwas open. Fish caught inside the trawl as it closed tried to escape through the meshes. Factors Affecting Fish Behavior Both visual and nonvisual stimuli appear to govern fish behavior near trawl nets. In turbid waters, or at night, the lateral line (a sensing organ) appears to control the fish's behavior, although luminescent organ- isms may reveal the nets. Trawls with 150-millimeter and 100-milli- meter wing meshes yielded almost identical catches. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,! No. 7.) * OK OX FINDS JAPANESE ACOUSTICAL DEVICES UNSATISFACTORY The Far-Eastern Fisheries Administra- tion bought 21 acoustical gear-monitoring and fish-locating devices from Japan in 1968, Some of these hadbeen madeby Furuno. The devices, installed on the BMRTs 'Samarga,! 'Chernopiatko,' 'F, Krainov,' 'Tret'iskova,! ‘Kazakhstan, and 'Taishet,' were used in midwater trawling for Pacific hake. E. German Devices Better Soviet experts claim the Japanese devices compare unfavorably with similar East Ger- mandevices. They suggest that the latter be used on new Soviet fishing vessels. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 7, 1969.) * OK OX PURSE SEINING WITH ELECTRIC LIGHTS MAY BE DEVELOPED A recent article inthe official organ of the Fisheries Ministry indicates that the Soviets may be developing large-scale Pacific her- ring purse seining with electric lights. USSR (Contd.): Little is known about herring behavior under electric light, but experience seems to indicate that the species reacts positively. One Soviet purse seiner, on a fishing trip off Magadan (Okhotsk Sea), caught 10 metric tons in1haul using electric lights. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,'! No. 5, 1969.) OK OK FISHERIES MINISTER PROMOTES ‘MINCED FISH! At a luncheon in Moscow, Fisheries Min- ister Ishkov and VNIRO Deputy Director Moiseev predicted a 100,000-150,000 metric ton annual minced-fish production inthe tim- mediate future.' Guests were served 26 different dishes prepared from minced fish. Processed At Sea Prepared from cod, hake, pollock, and Snapper, the minced fish is wrapped in plastic bags and frozen at sea. Itmaintains a "fresh fish' quality for 6-8 months. Since the average trip for a Soviet fishing vessel from port to fishing grounds is about 4,000 miles, most catches are processed at sea. Introduction of this new minced fish product could increase tremendously the output of edible fishery products. ('Vodnyi Transport,' Aug. 8.) ght DENMARK FIRST-HALF 1969 LANDINGS DROP BELOW 1968 RECORD PERIOD Danish landings during the first 6 months of 1969 were running about 18% behind the record 1968 production. Landings for fish meal and oil were down 24% due to poor weather early in the year. About 80% of thelandings are used for meal. The fishery began in early January last year; this year's did not really begin until April. The season has not been as good and, even if the remainder of the year should be un- usually good, the loss can not be made up. The drop in catch has caused a marked drop in production. Exports of fish meal amounted to 62,434 metric tons in first six months of 1969 (75,025 tons in first-half 1968). 49 Cod Cod, the principal species used in export fish blocks, was about 9% below 1968. Danish exporters again have entered the U.S, market in great volume. Exports had dropped last year because of a U.S. price drop. Prices again are near former levels; about half the cod fillet production probably will be marketed in the U.S. Danish exporters are optimistic, U.S. consumption appears to be increasing, and there is some evidence of a decline in the Northwest Atlantic cod fisher- ies, Landings of Principal Species--Jan. =June- 1968-1969 anuary -June Calendar Year 1969 1968 1968 2 © ee e - (Metric Tons}... 2 oo 50, 242 107, 390 5,789 49, 259 ‘ 2, 089 : 1,737 5 5,175 Fi 4 61, 058 : 533,392 | 1,159,000 346, 271 | 669,554 | 1,441,739 Other Species While cod fillets have been Denmark's principal export to the U.S., exporters are succeeding in marketing more plaice fillets. Denmarkhas large supplies of these and now is less able to market them effectively in England. Plaice landings increased by 7% this year. Landings of Norwegian lobster and shrimp, items in great demand in Europe, decreased during first-half 1969. In all probability, the catch will continue to run below last year's, when weather per- mitted the greatest number of fishing days ever experienced. Should prices for cod fillets continue near present levels, or in- crease by a cent or two as some exporters anticipate, the added incentive would attract greater effort to the fishery. This would cause the catches to rise and more cod to be diverted from other uses. (U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Sept. 12.) mK OK OK FAROESE CATCH DECLINES FURTHER The 1968 Faroese catch declined more than 7,000 metric tons (4.41%) from previous years. The catches have declined steadily since 1962--to date, a total loss of 35,000 metric tons. 50 DENMARK (Contd.): Both Greenlandic and Faroese waters yielded considerably poorer catches than be- fore. The decrease was noted especially in the line-and-trawl fishery--although there was a 50% increase at one point in spring due to favorable weather and more vessels fishing. Demersal Catch Icelandic fishing areas no longer influence the demersal catch: only 5% of the demersal catch was taken off Iceland; the largest catches were made off Greenland. In 1968, demersal catch was 47.8% of the total; it had been 62% in 1967. The Newfoundland bank fishery has shown little growth since 1968, barely over 1,000 metric tons. Herring Fishery The herring fishery failed completely for gillnetters; power bloc trawlers were more successful. Buttotal catchwas still less than in 1967. The fishery failed entirely in home waters; catch declined 13,000 metric tons. No herring were caught off Iceland. Trawler landings of fresh fish in Den- mark more than doubled--15,392 metric tons compared to 6,318 in 1967. Foreign-vessel landings increased slightly. Utilization & Production As in previous years, only a small part of the catch was canned, Fish meal production rose Slightly. Dried-cod production rose more than 1,000 metrictons. Spiced-herring production was the smallest in 16 years. Herring-oil production rose to more than 4,000 metric tons. ('Bérsen', July 24.) *OKOK HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING INCREASES About 30 Danish vessels caught around 350 metric tons of salmon off the coast of Nor- way from April to June (25 vessels and 140 tons for same period 1968). About 100 Nor- wegian vessels took part this year, catching about 400 tons (100 tons in 1968). The Greenland Salmon Fishery Last year, early reports had indicated that 20 vessels were going to fish salmon off Greenland; only about 9 actually went. Preliminary reports have indicated that more willtry this year. Industry sources reported as many as 30 cutters being readied. Some are new and larger refrigerated vessels. The season is expected to continue into early December. Encouraged by recent high-seas fishing successes, one vesseloperator was planning to visit Japanin September. He hoped to learn more about methods of fishing tuna, sword- fish, and porbeagle, with an eye to fishing off the Canary Islands. To enter this fishery, Danish fishermen wouldhave to go only one- fourth the distance they cover going to Green- land. Should this materialize, it would take some pressure off the salmon. (U.S, Embassy, Copenhagen, Sept. 12.) * OK OX MINIMUM PRICES TO BE ESTABLISHED In answer to a long-standing demand, Denmark passeda law inJune 1969 establish- ing a system to fix minimum prices for first- hand sales of unprocessed fish landed in Danish ports. These minimums are to be established for cod, plaice, mackerel, and herring. Industry & Government Unable to Agree The Fisheries Minister, after negotiating with a committee of industry representatives, will determine minimum prices of fish for human consumption and fish for meal and oil. The committee, established August 11, has not been able to reach agreement. The system meets the wishes of most fishermen, who have run a system of their own for the last 2 years; but it fails to meet demands of many others, particularly from Esbjerg, for direct subsidies. The Minister, supported by 2 fishermen's unions, has resisted such de- mands. Fishermen Dissatisfied The fishermen are dissatisfied with the existing situation because expenditures for gear and equipment have been unusually heavy, catches have been down, and prices have been disappointing. (U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Sept.) E NORWAY BRISLING CATCH IS SMALLER THAN EXPECTED The good brisling season expected this year did not materialize. Whenfishing started on May 22 catches were reasonably good in the northern areas. Inthe southernareas that normally provide the bulk of the catch, the yield was disappointing. Things may have improved when areas where brisling had not yet met the required specifications were opened to fishing. Pack and Stocks Up until June, all the packers! raw material demands hadbeen met--both the direct proc- essing, and for deep-freezing in shore-based plants and onfreezing vessels, By mid-June, brisling receipts had yielded about 160,000 cases. Total pack--brisling and sardines -- was slightly in excess of same period 1968, but stocks were about 15% short. 176,000 485,000 108, 000 Summer Herring The fleet was prepared for the summer herring expected in waters near Bear's Is- land. A modest 15,000 barrels a few years ago, this year's target had been boosted to around 200,000 barrels in response to indus- try's demand for raw material to process into gafflebiter andsimilar products. Fishing was scheduled to start July 1,10 days earlier than in 1968. (Norwegian 'Canners Export Journal,’ July 1969.) ICELAND INCREASES SALMON HATCHERY Salmon breedingis tobe stepped up in Ice- land's 10fish hatcheries. During 1969, about 200,000 fry will be planted in the rivers and lakes. Obstacles have been cleared from some to make them more accessiblefor spawning. (‘Atlantic and Iceland Review,' No. 2, 1969.) 51 FRANCE FISHING FLEET DWINDLES The Frenchfishing industry is in trouble. Landings in 1968 were down 2% from 1967. Finfishfell 7%, andcod11%. Wholesale turn- over declined 0.2%. Tonnage Decreases During 1968, 98 fishing craft were laid up. This meant active vessel tonnage dropped 22,000 tons, about 10%. Under France's Fifth Plan, new vessels were to be added to the fleet ata rate of about 20,000 tons a year. But new vessels aggregated only 11,400 tons in 1967--and a mere 3,800 tons in 1968. Exports Shrink, Deficit Rises The negative balance of trade in fish and fish products has persisted. In 1968, imports increased 16% while exports decreased 11%, Only 13% of running costs were covered. The industry's deficit was about US$127 million, 5 times more than a decade ago. ('Fishing News,! London, June 13.) OK OK SUBSIDIES GRANTED TO DRIED COD INDUSTRY The government has granted a US$280,000 subsidy to FOMOR, the organization respon- sible for cod exports. FOMOR claims the subsidy is necessary because of cod stocks accumulatedin the drying plants during 1968. The accumulation, resulting from a drop in market prices, amounted to about 13,000 metric tons on December 15, 1968. It in- creased shortly afterwards, when 31 distant- water trawlers landed another 15,000 tons. Subsidizes Export Drive The subsidy is tohelp FOMOR make a real drive for increased exports at a time when neither trawler owners nor fish dryers can finance it. Already, they are unable to main- tain the existing export level without govern- ment help because foreign competition is quoting lower prices on the world market. (‘World Fishing,' London, July 1.) ex 52 UNITED KINGDOM DOGFISH IS BECOMING POPULAR Some fishermen and biologists are losing their dislike of the small sharks known in Britainas "rock hounds." It seems that dog- fish can fetch fairly high market prices. Early this year, at Billingsgate, small skinned dogfish brought 21-26 U.S. cents a pound, while the larger ones sold at 26-29 cents. Increasing Rates British dogfish catches have increased steadily since 1960. Scottish 1966 landings were almost 5,000 long tons, compared to a mere 1,000 tons in 1954. Dogfish catches in England and Wales also have increased; their combined landings will top 6,000 tons. ‘This means that U.K. fishermen catch over 24 million pounds a year. May Need Conservation Despite good demand for these "mini- sharks," fishery experts are concerned about declining stocks. It is believed that British catches have reached their peak, and the introduction of conservation measures has been suggested. This would be strongly challenged by many fishermen. If dogfish becomes more popular in many markets, its value will increase. Popular in Europe Fish -and-chip shops absorb large quan- tities. Europeanfishmongers sell substantial quantities of dogfish steaks. Some Norwegian, German, and French connoisseurs consider it a table delicacy. There are 4 species of dogfish in British waters; one is very rare. The spurdog, or piked dogfish, and the lesser spotted dogfish are the most common. These are the ones usually found in deep-sea trawling nets. (‘Fish Trades Gazette,* May 31.) KOK OK WHITE FISH AUTHORITY RAISES INTEREST RATE The White Fish Authority has announced rates of interest on loans made after August 23. Loans for fishing vessels, new engines, nets and gear: Less than 5 years--103% (2% increase). , More than 5 but less than 10 years - -92 2% (¢% increase). More than 10 years but less than 15 years-- 93% (no change). More than 15 but less than 20 years--93% (¢% increase). Loans for processing plants: Less than 5 years--11% (2% increase). ,More than 5 years butless than 20 years-- 103% (no change). The rates on loans made before August 23 are unchanged. ('Fish Trades Gazette,! Sept. 6.) GREECE FOREIGN TRADE TRENDS In 1968, Greece imported 31,702 metric tons of fishery products worth US$12.9 mil- lion. In 1967, she had imported 28,962 tons worth US$11.5 million. Fishery exports in 1968 dropped from 1967; however, 1968 export value was slightly greater because of higher prices for fresh and frozen fish. ('Alieia,' July 1969.) LATIN AMERICA MEXICO FISHERIES DECLINED IN FIRST-HALF 1969 Mexico's fisheries declined 1.4% in first- half 1969 from first-half 1968. Oyster pro- duction increased markedly (47.4%), sardines 56.4%, and fish meal 58%, but shrimp was off 14.8% and anchovy 86.9%. Fish Production, Jan. -June 1967-69 Other fj. 3). 2 ou « Industrial Products; UG Goo ob000 Fish Meal 2... Clie? So 0006 123,662 |_125,448 | 109,406 1/Preliminary figures. Shrimp exports (principally to the U.S.) were valued at 227 million pesos (US$18.16 million), down 12.4% from 1968. Shrimp dropped to 9th place in export value--after cotton, Sugar, corn, coffee, tomatoes, petro- leum products, fruits, and sulphur. Only continued high prices kept shrimpfrom fall- Ing even lower. Record May Improve Since the Gulf Coast's best production months were still ahead, this downward trend in production and exports may still reverse. (Regional Fisheries Attaché, U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Sept. 13.) 3 OK OK DECLINE EXPECTED IN WEST COAST SHRIMP FISHERY The 1969/70 west coast shrimp season opened September 15. Both industry and government are pessimistic, expecting a con- tinuation of last season's diminished catch. Measured by exports, the 1968/69 catch dropped 35%; it is not expected to recoup this season. 53} Reasons for Decline Various reasons are givenfor the decline: unfavorable climatic and oceanographic con- ditions, aging vessels, and poor management. Afurther decline will be hard on an industry that needs new vessels and must finance them with earnings from shrimp sales. Industry representatives now seeking foreign capital for new shrimptrawlers may be successful. (U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Aug. 15}5)) * KOK SHRIMP RESEARCH CONDUCTED ON WEST COAST The Directorate General of Fisheries, in cooperation with the fishing industry, has be- gun intensive shrimp resource studies on Mexico's west coast. Eight shrimp vessels have been provided by shrimp cooperatives, and 2 by private owners. A systematic plan of studies, designed by the Mexican National Institute for Research in Fisheries Biology, began on July 17. The Operation An area from Rio Colorado to Teacapan, south of Mazatlan, has been divided by a line at Rio Mayo. Two boats in the northern half and 2 in the southern are fishing about parallel to the coast, sampling the stocks at 4 depths. Two other boats are working in- tensively in each of 3 specially selected limited areas. The vessels use normal fish- ing gear and each carries a biologist anda fishery technician. Special Work Done The coastal research will be supplemented by special work, including shrimp marking, in the areas' estuaries and lagoons. Ocean- ographic observations from two fishery in- spection vessels should further supplement the work. The total effort is expected to add considerably to the knowledge of the distribu- tion, identity, composition, and dynamics of the shrimp stocks--and of certain valuable finfish stocks. 54 MEXICO (Contd.): Research Goals The cooperatives and boat owners are meeting all vesseloperating costs and part of the research costs. The research may help government and industry to understand better the west coast shrimp and fish resources, and lead to increased and more-stable pro- duction (U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Sept. 3.) * OK OK SHRIMP VESSELS TO GET NEW REFRIGERATION PLANTS IN U.K. Over 100 Mexican shrimp vessels are to get new refrigeration plants. The plants, to be installed in Great Britain, will cost US$4.8 million. The new plants will ease distant-water operations, better shrimp quality, and im- prove catch preservation during long trips. The catch will be cooled in 2 seawater tanks, and then stored in cold-storage rooms at 0° C. (32° F.) ('Bdrsen,' June 18.) OK OK FISH MEAL PLANT AND SARDINE CANNERY ARE BUILT IN GUAYMAS Construction of a fish meal plant and a sardine cannery has begun in Guaymas, Sonora. The fish meal plant, Industrializadora de Productos Marinos, S.A., will be Mexico's largest. It will have an hourly capacity of 18 metric tons of raw fish, or a potential daily output of 70-80 tons of fish meal. Equipped with rebuilt U.S, machinery and de- signed with U.S, advice, the new plant should be completed by the endof the year. Intended to exploit the Gulf of California sardine and anchovy resources, it should substantially reduce Mexican fish meal imports (51,683 tons in 1967). The Cannery The cannery, Empacadora del Pacifico, S.A., will have a daily capacity of 30 to 40 tons of raw fish. Although primarily for sardines--tuna and shrimp may be included when appropriate. Substantial amounts of sardines have been caught around Guaymas. They have been headed and gutted locally, and shipped, fresh in ice, to be canned in Ense- nada. The new cannery should eliminate most, if not all, of this long, expensive routing. Private Operators The two plants, financed entirely by pri- vate Mexican capital, not by Banco Nacional de Fomento Cooperativa (BANFOCO). BANFOCO acquired most of the fish-proc- essing plants on Mexico's West Coast in 1967. The plants will employ more than 300 persons. Refrigeration and storage facilities will be expanded to accommodate the new plants. Shrimp Port Diversified Guaymas fishing circles hope that the di- versification inthis nearly exclusive shrimp port will help to offset bad shrimp seasons like the one in 1968/69. (U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Sept. 13.) * OK VERACRUZ FISHERIES In first-half 1969, Veracruz landings rose 6% in quantity and 22% in value over same period 1968. The new director of the Centro Nacional de Ciencias y Technologias Marinas (Vera- cruz Marine Science and Technology Center), a Japanese-Mexican marine biologist, Dr. Luis Kazuga, has announced an ambitious program to improve the fishing industry. Mexican fishing interests in Veracruz are conducting considerable fishery experimen- tation and instituting technical improvements in hopes of increasing operational efficiency and production. Japan is furnishing much technical assistance and Spainis cooperating, Net Installations Studied For several months, Japanese specialists have been offering instruction in modernfish- ing techniques to localfishermen and to those from the Puerto Piloto Pesquero (PPP) in Alvarado. One of their projects is a feasi- bility study of permanent net installations along the coast. Before placing the nets, the Japanese willassist localfishermen in stud- ies of the area's currents and marine life. MEXICO (Contd.): The first experiment, with a Japanese- built stationary net, produced promising re- sults inlate March. Placed about 2 or 3 kilo- meters off the coast of Mocambo during the spring mackerel run, it produced a catch worth US$40,000. A larger net, valued at $60,000, installed at the same location on July 1, caught 2 tons of fish worth $480 on the first day. Plans to instal other nets have been postponed until the Japanese can study the technique's effectiveness. "Bacalao' Cod Fishery Between November 1968 and April 1969, Mexican and Spanish fishermen caught 80 tons of cod in the northwest Atlantic. Under a Spanish-Mexican agreement, the Mexicans are to take over operation of the Spanish- built boats as soon as the Mexicans have acquired sufficient capability. The cod were landedin Coatzacoalcos and shipped to Alvarado for initial processing. The fish were then taken in refrigerated trucks to Mexico City tobe madeinto bacalao (salt-cod) by Empresa Bacaladera Mexicana S.A. de C.V. The company has established operations in Coatzacoalcos partly because of high labor costs in Veracruz, and partly because the port of Veracruz lacks the facili- ties to load fish directly from vessels into refrigerated trucks. Coatzacoalcos is 325 kilometers south of Veracruz, and 750 kilo- meters from Mexico City. Cooperatives Planned The Governor of Veracruz plans to estab- lish 5 fishing cooperatives in various parts of the state to improve the marginal operations of individual fishermen. Thirty-five fisher- men in the Boca del Rio area already have formed the first cooperative. The Banco de Fomento Cooperativa (BANFOCO) will pro- vide funds to build a 70-ton refrigerated warehouse and to buy equipment. The Coop- eratives will receive technical assistance from, and sell their catches through, the PPP in Alvarado. Vessel Construction Astilleros de Veracruz, S.A. (AVSA) has several new contracts to build shrimp boats. Venezuela has ordered 10 small boats ata total cost of US$124,000. Tranhas contracted 55 for 15 boats at US$108,000 each. AVSA laid the keel of the last of 15 shrimp boats pre- viously ordered by PPP on June 17, and de- livered the third completed one on the same day. AVSA hopes to deliver all 15 by the end of the year, but it is doubtful that more than 8 will have been completed by then. BANFOCO is drawing up a new US$2.4 million contract for AVSA and a shipbuilding firm in Tampico to build 50 shrimp boats for PPP. If the contract goes through, PPP will have a fishing fleet in several years capable of fully using its facilities. (Reg. Fish. Attaché, U.S. Embassy, Mexico City, Aug. 16.) be aC] Th PERU FISH MEAL OUTPUT & EXPORTS, JAN.-JULY 1967-69 Fish meal production was low in July because fishing was restricted to the southern port of Ilo. Exports were high; most went to the U.S, and western Europe. The 1968/69 anchovy season closed May 31, 1969. The 1969/70 season opened Sep- tember 1. Sources reported average catches of 35,000 metric tons a day. If the catch continued at this rate, September fish meal production would be about 3 below the Sep- tember 1969 production of more than 257,000 tons. Fish Meal Production & Exports, Jan. =July 1967-1969 1969 1968 1967 New Rules The Instituto del Mar had not established a quota for the new season by Aug. 21, although a quota of 8.5 million tons and a closed season or "'veda''in Jan.-Feb. had been recommended. No fishing willbe permitted onSaturdays and Sundays. Also, fishing will be suspended at any port where half, or more than half, of the fish caughtis less than12 cm. long. (Sociedad Nacional de Pesqueria, Circ. 2180, Aug. 21.) 4 fe xs 56 ECUADOR TUNA PRODUCTION & EXPORTS DECLINED IN 1968 Tuna, Ecuador's most important fishery, seems to experience alternating good and bad years. In 1968, the tuna catch declined 10% from the 1967 record of 20,100 metric tons. This accounted for about 60% of overall re- duction in exports of fish andfish products in 1968. About 90% was bonito, Euthuymus pelamais, nearly all caught within 20 miles of shore. Tuma Production & Exports, 1966-68 - (Metric Tons}... . 18, 202 6, 884 Landings (live wt.}. . « « « Exports, frozen tima ...-e Exports, canned tuna, bonitos, skipjack, etc. .. 1,600 65 Pole Boats The fleet remained relatively static-- about 65 pole boats (none over 20 tons) and 6 small purse seiners. Two of the purse seiners are the only tuna vessels equipped with brine tanks. Frozen Tuna To U.S. Eighty percent of tuna export is shipped frozen, the remainder in 24-lb. institutional canned packs (mostly 1- or 4-pound cans). All frozen tuna is shipped to the U.S., pri- marily to Puerto Rico. About 90% of canned tuna, packed in brine, is shipped to U.S., the remainder goes to other countries. Some shipments made to Brazil are packedin soy- bean oil in $-lb. cans; the cans and oil are imported from U.S, Ecuador levies tax of 4 centavos (abouts ¢ U.S.) a pound on frozen tuna exports. (U.S. Consulate, Guayaquil, Sept. 2.) % KX 1968 SHRIMP CATCH & EXPORTS SET RECORDS The 1968 shrimp catch was 6,101 metric tons, a record for Ecuador. About 70-80% was medium and large white--primarily Penaeus occidentalis, with some P. styli- rotris and P. vannamei. These were headed at sea. The remainder was small titi, Xiphoneneus, pomada, Protrachypene pre- cipua, and some tigre, Trachypeneus byrdi, T. favea, T. similus pacificus. These were landed heads-on, unpeeled. Most Caught in Guayaquil Gulf Most shrimp are caught in Gulf of Guay- aquil; the rest within10 miles off Playas and Manat. The season lasts 12 months. The deep-water red shrimp, P. brevirostris, still eludes local fishermen. In time, the large vessels probably will find and exploit the beds. Shrimp Fleet Industry sources estimate the fleet has expanded from 174 boats to 195, Catch per boat has dropped despite record catch. About 75 boats are 65feet long or longer, mostly wooden hulls, and cost about $35,000 to build. Only two have steel hulls. Each is 75 feet long and was built in Ecuador for about $125,000, Brine Refrigerated Tanks About 70% of the fleet, including almost all larger vessels, have refrigerated brine tanks. Average trip time for larger vessels is about 2 weeks; the smaller boats, operating off Manta and Playas, return to port daily. | Shrimp Production & Exports, 1966-68 | Production & Exports, 1966-68 in an. Live Wt. | Quantity | Metric Metric Tons wane Tons 6,600 2,144.7 2,900 6,000 2,229.0 2,700 5,300 1,953.7 2,400 Exports Nearly all the processed shrimp is exported to the U.S. It is shipped in 5-pound cartons, ready for market. The Ecuadorean govern- ment levies an export tax of 19 centavos (about 1U.S.¢) per pound. (U.S, Consulate, Guay- aquil, Sept. 2.) ASIA KOREA RAISES ISSUE OF JAPAN’S IMPORT RESTRICTIONS S. Korea requested a broad reappraisal of Japanese tariff policies and import restric- tions at the Japan-S. Korea Trade Conference in Tokyo, August 19-21. Hoping to halt a growing imbalance of trade, Korea asked Japan to lower import duties on more items, reduce tariffs on 27, and eliminate certain other import restric- tions. She also asked for more favorable regulations on laver imports and marketing, and reduction or elimination of tariffs on nonedible seaweed, squid, and saltedsea urchin, Japan conceded only the 5% duty on certain types of nonedible seaweed. Objects to Laver Import Restrictions S. Korea objects particularly to the import procedures for dried laver, (In 1968, dried laver accounted for 51.6% of the value of all her marine -product exports to Japan.) Japan permits Korean laver imports only between April and September, Furthermore, the sale price is not established until ship- ments have been completed and quality de- termined. Korea called this discriminatory and inconsistent with cordial commercial relations. Japan replied that her domestic producers must operate under the same sys- tem (30% of Japan's coastal fishermen harvest laver) and refused to change the procedures. Value of Korean Marine Products Exports to Japan in 1967 and 1968 » Salted or Smoked: Sea urchin roe ... 57 Laver Production Down On May 28, Korea's Office of Fisheries arranged to export 4.8 million bundles of laver during April-September, although pro- duction had amounted to only 7.68 million bundles--less thanhalf the 1968 total. Japan could buy only 3.63 million and, when prices were established on July 10, actually hadim- ported only 2.53 million. Shipment of the remaining 2.27 million bundles had been scheduled for early August . but, because of poor production, only 1 to 2 million reportedly would be available. Higher Prices Established in 1969 The new price average is 2,079 yen (US$5.78) a bundle, almost 700 yen above 1968. A bundle of high-grade laver is 2,310 yen (US$6.39), and low grade, 2,050 yen (US$5.69). About 90% is low grade. The buying price for Japanese importers is 1,800 yen. They may add 250 yen a bundle-- 150 for import duty, 54 for commission, 4 for warehouse charges, 24 for interest--and deliver to the Laver Association at 2,050. The Association adds 7 yen a bundle before distribution to wholesalers. Ministerial Discussion The Koreans again brought up the subject of dried laver at the 3rd Japan-Korea Min- isterial Conference in Tokyo, August 26-28. Korean demands were essentially the same as before--revision of import and marketing procedures. Japan's position remained un- changed, but she promised to reduce tariffs on some secondary marine products, and agreed to continue joint fisheries projects and to extend credit for fishery development. 58 JAPAN PURSE SEINERS REPORT GOOD FISHING OFF WEST AFRICA Nichiro's Fishing Company's purse-seine fleet off west Africa made good yellowfin and skipjack catchesin July. The average was 13 tons a day per pair of seiners. The fleet in- cluded 5 pairs of seiners (two less than in 1968), and 2 refrigerated carriers, 'Haruna!' (1,427 gross tons) and 'Chichibu Maru No, 2! (1,697 gross tons). Insufficient Freezing Capacity A problem was that the carriers have a combined freezing capacity of 100 tons a day and could not process all the catch. When fishing is good, the catch at times exceeds 100 tons. This problem may worsen whena new 350- ton combination pole-and-line seiner joins the fleet in December. The vessel, now under construction in Japan, will cost about US$778,800. It will be equipped with a Nor- wegian power block. ('Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,' July 18.) KOKO* NORTH PACIFIC WHALING IS SUCCESSFUL The 1969 Japanese North Pacific whaling expedition ended August 4. The 3 mothership whaling fleets attained their assigned catch of 886.5 blue-whale units. Their combined output totaled 54,983 metric tons of processed products, about 1,200 tons more than planned. (‘Nihon Suisan Shimbun,! Aug, 13.) ; 'Nisshin '"Kyokuyo MaruNo. 3! Fin whale oil . . Frozen products . Salted products . Meal , Solubles and others EASTERN PACIFIC SAURY FISHING IS DISAPPOINTING The Taiyo, Nihon Suisan, and Nichiro fish- ing firms sent 6 vessels to the northeastern Pacific onan exploratory saury fishing cruise in July. The vessels are equipped to fish with stick-held dip nets or scoop nets. In early August, they reported the catch disap- pointing. Off N. America From July 22-31, Taiyo's 'Azuma Maru No, 6! (238 gross tons) worked off the North Americancoast from Vancouver to San Fran- cisco. Shefound very light concentrations of saury and notedthat their response tosearch- lights was poor. Azuma Maru's primary objective was to study the abundance and distribution of saury astunabait. Licensed to fishuntil August 10, she cut her survey short because of stormy weather all along the Pacific coast. After a refueling stop at Terminal Island, Calif., she proceeded to eastern Pacific tuna and marlin grounds, Trawlers South of Aleutians Nihon Suisan's trawlers 'Shinano Maru! (539 gross tons) and 'Koshu Maru No, 8! (85 gross tons) fished near 40°-45° N, latitudes and 165°-175° E, longitudes, south of Aleu- tians, until late July. They found no sizable school, Attracting lights proved ineffective. The 2 trawlers, working together, had taken only about 7 tons of saury by the end of July. Later, they moved eastward to continue their search, Trawlers Move Eastward Two Nichiro trawlers, 'Akebono Maru No, 17' (499 gross tons) and 'Akebono Maru No, 21' (492 gross tons), proceeded eastward be- tweenparallels 41°-45° N, latitudes in early August. At that time, they had not encoun- tered any Significant concentrations, Nichiro's third trawler, 'Akebono Maru No. 18,' 499 gross tons, was shrimp fishing in northern waters and had not begun saury fishing. ('Suisan Tsushin,' Aug. 5.) * Ok Ok JAPAN (Contd.): BAIT SAURY SAMPLE SHIPPED FROM U.S. The Federation of Japan Tuna Fishery Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN) recently received a 6-pound sample shipment of saury taken by a U.S. vessel about 80 miles off San Francisco. The vessel had been ex- ploring the commercial possibilities of the saury resource off California. The sample was similar to the saury taken off Japan-- medium-size fish used as tuna bait. Possible Export to Japan In view of the poor fishery off Japan in recent years, and the consequent high prices, the U.S. is considering supplying the Japa- nese. However, NIKKATSUREN officials said that prospects of procuring bait saury from the U.S. do not look bright. Both the price and the quantity available are uncertain, and Japan stillrestrictsimports. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,! Sept. 11.) x OK OK RESEARCH VESSEL FINDS PROMISING GROUNDS IN S. ATLANTIC The tuna longliner 'Azuma Maru No, 37! (314 gross tons), searching for new tuna grounds inthe South Atlantic since May 26, has found some promising albacore and big- eyed grounds. Near 33°-36°03' S, latitude and 50° W. longitude, she took 41 big-eyed (1,938 lbs.) and 216 albacore (9,504 lbs.). The government is paying half the explora- tory-cruise expenses. The vessel was scheduledto callat Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 4 totransship about 120 metric tons--80 tons of albacore and 40 tons of big-eyed. To Fish Higher Latitudes On the next leg, Azuma Maru was slated to seek southern bluefin in the higher lati- tudes near 45°-50° S. She is scheduled to return to Japan in March 1970. ('Suisancho Nippo,' July 22.) 59 ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION OF TUNA WILL BE TRIED The Japanese Fisheries Agency plans to try for commercial-use artificial cultivation of tuna. About 60 million yen (US$167,000) will be appropriated in fiscal year 1970 (April 1970-March 1971) for an experiment. It will be conducted by the Far Seas Fisheries Re- search Laboratory, Mie Prefectural Fisher- ies Research Station, and Tokai and Kinki Universities. Land owned by Tokai Univer- sity, southwest of Tokyo, will be leased for use as the culture area. The Experiment Tuna will be reared from larval stage to maturity for about one year. Big-eyed is the primary species being considered. Bluefin requires 8 years to reach maturity, but big- eyed canbe grownin one year to 50-60 centi- meters, larger than cultured yellowtail. At that size, it canbe used for ''sashimi"' (sliced fish served raw). Potential Problems While a tuna-seeding technique has been tried successfully in Japan, the Agency has cited potential problems incommercial culti- vation, Tuna are deep-sea fish and may die if reared in a confined area--a tank, for example, where they might swim into the walls. While millions of eggs are released during spawning, the rate of survival for juvenile and adult stages is unknown. Temp- erature conforming to natural environment during spawning and rearing periods also may be difficult to control. Although tuna can be fed water fleas and brown shrimp, they are voracious eaters. This poses a question of their value as a. commodity--the cost of feeding relative to growth. ('Shin Suisan Shimbun,! July 21.) OR OK OWNERS HOPE TO IMPROVE TUNA PURSE SEINING IN EASTERN PACIFIC Owners of 4purse sSeiners that failed dis- mally inthe eastern Pacific tuna fishery this year are seeking improved performances in 1970. The season opens January 1. Large vessels and speed boats may be used. The independently managed seiners may unify op- erations. 60 JAPAN (Contd.): Late Arrivals in Eastern Pacific The seiners landed only about 360 tons of yellowfin during the 1969 season. This dis- appointing performance has been attributed to their late entry. By the time they arrived, the yellowfin had left the coastal area and were associated with schools of fast-swim- ming porpoise. These schools travel toofast for the slow seiners,. ('Katsuo-maguro,! Sept. 9.) * OK OX MORE FISHING VESSELS ARE EXPORTED From 1965 through 1968, Japan exported 405 fishing vessels--219 draggers, 159 tuna vessels, and 27 purse seiners. She exported considerably more to S. Korea than to other countries. Over three quarters went to 4 countries-- 185 to S. Korea, 66 tothe Philippines, 38 to Taiwan, and 29 to the Ryukyus. S. Korean Orders Rise Applications for export of draggers to S. Korea have increased again this year be- cause the latter wants to develop a pelagic fishery to earn foreign exchange. Korean import restrictions are more strict this year; the import of fishing vessels more than 4-5 years oldhasbeenbanned. No such restriction has been imposed by any other country, and exportsto other countries will continue as before. ('Minato Shimbun,' July 6.) * OK X SUPER TRAWLERS PLANNED Four fishery firms--Nihon Suisan, Hokoku Suisan, Taiyo, and Tokushima Suisan--are planning tobuild 5,000-gross-ton trawlers to operate in northern waters in1970. Two other major firms, Kyokuyo Hogei and Hoko Suisan, also are considering 5,000-tontrawl- ers, Nihon Suisan has ordered a 40-ton daily capacity minced-meat plant and a 125-ton meal plant for its trawler. The other firms are planning similar installations. Fish-Meal Production Boosted Together with 'Taiyo Maru! (2,886 gross tons) and 'Akebono Maru No, 72'(3,500 gross tons), now being fitted with meal plants, such vessels would boost substantially Japan's 1970 factoryship production of minced meat, meal, and frozen products. ('Suisancho Nippo,' Aug. 5.) OK OK NEW TUNA LONGLINER PERFORMS WELL On July 13, the tuna longliner 'Yakushi Maru No. 38'(254 grosstons), a bulbous-bow, all-weather vessel built in early 1969, re- turned from a 141-day trip to the eastern Pacific. She brought back 176 metric, eau of tuna (mostly big- eyed) taken near 4°-12° S, latitudes and 120° W. longitude, southwest of Clipperton Island, Catch Brought High Prices The catch, frozen aboard by atrolley-type, fish-hanging, and semi-air-blast-freezing system, retained a high degree of freshness and good meat quality. It brought high ex- vessel prices--averaging over 300 yen akilo- gram (US$756 a short ton) at Shimizu. Stable Craft The vessel's stability was good and double- deck construction provided a safe working area. On July 24, she departed again for the eastern Pacific. The owners hope for annual earnings of over $611,000. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,!' July 29.) OK OX TWO MODERN TUNA LONGLINERS ORDERED The Hoko Suisan Fishing Company recently ordered two 405-gross-ton, all-weather, tuna longliners for high-latitude operations from UsukiShipyard, The advanced-design vessels will be equipped with modern installations, including a reel-type longline retriever and a freezing unit capable of very low tempera- tures. They should be completed by March 1970. Specifications The vessels! main specifications are: length 166 feet; breadth 29 feet; depth 13 JAPAN (Contd.): feet; 1,600 hp. engines; 11.5 knots cruising speed; 6-ton daily freezing capacity with trolley-type fish hangers, and 1.5 tons in freezing trays; and 270 metric tons carrying capacity. They will carry 22-man crews. (‘Minato Shimbun,'! Sept. 7.) % OK OK FISHERIES AGENCY BUILDS 1,500-TON PURSE-SEINE RESEARCH VESSEL The Fisheries Agency has decided to build a 1,500-gross-ton, purse-seine research ves- sel patterned after the large U.S. commercial seiner. The vessel will carry two 40-knot speedboats and search for skipjack and other surface tuna schools. This is intended to help the tuna fishery, which is infinancial trouble because of declining longline catches. She also could be used to investigate other re- sources, such as saury, mackerel, and sar- dines. The Vessel The vessel will be 223 feet long, 46 feet broad, and 23 feet deep. Two 5,500-hp. main engines, coupled to controllable pitch propel- lers, will give a maximum speed of 18 knots. Other equipment willinclude a side thruster, a stabilizer, and a Norwegian power block. Construction is to be completed in 1971. ('Suisancho Nippo,' July 25 & 28.) KOK OK FROZEN TUNA COMMISSION SALES GROW During Jan.-April 1969, member compa- nies of the Frozen Food Exporters Assoc. exported 18,955 metric tons of frozen tuna caught by other countries. Japanese exports of frozen tuna for the same period were 20,610 tons. The 18,955 tons handled through commis- sion sales were taken mainly by Taiwanese and S. Korean fishing vessels; 12,672 tons were exported tothe U.S., and6,283 to Italy. Yellowfin Is 60% Yellowfin accounted for 11,312 tons--60% of total sales. Japanese yellowfin exports during the same period were 8,425 metric 61 tons--20% below commission sales. Albacore accounted for 7,000 tons of total sales (Japa- nese exports were 8,795 tons); big-eyed 616 tons, and skipjack 584 tons. Exports Unchanged Japanese frozen tuna exports for same period 1968 were 39,138 tons. During first 4 months of 1969, Japanese exports were half the 1968 period's. However, when commis- sion sales are added, the quantity exported remains the same. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 5.) KOK FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS DIP IN FIRST-HALF 1969 Frozen tuna exports during January-June 1969 of 32,980 metric tons were down 37% from the 52,190 tons exportedin same period 1968. Yellowfin exports declined 47% from same period 1968; albacore decreased 19%. Main Importers Principal importers were: U.S., 12,274 metric tons (19,239 in 1968); Puerto Rico, 7,654 (11,570); Italy, 5,965 (12,558); Malaysia, 1,866 (939); and American Samoa, 1,575 (3,366). The 1969 exports are expected to total about 65,000-70,000 tons at the most, com- pared with 105,000 tons in 1968. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 22.) kX PREMIUM ON EXPORT CANNED TUNA INCREASED On July 15, the Tokyo Canned Tuna Sales Co. announced an 11-14 U.S. cents-per-case premium increase on canned whitemeat tuna in brine for export tothe U.S. The increase resulted from the depletion of the company's canned tuna stocks. It is not known whether all of the present stock will be sold under the new price. Sold Half Stock During the July 8-11 sales, the company offered about 200,000 cases and received buy - offers totaling 400,000 cases. It decided to sell half the stock initially, and to allocate the remainder according to the buyers' past 62 JAPAN (Contd.): performance and quantity ordered during recent sales. Further upward price adjustments may be made if buy-offersincrease. The recent pre- mium increase was strongly opposed by the trading firms. They claim the present mo- nopolistic sales system must be eliminated to end such arbitrary practices. ('Suisan Tsushin,' July 17.) New prices are: Present Pricel/ [Original | Additional Style and Can Size anned whitemeat tuna in brine: Solid: 7-02z. 48's 13-0z. 24!s | 0.31 | Ke 0.11 0.14 3 . 8.11 0.20 Chunk: 6.6-lb. 18.94 0.56 Exwarehouse, Shimizu, Japan. CANNED TUNA IN OIL EXPORTS DECLINE Canned tuna in oil exports, January-June 1969, were 4,680,764 pounds valued at US$2,016,500; these were sharply below com- parable 1968 exports of 15,910,088 pounds worth $4,976,900. The decline was due to short supplies of skipjack (the principal species used for can- ned tuna in oil) and higher export prices. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Aug. 11.) OK OK FROZEN SHRIMP IMPORTS CONTINUED HIGH IN JUNE Japan imported 4,122 metric tons of fro- zen shrimp worth US$11 million in June, surpassing the 4,000-ton mark for the 3rd straight month, Imports in June 1968 were 2,324 tons, The imports were reported to have in- creased frozen-shrimp holdings to around 15 months' supply, depressing prices for smaller-sized shrimp on domestic market. The principal suppliers during June were: Australia, 526 metric tons; Hong Kong, 440; Thailand, 404; Mexico, 397; and Communist China, 366. ('Suisancho Nippo,' July 17.) *K OK OK IMPORT RESTRICTIONS LIFTED ON SMOKED SCALLOPS & SQUID The government has decided to reduce the number of commodities on the residual im- port restrictionlist from 120 to 60. Smoked scallops and smoked squid, now under import quotas, definitely will be decontrolled. Fresh and frozen yellowtail, jack mackerel, Pacific mackerel, saury, sardine, cod, her- ring, squid, and scallops, salted cod and herring roes, dried laver, and marine-animal meal and scraps will remain on the list. ('‘Suisan Tsushin,' Sept, 22.) KOK YAIZU LANDINGS ROSE IN AUGUST Landings at Yaizu in August of 7,792 metric tons (worth about US$4.6 million) were 118 tons over the 7,674 ($4.4 million) landed in August 1968. Bluefin and albacore landings were down but good skipjack fishing off Japan in August resulted in sharply in- creased landings compared with the same monthlast year. ('Kanzume Tokuho,!' Sept. 4, 1969.) Landing and Average Exvessel Prices, July-August 1969 & July 1968 esl [aa [Jai _| Ava | | Jay | A + (Metric Tons) . . (Us¢ /Short Ton) Mackerel Others Total 7,792 |12, 824 1/Includes yellowfin and big-eyed tuna, OK OK JAPAN (Contd.): SHRIMP TEAMS VISIT SOUTHEAST ASIA & LATIN AMERICA The Japan Fish Products Import Assoc. plans tosend a shrimpteam on a government - subsidized trip to Pakistan, India, and Thai- land. The team will survey local shrimp fishing, processing, and marketing; it will advise on quality controland sanitation. This will facilitate Japanese imports of frozen shrimp from the 3 countries. In 1967 and 1968, the association sent similar missions to southeast Asia and the mid-East. As a result, shrimp purchases from those areas have increased sharply. Other Visits Planned The association also plans to senda shrimp mission on a 45-day trip to 12 Latin American countries--Brazil, Surinam, Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago, Barbados, Vene- zuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico, ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,!' July 17.) OK OK JAPANESE -MAURITANIAN FISHERY TALKS FAIL AGAIN Negotiations to allow Japanese trawlers to fish inside Mauritania's 12-mile fishery zone were broken off for a third time this June. Japan had offered to pay entry fees accordingtothe quantity of catch, but Mauri- tania wanted assessments based on vessel tonnage. Since the difference betweenthe two meth- ods ofassessment--against 69 Japanese ves- sels trawling off west Africa--would amount to US$1.9 million, the Japanese would not accept Mauritania's proposal. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,' June 24.) INDIA VESSEL MAKES RECORD LOBSTER CATCH According to a report from Cochin, an Indo-Norwegian project deep-seafishing op- eration made a record catch of spiny lobsters 63 off Quillon recently. Ona 2-day cruise, the fishing vessel 'Klaus Sunnana' caught up to 5 metric tons of lobsters in only 14 hours of fishing. Fairly Large Quantities Found A survey of the coast from north of Tri- vendrum to Cannanore has indicated fairly large quantities of shrimp and spiny lobster in 100 to 250 fathoms. Intensive fishing has been carried out in some of the grounds to find out their commercial possibilities. ("World Fishing,' London, July 1969.) CEYLON FIRST FISH CANNERY IS OPERATING Ceylon's first fish-packing plant, 'Sesalai,' began operations on August 5. Built for about US$382,500, it employs 100 workers. The cannery capacity, which is about 28,000 cans per 8-hour day, packs small fish taken in coastal waters. Tuna will be canned in the future. ('Suisancho Nippo,' August 21.) INDONESIA tROZEN SHRIMP EXPORTS ARE DEVELOPING Shrimp could become an important export commodity for Indonesia. Already it is a commercial catch along the east coast of Sumatra and the north coast of Java. But along the muddy coasts of Kalimantan (South Borneo) and West Irian(western New Guinea), it is practically untouched. Because proper collection facilities have been lacking, shrimp has never been major export item, with one exception: Requiring practically no more effort for foreign than for domestic sale, it is shipped in ice from some parts of Sumatra to Malaysia and Singapore. Exports began in 1967, when exporters in Djakarta first succeeded in collecting stand- ard sizes in sufficient quantities. Since then, frozen shrimp exporting has begun in other areas, for example, Central Java and North Sumatra, 64 INDONESIA (Contd.): Fishing Areas & Supplies Most of the export shrimp comes from the existing small fishing operations, but in- creasing competition has impelled some ex- porters to set uptheir own operations. Dja- karta's supplies generally come from the Bay of Djakarta, Tjirebon, West Java, and Tjilatjap in Central Java. Fishing Methods The local fishermen use primitive gear-- beach seines, push nets, or traps. Nylon gill- nets have been introduced in Tjirebon, and their popularity is increasing rapidly. Trawl- ing is still experimental, except in North Sumatra, where it is already a commercial operation. Most of the shrimp supplied to Djakarta is Penaeus merguiensis mixed with other varieties, such as tiger prawn P. mono- don. Handling & Transportation The fishing grounds are so close to the landing places that shrimp usually are landed un-iced. As soon as landed, they are col- lected by the exporters, usually through in- termediaries buying only the exportable sizes. Handling facilities are provided by the exporters. The shrimp are beheaded, washed, packed in ice in cases or baskets, and trucked toDjakarta. The 6-10 hourtrips are made at night to avoid excessive heat. Processing, Freezing & Cold Storage After arriving at the Djakarta processing plants, the shrimp are dumped into washing tanks. Some processors ice the washing wa- ter tokeep temperatures down. If the shrimp are heads-on, they are first beheaded; then, after being thoroughly washed, they are graded according to quality, species, and size. Each category is weighed into 2,2 kilogram (5 lbs.) lots and distributed to the packing tables. They are arranged in rectangular metal pans covered with perforated metal lids. After water has been poured through the holes into the pans, they are frozen at -20° C. (-4° F.) for 8-12 hours. After the frozen blocks are removed from the pans, each is placed in a plastic bag, and then in a carton. Sixcartons go into one 13.6 kilogram (30 lbs.) masterbox. These go in cold-storage to await final sea or air shipment to Singa- pore, Hong Kong, Japan, and the U.S. Quality Control Fishery products for export, including shrimp, are inspected by government agents shortly before shipment. A certificate of quality is issued for those found fit for human consumption. They are graded "Excellent," "Good," "Fair,''and "Poor," ratings roughly equivalent to''U.S. Grade A," ''U.S. Grade B," "U.S. Grade C,"' and ''Sub-Standard." Future Developments Toexport frozen shrimp requires freezing and cold-storage facilities. Such facilities stillare underdeveloped in Indonesia, forcing shrimp exporters to establish new freezing and cold-storage plants. These indirectly benefit the whole fish-processing industry. The rush for exportable shrimp also has opened new shrimp fishing opportunities-- development of more efficient fishing gear and methods, and exploration of new fishing grounds. The participation of new private enter- prises is also very important tothe industry. Formerly, private enterprise was very reluc- tant to invest capital in the shrimp fishery. (Text based on a note submitted to 13th Session of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Coun- cil, Australia, Oct. 1958, by Soenjoto Dar- maredjo, Institute of Fisheries Technology, Pasar Minguei, Djakarta.) SOUTH PACIFIC AUSTRALIA INTENSIVE SHRIMP RESHARCH PROGRAM TO BEGIN Australia has announced a major research program on shrimp to be undertaken by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- search Organization (CSIRO). The ultimate objective is the fullest exploitation of the northern shrimp fisheries consistent with conservation. It will involve about A$600,000in capital expenditure over 3 years and, when infull operation, arecurrent yearly expenditure of about $330,000. Gulf of Carpentaria Shrimp Fishery Six years ago, the Commonwealth, the Queensland government, and commercial fishermen began the investigations that ledto the discovery of great quantities of shrimp in the southeastern Gulf of Carpentaria. Com- mercial exploitation, first by Australian and later by foreign fleets, soon produced an annual harvest of millions of pounds. Catch Decreased in 1968 After a record catch in 1968, the yield decreased considerably in1969. Reasons for the decrease are unknown, but Some other countries also reported a bad season, Only a carefully planned research program can determine the true cause of such dramatic fluctuations. More must be learned about the factors influencing population size, par- ticularly the rate of natural replenishment and the impact of commercial fishing. CSIRO's Program CSIRO will beginwith a size andage com- position study of individual and collective shrimp catches. Individual specimens will be tagged to chart movements to and from the fishing grounds, Oceanographic researchers will study the effects of ocean currents and Seawater changes on migration in different areas and seasons. Species studies will in- clude investigations of growth, reproduction, behavior, the factors influencing food supplies, and the effect of different fishing intensities. (‘Australian Fisheries,' July 1969.) Dz oy De as Be aR SETS UP FISHERIES RESEARCH FUND Australia is establishing a Commonwealth Fishing Industry Research Trust Account Similar tothe onesfor the wheat, wool, dairy, 65 meat, tobacco, and egg industries. The initial annual Commonwealth contribution will be about A$500,000. Each State will name its own trust fund to receive industry contribu- tions for fisheries research withinthe State. Advisory Committee A Fishing Industry Research Committee -- one representative from the Department of Primary Industry, one from the Common- wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), and one from the Fish- ing Industry Council--will advise the Minister for Primary Industry on expenditures from the account, Some programs the fund might support are: biological research--distribution, behavior, sustainable yields--and fishing regimes for particular stocks; technological research to improve exploiting, handling, and processing methods; economic and market research; ex- tension of research results to the industry; vocational training and technical education. Each one would contribute to overall fisher- ies development. The fund also would support direct development projects: for example, demonstrating prototype equipment, explor- atory fishing, and developing new products. Scope of Fund Any type of program connected with the fund's purposes will be considered. Fund money will be spent for the benefit of the Australian fishing industry as a whole, rather than for a particular section. The fund will not be usedtofinance purchases of plants and facilities, nor will it finance projects in the externalterritories. ("Australian Fisheries,' July 1969.) AMERICAN SAMOA TUNA PRICES UNCHANGED IN SEPTEMBER September tuna prices in AmericanSamoa carried over from August: $430 a short ton for frozenround albacore, $415 iced; $347.50 for frozen gilled-and-gutted yellowfin, $327.50 iced. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Sept. 4.) AFRICA SOUTH-WEST AFRICA STRICTER CONSERVATION MEASURES ANNOUNCED A South-West African government official has announced stricter conservation meas- ures for fish resources, including a closed season from November 1, 1969,to January 31, 1970, Beginning in fall 1970, the closed sea- son will run from the end of October to the beginning of February of the following year. He also warned vessels encroaching on the 12-mile fishing limits that patrol services will be strengthened. The government also has decided to tighten spiny lobster catch limits. ('The South Afri- can Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re- view,' Sept. 1969.) SOUTH & SOUTH-WEST AFRICA FISH OIL PRODUCTION & EXPORTS, FIRST-HALF 1968-1969 ee cae © «cee o (Metric Ton)c ccc ea o (Source: U.S, Consul, Cape Town; South African Fish Meal Producers' Association. ) SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICAN COMPANY ENTERS ANGOLAN FISHING INDUSTRY A South African company, Pescangol (Pty.) Ltd., is planning to develop a small uneco- nomic Angolan fish-meal factory into a prof- itable operation, Through an Angolan sub- sidiary, Investimentos Sul Africanos de 66 Angola, the company has boughta 75% interest in the ailing Unipesca S.,A.R.L. Pescagnol agreed to pay about US$71,000 demanded by Unipesca's bankers, reducing its overdraft by one third. Previous S. African Ventures Pescangol now willhave what promises to be a lucrative share in the underdeveloped, but potentially rich, Angolanfishing industry. The industry has tempted South Africans be- fore. Several were forced to drop plans for Angolan subsidiaries some years ago after Portuguese legislation prohibited foreign control of Angolan fishing ventures. Pescangol seems to have found a loop- hole: a group of South-West African farmers obtained a 90% interest in Unipesca just a few months before the law. They converted the company from trawl to shoal fishing, and installed an old 7-ton-an-hour fish-meal plant. These changes were insufficient for a profitable operation, and debts began to mount. This opened way for Pescangol's take-over. To Renovate Company Pescangol will replace 3 shoal-fishing boats with 70-80 vessels now on order from a Luanda boatbuilder. Allboats willbe fitted with radios, still new to Angolan vessels, power blocks, and echo-sounders. Pescangol also plans to build a 30-ton-an- hour fish-meal plant; one quotation has been received from a Norwegian manufacturer. Unipesca already has its own jetty. The fish will be unloaded by pump. To Expand Production After the plant is commissioned in 1970, raw -fish intake should rise to 40,000 metric tons; 26,000 tons are planned this year. Unipesca has averaged only 15,000-18,000 tons since 1965. ('The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,' Sept. 1969.) industry--catfish farming! According to Dr. Jack Greenfield, Indus - trial Economist with BCF Ann Arbor, Mich- igan, about 12 million pounds of farm-raised catfish worth $4.6 million were harvested during 1968. Production in 1969 may be double, he says; by 1972 it could be 52 mil- lionpounds. Catfish are being grownin 25,000 acres of ponds. Mississippi(9,000), Arkansas (7,600), and Louisiana (2,700) lead in acreage and production. The Catfish Market Walter Jones, Regional Marketing Coor- dinator at BCF Ann Arbor, reports that most of the 1968 catfish were marketed locally as live or dressed fish to fish markets, indi- viduals, and restaurants. Some catfish also were marketed as live fish to operators of pay-fishing lakes. The markets are chang- ing rapidly, however. This year, there are at least 5 plants in the South processing cat- fish into a dressed, frozen product for dis- tribution to restaurants, supermarkets, and other outlets throughout the U.S. Several franchised restaurants specializing in catfish also have been opened. BCF is providing technical assistance and information on plant design and sanitation for new processing plants. Grown in Ponds Jim Ayers, BCF Fishery Marketing Spec- ialist, Little Rock, Arkansas, explains that most catfish are grown in ponds ranging from a few acres to 40 acres or more. Ponds are filled with 3 to 6 feet of water and stocked with 1,000 to 1,600 fingerling catfish per acre. They are fed a pelleted feed (many companies market commercial catfish feeds) for a year or more until they reach the popu- lar market size of 1 to 1 pounds. Produc- tion per acre ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds andaverages about 1,400 pounds. Al- though several species of catfish are being grown, the most popular is the channel cat- fish (Ictalurus punctatus). CATFISH Whoever heard of fish that feed themselves? A major food company now markets a mechanical feeder that catfish trip when they get hungry. It's all part of the South's newest 67 Fig. 1-Just about market size, this catfish soon will be on its way to a catfish-processing plant. BCF has developed a full-color cookbooklet called "Fancy Catfish," available from Government Printing Office. (Photo: Arkansas Game and Fish Commission) Fig. 2 - Catfish farms now form geometric patterns across the Southern United States. Fig. 3 - Everyone wades in to load catch after BCF biologists give a catfish-harvesting demonstration. At Bureau's Gear Research Base in Kelso, Arkansas, biologists are searching for quicker, more efficient methods of harvesting. 68 A big problem is harvesting the fish, says Don Greenland, BCF Gear Research Base in Kelso, Arkansas. A Base-developed mechanized haul seine harvests effectively many cat- fish ponds. He says that one of the Base's primary objectives is to improve and modernize harvesting methods. BCF demonstrations are given throughout "catfish country" to familiarize farmers withtechniques and gear. The results are good: Severalfarmers have obtained similar gear. Why Catfish? Why are farmers converting some acreage to catfish farming? Catfish are popular in the South for their excellent eating qualities, says Walter Jones. More important, catfish can produce profits equal to, or higher than, soybeans, cotton, or rice; they are worth more per pound (35¢ to 45¢ and higher) than cattle, pork, or poultry. Demand alsohas been good. With all the interest in catfishfarming, a new organization, Catfish Farmers of Amer- ica (CFA), was formed tobring order and unity to the industry. The CFA drew up stringent guidelines fortheir members. "Quality and continuity of supply are our watchwords," says President Charles Pickering. The organization has asked BCF to develop quality control standards. The prospects for fish farming are good. As farmers gain experience and try new methods, greater efficiency and lower product costs will be realized. Many species of fish and shellfish can be grown successfully in fresh or saltwater ponds. The potential for diversification is excellent. Genetic breeding for faster-growing and more meaty fish of- fers new possibilities. Problems May Develop The future is not cloudless. Overexpansion and overproduction are definite possibilities during the next few years. Although BCF marketing specialists are trying to introduce catfish in other areas, the catfish image outside the South is not always good--and may not be changed easily. Some resistance also is being encountered to present prices of farm- grown catfish. Competition from foreign and cheaper production along the Gulf Coast may occur. BCF is working with the industry to overcome the problems. Some of its specialists believe the catfishfarming industry will become a significant new source of fishery products for U.S. consumers. (National Marketing Services Office, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States Department of the Interior, 100 East Ohio Street, Room 526, Chicago, Illinois 60611.) 69 THE WAY OF ALL GIANTS? A century ago lobsters sold for 2¢ a pound and were so common they were sometimes used as fish bait. Better transportation and refrigeration have drastically changed this, and fishing pressure has become intense. Dockside prices for lobsters are 80¢ a poundor more. Vessels are now fishing in the deep offshore waters, where giant 20-30 pound lobsters are found, according to Bernie Skud, Director of the BCF Biological Laboratory in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. The offshore catch used to be less than one percent of the total lobster catch. Now, however, the offshore fishery is growing rapidly; it provides almost a fifth of the U.S. catch. Although the inshore fishery of New England still produces most of the world's supply, BCF, as early as 1965, became concerned that the two fisheries might be competing for the same supply of lobsters. Like any other crop, the lobster has an upper limit of harvest; go beyond that limit and everyone suffers --fishermen, processors, and the consumer. Coastal & Offshore Fisheries Compete ? To determine if the coastal and offshore fisheries do compete for the same supply of lobsters, BCF established an intense research program atits Boothbay Harbor Laboratory. The program had several objectives. One was to establish a management plan for each fishery to secure the maximum catch possible without jeopardizing the lobster fishery. Another was to study the possibility of lobster farming. Skud says: ''We think, on a high- priced product such as lobsters, that a company could farm them, make a nice profit, and still not compete withthe commercialfishery. The supply to the consumer would, of course, also be increased; who knows, maybe we could all afford to eat lobsters." Tagging Studies To study the movements and interchange of lobsters in the inshore and offshore fish- eries, BCF began a series of tagging studies. The early tags were attached directly to the armor-like shell-covering. However, these tags were lost when the lobster moulted. A small, harmless, yellow tag, retained through moulting, was developed later by Bureau scientists. A small, harmless, yellow tag is used by BCF biologists to determine movements of lobsters on inshore and offshore fishing grounds. Through research, the biologists hope to develop a tag that stays attached even when the lobster casts its shell. These studies will provide data necessary to properly manage the important lobster fishery. 70 Since 1966, nearly 10,000 lobsters have geen tagged and released on the coastal and offshore fishing grounds. Those recaptured by fishermen showed that lobsters in the coastal areas remained in their chosen territories; in the offshore areas, however, lobsters moved long distances: one-third of those tagged moved over 50 miles, and one lobster traveled 185 miles in 70 days! These tagging studies will soon tell BCF scientists whether the offshore fishery can be expanded without hurting the inshore fishery. "If we can, it will mean more lobsters for the fishermen and for the consumer,"' explains Skud. "Further development and added fishing pressure will undoubtedly spell the endof the giantlobster era. But that is inevitable in any productive fishery--and is the way of all giants." Other research designed to preserve the multimillion dollar industry includes an analysis of the yearly growth of the offshore fishery; studies of the structure, growth, blood, and tissues of lobsters to learn whether separate groups inhabit the different fishing areas; and oceanographic studies to help determine what the lobster requires of its environment. An artificial reef was also constructed; BCF SCUBA divers have made new observations about lobster behavior. Lobster History The American lobster is called Homarus americanus to distinguish it from all other species, variously known as spiny lobster, langusta, and rock lobster. In 1968, for the first time, it provided the U.S. with the world's most valuable lobster fishery. An organized fishery for lobsters began in Eastport, Maine, in 1843, when the canning process was developed. Most of the product was exported. The fishery was carried out among the rocks and ledges of the New England coast; the lobsters were caught in traps resembling orange-crates. Today, the traps are much the same as they were then, but the dories and pea-pods have given way to power boats. Lobster Habits Lobsters are commonly found on rocky areas of ocean bottom, hiding in excavated burrows under rocks. Occasionally, theyhide amongst attached algae inshallow water, or in shallow depressions in a mud or sand bottom. Competition for hiding places exists with several species of crabs and finfish. Lobsters will utilize artificial cover such as tires, cement blocks, and tiles. Territoriality is practiced during the warmer two-thirds of the year and is virtually nonexistent during the winter. The act of shedding is performed in or close to the burrow and requires 10 to 20 minutes to complete. The cast-off shell is soon eaten by the lobster. During the first several years of life, lobsters spend most of their time within the burrow complex. At age 3 or 4, the lobster begins to roam over the ocean bottom at night, leaving the burrow at sundown and returning before sunrise. These nocturnal movements are in search of food and generally do not cover more than several hundred yards. The lobster eats practically anything and, occasionally, eats the shells of other organisms. Predation on the lobster occurs primarily at night; sculpins, cunners, wolffish, goosefish, and cod have been observed stalking and capturing lobsters. The main defense of the lobster is his relatively large claws, a ripper claw, and a crusher claw. Lobsters missing one or both claws are less active. (National Marketing Services Office, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States Department of the Interior, 100 East Ohio Street, Room 526, Chicago, Illinois 60611.) INDEX Page Page UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL: 1 .. Program To Strengthen U.S. Marine-Science 41 .. FAO Holds Conference To Spur Fishery In- Activities Is Announced vestments 4 ,. Wenk Comments on 5-Point Program 42 .. Hormones Stimulate Fish Growth 6 .. Hickel Urges World Action To Protect & 43 .. French Tag Tuna in Eastern Atlantic Develop Arctic Resources 43 .. 3 Nations Survey Barents Sea 6 .. Interior Department Limits Fishery Loans 43 Japan and South Korea Plan Joint Venture To $40,000 Canada: 6 .. Eastern Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Catch Rate 44, Pair Seine Netting Proves Great Success Is Changed 44 , Fisheries Minister Proposes Stricter Salmon 7 .. The Shrimp Situation Licensing in British Columbia 8 .. Gulf Menhaden Fishery Sets Record 45). Newfoundland Landings in First-Half 1969 8 .. Management of Menhaden Fishery Is 46. Government Buys Salt Cod for Foreign Relief Suggested 46. Conference on Automation & Mechanization 8 .. Alewife Die-Off in Great Lakes Is Minor Slated 9 .. Underwater Tuna School Tracked by Sonar EB. 6 October Was Fish Promotion Month 10 .. East Coast Clam Dredge Tested Off Oregon Europe: 11 .. Destroyer's Sonar Tracks Whale USSR: 11 .. University Curricula In Marine Sciences 47 Proposes Dam To Protect Azov Sea Published 47 Deep-Water Trawling Takes Antarctic Cod 12 .. U.S. Aids Gulf of Mexico Oyster Industry 47 Vessel Seeks Shrimp Off Africa 12 .. Sensor Studies Temperature-Fish Migration 48 Carp and Pike Bred in Reservoirs Supplied Relationship With Thermal Water 15 .. Soviet Research Vessel Arrives At Woods 48 . Artificial Culture of Sea Cucumbers & Hole Scallops Begins 16 .. Foreign Fishing Off U.S., September 1969 48 Bathyscaphe Used To Study Behavior of States: Fish in Trawl Nets Alaska: 48 Finds Japanese Acoustical Devices Un- 19. 1969 Salmon Pack Is Nearly Million Cases satisfactory Below 1968's 48 . Purse Seining With Electric Lights May Be ils) 6 Largest Bristol Bay Run Predicted for Developed 1970 49 , Fisheries Minister Promotes 'Minced Fish! 20. Fishery Economics Has Some Bright Spots Denmark: ZO ee State Insurance Director Urges Fisher- 49. First-Half 1969 Landings Drop Below 1968 men's Co-Op Record Period Ail) BCF Helps Cousteau Prepare Salmon Film 49 . Faroese Catch Declines Further California: BO 5 High-Seas Salmon Fishing Increases ail To Build First State-Owned Channel Cat- BO), Minimum Prices To Be Established fish Hatchery Norway: 22). Tagged Sturgeon Migrate Far Bil’ Brisling Catch Is Smaller Than Expected New York: Iceland: 22. Long Island Sound Pollution Doubles in Bil 4 Increases Salmon Hatchery Decade France: Washington: Bil 5 Fishing Fleet Dwindles 23). Hake Landings in Puget Sound Reach 9 Bil g Subsidies Granted to Dried Cod Industry Million Pounds United Kingdom: Florida: 52. Dogfish Is Becoming Popular 23) 4 Shrimp Farming Study Wins EDA Funds 52 . White Fish Authority Raises Interest Rate Commonwealth of Puerto Rico: Greece: 3} 6 'Stahl' Finds Snappers & Groupers in 52 Foreign Trade Trends Unexploited Area Off Puerto Rico Latin America: ARTICLES: Mexico: 24 .. A Trawler's Voyage Points Up U.S. Fisher- Be 6 Fisheries Declined in First-Half 1969 _ men's Problems, by Elliot Carlson Be} ¢ Decline Expected in West Coast Shrimp 27 .. Tuna Purse Seine Fishery in Eastern Fishery Tropical Atlantic, by John P. Wise 58, Shrimp Research Conducted on West Coast 29 .. Fishery Oceanography--IV, Ocean Salinity 54. Shrimp Vessels To Get New Refrigeration and Distribution of Pacific Salmon, by Plants in U.K. Felix Favorite 54 . Fish Meal Plant and Sardine Cannery Are 33 .. Tropical Atlantic Tuna Larvae Collected Dur- Built in Guaymas ing EQUALANT Surveys, by William J. 54. Veracruz Fisheries Richards Peru: 38 . .BOOKS 55 Fish Meal Output & Exports, Jan. -July 1967-69 Index continued page 72. 71 72 INDEX (CONTINUED) Page Page INTERNATIONAL (Contd.): INTERNATIONAL (Contd.): Latin America (Contd.): Asia (Contd.): Ecuador: Japan (Contd.): WB 6 Tuna Production & Exports Declined in G2 irae Frozen Shrimp Imports Continued High in 1968 June 3 OMtaite 1968 Shrimp Catch & Exports Set Records WA 66 Import Restrictions Lifted on Smoked Asia: Scallops & Squid 57... Korea Raises Issue of Japan's Import Re- G2 Yaizu Landings Rose in August strictions 63 .. Shrimp Teams Visit Southeast Asia & Japan: Latin America at oc Purse Seiners Report Good Fishing Off Goins Japanese-Mauritanian Fishery Talks Fail West Africa Again D8). North Pacific Whaling Is Successful India: 58 2% Eastern Pacific Saury Fishing Is Dis- 63 .. Vessel Makes Record Lobster Catch appointing Ceylon: 3H) 65 Bait Saury Sample Shipped From U.S, SB} 5 5 First Fish Cannery Is Operating 59). « Research Vessel Finds Promising Indonesia: Grounds in S, Atlantic 3 6 4 Frozen Shrimp Exports Are Developing BE) oc Artificial Cultivation of Tuna Will Be South Pacific: Tried Australia: 59 .. Owners Hope To Improve Tuna Purse Gy 55 Intensive Shrimp Research Program to Begin Seining in Eastern Pacific () on 5 Sets Up Fisheries Research Fund 60 .. More Fishing Vessels Are Exported American Samoa: 60 .. Super Trawlers Planned GH) oc Tuna Prices Unchanged in September 60 .. New Tuna Longliner Performs Well Africa: GORr Two Modern Tuna Longliners Ordered South-West Africa: GI. Fisheries Agency Builds 1,500-Ton OS oo Stricter Conservation Measures Announced Purse-Seine Research Vessel South & South-West Africa: Gite er Frozen Tuna Commission Sales Grow 66) ee Fish Oil Production & Exports, First-Half Gi er. Frozen Tuna Exports Dip In First-Half 1968-1969 1969 South Africa: iY Ala Premium on Export Canned Tuna Increased OW Ss 5 South African Company Enters Angolan 62 .. Canned Tuna In Oil Exports Decline Fishing Industry 71 . .INDEX HOW DEEP HAS A SKIN DIVER GONE? The greatest depth to which a diver has ever descended without a pressure suit was reached in December 1962 when Hannes Keller, a Swiss mathematician, and Peter Small, a British journalist, descended to1,000 feet in an opendiving bell. At that depth, Keller swam outside for 3 minutes. He breathed a secret mixture of gases which was based on his own computations of what the human system requires andcan tolerate; he also computed the de- compression stages for the diver. Unfortunately, Small and another diver died during this attempt. The deepest dive without breathing aids, mask, or fins was made in February 1967 by Robert Croft, a U.S. Navy submarine escapeinstructor. He carried a 29-pound weight and reached a depth of 212.7 feet. His unusual ability can be attributed to the fact that he had rickets in his childhood, which resulted in a flexible ribcage and a lungcapacity about twice the normal. ("Questions About The Oceans,’ U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) #U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 392-623/4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Walter J. Hickel, Secretary Russell E. Train, Under Secretary Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources Charles H. Meacham, Commissioner, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Dayton L. Alverson, Acting Director, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources, Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States -- now and in the future. BACK COVER: A cloud of rainbow trout streams from plane passing 300 feet above Wahweap Bay on Lake Powell, Colorado. (Photo: Mel Davis) OMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review VOL. 31, NO. 12 aK DECEMBER 1969 Vay COVER: A crab processor and catcher boat anchored off BCF Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska. (Photo: J. M. Olson) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review A comprehensive view of United States and foreign fishing industries--including catch, processing, market- ing, research, and legislation--prepared by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Fishermen's Memorial Gloucester, Mass. II Managing Editor: Edward Edelsberg Associate Editor: Barbara Lundy Production: Jean Zalevsky Alma Greene Mary Andrews The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife make up The Fish and Wildlife Service of The United States Department of the Interior. Throughout this book, the initials BCF stand for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Address correspondence and requests to: Commercial Fisheries Review, 1801 North Moore Street, Room 200, Arlington, Va. 22209. Telephone: Area Code 703 - 557-4246. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions of these sources. Although the contents have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by the Director, Bureau of the Budget, April 18, 1968. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D, C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $7.00 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. CONTENTS UNITED STATES We Euatel TSMC oo o00a0000o000oKKKOOS ARTICLES Norwegian Holding Net Tested in Maine Sardine ISlaeray, loyy Irate Sasa 5 5565005600000 Forecasting World Demand for Tuna to the Year UOSO, lz ieeclercnielk Wyo Breall 5646000 5000 Rearing Larval Tunas in the Laboratory, “by Edward D, Houde and William J. Richards Fishery Oceanography--V, Ocean Circulation and Distribution of Sockeye Salmon, by Felix IHENACeIEO NI Ga 8 6.0 0 d.610 mb0.0 Blo. 6 0.0.0'0.0-6°0-0 Persian Gulf Fisheries, by David K. Sabock and JamescAs. (Gur e. Al itwene vanahitiomenjoutemeteie nefrelieolveiee I OOS 535i oige: ceissisanawrel tie! eveay 10, to alotathe oy wer a) oe ue teens TIN ERAN TACT T ONAN Fro, ashes 0: Veitedool oan ioouieh eve rent erkaras ee Canadarnihe sycsewedoweue kets BYacutete sMspkeat kel dow auteteer ionic 0 IDUIPEIE 5 o000p00000000 poO000e 000 6) 3) 6 « WatcinwAincieilcamemeeheenenenele sieMcivet ia Voureyherier ereuien suis UNS TATA i alten os relive 'eiu ems SRNR OHO eek: tous lie conve ntehtetee IMGICIIDASR 5S 65605006 BOUOUC a COCO tir ORO OROROL ONO PANE AS) fay font os aioe o0b00D0000ODO000OH GCN South) Pacitics sevens euaviel @ a opamenertss 6 5 LINIDIBS so oocood OD oO OOo oOS o00000000000 III IV Horn Island, part of Gulf Islands in Gulf of Mexico off Texas. (National Park Service, M. W. Williams) INTERIOR SEEKS COASTAL-ZONE LEGISLATION The Department of the Interior has asked Congress to establish anew national program to encourage and help coastal and Great Lakes states to protect and develop their estuarine and other coastal lands and waters. The pro- posed legislation is based on a 3-year Estu- arine Pollution study recently completed by Interior's Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The legislation would authorize matching Federal grants to coastal and Great Lakes states to develop comprehensive management programs for their coastal zones. These pro- grams would follow guidelines that are es- tablished to promote the national interest. Follow-up matching Federal grants would be provided the states to carry out the plans. The Estuarine Study reveals that long- range land and water management is manda- tory to balance increasing demands on the vulnerable estuarine waters and wetlands. Irreplaceable Areas Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel said: Our coastal and estuarine areas con- tain irreplaceable habitat for most of our sport and commercial fisheries, as well as waterfowl and other wildlife. These areas are used for recreation and enjoyment by millions of people, andthe demand is rapidly increasing. "But it is here where our population and technological pressure are the greatest. Con- sequently, these resources are Susceptible to man's alterations, such as pollution, housing and industrial development, which continue without a comprehensive plan on a piecemeal basis. "The legislation would assist and strength- en the role of the coastal states in the orderly planning of their land and water resources of the coastal zone." $2 Million U.S. Grant Under the legislation proposed by Interior, the Federal Government would be authorized to grant, on a matching basis, $2 million for fiscal year 1971. The U.S. also would make available "such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years thereafter prior to June 30, 1975'' toassist states in developing com- prehensive coastal zone management pro- grams. (See Gulf Coast, pages 11-15.) SE UNITED STATES TEKTITE Il IS SCHEDULED FOR SPRING 1970 The most ambitious underwater explora- tion program ever attempted--Tektite I-- was announced on Oct. 31, 1969, by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel. 50 scientists and engineers, including some More than from abroad, will spend varying periods in the ocean over a 7-month span, The operation will begin spring 1970 off St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. This was the site of Tektite I, Feb. 15-Apr. 15, 1969, in which four Interior Department scientists spent a record-breaking 60 days living on the ocean floor. Cooperative Effort Tektite II will be a cooperative effort of government and private organizations. The lead agency will be Interior, Others include: the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration, the National Science Foundation, the Department of the Navy, the Government of the Virgin Islands, the Smithsonian Institu- tion, Public Health Service, the U.S, Coast Guard, and the Environmental Science Serv- ices Administration. Universities will par- ticipate: New Hampshire, Texas, Rhode Island, and the College of the Virgin Islands, The General Electric Company, which de- signed and built the Tektite habitat, is pro- viding it again. GE will furnish engineering support, Vital to U.S. Secretary Hickel said: 'The Department of the Interior intends to play a major and active role in exploring and developing our Nation's marine resources. It is vital to the United States' continued growth and develop- ment that the secrets locked inthis last fron- tier of our planet be uncovered and fully de- veloped and utilized to meet many of the pressing demands of the future." Study Ocean & Man The Tektite program willinclude amajor marine scientific mission and extensive hu- man behavioral studies. As inTektiteI, spe- cial emphasis will be placed onthe behavioral and biomedical problems of small crews liv- ing inisolationfor long periods under stress. These are the conditions that may be encoun- tered in space and undersea exploration. New equipment and techniques will be de- veloped and evaluated for increasing man's undersea performance: oceanographic in- strumentation, underwater communications and navigation equipment, swimmer propul- sion systems, and long-duration, closed- cycle SCUBA devices. The Habitat The main 2-story undersea laboratory- dwelling will be 50 feet down, A smaller 2- man habitat at 100 feet will determine whether nitrogen/ oxygen breathing mixtures can be used safely there. U.S. FISHERY PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IS STABLE At the end of September 1969, U.S. supplies of edible fishery products were about the sameas ayearearlier. Larger frozenstocks at the start of 1969 and heavier imports are offsetting a probable decline in domestic landings of edible fish. Per-capita consump- tion in1969 likely will equal 1968's 11 pounds. Of this figure, about 6 pounds will be fresh and frozen, 44 pounds canned, and = pound cured products, Inventories Slightly Lower November 1969 inventories of all frozen fish and shellfish combined were 4% below last year. They dipped below year-ago levels for the first time this year in September. Holdings of fish are down 10%, but shellfish are 13% above 1968. November 1969 inven- tories of fish sticks and portions were down 17%, mainly because sales in first-half 1969 were 28% greater than 1968. More Shellfish Stocks Larger stocks of shellfish resulted from sluggish sales reflecting consumer resistance to higher prices in 1969. Retail prices for all fishery products have beenrunning 4 to 5% above a year earlier, The increase is less than that of meat and eggs--but larger than for most other foods. Wholesale Price Higher Wholesale fish prices have been running 10% higher thanayear ago. Wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fish and shellfish are averaging 15% higher; prices for some canned products are averaging a fraction below last year. Fish sticks and portions--and cod and ocean-perch fillets--are amongthe few fresh and frozen items whose prices have not ad- vanced much, Imports Higher Imports of edible fishery products through August 1969 were 4% above a year earlier. Imports of fish fillets rose 16%. Imports of frozentuna were about the same as 1968; im- ports of canned tuna increased nearly a fourth. Imports of shellfish also were higher, sparked by an 8% increase in shrimp. New England Landings Drop Landings of edible fish in New England through September 1969 were 15% less than in 1968. Among the popular varieties, floun- der landings were up slightly. Cod increased 17%. More than offsetting these increases were declines of 37% for haddock, 8% for ocean perch, and a more than 50% drop in whiting catch. Forecast Through Dec. 1969 BCF economists provide this forecast for major fishery products for the re- mainder of 1969: Supplies of most fish- ery products are expected to be ample, although price levels, in general, will be higher than last year. Supplies of fresh and frozen salmon and Pacific halibut will be heavier than in 1968. Domestic production of canned tuna may be off a little. Inventories of frozencrabs are considerably above ayear ago. These resulted in some price weakness recently for all varieties of West Coast crabs. Prices for live lobsters likely will average higher than a year ago; supplies will be about the same. Supplies of haddock will remain relatively short andprices higher than a year earlier, Supplies of cod fillets will be heavier than a year agoand prices about the same as in late 1968. Supplies of flounder and ocean perch fillets likely will be a little larger and prices higher. SITUATION & OUTLOOK: SHRIMP, SEA SCALLOPS, NORTHERN LOBSTERS, SPINY LOBSTER TAILS SHRIMP Supplies of shrimp are running a little heavier than a year ago, BCF economists report. Total landings are higher than a year ago and may pass the record landings of 1967. At the end of October 1969, landings in the Gulf States were 8% behind October 1968. However, this decline was being offset by higher landings in the South Atlantic States, New England, and on the West Coast. A bucket-load of Kodiak-caught shrimp is dumped in a processing plant container, (BCF-Alaska photo: J.M. Olson) Imports In the first 10 months, imports were about 5% above a year earlier. Imports for 1969 probably will set a new record at close to 220 million pounds, heads-off weight. Fresh & Frozen Shrimp Sales of fresh and frozen shrimp dropped sharply--about 7%--during the first 10 months of 1969. Totalsales of freshand fro- zen shrimp likely will be 15 to 20 million pounds, heads-off weight, lower than last year. The sales decline probably is the result of these factors: (1) record high prices, (2) no gain in "'real'' disposable personal income in 1969 after allowances are made for infla- tion, and (3) little growth in restaurant sales. Inventories Rise Inventories are considerably above a year ago because sales dropped while supplies in- creased slightly. Cold storage holdings on January 1, 1970, probably will be higher than this year's carryover and may be Slightly higher than the record inventory at the start of 1968. With record prices at all levels, no gain over a year earlier was expected in sales of fresh and frozen shrimp during November- December 1969 if prices remained at mid- November levels. Aslight dropin sales from last year may be in prospect. In light of the current inventory and sales situation, price strength does not appear likely except, possibly, for larger-sized shrimp. Even if prices hold steady at current levels, they still will average considerably higher than in November-December 1968. SEA SCALLOPS Total supplies are down 15% from a year ago. The general decline in abundance of northwest Atlantic sea scallops continued in 1969, Landings in New England are the lowest since 1945. Landings in Middle Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay States are muchbelow a year ago. Scallop landings in Alaska have not been large enough to offset the East Coast deficit. Scallop landings in Canada and, consequently, scallop imports are down about 10% from January-October 1968. Consumption of sea scallops also is down about 15%. Demand for sea scallops has not declined in 1969 even though consumption fell considerably. Lower supplies and higher prices caused the drop in sales. Because of this drop, pricesfor seascallops atall levels have risen sharply since midyear 1969; cur- rently, these average considerably higher than a year ago. Though a drop in sales was expected during November-December 1969, compared with a year ago, inventories on January 1, 1970, probably willbe lower than at the start of 1969. Prices for the rest of 1969 will average much above a year ago and will continue high in the early months of 1970. Scientists expect abundance to continue low--so the prospect for increased domestic landings of sea scal- lops in 1970 is not bright. NORTHERN LOBSTERS Landings in Maine are down a little this year, but the decline probably is being offset by increased landings from offshore areas where lobster pots are being fished. Total landings for 1969 likely willbe about the same as 1968. Imports from Canadaalso are about the Same as a year ago. During January-September 1969, prices paid to fishermen and at wholesale averaged nearly the same as in 1968. Prices are higher now and are expected to remain above year- ago levels for the rest of 1969. Prices for 1969 will average higher than a year ago-- the effect of strong demand on a relatively fixed supply. SPINY LOBSTER TAILS Supplies of imported spiny lobster tails are slightly heavier in 1969 thanin1968. Imports were down alittle for the first 10 months, but higher inventories account for the larger sup- plies. Imports of cold-water tails are down con- siderably this year. As aresult, warm-water tails have a muchlarger shareof the market than in previous years. The almost constant increase in lobster tail prices since mid-1967 halted in summer 1969. In first-half 1969, prices for cold- water tails were 90 cents to $1 higher than a year ago. Resistance to the price climb has been evident all year: saleshave lagged 8 to 10% and inventories have mounted. Prices have dropped sharply since midyear--as much as a dollar per pound for cold-water tails--as efforts are being made to increase sales and decrease inventories before the seasonal upswing in imports at the beginning of 1970. Supplies of lobster tails will be plentiful for the restof 1969. Lower prices likely will increase the sales over November -December 1968. However, the January 1, 1970, carry- over in cold storage will be considerably above that at the start of 1969 and likely will bearecord. Withhigh inventories at the start of 1970, and seasonally heavy imports, rela- tively stable prices are in prospect for the early months of 1970. FIRST TAGGED ATLANTIC SWORDFISH RECOVERED The first swordfish ever to be tagged and recaptured in U.S. Atlantic waters was taken off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., reports the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory (Highlands, N. J.) of Interior Department's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. When recap- tured, about 48 miles east-southeast of tag- ging site, it had been at liberty almost 4 years--1,408 days. It weighed 356 pounds dressed; its total weight was about 535 pounds. Montauk & Martha's Vineyard Sites The swordfish was first caught and tagged on Aug. 25, 1965, 20 miles south of Montauk, N. Y. The tag was an M-type dart tag, a tiny stainless steel harpoon witha plastic message capsule attached. The fish was harpooned and recovered on July 4, 1969, about 40 miles south of Martha's Vineyard, Swordfish Distribution Swordfish are found throughout the world in tropical and temperate areas. They are recorded from Newfoundland to Cuba in the western north Atlantic. Present off the north Atlantic coast from late June or early July, they remain throughout the summer. Then they move south and offshore into deeper water along the edge of the continental shelf, Swordfish are sought by anglers and com- mercial fishermen using hook and line, har- poons, and longline gear. World Record The world's record hook-and-line sword- fish was taken off Chile. It weighed 1,182 pounds. The largest taken in the westernnorth Atlantic was 602 pounds. Swordfish taken along the Atlantic coast in recent years av- eraged 200 to 300 pounds, although several fish over 300 pounds were reported in 1969. at JACK MACKEREL’S SWIMMING SPEED IS DETERMINED Dr. John Hunter of BCF's laboratory in La Jolla, California, has completed a study of the swimming ability of the jack mackerel. This medium-sized predator ranges over a million-square-mile oceanic region off the west coast of North America from Mexico to Alaska. Itis anarea asbig as Alaska, Texas, and California combined. Jack Mackerel Dr. Hunter andhis assistants worked with aflow channelhe designed. This flow channel is the "wet" equivalent of a wind tunnel or treadmill. The major features of swimming behavior he studied were the frequency of the tail beat, the amplitude of the tail beat, and the relationship of these two factors to swim- ming speed and body length. He founda simple mathematical relationship among these fac- tors that could be applied as well to many other kinds of fish. Determining Its Speed When swimming at a constant speed, the amplitude of the tailbeat was a constant + of the fish's body length. The tail of a ten-inch jack mackerel moves back and forth2 inches. The swimming speed itselfis a simple func- tion of tail-beat frequency. When the tail beats 9 times per second, the 10-inch fish is propelled at 4 miles per hour (3.5 knots); when the tail beats 4 times per second, the fish moves 1.4 miles per hour (1.25 knots). When changing speeds, the amplitude of the tail beat increases momentarily until the new constant speedis attained when the amplitude drops back to the constant ¢ body length and the tail-beat frequency characteristic of the new speed isretained. Tail-beatfrequencies up to 25 per second were recorded, but no fish was able to keep a "pace" greater than 10 beats per second. At 8 beats per second, the fish could swim almost indefinitely. Can Swim Far It is now possible to illustrate how the jack mackerel may range over the 2000 x 500 mile area of the northeast Pacific. At the high cruising speed (4 mph), the jack mackerel could swim 1000 miles in about 11 days; at the lower cruising speed, the same fish would cover this distance in a month, Adult jack mackerel are about 20 inches long. They could easily range 1000-1500 miles between the breeding grounds off Mexico and the feed- ing grounds off Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. If the jack mackerel had a good sense of direction, the entire 3000-mile round trip could be accomplished in about 45 days. Speed Probably Geared to Food An older generalization pertaining to all travel in air and water is that it takes about 4 times as muchenergy totravel at twice the speed. The swimming speed the jack mack- erel uses when Searching for food is probably geared to the amount of food the fish is likely tofind. Schooling habits of the jack mackerel and their food will have to be studied to un- ravel this. These basic swimming facts were applied to fish as widely different as a goldfish and shark. It appears that the simple mathemat- ical relations developed from the jack mackerel study may bear on much wider swimming-speed problems. This generality may be sufficient for many questions about Swimming speed. The estimates from such a generality will provide the starting point for more precise work on other spe- cies. Dr. Hunter's study will save much time, effort, and money in new research programs seeking to estimate and define Swimming speeds, BCF DISTRIBUTES ALASKAN FISHING LOG OF SCALLOP EXPLORATIONS BCF's Exploratory Fishing and Gear Re- search Base in Juneau, Alaska, has made available to fishermen and other interested persons a fishing log of Alaska scallop ex- plorations conducted in summer 1969. The explorations started west of Kodiak Island and extended westward along the southern coast of the Alaska Peninsula. “yy 90-Day Scallop Explorations On Aug. 19, 1969, the charter vessel 'North Pacific' completed 90-day scallop explora- tions to locate beds of commercial importance in this area. The cruise involved a search pattern of 646 stations at 5-mile intervals within the 25-60-fathom depth zone. Thirty- minute dredge hauls were made at each sta- tion using a standard commercial 13-foot, New Bedford-type, scallop dredge with 4-inch rings and using 1-inch cable. Fig. 1 - Bags of iced scallops wait to be processed in this Seward, Alaska, processing plant. Fig. 2 -Scallops are packed in5-pound boxes at Alaskan Scal- lop Fleet plant in Seward. Fig. 3 - Scallops are placed in refrigerated vans for shipment to ‘south 48' (U.S.) via van ships. (All BCF-Alaska photos: J. M. Olson) NORWEGIAN HOLDING NET TESTED IN MAINE SARDINE FISHERY Kenneth Sherman Sardines (juvenile Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus harengus) with excessive amounts of foodin their stomachs are not suitable for canning. In Maine, fishermen have tradition- ally used weirs and stop seines for catching sardines nearshore, and have had little dif- ficulty in holding fish until they were suffi- ciently clear of food forcanning. Since 1962, however, a purse Seine fishery for sardines has grown rapidly. Purse seine fishermen, lacking the protection found ininshore waters, have been obliged to send their catches im- mediately to a cannery for processing. The incidence of fish that are unacceptable for canning because of a ''feedy'' fish condition is thereby increased; these fish are diverted for use as fish meal, Norwegianfishermen have solveda similar problem by designing ahold- ing net for use in the open Sea. Norwegian Holding Net The Maine Sardine Council invited Captain Arne Gronningsaeter of Landfast, Norway, to demonstrate the use of the Norwegian holding BUOY LIGHT te = ~ oi net to the Maine sardine industry. A seatrial of the net was made in September 1969 with a commercial purse seiner. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora- tory, Boothbay Harbor, Maine, cooperated in the trial by examining the changes of food content in the sardines during the holding period. Captain Gronningsaeter instructed the captains and crews of Maine purse seiners in the handling of the holding net, which is available in a variety of sizes. The model used in the sea trial was 35 meters (115 ft.) long, 9 meters (30 ft.) wide, and 8 meters (26 ft.) deep. The netting on the sides and bot- tom is knotless nylon with stretchedmesh of 12 inches. Itisdesignedto holdup to 100,000 pounds of live sardines. Inpractice, the “fish are transferred tothe holding net immediately after they are purse Seined and towed at 1 to 13 knots to a protected area. There, the net is anchored and the fish are left until cleared of food. The holding netinthe anchored posi- tion is shown in figure 1. ANCHOR LINE U ™——__ WEIGHT Fig. 1 - Drawing showing the holding net in the anchored position, Mr. Sherman is Fishery Research Biologist, BCF Biological aboratory, Boothbay aine 04 SAMPLE | (7pm) SAMPLE 2 (midnight) MEAN FULLNESS RANK CARDIAC CAECUM PYLORIC INTESTINE Fig. 2(A) - Comparisonof the fullness rankings of the juvenile herring at the beginning of the holding experiment (sample 1 taken at 7 PM}andat thetermination (sample 2, midnight). The values represent the mean rank of 10 fish selected from eachsample., Rankings were made for major divisions of the digestive tract--the cardiac, pyloric, and caecal sections of the stomach and the intestine (O, devoid of recognizable food; 1, trace of food; 2, moderately full; and 3, moderately to completely full). Net's Effectiveness Tested The effectiveness of the holding net for clearing ''feedy'' sardines was tested during a special cruise of the BCF research vessel 'Rorqual' on September 14 and 15,1969. De- terminations of the feeding activity of sar- dines in the net were made in cooperation with the purse seiner 'Eva Grace.' A set of about 37,000 pounds of herring was made by the seiner at 7 pm a quarter-mile east of Ragged Island, Maine (latitude 43949.5' N., longitude 68°52' W.), The sea was calm and the quarter moon obscured by cloud cover. The fish (ranging in length from 213 mm to 247 mm) were sampled immediately after transfer to the holding net, and again at mid- night just before they were pumped into the carrier. Digestive Tracts Examined The digestive tracts were examined in the laboratory. Contents of the stomach--includ- ing the pyloric, cardiac, and caecal sections -- and intestine were examined under 25X to 600X magnification, Rankings were made of the degree of fullness and stage of digestion SAMPLE 2 (midnight) 7 _oeossory MEAN DIGESTION RANK SAMPLE | (7pm) CARDIAC CAECUM PYLORIC INTESTINE Fig. 2(B) - Comparison of the rankings of digestive stages of food in juvenile herring at the beginning of the holding ex- periment(sample 1} and at the termination (sample 2). The values represent the meanrank of 10 fish selected from each sample(1, slight digestion; 2, moderate digestion; 3, mod- erate to complete digestion; and 4, food liquified, with oil globules present}. (Figs. 2A and B). The amount of food in the herring after they were held for 5 hours was considerably less than when they were seined (66% less in the cardiac stomach and no food in the intestine); food in the digestive tracts was also in the late stages of digestion when the experiment ended, The alimentary tracts cleared significantly in the holding net. When seined, the fish con- tained remains that were predominantly cope- pods, the zooplankters that were alsothe most 100 ° i 5 90 e 9 ai 80F a—~ e non 8 7of zg i) 3 60 Z oF «az 50 fr SS fe) = e = = 40 Zz (0) 4 —' -- — —— = 4 TIME (hrs.) 1850 1920 2055 2220 2310 TOW | 2 3 4 5 Fig. 3 - The number of copepods (per 100m? of water strained) in the test area during the holding experiment. 10 Fig. 4 - The holding net under tow. (Photo: Gareth W. Coffin) numerous in the test area. The numbers of copepods inthe area increased from 7 pm to midnight (fig. 3), while the amount of food in the restrained fish was decreasing. The in- crease in abundance of zooplankton reflects the vertical movement of plankters tothe sur- face waters in the evening, and to the lower depths in daylight. The water mass did not change significantly during the experiment. Temperatures were between 12.8° C(55° F) and13. Os C (55.4% F) at the surface and between 10.8° C (51.4° F) and 11.7° C (53° F) at the bottom. The bathy- thermograph traces showed no evidence of a thermocline, Salinity was 31.9 %o at the sur- face and 32.4 %o on the bottom. Sardines in Good Condition The sardines were in good condition at the conclusion of the experiment. No dead fish were observed in the holding net. By trans- ferring the fish, the seiner was free to make an additional set, while enhancing the quality of the confined fish. The holding net under tow is shown in figure 4. Several sardine- plant owners have indicated that they will purchase holding nets for their purse Seiners, Whether the decrease in the feeding of sardines canbe attributed to a stress condi- tion imposed on the fish by the artificial con- finement--or to the general decrease in feeding knownto occur among herring during nights with weak moonlight--remains an open question requiring further study. The level of stress experienced by fish in a holding net is probably related to crowding, which will alsoresult in adecrease in the availability of food to each fish. In addition, digestion is a function of temperature and the kind of food eaten, Clearing time during the colder months will be longer than at the higher temperatures in spring and summer regardless of stress. Within the framework of a controlled experi- ment, it should be possible to test effects of change in crowding, temperature, and food quality on clearing time. THE GULF COAST: 1. paneer In tHe NEW U.S. policy aims to promote develop- ment of coastal areas and the Great Lakes. The Coastal Zone of the Gulf of Mexico is an important part of this national goal. The October 1969 issue of 'Gulf Review,' pub- lished by the 18 Southern institutions of higher learning in the Gulf Universities Research Corporation, focuses on the Gulf. "Estuaries and pollution have become in- separable in America's affluent society," the newsletter states. Each year in the U.4S., public health officials condemn more shellfish water because of pollution than they reopen. Estuarine pollutionis avery important matter in the Gulf Coast area, which produced more than 275 million pounds of shellfish in 1967. Gulf's Shoreline 88% Estuarine 'Gulf Review' states: ''The Gulf's 17,141 miles of tidal shoreline are 88 percent estu- arine in character. Thirty-nine primary estuarine systems and 175 secondary-tertiary systems account for approximately 60,000 square miles along the Gulf, And these sys- tems Serve as receptacles for run-off from all or part of thirty-one states. Twenty-four U.S. trunk rivers, draining more than 1.5 million square miles of land, dump approxi- mately 700 million tons of sediment into the Gulf estuarine environment. These rivers have an average total discharge amounting to 205.5 cubic miles of water which pass through the estuarine environment each year. The sediment and waters which eventually find their way tothe Gulfcarry with them chemi- cal wastes, industrial pollutants, insecticide and pesticide residue, and myriad other man- produced toxins which threaten the life of the Gulf's estuaries. "The effects of manhave alreadybegun to show up. The U.S. commercial catchof eight species of estuarine dependent fish in the Gulf and Atlantic coasts fell from 393 million pounds in 1955 to 291 million pounds in 1965." Texas Pesticide Study The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department has been studying pesticides, primarily DDT, Since 1965. It has monitored most of the State's coastal bay system and taken random 11 ESTUARIES samples fromthe Gulf. Oysters, forage fish, game or predator fish, and shore birds have been included. The highest residues have beenfound con- sistently inthe Lower Laguna Madre. In for- age fish samples, average DDT residues ranged from 0.173 part per million (ppm) to 38.275 ppm. All oyster tissue samples averaged much less than 1 ppm DDT or other pesticides. 'Gulf Review! states; "Evaluation of the data taken during the study indicates thatthe impairment of reproductive ability and de- crease inthe survival of youngarethe great- est dangersto a species at the present time." DDT residues in-the Texas study were ''still much belowthe danger level.'' The newslet- ter notes that DDT has been banned in some parts of the U.S. because of its effects on the marine environment. 2. MARSHES & MARICULTURE "Much of the coastal zone of the Gulf of Mexico is marshland. The Gulf's lowlands and deltas, fed by the discharge of 24 U.S. rivers, account for hundreds of thousands of square miles of the coastalzone. In this soft, wet, and ofteninundated land, tidal pools pro- vide a breeding ground for marine life and establish a refuge for sea birds and other wildlife. "Conservationists have long appreciated the vast desolation of the salt marshes but the interests of industry, agriculture, and other user groups have recently turned to this resource." Pompano Research in Louisiana Louisiana State University (LSU) and Texas A&M University (TAMU) are conduct- ingSea Grant-sponsored fishery studies in Gulf marshlands, The LSU work has shownthat pompano can live in water that does not have the high sa- linity content of their native ocean habitat. Pompano are growing in tanks with water of 12 salinity comparable to the brackish water of the Louisiana marshes. LSU scientists believe the fish can be raised in brackish water ponds in the wide- spread Louisiana marsh. Pompano fish farms would develop--as with catfish. If the research shows pompano can be farmed suc- cessfully, 'pompano crops may become an important new industry for the marsh coun- try." In the first experiments, pompano finger- lings placed in ponds did not grow to market size in a year. But the researchers are opti- mistic. Texas Research on Shrimp Farming Near Angleton, Texas, TAMU is experi- menting with marsh usefor shrimp farming. Researchers are developing manmade ponds in the boggy marsh. Three natural marsh ponds were leveed and ten half-acre reservoir type ponds were built. In April 1969, 17,000 post-larvae brown shrimp averaging 8 mm were put in a 13- acre natural pond. Ninety days later, the BEFORE AFTER af shrimp had reached mean length of 147 mm; market value was 856 per pound. In July, a harvest flume designed by the researchers collected the shrimp. The flume is afloodgate through which water is drained from pond. Shrimp are trapped in a net stretched across the flume. The brown shrimp were susceptible to the flume. They reacted as though they were returning to the Gulf on an outgoing tide. Fish Predation A Problem In the first experiment, the chief problem was that fish ate many shrimp. To evaluate effect of the fish predation, the natural ponds were stocked in August with juvenile white shrimp. A fish toxicant, rotenone, was ap- plied to one pond. Diuron was used to con- trol all aquatic vegetation. A commercial catfish food supplemented natural foods. Early sampling showed survival in all ponds greater than inthe earlier experiment. Where predators were eliminated, growth rate was highest. The researchers advise that an accurate measure of survival will have to wait the shrimp harvest. Destruction of valuable estuarine marsh by spoil from hydraulic dredging for real estatedevelopment. The mound in the right background is the discharge end of the dredge line. The widespread effect upon the marsh and water areas is readily evident. 13 3 CAMILLE: DEVASTATES GULF COAST In early morning, Monday, Aug. 18, 1969, as Hurricane Camille's 200-mile-an-hour winds lessened, the U.S. Food and Drug Ad- ministration's New Orleans District put into operationits prepared plan to meet a natural disaster. Allinspectors, chemists, sanitation engineers, and microbiologists were alerted for service. Other FDA districts sent spe- cialists. Using whatever means of communication were Still working, FDA contacted State and local health and civil defense officials in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama to de- termine the hardest-hit areas and the ways FDA could help. The following are excerpts and photos from "FDA Papers!, October 1969, which tell part of the FDA operation following Hurricane Camille. "After building steadily tofull intensity for several hours, Hurricane Camille's Sunday punch came at 10 p.m. August 17, striking the Gulf Coast with unprecedented 200 -miles- an-hour winds that continued unabating until 2 a.m. Monday. Although the entire coastal area felt some of the hurricane's impact, its biggest was against the coasts of Mississippi, southeast Louisiana, and Alabama, destruc- tion by winds ranging in some places up to 200 miles inland. Along the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts tidal waves up to 20 feet high slammed impartially into the works of man and nature alike, destroying, flooding, and killing. "Within 48 hours the same hurricane was to carry torrential rains as far as central Virginia, precipitating flash floods there that brought further death and destruction, before heading out to sea to die in the Atlantic. "On the Gulf Coast the hurricane, its po- tential death toll kept down only by hurried, partial evacuation of the most dangerous areas, had left thousands homeless and job- less, had wiped out almost the entire econ- omies of some cities that were built largely on seafood processing and the tourist trade, and had so flattened the mostly residential Mississippi city of Pass Christianthat it was later almost entirely reevacuated of return- inginhabitants. It had left almost all the im- mediate coastal areas without electric power, Fig. 2 - A field of cans: seafood and fruit drinks. telephones, gas, passable roads and bridges, potable water supplies, workable sewerage, safe food, and adequate medical facilities and supplies. "The winds and tidal waves had downed or defoliated trees small and large, had twisted steel and concrete structures and undermined pavements and seawall, andhad even beached three oceangoing freighters docked and lashed together at Gulfport, Mississippi, along with many smaller vessels. In mostareas water- front structures were flattened or in ruins, including those of the extensive seafood pack- ing industry along the coastline, where these products in cans were scatteredand exposed to the elements and to hungry human scaven- gers. "Flooded, mosquito-breeding areas, dis- possessed rats, snakes, and other vermin, Fig. 1 - One of shrimp trawlers beached by Camille, Fig. 3 - Employesof seafood packing plants wash and sanitize cans in vast salvage operation. (All photos FDA) 15 and the unburied bodies of animals and humans, unfit drinking water, unrefrigerated perishable foods, the lack of public eating and sleeping accommodations, together with intermittent spells of rain and hot sun, posed the threat of famine anddisease. Clearly, the hurricane had left in its wake a public health problem of the worst order, one that called for the utmost and combined efforts of State, local, and Federal health, law enforcement, and civil defense officials, the military, and the citizenry." Seafood Inspection FDA inspectors began the enormous job of checking, "street-by-street, door-to-door," seafood-processing and other food firms to see whatfoods couldbe saved and whathad to be thrown away. An FDA"reconditioning" team "kept watch over the operations of firms seeking to re- condition products potentially fit for distri- bution into commerce. For canned seafood and other canned products, reconditioning consisted of sorting unlabeled cans by code numbers stamped on the can to identify the product, washing the can in detergent, and dipping it in a sanitizingbath. Cans beginning to rust were examined for pinholes and were required to be buffed to remove traces of rust. The reconditioning was a special problem because of the unavoidable exposure of the cans to the weather and the difficulty the firms encountered infinding qualified people to do the salvaging work... "At the Port of Gulfport (Miss.) some 800 tons of fishmeal anda million one-pound cans of catfood were flooded, and FDA Inspectors maintained surveillance over destruction by burial of all but 100 tons of the fishmeal that was removed to Louisianafor reconditioning under an agreement reached between Missis- sippi and Louisiana State authorities." 16 1968 GREAT LAKES COMMERCIAL FISHERY PRODUCTION DECLINED The 1968 catchby U.S. and Canadian Great Lakes commercial fishermen was 115.7 mil- lion pounds, about 12 million below 1967 but less than $300,000 lower in value. This was reported by the Great Lakes Commission. The substantial catch decline was due primarily to a lower alewife harvest in Lake Michigan. Excluding alewife, the 1968 catch was up about 2.8 million pounds from 1967 due to Canadian gains. U.S. landings of spe- cies other than alewives were about 40 million pounds for both years. Particularly important in Canada's har- vest are landings of yellow perch and smelt. The 1968 catch of perch from Province of Ontario waters was a record. In 1967 and 1968, this species was about half total weight of Canadian commercial catch; smelt land- ings were a quarter. 20 Species Commercially Important About 20 species are netted by commer- cial fishermen in significant quantities -- 50,000 pounds or more annually. But of this group, 10 species provide most of the produc- tion and income for U.S. fishermen; Canadian lake fishermen rely heavily on 5 species. Below are figures compiled by BCF Ann Arbor, Mich. Pounds 1967 % of 1968 {000s) Total (000s) U.S. total 81,957 100 67, 324 10-species 78,924 96 64,043 Alewives 41,895 51 27,194 Chubs 11, 313 14 11, 126 Carp 6,579 8 2,093 Yellow perch 5,778 7 5,267 Lake herring 3, 831 5 3,663 Sheepshead 2,568 3 3,154 Smelt 2,776 3 3,115 Coho salmon 1,484 2 1,999 Whitefish 1, 600 2 1,704 White bass 1, 100 1 728 Canadian total 45, 646 100 48, 340 S-species total 39,588 87 42,265 Yellow perch 22,700 50 24,931 Smelt 12, 660 28 12,490 Lake herring 1,924 4 2,715 Walleye 1,498 3 1,098 Whitefish 806 2 1,031 Canadian figures: Ontario Dept. of Lands & Forests. Catch & Makeup Vary Widely The commercial catch varies widely for the several lake basins in size and compos- tion. For combined U.S.-Canadian produc- tion, Lake Erie is normally the leader. But, in 1967, the top position went to Lake Michi- gan as a result of the exceptional catch of alewives; this brought Lake Michigan's share of Great Lakes total to 46%. However, the 1967 value of Lake Erie's U.S.-Canadian catch was $4.7 million, compared to slightly under $3 million for Lake Michigan. In 1968, Lake Erie again became produc- tion leader. Catch rose to 51.3 million pounds, up 2 million over 1967; the lake remained first in value despite drop to $4.1 million. 1967 1968 (000 Lbs.) (000 Lbs.) -S. total 67, 324 Lake Ontario 342 Lake Erie 11,921 Lake Huron 2,678 Lake Michigan 45,810 Lake Superior 6,573 anadian total Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake St. Clair Lake Huron Lake Superior 48, 340 2,010 39, 416 1, 122 2,428 3, 364 115, 664 -S.-Canada total 127,603 % of 1967 % of 1968 % of Total (000s) Total (000s) Total 100 $5,961 100 $5,766 100 95 5,219 88 4,948 86 40 447 7 280 5 17 1,743 29 1,722 30 9 329 6 207 4 8 715 12 621 11 5 433 7 423 7 5 102 2 65 1 5 95 2 98 2 3 161 3 320 6 2 922 15 1,054 18 1 272 5 3 87 3,983 52 2,401 26 508 Lake Michigan In U.S. Great Lakes fishery, the Lake Michigan catch of 45.8 million pounds in 1968 was 68% of total compared to about 72% in 1967 record year (second table). The 1968 catch was nearly $3.1 million; it was the first $3-million year since 1958. The Alewife The alewife is found in all Great Lakes, but is sought by commercial fishermen only in Lake Michigan. There, the population recently became particularly high. In 1968, the catch was about 27.2 million pounds, or 14.7 million lower than 1967 record. How- ever, it is a low-value species used for fish meal, oil, and pet foods. So this decline did not affect substantially the Lake Michigan catch value. In fact, the increase in dollar value of coho salmon, introduced into Great Lakes in 1966 and caught commercially only in Lake Michigan, was about equal to 1967-68 decline in value of alewife landings (first table). The Chub The chub is the most valuable commercial species in U.S. GreatLakes. Lake Michigan accounts for a large share. L. Michigan's yield rose from9.1 million pounds in 1967 to about 10.2 million in 1968. For 1968, the value was $1.6 million, or 52% of total. Yellow Perch In contrast, the yellow perchcatch in Lake Michigan presents a dismal outlook. The an- nual production of 4-5 million pounds in the early 1960s fell to new low of 632,000 in 1968. 17 A significant cause was competition for food from the alewife, which has hampered perch in growing to marketable size. OTHER LAKES Lake Erie: U.S. catch in 1968 was only slightly above 1967's all-time low. Ca- nadian 1967 & 1968 landings were among largeston record. This was due primari- ly to new yellow perchhighs. This species ranks first in the commercial fishery on both sides of international boundary. Lake Huron: U.S. landings were ata new low in 1968, only about half the early 1960s' figures. It was due to declines in some species--chub most noteworthy. Canadian production dropped substantially. . Lake Superior: The U.S. harvest in 1968 was lowest since early 1920s. This was due primarily to steady decrease in catch of lake herring: 3.7 million pounds compared to 10-11 million in 1950s. Canadian catch was highest since 1959. Lake Ontario; The commercial fishery has remained stable. The annual catch usually amounts to somewhat over 2 million pounds. Canadian fishermen account for major share. Lake St. Clair: The commercial fishery is limited to Canadian waters, where the harvest remains fairly stable. Walleye landings of 226,000 pounds in 1968 were worth close to half the dollar value of total catch. 18 FUR SEALS INCREASE AT CALIFORNIA ROOKERY A new breeding colony of Northern fur seals on San Miguel Island off California has more than doubled since its discovery in July 1968 by scientists from the University of Cali- fornia and the Smithsonian Institution. When the colony was found, there was a maximum of 86fur seals. Theherd was ruled by alone ''beachmaster,'' asa lordly breeding bull is called. 1969 Breeding Season At the height of the breeding season in summer 1969, about 175 females were on the island. There were 4 adult bulls; 3 of them presided over harems. There were fewer pups in 1969: only 26 compared with 36 in 1968. Reasons for the decline are unknown and BCF scientists will continue their study of the new colony. Following their migratory habits, more than half the fur seals had left the island by early October 1969. Fur seal bulls. The Northern fur sealhas a strong homing instinct. It usually returns to the rookery of its birth each year during the breeding season. Fur seals from other rookery islands were the main source of the increased population in 1969. Santa Barbara Spill Dr. Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, said he was gratified to learn of the increased fur seal population. This was because of public concern for marine mammals expressed during the oil spill in Santa Barbara Channel in early 1969. In June 1969, Interior Department reported no evidence that deaths of seals or sea lions on San MiguelIsland could be attributed to oil pollution. In addition to fur seals, the island is inhabited by elephant seals, sealions, some Stellar sea lions, harbor seals, and an occa- sional visiting Southern fur seal. The Navyowns the island. Under anagree- ment with it, Interior's National Park Service has assumed responsibility for wildlife. FISH SCHOOLS COUNTED BY SONAR FOR FIRST TIME Fish schools were counted and measured in a200,000-square-mile area off California and Baja, California, from BCF's 'David Starr Jordan.' Thisassessmentof fish abun- dance is thefirstofits kind using sonar, The technique will yielda more exact assessment of the ocean's fishery resources. A Million Schools Data analyses indicate about one million schools of fish in the area, Most were about 66 feet in diameter, although a considerable number were much larger. A 66-foot school would yield an estimated 30 tons of fish. Many schools are probably young fish too small to catch, Other schools are northern anchovy, jack mackerel, bonito, Pacific mackerel and Pacific sardine of commercial size, WOODS HOLE REPORTS ON 4-YEAR GAME-FISH TAGGING PROGRAM Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Insti- tution recently issuedthe resultsof a 4-year Cooperative Game Fish Tagging Program. The program's coordinator was Frank J. Mather III, Associate Scientist at the Insti- tution. Valuable information was provided by sport fishermen "leading to concern for the conser- vation of certain game fish species, primarily the bluefin tuna." Biological Information Sought The program's objectives are to obtain basic moloeical information that also can be used to manage fisheries. The game fish tagged are primarily tuna, marlin, sailfish, andamberjack. From 1965 until 1969, 18,193 fish were tagged--and 1,972 tags recovered and returned. Tagging exceeded the previous 11-year total of the program that started in 1954. Mather says that ''although the increased number of releases was very encouraging, the fivefold increase in the number of returns is much more important." Bluefin Tuna Bluefin tuna accounted for nearly 40% of all fish tagged and produced over 90% of the returns. This high return--plus a decline in 19 commercial tuna catch--indicates bluefin stock is smaller thanhad been estimated and is being exploited very heavily. Based pri- marily on this program's results, FAO has recommended conservation of the species. It will discourage commercial fishing of bluefin weighing less than 223 pounds. The newly formed International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, recognized by 16 nations, will have authority to enforce the measures necessary to conserve tunas and billfishes. Long Migrations Two long migrations of giantbluefin were recorded. One tagged inthe Bahamas in May 1967 was recaptured 50 days later off Bergen, Norway. This brings to 6 the transatlantic migrations of giant bluefin recorded by the program. Also recorded were 34 migrations of school bluefin taggedoff Long Island (N.Y.) and Cape Cod (Mass.) and recovered in the Bay of Biscay. The annual variability of these migrations has a potential effect on western European fisheries. No westerly transatlan- tic migration of tuna has been recorded. The longest liberty of a tagged tuna was recorded in August 1968 at Cape St. May's, Nova Scotia: a bluefin tagged south of Nan- tucket in November 1960. The fish required 8 years to increase from about 100 pounds to 20 405 pounds. It indicates that Woods Hole es- timates of time required to replace stocks of giant tuna (based on growth studies) have been conservative. White Marlin Important progress was made in tracing white marlin migrations. "A definite cyclical migratory pattern has been established for those which furnish the summer fishing be- tween Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod." Suffi- cient white marlin are being tagged in this area, but Woods Hole urges increased tagging in southern waters to clarify population iden- tity and migratory patterns of other stocks. The first tworecoveries of tagged blue mar- lin indicate that these great fish also can be tagged successfully. Atlantic Sailfish Atlantic sailfish tagging numbered 3,833; 45 were returned. ''Although less dramatic than thosefor tunaor marlin, the results are of considerable interest." A sailfish marked off Jacksonville, Fla., in June 1969 and re- captured off Fort Lauderdale, Fla., in Octo- ber 1969 was first direct proof of southward migration. It showedneedfor increased tag- ging in northern Florida-to-Cape Hatteras area to supplement these studies. Striped Marlin Striped marlin tagging in the Pacific is carried on jointly with the Tiburon Marine Laboratory of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. A recently recovered WHOI tag indicates one of the longest recorded migra- tionsfor this species. Afish tagged off Cata- lina Island, Calif., was recaptured 2,000 miles away, about 975 miles north of the Marquesas Islands. Greater Amberjack Return rates for the greater amberjack have risen within the past 4 years, but fishing pressure does not threaten total population. There were several new record long-distance migrations. The amberjack is a very hardy fish and the death rate due to tagging is low; for this reason, ''interesting new results may be expected." Program Objectives Objectives of the Woods Hole program cen- ter on identifying populations and determining effects of fisheries on them, especially blue- fin tuna. ''Methods include increased tagging of baby bluefin tuna, particularly in southern waters, increased tagging of white marlin in southern waters, and of sailfish and greater amberjack in the northern parts of their ranges. Harpoon tagging of free-swimming fish appears to offer great possibilities for increased tagging of giant bluefin and sword- fish." FOREIGN FISHING OFF U.S., OCTOBER 1969 NORTHWEST ATLANTIC (Fig. 1) During October, 256 individual foreign fishing and support vessels were sighted (340 in Sept. 1969;177 in Oct. 1968). Number de- creased from about 240 early in month to about 100 at month's end, a normal decrease for this season. USSR: 62 medium side trawlers, 34 fac- tory stern trawlers, 2 factory base ships, 6 refrigerators, 2tankers, and 1 tug. Early in month, about 100 were along 30-fathom curve from 35 miles southof Shinnecock Inlet, L.I., to 30-40 miles south and east of Nantucket. At mid-month, from Cultivator Shoals to Northern Edge, Georges Bank; at month's end, about 60 vessels remained centered south of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Principal catches were herring and mackerel (south of | ih i | Fig. 1 - Foreign vessels fish- | {| 4 ing off southern New England and Georges Bank, October | 1969. Number of vessels, J country of origin, and spe- 40K cies fished. : Wyeseeie 4) E. German-45 W. German=-28 Polish-30 Norwegian=-2 Icelandic-2 Japanese-2 ] L a Martha's ~ Vineyard NANTUCKET IS. N (Montauk P o va c c Ua = a \ Ua Soge Wee 1Vessels Herring 4. |Soviet-100 \ Mackerel Polish-14 | Red Hake (Whiting Catch | , Herring Sa He Mackerel \ A 1 \ Vessels . eT RE se 7 Spanish-24 Se ea Bee caren Ss8 sos Cod \ GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY (SUB-AREA 5 -ICNAF) | 72° 70° 6)8° 66° VA = YF f= NOVA. SCOTIA i Vessels Soviet-48 Polish-30 Catch Herring Mackerel Whiting 21 22 Nantucket and on Georges Bank), red hake (south of Montauk Point, Long Island), and whiting. Poland: 32 large side trawlers, 7 stern trawlers, 2factory base ships, and3 carriers (50 in Sept. 1969; 23 in Oct. 1968). Along Georges Bank from Cultivator Shoals to Northern Edge, early in month; east and south of Nantucket after mid-month. Moderate-to- heavy catches of herring andmackerel. Some red hake south of Nantucket. East Germany: 32 factory and freezer stern trawlers, 11 side trawlers, and 2 factory base ships(50 inSept. 1969; 38 in Oct. 1968). East of Cape Cod and Nantucket to northern slopes of Georges Bank early in month; none sighted late in month, Moderate catches of herring. West Germany: 28 stern trawlers (29 in Sept. 1969; 35 in Oct. 1968). Fished same areas as East Germans early in month; none sighted late in month. Spain: 24 stern and side trawlers, pair- trawling early in month;none sighted late in month, Groundfish USSR-7 medium trawlers) 1 refrigerator Japan-4 stem trawless 7 Japan: 2 stern trawlers sighted among foreign fleets on Northern Edge of Georges Bank. Iceland: 6 herring purse seiners that had been operating out of Gloucester, Mass., de- parted during first-half October. Norway: 2 medium purse seiners and 1 large seiner, based at Gloucester, replaced Icelandic seiners. Herring catches were only fair. One large seiner on Georges Bank de- parted because of poor catches. GULF OF MEXICO & SOUTH ATLANTIC No foreign fishing vessels observed in October. OFF CALIFORNIA USSR: One medium trawler, about 20 miles out, near Oregon border, Catch: probably black cod or hake. Japan: One stern trawler underway, not fishing. R/V 'Kaiyo Maru,'en route to South- west Atlantic, called at San Diego, October 25-30. Sablefish Japan-3 longlinerss Ocean Perch USSR-2 stem trawlers Japan-2 stem trawles USSR-2 stern trawlers Japan-2 stem trawles (to mid-month) Fig. 2 = Soviet & Japanese fisheries off Alaska, October 1969, 23 ia Fig. 3 - Fishermen aboard BCF's 'Miller Freeman! operating in Bering Sea prepare to inspect their experimental drag catch as a Japanese fishing vessel crosses their stern. OFF PACIFIC NORTHWEST USSR: 21 large stern freezer andfactory trawlers, 1 medium side trawler, 6 support vessels, and 3 research vessels. About 10 stern trawlers 40 miles WNW of Destruction Island and 16-60 miles off Cape Flattery early in month (10-15 believed off Oregon). In 2nd week, 18 vessels between Yaquina Head and Cape Blanco off Oregon, afew off Washington, and a small group south of Vancouver Island on La Perouse Bank, After mid-month, about 25 vessels were off Oregon, and a few were scattered off Washington. Catches: Pacific hake. The research vessels were from the Pa- cific Institute for Fisheries and Oceanogra- phy (TINRO). One, the SRTM 8437, was equipped with high-intensity lights, and may have been test-fishing Pacific saury. (BCF-Alaska photo: J. M. Olson.) OFF ALASKA (Fig. 2) USSR: 12 vessels,less than half the num- ber in October 1968, and as many as in July and August 1969 (17 in Sept. 1969); the fewest since Soviet year-round fisheries began in 1963. Japan: The decrease that began in August leveled off in early October at about 40 ves- sels. South Korea: Asterntrawler that had be- gun fishing Alaska pollock in eastern Bering Sea in late September was joined by another in early October. Itis believed both returned home some time after mid-month. ARTICLES FORECASTING WORLD DEMAND FOR TUNA TO THE YEAR 1990 Frederick W. Bell Total world demand for tuna continues to increase rapidly due to rising populations and expanding per-capita income in the prin- cipal tuna-consuming countries, such as the U.S., Japan, and mem- bers of the European Economic Community (EEC). EEC comprises Belgium, Luxembourg, France, West Germany and the Nether- lands, Taking into account expected increases in population and stand- ard of living (per-capita income) over the next 20 years, we have forecast that world tuna consumption would approach 5 million metric tons by 1990 if supplies were available. However, this is not pos- sible because maximum sustainable yield of known tuna resources in the world is estimated to be no more than 2.6 million metric tons. To match consumption with available supplies, it is likely that prices of tuna will increase appreciably in the next 20 years. The increasing pressure of demand makes it especially necessary to consider sound management schemes to reduce the possibility of overfishing and destroying the world's tuna resources. During recent years, the world demand for tuna has increased rapidly. Tuna and tuna-like fish in this article include: alba- core, bigeye, bluefin, bonitos, frigate mack- erels, little tunas, skipjack, yellowfin, and tuna-like species, According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, total world consumption of tuna and tuna-like spe- cies (inround weight) increased from 804,700 metrictons in 1956 to 1,330,000 metric tons in 1967. The consumption of raw and canned tuna by selected countries during 1955-66 is shown in Table 1. If the world demand for tuna continues to increase over the next few decades, as ex- pected, there is serious question whether the world's oceans can provide for this rising consumption. So it becomes increasingly important to have adequate knowledge re- garding the demand for tuna over the next 20 years. Forecasts of demand can be used to predict when demand will equal or surpass supply. This has practical significance to all agencies involved in fishery policy and programs, to the commercial fishing indus- try, and to the public. For fisheries experiencing added pressure on existing stocks, economic forecasts, plus biological forecasts, can provide basis for identifying areas of potential pressure on prices, and indications of other market ad- justments that may take place. Such fore- casts alsounderscore the need for improved management policies, Dr. Bell is Chief, Division of Economic Research, BCF. This project is part of a Division study on forecasting world demand for fishery products. 24 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 856 25 Table 1 - Consumption of Raw and Canned Tuna by Selected Countries, 1956-1966 (Raw is fresh and frozen tuna. Canned has been converted to round-weight basis by increasing it 100 percent.) Country and 1966 as degree of processing! 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 % of total ------- Thousand metric tons, round weight ---------- percent U.S.A. canned 240.6 281.0 336.2 333.8 350.4 382.8 29.0 Japan raw ; 157.9 217.3 190.6 303.3 243.8 353.0 26.7 canned | 484 46.8 46.0 39.0 31.8 25.8 2.0 Total (206.3) (264.1) (236.6) (342.3) (275.6) (378.8) (28.7) EEC canned H ZL gO) 85.2 130.0 142.8 153.8 159.0 12.0 Spain raw 5.0 14.0 12 F2) N76} Pb os) 31.8 2.4 canned 29.0 37.0 D572 28.4 268 37 ofS 2.9 Total (34.0) (51.0) (37.4) (46.2) (47.3) (69.6) Ges) Peru raw 33.0 333358) 59.0 58.6 80.0 50.2 3.8 China (Taiwan) i raw | Goi 18.5 15.8 29.2 25.0 38.0 2.9 canned 0.6 ko Bs 1.4 3.0 Vo2 6.8 0.5 Total | (16.7) (19.9) (il 52) (3252) (yay) (44.8) (3.4) Turkey | raw 5335 7/ 25.3 31.7 368 Lilo 2 16.0 2 Canada canned \ 5.3 4.6 6.9 8.2 8.5 10.2 0.8 UB | canned | L250) 526 4.2 5.4 708 Vo 0.6 | Other | raw | 64.0 130.0 149.8 186.4 160.5 89.0 6.7 canned | @Bo.il 54.4 48.1 83.4 84.7 112.0 8.5 Total (132.1) (184.4) (197.9) (269.8) (245.2) (201.0) (15033) Total raw | 300)7/ 439.0 459.1 599.1 542.0 578.0 43.8 canned 475.0 516.0 598.0 644.0 670.0 742.0 56.2 Total ; 804.7 955.0 1057.1 1243.1 1212.0 1320.0 100.0 Source: Original data from 'FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics' compiled by Liaqat Ali, "World Raw and Canned Tuna Situation, " 'Commercial Fisheries Review, ' Fish and Wildlife Service, Vol. 30, No. 2, Feb. 1968, pages 24-31. 26 Table 1A - Data Related to U.S. Demand for Canned Tuna Consumer : price index : Per capita : Consumer Wholesale : disposable : price index : price index canned : personal : for meat, fish : salmon : income : Per capita : Year :consumption : :of canned : canned 5 tuna tuna Wholesale price dollars 1,179 1,290 1,264 1,364 1,468 I sits) 1,582 1,585 1,666 1,743 1,803 1,831 1,905 1,937 1,983 2,064 2,136 2,280 2,432 2,598 2,744 0. QO. QO. als 1G ibe ike ale al ig ile ie Ate 2. Zo ic We 2. 2. Bo Br VE HPANAWHPEFFOPADRWHHPH DANEFHANOONIBOUAN @OONOGON Source: U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S$. Department of Commerce, and U, S. Department of Labor. FACTORS BEHIND DEMAND FOR CANNED TUNA: U.S. EXPERIENCE Expressed inround weight, U.S. per-capita consumption of canned tuna increased from 1.56 pounds in 1947 to 4.64 pounds in 1967. What are the factors behind this rapid in- crease? A statistical analysis was made in which the following factors were related to per-capita consumption of canned tuna: 1, Wholesale price of canned tunarelative to general price level in U.S. economy. 2, Per capita disposable personal income relative to general price level in U.S. econ- omy (standard of living). 3. Wholesale price of canned salmon rela- tive to general price level. 4. Retail price of meat, poultry, and fish as category relative to general price level. The hypothesis concerning these relation- ships was; If canned tuna prices go up, per- capita consumption would fall because con- sumers would substitute other foods or goods for tuna; if per-capitaincome increases, per- capita consumption of canned tuna would rise because consumers would have a higher standard of living and could enjoy more tuna; if the price of canned salmon were toincrease relative to tuna, this would increase canned- tuna consumption as consumers switched from salmon to tuna; and, finally, ifthe price of meat, poultry, and fish as a category went up relative to tuna, consumers would eat more canned tuna. What did we find? For the U.S. during 1947-67, per-capita consumption of canned tuna was influenced primarily by the price of canned tuna and per-capita income, The price of canned salmon and the price of meat, poultry, and fish as a category were not statistically im- portant. Figure 1 shows the estimating ac- curacy of our statistical equation, This related U.S, per-capita consumption of canned tuna tocanned tuna prices, per-capita income, canned salmon prices, and the price of meat, poultry, and fish as a category. The esti- mating accuracy of our equation is very good over the 1947-1967 period, -_ ae) G belt) o = 5 fe} =] Nae g (o) “d ae) 5 a is} fo) oO i) ~ ‘a, oO oO u (0) A -2.1,03 - 0.9900X, + 1 LO55%, + 0.149)X), - 0.2222x 0.969 27 . “taeeeeen"&—Dredicted VY 5 (7.19) D-W = 1.28 (6.78) (0.94) (0.73) . consumption of tuna, per capita price of tuna + Wholesale Price Index income, | per capita (1957-59 dollars) price of salmon + Wholesale Price In price of meat, fish, and poultry + Consumer Price Index J/ In logarithms, and parenthesis indicate T values. 1950 Source: 19h7 1955 Years 1960 Division of Economic Research, BCF Fig. 1 - Comparison of actual and estimated per-capita consumption of canned tuna, United States, 1947-67. According to the analysis, a 10% increase in tuna prices would reduce tuna per-capita consumption by approximately 10%. However, a 10% increase in per-capita income would increase per-capita consumption of canned tuna by about 14%. These quantitative rela- tionships allow prediction of the impact of, for example, a 50% increase in per-capita income, or a 20% rise inprice of canned tuna on per-capita consumption. These are very important relationships that must be known before reliable forecasts can be made. DEMAND FACTORS FOR RAW AND CANNED TUNA ABROAD Analyses of demand factors similar to those carried out for the U.S. were applied to Japan, EEC countries, Spain, Peru, China (Taiwan), Turkey, Canada and the United Kingdom. These and the U.S. account for about 85% of world consumption of tuna. The demand for tuna was divided into raw and canned in some countries where both forms are a Significant percentage of consumption. Because of the lack of statistical importance of salmon prices, and meat, fish, and poultry prices found in the U.S. analyses--and the difficulty of obtaining data for other coun- tries--these factors were omitted from the statistical analyses. For the countries studied, the results in- dicated that per-capita income andtuna prices were Significant factors inexplaining changes in per-capita consumption of tuna over the last 11 years. Table 2 shows the percentage response of tuna per-capita consumption in the various tuna-consuming countriesto a 1% increase in per-capita income. Of special interest, such culturally similar countries as Canada, the U.S., and EEC members have nearly the same response of per-capita con- sumption of canned tuna to changes in per- capita income. Only a few countries showed a declinein per-capitatuna consumption with 28 Table 2 - The Percentage Increase in Per-Capita Consumption of Tuna Due to A 1% Increase in Per-Capita Income for Selected Countries, 1956-66 Country andDegree of Processing Percent China (Taiwan) - canned Spain - raw Peru - raw EEC - canned Canada - canned U.S.A. - canned* China (Taiwan) - raw Japan - raw Spain - canned U.K, - canned Japan - canned Turkey - raw *For U.S., the relationship between per-capita consumption and income was esiimated using data for 1947-67. Source: BCF Division of Economic Research. increases in per-capita income. Hence, in- creases in the standard of living will probably have a very pronounced effect on the demand for tuna in the coming decades. A FORECAST OF TUNA DEMAND To forecast world market for tuna over the next 20 years, we must first predict the expected increase in per-capita consumption of tuna. Our first forecast is provisional in the sense that we ask ourselves the following question: What would bethe per-capita con- sumption of tuna by the year 1990 if we al- lowed for expected increases in per-capita in- come--and assumed no change in tuna prices relative to general price level? Using our statistical relationships developed above-- with U.S. Department of Agriculture projec- tions to 1990 of per-capita income for prin- cipaltuna-consuming countries--we made a forecast of per-capita consumption of tuna. Then, this was multiplied by the population expected to exist by 1990 to obtain the fore- casted tuna market.* These provisional forecasts are shown by country in Table 3. Based on expected increases in population and standard of living (per-capita income), world consumptionis expected toreach about 2.8 millionmetric tons by 1980, and 5 million metrictons by 1990, This is shownin Figure 2 as projection A, In other words, world tuna consumption is expected to double in each of the next two decades--assuming world supplies are adequate and there is no rise in tuna prices, Further, the analysis showed that of the expected increase in tuna demand over the next 20 years, only about 10% would be attributable to population increases--the balance to increases in standard of living. CAN OCEANS SATISFY RAPIDLY RISING DEMAND FOR TUNA? Based upon recent analyses, biologists estimate that world tuna production, potentially, may be increased up to 1.25 mil- lion metric tons above today's 1.3 million metric tons. (A BCF Tuna Study group re- cently reviewed literature and concluded this was best available estimate.) Most of this increase must come through harvesting skipjack inthe Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, Adding potential in- crease to 1966 production, we must conclude that nature will provide about 2.6 million metric tons of tuna on an annual sustainable basis, Without any price changes, we have shown that demand will be over 2.8 million metric tons by 1980; by 1990, the forecasted demand will considerably exceed maximum sustainable yield from the world's oceans, What are the implications? The pressure of this expanding demand relative to a rather fixed supply will put in- creasing pressure on tuna prices. Also, the cost of harvesting tunas will increase rapid- ly for two extremely important reasons: 1) Additional supplies must be derived prin- cipally from skipjack resources of Central Pacific; under known technology, these are extremely difficult to find and harvest. 2) Increased fishing effort on tunaresources in general probably will reduce catch per unit of effort. This would increase cost per pound of fish landed. It is quite probable that prices and cost of tuna will double by 1990. For an increase in tuna prices to reduce consumption, it is nec- essary that theseincrease more rapidly than general price level. More precisely, we are forecasting that prices of tuna relative to general price level will double by 1990. The higher price of tuna will reduce con- sumption, At the higher prices, it is fore- casted that world production and consumption of tuna will be equal at about 2.1 million met- ric tons by 1990. This is shownin Figure 2 in projection B. If we forecast tuna demand tothe year 2000, the results indicate tuna prices will probably triple--and that production *The sum of individual forecasts for each of the 9 country categories was increased by the average percent for rest of world's tuna con- sumption during 1956-1966, Population forecasts were obtained from U.S. Department of Agriculture. Table 3 - Forecasts of Total World Tuna Consumption Based on Increases in Population and Per-Capita Income for Selected Countries, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990 (Prices held constant at 1966 value, if unlimited supplies were available.) Country and 1966 degree of processing {Actual 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 -------- Thousand metric tons, round weight --------- U.S.A. canned 382.8 Syilil 63} 671.6 845.3 1055.8 1318.4 Japan raw 353.0 382.2 486.9 620.6 790.1 1005.6 canned 25.8 26.4 27kA0 28.9 30.2 Sil 6 total (378.8) (408.6) (514.5) (649.5) (820.3)(1037.2) EEC ; canned 159.0 210.5 281.4 382.8 522.5 713.4 Spain raw 31.8 30.3 5i0).5) 73.1 105.8 i533}, 2 canned 37.8 19.1 21.9 24.4 2 oS} 30.5 total (69.6) (49.4) (72.4) (753) Cissoi) Cle3o7/) Peru raw 50.2 98.7 37/43) 194.7 PT S\o il 387.4 China (Taiwan) raw 38.0 B51 44.1 56.0 71.0 90.3 canned 6.8 12.8 oT) 63.7 146.0 334.7 total (44.8) (47.9) (76S) CUM) C2L7.O) (425.50) Turkey raw 16.0 17.9 20.6 233.5) 26.9 30.7 Canada canned 9.7 11.6 15.2 19.5 25.0 3D i U.K. canned 70 7.4 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.6 Total - selected countries 1118.5 1363.3 1792.6 2340.5 3084.0 4136.5 Grand total (Projected 4 5 ‘s : 00. 4963. af WOO? Oe eee aoe 1320.0 1636.0 ZUS oI 2808.6 3700.8 3356) selected countries.) 30 Million metric tons 5 oO Z GH ° S ° ‘d » 5 i) S le) oO Jd ca & (e) = 165 170, "75 980 185 "90 - Based on increases in population and income, holding prices at 1966 levels. - Based on population, income and expected rises in tuna prices due to rising costs of harvesting. Source: Division of Economic Research, BCF Fig. 2 - Forecasted increases in world demand for tuna. and consumption will equal maximum sus- tainable yield for world's tuna resources, stock reaches maximum sustainable yield, a regulatory authorityis able to prevent over- fishing. A NEED FOR POLICY We must point out some critical facts, First, tuna demand is extremely strong and is likely to expand greatly over the next 20- 30 years. Second, without any increases in tuna prices, consumption would likely exceed the oceans! potential productionby a ratio of two to one by 1990--and, possibly, by five to one by 2000. These events will put great up- ward pressure ontuna prices. Suchprice in- creases would relieve demand pressure on fixed and relatively scarce tuna resources by discouraging further consumption increases, Most probably, the mushrooming demand will turn tuna into a luxury good. The need for policy is unmistakable. With increasing pressure on tuna resources, the possibility of overfishing looms--unless there are significant breakthroughs in other areas, Such as tuna aquaculture. A vigorous program of world management must be in- stituted to avert resource destruction. a Already, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission and the Atlantic Tuna Com- mission are engaged in this effort. But the astounding pressure of world demand adds urgency totheneed for more effective global management than the present scheme permits. Our forecasts aretentative. We may have 31 information on tuna consumption becomes available. For example, the response of tuna consumption to income may diminish over time and dampen, somewhat, the projections. However, atthe present time, these estimates are the best available--and certainly useful in identifying areas of concern andin under- lining the need for action. to adjust or refine these further when more HOW ARE OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS TAKEN BESIDE FROM A SHIP? Because oceanographic ships are expensive to operate, difficult to anchor in deep wa- ter, and limited in speed, continuous observations in one location and surface observations over wide ocean areas can best be accomplished by means other than ships. Buoys have been usedfor many years to obtain measurements of surface and subsurface currents and temperatures, as well as to observe meteorological conditions. These obser- vations were mostly made near shore because of the difficulties in deep-sea anchoring and long-distance radio transmission. More recently other measurements have been included, such as of salinity and waves. There is increasing interest in setting up networks of moored buoys which would trans - mit oceanographic and meteorological information by radio or satellite relay. The NOMAD (Navy Oceanographic Meteorological Automatic Device) buoys have withstood hurricanes and therefore supplied timely and useful data which could not have been collected by ships. FLIP (Floating Instrument Package) is a hybrid ship-buoy. It is towed in the horizontal position to its location, where ballast tanks at one end are flooded, thus flipping it to the vertical position. FLIP serves as a stable, manned platform or "buoy"! with observation ports extending to a depth of about 300 feet. Offshore towers have also been used for collection of oceanographic data. Some, such as the Navy Electronics Laboratory tower located a mile off the San Diego, California, coast, have been built specifically for oceanographic research; others, such as the Air Force radar towers (Texas towers), were built for other purposes but also used as observation sites by oceanographers. The Coast Guard is undertaking a significant and extensive oceanographic data collection program on its new offshore towers. These towers, which replace the light- ships as outer channel markers to major East Coast and West Coast ports, are being equipped with an impressive array of oceanographic instruments. Surface data, primarily temperature, have been collectedby extremely sensitive sensors on aircraft and satellites. Frequent flights have made it possible to map the meanderings of the Gulf Stream. Subsurface observations have been made by submersibles andby divers operating either from the surface or from underwater laboratories. ("Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) REARING LARVAL TUNAS IN THE LABORATORY Edward D. Houde and William J. Richards Despite the extensive high-seas fisheries for the several species of tunas, little is known about the early life of these fishes. One of the objectives of the Life History Stud- ies Program at BCF's Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory (TABL) is to solve problems that biologists encounter in working with eggs and larvae of tunas. We hope to rear successfully tuna larvae from fertilized eggs--and to describe the egg and the de- velopment of the species from hatching to the juvenile stage, Atpresent, tuna larvae caught at sea are difficult to identify with certainty because of the similarity in appearance among tuna species. We hope also to deter- mine growthrates and mortality rates of tuna larvae reared in the laboratory and to inves- tigate factors that may have an important influence on survival. If the effects onlarval survival of physical and biological factors can be evaluated, then useful predictions of future recruitment totuna stocks in the open sea may be possible--through the use of indices of larval abundance, and measure- ments of such environmental variables as temperature, Salinity, and availability of potential food for tuna larvae, Obtaining Eggs and Embryos Tunas are seldom caught when they are ready to spawn. Attempts made by TABL biologists to artificially fertilize tuna eggs on research cruises have been unsuccessful. Kume (1962) has reported the only known successful fertilization of tuna eggs. Two larvae of the bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, hatched in his experiments --but survived less than one day. Because we could not obtain adult spawners at TABL, we collected plank - tonicfish eggs inthe Straits of Florida hoping that some tuna eggs might be present and that they might then be hatched in the laboratory. Eggs were collected from May through August 1969 in the western edge of the Gulf Stream near Miami, Florida (Fig. 1), A 1-m. plankton net was towed at the surface where the pelagic eggs of many species of fish drift until they hatch, Collections were brought to the laboratory and an attempt was made to sort the eggs by type. Then eggs were incu- bated andthe larvae were reared. Examina- tion of larvae that hatched from eggs collected in May 1969 showed that we had successfully hatched, and reared to 12 days past hatching, larvae that we identified later as those of the little tuna, Euthynnus alletteratus (Fig. 2). This was thefirst time tuna were reared past the yolk sac stage under laboratory condi- tions, Fig. 1 - Area where eggs of the little tuna were collected. The eggs were hatched and reared in the TABL laboratory at Miami. Fig. 2 - Twelve-day-old larva of the little tuna reared in labora- tory. The authors are biologists with BCF Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149, Note: See also "Larval Tuna Fish Reared for First Time, '" COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31(6):7(June 1969), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 857 Rearing Methods Success in rearing tuna larvae beyond the yolk sac stage was achieved by using two slightly different methods. In the first, eggs were incubated in 20-gal. aquaria to which a dense culture of Chlorella was added to induce a "bloom" in the tank. We had known from previous experience that the likelihood of success in rearing pelagic fish larvae insmall tanks increased by the Chlorella, butits role in promoting success is still unclear. In the second method, to varythe experiment, incu- bation and rearing were attempted in a 140- gal., round, fiberglass tank to which no Chlo- rella was added. Both tanks were aerated and circulated by compressed air provided through airstones. Water temperature was held at approximately 26° C. Lights were left on continuously in all tuna-rearing ex- periments. Tuna larvae hatched within 12 hrs. of col- lection, probably within 24 hrs. after the eggs were Spawned inthe Gulf Stream. The larvae were Slightly less than 3 mm. long at hatching and had a large yolk sac with a single, prom- inent oil globule. The eyes were unpigmented and no functional mouth or gut was present. Within 48 hrs. after hatching, the yolk was absorbed, larvae had developed pigmented eyes, and mouth and gut were functional. Food was added to the tanks at this time. The food on which larvae of the little tuna began to feed was zooplankton collected in Biscayne Bay by a 35-micron mesh plankton net. For the first 3 days, only plankton less than 100 microns in body width was fed to the larvae, but larger organisms were offered to older larvae. Most of the food provided con- sisted of copepod nauplii and copepodites. Larvae inthe 20-gal. aquaria and the 140-gal. tank accepted this food. Tuna larvae were very active intheir search for food, andfeed- ing rates were higher than those of many other fish larvae that we have reared. The growth of larvae in our experiments probably was not as fast as in the natural environment. Though larvae fed wellfor about the first 10 days after hatching, the condition of most larvae then deteriorated. The growth in length for one rearing experi- ment is shown in Figure 3. Slow growth may have been due to a gradual increase in 33 metabolites or bacterial contamination in the rearing tanks. We suspect that the behavior of larvae also may have been altered under tank conditions because most older larvae would not accept as foodthe larger zooplank- ton which has been observed in the guts of ocean-collected larvae. Twelve days after hatching, some larvae did accept brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, but the larvae would not eat large zooplankton or other larval fish./ TOTAL LENGTH (MM) DAYS AFTER HATCHING Fig. 3 - Growth in length of little tuna larvae reared in labora- tory. Larvae of the little tuna have not survived beyond 18 days after hatching in any of our experiments from May through July 1969. Causes for the complete mortalities are still unknown. About half our attempts failed because larvae did not initiate feeding and died shortly after absorption of the yolk. The percentage of successes was higher in the 140-gal. tank than in 20-gal. tanks; this sug- gests that the larger volume of water was beneficial to rearing. No rearing attempts were successful in 20-gal. tanks without a bloom of Chlorella, although larvae fed read- ily in the 140-gal. tank without Chlorella. One source of mortality undoubtedly was the presence of food at a density other than the optimum, Too little food could have caused starvation of the larvae, but too great an amount could have polluted the rearing tanks in a few days. The effects of food density and feeding rates on survival of tuna larvae are critical problems yet to be solved. 1/Charles Mayo, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, recently succeeded in rearing the little tuna to more than 20 mm. long, and larvae of bullet mackerel (Auxis sp.) to about 12 mm. His larvae accepted larger food and growth was faster than in our experiments. 34 Potential for Rearing Tunas probably can be reared beyond the larval stage in sufficient quantity for experi- mental purposes. Techniques still need to be improved, But the major obstacle in culturing pelagic larvae of marine fishes--failure of larvae to initiate feeding--does not seem as great a problem for tuna larvae (at least for the little tuna) as it is for larvae of many other fishes that we have attempted to rear. Experimental rearing of tunas offers an ex- citing opportunity to study many critical problems associated with life during the lar- val stage. Studies of growth, nutritional re- quirements, behavior, and survival can be carried outin the laboratory under a variety of conditions. The potentialfor culturing tunas commer- cially remains unclear. One problem is the lack of a reliable and continuous source of tuna eggs. Collecting fertilized eggs in a plankton net is an undependable method of obtaining large numbers. Catches at sea of adult tunas ready to spawn are rare. This precludes the possibility of artificially fer- tilizing their eggs. Recent successes in maintaining adult tunas in captivity (Naka- mura, 1962; Inoue et al, 1967) suggest that hormone injections might be used to stimu- late these captive fish to spawn. Because adult tunas are among the most difficult of fishes to handle without causing mortality, however, the repeated handling now neces- sary when using hormone injections may be impossible for successful spawning of tunas and tunalike fishes. Other problems to be solved include pro- viding large quantities of animal food, and the large volume of good water required by fast- growing and active tunas. Some of our labora- tory-rearing experiments may help to determine whether these problems can be overcome and, if so, whether tunas can be reared on a commercial scale. LITERATURE CITED INOUE, M., R. AMONA, Y. IWASAKI, and M, AOKI 1967. Ecology of various tunas under captivity - 1. Prelimi- nary rearing experiments. J. Fac. Oceanogr., Tokai Univ. 2: 197-209. KUME, S. 1962. A note on the artificial fertilization of bigeye tuna, Parathunnus mebachi (Kishinouye). Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 15: 79-84. NAKAMURA, EUGENE L, 1962. Observations on the behavior of skipjack tuna, Euthynnus pelamis, in captivity. Copeia 1962(3): 499-505. Little Tuna (Euthynnus alletteratus) FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY--V OCEAN CIRCULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOCKEYE SALMON Felix Favorite Early in this century, sealers frequently encountered a change in water color and an increase in sea birds and fur seals south of Attu Island, Alaska (near lat. 50° N., between long. 173° E,and180°), The sealers believed these conditions were caused by a shallow bank, It was not until 1936 that forerunners of modern acoustic sounding devices showed that the oceandepths throughout this area not only exceed 3,500 meters but, in some places, 7,000. More than two decades later, the phenomenon was attributed to a westward intrusion of coastal water from the Gulf of Alaska. This is not an unusualexample of the time scale required to pursue maritime investi- gations. It is indicative of the challenging but frustrating aspects of fishery oceanogra- phy: lack of adequate funds, facilities, and equipment requires the gradual piecing to- gether of fragmentary bits of data over long periods. Significant advances are delayed unduly when the investigators--discouraged by long intervals between major break- thr oughs--abandon this field and carry away extensive background knowledge and untested theories. They leave behind them incomplete models. Unusually Low Salinity Water In 1935, andagainin1938, data from a few oceanographic stations indicated the presence of water of unusually low salinity south of Unimak Island (west end of the Alaska Penin- sula). It was then believed that this water was carriedintothe areaby a stream or eddy from the Gulf of Alaska. But extensive ob- servations south of the Aleutian Islands since 1955 have enabled us to show that this low salinity water extends westward beyond the westernmost Aleutian Island--and has branches that shoot southward and eastward from this flow (thereby completing circula- tion in the Gulf of Alaska). Two specific ex- amples of the flow, as indicated by the sur- face salinity in 1956 and 1958, and a sche- matic diagram for the yearsin which adequate data are available, are shown in figure 1. Although the westward flowing dilute water moves northward through eastern passes in the Aleutian Island chain, high salinity water (33 %o) intrudes southward from the Bering Sea inthe central part of the chain and forces the dilute water offshore. The flow assumes a jet-like character, with westward velocities in excess of 50 cm./sec. (about 1 knot) and sometimes as great as about 100 cm./sec. In summer 1959, we were able to define this current system, whichalso advects warm water into the western North Pacific Ocean; we assigned it the name "Alaskan Stream." Evidence was obtained that the Stream term- inated near long. 170° E., where the main flow was northward into the Bering Sea. Not until 1962 were we able to obtain winter ob- servations and show that this flow was not limited to the springand summer--but was a year-round feature. In 1966, we were able to show that the westward flow also ended near long. 170° E, in winter. Sharp Surface Fronts Detected During the spring of 1969, while using continuously recording surface temperature and salinity devices at long. 175° W., we en- countered sharp surface fronts at the north- ern and southern boundaries of this flow. In some instances, the change in water color was very noticeable, although no unusual activities of sea birds or seals were reported, One would expect the changes in ocean con- ditions tobe more sStrikingfarther westward, however, between long. 170° E. and 180° near lat. 50° N.; there, the AlaskanStream meets with the northward branch of the Subarctic Current at the easternboundary of the West- ern Subarctic Gyre (fig. 2). An Asian source of dilute coastal water, showntointrude seaward off the Kuril Islands Dr. Favorite is an Oceanographer with BCF"s Biological Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, Wash. 98102. 35 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 858 36 SUMMER 1956 oo Pr - eee SUMMER 1958 Peron Wy \ Bristol Bay 1961 Fig. 1 - Surface flow along the south side of the Aleutian Islands (as indicated by surface salinity, in parts per Wiousand) showing continuity of the westward flow in summer 1956 and 1958; lower panel, variability in location at which southern branches diverge from main flow. 37 ‘NoOS a oe ee TSS > og BOE ‘NoO9 *yUaLIND OTJOIEQNS JO YOUEIG UeyIOU sjeauI UIEAIISG UeYSeTY BuTMoT-premjsam areym (°F QOL] °6u0T) u0oN - 800] pue--seIA5 oforeqns ule3soM pue ueyseTy ButMoys ‘spueTs] UeTINETY ey JO UNOS UOTbay OTyTOeY OTJOIEQNS UT UOTE TMOIIO Fo ueIbEIp OTyeUIeYyoS - Zz °bry ‘MoO2l MoO€E! MoObl MoOSI MoO9I MoOZI 008! ‘3002! “30091 §300S!I 3.00! ‘NoO9 NV4590 SlslIDVd HLYON Mcdoa hwo WoO moc Mar) mwol com “=O hom =\oc) Son 38 *(so61 ‘*1e 32 Opuoy Jazze) uLHI10 EYSETY JO FIND Jo uoues aXhayDos Jo (gq) Ut] WIaisaM ain pur ‘utb -WO ueISy Jo UoULTes aAax9Os Jo UOTnqraystp Jo (y) ut] UOIsea ary ‘Hutsds Gurinp urbi1o0 Aeg [o\sI1g pue UFISY Jo UOUITeS aAay4908 Jo Saino: uOIRIbIW - ¢ “O14 ‘MoOvl “MoOSI MoO9I MoOZI 008! ‘30021 ‘30091 ‘3,0S! ‘3,01 4 | j | | | | | NV390 SlslDVd HLYON ‘MoOE! MoOvl ‘MoOSI "40091 ‘4300S! ('Fishery Oceanography IV', CFR, Nov. 1969), enters the oceanin southwestern part of Western Subarctic Gyre. Part of this water, whose properties in the surface layer are strikingly different from those in the Alaskan Stream, is advected cyclonically around the gyre and encounters water from the Stream south of the western Aleutian Islands. The rest continues eastward and mixes with water to the north and south, gradually losing its identifying characteristics. Sockeye Salmon & Their Environment During our early investigations, changes in salmon catch occurred as the vessels pro- ceeded southward from the western Aleutian Islands through the Alaskan Stream and into Western Subarctic water. But our investiga- tions west of long. 175° E. have been limited. Three particularly interesting relations be- tween sockeye salmon and their ocean envi- ronment eg been indicated from tagging experiments! (fig. 3): First, the distribution of sockeye salmon of Asian originappears to be associated with the general extent of West- ern Subarctic Gyre and the distribution of those of Gulf of Alaska origin with Alaskan Gyre. Second, sockeye salmon of Bristol Bay origin move westward in the Alaskan Stream before turning eastward to Bristol Bay; thus they appear to be influenced by this current. Third, there is only a smallarea of presumed intermingling of Asian and Bristol Bay fish near long. 170° E., the area where water from Alaskan Stream and northern 39 branch of Subarctic Current meet. The fore- going suggests not only that these stocks in- habit different environments during their ocean residence, but also that oceanic con- ditions have a Significant effect upon salmon-- as well as upon birds and mammals, as re- ported in the days of sailing ships. Origin of Salmon Japanese fishermen say that while fishing south of the western Aleutian Islands they can identify sockeye salmon of Bristol Bay origin by their subtle green coloring, in contrast to the gray-black of sockeye salmon from Asia. If true, might this be a racial characteristic, or is it caused by differences in ocean envi- ronments? Scientific determinations of the origin of salmon are based upon tagging ex- periments and studies of the scales, para- sites, and physiological-biochemical charac~- teristics of the various stocks. Of course, all this evidence is offered as conjecture, or pieces of a puzzle, and not as proof. Models of migrationpaths are emerg- ing--some relatedto oceanographic features, some not; some contested, some not com- pletely tested. Nevertheless, even though numbers of salmon caught may show what is happening, one must turn to fishery ocean- ography to ascertain why. Many people be- lieve that the availability of food organisms influences movements of salmon. Some aspects of this subject will be presented in the next article. 1/Kondo, Heihachi, Yoshimi Hirano, Nobuyuki Nakayama, and Makoto Miyake. 1965. Offshore distribution and migration of Pa- cific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) based on tagging studies (1958-1961). Int. N. Pac. Fish Comm. Bull. 17, 213 pp. wi ( , A » ened a) yy Sockeye (red) Salmon earns (Oncorhyncus nerka) oe x CATFISH FARMING "Construction of Commercial Catfish Ponds,'' prepared by T. D. Prestridge Jr. and Edward R. Smith, Department of Agri- culture, Soil Conservation Service, Alexan- dria, La., January 1969, illus. This is a one-page leaflet outlining some important construction features required for catfish production--pond types, water areas, depth, control, and supply. DOLPHINS "Dolphin Noises Recorded by Echo- Sounder," by L. J. Paul, Fisheries Research Publication No. 129, Marine Department, Wellington, New Zealand. (Reprint from IN. Z. Jl. Mar. Freshwat. Research,! Vol. 3, No. 2, June 1969, pp. 343-8, illus.) Some records of ultrasonic signals from dolphins seem to suggest these emissions are used for echo-ranging. Mr. Paul explains the possible uses of suchrecords in studying dolphin behavior. MARINE MAMMALS "The Biology of Marine Mammals,"' edited by Harald T. Andersen, Academic Press, Inc., 111 5th Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003, 1969, 511 pp., indexed, illus. Contributions from experts in different areas of marine mammal research emphasize the functional biology of mammals adapted to a marine habitat. OCEANOGRAPHY "Frontiers of the Sea,'' by Robert C. Cowne (revised edition), Doubleday & Co., New York, 1969, 318 pp., illus., $6.95. Updated to include the progress of the 10 years since it was first published, this is a book about the oceans and the science of oceanography, past, present, and future. 40 PACIFIC SALMON "Round Trip With the Salmon," by Anthony Netboy, article, ‘Natural History,! American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 77, No. 6, June-July 1969, pp. 44-50, 66-67, illus. Mr. Netboy narrates the migratory drama of the millions of salmon spawned in the rivers of North America and Siberia, their life in the salt water pastures of the North Pacific, and their return to natal waters to mate and die. Charts of their ocean migra- tion patterns are included. PESTICIDES "DDT in Trout and Its Possible Effect on Reproductive Potential,'' by C. L. Hopkins, S.R.B. Solly andA.R. Ritchie, Fisheries Re- search Publication No. 130, Marine Depart- ment, Wellington, New Zealand, (Reprint from 'N. Z. Jl. Mar. Freshwat. Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, June 1969, pp. 220-9.) Eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were reared to discover whether they showed significant survival differences that could be linked with DDT levels in the tissue. The eggs were taken from trout in 5 different lakes: three drain land often treated with DDT, and 2 are virtually free of agri- cultural contamination. The authors found a possible link between the presence of DDT and the failure of the egg to develop normally. POLLUTION "In the Wake of the Torrey Canyon," by Richard Petrow, David McKay Co., Inc., New York, 1968, 256 pp., illus. Mr. Petrow reports on all aspects of the Torrey Canyon disaster -the personal stories of those it affected, the blunders and suc- cesses in repairing the damage, and the un- finished, and still unsolved, legal and biolog- ical aftermaths. "Marine Pollution: can we control it to advantage?" by Maurice Fontaine, article, "Ceres,* FAO Review, Vol. 2, No. 3, May- June 1969, UNIPUB, P.O. Box 433, New York, N.Y., pp. 32-5, illus. (Single issue $0.50.) Mr. Fontaine believes a good use should be found for pollution agents after they have been controlled. He suggests several meth- ods of study. SALT WATER AQUARIA "The Marine Aquarium," by Robert F. O'Connell, Great Outdoors Publishing Co., 4747 28th St., North, St. Petersburg, Fla., 33714, 158 pp., illus., $6.95. This is a comprehensive description of how to set up an ideal marine tank, and to create the conditions in which marine fish will thrive. It includes the latest techniques and equipment for filtration, heating, lighting, decoration, and feeding. Superb color photographs of many species are included. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS The following reports, published by the Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, BCF, are available from Publica- tions Unit, BCF, 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, Va. 22209: Alaskan Freshwater Fishes "Distribution of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implication,’ by W.R. Heard, R. L. Wallace, and W. L. Hartman, SSR-F 590, October 1969, 20 pp., illus. This is a report on investigations of the distribution and occurrences of freshwater fishes in an area divided by the Aleutian Mountain Range. The authors describe their methods and equipment, discuss the zoogeo- graphical implications, and include an an- notated list of species. Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Research Florida "Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, St. Peters - burg Beach, Florida, Fiscal Year 1968," Circular 313, May 1969, 25 pp., illus. 41 The report describes the laboratory's re- search onprojects inthe estuarine, red-tide, and industrial schoolfish programs. The projects include studies of sediments and organisms in bay bottoms; plankton crops; fishes in and transferring between estuaries and the Gulf of Mexico; and experimental rearing of pompano in an impounded lagoon. Texas "Report of the BCF Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, Fiscal Year 1968," Circular 325, October 1969, 32 pp., illus. This report describes the progress of re- search on shrimp involving biology, popula- tion dynamics, ecology, and oceanography. It includes a summary of methods used to evaluate engineering projects that affect estuary-dependent species on the Texas coast. , Mississippi "Report of the BCF Technological Labo- ratory, Pascagoula, Mississippi, Fiscal Years 1967 and 1968," Circular 327, 18 pp., illus. This report presents the results of re- search on new andimproved methods of pre- venting development of browning in snapper; rancid odors andflavors in Spanish mackerel; adverse texture changes in frozen oysters; blue discoloration in crab meat; green dis- colorations in frozen raw breaded shrimp; and adverse changes in canned shrimp during storage. It describes a countrywide study of ship- ment of icedfish in leakproof containers and discusses new attempts to increase the iced storage life of shrimp through use of bacte- riostatic agents. The report includes devel- opments in sanitary handling offish meal and results of a study to mechanize the handling of various types of industrial fish. RADIOECOLOGY "Research Facilities of the Radiobiological Laboratory, BCF, Beaufort, North Carolina," Circular 298, December 1968, 17 pp., illus., and "Progress Report of the BCF Radio- biological Laboratory, Beaufort, N.C., Fiscal Year 1968," Circular 309, April 1969, 59 pp., illus. 42, Radioecology is the study of radioactivity in the environment andthe use of radioactive elements in ecologicalstudies. The Beaufort Radiobiological Laboratory is supported jointly by BCF and the U.S, Atomic Energy Commission. Its researchis concerned with 1) the fate of radioactive materials in the estuarine environment, 2) the effect of radia- tion on marine organisms, and 3) the applica- tion of radioactive tracer techniques to fish- ery biology. Circular 298 describes the history, facili- ties, and organization of the lab. Circular 309 describes some ofits studies in estuarine ecology, biogeochemistry, pollution, and radiation effects. SALMON “Return and Behavior of Adults of the First Filial Generation of Transplanted Pink Salm- on, and Survival of Their Progeny, Sashin Creek, Baranof Island, Alaska,'' by Robert J. Ellis, SSR-F 598. In 1964, 1,866 adult pink salmon from an- other stream were planted in Sashin Creek. Circumstantial evidence indicated that adult pinks spawning in Sashin Creek in1966 were mostly progeny of the fish transplanted in 1964. Mr. Ellis describes the study area, and the number, time of migration, distribution, and fecundity of the spawners. --Barbara Lundy WHAT IS ''FISH FARMING" AND WHERE IS IT PRACTICED? For the most part, man's role is still that of a hunter rather than a farmer of the sea. Inthe future, however, it is probable that food shortages will require regulation of the life cycles of marine animals and plants in much the same way as on land. This might include altering the bottom environment, hatching of fish eggs, fencing breeding areas, fertilizing plants, and use of drugs to control diseases. Japan has developed fish farming and aquaculture to a higher degree than any other country. Fish-farming centers have been established in the Inland Sea to offset the de- crease incatch of high quality fish in coastal waters. Eggs are hatched and fry released into the waters of the Inland Sea. By growing oysters onropes hanging from rafts, the Japanese have increased the yield per acre to50 times that of conventional methods. Oyster culture is also highly developed in the Mediterranean Sea where oysters are harvested from sticks thrust into the shoal bottom. Off the coast of California old streetcars and automobiles have been dumped into the ocean to form artificial reefs to attract fish. Possible methods of fencing sea areas include the use of nets, electrical impulses, and ultrasonics, Fertilizers have beenused experimentally in enclosed areas of the sea, but they have stimulated growth of weeds andunwanted species as well as of desirable fish. (‘Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) INTERNATIONAL THE FAO FISHING FLEET The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) operates one of the world's largest fishery research fleets. Its 28 vessels are found in nearly all oceans, in many seas, and in 4 large African lakes. Easily recognized by their brilliant blue stack with the UN insignia painted on both sides, each flies the flag of the country in which it is registered, although all are home-ported in Rome. They are manned by FAO experts and nationals of the countries they serve. # \ weeny ae The vessels are used in FAO/UNDP fishing programs in 15 developing nations, and 3 regional projects that embrace 23 countries and territories. These include Argentina, Colombia, Pakistan, Ghana (Lake Volta), India, Korea, Zambia(Lake Kariba), Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the UAR (Lake Nasser), S. Vietnam, Caribbean countries, Central America, and around Lake Victoria in Africa. The Vessels Each vessel has been designed by an ex- perienced naval architect in the Boats and Equipment Section in collaboration with other branches of FAO's Fisheries Department. Most have beendesigned for particular proj- ects, but allareversatile. They are used for experimental and exploratory fishing, scien- tific investigations, demonstrations of fishing techniques, training fishermen and mechanics, and for many other purposes. 43 They range from a pair of 8.23 meter catamarans in Lake Kariba to a 44.28 meter US$300,000 "Japanese -type" tuna longliner in Korea. Many cost more than similar com- mercial fishing vessels because of their specialized equipment andinstruments. How- ever, nearly allarefishing boats rather than sophisticated research vessels. Latest Equipment Twenty-three have steel hulls, 4 have reinforced plastic hulls, and one is wooden. Ship's complement--crew, scientists, and trainees --runs from 4 to 60. Their propulsion systems vary from 80 to 800 hp; the engines are manufactured in factories around the world. Many are equipped with the latest electronic, navigational, and fish-finding de- vices --radar, sonar, echo sounder, direction- al compasses, loran, radiotelephone, auto- matic pilots, and various winches and catch- handling gear. Some also have well-equipped scientific laboratories. Equipmentis select- ed according to specific needs. Over $5-Million Fleet The cost of building, equipping, and de- livering this fleet now exceeds US$5 million. The money is contributed by the UN Special Fund and participating governments. Nine were builtin England, 8 in Japan, 5 in Holland, 4 in Norway, and 2 in Mexico. The first was built in Japanin August 1965. Thetwo newest, also built in Japan, were to be delivered to the Korean Training Center for coastal fishing in 1969. The shipyards deliver them any- where. Theynavigate under their own power, ride as cargo on other vessels, and are even sent by truck (for example, a boat destined for Lake Victoria). Boats Leased Too FAO also uses all types of leases and secondhand boats. During the past 3 years, about 8 have been used. One, a leased boat, is investigating pelagic fishing undera regional fishery project that will benefit nearly all West African nations, The architects are kept busy designing new vessels as new assistance plans are drawn. Twelve are being planned or considered. ioe3 44 FAO SCHEDULES SECOND WORLD FOOD CONGRESS FOR JUNE 1970 FAO has scheduled the Second World Food Congress for June 16-30, 1970, in the Nether- lands. The first phase willassess the world food situation, within framework of overall economic development; it will propose pri- orities for action. The second phase will discuss how to find the resources necessary for the action. 8 Commissions The debate will be conducted in 8 commis - sions. The 4 commissions of Phase I are based on the vital factors innational develop- ment. The first commission will focus on ensuring food supplies; the second on higher living standards andimproved diets; the third on people in rural development. FAO notes that populations are rising faster than job possibilities--even with the drift to urban areas. The number of people who make their living in rural areas is rising steadily. Developing Trade The fourth commission will consider ways of strengthening trading position of developing countries and increasing their export earn- ings. Their vital export trade is almost en- tirely agricultural products. Phase II PhasellI willface the implications of pro- posals made in Phase I and concentrate on finding ways and means of carrying them out, ary FISH-MEAL MANUFACTURERS EXAMINE WORLD TRENDS Fish meal is in short supply. This was the major finding in an examination of world production, sales, and consumption at the 9th Annual Conference of the International Asso- ciation of Fish Meal Manufacturers (IAFMM). As a result, prices have risen to high levels. Some members are concerned that fish-meal sales will suffer and inventories accumulate, Reasons for Production Decline The production decline is attributed to the failure of the fish to appear in their usual areas off Peru and, to a lesser extent, in Scandinavia. (Regional Fisheries Attaché, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Oct. 17, 1969.) = —— FROZEN GROUNDFISH SUPPLIERS MEET Government officials from Canada, Den- mark, Iceland, and Norway held the third meeting in a series of major world suppliers of frozen groundfish in Ottawa, Oct. 15. The series began in Copenhagen last March, Reviewing the current world situation, they noted the market had been able to retain the basic strength and stability evident through most of 1969. They agreed that pro- duction and trade in general have improved, while end-product consumption has increased rapidly in the principal world markets. Forecast 1970 Stocks Examining the medium-term outlook, they concluded that current stock levels are norm- al. But with peak production period past, and consumption rapidly increasing in major importing markets, world stocks maybe very low byfirst-quarter 1970. This shouldfurther strengthen the market. The participants agreed to keep world production and market trends under review and to consult periodically. (Dept. of Fish- eries and Forestry, Canada, Oct. 16, 1969.) JAPAN-MEXICO FISHERY CONFERENCE ENDS Delegates from Japan and Mexico met in Mexico City, Sept. 29-30, 1969, to discuss their fishery agreement. In effect since June 10, 1968, the agreement covers Japanese fishing inside Mexico's 12-mile exclusive fishery zone, After reviewing operation of the agree- ment, Mexico did not propose further restric- tion of Japanese tuna fishing. Japan had an- ticipated this move in view of the Mexican President's recent statement urging that territorial waters be extended from 9 to 12 miles. ('Suisan Tsushin,' Oct. 4, 1969.) Wo2za— (ere 5 NATIONS SIGN CONVENTION ON SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC The Convention on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the Southeast Atlantic was formally signed by Cuba, West Germany, Italy, Portugal, and South Africa at a meeting in Rome, Oct. 23, 1969. Belgium, France, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), Spain, and Togo endorsed, but didnot sign, the docu- ment. Observers from Brazil, Republic of China (Taiwan), Ecuador, Poland, and the U.S. were present. The agreement becomes effective when ratified, or is otherwise adhered to, by at least 4 states with a combined 1968 catch in the area of 700,000 metric tons. It is open for signature by all interested countries. Terms of Convention The convention's 21 articles establish an international commission for the southeast Atlantic fisheries. The commission, aided by a Scientific advisory council and regional and stock committees, will study and recommend ways to conserve fish and other living re- sources in the area. The convention area runs west and south of the mouth of the Congo River to the Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. It covers roughly 8 million square miles between 6 and 90 degrees south latitude, and between 20 degrees west and 40 degrees east longitude. 45 Area Heavily Fished Fishing inthis area has increased 30 times in aS many years. Ithas risenfromless than 100,000 metric tons a year before World War II to 2,600,000 tons in 1967, and to 3,300,000 tons in 1968. The1968 catch value was about US$200,000,000. This increase has seriously strained certain stocks, mainly hake and pil- chard. International action is necessary to avoid depletion. The area's tuna and whales already are covered by international agree- ments. Predominant fishing countries in the south- east Atlantic are South Africa, USSR, Portugal (Angola), Spain, and Japan. In 1968, South Africa took 2,000,000 tons and the USSR al- most 500,000. Other countries are Belgium, Bulgaria, West Germany, France, Taiwan, Israel, South Korea, and Poland. Need for Conservation Stressed A Portuguese resolution calling for an expert study of the state of stocks in the southeast Atlantic before the International Commission meets was approved. The res- olution warned that certain stocks appear to be heavily exploited, and that conservation measures are needed urgently. Another approved resolution recommended establishment of 'adequate medical, technical and meteorological services! for protection of fishermen in the area, After the signing, the South African rep- resentative called for speedy action to bring convention into force. He warned of danger of depleting fishery stocks in southeast At- lantic. He added: 'We cannot deny that pres- sures have been building up in our country to seek measures to protect our long-term interests more adequately.'' (FAO, Rome, Oct. 23, 1969.) PF 2 fh dpi /z tas! CANADA HUNTING BABY SEALS BANNED IN 1970 Canada will ban the hunting of 'whitecoats! (baby harp seals) in the Northwest Atlantic in 1970. It ishoped the Norwegians will adopt a similar ruling. This would make ban effective in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Labra- dor Front. Norway has been the only other country actively fishing harp seals in the Northwest Atlantic in recent years. Under the ban, only 'beaters! (animals up to 80 pounds, and well beyond the 'whitecoat stage')maybetaken. No longer accompanied by their mothers, they swim or ‘beat’ north to Arctic waters. New Regulations The hunt will have a later opening date, The use of aircraft, including helicopters, will be prohibited. Commercial operations will be confined almost entirely to ships. However, individual landsmen, walking out from shore, also will be allowed to take 'beaters' during open season. Because ‘beaters! are far more mobile than baby seals, they willbe hunted with rifles instead of clubs. Advantages of Ban The new regulation does away with the most offensive characteristics of the sea hunt. It also protects Canadians dependent on the seal fisheryforaliving. The sealing vessels em- ploy mainly Newfoundland fishermen. The landsmen from Quebec and the Maritime Provinces also will gain because ‘beater’ skins now are more valuable than the smaller Wwhitecoats.' (Canadian Dept. of Fisheries and Forestry, Oct. 15, 1969.) KOK OK MARITIME PROVINCES LAND BILLION POUNDS IN FIRST 9 MONTHS One billion pounds, worth C$58.1 million were landed inthe Maritime Provinces (N.S., P.E.I., N.B.)infirst 9 months 1969. In same period 1968, landings were 1.1 billion pounds, worth C$57.4 million; in 1967, 855 million pounds, worth C$47.9 million. September Landings September landings were 163.4 million pounds worth C$7.2 million--51.9 million pounds of groundfish (C$2.4 million), 106.2 million pounds of pelagic and estuarial spe- cies (C$1.9 million), and 5.3 million pounds of shellfish (C$2.9 million). (Canadian Dept. of Fisheries & Forestry, Nova Scotia, Oct, 23, 1969.) 46 EUROPE USSR PURSE SEINING FOR COD & WALLEYE POLLOCK DEVELOPS IN FAR EAST TINROis introducing purse seiningfor cod and walleye pollockto the Soviet Far Eastern fishing fleet. The fleet operates in the Gulf of Anadyr (northern Bering Sea) and off West Kamchatka. TINROisthe Soviet Pacific Fisheries and Oceanography Research Institute. It also plans tointroduce purse seining for mackerel, tuna, sardines, and horse mackerel. So far, the Soviets have been seining only for herring in the Pacific. Purse seining for cod differs from herring in exploratory techniques and transshipment of catch to factoryships. Purse-Seining Cod Codisa groundfish. Its schools are better detected by hydroacoustic devices than by conventional fish finders. Casting the purse Seine following echo-sounder readings re- quires considerable experience. Soviet Far Eastern fishermen are now being trained in the new technique. Catches must be trans- shipped simultaneously to 2 or 3 vessels be- cause codarefilleted as seines are emptied, and this takes time. Large concentrations of cod and walleye pollock were discoveredinthe Gulf of Anadyr at 70-80 meters. TINRO To Scout Fish To prevent the commercial fleet from wasting time lookingfor fish, TINRO will as- sign one exploratory vessel to scout north- western Bering Sea (off Soviet Coasts) from May 15. Another exploratory vessel will join in June. Due to weather, the fishing season in Gulf of Anadyr is from June to October. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No, 9, 1969.) sk *K % OK HOPES TO IMPROVE AT-SEA CATCH TRANSFERS The Fisheries Ministry has announced a contest for the best method of "contactless" at-seacatchtransfer. The Ministry hopes to 47 discover an efficient at-sea transfer techni- que eliminating side-by-side anchoring. Present practice frequently damages vessels and causes delays while vessels await favor- able weather and seaconditions. A "contact- less'' method would permit one-way transfers of 20 metric tons anhour inrough seas (winds up to 46 miles an hour), Big Prizes The contest, cosponsored by Scientific and Technical Society of the Food Industry, and Food Industry Workers' Trade Union, will award 7,750 rubles (US$8,525) in prize money. First prize is 2,000 rubles ($2,200). The contest closes June 1,1970. Itis limited to Soviet citizens. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 8, 1969.) ck ok Ok TANKERS USED TO TRANSPORT FISH MEAL Tankers supplying the Atlantic fishing fleet with fuel and water carry fish meal in the emptied holds on their return trips. With recently improved transfer tech- niques, all 4 stern hoists of a stern factory trawler (BMRT) are usedto lift nets with 50- 60 110-pound fish-meal bags and lower them into the tanker's storage space. Using this method, 120 metric tons can be transferred in 8 hours. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 8, 1969.) oy gh sh 3 63 BS OIL-SPILL "CLEANING" VESSEL IS BUILT The Soviets have announced construction of an oil-spill ''cleaning' vessel capable of collecting fromthe seasurfaceupto 7 metric tons of oilinone hour. Aptly named 'Sanitar,' she is the prototype of a class. (TASS, Mos- cow, July 29,1969.) No additional details are available. U.S. Model Tested The U.S. Technocean Company announced that it has tested a small-scale model of a craft designed for the same purpose. The 48 USSR (Contd.): 17,000-ton vessel willbe a 'hybrid': its for- ward section will have a conventional single hull; aft, it will be a catamaran. It will move backwards, suck up the water with the floating layer of hydrocarbons at a rate of 62,905 (or 10,000 tons) an hour, separate the oil, and pump the clean water back into the ocean, Ocean Research Too According to the designers, the space be- tween the twinhulls of the catamaran portion canbe used for high-seas oceanographic re- search and for operations with small submer- sibles or bathyscaphes. ('Ocean Industry,! Oct. 1969.) se ose GS SPORT FISHING DEPLETES COMMERCIAL STOCKS Caspian Fisheries Research Institute (KASPNIRKh) scientists blame the stock de- pletion of Caspianroach, Rutilus rutilus cas- picus, on sport fishing, Caspian roach (vobla), a silver-white European cyprinid fish, is one of the most valuable commercial species of the Volga- Caspian region. KASPNIRKh's efforts to protect the stocks, by reducing net-mesh size in autumn and increasing it in spring, have been defeated by anglers who take small fish (3-year-olds, spawning for the first time) in the spring, and large fish (4-year-olds enter- ing commercial resource for first time) in the autumn, The spawning stock reproduction decreases and abundance of future year- classes cannot be assessed, Many Angler Groups In January 1966, 2.3 million Soviet sport fishermen were listed in societies and organi- zations, There are many more who are non- members. In the USSR, sport fishing is free toallcitizens. There, unorganized fishermen nullify the measures taken to protect and in- crease the stock. Expanding sport fisheries are likely to be- come amajor problem for Soviet commercial fisheries in addition to the Caspian or Bolga Delta. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No, 8, 1969.) Ke ke STERN FACTORY TRAWLER EQUIPPED WITH UNDERWATER ELECTRIC LIGHTS For the first time, a large stern factory trawler of the Northern Fisheries Admin- istration (SEVRYBA) has been equipped with underwater searchlights, fish traps, and spe- cial catch-lifting gear. She will fish off West Africa, Heretofore, only medium trawlers have practiced underwater electric-light fishing. (TASS, Moscow, Oct. 10, 1969.) OK OK FISHERIES MINISTER DENIES SOVIETS FISH SALMON OFF BRITISH COLUMBIA After 2 Soviet trawlers had been arrested inside the 12-mile limit off Vancouver Island, rumors persisted among Canadian fishermen that the Soviets had been fishing salmon, Fisheries Minister Jack Davis and Fisheries Department officials flew over the Soviet fleet on August 11, 1969. Soviet Trawlers Photographed Fish aboard Soviet trawlers were photo- graphed. Fishery biologists from Nanaimo Laboratory studied enlargements and de- termined that the catches were "'silver-sided rockfish", Those glisten witha silvery sparkle like salmon, but are easily distin- guishable from salmon by their round, flat shape. Not Taking Salmon The Minister said "there is no indication that the Soviet fleets are taking Pacific salm- on.'' However, some claim that the Soviets may be taking salmon as incidental catch be- cause this also happens to Canadian fisher- men. ('Western Fisheries,' Aug. 1969.) sk sk ok > rT SOVIETS CONCERNED ABOUT CARELESS FISHING-VESSEL OFFICERS An official of the Soviet Sakhalin Fisheries Administration has complained about the careless and scornful attitude of officers and engineers aboard fishing vessels that results frequently in vessel damage. In September 1968, the factoryship 'Sovets- kii Sakhalin' ran aground in Terpenie Bay USSR (Contd.): (southeast Sakhalin) off Cape Obshirnyi. Vis- ibility was excellent, and the vessel was equipped with the latest electronic naviga- tional instruments. An inquiry revealed that the first mate had changed the vessel's posi- tion twice without informing the captain; no watch officer had bothered to check the ves- sel's coordinates, and the third mate deter- mined her position ''by ear''’ and entered it in the log. The inquiry board ruled this accident "the result of criminal negligence on the part of the navigation officers, and a deplorable performance of the officers! duties.’ Tanker Hits Bottom The tanker 'Ursul,' en route from Korsakov to Nevel'sk (Southern Sakhalin), hit bottom in Aniva Bay off Cape Anastasia. When the ac- cident occurred, the second mate was drunk and had leftthe bridge without authorization. When the vessel was crossing the dangerous area, the captain himself was not on the bridge. Fishermen, Not Seamen The fishery official complained that crew members, old and young, frequently feel they are fishermen, not seamen, So they see no need to keep up navigational rules and tradi- tionsdeartoseamen. Responsibility for this attitude is the navigation schools', which teach and train officers and specialists for the fishing fleet. The official added that conspicuously ab- sent at the Sakhalin School of Navigation, for instance, isacourseinmarine ethics stress- ing old traditions, discipline, and behavior. Instead, students readily adopt bad habits-- "smartness and drinking while getting one's feet wet." Of greatest importance is the example set by the captain, first mate, or chief engineer. Skippers "appearing on the bridge in a cloud of aleohol fumes" are bound to depress and demoralize the crew. ('Vodnyi Transport,' Oct. 18, 1969. * OKO TOP-LEVEL FISHERY ECONOMISTS CONFER Soviet fishery executives met in Sept. 1969 todiscuss: fisheries expansion; catch effi- ciency; new planning methods; results of the 49 economic reform; economic stimulation in fisheries production; and improving book- keeping, accounting, andeconomic analysis in the fishing industry. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No. 7, 1969.) Economic Reform Implemented The Fisheries Ministry is one of 22 that have implemented economic reform through- out; 23 are still lagging. ('Ekonomicheskaia Gazeta,' No. 35, Aug. 1969.) OK OK FISHERY SUMMIT MEETING HELD IN LENINGRAD Members of the Joint Commission on the Development of High-Seas Fisheries (Bul- garia, East Germany, Poland, Rumania, and the USSR) held a10-day meetingin Leningrad September 1969. They discussed coordination of fishery research, rational utilization of fishery stocks, fishing vessel construction, gear, equipment and automation. They also re- viewed fisheries cooperation during the past 2 years. (TASS, Sept. 18, 1969.) * OK OK EXPORTED $6.3 MILLION OF MARINE PRODUCTS TO JAPAN IN 1968 Japan imported over 28,000 metric tons of fishery products worth about US$6.3 mil- lion from the Soviet Union in 1968. Both quantity and value were down from 1967, a Soviet Exports to Japan, 1967-1968 | 1968 1967 | Commodity Quantity Value Quantity Value | Metric US$ Metric US$ Tons 1, 000 Tons 1,000, Fresh or frozen: | Herring 4,277 717 3, 365 534 Shrimp, northern 1,418 303 9, 835 3,213 Other 9, 666 2,267 15,619 2,058 Total 15, 361 2) EY/ 28, 819 5, 805 Dried, salted, or smoked: Cod roe 563 322 277 151 Herring roe 200 415 97 178 Other 2 1 819 134 Total 765 738 1o3 463 Canned 187 233 252 551 Oils and fats 574 58 432 65 Fish meal 11, 488 2,013 6, 320 1,002 GRAND TOTAL 28, 375 6, 329 37,016 7, 886 50 USSR (Contd.): peak year for Soviet fishery exports to Japan. The largest decreases were in ''northern shrimp" and "other fresh and frozen prod- ucts." Northern Shrimp The Soviets catch small North Pacific shrimp off Alaska, around the Shumagins on Portlock Banks, and in Anadyr Bay. The de- crease in northern shrimp imports was re- portedly caused by Japanese unwillingness to pay the prices demanded by DALINTORG, the Soviet Far Eastern fisheries trade firm. Each year about 40,000-45,000 metric tons of fresh Alaska pollock are transshipped to Japanese fish-meal processing vessels in the Sea of Okhotsk. ('Suisan Tsushin,') a PNEUMATIC FISH-MEAL CONVEYORS BEING DEVELOPED Pneumatic conveyors to transport fish mealand bulk storage of fish meal have been given top priority for successful fishing in- dustry development in the USSR. In1966, the Azov-Black Sea Fisheries and Oceanography Research Institute (AZCHER- NIRO) conducted granulometry, volumetry, viscosity, and suspension-velocity studies with 8 different samples of fish meal. The mealhad beenproduced by large sterntrawl- ers ('Maiakovskii!' and 'Tropik' classes) of the Sevastopol High Seas Fisheries Administra- tion, The tests were made to determine the most desirable characteristics for pneumatic conveyors andthe best facilities for bulk stor - age. ('Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,' No, 9, 1969.) * * X FORBIDS CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH OFF NORTHERN COAST The Soviets have refusedtoallow a British researchtrawler, 'Ernest Holt,' to carry out seabed investigations off their northerncoast. The vessel was to have drilled for specimens up to25 miles offshore. The Soviets said one of their own research vessels was doing iden- ticalwork in the area. The results would be given to Britain, if requested, Contravenes Geneva Convention Permission was refused despite British citation of an article inthe 1958 Geneva Con- vention on the Continental Shelf stating that "qualified institutions'' must not be denied permission to do scientific research on the Continental Shelf. The Vessel The 177-ft. Ernest Holt was built in 1949, Based at Grimsby, she has carried out much of Britain's Arctic fishery research, ('Fish- ing News,!' Nov. 7, 1969.) % OK OK PROPOSES ELECTRICAL FISHING FOR SALMON IN FRESH WATER PINRO (Polar Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography at Murmansk) scientists have proposed catching salmoninfresh water with an electrical fishing device. Some scientists believe salmon become confused by the electric current, "lose their bearing," and then can be guided easily into nets by an electric field. PINRO scientists have experimented for several years. They found the technique suc~ cessful. The fish were landed undamaged. (TASS, Sept. 24, 1969.) OOK OK FISH MEAL EXPORTS DROPPED IN 1968 The USSR exported only 28,000 metric tons of fish meal in 1968--21.6% (7,700 tons) less than the 35,700 tons in 1967. Increasing domestic demand and lower prices abroad may have reduced 1968 ex- ports. In 1967, an average ton of fish meal brought 131.4 rubles (about US$145); in 1968, only 121.4 (US$135). As a result of lower prices and smaller quantity, 27.6% less in foreign currency was obtained in 1968 than in 1967. Exports to W. Germany Drop The large decrease in 1968 exports of fish was due entirely to declining exports of fish meal to West Germany. These dropped from 15,500 tons in 1967 to 5,900 in 1968. USSR (Contd.): The loss was offset somewhat by additional exports to other countries. Whale Oil Exports Whale oil exports remained relatively stable; quantity rose but value dropped. ("'Vneshniaia Torgovlia,' SSSR, No. 8, 1969.) Exports of Fish Meal & Whale Oil, 1967-1968 Quantity Value 1967 1968 1967 1968 1,000 Rubles--Officially one ruble equals US$1.11 6, 969 4,693 1,000 Metric Tons 57.6 59.0 35.7 28.0 6, 841 3, 400 UNITED KINGDOM FISHING INDUSTRY EXPERTS FORECAST TO 1975 The Fishery Economics Research Unit of the British White Fish Authority has forecast the size, structure, and profitability of the British industry inthe mid-1970s. Itdid this at the FAO Conference on Investment in Fish- eries in Rome, Sept. 18-24, 1969. The forecast indicates that the distant- water trawler fleet willtotal55 to 60 vessels. The near - and middle -water fleets will be only slightly smaller than now. The inshore fleet may increase about 15%. White Fish Decline By applying expected catch rates to as- sumed capacity of the fleet's different sec- tions, total landings of white fish may decline 15% to 20% below present level. Consumption of fish also may decline, but ata slower rate of 0.6%tol.3%ayear. Prices may rise. Imports would tend to increase at arate of 2.9%to03.4% ayear. ('Fishing News,! London, Oct. 17, 1969.) OK OK 51 LAB WILL STUDY EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION Britain's Central Electricity Generating Board has built a marine biological labora- tory beside the 2,000-milliwatt power station at Fawley. The laboratory will study effects on marine environment of heated water from power stations. Biochemical Tests Starting at the bottom of the food chain, effects on productivity of phytoplankton will be estimated under various conditions, ac- cording to the amount of carbon-14 assimi- lated. Various organisms, including the American clam, will be analyzed biochemi- cally for relative contents of amino acids, peptides, enzymes, etc. Eventually, it may be possible to define effects of heating on specific enzyme systems. This work is to be carried out in conjunction with measure- ments of heat flux of the intertidal environ- ment. The researchers intend to examine animals from particularly warm localities. Chemical Tests Chemists willuse an autoanalyzer to look for long-term changes in sea water caused by organic nutrients. About 1,500 sq. ft. of lab- oratoryspace will be devoted tobiochemistry, chemistry, ecology, physiology, and plankton. A 2,000-sq.-ft. aquarium building will receive warm sea water from the power station's outfall and cold sea water from the intake. No Quick Results Expected Rapid results are not foreseen because much needs to be learned about natural fluc- tuations in marine communities before the effects of power stations can be gauged ac- curately. Itis hoped findings will show heated water discharged by power stations is not harmful to the sea environment. ('Nature,! Oct. 11, 1969.) Ok Ok AIDS FISHERIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES United Kingdom aid to fisheries in devel- oping countries is about US$240,000 a year. It is given directly through projects initiated and carried out by the Ministry of Overseas Development. This aid will continue at pres- ent level. 52 UNITED KINGDOM (Contd.): Favors Multilateral Aid In the future, however, if the country's balance of payments position improves, the government intends tomake any additional aid multilateral. It may be interested in pro- posals to establish a World Fisheries Bank, ('Fishing News,' London, Oct. 17, 1969.) NORWAY 'FRIONOR' MAKES IMPACT ON WORLD FISH MARKET Twenty-three years ago, 136 frozen fish fillet producers recognized that even the largest Norwegian factory was small inter- nationally. They established Frionor. Two of the country's largest firms--a private bank and an insurance company--joined them to launch Frionor withamodest share capital of 2.5 million kroner (about US$360,000). World-Wide Sales Frionor now exports to 30 countries. It manages its ownproduction and sales branch- es in the U.S., Australia, Kenya, and Great Britain. It manages a fish shop in Prague. Frionor scored its greatest successes on the U.S. and Australian markets. Sales increases to EFTA countries also have been remark- able--despite the 10% extra tariff Britain imposed last autumn on all frozen fish from Scandinavia. Export Explosion In 1968, Frionor's turnover was 240 mil- lion kroner (about US$34.3 million). During first 8 months of 1969, despite unrest and uncertainty on worldcredit markets, exports increased up to 48.5%. A turnover increase equalling the export growth is expected for 1970, Plant Capacity & Productivity The export growth was backed by a 39% productionincrease that involved neither new investments nor new plants. The extremely flexible production system would permit a 50% increase without increasing plant capac- ity. Frionor's system, horizontal and vertical for fishermen, manufacturers, and marketing groups, is completely integrated; the 3 groups are not isolated. Total Catch Utilization Frionor has been able to exploit catches almost totally because ofits success on more new markets. Cod, coalfish, rosefish, and mackerel completely dominated productiona few years ago; today, Frionor sells many once -unused species, including lumpfish, blue halibut, porbeagle shark, and all kinds of shellfish, (Export Council of Norway, Oct. 1969.) %*% KOK DRIED COALFISH USED FOR DOG FOOD Dog food from dried coalfish--saithe or pollock--is fast becoming a large export item. A Norwegian firm in Aalesund has produced this type of dog food for several years, In 1968, its sales reached US$285,000. The largest dog food market is in Sweden, but Germany and Denmark also are buying more. (!'Fiskeribladet,' Sept. 19, 1969.) DENMARK FAROESE REBUILDING FISHING FLEET The Faroese fishing fleetis changing. The change beganin 1960 when large investments were made in so-called longline vessels of 250to400tons, Atthattime, the entire fleet-- 55 longline vessels and 10 trawlers--was based on the cod fishery. The catch was salted for exports to southern Europe, South America, and Africa, Switch to Herring In 1965, several longline vessels were equipped with power blocks and large purse- seine nets patterned after Norwegian and Ice- landictypes. These vessels entered the her- ring fishery ranging from North Sea to Jan Mayen, north of Iceland. The Faroese her- ring catchincreased from 20,000 metric tons in 1964 to 62,000 tons in 1968. This gave rise to a new industry, fish meal--although DENMARK (Contd.): half the herring were used for human con- sumption, Fish-meal factories have become even more important since the Faroese be- gan fishing sand eel (launce), an important raw material in Danish fish meal. Frozen-Fillet Production The factoryship ‘Stella Kristina' (2,000- 3,000 tons) was delivered by a Norwegian shipyard a few months ago. She has a daily freezing capacity of 36 tons and, perhaps, an annual output of 2,000 tons of frozen fil- lets. Her entire production to 1970 already has been sold to U.S. buyers. Three sister- ships have been ordered from a Norwegian shipyard for US$7 million. The State will contribute 15%; Norway gives a 7-year credit for 75%; the owners will pay 10%. Further Fleet Expansion The Faroese plan to add a new trawler every 12 months until 1975, and one every six months from 1975 to 1980. Their catch is expected to yield 30,000 metric tons frozen fillets in 1975 and 120,000 tons in 1980. ('Dansk Kiskeritidende,' Oct. 23, 1969.) ICELAND CATCH, EXCEPT HERRING, RISES Except for herring, Iceland's catch through July 1969 was considerably better than in 1968. It has been a record capelin year-- 171,000 metric tons from January to April, more thandouble the 1968 catch, and exceed- ing the 1966 record of 125,000 tons. In the absence of substantial herring landings, the capelin has been used as a low-quality sub- stitute in reduction plants. Poor Herring Catches The poor herring catch was the only bad news: only 15,000 tons through August. It had been 50,000 tons in same period of 1968, the worst year in recenttimes. A mitigating factis that salted herring tonnage reportedly was about the same as 1968's, and price was generally higher. 53 Increased Export Value The shift inemphasis from relatively low- value herring oil and meal to white fish also contributed to an increase in value of fish exports from January through July. This was US$46.4 million, compared to $40 millionin same period of 1968. The increase in export value is attributable to white or ground fish. An extremely good catch and better white fish prices and U.S, markets benefited exportearnings. This im- provement was reflected by changes in the frozen fillet trade. More fillets were being prepackaged in Iceland; fewer were exported in blocks or slabs for processing in the U.S. White Fish Catch Increases Preliminary January -August data indicate white fish catch in 1969 will be 16% higher than in 1968; by September, it may have equalled the 1966 and 1967 catches. The im- provement over 1968, one of Iceland's best white fish years, apparently prevailed in both spring (January-April) and summer (May- August) seasons. The increases were 13% and 21%. (U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Oct. 1, 1969.) FRANCE MAY SUPPORT FRENCH-AFRICAN TUNA INDUSTRY France may support the tuna industry of French-African countries, according to ''La Vie Economique," Aug. 22, 1969. France, Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Repub- lic of Congo (Brazzaville), and the Malagasy Republic are members of a groupthat meets twice a yearto make decisions onthe French tunamarket. These countries set pricesto be paid to vessels for raw tuna, market prices for canned tuna, and quotas for canners and for individual countries. There is a French tariff of 24.6% on can- ned tuna imports according to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Despite this, tuna is imported into France under quotas established for several coun- tries, including Morocco, 54 FRANCE (Contd.): Situation More Critical Representatives of the 5 countries met in Oct. 1968. They were told that the French market could absorb only 40,000 metric tons of tuna--and that expected 1969 production would be around 46,000 tons. Sale of excess production is complicated be cause French vessels andfishermen are guaranteed higher prices than those received by other countries. The situation is becoming more critical as the tuna fleets of France, Senegal (and, in 1970, the Ivory Coast) continue to add new and more effective vessels. What Article Says The articles says in part: "As far as canned tuna is concerned, the duty applicable to imports from third coun- tries is 24.6 percent. The system of quotas is also very strict, and only Yugoslavia is allowed a quota which amounts to 900 tons. It is true that canned fish prepared in Senegal and other African countries tied to France by cooperation agreements is imported free of duty, but it should be noted that this canned fish is prepared almost exclusively from the catch of the French fishing fleet and proc- essed in Africa by canneries in Senegal in which Freneh canners own very important shares. Furthermore, these African coun- tries, although allowed customs-free entry for fish, as well as for their other products, have agreed to continue to respect the lim- itation of their exports to the amount of a quota which is fixed every year ina confer- ence between the countries concerned. "This quota, which was 13,500 tons in 1966, and 12,500 tons in 1967, was raised to 15,400 tons in 1968, an increase which fails to reflect the progress of the French and Senegalese catch." Discuss Common Policy "In order to absorb the surplus and avoid flooding the French market for canned fish, the Senegalese Tuna Fishing Company has just agreedtoexport, duringthe current fish- ing season, 1,800 tons of frozen tuna to coun- tries other than France, On the Community level, the search for protection can only result from a common policy. The rules of a common policy which are now under dis- cussion among the member countries pro- vide for a system of price guarantee for tuna which, if adopted, should enable the canners to obtain their fish supplies from the French catch at prevailing world prices, and to se- cure at the same time a fair income to fish- ermen, "Tt is foreseen that canned tuna, as well as sardines, will be subject to a minimum import price.'' (Regional Fisheries Attache, U.S. Embassy, Abidjan, Oct. 6, 1969.) OK OK NEW TUNA SEINER COMPLETES SHAKE-DOWN A newtuna Seiner, 'Jacques-Coeur,' com- pleted fishing trials in early September 1969 off Concarneau. Third of her class, she was designed for maximum productivity. She is 154 feet long; 35 feet wide; her 800- hp engine can make 14 knots; daily freezing capacity is 50-60 tons; hold capacity is 375- 400 tons; at-sea time is at least 55 days, and she is valued at about US$1.1 million, equipped. Under a new agreement for large tuna vessels, her 18-man crew will rotate so that onefourth will always be on 45-day shore leave. Could Double Seiner Catch Jacques-Coeur's fishing grounds are more than 4,960 miles from Concarneau, She is expected to land 2,500-3,000 tons of tuna a year. In 1968, the best catch made by the preceding seiner class was 1,475 tons, ('Le Marin,' Sept. 19, 1969.) SPAIN FROZEN HAKE FILLETS PRODUCED FOR U.S. MARKET A new Spanishtrawler, 'Ila,'is processing and packing frozen hake fillets for the U.S, market, This was reported by the managing director of Congeladores del Atlantico, the trawler's owner. The firm also owns 4 other trawlers fishing off South West Africa. Ithas about 30 fishing out of Las Palmas. SPAIN (Contd.): New Class The 1,500-gross-ton vessel, completed earlier this year in Vigo, is 249 ft. long and has a 393 ft.beam. Her engine is 2,670 b.ph. diesel. With a crewof 45, Ilais considerably larger than the earlier class of Spanish trawl- er now operating off South Africa. She is the first in a series of 8; three are now under construction. Her owners also are building a series of tuna vessels for equatorial waters. New Export Product The managing director said Spain is build- ing animportant export market for fish prod- ucts. The new pack being produced by the Ila is expected toprove popular on the U.S. mar- ket. ('South African Shipping News and Fish- ing Review,' Sept. 1969.) 55 WEST GERMANY INTEROCEAN '70 SLATED The advisory committee for Interocean '70 hasbeen named. The chairman is the presi- dent of the Deutsche Hydrographische Insti- tut, Prof. Dr. Roll. The committee is sched- uled to meet in Dusseldorf or Hamburg in December 1969. Interocean '70 The Congress willhave 6 principal themes: exploitation of the sea's nutritional re- sources; exploitation of the sea's mineral resources; pollution prevention; application of oceanology to shipping and shipbuilding; protection of the coast and coastal waterways; systems and components for oceanology re- search and techniques, and 20 sub-themes. Each of the 20 will have a chairman or dis- cussion leader; some already have been selected. To Obtain Information Conference languages will be French, English, and German, withsimultaneous translation. Requests for further informa- tion on authors and papers should be ad- dressed to Dr. Roll or Dr. Weichhardt, Ham- burg, Federal Republic of Germany. (U.S. Consulate, Dusseldorf, Oct. 3, 1969.) HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY DOES AN ELECTRIC EEL GENERATE? Although the electric eel (which isn't a true eel) is the best known generator of elec- tricity, there are at least 500 kinds of fishes that generate appreciable amounts of elec- tricity. The electrical discharge serves to stun prey and repel attackers. The average discharge is more than 350 volts, but discharges as high as 650 volts have beenmeasured. Currentis low, usually a fraction of an ampere; however, brief dis- charges of 500 volts at 2 amperes have been measured, producing 1,000 watts. Although direct current is produced, it may be discharged as frequently as 300 times a second. Severity of the shock depends on the size and state of health of the fish. Voltage in- creases until the eel reaches a total length of about 3 feet; after that, only amperage in- creases. almost 10 feet. Other electric fish are found in other parts of the world. Oceans,' U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) Electric eels in South American waters have been known to grow to a length of (‘Questions About The LATIN AMERICA PERU ANCHOVY SEASON IS POOR Peru's Sept. 1969 catch was extremely poor. October showed no improvement. Regardless of cause--oceanographic, over- fishing, or other--it's a poor season for the hard-pressed anchovy industry. Despite ex- ceptional prices--$425 per metric ton on Oct. 24--at least one firm, unable to meet its contracts, has gone bankrupt. Strikes for higher wages are expected. Fish-Meal Production & Export Stocks, Jan.-Sept. 1967-69 1967 1969 1968 (Metric Tons) Production Exports Stocks on hand Oct. 1, 1969 1, 110,937 1, 368, 412 1, 323,995 1,478,769 1,082, 138 1, 123, 604 408, 306 99, 908 313, 330 Maybe Catch Pause Scientists may recommend a catch pause in January and February 1970, but if catch doesn't improve, fishing probably will con- tinue until June. (Sociedad Nacional de Pes- queria, Oct. 17, 1969; U.S. Embassy, Lima.) ECUADOR DISCOVERS NEW SHRIMP BED The long-awaited discovery of a deep- water shrimp bed is being proclaimed by exuberant Ecuadorean fishermen. Optimis- tic early reports placed the bed about 30 miles offshore in 40 to 100 fathoms. It may extend into Peruvian waters south of Manta. Catches of 30,000 pounds by a single boat within two days have been claimed. Catches have been primarily medium, with some large sizes-- about 50% brown, P. californiensis, and 50% pink, possibly P. brevirostris. Record Exports Insured It is too early to determine the extent of the new find, However, itis certain to insure a record for Ecuador's 1969 shrimp exports. Only companies withlarge modern refriger- ated boats can be expected to benefit. This 56 would include 2 major firms operating with U.S. capital, Empacadora Nacional and Em- pacadora Alberti. (U.S. Consulate, Guaya- quil, Sept. 30.) CUBA ACQUIRES 3 FACTORYSHIPS FROM SPAIN Spain and Cuba have concluded a new ex- change agreement, If the Spanish government approves, 'Transimport! of Havana will ac- quire 3 vessels from a Spanish fleet that has been fishing off South Africa. The vessels are 'Aracean! and 'Arcos,! owned by Armasur of Cadiz, and 'Pescafria' from Francisco Rodriguez fleet based in Par- ages de San Pedro. Vigo-Built Vessels The vessels, built in Vigo shipyards, have lines for fillet production and fish-meal plants. These Spanish operations, and frozen whitefish production, will be greatly reduced when the vessels leave. After the agreement is confirmed, Spain will build 3new replace- ments. ("Industria Pesqueras,' July 1, 1969.) en MEXICO af GULF COAST SHRIMP CONTRACTS SIGNED Shrimp vesselowners and cooperatives on the Gulf of Mexico have signed a 3-year con- tract. It became effective Sept. 30, 1969. Under Mexican law, only members of co- operatives may catch 7 species of fish and shellfish, including shrimp. Although shrimp vessels usually are owned either by coopera- tives or private owners, the crew members, in all cases, must belong to a cooperative. New Contract Basically, the new contract contains the same provisions as the previous one, except forsome increase in payments to the cooper- atives. MEXICO (Contd.): Payment in Pesos New Contract Old Contract Increase Payment to Crew--Large _Shrimp1/ Payment to Crew=-Small rimp ilows) Wf Administration Costs 0567 rew Wages during Vessel Repairs or Dry -docking tew's Food 3.45 per kg. 2.99 75.00 48.00 83.00 per day 52.00 " " 1/Large shrimp are sizes up to, and including, 21-25 (heads-off) a pound. INote: One peso equals US$0.08. Crew wages are divided among captain, engineer, cook, and winchman. The contract applies only to the Gulf of Mexico. There is adifferent contract for the Pacific Coast. There, after deduction of var- ious expenses, 54% of the catch value goes to the cooperative, and 46% to the boat owner. (Reg. Fish. Attache, U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Oct. 13, 1969.) 7 OA OK HOLDS 4TH NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONGRESS Mexico's Fourth National Oceanographic Congress was held in Mexico City, Nov. 17-19, 1969. A general invitation to participate and to present papers had been extended to both Mexican and foreign scientists interested in marine studies. The papers covered: phys- ical and chemical oceanography; marine me- teorology; geophysics, geology, biology, engineering, and fisheries. 57 Latest Equipment Exhibited The Congress provided an exhibit area for participants and sponsoring agencies to dem- onstrate marine-science activities and de- velopments. Some of the latest instruments and equipment designed for oceanographic work also were exhibited. (Regional Fisher- ies Attache, U.S. Embassy, Mexico, Oct. 13.) co EL SALVADOR S. KOREANS INVEST IN SALVADORAN DEEP-SEA TUNA PROJECT In 1968, aSalvadoran Trade Mission visited the Republic of Korea(S. Korea);in February 1969, S. Korean fishery technicians visited El Salvador. As a direct result, S. Korean investors have approved a tuna- -fishing de- velopment for El Salvador. US$1 Million Investment An initial investment of US$1 million, at La Union, reportedly will involve procure- ment of new docks and warehouses, process - ing and canning facilities, and larger fishing boats. Some equipment might be supplied by S. Korean manufacturers; probably some will come from other sources, including the U.S. (U.S. Embassy, San Salvador, Sept. 23, 1969.) ASIA JAPAN SOME TUNA LONGLINERS ARE LOSING MONEY Some tuna longline-vessel owners have been operating at a lossin recent years, ac- cording to the National Federation of Japan Tuna Fishery Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN). A NIKKATSUREN study found one-boat owners of 330-360 gross-ton longliners that land their catches in Japanhad suffered net losses of about US$13,900 a year from 1963 to 1967. 1967 Compared to 1962 The study uses 1962 as a base year of 100. In 1967, the number of fishing tripsa year de- clined to73, andcatch quantity to67. Average fish price was 187 but, owing to a catch de- cline, value of landings was only 126. Sales commissions increased to 122; costs of fuel, water, bait, gear, repair and replacements jumped to173; and labor to152, Allexpenses combined, including taxes, rose to 142, Asa result, gross profits in 1967 declined to 81, After deducting depreciation, net losses have run from $11,690-$15,550 a year since 1963. Dangerous Trend Equipment and labor costs rose sharply in recent years, while tuna prices, except for bluefin, leveled off. NIKKATSUREN warned that if the trends of the past 2-3 years con- tinue, the very existence of the tuna fishery will be in grave danger within afew years. It urged the government to develop measures to cope with the situation. ('Suisan Tsushin,' Sept. 8, 1969.) TUNA SEINE FLEET WITHDRAWN FROM EASTERN ATLANTIC Nichiro Fishing Co, has decided to with- draw its tuna purse-seining fleet from the eastern Atlantic off west Africa, The un- profitable operations and poor efficiency of two-boat seining resulted in cumulative losses year after year. Five pair-seiners and 2 motherships were there in mid-October 1969. U.S. Seiners Compete Difficulties were compounded by intense competition from U.S. purse seiners off west Africa, These also sell their yellowfin catches to Italy, till now a very important market for Japan. The efficient U.S. seiners use helicopters to sight fish schools. Each vessel catches 30-50 tons a day. The Taiwanese, whofish with Seiners sim- ilar to U.S. seiners, also are reported doing wellinthe area, Nichiro may build U.S.-type tuna seiners for the eastern Atlantic, prim- arily to supply Japan's domestic market. ('Kanzume Tokuho,' Oct, 22, 1969.) sek ok KOK OK EXPLORATORY VESSEL FAILS TO FIND BLUEFIN IN SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC The tuna longliner 'Azuma Maru No, 37' (314 grosstons), on a government-subsidized cruise inthe southwest Atlantic off Argentina, has been unable to find southern bluefin. Its absence has caused much disappointment, The vessel's scientists now think that south- ern bluefin spawning grounds may be limited to an area off western Australia. Earnings & Expenses of 330=360-Gross-Ton Tuna Longliners, 1962-671/ No. of trips per year Catch (metric tons} Average price (US$/Short ton) Sales commissions Equipment cost 178, 470 36, 470 48, 160 -11, 690 Gross profit Depreciation Net profit or loss 1/Average of sample operating units. |2/Unverified. 2/39, 440 1966 1965 1964 23 26 26 370 430 435 519 388 353 (U.SeS} 169, 170 5, 250 38, 190 57, 420 35,530 136, 390 32,780 48, 330 15,550 211, 920 7, 190 44, 810 71, 670 33, 670 157, 340 54, 580 183, 890 6, 440 47, 670 62, 500 40,780 157, 390 26, 500 41, 860 “15, 140 -15, 360 JAPAN (Contd.): Finds Bigeyed Off Brazil In late September 1969, the vessel pro- ceeded north toward 30 to 34° §S, latitude and 53° W. longitude, off Uruguay and southern Brazil, to investigate an area where she had found good bigeyed concentrations earlier in the trip. She will return to Japan by way of Cape Town in March 1970, ('Suisancho Nip- po,' Sept. 24, 1969.) % OK OK ALBACORE DISCOVERED OFF KURILS Pole-and-line vessels fishing skipjack tuna unexpectedly encountered albacore near 40” N, lat. and 160° E. long. off the Kurils, north of Japan. They landed about 3,000 metric tons during late August and early September. The fish were small--around 3 kilograms (9.9 pounds)--but discovering albacore in this region has aroused consid- erable interest among Japanese tuna packers, Albacore schools off Japanmigrate north- ward with the Kuroshio current, but they are rarely found off the Kurils. ("Kanzume Toku- ho,' Oct. 3, 1969.) OK OK BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH CATCH INCREASES The 14 Bering Sea bottomfish fleets caught 627,000 metrictonsfrom Jan, 1 through Aug. 22, 1969, 4% above the 608,200 tonsfor same period 1968. Alaska pollock catch dropped about 20,000 tons below the 1968 period because of poor fishing from May toJune, It later returned to normal levels, but frozen surimi (minced Eastern Bering Sea Bottomfish Catch, Jan. 1-Aug. 22 1968 1967 (Metric Tons) 493, 000 84,900 27,700 3,200 5, 000 10, 400 2,900 627, 100 Alaska pollock 512, 800 Flounder 40, 900 Cod 30, 600 Silver perch 1,250 Ocean perch 5,450 Herring 6, 900 Red shrimp 5, 300 Total 603, 200 59 meat) production will be slightly less than estimated originally. Since the catch of flounder doubled, total catch for the year should surpass 1968's 843,000tons. ('Suisan Keizai,! Aug. 26, 1969.) % OK OK EASTERN BERING SEA CRAB FISHING ENDED The two1969 Bering Sea crab fleets ended operations inSeptember. 'Keiko Maru! (7,536 gross tons) and 15 catcher vessels left Bristol Bay on the 15th. 'Koyo Maru! (7,658 gross tons) and her 15 catcher vessels finished on the 28th, Keiko Maru carries 6 portable boats; Koyo Maru 4, Quotas The 2 fleets had beenassigned a combined king-crab quota of 85,000 cases. This was 48% less thanthe 163,000 cases in 1968, The tan- ner crab quota was 16 million, about 17,500 metric tons based on individual crab weight of 2.4 pounds. Profitable Operations Bristol Bay yielded good tanner catches from the time fishing began in mid-March, This, and good prices (25% above 1968) on the Japanese market, helped the fleet operators maintain pr ofits despite the 48% king crab cut. Nearly all king crab was canned; all tanner crab was frozen, shell on, ('Suisan Tsushin,! Oct. 2, 1969.) 7k OK OK ONLY 1 SEINER TO TRY FOR E, PACIFIC YELLOWFIN IN 1970 Only one of the 4 purse seiners that failed disastrously in the 1969 eastern Pacific yel- lowfin fishery will try it again in 1970. She is 'Hakuryu Maru No, 55.' In early October, she was fishing off west Africa, Two others, ‘Hayabusa Maru No, 3! (275 gross tons) and 'Nissho Maru! (252 gross tons) will abstain. Their owners, Taiyo and Nihon Kinkai Hogei, each lost about US$167,000 to $194,000 in the venture. They now consider these vessels too small for economic opera- tion in the fishery. Each has a carrying ca- pacity of about 90 tons and a daily freezing 60 JAPAN (Contd.): capacity of about 20. With less than 10-knot speeds, they also lack mobility compared to the 13-14 knot U.S, seiners. Taiyo plans to build a 700-800-gross-ton seiner infall1970 for the eastern Pacific tuna fishery. 4th & 5th Probably Out The fourth seiner, 'Gempuku Maru No, 82! (500 tons), probably will not enter in 1970. She has not cancelled her North Pacific purse- seine fishery license, so it is doubtful that she would be able to depart for the eastern Pacific before the end of 1969. A fifth seiner (210 gross tons) was li- censed, but did not enter, the 1969 fishery, andis unlikely to enter in1970, ('Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,! Oct. 2 & 9, 'Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Oct. 6, 1969.) MANY COUNTRIES SEEK JAPANESE HELP IN SHRIMP CULTURE Many requests from abroad for technical cooperation have been directed to the shrimp research laboratory established by Dr. Moto- saku Fujinaga. He is the authority on the culture of ''Kuruma" shrimp, a species cul- tivated commercially in parts of Japan, The requests have come from the U.S., France, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, and the Phil- ippines. In March1969, South Korea bought 1 mil- lion and France 11 million "Kuruma" fry artificially hatched in Japan and shipped by air. About 30% of the French shipment sur- vived the flight. S. Korean & French Projects South Korea cultivates the juvenile shrimp in a 3-million-square-meter pond built on an island off her west coast, France has starteda 3-year experimental shrimp-culture project inthe Mediterranean, She aims to establish a ''Kuruma" farm in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, in1972, The subsidized Government project is being undertaken by Ajiral (phonetic) Trans-Atlantic Company; Fujinaga's laboratory provides technical as- sistance. Three Japanese experts now are giving technical assistance. (!Minato Shim- bun,' Oct. 9, 1969.) * KOK U.S. CHINOOK SALMON FRY DOING WELL IN HOKKAIDO RIVERS About 500,000 chinook (king) salmon fry (2-3 cm. long) were released in the Yoichi River, Hokkaido, in May 1969. The fry had been hatched from eggs sent by the University of Washington, In late June and July, local fishermen reported catching the smolt (12 cm.) in the Japan Sea near the mouth of the Ishikari River. In the past, salmonfry have been released inthe Tokachi river that flows into the Pacif- ic, but this was the first release into a Hok- kaido river flowing to the Japan Sea, Hokkaido expects torelease 4 million chinook fry inthe Yoichi in a 5-year program to develop a fishing ground in Ishikari Bay. ("Minato Shimbun,! Aug. 7, 1969.) * OK OK TUNA PACKERS TROUBLED BY HIGH COSTS & LOW YIELD Tuna packers in Shizuoka Prefecture (south of Tokyo) are troubled by the high cost of raw tuna and the low meat recovery. In October 1969, they were paying about US$315 a short ton for skipjack (usually packed in oil), How- ever, the fish were so small--about 4.4 pounds--that pack yield was very poor. The packers were considering raising the prices for 7-oz. cans of tuna-in-oil, then quoted at $8.33 a case (48 cans per case) exwarehouse. Switch to Bigeyed Because of short domestic supplies, the packers were using increasingly bigeyed in- stead of skipjack. As a result, the prices for bigeyed were rising daily. Bigeyed imports from South Korea and Taiwan were quoted at US$454 a short tonfor dressed-with-tail, and $403 for gill-and-gutted, 50% above the $277 paid earlier in the year. JAPAN (Contd.): Albacore Prices In September, exvessel price in Japan for frozen albacore was $554-580 a short ton, about the same as the c. & f, price for direct exports tothe U.S. In October, packers prices for small (8.8 pounds) fish were around $441, Between the highcosts and the poor yield, the Shizuoka packers were said to be losing money. They were canning just tokeep going until the fall tangerine canning season began, ('‘Kanzume Tokuho,' Sept. 26, & 'Suisan Tsus- hin,' Oct. 9, 1969.) OK OK RESTRICTIONS ON TUNA IMPORTS URGED The Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries has urged the Fisheries Agency to restrict tuna imports. The purpose is to help Japa- nese fishermen improve their international competitive status. The Federation con- trasted the decline in Japan's tuna production during the past 2-3 years withthe sharp gains made by South Korea and Taiwan. (The lat- ter's output inrecent years has increased 53% a year.) The Federation explained that these coun- tries, with no tuna markets of their own, definitely will increase their exports to Ja- pan. Federation's 12 Proposals Twelve proposals to cope with import growth were presented to the Fisheries Agency. The Federation believes the Fish- eries Agency should: 1) Prohibit foreign vessels from landing fish in Japan, 2) Reduce interest rates on long-term loans and raise loan ceilings. 3) Help establish a network of extra-low- temperature cold storages. 4) Improve fishery-law administration and revise some regulations. 5) Study model ship construction to in- crease economic value and efficiency of fish- ing vessels, and study vessel leasing. 61 6) Compensate fishing vessels seized and detained by countries with unilaterally de- clared extended sea limits. 7) Request South Korea and Taiwan to stop further fleet buildup. Encourage these nations to participate in the tuna scientific meeting proposed during Asian tuna confer- ence. 8) Establish a home-owning system for vessel crewmen and reduce their income taxes, 9) Use imported labor. 10) Reduce wholesale fish market com- missions and expand market facilities. 11) Set up council to regulate imports of competitive products. 12) Study feasibility of international man- agement of tuna resource and adopt a country quota system. 7 Longliners Seized The Federation noted that 7 Japanese tuna longliners have been seized off South Amer- ica by countries claiming 200-mile limits-- Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. Vessel owners have paid enormous fines ranging from US$10,000 to $33,000 per vessel. The Federation is urging the government to revise seizure insurance to include pay- ment of fines, and to establish a U.S.-type compensation law. It also proposed that economic assistance be extended tothe seiz- ing countries in return for assurance that they would not seize Japanese vessels, (*Suisan Tsushin,' Sept. 5, 1969.) OK OK TUNA CATCHES & EXPORTS DECLINED IN 1968 The 1968 tuna catch was 614,000 metric tons, down 38,000 tons from 1967's652,000 tons. The distant-water longline catch was 339,000 tons, down 4% from 1967 (354,000 tons), Distant-water catch in the pole-and- line skipjack fishery was 136,000 tons, down 11% from 1967. Tuna exportsin1968 were 107,078 metric tons, down more than 70,000 tons from 1967 (177,457 tons). 62 JAPAN (Contd.,): Catch, Average Exvessel Prices and Exports, 1967-19681/ Avg. Exvessel Price Quantity Species Catch Fresh Frozen Exported Metric Metric Tons $/sh. ton $/sh. ton Tons Tuna: Bluefin 57,000 922 648 194 (54, 653) (786) (612) (1, 434) Albacore 70, 000 408 451 31,539 (97, 980) (386) (444) (67, 546) Big-eyed 96,000 645 474 - (105, 927) (582) (476) - Yellowfin 116,000 557 358 54, 653 (93, 734) (537) (388) (78, 917) Young tuna 14,000 - - 6, 260 (15, 030) - - (16, 255) Skipjack (fresh & 14, 432 frozen 13,305 107,078 (177, 457) Sub-total 521,000 (549, 216) Frigate mackerel: 23,000 (29, 310) 6 (149) 23,000 832 832 711 (23, 528) (743) (743) (1, 263) Swordfish 19,000 592 592 7,035 (18, 703) (474) (474) (7, 194) Other billfish 28, 000 - = 31,461 - = Sub-total 70, 000 7,746 (73, 692) (8, 457) Total 614,000 114, 836 652, 218) 186,212 1/Figures in parentheses are for 1967. Average exvessel 1968 prices for all species, except frozen yellowfin and frozen big-eyed, were higher than 1967's. ('Suisan Shuho,' Sept. 15, 1969.) KOK TUNA IMPORTS ARE INCREASING Japan imported 19,224 metric tons of fro- zen tuna during January-July 1969--26.2% over the 15,227 tons importedin same period 1968. Taiwan was the leading supplier, fol- lowed by Okinawa and South Korea. Their combined shipments were 16,200 tons, or 84% of Japan's total imports. Becoming Tuna-Importing Nation There are indications that 1969 imports will rise to 34,000-35,000 tons, Apparently Japan is fast becoming a tuna-importing na- tion, Imports have risen steadily over the past 6 years: 851 tons in1963; 2,452 in1964; 2,564 in 1965; 10,796 in 1966; 16,184 in 1967; and 28,964 in 1968. ('Nihon Suisan Shimbun, ! Sept. 3.) * OK OK TUNA EXPORTS TO ITALY DECLINE Japan exported 2,239 metric tons of tuna to Italy in September 1969, down from the average of 3,000 tons monthly during June, July, and August. Sales may decline further in October. According to Japan External Trade Organization representatives in Venice, 3,863 tons of yellowfin caught off west Africaby U.S. purse seiners, and trans- shipped from Abidjan, were delivered to Italy on September 4, ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Oct. 14, 1969.) OK OK SEA URCHIN PASTE EXPORTED TO FRANCE Daiwa Industries, Shimonoseki, has made the first Japanese shipment of sea urchin paste to France, Daiwais a leading processor of edible sea urchin paste. It received a French buy offer for 12,000 jars in mid-September 1969, On Sept. 20, it shipped 2,000 50-gram (1¢ oz.) jars priced at about US$0.28 each. About 15,000 jars are to be sent by year's end, New Product on European Market About 6 months before, after learning the Frencheat raw sea urchin roe, Daiwa devel- oped a paste for French tastes. Samples were favorably received. The firm, hoping to develop more markets, also sent samples to Spain, Italy, and West Germany. ('Minato Shimbun,!' Sept. 28, 1969.) * OK O* RAISE PRICE OF CANNED SALMON TOU.K, Earlier this year (1969), the Canned Salmon and Crab Joint Sales Company announced the new offer price of canned red salmon to Brit- ain, Later, the new offer price for canned coho salmon was set at US$22.80/case c.i.f., anincrease of about 25% over 1968. The price of canned king salmon had not yet been de- cided early in August. ('Suisan Tsushin,' Aug, 12, 1969.) Ok Ok JAPAN (Contd.): 1968 TUNA SURVEY IN SOUTH ATLANTIC REPORTED _ The Japanese Fisheries Agency has re- leased the results of a tuna survey in the central and westernareas of the South Atlan- tic. The Government-owned research vessel 'Shoyo Maru! (604 gross tons) departed Japan Sept. 1968 and returned March 1969, Cruise objectives were to assess abun- dance and distribution of tuna, primarily southern bluefin, and to test labor-saving devices. First Survey Area The survey began around 30° §, lat. and 10° W. long. in the central South Atlantic and continued west. Surface temperatures ranged from 18.2°C. to19.2°C, (64.5° F, to66.5° F.); water transparency was 30 meters or more; no current boundary was observed. Inthe first phase, 27 albacore, 2 yellowfin, and 1 bigeyed were taken on 13 longline sets (800 hooks) and four trolling (4 hooks). The albacore were 91-110 centimeters (35.8-43.3 inches) long; these were assumedtobe adults, based on a comparison with the Pacific alba- core, which mature at around 90 centimeters. The albacores' gonads weighed 30 to 180 grams. This indicated they were not fully developed. Off Argentina's East Coast Waters off the east coast of Argentina, withinthe 200-mile sealimit, were surveyed with the Argentine Government's permission, Three longline operations were conducted in an eastward directionto 51° W. long. around 459° 8S. lat. Catchcomposition varied widely, depending on area. Five albacore and 126 sharks were among the important species taken. No southernbluefin were caught. The correlation of southern bluefin distribution and oceanographic conditions, so evident in the Indian Ocean, was not observed in the southwestern Atlantic. ('Katsuo-maguro Tsushin,' Oct. 21, 1969.) KOK 63 SAURY (TUNA BAIT) SOUGHT IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC Saury is the longline-tuna-fishermen's fa- vorite bait. It used to be abundant off Japan, but the supply seems to be shrinking. Fish- ermen are looking for another supply. Three Nichirotrawlers have been search- ing for saury in the northeast Pacific since July 1969. After a poor start, they finally located sizable concentrations off Oregon (U.S.) in September. Fishing began to im- prove around September 8. Reports from the fleet indicated an abundant resource. The trawlers are 'Akebono Maru!', No. 21 and No. 17 (499 gross tons each), and No. 18 (492 gross tons). Off Oregon A Nihon Suisan trawler, 'Shinano Maru! (539 grosstons), alSo was scouting saury un- successfully off Japan. Encouraged by the Nichiro trawlers! reports, she proceeded to the Oregon coast about September 24. She made a good catch on her first day. Fishing Methods All 4 trawlers fish with 'boke ami! (stick- held dip nets) and make 8-10 sets a day. The medium size (10-12 inches) saury, similar to samples received from the U.S., are uSable tuna bait. Two Groups of Saury The good fishing has raised Japanese hopes that this resource off the U.S. will support commercial operations. The survey has indi- cated 2 separate groups of eastern Pacific saury--Aleutian and Californian. The catches off Oregon were Californian, ('Minato Shim - bun,' Sept. 28.) 2k OK OK EXPLORES FOR BOTTOMFISH OFF ARGENTINA The government-owned research vessel 'Kaiyo Maru! (2,539 gross tons) departed Tokyo Oct. 9, 1969, on a 163-day resource survey cruise to the southwest Atlantic. She is investigating bottomfish resources off 64 JAPAN (Contd.): southern Argentina and the Falklands. Six government scientists and 3 industry special- ists aboard will conduct fishutilizationtests, processing the catches into 'kamaboko! (fish cake) and sausages. Her Schedule She was scheduled to call at San Diego, Calif., on October 24, In November and De- cember 1969, she will call at Balboa, Santos in Brazil, and Buenos Aires and Mar del Plata, Argentina. She will return to Buenos Aires in January 1970, call at Cape Town in Feb- ruary, Singapore in March, and return to Tokyo on March 20, 1970. ('Suisancho Nippo,' Sept. 30, 1969.) KKK JOINT SHRIMP VENTURES PLANNED IN WEST AFRICA Three different fishing firms are planning joint shrimp ventures with west African coun- tries. NichiroGyogyoand Kyokuyo Hogei will operate in Gambia, and Hokkaido Gyogyo Kosha in Senegal (50-60 French vessels re- portedly are fishing shrimp out of Dakar), The Japanese Fisheries Agency has ad- vised the 3 firms to conduct experimental fishing with 1 or 2 vessels for about a year before entering into joint agreements. The Agency also advised them to consult each other before making contracts to avoid dis- rupting the market. Kosha in Gabon Hokkaido GyogyoKosha established a joint shrimp venture in Gabon in January 1969, The vessel 'Kohoku Maru No, 3! (250 gross tons) operated by the joint company re- portedly is landing about 1,000 pounds of shrimp (550-660 pounds processed weight) every fishing day. ('Minato Shimbun,! Sept. 20.) * KOK JAPAN & MAURITIUS LAUNCH JOINT TUNA-PACKING VENTURE The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Co. and the government of Mauritius will operate a tuna-canning plant at Port Louis. Mauritius requested it. Mauritius already permits the Japanese firm to use Port Louis as a tuna fishing base. The venture, with an estimated capital of about US$83,000-111,000, will can about 250 tons of tuna-in-oil a month. ('Suisan Keizai Shimbun,!' Aug. 26, 1969.) SOUTH KOREA TRAWLING IN NORTH PACIFIC FAILS FINANCIALLY W. P. Appleyard, Project Manager, FAO Advisory Services to Republic of Korea (ROK), reported to FAO Investment Confer- ence, Rome, Sept. 18-24, 1969: ''Only through trawling in international waters will Korea increase supplies for domestic markets and improve foreign exchange earnings since her coastal resources are fully exploited and increased fishing effort there would not add significantly to the total catch. Over the last 3 years various Korean companies have been operatingin the North Pacific, All have fared disastrously. Poor equipment along with inexperienced management and crews have caused major problems and have almost forced 2 major firms into bankruptcy. Nor do the results obtained (in 1969) by a 9,000- ton factoryship appear more promising. "Self-contained factory freezer trawlers have a better chance of success in the North Pacific. Recent results of a KMIDC (Korea Marine Industries Development Corporation) freezer trawler of 1,500 tons are encouraging, but it is hoped that the building of larger ves- sels (some of 4,000 tons are contemplated) will be the subject of detailed feasibility stud- ies and not motivated by 'follow the leader’ policy." More Data in Seoul Paper Additional data on ROK fishing inthe North Pacific were disclosedin a Seoul newspaper. The ROK Office of Fisheries licensed the Koreanfleet tofishnorth of 50° N, and east of 175° W. The total catch for 1969 was planned at 7,000 metric tons valued at 500 million Korean won (about US$1.8 million), The Office estimates that a large (1,500-gross-ton) stern trawler can catch fish worth about 200 million won (US$706,700) in 1 year of North Pacific operations, Operating costs are about 60% of SOUTH KOREA (Contd.): total earnings. Net profit could amount to as much as 80 million won ($282,700) per year per stern trawler. Trawlers Need Support Vessels According to the newspaper, the ''most important thing ROK has learned from her fishing ventures inthe N. Pacificis that com- prehensive support measures are essential," Small trawlers must have a mothership to service them, and 'independent'' (nonfleet) stern trawlers must have a supply base. ('Hankuk Ilbo,' Sept. 4, 1969.) ) : MALAYSIA FISHERY TRENDS IN SABAH & SARAWAK There are about 6,500 full-time fishermen and 1,000 fish culturists in Sabah, Fish- processing plants employ about 1,000 work- ers. Sabah's catches have grown from about 19,000 metric tons, worth about US$4 million, in 1962 to around 36,000 tons worth close to $9.7 million in 1968. The value of exported fishery products increased from about $833,000 in 1963 to $2.8 million in 1968. Shrimp The 3,200-ton shrimp catch in 1968 was worth about $3.3 million. Frozen shrimp exports to the U.S., U.K., Japan, and Europe amounted to 1,540 tons worth about $2.6 mil- lion. Oysters & Cockles Surveyed Sabah's Ministry of Agriculture and Fish- eries is surveying the commercial develop- ment of oyster andcockle culture. The man- grove Swamps and brackish lakes along Sabah's 900-mile coast reportedly have large oyster and cockle stocks. Oysters could be- come a major export item. 65 Sarawak's Landings Sarawak landed about 13,900 tons in 1968, almost 23% shrimp. Landed value (money actually received by fishermen) was about $3.8 million; retail market value was about $6 million. The Fisheries Department is attempting to reduce costs at the dealer and middleman levels, and increase fisher- men's earnings. (U.S. Consulate, Kuching, Aug. 15, 1969.) TAIWAN TUNA MARKETING FIRM REACTIVATED The China Marine Trading Company (CMTC), a Taiwanese tuna-marketing firm, has been reactivated. Established in June 1968, it had been inactive for over a year. Organized with a capital of 30 million yuan (US$750,000), CMTC exports tuna for mem- ber firms that own tuna longliners of 200 or more gross tons. In August 1969, CMTC sold 1,500-2,000 tons of tuna, transshipped from Capetown, to a large U.S. packer. Fish not wanted by the U.S. packer, such as bigeyed and spearfish, were sold on contract to a Japanese trading firm, Tokyo Shosha, for shipment to Japan. Shosha provides tuna bait for Taiwanese fish- ing vessels. CMTC plans to sell Taiwanese tuna catches landed at Tema (Ghana) to the same U.S. packer. Taiwanese Prefer CMTC Taiwanese longline owners favor CMTC tuna sales for two reasons: 1) the tuna catch is sold directly to buyers, andvessel owners get to know export prices; and 2) sales by their own nationals provide a sense of mutual trust. CMTC's stepped-up sales efforthas inten- sified rivalry with Japanese trading firms handling sales of Taiwanese tuna catches. (‘Suisancho Nippo,' Oct. 30, 1969.) PERSIAN GULF FISHERIES David K. Sabock and James A. Gurr Lands of fabled mystery and adventure, the countries bordering the Persian Gulf are rich not only in "black gold" (oil) but in fish and shellfish, especially shrimp. Several Persian Gulf countries are de- veloping fisheries as additional sources of income to oil--with some success. Such modern techniques and methods that exist generally are found in the shrimp trade. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain have had the most successful fishery developments and, withIran, ship large quantities of shrimp to the U.S. Iran has the longest coastline and a large share of the Gulf fishery re- sources within her territorial waters, but she Tigris, Shatt al Arab Euphrates SAUDI ARABIA has done little to exploit them. The Trucial States and Qatar also have resources that could be developed, but projected plans have not yet been fully realized. Iraq has a very short and unproductive coastline and has shown little interest in developing a marine fishery. As a whole, however, the Persian Gulf has virtually unlimited potential for ex- panded fishery production. A conservative estimate is that the total yield could be in- creased at least tenfold. Private companies from the U.S., U.K., Italy, Greece, and Japan have participated in the area's shrimp fisheries. The USSR also fishes in the Gulf, Gulf of Oman Fig. 1 - Fishing ports in the Persian Gulf. Mr, Sabock is Foreign Affairs Officer Mr, Gurr is Foreign Affairs Assistant 4 BCF Office of Foreign Fisheries, Washington, D.C, 20240, CATCHES INCREASING Total fishery landings in the region are estimated at 75,000-100,000 metric tons (live weight), perhaps up to one-third higher than the total catch in 1960 (table 1). Official statistics are not available on individual spe- cies; historical data are fragmentary. The eatch is fairly evenly divided among Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, although it is not known what proportion of Saudi Arabia's catch is taken in the Gulf compared with the Red Sea and Arabian Sea. Relatively small amounts are landed in Qatar, Bahrain, and the Trucial States, aloose-knit group of 7 shiek- doms on southeastern coast of Persian Gulf. Table 1 - Persian Gulf Total Fish Landings, 1963-67 eee aa ee ee ram ee ays es, Saudi Arabia .. eee oe 1/Includes landings of foreign vessels licensed to fish in Iranian waters. 2/Data refer to wholesale markets only. 3/FAO estimates. NA - Data not available Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, vol. 24, 1967. Although many species of fish and shellfish are caught, shrimp has attracted worldwide attention. Shrimp landings totaled 17,900 metric tons (live weight) in 1967--66% more than in 19642/ Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran, in that order, are the primary produc- ers, Despite a large increase in world catch from 1964 to 1967, Persian Gulf countries have increased their share of world total from 1.8% to 2.6% (table 2). Industry esti- mates for 1968 indicate landings of about 20,000 tons, with 1969 results running ata comparable level. In 1965, catch per vessel peaked at 260 tons. Since then, the per-ves- sel catch has declined to less than 160 tons, while the number of vessels has increased. MANY SPECIES AVAILABLE Many species of demersal and pelagic fish abound in the fertile waters. Generally, the Species are marine coastaltypes and include sea breams, snappers, pomfrets, mackerel, Skipjack, spadefish, croakers, groupers, grunt, threadfin, gizzard shad, shad, yellow - fin, shrimp, and many others. The shrimp is generally "'pink,'' with a life cycle of 12-14 months. 67 Table 2 = Shrimp Landings (Live=Weight}, 1964-67 | itso | 966 | 968 (1,000 Metric Tons}. ... - eoeoeee 4,1 6.0 7.8 Wed Catch. «« [600.0 [626.0 _[ se7.0_| 390.0. Percentage of World Catch ...| 2.6% 2.5% 1.8% 1.8% Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, vol. 24, 1967. PRIMARY FISHING AREA OFF IRAN Fish and shrimp are found over a wide range, although more surveys are required to pinpoint additional commercially exploit- able concentrations. The primary fishing area is off Iran. There, the Gulf's deepest part exists, and theflow of numerous streams into the Gulf results in much food. The entire Gulf is rich in marine resources, but emphasis is onfishing in nearby, shallow coastal waters. This is only because suffici- ent vessels are not available to conduct distant fishing operations. Distant-water vessels are usually employed in shrimping. Large concentrations of tuna, Spanish mackerel, sardines, and others, occur during September-March in the southern area from the Straits of Hormuz to Qatar. An influx of colder, less saline, more fertile water from the Gulf of Oman into the Persian Gulf carries with it large numbers of these fish. The pri- mary fishery inthis area occurs between Ras - Shatam and Ras-al-Khaima. It is there that the deepest part of the Persian Gulf is close to the Trucial States, During the remainder of the year, fishing is conducted for shallow - water or bottomfishes for local markets. Good catches are also made in the north- ern end, near Shattal Arab, where the waters are enriched by the Tigris, Karun, and Euphrates rivers. The fishing grounds off Bushire and the island of Jazireh- Ye-Hormuz are among the best. Shrimp are the principal off-shore species taken and are widely distributed. Main con- centrations are in the northern, eastern, and southern sections and in the extreme north- ern part of the Gulf of Oman. The Iranian coast harbors the most valuable shrimp con- centrations. Iranian shrimping centers are in the Shatt al Arab and Bandar ‘Abbas regions. 1/The total shrimp catch probably is higher than that reported by official sources. Some catches are directly off-loaded and trans- shipped at sea and, therefore, are not recorded as landings. 68 Much of Saudi Arabia's and Kuwait's shrimp catch is taken near the coast of Iran. The Trucial States are not near the major shrimp fishing grounds. Fair quantities are har- vestedin Bahrain's coastalwaters. The spe- cies Penaeus semisulcatus is found in the Gulf's northern part down to Qatar. Penaeus merguensis are centered on the Gulf's eastern shore, generally near Iran's Bandar 'Abbas region. FISHING SEASONS VARY Large-scale fishing is conducted through- out the Gulf from September through June. September-May is the main shrimp season, From September-March, mackerel, sardines, tuna, Sailfish, kingfish, and marlin are read- ily available; a peakis reached in November- January. Pelagic fishing is at a low ebb during the hotsummer. Fishing then is based on shallow-water and bottomfishes, such as rockcod, seabream, snapper, grunts, and horse mackerel. FISHING VESSELS: CANOES TO MOTHERSHIPS Standard fishing vessels are small row- boats, canoes, and sailboats. Although no exact data are available, it is reasonable to assume that these number in the thousands. Despite the heat, most vessels do not carry ice. About 200 modern shrimp trawlers, with 6 large motherships, work the Gulf. Shrimp trawlers have been built or ordered from Norway, Pakistan, W. Germany, France Mexico, USSR, and the U.S. Most are about 55'-62' length overall (l.o.a.) of many ton- nages; the average likely is about 150 GRT. The motherships are as large as 4,000 GRT. About half the shrimp trawlers are based in Kuwait as a result of that country's early concern for developing a viable shrimp in- dustry. Iran has not developed a large motorized fleet despite its long coast (800 miles) or nearness to the richest Gulf fish- ing area. The same types of native vessels are common throughout the Gulf, although the names vary. Iranian names are used in this article. The smallest are the huris, dugout canoes 19 to 22 feet long with 1 to 3 fisher- men. They are used to tendtraps and to fish with hand lines. Next in size are the small sailing boolams (29-32 ft.) with removable coverings made of palm-leaf ribs. These carry 6 or 7 men and are used to set drift and seine nets for smaller fish. The shah- restan-e minab boats are larger (up to 49 ft.) and have removable decks of wooden boards. They carry 12 to 30 men and are used to fish for tuna and sardines with drift gill nets. Largest native boats are the chah bahar, broad-beamed, 32-96-foot sailboats. They carry 12-15 men and are used in gill-net Fig. 2 - Saudi Arabian trawler, fishing for tuna and kingfish. Except for the small huris, most boats are well constructed and seaworthy. Thelarger ones are Suitable for mechanization. MANY FISHING PORTS Numerous fishing ports exist but none is well developed. Lack offreshwater and ice- making facilities and inadequate storage and distribution facilities are several principal deficiencies. In many instances, fish are landed at protected areas along beaches. Primary Persian Gulf ports inIran include Bushire, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Dayar, Bandar-e Lengheh, Kong, and Bandar ‘Abbas. 2/ Bandar 'Abbas, where Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman meet, is probably the most modern Iranian port. Located near the important shrimp, tuna, and sardine fishing grounds, it is developing quickly. Some 50 vessels are berthed at this port. The only fish-proc- essing plant inIran is the Southern Fisheries Co. canning plant in Bandar 'Abbas. There is a highway link to interior cities. Kong is Iran's only boatbuilding yard. Most vessels constructed there are about 30' l.o.a., with small engines, however, vessels up to 200 GRT have been built. Abadan and Khorramshahr are on the Karun River, about 100 km. inland from the Gulf. Both have good harbors and railand highway access to other areas. A large cold-storage facility (capacity 160-180 tons) is located in Khorramshahr. Shrimp vessels are pro- visioned from it by small coastal freighters. Bushire (or Bushehre) is an important shrimp and finfish port; 90 vessels fish out of it. Large landings support the 3 local ice- making plants. Only about a dozen vessels operate from Dayar, a small port with few facilities. Bandar-e Lengheh has declined in importance and its facilities are inadequate. Over 200 vessels fish tuna and sardines from Jask, a major port on the Gulf of Oman. Iran has a very short coastline and very few port facilities. Except for the river towns of Al Faw and Umm Qasr in the Shatt al Arab region, beaches are the only places for landing fish. The city of Kuwait is thelargest and most highly developed port on the Persian Gulf. It handles more fishing commerce than any coastal city in the other countries. 69 Damman and Manifa are the chief fishing bases along the coast of SaudiArabia's East- ern Province. The shrimp processing and freezing installations there are expanding rapidly with commercial success. The poor handling facilities of the port of Damman has hindered the industry somewhat, but efforts are underway to improve the situation. Encouraged by the Saudi shrimping suc- cess, the shiekdoms of Bahrain and Qatar are also developing commercial shrimping industries. Foreign capital has been invested in developing modern fleets and processing facilities on the island of Bahrain and on the Qatar peninsula. Commercial facilities along the 300-mile Trucial coastline, from Qatar to the Straits of Hormuz, remain rather primitive. The vessels are Similar to native craftused along the corresponding Iranian coast, Most fish are used locally, but some are dried for ex- port to Ceylon and Singapore. FISHING METHODS MOSTLY PRIMITIVE Gulf fishermen use a wide variety of fish- ing gear. Modern trawlers, introduced only recently, were first used extensively by Kuwait. Saudi Arabia and Bahrain followed with imported mechanized vessels. However, the most prevalent methods are still primi- tive. Fish traps, shore seines, drift nets, gill nets, cast nets, and handlines are com- mon, Dynamiting and poisoning are also used. Shore seines, drift nets, and gill nets are used along the beaches for catching sardines and herringlikefishes. These nets are fairly large, frequently up to 320 meters long. Cast nets and handlines are used by indi- vidual fishermen for many varieties of fish, but yields are smaller than the others. Occasionally, fishermen use a 'fish poison" of toxic lilac-tree seeds pounded up with dead crabs and small fish. This is spread over shallow water when the tide is bringing in fish. After eating this mixture, the fish come near the surface and go into spasms. The fishermen then go into the water and catch thembyhand. Actually, this is nota destruc- tive practice because the drug's effects do not last long. 2/Andersskog, Bjom. 'Report to the Government of Iran on the Southern Co.', FAO, Rome, 1968. 70 Fig. 4 - Man at winch guides net onto deck, Fig. 5 - Emptying the net. Fig. 6 - Homeward bound fisherman mending nets. (Photos: Ali Khalifa) PROCESSING & MARKETING PROBLEMS Processing and marketing techniques in Persian Gulf countries are modern only for the shrimp exportindustry. Fishery develop- ment plans all have as important objectives the modernization of processing facilities (i.e., ice production, cold-storage facilities) and better marketing methods. At present, however, marketing and processing are primitive, equipment old, and hygienic con- ditions suspect. Fish is not an important item in the diet of Persian Gulf countries. Fresh fish and dried fish are popular forms for domestic consumption; fish is an important food only in coastal areas. Frozenfish are not an im- portant market form. Some fish are smoked or salted for marketing. Relatively little fish canning, if any, is done in any Persian Gulf Country except Iran. There, the plant at Bandar 'Abbas operated by the Southern Fisheries Co. cans tuna and Sardines for domestic use and export to near- by countries. Its output has reached 33 tons cal aday. It has a 180-ton cold-storage area and plans to expand this. The plant closes from June through August because of extreme heat. The most modern processing and distribu- tion techniques and facilities are in the shrimp business, oriented primarily towards the U.S. Most of the processing--grading, cleaning, freezing, and packing--is done on board factory ships in the Kuwaiti and Iranian fisheries. Shrimp are not deveined until processed in the U.S. Sanitation meth- ods and quality are reported to be equal to U.S. standards. In both countries, however, shore-based plants and cold-storage facilities are in operation. In Saudi Arabia, most processing is done at Manifa and Damman. However, there is afactoryship operation with packing, freezing, and storage. FOREIGN TRADE SMALL Foreign trade in fishery products, including imports and exports, is not significant. The notable exception is shrimp exports to the U.S. These have increased from 1.4 million lbs. in 1960 to 19.2 million lbs. in 1968 (table 3). Shrimp exports were 10% of total U.S. shrimp imports in 1968 and worth US$144 million. This area ranks only behind Mexico andIndia as leading supplier of shrimp to the U.S. Japan also is becoming an important market, Kuwait is the area's main U.S, supplier. She increased shipments from only 146,000 pounds in 1960 to almost 9 million pounds in 1968. Saudi Arabian exports to the U.S, in- creased from 77,000 pounds to 3.7 million during the same period. Shrimp exports from Bahrain, which began with a modest 51,000 pounds in 1962, totaled 4.4 million pounds in 1968. Iranian shrimp exports have been er- ratic. These varied between 87,000 lbs. in 1963 and 9.1 million pounds in 1966--but fell to 2 million pounds in 1968. Table 3 © U.S. Shrimp Imports from Persian Gulf Countries, 1960264 Average, 1965-69 EE. 64 re a a a a a raneeieniehls\ ie Kuwait ... Saudi Arabia Bahrain... Arabian Beninsnlale o 2 61 30 12 72 SHALLOW & WARM PERSIAN GULF The Persian Gulfis anarea of about 70,000 square sea miles with a coastline of 1,740 sea miles. The coastlines of bordering coun- tries are: Iran, 720 miles (260 of them on Gulf of Oman); Iran, 30 miles; Kuwait, 80; neutral territory, 40; Saudi Arabia, 240; and Trucial Oman, 630. The Persian Gulfis ashallow, warm, salt- water body. Its average depth is about 35 meters. Near Shatt al Arab, at the northern end, the wateris extremely shallow and there are extensive tidalflats. There also are mud flats east and west of Al Qatar, north and west of Qeshm Island, and at the northern end of the Straits of Hormuz. The Gulf's channel, ranging indepthfrom 40-50 fathoms, is along the Iranian coast. The bottom there, and in the delta of Shatt el Arab, is soft mud and clay. Along coastal regions, sand, coral, shell, and gravel interspersed with numerous coral reefs make up the bottom sediments. Coral reefs are especially numerous along the shallow southern coast. WEATHER WINDS & HOT Strong winds and hot temperatures char- acterize the weather. During winter, winds are generally light except for unexpected squalls. Squalls become more frequent in March and April when south and southwesterly winds come in. From gentle breezes early in the day, the winds fresheninthe afternoon, It is hot in June and July, with winds variable from west and southwest. A swell caused by southerly monsoon coming from Gulf of Oman can result in turbulent seas that make fish- ing difficult even in calm weather. Later in the year, strong southeasterly winds arrive, and these support the monsoon swell. The weather calms after mid-August with light breezes in afternoon. From mid-September, weather clears, winds are light, and the southerly monsoon swell decreases. In the summer, land temperatures are consistently over 100° F., water temperature varies from 90° F.-100° F. These conditions affect fishing in many ways. The techniques used to catch and store the fish, and the machinery aboard vessels, must be adequate to cope with extremely high temperatures. Note: Information sources for this article include reports from U.S. Embassies and consulates, articles in trade journals, FAO reports, and other sources. A 49-entry bibliography is available on request from Office of Foreign Fisheries, IS THERE ANY DANGER OF OVERFISHING? In some areas of the world, overfishing is already a problemfor some species. Stocks have been depleted in heavily fished areas such as the continental shelves of Europe, par- ticularly the North Sea. Cessation of fishing during two World Wars proved that adecrease in fishing could result in an increase in the number of large specimens. The U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has listed the following species as being seriously depleted: Pacific sardine, Atlantic salmon, Atlantic sturgeon, blue whale, fin whale, Atlantic shad, sperm whale, humpback whale, oyster, and sea otter. Depletion of these species is not caused entirely by overfishing; disease, predators, and water pollution all take their toll. When the catch of a species reaches the point where the reproductive capacity is unable to compensate for the losses sustained, the species is headed for extinction. However, be- fore this point is reached, operation of fisheries becomes uneconomical, and fishing of many species to extinction is thus prevented. There is little agreement among fisheries experts on how much the world's fisheries could be increased, Estimates of the percentage of potential yield have varied from 1 per- cent to 75 percent. Undoubtedly the fish catch could be increased through exploitation of areas in the Southern Hemisphere and through fishing for species not now widely used for food, ("Questions About The Oceans," U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.) AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA FACTORYSHIP MOVES TO INTERNATIONAL WATERS The factoryship ‘Suiderkruis' is being geared tofish anywhere in the world, not just in South and South-West African waters. She may venture as far as the North Sea and the Newfoundland fishing grounds and compete with Soviet, Japanese, and Portuguese fleets. The ship, and her fleet of small trawlers, already have made a successful pioneer long- range fishing trip off the bulge of Africa. Catcher Boats Too Small The catcher boats used by Suiderkruis off North Africa were drawn from the South African fishing fleets. They are too small to be used off the African bulge, which is lashed by northeast trade winds. A company official said: 'The spirit of the men was fantastic after their long trip. After sailing almost 5,000 miles in small 72-ft. boats ... not suited for these stormy seas, there were hardly any incidents when the men came ashore." To Buy New Catchers The official added: "We are buying some of the most modern catchers in the world, which will enable us to fish anywhere from the Arctic to the Antarctic.'' The first 4 or 5 will be built in Norway. Possibly, others will be built in Spain, or elsewhere. They will be steel, about 320 tons--much bigger than the South African boats --centrally heated and air-conditioned. Based at Las Palmas Two of the new Norwegian catchers should be in Las Palmas now. Suiderkruis, with full supportfrom the Spanish authorities, is being allowed to use Las Palmas as a permanent unloading port. The S. African company has made Las Palmas its northern base. Good Distant-Water Catches In the first 2 months after Suiderkruis sailed from South African waters, the fleet caught 14,300 long tons. These yielded 3,000 tons of fish meal. Fishing was mostly a 73 probing operation. The vessel kept moving instead of fishing one area for some time. Fish were caught in deep water 50 miles south of the Congo for 2 or 3 days. Then the fleet moved round the bulge of Africa. At times, Suiderkruis found herself among 93 boats from 7 nations. She was scheduled to spend 2-3 months off North Africa before returning to South-West African waters. ('Sunday Times,! Cape Town, Oct. 26, 1969.) OK OK FACTORYSHIPS DO WELL OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA South Africa's two industrial fishery fac- toryships, ‘Willem Barendsz! and ‘Suider- kruis,' were sent to fish off Spanish Sahara during South and South-West Africa's closed fishing season. Bothships left South African waters early inSeptember to cruise off North- west Africa. Suiderkruis! Success The Suiderkruis found fishing promising and will remaininthe area for several more months. She unloaded 3,000 short tons of bulk fish mealat Las Palmas in early October and returned to the fishing grounds. The Barendsz Owners of the Willem Barendsz said only that the closer the ship was to Las Palmas, the better the fishing. ('Cape ae WOctslels 17, 1969.) oe SOUTH & SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CATCHES DROP The 1969 fishing seasonpresents a mixed picture. While higher meal and oil prices seem likely to pushinshore industry earnings to about US$1.4 million($1.2 million in 1968), there are signs that the Southeast Atlantic resource is being overfished. The factory- ships fell short of their combined quota of 570,000 short tons of fish. They caught only 519,000 tons. They now have ventured into international waters. 74 SOUTH & SOUTH-WEST AFRICA (Contd.): Spiny Lobster Canning Drops When only two months remained in the season, the spiny lobster industry reportedly had canned only about half of 1968's total of 554,000 cases (20 lbs. a case). Finally, the local trawl fishery, facing heavy foreign com- petition, has indicated afurther catch decline. This spurred calls for government assist- ance. (U.S. Consul, Cape Town, Oct. 28, 1969.) LES TANZANIA LAKE VICTORIA LANDINGS RISE In 1967, Lake Victoria fishermen caught 43,752 short tons of fish. In 1968, the catch increased 35% to 59,853 tons worth US$5,635,492. The catch was composed of 23,742 tons ($2,415,593) from the Mwanza region; 25,215 ($1,817,860) from Mara region; and 10,896 ($1,402,039) from West Lake. Species & Gear The catches included 13 different species. Haplochromis led with 21,063 tons; Tilapia zillii trailed with 725. The catches were made by 11,517 fishermen in 2,538 canoes, using 80,573 gillnets, 616 seine nets, and 296,500 long lines. This was an increase over 1967 of 3,104 fishermen, 723 canoes, 7,936 gillnets, 462 seine nets, and 157,798 long lines. Mechanization Only 166 canoes had outboard engines in 1967; in 1968, there were 304--189 in West Lake, 93 in Mwanza, and 22 in Mara. Fishermen's Income Average income for fishermen in each of the 3 regions was $794 for a 5.53-ton catchin West Lake, $486 for 5.59 tons in Mara, and $402 for 4.44 in Mwanza. ('Mwanza Regional Fisheries Officer's Annual Report, 1968', U.S. Embassy, Dar es Salaam, Sept. 26.) SOUTH PACIFIC FIJI TUNA LANDINGS RISE IN 1969 South Pacific tuna fishing has been gen- erally good this year, although landings have declined since late August after season's peak had passed. From January through July, 4,700 metric tons of tuna were landed--80% of total 1968 landings (5,800 tons), The Fleet Twenty-nine vessels are based at Fiji-- 9 of Minami Taiheiyo Gyogyo (Japan), 18 of Korean Fisheries Development Corporation, and 2 Taiwanese vessels from separate com- panies. The catch is 80-85% albacore, and about 1% yellowfin. The high-priced albacore catch is greater than the others, so fisher- men's profits have been good, Prices August prices, per metric ton: US$448 for frozen albacore, $432 for chilled albacore, $361 for frozen yellowfin, and $331for chilled yellowfin. ('Suisancho Nippo,' Sept. 4, 1969.) AUSTRALIA TAIWANESE VESSEL SEIZED The Taiwanese fishing vessel 'Fu Chih No, 1" was seized inside Australia's "territorial limit" on August 29, 1969. Australia claims a 12-mile fishing limit and a 3-mile terri- torial sea. Captain and crew were fined US$2,775. The vesselwas permitted to leave after the Taiwan Embassyin Canberra guar- anteed payment, She sailed on September 3, but was ap- prehended again on Sept. 16 fishing inside the limit off North Queensland. This time the skipper was fined $1,100 butno charges were pressed against the crew. On Sept. 30, she departed for Taiwan. (U.S. Consulate, Bris- bane, Sept. 4, 17; Oct. 1, 1969.) é 75 SHRIMP FARMING ANYONE? BCF is conducting research to put the harvesting of shrimp on the same basis as rice, dairy, and poultry farming. This research, called shrimp mariculture, is carried out at the Bureau's Biological Laboratory in Galveston, Texas. Three species of Gulf shrimp--brown, pink and white --make up the bulk of all shrimp landed in the U.S. The shrimp fishery is the most valuable of all U.S. fisheries. In 1968, landings of 292 million pounds were worth about $113 million to fishermen. About 70% of this catch came from the Gulf of Mexico. Consumer demand for shrimp, either as food or bait, is increasing at a rapid rate. But landings of shrimpfrom the Gulf of Mex- ico, with few exceptions, have remained relatively constant over the past 10 years. The increased demand for shrimp is re- flected by increasedimports. To supplement this important fishery, and to offset rising imports, BCF began studies in 1964 to de- termine the economic feasibility of shrimp farming. Although shrimp mariculture has been common abroadfor many years, notably in Japan, it is still on an experimental basis in the U.S. BCF biologists periodically sample shrimp grown in 1/16-acre ponds at Galveston, Texas, to obtain information onlength and weight increases, These data willhelp determine the economic feasi- bility of shrimp farming in the U.S. Studies underway maybe dividedinto larvalshrimp culture and juvenile shrimp culture. The young shrimp, immediately after it hatches, is called a larva and is free floating in the water. The older, juvenile shrimp, however, lives on the sea floor. The physiological requirements of larval and juvenile shrimp vary considerably; each phase of research has separate and distinct problems related to the age of the shrimp. Culture of Larval Shrimp Until a few years ago, Gulf shrimp had never been hatched and reared to the juvenile stage in the U.S. Bureau scientists have now developed techniques whereby thousands of penaeid shrimp can be reared from eggs deposited in the laboratory. To obtain spawning stock, biologists aboard chartered shrimp vessels collect female shrimp that are ready to spawn. Each female carries between 500,000 and 1,000,000 eggs. In the laboratory, the shrimp usually spawn during the first or second night of captivity. Initially, because of many problems, only a few shrimp could be reared from eggs spawned in the laboratory. The biggest problem was finding a suitable food that could be grown in large quantities. Larvalshrimp are about 1 /100 to 1/5 inch long and feed, in part, on tiny marine plants called phytoplankton. Today, after months of experimenting with dif- ferent marine plants and various kinds of water, biologists in Galveston can grow large amounts of phytoplankton for shrimpfood. As the larvae become older, brine shrimp, (artemia) also are used as food. Additional refinements in larval culture have permitted Bureau biologists to supply small shrimp to nonprofit research organizations involved in other phases of shrimp mariculture. (Continued following page.) 76 Culture of Juvenile Shrimp Shrimp reared to about 3 inch in the laboratory have been stocked at varying densities in ponds. Two methods have been used to induce growth in shrimp. One was to feed shrimp daily a prepared diet of ground fish and shellfish mixed with commerically produced livestock food. Shrimp fed the prepared diet grew to about 4 inches in 3 months, or at a rate of about 3 inch every 12 days. When harvested, the greatest yield was about 234 pounds of whole shrimp per acre. The other method used to induce shrimp growth was tofertilize the ponds. This stimulated the growth of organisms that oc- curred naturally in brackish waters, and provided food for the shrimp. Shrimp 1 inch long grew to about 4 inches in 5 to 6 weeks, or at a rate of about 3 inch every week. The greatest yieldwas 575. pounds of whole shrimp per acre. BCF Biologists found, however, that growth stops when the shrimp are about 4 inches long. It is not known whether this re- tarded growth is the result of some physio- logical requirement not met in the ponds, or to a change in diet. WHOLE SHRIMP PER POUND 43,238 3,027 | WEEK . 4 5S WEEKS INCHES ! Growth of white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) over a 6-week period in an artificial environment. These shrimp were "farmed" in a fertilized, brackish waterpond at the BCF Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas. BCF scientists are developing an economical prepared food that will sustain rapid growth of shrimp in ponds. Although the results of experimental shrimp farming are promising, future Bureau studies will be made to: (1) develop an economical prepared food that will sustain rapid growth of shrimp in ponds;(2) develop methods to induce shrimp maturity and spawning and to control time of spawning; (3) develop fast-growing shrimp that have favorable tail-weight to head-weight ratio and are disease resistant and hardier than wild shrimp; (4) determine which diseases and parasites occur in shrimp and develop means to control them. (National Marketing Services Office, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States Department of the Interior, 100 E. Ohio Street, Room 526, Chicago, Illinois 60611.) a FOOD FISH FACTS BLACKBACK or WINTER FLOUNDER FLUKE or SUMMER FLOUNDER (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) (Paralichthys dentatus) Flounders, an important year-round food fish, are members of a large family of flatfish which includes winter flounder, summer flounder (Sometimes called fluke), starry flounder, yellowtail flounder, and a wide variety of soles and dabs. Flounder, highly prized by sport as well as commercial fishermen, weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. The summer flounder, however, weighs up to 15 pounds. DESCRIPTION Flatfish could well be called the clowns of the sea. Although’they come in a variety of sizes, all of them are bizarre in appearance. Born upright with normally placed eyes, young flatfishes soon find their skulls beginning to twist and one eye moving toward the other side. At the same time the fish begins to tilt. Within a short time both eyes peer from the same side and the fish swims with the eyeless side down. Not all flatfish twist in the same direc- tion, some twist toward the right and some toward the left. As an example, the blackback is a righteye flounder and the fluke is a lefteye flounder. As the head and eyes twist, the mouth becomes distorted and the flatfish "ever after wears a crooked, pained look.’ (National Geographic) Flounder resemble flying saucers as theyripple and glide through the water. Part o nature's camouflage is the way they glide to the bottom and then flip sand over their backs, becoming almost invisible except for their protruding eyes. When a smallfish or other prey is spotted, the flounder, with a squirt of water from the under-side gill, jet-propels itself of the bottom in hot pursuit. The white, belly side blends with the light filtering down throug the water, protecting it from enemies below. The darker top side usually resembles the color of the bottom on which the flounder lives. HABITAT Flounder are found along almost every coastline of the United States. Among those found on the Pacific coast are the rex, petrale, English, Dover, sand, and rock soles, and the starry flounder. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts provide winter, summer, and yellowtailflounders, and a variety of soles. Most flounder live along the Continental shelf and slope, however, some come into shoal waters and are found in bays and close inshore along the coast. FLOUNDER FISHING More flounder are caught commercially with otter trawls than any other method. Sport fishermen use a variety of methods including angling andthe use of a rod-type spear called a gig. The gig is usedwith alight toshow thefish on the bottom and this method is used mostly in the Gulf and South Atlantic states. (Continued following page.) 78 The otter trawl is dragged over the ocean floor to catch flounder. CONSERVATION In order to provide a variety of fish and shellfish for a growing population and a con- tinuing resource for the fishing industry, cooperative State-Federal research and development efforts areneeded. Inrecognition of these needs, Congress passed two major pieces of grant- in-aid legislation, the Commercial Fisheries Research and Development Act of 1964 and the Anadromous Fish Act of 1965. Through these Acts, the Secretary of the Interior, with BCF acting as administrator, has entered into cost-sharing cooperative agreements with the States and other non-Federal interests. In addition to the benefits already derived from the above Acts, BCF has developed a number of improvements which are proving beneficial to the fish- ing industry as a whole. Among these are trawl fishery improvement programs, such as a universal trawl capable of fishing at midwater depths as well as on the bottom,and an inde- pendently powered sonic instrumentation systemto provide shipboard recordings of the fish- ing performance of otter trawls. USES OF FLOUNDER Flounder is considered one of the finest of all food fish. It has firm, white, delicate flesh that adapts to a wide variety of preparation methods. Mostflounder and sole are filleted and can be purchased either fresh or frozen. Fillets vary in weight from 2 to 4 ounces and up to 8 ounces, Some flounder and sole are dressed and sold whole for stuffing. (National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Room 526, Chicago, Ill. 60611.) Page Pwonwe ec ee INDEX UNITED STATES: Interior Seeks Coastal-Zone Legislation Tektite Il Is Scheduled for Spring 1970 U.S. Fishery Product Consumption Is Stable Situation & Outlook: Shrimp, Sea Scallops, Northern Lobsters, Spiny Lobster Tails First Tagged Atlantic Swordfish Recovered Jack Mackerel's Swimming Speed Is Deter- mined BCF Distributes Alaskan Fishing Log of Scal- lop Explorations Norwegian Holding Net Tested in Maine Sar- dine Fishery, by Kenneth Sherman The Gulf Coast; 1. Danger in the Estuaries 2, Marshes & Mariculture 3. Camille: Devastates Gulf Coast 1968 Great Lakes Commercial Fishery Pro- duction Declined Fur Seals Increase at California Rookery Fish Schools Counted by Sonar for First Time Woods Hole Reports on 4-Year Game-Fish Tagging Program Foreign Fishing Off U.S., October 1969 ARTICLES: Forecasting World Demand for Tuna to the Year 1990, by Frederick W. Bell Rearing Larval Tunas in the Laboratory, by Edward D, Houde and William J, Richards Fishery Oceanography--V, Ocean Circulation and Distribution of Sockeye Salmon, by Felix Favorite -BOOKS INTERNATIONAL: The FAO Fishing Fleet FAO Schedules Second World Food Congress for June 1970 Fish-Meal Manufacturers Examine World Trends Frozen Groundfish Suppliers Meet Japan-Mexico Fishery Conference Ends 5 Nations Sign Convention on Southeast Atlantic Canada: Hunting Baby Seals Banned in 1970 Maritime Provinces Land Billion Pounds in First 9 Months Europe: USSR: Purse Seining for Cod & Walleye Pollock Develops in Far East Hopes to Improve at-Sea Catch Transfers Tankers Used to Transport Fish Meal Oil-Spill "Cleaning" Vessel Is Built Sport Fishing Depletes Commercial Stocks Stern Factory Trawler Equipped with Un- derwater Electric Lights Fisheries Minister Denies Soviets Fish Salmon Off British Columbia Soviets Concerned about Careless Fish- ing-Vessel Officers Top-Level Fishery Economists Confer Fishery Summit Meeting Held in Leningrad Exported $6.3 Million of Marine Products to Japan in 1968 Pneumatic Fish-Meal Conveyors Being Developed Index continued page 80. 79 Page 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 62 62 63 qoaaqooo000n INTERNATIONAL (Contd.): eee © 0000000 Europe (Contd.): USSR (Contd.): Forbids Continental Shelf Research Off Northern Coast Proposes Electrical Fishing for Salmon in Fresh Water Fish Meal Exports Dropped in 1968 United Kingdom: Fishing Industry Experts Forecast to 1975 Lab Will Study Effects of Thermal Pollu- tion Aids Fisheries in Developing Countries Norway: 'Frionor'! Makes Impact on World Fish Market Dried Coalfish Used for Dog Food Denmark: Faroese Rebuilding Fishing Fleet Iceland: Catch, Except Herring, Rises France: May Support French-African Tuna Industry New Tuna Seiner Completes Shake-Down Spain: Frozen Hake Fillets Produced for U.S. Market West Germany: Interocean '70 Slated Latin America: Peru: Anchovy Season Is Poor Ecuador: Discovers New Shrimp Bed Cuba: Acquires 3 Factoryships from Spain Mexico: Gulf Coast Shrimp Contracts Signed Holds 4th National Oceanographic Congress El Salvador: S. Koreans Invest in Salvadoran Deep-Sea Tuna Project Asia: Japan: Some Tuna Longliners Are Losing Money Tuna Seine Fleet Withdrawn from Eastern Atlantic Exploratory Vessel Fails to Find Bluefin in Southwest Atlantic Albacore Discovered Off Kurils Bering Sea Bottomfish Catch Increases Eastern Bering Sea Crab Fishing Ended Only 1 Seiner to Try for E, Pacific Yellow- fin in 1970 Many Countries Seek Japanese Help in Shrimp Culture U.S. Chinook Salmon Fry Doing Well in Hokkaido Rivers Tuna Packers Troubled by High Costs & Low Yield Restrictions on Tuna Imports Urged Tuna Catches & Exports Declined in 1968 Tuna Imports Are Increasing Tuna Exports to Italy Decline Sea Urchin Paste Exported to France Raise Price of Canned Salmon to U.K. 1968 Tuna Survey in South Atlantic Reported 80 INDEX (CONTINUED) Page Page INTERNATIONAL (Contd.): INTERNATIONAL (Contd.): Asia (Contd.): Africa: Japan (Contd.): South Africa: 63 .. Saury (Tuna Bait) Sought in Northeast US Gc Factoryship Moves to International Waters Pacific U3 oe Factoryships Do Well Off Northwest Africa G3iiere Explores for Bottomfish Off Argentina South & South-West Africa: 64 .. Joint Shrimp Ventures Planned in West 1 06 Catches Drop Africa Tanzania: 64) ene Japan & Mauritius Launch Joint Tuna- Ueh wo Lake Victoria Landings Rise Packing Venture South Pacific: South Korea: Fiji: GA. Trawling in North Pacific Fails Financially 74 .. Tuna Landings Rise in 1969 Malaysia: Australia: GD oc Fishery Trends in Sabah & Sarawak US Go Taiwanese Vessel Seized Taiwan: 77 ..Food Fish Facts--Flounders Gomer. Tuna Marketing Firm Reactivated 79 . .INDEX Mid-East: 66 .. Persian Gulf Fisheries, by David K, Sabock and James A. Gurr THIS CHRISTMAS TREE IS SHRIMPLY DELICIOUS In answer to many requests, the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has once again released instructions for its Shrimp Christmas Tree for the most exciting holiday table in the neighborhood. From a commanding position on a buffet table or as a colorful centerpiece for awell-ap- pointed holiday dinner, this unusual tree is certain to capture compliments. Leafy green en- dive duplicates crisp holly while ever-popular shrimp add shape and color interest to this creative conversation piece. This intriguing tree is elegant but deceivingly simple. The materials are readily avail- able at most local variety stores and supermarkets. SHRIMP CHRISTMAS TREE 3 pounds shrimp, fresh or frozen 1 styrofoam cone, 24 feet high 2 quarts water 1 styrofoam square, 12x 12x 1 inch + cup salt 1 small box round toothpicks 4 large bunches curly endive Cocktail Sauce Thaw frozen shrimp. Place shrimp in boiling salted water. Cover and simmer about 5 minutes or until shrimp are pink and tender. Drain. Peel shrimp, leaving the last section of the shell on. Remove sand veins and wash. Chill. Separate and wash endive. Chill. Place cone in the center of the styrofoam square and draw a circle around the base of the cone. Cut out circle and insert cone. Cover base and cone with overlapping leaves of endive. Fasten endive to styrofoam with toothpick halves. Start at the outside edge of the base and work up. Cover fully with greens to resemble Christmas tree. Attach shrimp to tree with toothpicks. Provide Cocktail Sauce for dunking. Serves 12. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; 1969 392-624/5 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Walter J. Hickel, Secretary Russell E. Train, Under Secretary Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources Charles H. Meacham, Commissioner, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources, Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States -- now and in the future. Holiday Greetings 7 eG) ae Seen ey From The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 2ovjeu, Index for 1969 = Volume 3] | Wl NG v COVER: In 1969, U.S. shrimp fishermen received about $125 million for their catch. For first time, Shrimp catch in Gulf of Mexico brought more than $100 million to fishermen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Review A comprehensive view of United States and foreign fishing industries--including catch, processing, market- ing, research, and legislation--prepared by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. z FISHERMEN'S MEMORIAL--GLOUCESTER, MASS. II Production: Jean Zalevsky Alma Greene An index of Volume 31, Numbers 1 through 12, issued in 1969. It is a subject index, with an author index for only the feature articles in eachmonthly issue. Indexing of other mater- ial is based on the principal subject with some cross-reference. The use of " "in en- tries denotes the omission (repetition) of the major subject heading which appears in ALL CAPS, Publications listed in the ''Books"' section have not been indexed. Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by the Director, Bureau of the Budget, April 18, 1968. A limited number of back issues of Volume 31, Numbers 1 through 12, are stillavailable until the supply is exhausted. Copies are available free uponrequest from Commercial Fish- eries Review, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheris, 1801 N. Moore St., Rm. 200, Arlington, Virginia 22209, 1969 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1 INDEX TO VOLUME 31 (NUMBERS 1 - 12 INCLUSIVE)--1969 The reference gives the month and the page number. ACOUSTICAL DEVICES USSR finds Japanese p. 48. unsatisfactory; Nov. ACOUSTICS Certain sounds attract sharks; July p. 9. ADRIATIC SEA Agreement signed by Italy & Yugoslavia; July p. 47. AFRICA Tuna: France may support joint industry; Dec. p. 53. Japanese seining off slow; Feb. p. 42. USSR: conducts midwater trawling explorations off NW ; Aug.-Sept. p. 55. vessel seeks shrimp off ; Nov. p. 47. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference in Atlantic City, N.J., May 11-14; Apr. p. 7. AIR TRANSPORTATION Crabs, Dungeness: airshipping live: Alaska lifts ban on; May p. 13. to retail market; May p. 21. Trout in California waters, 4.1 million planted by airplane in 1968; Feb. p. 17. ALABAMA Catfish farming grows in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. ALASKA Bering Sea, new bathymetric map of; July p. 20. BCF: Cousteau given help in preparing salmon film; Nov. p. 21. distributes tions; Dec. p. 7. Coast & Geodetic vessels survey June p. 11. Crabs, Dungeness, live; May p. 13. Earthquake in 1964 moved mountains, shifted is- lands; Aug.-Sept. p. 18. Economics, fishery, has some bright spots; Nov. p. 20. Fishermen's co-op urged by state insurance di- rector; Nov. p. 20. Gov. Miller signed 'COAST!' Commission bill; July p. 28. Gulf of p. 26. Herring prospects, 1969; May p. 13. International agreements, revisions affecting fish- eries; June p. 30. Kodiak: salmon, excellent run at; Oct. p. 8. seafood waste management, BCF method spurs; July p. 28. shrimp, Ralston Purina triples processing ca- pacity at; Mar. p. 17. U.S. fishing port, may be no. 2; Jan. p. 12. fishing log of scallop explora- waters; lifts ban on airshipping » Japanese longline fishery in; Feb. ALASKA Salmon: Bristol Bay, largest run predicted for 1970; Nov. [> UG). earthquake-caused disaster, funds for; June p. 18. forecasts for 1969, state biologists make; Mar. p. 17. pack, 1969, is nearly million cases below 1968's; seeks U.S. Nov. p. 19. Sea lions observed on an Aleutian Island; Aug.-Sept. p. 20. South Korean fisheries off 5 Alpi ps3 6s) Oct= job GE), Vessels (king crab), 5 multipurpose, ordered by Pan Fisheries, Inc.; July p. 28. ‘ALBATROSS Iv'! Haddock: abundance drops further; June p. 4. recruitment on Georges Bank continues to fail (joint cruises of and USSR's 'Blesk'); Fhe ea oe is Ichthyoplankton on Georges Bank surveyed; June p. 38. ALEWIFE BCF's 'Kaho! and 'Cisco' conduct seasonal survey; May p. 4. Die-off in Great Lakes is minor; Nov. p. 8. Gloucester herring- fishery rises sharply; Apr. p. 4. ‘ALEXANDER AGASSIZ! International fisheries survey off California, participates in; Mar. p. 38. ALGAE East Coast aquatic plant harms clams and oysters; Apr. p. 5. Kelp processing started in British Columbia (Canada); Oct. p. 55. AMERICAN SAMOA Tuna: albacore fishing good in January; Mar. p. 56. prices; Feb. p. 52, May p. 56, June p. 71, July p. 66, Aug.-Sept. p. 66, Oct. p. 73, Nov. p. 65. Wages, new minimum, set for fishery workers in ; June p. 72. ANCHOVIES California: faster age analysis developed; Aug.-Sept. p. 20. landings far exceed last season's; June p. 25. San Pedro fleet is in poor economic condition; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Chile catch, 1966-68; May p. 49. Peru: catch limits and closure announced; June p. 62. season poor; Dec. p. 56. ANGOLA South African company enters fishing industry; Nov. p. 66. Tuna, albacore: fishery increases off Japanese longliners fishing off & S. Africa, Oct. p. 74. ; July p. 45. ANTARCTIC Japan sends whaling fleets to ; Jan. p. 56. USSR, deep-water trawling takes cod; Nov. pee 2ts Whale catches in & N. Pacific reported, 1968/69; Oct. p. 51. ANTARCTICA U.S. scientists say Australia and part of supercontinent; June p. 12. were once APPRENTICESHIP Shrimp crewmen train at Freeport, Texas; May p. 17. AQUACULTURE American crayfish will be planted in Swedish lakes; June p. 53. Catfish farming; Aug.-Sept. p. 2, Nov. p. 67. Czechoslovakia improves fish-culture techniques; June p. 56. EDA funds help sea industries study; Mar. p. 4. FAO's 'Fish Culture Bulletin' reports fish farming combats pollution; Aug.-Sept. p. 49. Florida: artificial sea grass planted by State University; July p. 30. Gov. Kirk signs bill; June p. 26. larval tuna fish reared for first time at TABL; June p. 7. Japan: artificial cultivation of tuna to be tried; Nov. Pp. 09 shellfish culture seabed areas, more developed; July p. 64. shrimp culture, many countries seek help; Dec. p. 60. Oyster spat, flowing sea water gives best growth, experiment by Milford (Conn.) lab.; Oct. p. 6. Plastic balls, blanket of, speeds growth rate of young fish at Hunterston, Scotland; May p. 41. Poland, fish culture is growing in; June p. 55. S. Korea plans to develop ; June p. 67. Taiwan cultivated successfully 'kuruma!' shrimp; Mar, p. 54. Texas: advice for stocking Waco farm ponds; Aug.-Sept. p. 21. restocks oysters in San Antonio Bay; June p. 26. Thailand begins large-scale carp breeding; Oct. p. 66, Trout: aircraft planted 4.1 million in California in 1968; Feb. p. 17. steelhead and salmon culture practiced in Lower Columbia River; Apr. p. 5. USSR: artificial culture of sea sturgeon attempted; May p. 42. crossbreeds white sturgeon and sterlet; Apr. p.57. improve culture of freshwater crustaceans and fishes; June p. 48, raise freshwater fish in sea water; Aug.-Sept. p. 54, trout, rainbow, bred in cages; Feb. p. 49. AQUARIUM USSR airlift fur seals from Sakhalin to Batumi on the Black Sea; Mar. p. 45. AQUATIC SPECIES Biologist James W. Warren tests effects of lunar materials on ; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. ARCTIC OCEAN Norway developing fishery for polar cod; Oct. p. 58. ARKANSAS Catfish farming grows in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. ARGENTINA Japan explores for bottomfish off United States and project; June p. 39. ; Dec. p. 63. conduct oceanographic ‘ARGO! Drilling sites, Scripps' sails to study; Mar. pas: ARTIFICIAL REEFS New York begins studies this summer of fish popu- lations of ; June p. 18. ARTIFICIAL SEA GRASS Florida State University plants ; July p. 30. ASIA Research Department of the Southeast Fish- eries Development Center start operations; July p. 47. ATLANTIC COAST Industrial fish will be sought off mid- ; Feb. Deos U.S. sea scallop fishery declines further; July p. 7. ATLANTIC OCEAN Eastern: BCF conducts tuna/porpoise survey in equatorial ; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. French tag tuna in ; Nov. p. 43. NAVOCEANO 'Gofar' scientists discover salt domes in ; June p. 11, tuna purse seine fishery in tropical ; Nov. p. 27. : Japau. exploratory trawling disappointing in northeast ; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. tuna: ‘Azuma Maru No. 37,' research vessel, finds promising grounds in south ; Nov. p. 59. longliners fishing albacore off Angola and South Africa; July p. 45. seine fleet withdrawn from eastern ; Dec. p. 58. : survey, 1968, reported in south ; Dec. p. 63. Northwest: Poland: factory trawlers economic returns in v June p. 56. makes good catches in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 58. Philippine tuna longliner in ; Jan. p. 57. Scientific expedition, international, drifts across ; Feb. p. 22. Southeast: convention on the conservation of the living re- sources signed by 5 nations; Dec. p. 44. draft treaty on fisheries of ; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. Swordfish, recover first tagged; Dec. p. 5. . . ATLANTIC OCEAN (cont.) Tuna larvae collected during EQUALANT surveys in tropical NOVA Deo or USSR: 'Akademik Kurchatov! cruises in equatorial Apr. p. 57. longliners to fish cod and halibut in north 5 Feb. p. 48. U.S. and Argentina conduct oceanographic project off south coast; June p. 39. ATLANTIC TRADEWIND EXPERIMENT (ATEX) International scientific expedition drifts across Atlantic; Feb. p. 22. AUSTRALIA Call crayfish rock lobster, group proposes; Apr. p. 65. Fisheries research fund, sets up; Nov.p. 65. Fish meal imports rising; Feb, p. 52. Shrimp: intensive research program to begin; Nov. p. 65. Japanese - venture makes good hauls; June p. 40. northern territory has poor season; June p.71. standards tightened; Oct. p. 73. Supercontinent, U.S. scientists say and Ant- arctica were once part of; June p. 12. Taiwanese vessel seized inside territorial limit; Dec. p. 74. Tuna catch sets record in New South Wales; May p. 96. Vessels, foreign in p. 52. AUTHORS AND TITLES ARMSTRONG, REED §.: Late-Winter Waters of Yucatan Straits--A 1968 'Geronimo' Survey in Gulf of Mexico; Feb. p. 33. BARNETT, HAROLD J. (and Arnold Einmo and Roy Stevens): 's 12-mile zone; Feb. Preparing Dungeness Crab for Serving; Oct. p. 75. (and R. W. Nelson and P. J. Hunter): Shipping Live Dungeness Crabs by Air to Retail Market; May p. 21. BELL, FREDERICK W.: Forecasting World Demand for Tuna to the Year 1990; Dec. p. 24. BEZANSON, ALLAN F., (and Robert L. Wagner and John A, Peters): Fresh Fish Shipments in the BCF Insulated, Leak- proof Container; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. BRANSON, JIM H.: Japanese Longline Fishery in Gulf of Alaska; Feb. p. 26. BROWN, NORMAN L., DR. (and Harry Miller Jr.): Experimental Production of Fish Protein Concen- trate (FPC) From Mediterranean Sardines; Oct. p. 30. CARLSON, ELLIOT: Trawler's Voyage Points Up U.S. Fishermen's Problems, A; Nov. p. 24. CLEM, J. DAVID: Certified Shellfish; July p. 12. COHEN, DANIEL M.: Names of Fishes; May p. 18. CORRIGAN, THOMAS D. (and Richard E. Suttor): Economic Effects of Regulations in Maryland Oys- ter Fishery; July p. 38. AUTHORS AND TITLES CROSBY, VIRGIL N.: South Korean Fisheries Off Alaska; Apr. p. 36. DAHLSTROM, W. A. (and D. W. Gotshall): Will the Shrimp Boats Keep a Comin'?; June p. 20. DeWITT, JOHN W.: Pacific Coho Salmon Introduced into Chile's Southern Streams; July p. 58. DICKINSON, WILLIAM R.: Pictorial Report on Korean Fishing & Support Ves- sels Off Alaska; Oct. p. 69. DURRANT, NORMAN W.: The Spanish Seaweed Industry; Aug.-Sept. p. 60. EINMO, ARNOLD (and Harold Barnett and Roy Stevens): Preparing Dungeness Crab for Serving; Oct. p. 75. ELLIS, IAN E.: Machine for Winding Trawl Cable, A; Jan. p. 31. (and William L. High and Larry D. Lusz): ~ A Progress Report on the Development of a Shrimp Trawl to Separate Shrimp from Fish and Bottom- Dwelling Animals; Mar. p. 20. FAVORITE, FELIX: Fishery Oceanography; July p. 32. Fishery Oceanography-- II - Salinity Front at Entrance to Washington's Strait of Juan de Fuca; Aug.-Sept. p. 36. Ill - Ocean Temperature and Distribution of Pa- cific Salmon; Oct. p. 34. IV - Ocean Salinity and Distribution of Pacific Salmon; Nov: p. 29. V - Ocean Circulation and Distribution of Sock- eye Salmon; Dec. p. 35. FINCH, ROLAND: U.S. Fish Protein Concentrate Program, The; Jan, p. 25. GAILLE, R. SPENCER: A Preliminary Review of the Potential Deep-Wa- ter Fishery Off Texas Between 50 and 300 Fms.; Apr. p. 28. GAUGLITZ, ERICH J., JR.: Fish Oil Research at Seattle Technology Labora- tory; Jan. p. 23. GOTSHALL, D. W. (and W. A. Dahlstrom): Will the Shrimp Boats Keep a Comin'?; June p. 20. GROSSLEIN, MARVIN D.: Groundfish Survey Program of BCF Woods Hole; Aug.-Sept. p. 22. GURR, JAMES A. (and David K. Sabock): Persian Gulf Fisheries; Dec. p. 66. HANDWORK, WARREN (and Alfred Larsen): Method for Protecting Lake Trout Taken in Trawls; Apr. p. 33. HEBARD, J. FRANK (and Paul M. Maughan and Merton C. Ingham): Feasibility of Monitoring West African Oceanic Front from Satellites; Oct. p. 24. HIGH, WILLIAM L. (and Ian E. Ellis and Larry D. Lusz): A Progress Report on the Development of a Shrimp Trawl to Separate Shrimp from Fish and Bottom- Dwelling Animals; Mar. p. 20. HOUDE, EDWARD D. (and William J. Richards): Rearing Larval Tunas in the Laboratory; Dec. Pp. 32. HUNTER, P. J. (and R. W. Nelson and H. J. Barnett): Shipping Live Dungeness Crabs by Air to Retail Market; May p. 21. AUTHORS AND TITLES (cont.) INGHAM, MERTON C, (and Paul M. Maughan and J. Frank Hebard): Feasibility of Monitoring West African Oceanic Front from Satellites; Oct. p. 24. JOYNER, T. (and John Spinelli): Mussels: A Potential Source of High-Quality Protein; Aug.-Sept. p. 31. KATO, SUSUMU: Longlining for Swordfish in the Eastern Pacific; Apr. p. 30. KAZAN, NICHOLAS: Fishing for a Living Off New Jersey; Oct. p. 41. KRCMA, RICHARD F, (and Clifford W. Long): Research on a System for Bypassing Juvenile Salmon & Trout Around Low-Head Dams; June p. 27. LARSEN, ALFRED (and Warren Handwork): Method for Protecting Lake Trout Taken in Trawls; Apr. p. 33. LONG, CLIFFORD W. (and Richard F. Krema): Research on a System for Bypassing Juvenile Salmon & Trout Around Low-Head Dams; June p. 27. LUNDY, BARBARA: U.S. and USSR Agree Anew on Soviet Fishing Off U.S. Midatlantic Coast; Jan. p. 38. LUSZ, LARRY D. (and William L. High and Ian E. Ellis): A Progress Report on the Development of a Shrimp Trawl to Separate Shrimp from Fish and Bottom- Dwelling Animals; Mar. p. 20. MAUGHAN, PAUL M. (and Merton C. Ingham and J. Frank Hebard): Feasibility of Monitoring West African Oceanic Front from Satellites; Oct. p. 24. MILLER, HARRY, JR. (and Norman L. Brown): Experimental Production of Fish Protein Concen- trate (FPC) From Mediterranean Sardines; Oct. p. 30. NAAB, RONALD C,: Revisions of International Agreements Affecting Alaskan Fisheries; June p. 30. NELSON, R, W. (andH. J. Barnett and P. J. Hunter): Shipping Live Dungeness Crabs by Air to Retail Market; May p. 21. NOETZEL, BRUNO G,: Economic Returns to Polish Factory Trawlers in Northwest Atlantic; June p. 56. NOVOTNY, ANTHONY J. Bureau Begins Mariculture Training Program for Northwest Indians; Oct, p. 11. PETERS, JOHN A. (and Robert L. Wagner and Allan F. Bezanson): Fresh Fish Shipments in the BCF Insulated, Leak- proof Container; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. POTTHOFF, THOMAS: Searching for Tuna; July p. 35. RICHARDS, WILLIAM J.: Tropical Atlantic Tuna Larvae Collected During EQUALANT Surveys; Nov. p. 33. (and Edward D. Houde): Rearing Larval Tunas in the Laboratory; Dec. p. 32. SABOCK, DAVID K,: Changing Icelandic Fisheries; July p. 55. (and James A. Gurr): Persian Gulf Fisheries; Dec. p. 66. SHERMAN, KENNETH: Norwegian Holding Net Tested in Maine Sardine Fishery; Dec. p. 8. AUTHORS AND TITLES SPINELLI, JOHN (and T. Joyner): Mussels: A Potential Source of High-Quality Protein; Aug.-Sept. p. 31. STEVENS, ROY (and Harold Barnett and Arnold Einmo): Preparing Dungeness Crab for Serving; Oct. p. 75. SUTTOR, RICHARD E, (and Thomas D. Corrigan): Economic Effects of Regulations in Maryland Oys- ter Fishery; July p. 38. WAGNER, ROBERT L. (and Allan F. Bezanson and John A. Peters): Fresh Fish Shipments in the BCF Insulated, Leak- proof Container; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. WISE, JOHN P.: Tuna Purse Seine Fishery in Eastern Tropical Atlantic; Nov. p. 27. AZOV SEA USSR proposes dam to protect ; Nov. p. 47. BAIT Japan: saury: price soars; Jan. p. 56. tuna fishermen hampered by shortage of 5 Apr. p. 62. Norway develops machine to p. 46. long lines; Feb. BALTIC SEA USSR cooperates in international July p. 50. research; BARBADOS BOMEX--vast study of Atlantic east of in May; Apr. p. 11. starts BARBADOS OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGI- CAL EXPERIMENT (BOMEX) Vast study of Atlantic east of Barbados starts in May; Apr. p. 11. BARENTS SEA Norway has p. 50. Three nations survey fish conservation problem; Apr. ; Nov. p. 43. 'BARON' Shrimp-separator trawl tests continue; July p. 9. BELGIUM U.S. fishery products to be promoted at overseas trade shows (Brussels--Sept. 3-8); July p. 11. BERING SEA Japan: bottomfish: catch increases; Apr. p. 61, Dec. p. 59. factoryships lead fishery in eastern ; Apr. p. 61. crab: and U.S. sign eastern king agreement; Jan. p. 42. fishing ended in eastern ; Dec. p. 59: gill net longliner, new, fishing in ; June p. 66. South Korea sets plans for 1969 fishing in 4 Apr. p. 63. BIAFRA Swedish FPC used in ; Feb. p. 41. BLIND CHILDREN BCF's Woods Hole Lab. participates in program for ; May p. 7. 'BLUE BELLE' Longlines for broadbill swordfish; Mar. p. 8, Apr. p. 30. BOAT CAPSIZINGS Coast Guard says claim most lives; May p. 6. BOOKS Jan. p. 35, Feb. p. 37, Mar. p. 34, Apr. p. 39, May p. 25, June p. 35, July p. 42, Aug.-Sept. p. 44, Oct. p. 46, Nov. p. 38, Dec. p. 40. BOTTOMFISH Japan: Bering Sea: catch increases; Apr. p. 61, Dec. p. 59. eastern, factoryships lead fishery; Apr. p. 61. explores for off Argentina; Dec. p. 63. BRAZIL Fishing industry outlook; Mar. p. 49. Shrimp: exports to U.S. rise sharply; Apr. p. 59. Japanese joint venture: firm to start fishing off ; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. plan in ; Feb. p. 41. ‘Territorial sea extended to 12 miles; July p. 60. BRISLING Norway p. 51. catch is smaller than expected; Nov. BRITISH HONDURAS Fishing industry; Jan. p. 53. BUOYS Puerto Rican waters, strange Aug.-Sept. p. 12. thrive in; 'CALAMAR'! UNDP/FAO Caribbean project explores for snapper; Jan, p. 43. CALIFORNIA Anchovy: faster age analysis developed; Aug.-Sept. p. 20. landings far exceed last season's; June p. 25. Catfish: channel, first state-owned hatchery to be built; Nov. p. 21. farms in Imperial Valley arouse interest; Aug. -Sept. p. 20. Crab season, good outlook for northern > Jan. joy, Hil. Fish and Game Department issues 1968 annual re- port; Apr. p. 25. "Fish-Lift" planned to increase salmon runs; May Delse Fur seals increase at rookery; Dec. p. 18. International fisheries survey off underway; Mar. p. 38. CALIFORNIA La Jolla lab. determines jack mackerel's swimming speed; Dec. p. 6. License fees virtually pay for life conservation; July p. 31. fish and wild- Map, new, issued of seabed off northern ; May ib Qo Oregon ports closed to -caught shrimp; Aug.- Sept. p. 21. San Pedro wetfish fleet is in poor economic condi- tion; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Saury fishing, BCF tries Japanese 'Boke Ami! (stick-held dip net) method in 5 OC jab Bs Scientists assess effect of oil spillage in Santa Bar- bara Channel; Mar. p. 6. Shrimp: catch quota, to recommend rise in; Mar. p. 17. fishery stable and profitable; June p. 20. Sonar, fish schools counted for first time by; Dec. p. 18. Sturgeon, tagged: caught after 13 years; May p. 14. migrate far; Nov. p. 22. Swordfish, broadbill, 'Blue Belle! longlines for; Mar. p. 8. Trout, aircraft planted 4.1 million in 1968 in waters; Feb. p. 17. Tuna shipments and commercial landings declined in 1968; July p. 31. CANADA Automation and mechanization conference slated; Nov. p. 46. British Columbia: kelp processing started in; Oct. p. 55. salmon: catch, fishermen land record; Mar. p. 42. licensing in , fisheries minister proposes stricter; Nov. p. 44. ; outlook is promising in the Fraser River; Aug.- Sept. p. 8. USSR fisheries minister denies Soviets fish off ; Dec. p. 48. Cod: salted: government buys for foreign relief; Nov. p. 46. price deficiency payments begun; June p. 45. Conference on fish inspection and quality control; July p. 49. Crab, queen: conference scheduled; Apr. p. 48. fisheries minister warns of overfishing stocks; July p. 48. Dogfish canned successfully; May p. 34. East coast fisheries, outlook is optimistic for; June p. 45. Exclusive fishing zones planned; June p. 42. Fishermen's school planned; Apr. p. 48. Fishery products inspection conference: first held in = (Ochs Joy Sak to host; Mar. p. 39. Fish promotion month, October was; Nov. p. 46. FPC factory ships, to convert retired weather ships to; Feb. p. 45. Foreign vessels fishing: entry, government tightens controls on; May p. 37. fisheries minister urges increased penalties, in 12-mile limits; Oct. p. 54. CANADA (cont.) Freshwater fish marketing corporation, to estab- lish; Mar. p. 41. Great Lakes commercial fishery production de- clined, 1968; Dec. p. 16. 'Greenland turbot! promotion begins; Apr. p. 48. Groundfish: frozen: government buys; July p. 48. suppliers meet in Ottawa; Dec. p. 44. tenders called for supplies on; June p. 43. marketing, international cooperation on; May p. 34. processors, C$4.2 million allotted for loans to; May p. 37. proposals to assist fishing industry; May p. 34. purchase plan, favorable reaction to; May p. 34. Halibut: landings increase; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. U.S. and fishing effort declines; Jan.p. 11. Herring: trawler, semifactory, to be built for frozen pro- duction; May p. 35. trawling, midwater, successful; Feb. p. 45. Improvement loans act, raises ceiling on; Aug.-Sept. p. 51. ’ International fishery issues, fisheries minister discusses; May p. 36. Japan: joint whaling venture conducted; Apr. p. 46. 'Kotoshiro Maru,' seizes fishing vessel; May p. 31. trawlers face restrictions; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. Landings, 1968, were 16% over 1967's; May p. 36. Lobster: licensing program, strengthens; Mayp. 35. vessels will be licensed; Mar. p. 41. Maritime Provinces landings; May p. 35, Junep. 43, July p. 48, Aug.-Sept. p. 51, Oct. p. 55, Dec. p. 46. Newfoundland: fishing returns to normal in Placentia Bay; Oct. p. 55. fish meal plant(s): four will be bought by ; Feb. p. 44. production starts at new; May p. 38. rebuilt; Feb. p. 44. herring, discolored, investigates; July p. 49. landings; June p. 43, Nov. p. 45. shrimp fisheries; Feb. p. 44. Oyster(s): cultch, artificial, developed; Feb. p. 45. hatchery, builds first; May p. 37. Pair seine-netting trials are successful; Aug.-Sept. p. 52, Nov. p. 44. Quebec does not renew fishing subsidies; Apr. p. 48. Record harvest in 1968; June p. 44. St. Pierre will have new fish warehouse; May p. 37. Salmon licensing program, changed; Feb. p. 45. Salmonid imports restricted; Oct. p. 54. Salt fish advisory committee formed; July p. 49. Seafood firm, no. 2, issues 1968 annual report; Mar, p. 42. Seals, hunting baby banned in 1970; Dec. p. 40. Tariffs, fishery, Davis asks end of -U.S.; June p. 46, Territorial sea and fishing limits, new baselines drawn; July p. 48. CANADA USSR: Atlantic saury, may fish with electric lights off Nova Scotia; Aug.-Sept. p. 53. trawlers seized and fined; Oct. p. 54. Winnipeg to get new freshwater research institute; Aug.-Sept. p. 52. Yellow perch, Lake Erie price to be stabilized; June p. 43. CANARY ISLANDS USSR: fleets now based on ; Oct. p. 62. whaling flotilla calls at Las Palmas; July p. 46. CANNED FISH Japan: exports to West Germany increase; Oct. p. 66. tuna brand promotion in advertising in U.S. pushed; June p. 65. Norway production and stocks; Jan. p. 48. Spain, 1968 was a good year for industry; Junep. 54. CAPELIN European industrialfisheries prospects; Apr. p. 44. Iceland's meal selling well; June p. 52. CARIBBEAN UNDP/FAO project explores for snapper; Jan. p. 43. United Nations fishery development project; Jan. p. 43. CARP Culture in Lithuania improved; June p. 48. Difference in philosophy; May p. 21. Thailand begins large-scale breeding; Oct. p. 66. USSR, thermal water supplied bred in reser- voirs; Nov. p. 48. CASPIAN ROACH Sport fishing depletes USSR commercial stocks; Dec. p. 48. CATCH Ecuador shrimp set record, 1968; Nov. p. 56. Lake Erie commercial shows slight increase, 1968; Feb. p. 16. Lake Oahe (S.D.) commercial increases; May p. 4. Norway brisling is smaller than expected; Nov. p. 51. ; South Korea's 1968 marine rose over 11%; Oct. p. 68. Taiwan 1968 fishery increased 15.9%; Apr. p. 64. Tuna, yellowfin, Eastern Pacific, rate is changed; Nov. p. 6. U.S. fishermen caught 4.1 billion pounds in 1968 worth $471.5 million; Apr. p. 1. CATFISH California: Imperial Valley farms arouse interest; Aug.-Sept. p. 20. state-owned channel Nov. p. 21. Electric brooder frees male (Texas) fish hatchery; June p. 26. Farming in the South; May p. 16, Aug.-Sept. p. 2. Green dye treat white spot disease in ; May p. 7. Trout of the South; Nov. p. 67. BSF&W proposed restrictions on Oct. p. 6. hatchery to be built; at San Marcos CAVIAR USSR to buy Iranian ; May p. 45. CEYLON Fish cannery, first, is operating; Nov. p. 63. Fishery development program; Apr. p. 64. CHARTS/MAPS, NAUTICAL Alaska's inland waterway, entrance to, is- sued for; July p. 21. Bathymetric: Bering Sea, Alaska; July p. 20. sea floor's diversified topography shown to guide mariners; Apr. p. 15. Washington coast, new p. 14, Florida: indie, Everglades National Park, ‘fisherman's paradise'; Apr. p. 19. sea boundaries being mapped by U.S. and Florida; Oct. p. 17. New England coast, new now available; Mar. issued for; Julyp. 18. COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY, U.S. Nation's first estuarine prediction service in Maine to be evaluated; Apr. p. 18. North Carolina (Atlantic coast between Hatteras and Cape Fear) seabed surveyed ('Peirce' & "Mt. Mitchell'); Apr. p. 18. COAST GUARD, U.S. Boat capsizings claim most lives, May p. 6. ; Grand Banks 1969 International Ice Patrol will be conducted ('Chincoteague' and 'Cook Inlet'); Mar. p. 11. Marine radio distress procedure, mends; May p. 6. Safety problems, Octpamic Sensor studies temperature-fish migration relation- ship; Nov. p. 12. U.S.-Portuguese cooperative cruise off West Africa; Feb. p. 17. says; recom-— surveys U.S. fishing vessels; States' seaward boundaries have not been accurately COD determined; Oct. p. 18. World's subsea mineral areas, new Oct. p. 20. show; CHILE Anchovy catch, fish meal & oil production, 1966-68; May p. 49. Fish meal: production declined in Jan.-Apr.; Oct. p. 63. to U.S., cost of shipping rises; Jan. p. 52, June p. 39. Institute spurs development; Jan. p. 51. Japan: ‘Azuma Maru No. 31! tuna fishing off Feb. p. 42. exploratory fishing off ; Mar. p. 38. ‘Kaiyo Maru', research vessel, trawls off 9 Jan. p. 56. Salmon, Pacific coho, introduced into southern streams; July p. 58. poor; ‘CISCO! Alewife seasonal survey, BCF's conduct; May p. 4. and 'Kaho! CLAM(S) East Coast: aquatic plant harms and oysters; Apr. p. 6. dredge tested off Oregon; Nov. p. 10. Geoduck Sound, Wash.; Oct. p. 8. COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY, U.S. Alaskan waters, vessels survey; June p. 11. Charts/maps, nautical: Alaska: Bering Sea, new bathymetric; July p. 20. inland waterway; July p. 21. Florida: Everglades National Park 'fisherman's paradise;' Apr. p. 19. sea boundaries, U.S. & Florida are mapping; Oct. jb I New England coast; July p. 18. seabed off northern California; May p. 9. States' seaward boundaries have not been accu- rately determined; Oct. p. 18. , commercial quantities found in Puget Canada: government buys salted Nov. p. 46. price deficiency payments for salted June p. 45. Cuba's salted France: 7 crises in fishery; Mar. p. 47. dried industry, subsidies granted to; Nov. p. 51. Mexican-Spanish Atlantic; Jan. p. 51. _ for foreign relief; begins; industry develops; Oct. p. 63. -fishing venture in northwest Norway developing fishery for polar ; Oct. p. 58. USSR: deep-water trawling takes Antarctic ; Nov. p. 47. longliners to fish and halibut in North Atlan- tic; Feb. p. 48. purse seining for & walleye pollock develops in Far East; Dec. p. 47. COLUMBIA RIVER Salmon: culture practiced on lower 5 ANarsS Joh Be spring chinook, record run in; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. Trout, steelhead, culture practiced on lower g Apr. p. 5. Water temperatures predicted; Aug.-Sept. p. 7. COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF (see ENVIRON - MENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (ESSA) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF Alaska: Kodiak's seafood waste management, od spurs; July p. 28. scallop explorations, IDO $95 Wo Alewife seasonal survey, 'Kaho' and 'Cisco! conduct; May p. 4. Container, leakproof, insulated, fresh fish shipments in; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. Device, new, controls depth of fishing equipment; Jan. p. 20. meth- distributes fishing log; COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF (cont.) Financial aid provided for vessels; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. Fishermen shown how to construct trawl economi- cally (Seattle, Wash.); Mar% p. 5. Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference in Atlantic City, N.J.; Apr. p. 7. Forecast abundance of sea scallops and groundfish on New England Banks, North Atlantic Re- gion; Mar. p. 2. Fresh fish demand increases in midwest; Apr. p. 7. Groundfish survey program in New England waters; Aug.-Sept. p. 22. Gulf of Mexico oyster industry aided; Nov. p. 12. Hake, Pacific: iced, tested in making kamaboko (fish paste) by Seattle Tech. lab.; Oct. p. 6. sustained yield and use estimated; July p. 2 Halibut stored in refrigerated sea water, tests fresh; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. Home economist to broadcast in Spanish; Aug.-Sept. p. 10. Indians: mariculture training program for northwest begun; Oct. p. 11. young tour Miami lab.; Mar. p. 9. Industrial fish will be sought off mid-Atlantic coast; Feb. p. 15. Larval tuna fish reared for first time in TABL in Florida; June p. 7. Lobster tagging produces interesting information at Boothbay Harbor, Maine; Mar. p. 4. Mackerel, jack, La Jolla lab. determines swimming speed; Dec. p. 6. Milford (Conn.) lab.: oyster spat, flowing sea water gives best growth; Oct. p. 6. silt is major killer of young oysters, examination shows; June p. 5. Ocean quahog demand grows due to experiments at Gloucester (Mass.) lab.; Apr. p. 4. Oil spillage in Santa Barbara Channel, scientists assess effect of; Mar. p. 6. ‘Oregon II' finds heavy fish concentrations off Lou- isiana; Apr. p. 5. Pascagoula (Miss.) EF&GRB: herring, thread, schools detected at night in the Gulf of Mexico during test flights aboard U.S. Coast Guard aircraft; Mar. p. 5. seawater lab. is being built; Jan. p. 22. Pollock, New England, and industry promote; June p. 4. Porpoise survey in eastern equatorial Atlantic, conducts; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. RUFAS, underwater research vehicle, makes debut; June p. 6. Salmon film, helps Cousteau prepare; Nov. p. 21. Saury fishing, tries Japanese 'Boke Ami' (stick-held dip net) method in; Oct. p. 5. Scallop: calico investigation, increases; Feb. p. 14. mechanical shucker, scientists invent; Oct. p. 4. Shellfish sales sluggish this year, economists report; Oct. p. 3. Shrimp: brown, tagged, Texas released 8,000; Apr. p. 27. farming carried out at the Biological Laboratory in Galveston, Texas; Dec. p. 75. sorting trawls in Pacific Northwest, studies; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF Smith, Dr. Stanford H., scientist honored by Wild- life Society; Mar. p. 5. Tuna: survey in eastern equatorial Atlantic, con- ducts; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. or yellowfin: incidental catch lowered in eastern Pacific; July p. 8. seiners, small, allowed larger incidental catch; Oct. p. 4 U.S. fishery products to be promoted at overseas trade shows; July p. 11. Whaling catch regulations published; June p. 5. Woods Hole (Mass.) lab.: participates in program for blind children; May Deits studies spring spawning of Georges Bank haddock; Apr. p. 4. Wrecks, fishing vessel, listed on Georges Bank & Nantucket Shoals; July p. 11. COMMISSION FOR OCEAN ADVANCEMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COAST) Gov. Miller (Alaska) signs bill; July p. 28. COMMISSION ON MARINE SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND RESOURCES Broad U.S. effort urged to understand, use and pre- serve oceans; Feb. p. 1 COMPLEX, FISHING Mexico to build Salina Cruz ; Mar. p. 50. Trinidad and Tobago plan ; Mar. p. 50. CONGRESS, NINETY-FIRST Feb. p. 20, Mar. p. 10, Apr. p. 10, May p. 8, June p. 10, Aug.-Sept. p. 11, Oct. p. 15. CONSUMPTION FAO says world will need 100 million tons of fish by 1985; May p. 32. Fish oil may be marketed for human ; Aug.- Sept. p. 3. French are eating more fresh fish; Oct. p. 60. Protein gap, struggle to close, reported by 60 na- tions; Jan. p. 1. WESES fishery product is stable; Dec. p. 3. 1968 was highest since 1954; Mar. p. 1. CONTAINERS Fresh fish shipments in the BCF insulated, leak- proof ; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. New package protects oysters intransit; Jan. p. 22. United Kingdom develops plastic fish box; Aug.- Sept. p. 58. CONTINENTAL SHELF Japan and USSR hold crab-fishing conference in connection with Soviet declaration; Apr. p. 47. What is the ; Jan. p. 54. CONVENTION Southeastern Fisheries Association meets June 13 in Tampa, Fla.; Mar. p. 4. CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF THE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC Signed by 5 nations; Dec. p. 44. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U.S. Bonneville hatchery enlargement financed by 8 Aug.-Sept. p. 6. Columbia River water temperatures predicted; Aug.-Sept. p. 7. CRAB(S) California, northern, good outlook for season; Jan. p. 11. Dungeness: Alaska lifts ban on airshipping live ; May p. 13. preparing for serving; Oct. p. 75. shipping live by air to retail market; Mayp. 21. Japan and USSR conference; Apr. p. 47, May p. 31. King: Bering Sea: eastern, U.S. and Japan signagreement; Jan. p. 42. Japanese USSR's film industry uses dried Aug.-Sept. p. 56. Pasteurization lengthens p. 4. Queen: Canada: conference scheduled; Apr. p. 48. overfishing stocks, Minister warns of; July p. 48. Recipes: curtain call 3; dan. p. 64. slimming treat for spring, Tanner, Japan canned Sept. p. 69. CRAYFISH Australian group proposes to call Apr. p. 65. Culture in Lithuania improved; June p. 48. Swedish lakes, American will be planted in; June p. 53. USSR's fresh-water CRISCIONE, CATHERINE Do you know?; Jan. pp. 14, 30, Feb. p. 25. CUBA Cod, salted, industry develops; Oct. p. 63. East Germany delivers 'PlayaGiron,'stern trawler to ; Mar. p. 40. Fishing industry: growing rapidly; May p. 50. trends, report on; Oct. p. 63. Fleet, fishing, increases; Jan. p. 51. Shrimp: Japan contracts to buy from sOCEnD = OG trawlers from Europe received; June p. 62. Spain: factoryships, 3, acquired from; Dec. p. 56. stern trawler, builds for ; May p. 50. UNDP governing council, elected to; Aug.- fishery; July p. 64, Dec. p. 59. shells; storage life; Mar. meat; Apr. p. 68. export prices up; Aug.- rock lobster; industry; Feb. p. 48. Sept. p. 66. Venezuela seizes vessel; Mar. p. 40. CULTCH Canada develops artificial for oysters; Feb. p. 45. CURRENCY DEV ALUATION Iceland, 1968; Jan. p. 49. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Fish-culture techniques improved; June p. 59. Norwegian firm opens sales center in ; May p. 30. DAMS Researchona system for bypassing juvenile salmon and trout around low-head ; June p. 27. 'DAVID STARR JORDAN' EASTROPAC cruises, new shoals located during; May p. 4. International fisheries survey off California, participates in; Mar. p. 38. Sonar, fish schools: counted for first time by; Dec. p. 18. sizes measured in upper mixed layer; Jan. p. 20. Swordfish longlining is commercially feasible; Jan. p. 20. DDT FDA sets interim limit for DELAWARE RIVER Project launched to aid "DELAWARE II' Herring and red hake surveys conducted; Apr. p. 4. DENMARK Catches rose in 1968; May p. 41. Esbjerg industry fishery landings booming; Feb. p. 47. European common fisheries policy, concern over eased; Mar. p. 43. Exports: fillets, frozen, to U.S.; July p. 53. 1968; May p. 41, fune p. 52. Faroese: catch declines further; Nov. p. 49. exports of fishery products declined in 1968; Mar. p. 43. factory-trawler, first received; Feb. p. 47. fishermen's strike; Mar. p. 43, Apr. p. 52. fishing limit, may push for 16-mile; Feb. p. 46. fleet, fishing, rebuilding; Dec. p. 52. fresh fish deliveries to Britain decline; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. -Greenland agreement on fishing rights; Jan. p. 46. trawlers, stern, more for; July p. 53. Fish meal, oil, and solubles production, 1967-68; Apr. p. 52. Greenland's 1968 salmon catch is wellbelow 1967's; Apr. p. 51. Groundfish, frozen, suppliers meet in Ottawa; Dec. p. 44. Haddock, small, pose problem; Apr. p. 52. Landings: first-half 1969 drop below 1968 record period; Nov. p. 49. industrialfish down inearly 1969; Oct. p. 58. large refrigerated sea water-preserved catch; infish; May p. 2. oysters; June p. 5. Feb. p. 46. Norway: fishermen, advertises for; Mar. p. 44. forbids __ trout-egg imports; Apr. p. 51. Prices, minimum, to be established; Nov. p. 50. Red tide kills marine life on West Coast; Jan. p. 47. Salmon: catch decline, British sport fishermen blame for; Oct. p. 49. high-seas, fishing increases; Nov. p. 50. Sweden forbids trout-egg imports; Apr. pel. 'DISCOVERER' International scientific expedition drifts across Atlantic; Feb. p. 22. 10 DISEASE Catfish, green dye treats white spot phthirius) in; May p. 7. Salmon , Battelle reports vaccine effective against; Jan. p. 12. (ichthyo- DOGFISH Canada canned United Kingdom, p. 52. successfully; May p. 34. is becoming popular in; Nov. DOGFOOD Norwegian produced p. 52. from dried coalfish; Dec. DRIFT BOTTLE Found after 7 years; Mar. p. 5. DYE Green treats white spot disease in catfish; May p. 7. EAGLES Do swim?; May p. 56. EARTHQUAKE Alaska: mountains moved, islands shifted; Aug.-Sept. p. 18. U.S. funds sought for -caused salmon dis- aster; June p. 18. EAST GERMANY Cuban stern trawlers: building 5; Jan. p. 51. delivered; Mar. p. 40. 'Prof. Albrecht Penck' conducts oceanographic re- search in Baltic; June p. 55. Shipyards can build 5,000 tons of fishing vessels a month; Mar. p. 46. Underwater lab, to test first; Mar. p. 46. EASTROPAC (EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN) ‘David Starr Jordan' locates new shoals during cruises; May p. 4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (EDA) Florida shrimp farming study wins funds; Nov. p. 23. Pasteurization of crab and shrimp lengthens their storage life; Mar, p. 4. Sea industries study, Virginia oyster study, funds help; Mar. p. 4. extends; Mar. p. 18. ECUADOR Shrimp: bed, new, discovered; Dec. p. 56. catch & exports set record, 1968; Nov. p. 56. Tuna production & exports declined in 1968; Nov. p. 56. EEL Japan prices set record; May p. 54. Sea lamprey of Great Lakes is not an , do you know; Feb. p. 25. ELECTRICAL FISHING USSR proposes Dec, p. 50. for salmon in fresh water; ELECTRIC LIGHTS USSR: purse seining with p. 48. saury, Atlantic, fished with ; Aug.-Sept. p. 53. stern factory trawler equipped with underwater ; Dec. p. 48. may be developed; Nov. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Five of 6 U.S. fishing vessels have ; Mar.p.3. EL SALVADOR South Korea: study team: to get; Feb. p. 43. tuna fleet & freezer plant recommended for ; June p. 40. tuna: invest in deep-sea project; Dec. p. 57. longliners exported to ; Aug.-Sept. p. 71. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINIS- TRATION (ESSA) (and see COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, U.S.) BOMEX--vast study of Atlantic east of Barbados starts in May; Apr. p. 11. 'Discoverer', international scientific expedition drifts across Atlantic; Feb. p. 22. Ocean-current tracking system, new, tested suc- cessfully; July p. 18. Planetary waves in Pacific, investigate un- seen 1,000-mile long; Mar. p. 12. Scientists: Australia and Antarctic were once part of super- continent; June p. 12. search bottom of north central Pacific aboard '‘Surveyor;' June p. 13. Storm surge studied; Aug.-Sept. p. 13. ESTUARIES Danger in Gulf Coast ; Dec. p. 11. EUROPE Cuba receives shrimp trawlers from ; June p. 62. Prospects for industrial fisheries; Apr. p. 44, EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMISSION (EC) New name of European Economic Community; Mar, p. 43. EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COUNCIL Zero-duty fishery quota, adopts; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Common fisheries policy still in 'proposed' stage; Jan. p. 46. Name changed to European Communities Commis- sion; Mar. p. 43. EUTROPHICATION Wisconsin University opens EXHIBIT(S) Greece, shipping South Africa, industry in Cape Town; Mar. p. 57. center; Apr. p. 6. scheduled; Feb. p. 41. slated for Oct. 1969 EXPORTS Brazil shrimp to U.S. rise sharply; Apr. p. 59. Canadian proposals to assist fishing industry; May p. 34, Denmark: catches and rose in 1968; May p. 41. Faroese of fishery products declined in 1968; Mar. p. 43, fishery in 1968 set record; June p. 52. frozen fillet to U.S.; July p. 53. Ecuador: shrimp set record, 1968; Nov. p. 56. tuna declined in 1968; Nov. p. 56. FEO fish meal rose 20% in 1968; Apr. p. 45. Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference ‘in Atlantic City, N.J., May 11-14; Apr. p. 7. Government experts report on expanded Nordic economic cooperation; Apr. p. 43. Indonesia, frozen shrimp are developing; Nov. p. 63. Japan: canned fish Oct. p. 66. crab, tanner, canned prices up; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. 1968 reported; May p. 51. salmon, red, canned, prices rise; Oct. p. 65. sea urchin paste to France; Dec. p. 62. to West Germany increase; tuna: albacore prices rose in May, Atlantic-caught; July p. 62. canned, premium increased on; Nov. p. 61. canned in brine exports to U.S., 1968; Apr.p. 61. canned in oil decline; Nov. p. 62. catches and declined in 1968; Dec. p. 61. frozen: dip in first-half 1969; Nov. p. 61. drop to U.S.; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. rose in 1968; Mar. p. 53. targets set for BY 1969; May p. 53. to U.S. are slow; June p. 65. prices fixed higher to U.S.; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. to Italy decline; Dec. p. 62. vessels, fishing, more ; Nov. p. 60. Norway, fillets, frozen, to U.S. increase; July p. 52, Oct. p. 58. Peru: banner year for 1968 fish meal: Jan.-Feb. 1967-69; May p. 49. output and ; July p. 60, Nov. p. 55. reinstate taxes on fish products; May p. 48. South & South-West Africa fish oil , first-half 1968-1969; Nov. p. 66. cuban South Korea: fishery to increase in 1969; June p. 67. tuna longliners to El Salvador; Aug.-Sept. p. 71. ; Mar. p. 49. Taiwan, fishing vessels; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. USSR: fish meal dropped in 1968; Dec. p. 50. herring to Japan; Oct. p. 62. marine products to Japan in 1968, million; Dec. p. 49. United Kingdom tariff on frozen fish, Norway has mixed reaction to; Apr. p. 50. World fish-oil production & in 1968 set record; Oct. p. 51. of $6.3 il FAROE ISLANDS Catch declines further; Nov. p. 49. Exports of fishery products declined in 1968; Mar. p. 43. Fishermen's strike; Mar. p. 43, Apr. p. 52. Fishing limit, may push for 16-mile; Feb. p. 46. Fleet, fishing, rebuilding; Dec. p. 52. Fresh fish deliveries to Britain decline; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. -Greenland agreement onfishing rights; Jan. p. 46. ‘Stella Kristina,' first factory trawler received; Feb. p. 47. Trawlers, stern, more; July p. 52. FEDERAL FISHERIES LOAN FUND Financial aid provided for fishing vessels; Aug.- Sept. p. 5. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN- ISTRATION (FWPCA) Fish kills, U.S. agency increases efforts against; Oct. p. 7. Interior seeks coastal-zone legislation; Dec. p. 1. 'FERREL! : Estuarine prediction service in Maine to be evalu- ated, Nation's first; Apr. p. 18. FIJI ISLANDS Tuna landings rise in 1969; Dec. p. 74. FILM(S) BCF helps Cousteau prepare salmon p. 21. "Mullet Country"; Feb. 1969 outside back cover. USSR: king crab dried shells used by industry; Aug.-Sept. p. 56. produces full-length ; Nov. on oceans; Mar. p. 45. FISH BEHAVIOR USSR conference on ; Apr. p. 56. FISH COUNTING Televised in Oregon; May p. 14. FISHERIES TRADE FAIRS Canada begins promotion of 'Greenland turbot! at Pacific Fine Foods Fair in Los Angeles, June 1969; Apr. p. 48. U.S. fishery products to be promoted at overseas trade shows; July p. 11. FISHERIES TRAINING Canada plans fishermen's school; Apr. p. 48. Greenland's first modern trawler ('Nuk') will train local fishermen; Oct. p. 58. Texas (Freeport), shrimp crewmen train at; May Demlitis FISHERMEN Canada plans school; Apr. p. 48. Faroese __ may strike; Mar. p. 43. Fishing for a living off New Jersey; Oct. p. 41. Greenland's first modern trawler ('Nuk') will train local ; Oct. p. 58. Hunters and spent record $168 million in fiscal 1968; May p. 5. Lake Erie reject 30-40% of catch; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. 12 FISHERMEN (cont.) Norwegian p. 44, Texas (Freeport), shrimp crewmen train at; May Deities Trawl constructed economically, to; Mar. p. 5. U.S.: caught 4.1 billion pounds in 1968 worth $471.5 mil- lion; Apr. p. 1. problems, p. 24, , Denmark advertises for; Mar. shown how , trawler's voyage points up; Nov. FISHERMEN'S PROTECTIVE ACT U.S. fishermen get protection against losses from vessel seizure; Feb. p. 14. FISH EXPO '69 Seattle gets ready for; Aug.-Sept. p. 7. FISH FINDER Japan develops new ; June p. 66. FISH FOOD Underutilized species have new market potential as feed; May p. 4. FISHING LIMITS (and see TERRITORIAL WATERS) Canada: baselines, new, drawn for territorial sea and July p. 48. fisheries minister urges increased penalties for foreign vessels fishing in 12-mile limit; Oct. p. 54. Japanese fishing vessel seized; May p. 31. Soviet trawlers seized and fined; Oct. p. 54. Faroese: -Greenland agreement on fishing rights; Jan. p. 46. may push for 16-mile ; Feb. p. 46. Iceland permits trawling within ; Mar. p. 46. Japan: considers 12-mile fishing zone; May p. 31. Mexico fishery conference ends; Dec. p. 44. Japan-Mauritania: fishery talks fail again; Nov. p. 63. reopen negotiations on Mauritania's 12-mile July p. 46. FISHING SYSTEMS FAO discusses development of for distant- water fisheries; Aug.-Sept. p. 46. FISH INSPECTION FAO conference in Canada: first held; Oct. p. 53. slated on and quality control; Feb. p. 42. FISH LADDER Last part of being built at Willamette Falls, Oregon; July p. 30. FISH LIFT California May p. 13. planned to increase salmon runs; FISH MEAL Australia imports rising; Feb. p. 52, FISH MEAL Canada: Newfoundland: plant rebuilt; Feb. p. 44. production starts at new plant; May p. 38. Chile: anchovy catch, May p. 49. cost of shipping June p. 39. production declined in Jan.-Apr.; Oct. p. 63. Denmark production, 1967-68; Apr. p. 52. FEO exports rose 20% in 1968; Apr. p. 45. Iceland's capelin meal selling well; June p. 52. Manufacturers examine world trends; Dec. p. 44. Mexico, plant built in Guaymas; Nov. p. 54. Peru: exports, 1968, by country of destination; Mar. p. 49, offers to assist Asian and African developing coun- tries to establish industries; May p. 33. production and exports; Mar. p. 49, May p. 49, July p. 60, Nov. p. 55. South-West Africa season is underway; May p. 57. Switzerland imports ; Aug.-Sept. p. 65. USSR: exploit northeast Atlantic snipefish for July p. 51. exports dropped in 1968; Dec. p. 50. pneumatic conveyors being developed; Dec. p. 50. tankers used to transport ; Dec. p. 47. United Kingdom, use of rose 100,000 tons; June p. 54. World production; Apr. p. 44, Oct. p. 50. & oil production, 1966-68; to U.S. rises; Jan. p. 52, FISHMEAL EXPORTERS ORGANIZATION (FEO) Fish meal exports rose 20% in 1968; Apr. p. 45. FISH MIGRATION Sensor studies temperature- relationship; Nov. p. 12. FISH OIL(S) Chile anchovy catch, fish meal & production, 1966-68; May p. 49. Denmark production, 1967-68; Apr. p. 52. Human consumption, may be marketed for; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. . Norway's output fell, 1968; June p. 51. Research at Seattle Technology Laboratory; Jan. p. 23. South & South-West Africa production & exports, first-half 1968-1969; Nov. p. 66. World production: and exports, record in 1968; Oct. p. 51. marine; Apr. p. 45. FISH PACKING Spain attempts to concentrate industry; Mar. p. 47. FISH PASTE Japanese 'kamaboko' shipped to U.S.; June p. 66. FISH PORTIONS Recipe; Aug.-Sept. p. 75. FISH-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT USSR develops new for use at sea; Mar. p. 45. FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (FPC) Canada to convert retired weather ships to factory ships; Feb. p. 45. Swedish used in Biafra; Feb. p. 41. United States: experimental production of from Mediterra- nean sardines; Oct. p. 30. program; Jan. p. 25. FISH WAREHOUSE Canada (St. Pierre) will have new ; May p. 37. FISH-WASHING MACHINE West Germany's firm develops new ; May p. 42. FLORIDA Aquaculture bill, Gov. Kirk signs; June p. 26. "Artificial sea grass,' University plants; July p. 30. Everglades National Park 'fisherman's paradise,!' new nautical chart; Apr. p. 19. Indians, young, tour BCF's Miami lab; Mar. p. 9. Mapping state's sea boundaries, U.S. and are; Oct. p. 17. Miami: Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute conference scheduled for Nov. 16-20, 1969; July p. 11. International Game Fish Research conference scheduled for Nov. 21-22, 1969; July p. 11. Marine Technology Society conference slated for June 16-18; May p. 7. Shrimp farming study wins EDA funds; Nov. p. 23. Southeastern Fisheries Association meets in Tampa, June 13; Mar. p. 4. FLOUNDER Food fish facts; Dec. p. 77. Migrations are being tracked; July p. 21. USSR blames Japanese for depleting Pacific B Oct. p. 60. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) Caribbean fishery: development project; Jan. p. 43. project explores for snapper; Jan. p. 43. study tour sponsored by and USSR; July p. 46. Dumping chemical wastes into sea, warns of; May p. 33. "Fish Culture Bulletin' reports fish farming com- bats pollution; Aug.-Sept. p. 49. Fishery investments: conference held to spur; Nov. p. 41. opportunities, 50 nations discuss at head- quarters in Rome, Italy; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. Fish inspection and quality control, conference slated on; Feb. p. 42. Fleet in operation; Dec. p. 43. Hormones stimulate fish growth; Nov. p. 42. Man-made lakes, opportunity for development; Aug.-Sept. p. 49. National coastal waters, May p. 29. New documentary services provided by 5 June p. 41. Southeast Atlantic, draft treaty on fisheries; Aug.- Sept. p. 48. Systems for distant-water fisheries development discussed; Aug.-Sept. p. 46. official publishes guide on; 13 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION Thermal pollution endangers fish; Apr. p. 46. World: Food Congress for June 1970, second; Dec. p. 44. will need 100 million tons of fish by 1985, says; May p. 32. schedule s FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Certified shellfish; July p. 12. DDT in fish, sets interim limit; May p. 2. FOQD FISH FACTS Crab, dungeness; Apr. p. 66. Fish portions and sticks; June p. 72. Flounders; Dec. p. 77. Ocean perch (Atlantic and Pacific); Oct. p. 80. Outdoor fish cookery; Aug.-Sept. p. 73. Sardines, Maine; July p. 70. Shrimp; May p. 58. Trout, rainbow; Aug.-Sept. p. 77. FRANCE 'Biscaya,' new tuna purse seiner: may fish yellowfin in eastern Pacific; Mar. p. 47. slated for West African waters; July p. 45. Cod: crises in fisheries; Mar. p. 47. subsidies granted to dried industry; Nov. p. 51. Fleet, fishing, dwirtdles; Nov. p. 51. Fresh fish are eaten more; Oct. p. 60. IAFMM Conference held in Cannes; Oct. p. 52. Imports, fishery, from Communist countries de- crease; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. Japan longliner for Indian Ocean tuna base, buys; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. Shrimp trawlers for Greece, p. 46. Single fishing policy to be established by 14 ports in Brittany; Feb. p. 47. Trawlers, stern, built by Poland for automated; Aug.-Sept. p. 59. building; Jan. , first Tuna: industry, may support -African; Dec. p. 53. landings for packers declined in 1968; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. seiner, new, completes shake-down; Dec. p. 54. tagging in Eastern Atlantic; Nov. p. 43. USSR conducts joint oceanographic research with Japan & | Oct. p. 33. U.S. & will cooperate in oceanography; Feb. p. 41. 'FRANKLIN, BEN' Scientists ''amazed'' by fish abundance off New Jer- sey; Oct. p. 20. FREEZING FISH Soviets use polyethylene bags when FRENCH GUIANA 'Calmar' explores for snapper between Trinidad ; Julyp. 951. and ; Jan. p. 43 FRESH FISH Demand for increases in midwest; Apr. p. 7. Faroese deliveries to Britain decline; Aug.- Sept. p. 62. French are eating more ; Oct. p. 60. Shipments in the BCF insulated, leakproof con- tainer; Aug.-Sept. p. 41. 14 FROZEN FISH United Kingdom: Norway mixed reaction to tariff on p. 50. production breaks record; Aug.-Sept. p. 56. puts 10% tariff on fillets; Jan. p. 49. ; Apr. GEAR 'Blue Belle' longlines for swordfish in eastern Pacific; Apr. p. 30. Clam dredge, east coast, tested off Oregon; Nov. p. 10. Depth of fishing equipment, new device controls; Jan. p. 20. Electronic equipment, 5 of 6 U.S. fishing vessels have; Mar. p. 3. Fishermen shown how to construct trawl economi- cally; Mar. p. 5. Japanese lost off Mexico; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. Lobster, spiny, and fishing methods; Feb. p. 56. Norway: develops machine for baiting long lines; Feb. p. 46. prohibits drift gill-netting for salmon inside base- lines; May p. 39. Shrimp trawl to separate shrimp from fish and bot- tom-dwelling animals; Mar. p. 20, Aug.-Sept. p. 4. Trawl cable, machine for winding; Jan. p. 31. USSR suggestion box proves valuable fishing 2 June p. 49. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. World's subsea mineral areas, new maps show; Oct. p. 20. GEORGES BANK BCF lists wrecks on ; July p. 11. Haddock recruitment continues to fail on £ Jan. p. ll. Herring fishery grows, Norway's interest in 8 Aug.-Sept. p. 64. Ichthyoplankton on vey; June p. 38. , U.S. & USSR jointly sur- GERMANY, WEST (see WEST GERMANY) 'GERONIMO' Late-winter waters of Yucatan Straits - a 1968 survey in Gulf of Mexico; Feb. p. 33. GHANA Japanese assistance sought; Oct. p. 74. USSR trawlers released; Apr. p. 65. GLASGOW, LESLIE L., DR. Testifies on pollution by pesticides; June p. 8. GRAND BANKS International Ice Patrol, 1969, will be conducted; Mar. p. 1l. GREAT LAKES Alewife die-off in is minor; Nov. p. 8. Commercial fishery production declined, 1968; Dec. p. 16. Landings dropped in first-half 1968; Jan. p. 10. Record stocking of fish in scheduled; Apr. p. 5. Sea lamprey is not an eel, do you know ?; Feb. p. 25. GREECE Foreign trade trends; Nov. p. 52. France building shrimp trawlers for p. 46. Shipping exhibition scheduled for ; Jan. ; Feb. p. 41. GREENLAND Faroese- p. 46. Problems continue in fisheries; July p. 53. Salmon catch 1968 is well below 1967's; Apr. p. 51. Training local fishermen, first modern trawl- er ('"Nuk'); Oct. p. 58. agreement on fishing rights; Jan. GROUNDFISH BCF: North Atlantic Region forecast abundance of on New England Banks; Mar, p. 2. Woods Hole conducts survey program; Aug.-Sept. p. 22. Canada: calls for tenders on frozen supplies; June p. 43. government buys frozen ; July p. 48. marketing, international cooperation on; May p. 34. processors, C$4.2 million allotted for loans to; May p. 37. purchase plan, favorable reaction to; May p. 34. Frozen suppliers meet; Dec. p. 44. U.S.: import(s): fillet tariff-rate quota set for 1969; Mar. p. 3. industry hurt by; July p. 1. GROUPERS ‘Agustin Stahl' finds Rico area; Nov. p. 23. in unexploited Puerto GUIANA Japanese shrimp trawlers active off p. 62. ; Apr. GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE CONFERENCE Scheduled for Nov. 16-20, 1969, in Miami, Fla.; July p. 11. GULF COAST Camille devastates ; Dec. p. 13. Danger in estuaries; Dec. p. 11. Marshes and mariculture; Dec. p. 11. GULF OF ALASKA (see ALASKA) GULF OF MAINE (see MAINE) GULF OF MEXICO 'Geronimo! survey in , late-winter waters of Yucatan Straits, 1968; Feb. p. 33. Herring, thread, schools detected at night in the by BCF's Pascagoula (Miss.) EF&GRB; Mar. p. ae Knolls are salt domes, oil core analysis indicates; Mar. p. 1l. Menhaden fishery sets record; Nov. p. 8. Oyster industry, BCF aids ; Nov. p. 12. GULF STREAM Oceanographers probe warm eddy near; Aug. -Sept. p. 14. GUYANA Fire razes offices, docks of Georgetown Seafoods; Mar. p. 51. HADDOCK ‘Albatross IV's' survey shows further drop in abundance; June p. 4. Georges Bank: recruitment continues to fail on; Jan. p. 11. spring spawning studied by BCF's Woods Hole (Mass.) lab.; Apr. p. 4. Secretary Hickel aids New England fishery; July p. 2. Small pose problem in Denmark; Apr. p. 52. HAITI Spiny lobster exporters organize to force down exvessel price; Apr. p. 58. HAKE 'Delaware II' surveys red and herring; Apr. p. 4. Pacific BCF: estimates sustained yield & use of; July p. 2. Seattle technological lab. tests iced in making kamaboko (fish paste); Oct. p. 6. Soviets plan to fish for off Cape Town (South Africa); July p. 52. Spain produced frozen ket; Dec. p. 54. Washington, landings in Puget Sound reach 9 mil- lion pounds; Nov. p. 23. fillets for U.S. mar- HALIBUT BCF tests fresh stored in refrigerated sea water; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. Pacific landings increase; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Recipe--encore ; Jan. p. 64. USSR longliners to fish cod and Atlantic; Feb. p. 48. U.S. and Canada in North fishing effort declines; Jan. p. 11. HATCHERY Bonneville to be enlarged; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. Catfish, channel, California to build first state- owned ; Nov. p. 21. Oysters: Canada builds first ; May p. 37. cultchless seed, new technique produces; May p. 2. Salmon, ultramodern , Governor dedicates Elk River (Oregon); Apr. p. 27. HAWAIL |. Drift bottle recovered at Cannon Beach, Oregon, after traveling for 7 years and 10,000 miles from Honolulu; Mar. p. 5. Tsunami (seismic sea waves generated by under- sea earthquakes), will get new experimen- tal warning system; Feb. p. 22. Tuna, skipjack: below-average season forecast; May p. 3. economics of fishing industry examined; Oct. p. 9. HERRING Alaska 1969 prospects; May p. 13. 15 HERRING Canada: investigates discolored Newfoundland p. 49. trawler, semifactory, to be built for frozen pro- duction; May p. 35. trawling successful, midwater ; Feb. p. 45. 'Delaware II' surveys and red hake; Apr.p. 4. Gloucester -alewife fishery rises sharply; Apr. p. 4. Iceland: catch: declined drastically, 1968; Apr. p. 54. ; July except rises; Dec. p. 53. industry, U.S. Navy flying oceanographers aid; Oct. Pp. 2: North Sea » prospects for European industrial fisheries; Apr. p. 44. Norway: interest in Georges Bank Aug.-Sept. p. 64. winter fishery called worst in century; May p. 39. ‘Oregon II' finds heavy concentrations of round off Louisiana; Apr. p. 5. Tagging experiment begins, international; Aug.-Sept. p. 46. Thread schools detected at night in the Gulf of Mexico by BCF's Pascagoula (Miss.) EF&GRB; Mar. p. 5. USSR: ‘ Japan: blames for depleting Pacific export to; Oct. p. 62. scientists pessimistic about future of North Sea stocks; Oct. p. 60. fishery grows; ; Oct. p. 60. HICKEL, WALTER J. Arctic resources, urges world action to pro- tect and develop; Nov. p. 6. Haddock fishery, aids New England; July p. 2. Ocean resources, urges greater development; May p. 1. HOME ECONOMIST BCF to broadcast over the Spanish-language radio station KCOR, San Antonio, Texas; Aug.- Sept. p. 10. HORMONES Stimulate fish growth; Nov. p. 42. HUNGARY Fish ponds yield more fish; Aug.-Sept. p. 65. HUNTERS Fishermen and spent record $168 million in fiscal 1968; May p. 5. HURRICANE CAMILLE Devastates Gulf Coast; Dec. p. 13. ICELAND Capelin meal selling well; June p. 52 Currency devalued again in 1968; Jan. p. 49. Fishing industry developments; May p. 46. Groundfish, frozen, suppliers meet in Ottawa (Canada), Dec. p. 44. 16 ICELAND (cont.) Herring: catch: decline drastically, 1968; Apr. p. 54. rises, except; Dec. p. 53. U.S. Navy flying oceanographers aid try; Oct. p. 2. Landings by species, 1967-68; May p. 46. Major changes in 's fisheries; July p. 55. Prominent Icelander to visit U.S.; Oct. p. 59. Prospects for European industrial fisheries; Apr. p. 44. Salmon hatchery, increases; Nov. p. 51. Trade agreement, USSR & renew; Feb. p. 43. Trawling within fishery limits, permits; Mar. p. 46. Utilization, 1967-68; May p. 46. White fish catches increase; June p. 52. indus- ICHTHYOPLANKTON United States & USSR jointly survey on Georges Bank; June p. 38. IMPORT(S) Australian fish meal rising; Feb. p. 52. Canada restricts salmonid ; Oct. p. 54. French fishery from Communist countries decrease; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. Groundfish: United States: fillet tariff-rate quota set for 1969; Mar. p. 3. industry hurt by Japan: Korea raises issue of p. 97. scallops & squid, smoked, restrictions lifted on; Nov. p. 62. Shrimp: Japan: dropped in 1968; Feb. p. 51, Apr. p. 63. frozen: continued high in June; Nov. p. 62. hit high in May; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. Sweden: Kennedy Round affects regulations; Aug.-Sept. p. 63. licenses; June p. 54. Switzerland fish meal ; July p. 1. restrictions; Nov. ; Aug.-Sept. p. 65. Taiwan fishing vessels; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. Tuna: canned in brine, quota set for; May p. 5. Japan: increasing; Dec. p. 62. reports 1968 and other fish; May p. 51. restrictions on urged; Dec. p. 61. United Kingdom puts 10% tariff on frozen fish fillets; Jan. p. 49. Zero-duty fishery quota, European Communities Council adopts; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. INDIA Kerala: lobster, spiny, found off coast; Mar. p. 56. shrimp, deep-water, found off coast; Jan. p. 59. State fisheries, plans to develop; Jan. p. 59. Lobster vessel makes record catch; Nov. p. 63. Shrimp: resources, to develop; Mar. p. 55. trends; July p. 65. INDIANS BCF begins mariculture training program for North- west s\Octy ps Li: INDONESIA Japan: aid fishery research and training; Oct. p. 52. joint shrimp ventures, seek more in p. 39, July p. 65. signs fishery agreement with ; Aug.-Sept. p. 50. Shrimp, frozen, exports are developing; Nov. p. 63. ; Mar. INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL (IPFC) Taiwan requests observer status at meetings; Aug.- Sept. p. 70. INDUSTRIAL FISH Denmark: landings: booming in Esbjerg; Feb. p. 47. down in early 1969; Oct. p. 58. Mid-Atlantic coast, will be sought off; Feb. paplo. Purse seining for winter July p. 8. deemed impractical; INSPECTION Canada: conference on fish p. 49. host fishery products and quality control; July conference; Mar, p. 39. INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES Juvenile tropical fish raised in lab.; Mar, p. 8. INSURANCE Alaska's State director urges fishermen's co-op; Nov. p. 20. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT (also see COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF; FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S.; SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, BUREAU OF) Fishery loans limited to $40,000; Nov. p. 6. Pollution by pesticides, Dr. Leslie L. Glasgow tes- tifies on; June p. 8. Secretary Hickel: Arctic resources, urges world action to protect and develop; Nov. p. 6. New England haddock fishery aided; July p. 2. urges greater development of ocean resources; May p. 1. TEKTITE: I - four scientists will live at 50-foot ocean floor 60 days; Jan. p. 7. II - scheduled for spring 1970; Dec. p. 2. U.S. and 9 states discuss control of water pollution; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. Water standards of all 50 states now approved; May p. 0. INTERNATIONAL Herring tagging experiments begin; Aug.-Sept. p. 46. Norway efforts to conserve northeast Atlantic fish resources; June p. 52. Revisions of agreements affecting Alaskan fisheries; June p, 30. West Germany, interocean '70 slated; Dec. p. 55. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS (IAFMM) Conference held in Cannes; Oct. p. 52. Manufacturers examine world trends; Dec. p. 44. Meetings scheduled; June p. 41. World fish meal production, 1968, was 6% over 1967; Apr. p. 44. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE CONSER- VATION OF ATLANTIC TUNAS Tuna treaty comes into force; May p. 29. INTERNATIONAL GAME FISH RESEARCH CON- FERENCE ‘Scheduled for Nov. 21-22, 1969, in Miami, Fla.; July p. 11. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION Fraser River salmon outlook is promising, believes; Aug.-Sept. p. 8. INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION Quotas for Antarctic whaling set for 1969/70 sea- son; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. INVENTIONS Depth of fishing equipment, new device controls; Jan. p. 20. Electric brooder frees male catfish (San Marcos, Tex., fish hatchery); June p. 26. Japan develops new fish-finder; June p. 66. Netherlands firm markets new shrimp peeler; Jan. p. 48. - Norway develops machine for baiting long lines; Feb. p. 46. Scallop mechanical shucker, BCF Seattle scientists invent; Oct. p. 4. USSR: continuous measurement of water salinity, new device designed; June p. 49. ocean perch cleaning machine in production; Apr. p. 56. West German firm develops new fish-washing machine; May p. 42. INVESTMENTS Fifty nations discuss fishery Japan overseas fisheries; Mar. p. 52. IRAN USSR to buy caviar; May p. 45. ISRAEL Limnological laboratory broadens oceanographic work; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. ITALY Adriatic fisheries agreement, signed; July p. 47. : Fishery investment opportunities, 50 nations dis- cuss at FAO headquarters; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. Ivory Coast- & Yugoslavia IVORY COAST Italian- tuna company formed; May p. 30. opportunities at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. tuna company formed; May p. 30. 17 JAPAN Alaskan fisheries, U.S. renegotiated agreements with and the USSR: June p. 30. Antarctic: _ whaling: fleets sent to; Jan. p. 56. season ends, 1968/69; May p. 54. Atlantic: eastern, purse-seine fleet, July p. 62. northeast, exploratory trawling disappointing in; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. Bering Sea: bottomfish: catch increases; Apr. p. 61, Dec. p. 59. factoryships lead in fishery in eastern; Apr.p.61. eastern, crab fishing ended; Dec. p. 59. Bottomfish off Argentina, explores for; Dec. p. 63. Brazilian- firm to start fishing shrimp off Brazil; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. Budget for fisheries increases in FY 1969; Mar. reorganizes; p. 52. Canada: joint whaling venture conducted; Apr. p. 46. seizes fishing vessel; May p. 31. Canned fish exports to West Germany increase; Oct. p. 66. Catch, fishery, set record in 1968; July p. 61. Chile, exploratory fishing off; Mar. p. 38. Crab: king, Bering Sea fishery; July p. 64. tanner, canned export prices up; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. Eel prices set record; May p. 54. Exports, reports 1968; May p. 51. Fishery budget will be larger, 1970; Oct. p. 64. Fishery conference with Mexico ends; Dec. p. 44. Fish-finder, new, developed; June p. 66. Fish paste ('kamaboko') shipped to U.S.; June p. 66. France buys longliner for Indian Ocean tuna base; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. Gear lost off Mexico; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. Ghana seeks assistance; Oct. p. 74. Gulf of Alaska, longline fishery in; Feb. p. 26. Imports: Korea raises issue of restrictions; Nov. p. 57. restrictions on scallops & squid lifted; Nov. p. 62. Indonesia: fishery research & training, p. 52. shrimp venture planned; July p. 65. signs fishery agreement with 3; Aug.-Sept. p. 50. Joint venture planned with South Korea; Nov. p. 43. 'Kaiyo Maru,' research vessel trawls off Peru and Chile; Jan. p. 56. Mackerel: canned: Philippine: export price slumps; June p. 66. survey market for; June p. 66. traders seek compensation from firms for con- tract breach; Apr. p. 63. 1968 was good year; Feb. p. 50. Marine products, long-term outlook for; Mar. p. 52. Mauritania- B fishery talks break off; Feb. p. 42, Nov. p. 63. reopen negotiations on Mauritania's 12-mile ex- clusive fishery zone; July p. 46. to aid; Oct. JAPAN (cont.) New Zealand asked July p. 46. North Pacific: whale quota, allocates; Mar. p. 52. whaling is successful; Nov. p. 58. Northwest Pacific Fisheries meeting opens; May p. 29. Overseas fisheries, investments in; Mar. p. 52. Peru, sends fishery team to; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. Purse-seine research vessel, fisheries agency builds 1,500-ton; Nov. p. 61. Qatar exports shrimp to ; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. Resource surveys planned in 6 countries by (Indonesia, New Guinea (Papua), New Zealand, Spanish Sahara, Mauritania, and Chile); Oct. p. 66. Salmon: canned, raise price to U.K.; Dec. p. 62. chinook, U.S. fry doing well in Hokkaido rivers; Dec. p. 60. motherships: fleets end fishing; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. reach 1969 quota; Oct. p. 65. prices set for 1969; July p. 61. quota is 105,000 tons, 1969; June p. 63. red, canned, export prices rise; Oct. p. 65. research, & U.S. cooperate in; Aug.-Sept. Panos Saury: bait: price soars; Jan. p. 56. sample shipped from U.S.; Nov. p. 59. sought in Northeast Pacific; Dec. p. 63. tuna fishermen hampered by shortage; Apr. p. 62. catch drops to record low; Jan. p. 56, Mar. p. 53. distant-water grounds, new, may help depressed fishery; Oct. p. 64. eastern Pacific: fishing is disappointing; Nov. p. 58. to seek; July p. 62. Sea bream, record high prices for; Feb. p. 50. Sea urchin paste exported to France; Dec. p. 62. Seaweed agreement with , USSR extends; June p. 50. Shellfish culture seabed areas, more are developed; July p. 64, Shrimp: buys more Mexican; Feb. p. 51. contracts to buy from Cuba; Oct. p. 66. culture, many countries seek help in; Dec. p. 60. frozen imports; Feb. p. 51, Apr. p. 63, Aug.-Sept. p. 69, Nov. p. 62. joint venture(s): Australian- , makes good hauls; June p, 40. planned in West Africa; Dec. p. 64. seeks more in Indonesia; Mar. p. 39. resources in 5 southeast Asian countries, surveys; Feb. p. 50. teams visit Southeast Asia & Latin America; Nov. p. 63. trawlers active off Guianas (northeast South Amer- ica); Apr. p. 62. South Korean fish carrier launched in ; Apr. p. 63. Squid prices, record high for; Feb. p. 50. Surinam, survey team returns from; June p. 67. 'Tenyu Maru No. 37,' new gill net longliner, fishing in Bering Sea; June p. 66. longliners not to fish off; JAPAN Trawlers: Canadian restrictions, super, planned; Nov. p. 60. Tuna: albacore: Atlantic fishery developments; July p. 45. discovered off Kurils; Dec. p. 59. export prices rose in May, Atlantic-caught; July p. 62. fishery increases off Angola & South Africa; Oct. p. 74. summer fishery: improves, prices high; July p. 62. nears end; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. picks up; June p. 65. starts slowly; May p. 55. ‘Azuma Maru!: No. 31 fishing off Chile poor; Feb. p. 42. No. 37: southwest Atlantic: fails to find bluefin in; Dec. p. 58. grounds found promising; Nov. p. 59. bluefin: caught off S. Africa; Oct. p. 74. southern: catch drops; June p. 65. fishery developments; July p. 64. canned: brand promotion in U.S. pushed in advertising; June p. 65. exports: higher prices fixed to U.S.; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. premium increased on; Nov. p. 61. production dropped in 1968; July p. 61. promotion will be increased; June p. 66. sales dropped in 6-month period; Feb. p. 51. U.S. industry to be surveyed by ; Oct. p, 66. whitemeat stocks exhausted, prices rise; Oct. p. 65. canned in brine: exports to U.S., 1968; Apr. p. 61. stocks drop, prices rise; May p. 53. catches and exports declined in 1968; Dec. p. 61. cold storages are planned to steady prices; Jan. p. 55. cultivation, artificial, will be tried; Nov. p. 59. distant-water fishing, report on; June p. 64. exports: . canned in oil decline; Nov. p. 62. frozen: dip in first-half 1969; Nov. p. 61. drop to U.S.; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. prices rise to U.S.; May p. 53. rose in 1968; Mar. p. 53. targets set for BY 1969; May p. 53. to U.S. are slow; June p. 65. to Italy increase; Dec. p. 62. fishery, 1969, starts slowly; May p. 52. fishery regulation urged; May p. 52. fleet changes little; Apr. p. 61. frozen commission sales grow; Nov. p. 61. imports: and other fish, reports 1968; May p. 51. are increasing; Dec. p. 62. restrictions urged; Dec. p. 61. longliners: built; Apr. p. 62. new large; Feb. p. 51. some are losing money; Dec. p. 58. two modern ones ordered; Nov. p. 60. 'Yakushi Maru No. 38,'new, performs well; Nov. p. 60. face; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. JAPAN (cont.) Tuna (cont.) Mauritius, joint packing venture; Dec. p. 64. packers troubled by high costs and low yield; Dec. p. 60. purse seiners: eastern Pacific: doing poorly; June p. 64. five licensed for fishery; Mar. p. 53. purse seining: eastern Pacific: fails completely; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. owners hope to improve; Nov. p. 59. seek cause for poor; July p. 62. off West Africa; Feb. p. 42, Nov. p. 58. seine fleet withdrawn from eastern Atlantic Ocean; Dec. p. 58. skipjack: survey in southwest Pacific; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. South Atlantic 1968 survey reported; Dec. p. 63. U.S. product, new, faces competition from; Jan. p. 55. yellowfin: eastern Pacific: fishery regulated; June p. 63. "Hayabusa Maru No. 3' advised not to fish in; Jan. p. 55. seiners fish in; May p. 54, Dec. p. 59. U.S. rejects more; Jan. p. 55. Twelve-mile fishing zone, p. 31. USSR: and crab-fishing conference: ends; May p. 31. held; Apr. p. 37. exports: herring to ; Oct. p. 62. marine products to in 1969, $6.3 million; Dec. p. 49. comer finds p. 48. joint oceanographic research conducted with and France; Oct. p. 53. Pacific herring & flounder, blames pleting; Oct. p. 60. United States: agreements, 2, signed by and; Jan. p. 42. east coast, fishing fir 5 explore off, Mar. p. 54. Vessels: authorized in FY 1968, construction of 859; June p. 67. fishing, more, are exported; Nov. p. 60. tuna seine/pole fishing, 'Zenko Maru No. 18,' new boat-carrying tuna mothership, is in eastern Pacific; June p. 65. Western Samoa seeks fishery aid; Aug.-Sept. p. 66. Yaizu fishing landings; Jan. p. 56, May p. 54, July p-. 63, Nov. p. 62. considers; May for de- "KAHO! Alewife seasonal survey, BCF's conduct; May p. 4. and 'Cisco!' KIRK, CLAUDE R., JR. Florida Governor signs aquaculture bill; June p. 26. KOREA, SOUTH (REPUBLIC OF KOREA, see SOUTH KOREA) acoustical devices unsatisfactory; Nov. may build; Julyp. 65. 19 KRILL USSR, Oct. p. 62. paste successful on Moscow markets; LABORATORY Pascagoula EF&GRB is building seawater : Jan, p. 22. LABRADOR 'Seafreeze Atlantic' sails on first fishing trip to; Apr. p. 8. LAKE ERIE Canada price of June p. 43. Commercial catch shows slight increase, 1968; Feb. jo WG, Fishermen reject 30-40% of catch; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. yellow perch to be stabilized; LAKE MICHIGAN Trout, lake, releases in 1968 in Lakes Superior and exceeded 5 million; Jan. p. 10. LAKE SUPERIOR Trout, lake, releases in 1968 in Lakes and Michigan exceeded 5 million; Jan. p. 10. LANDINGS California: anchovy fdr exceed last season's; June p. 25. tuna shipments and commercial declined in 1968; July p. 31. Canada: British Columbia fishermen land record salmon catch; Mar. p. 42. Maritime Provinces ; May p. 35, June p. 43, July p. 48, Aug.-Sept. p. 51, Oct. p. 55. Newfoundland: first-half 1969 rise; Nov. p. 45. increase; June p. 43 1968 were 16% over 1967's; May p. 36. record harvest in 1968; June p. 44. Denmark: first-half 1969 riod; Nov. p. 49. industrial fishery down in early 1969; Oc oa p. 58. Esbjerg booming; Feb. p. 47. Gloucester herring-alewife fishery rises sharply; drop below 1968 record pe- Apr. p. 4. Japan, Yaizu: fish decline; Jan. p. 56, May p. 54. rose in August; Nov. p. 62. Maryland reports 1967 was record year; Jan. p. 13. New England food fish declined, 1968; Feb. p. 15. Norway declined in 1968; Apr. p. 49. Tanzania, Lake Victoria rise in 1968; Dec. p. 74, Tuna: Fiji rise in 1969; Dec. p. 74. France for packers declined in 1968; Aug.- Sept. p. 62. United States: Great Lakes, commercial half 1968; Jan. p. 10. Halibut, and Canadian Pacific Sept. p. 3. Menhaden made up nearly one-third of total ; Jan. p. 16. dropped in first- increase; Aug.- 20 LANDINGS (cont.) Washington, Puget Sound, hake pounds; Nov. p. 23. reach 9 million LATIN AMERICA Scientists took part in study tour aboard Soviet ves- sel in the Caribbean Sea; July p. 46. LICENSE(S) Canada change salmon program; Feb. p. 45. Fees virtually pay for California fish and wildlife conservation; July p. 31. LOANS Canada: allots C$4.2 million for cessors; May p. 37. raises ceiling on fisheries improvement act; Aug.-Sept. p. 51. Interior Department limits fishery Nov. p. 6. SBA loaned $10 million to fishing industry in FY 1968; May p. 5. South Korea cold storage company gets internation- al ; May p. 55. United Kingdom White Fish Authority: interest rates on fishery ; Apr. p. 53. needs funds; Aug.-Sept. p. 56. to groundfish pro- to $40,000; LOBSTERS Canada: licensing program strengthened; May p. 35. vessels will be licensed; Mar. p. 41. India: spiny found off Kerala coast; Mar. p. 56. vessel makes record catch; Nov. p. 63. Northern situation & outlook; Dec. p. 4. Rock , Australian group proposes call cray- fish; Apr. p. 65. Spiny: gear and fishing methods; Feb. p. 56. Haiti exporters organize to force down exvessel price; Apr. p. 58. tails, situation & outlook; Dec. p. 4. Tag is not a game; Jan. p. 14. Tagging produces interesting information; Mar. p. 4. The way of all giants?; Nov. p. 69. LOUISIANA Catfish farming grows in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. ‘Oregon II' finds heavy fish concentrations off g Apr. p. 5. es LUNAR MATERIALS Biologist tests effects of Aug.-Sept. p. 4. on aquatic species; MACKEREL Jack: San Pedro fleet is in poor economic condition; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. swimming speed is determined; Dec. p. 6. Japan: canned: Philippine: export price slumps to; June p. 66. survey market for ; June p. 39. traders seek compensation from firms for contract breach; Apr. p. 63. 1968 was good year; Feb. p. 50. MACKEREL Pacific, San Pedro fleet is in poor economic condi- tion; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Prospects for European industrial fisheries; Apr. p. 44. USSR's 70-80 purseseinersfish_ May p. 42. MAINE Estuarine prediction service in Penobscot River and Bay estuary, , Nation's first to be evaluated; Apr. p. 18. Lobster research program at Boothbay Harbor; Mar. p. 4. Marine books, new company in Camden to publish; Aug.-Sept. p. 10. Norway exploratory fishing in Gulf of p. ol. Sardines: improved method of holding at sea sought; Oct. p. 8. mechanized processing equipment to be tested; July p. 30. Norwegian holding net tested in fishery; Dec. p. 8. promoted nationwide; Mar. p. 19. MALAYSIA Sabah: and Sarawak fishery trends; Dec. p. 65. fishing industry is growing; Mar. p. 55. in North Sea; ; Apr. MARICULTURE BCP: shrimp conducted at Biological Laboratory in Galveston, Texas; Dec. p. 75. training program for Northwest Indians begins; Octaperi: Gulf Coast seDeca peal MARINE OILS (see FISH OILS) MARINE SCIENCE ACTIVITIES U.S. ,» program to strengthen is announced; Nov. p. 1. MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY Conference slated for Miami, Fla., June 16-18; May p. 7. MARKETING BCF: and industry promote New England pollock; June 5 shellfish sales sluggish this year, economists report; Oct. p. 3. Canada to establish freshwater fish tion; Mar. p. 41. Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference in Atlantic City, N. J., May 11-14; Apr. p. 7. corpora- Forms, , of fish and shellfish; Feb. p. 55. Fresh fish demand increases in midwest; Apr. p. 7. Norway: firm opens sales center in Czechoslovakia; May p. 30. stockfish prospects poor; Apr. p. 49. MARITIME DISTRESS International guide for IMCO; Mar. p. 14. being prepared by MARSHES Gulf Coast ; Dec. p. 11. MARYLAND Oyster fishery, economic effects of regulations in ; July p. 38. Reports 1967 was record year; Jan. p. 13. MASSACHUSETTS BCF's Woods Hole Lab.: groundfish survey program; Aug.-Sept. p. 22. participates in program for blind children; May p. 7. reports on 4-year game-fish tagging program; Dec. p. 19. studies spring spawning of Georges Bank haddock; Apr. p. 4. Gloucester: herring-alewife fishery rises sharply; Apr. p. 4. shrimp fishery based in is developing; Aug. - Sept. p. 20. Ocean quahog demand grows; Apr. p. 4. USSR's 'Ekliptika,' research vessel, arrives at Woods Hole; Nov. p. 15. MAURITANIA Japan and fishery talks break off; Feb. p. 42, Nov. p. 63. reopen negotiations on 12-mile exclusive fishery zone; July p. 46. MAURITIUS Soviet research vessel visits Port Louis; June p. 70. Tuna joint packing venture with Japan; Dec. p. 64. 'MELVILLE' Seripps' newest oceanographic research vessel nearly ready for work; Oct. p. 20. MENHADEN Gulf of Mexico fishery sets record; Nov. p. 8. Management of fishery is suggested; Nov. p. 8. Picture story; Jan. p. 16. Correction; Apr. p. 7. U.S.: landings, made up nearly one-third of total; Jan. p. 16. purse seining for winter industrial fishery deemed impractical; July p. 8. MEXICO Ciudad del Carmen fisheries; May p. 47. Cod-fishing venture in northwest Atlantic, - Spanish; Jan. p. 51. Fisheries council, new, formed in Campeche; May p. 48. Fisheries declined in first-half 1969; Nov. p. 53. Fish meal plant and sardine cannery are built in Guaymas; Nov. p. 54. Fourth national oceanographic congress held; Dec. p. 57. Japan: fishery conference ends with ; Dec. p. 44. gear lost off ; Aug.-Sept. p. 69. Production, 1968 fishery, was only 2.8% above 1967; May p. 47. Salina Cruz fisheries complex, p. 50. Shrimp: decline expected in west coast fishery; Nov. p. 53. Gulf coast contracts signed; Dec. p. 56. Japan buys more; Feb. p. 51. production declines; July p. 60. research conducted on west coast; Nov. p. 53. vessels to get new refrigeration plants in U.K.; Nov. p. 54. to build; Mar. 21 MEXICO Veracruz: Alvarado pilot fishing port complex successful; ANove5 Js Be fisheries; Nov. p. 54. MICHIGAN Trout farmers meet in October at Traverse City; Aug.-Sept. p. 10. 'MILLER FREEMAN! Participates in international fisheries survey off California; Mar. p. 38. MINCED FISH USSR fisheries minister promotes ; Nov. p. 49. MISSISSIPPI Catfish farming grows in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. Pascagoula EF&GRB is building seawater lab; Jan. 195 2425 MOLLUSKS Teredo (shipworm) destructive marine organism; Jan. p. 22. MOROCCO Fishing convention with Spain published; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. 'MT. MITCHELL' North Carolina (Atlantic coast between Hatteras and Cape Fear) seabed surveyed; Apr. p. 18. MULLET Film; Feb. 1969 outside back cover. MUSSELS Protein, a potential source of high-quality; Aug.-Sept. p. 31. NANTUCKET SHOALS BCF lists fishing vessel wrecks on ; July p. 11. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINIS- TRATION (NASA) Can satellites be used to measure wave heights ?; Apr. p. 20. Ocean-current tracking system, new, tested suc- cessfully; July p. 18. TEKTITE: I - four scientists will live at 50-foot ocean floor 60 days; Jan. p. 7. II - scheduled for spring 1970; Dec. p. 2. NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT (NCMBRED) Marine-science activities, program to strengthen is announced; Nov. p. 1. University curricula in marine sciences published; INOM5 Joa ike NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION Governors, to consult with; July p. 10. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE, U.S. Buoys, strange, thrive in Puerto Rico waters; Aug.- Sept. p. 12. Camera mounted on diving vehicle saves oceano- graphers' time; Apr. p. 17. 22 NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE, U.S. (cont.) Can satellites be used to measure wave heights ?; Apr. p. 20. Charts, bathymetric, shows sea floor's diversified topography to guide mariners; Apr. p. 15. Global ocean forecasting system, a step toward; Aug.-Sept. p. 12. 'GOFAR' scientists discover salt domes in eastern Atlantic; June p. 11. Gulf of Mexico oceanographic study underway; Aug.- Sept. p. 14. Gulf Stream, oceanographers probe warm eddy near; Aug.-Sept. p. 14. Iceland's herring industry, U.S. Navy flying oceano- graphers aid; Oct. p. 2. Questions about the oceans; Jan. p. 54, Feb. pp. 32, 49, Mar. pp. 9, 51, 57, Apr. pp. 3, 38, 58, 70, May p. 57, June pp. 3, 37, 61, 70, July pp. 6, 34, 37, 74, Aug.-Sept. pp. 35, 71, Oct. p. 84, Nov. pp. 18, 37, 40, 72, Dec. 31, 42, 55, 72. Whale tracked by destroyer's sonar; Nov. p. 11. NAVIGATION ‘International Code of Signals,' 1969, is available; Apr. p. 7. NAVY, DEPARTMENT OF Oceanographic ship (GOR-16), joe ttle TEKTITE: I - four scientists will live at 50-foot ocean floor 60 days; Jan. p. 7. Il - scheduled for spring 1970; Dec. p. 2. orders; Jan. NETHERLANDS Fisheries minister notes decline of North Sea fish- ing; Apr. p. 54. Shrimp peeler, firm markets new; Jan. p. 48. NETS Norwegian holding fishery; Dec. p. 8. USSR uses bathyscaphe to study behavior of fish in trawl; Nov. p. 48. tested in Maine sardine NEW ENGLAND BCF: and industry promote pollock; June p. 4. North Atlantic Region forecast abundance of ground- fish & sea scallops on Banks; Mar. p. 2. Chart, nautical, new, issued for coast; July Damloe Cooling trend in waters may be over; Feb. p. 15. Haddock fishery, Secretary Hickel aids; July p. 2. Landings, food fish, declined, 1968; Feb. p. 15. Shrimp fishery is growing; Oct. p. 4. NEW GUINEA S. Korea to send survey team to ; Oct. p. 68. NEW JERSEY Fishing for a living off OCtp els Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference in Atlantic City, » May 11-14; Apr. p. 7. 'Franklin' scientists "amazed" by fish abundance off ; Oct. p. 20. NEW YORK Pollution, Long Island Sound doubles in decade; Nov. p. 22. Reef fish study begins this summer; June p. 18. Salmon, chinook (Washington), flown to Lake On- tario, ; Mar. p. 18. Water-pollution research center setupby 9 colleges; June p. 18. NEW ZEALAND Japanese longliners asked not to fish off ; July p. 46. NOMENCLATURE Names of fishes; May p. 18. NORTH CAROLINA Seabed (Atlantic coast between Hatteras and Cape Fear) surveyed ('Peirce' & 'Mt. Mitchell'); Apr. p. 18. NORTH SEA Fear depletion of p. 47. Netherlands fisheries minister notes decline of fishing; Apr. p. 54. USSR scientists pessimistic about future of herring stocks; Oct. p. 60. fishery resources; Apr. NORTH VIETNAM Reorganization and expansion of fisheries; June p. 68. NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION Japan & USSR open meeting; Mar. p. 29. NORWAY Antarctic whaling expedition, Aug.-Sept. p. 63. Baiting long lines, p. 46. Barents Sea has fish conservation problem; Apr. p. 50. Brisling catch is smaller than expected; Nov. p. 51. Canned fish production and stocks; Jan. p. 48. Cod, polar, fishery develops; Oct. p. 58. Denmark: advertises for fishermen; Mar. p. 44. trout-egg imports forbidden; Apr. p. 51. Dogfood, dried coalfish used for; Dec. p. 52. Drift gill-netting for salmon inside baselines pro- hibited; May p. 39. Exports, frozen, to U.S.: fillets increase; July p. 52. fish rise; Oct. p. 58. Firm opens sales center in Czechoslovakia; May p. 30. Fish body oil output fell in 1968; June p, 51. Fishing outlook is promising; June p. 50. Government experts report on expanded Nordic ec- onomic cooperation; Apr. p. 43. Groundfish, frozen, suppliers meet in Ottawa (Can- ada); Dec. p. 44. Gulf of Maine, exploratory fishing in; Apr. p. 51. Herring fishery: interest in Georges Bank grows; Aug.-Sept. p. 64. winter called worst in century; May p. 39. International efforts to conserve northeast Atlantic fish resources; June p. 52. Landings declined in 1968; Apr. p. 49. to take part in; develops machine for; Feb. NORWAY (cont.) Mechanized sardine-processing equipment from to be tested at canning plant at Prospect Harbor, Maine; July p. 30. 'Pero,' exploratory vessel, finds good fishing on Georges Bank; May p. 40. Prospects for European industrial fisheries; Apr. p. 44. Salmon: catches drop; Aug.-Sept. p. 64. coastal fishery to be evaluated; May p. 39. Sealing made subject to concession, all; May p. 40. Seaweed, uses more; Oct. p. 57. State support for fisheries is increased; June p. 51, Oct. p. 57. Stockfish marketing prospects are poor; Apr. p. 49. Trout are raised in sea water; Feb. p. 46. USSR- sealing commission meets in Moscow; Feb. p. 43. United Kingdom: tariff on frozen fish, mixed reaction to; Apr. p.50. USSR, and survey Barents Sea; Nov. p. 43. World fish market, 'Frionor' makes impact on; Dec. p. 52. OCEANOGRAPHY BOMEX--vast study of Atlantic east of Barbados starts in May; Apr. p. 11. Camera mounted on diving vehicle saves oceano- graphers! time; Apr. p. 17. Can satellites be used to measure wave heights ?; Apr. p. 20. Charts/maps, nautical: Alaska: Bering Sea, new bathymetric; July p. 20. inland waterway; July p. 21. California, northern, issued of seabed off; May p. 9. Florida: : Everglades National Park, 'fisherman's para- dise;' Apr. p. 19. sea boundaries are being mapped by U.S. and Florida; Oct. p. 17. mariners guided; Apr. p. 15. New England coast; July p. 18. States' seaward boundaries have not been ac- curately determined; Oct. p. 18. Washington Coast, new bathymetric now available; Mar. p. 14. world's subsea mineral areas shown; Oct. p. 20. Computerized model of world oceans planned; June p. 49. Cooling trend in New England waters may be over; Feb. p. 15. Estuarine prediction service in Maine to be evalu- ated, Nation's first; Apr. p. 18. Fishery ; July p. 32. Il - Salinity front at entrance to Washington's Strait of Juan de Fuca; Aug.-Sept. p. 36. III - Ocean temperature and distribution of Pa- cific salmon; Oct. p. 34. IV - Ocean salinity and distribution of Pacific salmon; Nov. p. 29. V - Ocean circulation and distribution of sock- eye salmon; Dec. p. 35. Fluke's migrations are being tracked; July p. 21. France & U.S. will cooperate in ; Feb. p. 41. Global ocean forecasting system, a step toward; Aug.-Sept. p. 12. Israel broadens 23 OCEANOGRAPHY Goals for decade of ocean exploration outlined; June p. 1. Gulf of Mexico: knolls are salt domes, oil core analysis indicates; Mar. p. 11. study underway; Aug.-Sept. p. 14. Gulf Stream, oceanographers probe warm eddy near; Aug.-Sept. p. 14. International guide for maritime distress being prepared by IMCO; Mar. p. 14. work; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. Mexico holds 4th national congress; Dec. p. 57. Ocean-current tracking system tested successfully, new; July p. 18. Oceans, broad U.S. effort urged to understand use and preserve; Feb. p. 1. Oil spills, microscopic organisms may help clean up; Oct. p. 17. Planetary waves in Pacific, 1,000-mile long unseen, investigated; Mar. p. 12. Puerto Rico, strange buoys thrive in waters; Aug.- Sept. p. 12. Salt domes in eastern Atlantic, GOFAR scientists discover; June p. 11. Scientific expedition, international, drifts across Atlantic; Feb. p. 22. Sea-floor spreading, new evidence reported of S. Atlantic; Mar. p. 13! Storm surge studied; Aug.-Sept. p. 13. Tsunami warning system, new experimental, Ha- waii will get; Feb. p. 22. USSR: conducts joint oceanographic research with Japan & France; Oct. p. 53. designed new device for continuous measurement of water salinity; June p. 49. U.S. scientists search bottom of north central Pa- cific; June p. 13. U. of Washington sponsors S. American tour; Aug.-Sept. p. 15. rr rues Vessels: ALCOA is building deep-ocean search & recovery; Oct. p. 18. ‘Argo! (Scripps) sails to study drilling sites; Mar. 13 Coast & Geodetic survey Alaskan waters; June Deel destroyer's sonar tracks whale; Nov. p. 11. 'Franklin' scientists ''amazed'' by fish abundance off New Jersey; Oct. p. 20. Grand Banks 1969 International Ice Patrol; Mar. job tile 'Melville,' Scripps' newest, nearly ready for work; Oct. p. 20. Navy orders unusual ship; Jan. p. 17. North Carolina (Atlantic coast between Hatteras and Cape Fear) seabed surveyed ('Peirce!' & ‘Vt. Mitchell'); Apr. p. 18. 'Washington' is studying deep ocean off South America; Jan. p. 17. West (german , a review of; Apr. p. 53. OREGON Bonneville hatchery to be enlarged; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. California-caught shrimp, ports closed to; Aug.-Sept. p. 21. Clam dredge, East Coast, tested off ; Nov.p. 10. 24 OREGON (cont.) Drift bottle recovered at Cannon Beach, after traveling for 7 years and 10,000 miles from Hono- lulu, Hawaii; Mar. p. 5. Salmon: coho eggs in 1968, shipped nearly 14 million; Feb. p. 17. counting is now televised; May p. 14. Elk River ultramodern hatchery, Governor dedi- cates; Apr. p. 27. record run to flood-control reservoir; July p. 29. Willamette Falls: coho swim over in record numbers; Jan. p. 14. fish ladder being built, past part of; July p. 30. potential, plans to develop; May p. 15. Trout, steelhead, Willamette population increased in State program; Apr. p. 26. Tuna: scouts sail aboard 'Sunrise;' July p. 28. temperate, forecasting is expanded in wa- ters; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. ‘OREGON II' Finds heavy fish concentrations off Louisiana; Apr. Dade Shrimp, scarlet prawns discovered off Northeastern South America; June p. 4. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) Issues review of 1967 fisheries; Mar. p. 48. Reviews 1968 fisheries; Oct. p. 49. OYSTERS BCF aids Gulf of Mexico industry; Nov. p. 12. Canada: builds first hatchery; May p. 37. cultch, artificial, developed for ; Feb. p. 45. Cultchless seed » new hatchery technique pro- duces; May p. 2. Delaware River Basin Commission's project launch- ed to aid Delaware River 5; June p. 5. East Coast aquatic plant harms clams and 5 Apr. p. 5. EDA extends Virginia study; Mar. p. 18. Flowing sea water gives best growth of spat; Oct. p. 6. Maryland fishery, economic effects of regulations in; July p. 38. Opened by microwaves; Apr. p. 33. Package, new, protects in transit; Jan. p. 22. Silt is major killer of young ; June p. 5. Texas restocks in San Antonio Bay; June p. 26. PACIFIC OCEAN Eastern: ‘Blue Belle' longlines for swordfish in 2 Apr. p. 30. Japan: saury: fishing disappointing; Nov. p. 58. sought in ; July p. 62. tuna: boat-carrying mothership, new, is in; June p. 65. purse seining; June p. 64, July p. 62, Aug.- Sept. p. 68, Nov. p. 59. skipjack survey in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. PACIFIC OCEAN Eastern: Japan: tuna: yellowfin: only 1 seiner to try for in p09. regulates fishery; June p. 63. seiners fish for in; May p. 54. tuna: s U.S. fleet grows in yellowfin: BCF lowers incidental catch rate by bait boats in regulatory area; July p. 8. catch rate is changed; Nov. p. 6. French new seiner may fish in ; Mar. p. 37. North: Japan: ; whale quota allocated; Mar. p. 52. in 1970; Dec. ; Jan, p. 11. whaling in is successful; Nov. p. 58. South Korea trawling in fails financially; Dec. p. 64. Northeast, Japan, saury (tuna bait) sought in; Dec. p. 63. Tuna, bluefin, transit 5; Oct. p./5. USSR: conduct research on perch; Mar. p. 44. 'Vitiaz:' 44th cruise in equatorial Pacific; Mar. p. 44, Apr. p. 57, June p. 49. 45th scientific cruise; July p. 52. Whale catches in Antarctic and north re= ported, 1968/69; Oct. p. 51. Whaling catch regulations published for north ; June p. 5. PACKAGING Oysters in transit, new protects; Jan. p. 22. PAIR SEINE NETTING Canada's proves great success; Nov. p. 44. PASTEURIZATION Lengthens storage life of crab and shrimp; Mar. p. 4. PATENT Depth of fishing equipment, new device controls; Jan. p. 20. PEARL Sudan mother-of- industry grows; Jan. p. 61. "PEIRCE! North Carolina (Atlantic coast between Hatteras and Cape Fear) seabed surveyed; Apr. p. 18. PERCH Ocean: food fish facts; Oct. p. 80. recipe--chipper ; Oct. p. 82. USSR: cleaning machine in production; Apr. p. 56. conducted research on Pacific ; Mar. p. 44. Yellow, Lake Erie (Canada) price to be stabilized; June p. 43. PERSIAN GULF Fisheries; Dec. p. 66. PERU Anchovy season: catch limits and closure announced; June p. 62. poor; Dec. p. 56. Exports: banner year for 1968; Mar. p. 49. taxes on fish products reinstated; May p. 48. Fish meal: exports: and output; May p. 49, July p. 60, Nov. p. 55. by country of destination, 1968; Mar. p. 49. industries, offers to assist Asian and Afri- can developing countries to establish; May p. 33. production, 1968 was banner year; Mar. p. 49. shipped to U.S., charges up 10% for; June p. 39. Japan: "Kaiyo Maru', research vessel, trawls off 8 Jan. p. 56. sends fishery team to Purse seiners, ; Aug.-Sept. p. 48. builds fiberglass; Jan. p. 51. PESTILENCE East Coast aquatic plant harms clams and oysters; Apr. p. 6. PHILIPPINES Japan: canned mackerel: export price to slumps; June p. 66. market surveyed; June p. 39. traders seek compensation from contract breach; Apr. p. 63. Production in 1969, plans to increase; Jan. p. 57. Tuna longliner in Atlantic; Jan. p. 57. firms for PHOTOGRAPHY Camera mounted on diving vehicle saves oceano- graphers' time; Apr. p. 17. PIKE USSR, bred inreservoirs supplied with ther- mal water; Nov. p. 48. PILCHARDS South Africa cans for pet food; May p. 57. PLANETARY WAVES Scientists investigate unseen, 1,000-mile long in Pacific; Mar. p. 12. PLASTIC BALLS Blanket of speeds growth rate of young fish at Hunterston, Scotland; May p. 41. POLAND Fish culture is growing; June p. 55. U.S. and sign mid-Atlantic fisheries agree- ment; Oct. p. 1. Vessels: fishing construction, 1968, led world; Aug.- Sept. p. 59. foreign sales promoted; May p. 45. northwest Atlantic, makes good catches; Aug.-Sept. p. 58. trawlers: factory, in northwest Atlantic, economic returns to; June p. 56. stern, built for French, first automated; Aug.- Sept. p. 59. 25 POLLOCK BCF and industry promote New England p. 4. Purse seining for cod and walleye (Soviet) Far East; Dec. p. 47. ; June develops in POLLUTION BCF: method spurs Kodiak's (Alaska) seafood waste management; July p. 28. scientists assess effect of oil bara Channel (Calif.); Mar. p. 6. FAO: 'Fish Culture Bulletin' reports fish farming com- bats ; Aug.-Sept. p. 49. warns of dumping chemical wastes into sea; May p. 33. Fear depletion of North Sea fishery resources; Apr. p. 47. FWPCA increases efforts against fish kills; Oct. 1s Us Glasgow, Dr. Leslie L., testifies on ticides; June p. 8. Interior seeks coastal-zone legislation; Dec. p. 1. Microscopic organisms may help clean up oil : Octapamlite New York, Long Island Sound ade; Nov. p. 22. Port of Harlingen (Texas) fish kill due to prolonged ; Aug.-Sept. p» 21. Thermal endangers fish; Apr. p. 46. USSR build oil-spill "cleaning" vessel; Dec. p. 47. United Kingdom lab will study effects of thermal in Santa Bar- by pes- doubles in dec- ; Dec. p. ol. United Nations calls for world conference on; June ja6 Seis Water: New York research center set up by 9 colleges; June p. 18. USSR: grapples with problems; Oct. p. 61. oil-oxidizing bacteria found in Oct. p. 61. U.S. and 9 states discuss control of; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. World oceans, U.S. contributes 1/3 to 1/2 of indus- trial pollutants found in; Oct. p. 7. research; POLYETHYLENE BAGS Soviets use for freezing fish; July p. 51. PONDS Hungary's fish Sept. p. 65. yield more than fish; Aug.- PORPOISE BCF conducts tuna/ survey in eastern equa- torial Atlantic; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. PORTUGAL U.S.- Jn IE West Germany builds 3 tuna vessels for p. 54. cooperative cruise off W. Africa; Feb. ; July PRICES American Samoa tuna ; Feb. p. 52, May p. 56, June p.71, July p. 66, Aug.-Sept. p.66, Nov. p. 65. 26 PRICES (cont.) Denmark to establish minimum ; Nov. p. 50. Haiti spiny lobster exporters organize to force down exvessel ; Apr. p. 58. Japan: canned: mackerel export to Philippines slumps; June p. 66. whitemeat tuna stocks exhausted, rise; Oct. p. 65. eel set record; May p. 54. salmon set for 1969; July p. 61. sea bream and squid at record high; Feb. p. 50. tuna: albacore summer fishery improves, high; July p. 63. canned in brine stocks drop, p. 53. U.S. 3rd quarter 1969 higher than year earlier; Aug.-Sept. p. 1. rises; May PRODUCTION Mexico, 1968 fishery 1967; May p. 47. Peru fish meal , Jan.-Feb. 1967-69; May p. 49. South & South-West Africa fish oil half 1968-69; Nov. p. 66. was only 2.8% above , first- 'PROFESSOR DERYUGIN' Participates in international fisheries survey off California; Mar. p. 38. 'PROGNOZ' Surveys ichthyoplankton on Georges Bank; June p. 38. PROTEIN Mussels, potential source of high-quality 8 Aug.-Sept. p. 31. Struggle to close Jan. p. 1. gap reported by 60 nations; PUBLICATIONS "An Oceanic Quest,'' goals for decade of ocean ex- ploration outlined; June p. 1. "International Code of Signals,'' 1969, is available; Apr. p. 7. "Man-Made Lakes, Planning and Development;" Aug.-Sept. p. 49. Marine books, new company in Camden, Maine, to publish; Aug.-Sept. p. 10. University curricula in marine sciences published; Nov. p. 11. PUERTO RICO ‘Agustin Stahl' find groupers and snappers in un- ploited area; Nov. p. 23. Buoys, strange, thrive in p. 12. Commercial fishery lab planned by p. 19: Fishery statistics program is set up in p. 14. Tuna industry grows; Mar. p. 19. waters; Aug.-Sept. ; Feb. ; Oct. PURSE SEINING Japan: tuna: albacore, summer fishery improves, prices high; July p. 63. eastern Atlantic fleet reorga eastern Pacific: fails completely; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. owners hope to improve ; Nov. p. 59. USSR, with electric lights may be developed; Nov. p. 48. U.S. for winter industrial fishery deemed im- practical; July p. 8. zed; July p. 62. QATAR Shrimp exports to U.S. and Japan; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. QUAHOGS Demand grows for ocean ; Apr. p. 4. RADIO DISTRESS SIGNALS Coast Guard recommends marine ; May p. 6. RADIOTELEPHONE Sweden, fishing announcements may be coded; Mar. p. 46. RECIPES Crab: curtain call; Jan. p. 64. Dungeness >; Oct psfoe meat - a slimming treat for spring; Apr. p. 68. Fish portions and sticks--fish barbecue; June p. 74. Fish squares are "in" for the "out'' crowd; Aug.- Sept. p. 75. Halibut encore; Jan. p. 64. Maine: sardines, fisherman potatoes au gratin; July p. 72. shrimp clambake; May p. 60. Ocean perch, Seattle seafood spectacular; Oct. p. 82. Salmon blintzes; Mar. p. 58. Trout, rainbow; Feb. p. 54, Aug.-Sept. p. 77. , RED TIDE Marine life killed on west coast of Denmark; Jan. p. 47. REFRIGERATED SEA WATER BCF tests fresh halibut stored in p. 4. RESERVOIRS USSR carp and pike bred in thermal water; Nov. p. 48. RUFAS Underwater research vehicle (remotely controlled) makes debut; June p. 6. SAFETY AT SEA BCF lists wrecks on Georges Bank & Nantucket Shoals; July p. 11. Coast Guard: marine radio distress procedure recommended; May p. 6. U.S. fishing vessels safety problems surveyed; Octipsl. International guide for maritime distress being pre- pared by IMCO; Mar. p. 14. USSR concerned about careless fishing vessel of- ficers; Dec. p. 48. ; Aug.-Sept. supplied with ST. PIERRE-et-MIQUELON Market deteriorates; Jan. p. 49. SALMON Alaska: biologists make 1969 forecast; Mar. p. 17. Bristol Bay, largest run predicted for 1970; Nov. jas IS). BCF helps Cousteau prepare film; Nov. p. 21. Kodiak, excellent run at; Oct. p. 8. pack in 1969 is nearly million cases below 1968's; Nov. p. 19. seeks U.S. funds for earthquake-caused disaster; June p. 18. British sport fishermen blame Danes for decline in catch; Oct. p. 49. California ''fish-lift'’ planned to increase runs; May p. 13. Canada: British Columbia: fishermen land record catch; Mar. p. 42, licensing; Feb. p. 45, Nov. p. 44. salmonid imports restricted; Oct. p. 54. Chinook (king): Columbia River spring record run; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. Great Lakes record stocking scheduled; Apr. p.5. U.S. fry doing well in Hokkaido rivers (Japan); Dec. p. 60. Washington's York); Mar. p. 18. Coho (silver): flown to Lake Ontario (New Chile's southern streams, Pacific introduced in; July p. 58. Oregon shipped nearly 14 million eggs in 1968; Feb. p. 17. swim over Willamette Falls in record numbers; Jan. p. 14. ‘ Denmark high-seas fishing increases; Nov. p. 50. Elk River (Oregon) ultramodern hatchery, Governor dedicates; Apr. p. 27. Fish counting is now televised in Oregon; May p. 14. Fraser River outlook is promising; Aug.-Sept. p. 8. Greenland's 1968 catch is well below 1967's; Apr. p. 51. Iceland increases Japan: canned: export prices rise for red raise price to U.K.; Dec. p. 62. mothership(s): fleets end fishing; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. 1969 quota reached; Oct. p. 65. prices set for 1969; July p. 61. quota for 1969 is 105,000 tons; June p. 63. Low-head dams, research on a system for bypass- ing juvenile around; June p. 27. Norway: ° catches drop; Aug.-Sept. p. 64. drift gill-netting for inside baselines pro- hibited; May p. 39. evaluates coastal fishery; May p. 39. Oregon: flood-control reservoir sets record; July p. 29. plans to develop Willamette's potential; May p. 15. Pacific: fisheries (Conservation Note 15); Mar. p. 58. fishery oceanography: III - ocean temperature and distribution of 8 Oct. p. 34. IV - ocean salinity and distribution of 3 Nov. p. 29. hatchery; Nov. p. 51. ; Oct. p. 65. 27 SALMON Recipe-- Sockeye (red): Alaska's Bristol Bay , U.S. & Japan cooper- ate in research; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. ocean circulation and distribution; Dec. p. 35. Sonar studies Pacific migrations; June p. 48. Trout, steelhead, and culture practiced on lower Columbia River; Apr. p. 5. USSR: electrical fishing for posed; Dec. p. 50. fisheries minister denies Soviets fish British Columbia; Dec. p. 48. scientists return tag; Jan. p. 46. Vaccine effective against disease, Battelle Memorial Institute reports; Jan. p. 12. blintzes; Mar. p. 58. in fresh water pro- off SALT DOMES GOFAR scientists discover in eastern Atlantic; June p. 11. Gulf of Mexico knolls are indicates; Mar. p. 11. , oil core analysis SAMOA, WESTERN (see WESTERN SAMOA) SARDINES Fish protein concentrate, experimental production from Mediterranean 5; Oct. p. 30. Maine: 7 mechanized -processing equipment to be tested; July p. 30. Norwegian holding net tested in Dec. p. 8. promoted nationwide; Mar. p. 19. recipe--fisherman potatoes au gratin; July p. 72. seeks improved method of holding at sea; Oct. p. 8. Mexico builds cannery in Guaymas; Nov. p. 54. San Pedro (Calif.) fleet is in poor economic condi- tion; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. SATELLITES Monitoring West African oceanic front from feasibility of; Oct. p. 24. Wave heights, can be used to measure ?; Apr. p. 20. SAURY BCF tries Japanese 'Boke Ami! (stick-held dip net) method in fishing; Oct. p. 5. Japan: bait: price soars; Jan. p. 56. sample shipped from U.S.; Nov. p. 59. tuna: fishermen hampered by shortage; Apr. p. 62. sought in northeast Pacific; Dec. p. 63. catch drops to record low; Jan. p. 56, Mar. p.53. eastern Pacific fishing is disappointing; Nov. p. 58. new distant-water grounds may help depressed fishery; Oct. p. 64. SCAD ‘Oregon II'finds heavy concentrations of rough off Louisiana; Apr. p. 5. , SCALLOPS BCF: Alaskan fishing log of Dec. p. 7. Pan win mechanical shucker invented by Seattle scientists; _ Oct. p. 4. fishery; explorations distributed; 28 SCALLOPS (cont.) Calico: BCF increases investigation; Feb. p. 14. RUFAS to survey Cape Kennedy beds; June p. 6. Do you know?; Jan. p. 30. Japan import restrictions lifted on Sea: BCF's North Atlantic Region forecast abundance of on New England Banks; Mar. p. 2. situation and outlook; Dec. p. 4. U.S. Atlantic Coast fishery declines further; July p. 7. USSR begins artificial culture of ; Nov. p. 62. ; Nov. p. 48. SCOTLAND Blanket of plastic balls speeds growth rate of young fish at Hunterston, ; May p. 41. SEA BREAM Japan prices record high; Feb. p. 50. SEA CUCUMBERS USSR begins artificial culture of ; Nov. p. 48. SEA FLOOR New evidence reported of S. Atlantic sea-floor spreading; Mar. p. 13. 'SEAFREEZE ATLANTIC! Sails on first fishing trip; Apr. p. 8. SEAL(S) Fur: California rookery increase; Dec. p. 18. Pribilof 1968 skin harvest; Mar. p. 3. USSR airlift from Sakhalin to Batumi aquar- ium on the Black Sea; Mar. p. 45. Harp, Canada bans hunting baby p. 40. Tis Norwegian-USSR cow; Feb. p. 43. in 1970; Dec. commission meets in Mos- SEA LAMPREY Do you know is not an eel?; Feb. p. 25. SEALING Norway makes all subject to concession; May p. 40. SEA LIONS Observed on an Aleutian Island (Alaska); Aug.-Sept. p. 20. 'SEA-SEE! Underwater observation vehicle used to study fish; Jan, p. 20. SEA URCHIN Japan exports paste to France; Dec. p. 62. SEAWEEDS Canada, British Columbia, kelp processing started; Oct. p. 55. Norway uses more MOctome ite Spanish industry; Aug.-Sept. p. 60. USSR extends p. 50. agreement with Japan; June SENEGAL New seafood plant opens; July p. 68. USSR vessel studies fisheries off ; June p. 50. SENSOR Temperature-fish migration relationship, studies; Nov. p. 12. SHARKS Certain sounds attract ; July p. 9. SHELLFISH BCF: economists report sales sluggish this year; Oct. p. 3. Woods Hole Lab. participates in program for blind children; May p. 7. Certification of ; July p. 12. Japan develops more culture seabed areas; July p. 64. Marketing forms of fish and 3 Feb. p. 55. Washington catch rises 12%; Mar. p. 18. SHOAL FISH South & South-West Africa catch, Jan.-Sept. 1968; Mar. p. 57. SHOALS ‘David Starr Jordan" located new EASTROPAC cruises; May p. 4. during SHRIMP Australia: intensive research program to begin; Nov. p. 65. northern territory has poor season; June Deis standards tightened; Oct. p. 73. Brazil exports to U.S. rise sharply; Apr. p. 59. BCF: farming of conducted by Biological Lab- oratory in Galveston, Texas; Dec. p. 75. studies -sorting trawls in Pacific North- west; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. California: catch quota, to recommend rise in; Mar. p. 17. fishery stable and profitable; June p. 20. Canada, Newfoundland fisheries; Feb. p. 44. Cuba receives trawlers from Europe; June p. 62. Ecuador: catch and exports set record, 1968; Nov. p. 56. discovers new bed; Dec. p. 56. Florida farming study wins EDA funds; Nov. p. 23. France building trawlers for Greece; Jan. p. 46. India: deep-water found off Kerala Coast; Jan. heh BEE develops resources; Mar, p. 55. trends; July p. 65. Indonesia frozen p. 63. Japan: buys more Mexican ; Feb. p. 51. contracts to buy from Cuba; Oct. p. 66. frozen imports; Feb. p. 51, Apr. p. 63, Aug.- Sept. p. 69, Nov. p. 62. exports are developing; Nov. SHRIMP (cont.) Japan (cont.) joint venture in: Australia, makes good hauls; June p, 40. Brazil, firm to start fishing; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. Indonesia; Mar. p. 39, July p. 65. West Africa planned; Dec. p. 64. many countries seek help in culture; Dec. p. 60. resources in 5 southeast Asian countries surveyed; Feb. p. 90. teams visit Southeast Asia & Latin America; Nov. p. 63. Massachusetts, Gloucester-based fishery is developing; Aug.-Sept. p. 20. Mexico: production declines; July p. 60. vessels: get new refrigeration plants in U.K., Nov. p. 54. owners and cooperatives on Gulf of Mexico coast sign contract; Dec. p. 56. west coast: decline expected in fishery; Nov. p. 53. research conducted on; Nov. p. 53. Netherlands firm markets new peeler; Jan. p. 48. New England fishery is growing; Oct. p. 4. Oregon ports closed to California-caught 9 Aug.-Sept. p. 21. ‘Oregon II' discovers scarlet prawns off Northeast- ern South America; June p. 4. Pasteurization lengthens storage life; Mar. p. 4. Qatar exports to U.S. and Japan; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. Ralston Purina triples processing capacity at Ko- diak, Alaska; Mar. p. 17. Recipe--Maine clambake; May p. 60. Situation and outlook; Dec. p. 4. Surinam's industry is growing; July p. 59. Sweden: deadline on coloring of extended; Junep. 54. imports: licensed; June p. 54. regulations affected by Kennedy Round; Aug.- Sept. p. 63. trade; Apr. p. 52. Taiwan cultivated successfully 'kuruma' ; Mar. p. 54, Texas: and BCF released 8,000 tagged brown ; Apr. p. 27. crewmen train at Freeport; May p. 17. Trawl: separate from fish and bottom-dwelling ani- mals, a progress report on the development; Mar. p. 20. tests continue, -separator; July p. 9. USSR vessel: finds commercial quantities off Tunisia; May Deak. seeks off Africa; Nov. p. 47. U.S. Situation; Nov. p. 7. SIGNALS "International Code of ,' 1969, is available; Apr. p. 7. SILT Is major killer of young oysters; June p. 5. 29 SINGAPORE Fisheries law, new, takes effect; Mar. p. 54. Fishing industry; Jan. p. 58. SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION U.S. agency loaned $10 million to fishing industry in FY 1968; May p. 5. SMITH, STANFORD H., DR. BCF scientists honored by Wildlife Society; Mar. 195 86 SNAPPERS "Agustin Stahl' finds _in unexploited Puerto Rico area; Nov. p. 23. UNDP/FAO Caribbean project explores for 3 Jan. p. 43. SNIPEFISH Soviets to exploit northeast Atlantic for fish meal; July p. 51. SOLUBLES Denmark production, 1967-68; Apr. p. 52. SONAR Fish schools counted for first time by ; Dec. Deplios 'Jordan's' measures size of fish schools in upper mixed layer; Jan. p. 20. Tuna school, underwater, tracked by ; Nov. p. 9. USSR uses to study Pacific salmon migrations; June p. 48. Whale, destroyer's tracks; Nov. p. 11. SOUTH AFRICA Angolan fishing industry entered by company; Nov. p. 66. Cape Town: industry exhibition slated for Oct. 1969; Mar. p. 57. USSR: 'Bakhchisarai,' research vessel, visits B July p. 47. plan to fish for hake off ; July p. 52, Catches drop; Dec. p. 73. Factoryships, 'Suiderkruis' and 'Willem Barendsz,! do well fishing off northwest Africa; Dec. p. 73. Fishing industry developments; July p. 67. Fish oil production and exports, first half 1968-69; - Nov. p. 66. Pilchards, canned, for pet food; May p. 57. Shoal fish catch; Jan.-Sept. 1968; Mar. p. 57. ‘Suiderkruis,' factoryship, moved to international waters; Dec. p. 73. Tuna: albacore: fishery increases off Angola & ; Oct. p. 74. Japanese longliners fishing off ; July p. 45. bluefin off , Japanese catch many; Oct. p. 74. SOUTH AMERICA ‘Oregon II' discovers scarlet prawns off Northeast- ern ; June p. 4. University of Washington sponsors oceano- graphic tour; Aug.-Sept. p. 15. 'Washington' (Scripps) is studying deep ocean off area paene 30 SOUTH CAROLINA Catfish farming has promise for south; May p. 16. SOUTH DAKOTA Lake Oahe commercial catch increases; May p. 4. SOUTH KOREA Alaska: fisheries off; Apr. p. 36. pictorial report on off; Oct. p. 69. Aquaculture, plans to develop; June p. 67. Atlantic tuna company established; June p. 68. Bering Sea, sets plans for fishing in 1969; Apr. p. 63. Cold storage company gets international loan; May p. 595. Deep-sea fleet is expanding rapidly; Oct. p. 68. El Salvador: invest in deep-sea tuna project; Dec. p. 57. study team: to get; Feb. p. 43. tuna fleet & freezer plant recommended for; June p. 40. tuna longliners, to export; Aug.-Sept. p. 71. Exports, fishery, to increase in 1969; June p. 67. Japan: fish carrier launched; Apr. p. 63. import restrictions, raises issue of; Nov. p. 57. joint venture planned; Nov. p. 43. Marine catch rose over 11% in 1968; Oct. p. 68. New Guinea, to send survey team to; Oct. p. 68. Seoul, Asian tuna conference, third, held in; June p. 63. Trawling in North Pacific fails financially; Dec. p. 64, Value of fisheries is increasing rapidly; Aug.-Sept. Dali fishing & support vessels SOUTH VIETNAM Offshore fishery to be developed; Oct. p. 67. Postwar fisheries expansion planned; June p. 68. SOUTH-WEST AFRICA Catches drop; Dec. p. 73. Fishing industry developments; July p. 67. Fish meal season is underway; May p. 57. Fish oil production & exports, first half 1968-69; Nov. p. 66. Shoal fish catch, Jan.-Sept. 1968; Mar. p. 57. Stricter conservation measures announced; Nov. p. 66. SOUTH YEMEN Offers potential fisheries investment opportunities; July p. 66. SPAIN Builds stern trawler for Cuba; May p. 50. Canned fish industry, 1968 was good year for; June p. 54, Cod-fishing venture in northwest Atlantic, Mexican- ; Jan, p. 51. Cuba acquires 3 factoryships from ; Dec. p.56. Fishing convention with Morocco published; Aug. - Sept. p. 48. Fish-packing industry, trate; Mar. p. 47. attempts to concen- SPAIN Hake fillets, frozen, produced for U.S. market; Dec. p. 54. Seaweed industry; Aug.-Sept. p. 60. SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, BUREAU OF Catfish, walking, restrictions proposed; Oct. p. 6. Fishermen and hunters spent record $168 million in fiscal 1968; May p. 5. Salmon and steelhead trout culture practiced on lower Columbia River; Apr. p. 5. Sensor studies temperature-fish migration relation- ship; Nov. p. 12. Swordfish, Atlantic, first tagged recovered; Dec. p.5. SQUID Japan: import restrictions lifted; Nov. p. 62. prices, record high; Feb. p. 50. STERLET USSR crossbreeds white sturgeon and ; Apr. p. 57. STOCKFISH Norway marketing prospects poor; Apr. p. 49. STRIKES Faroese fishermen ; Mar. p. 43, Apr. p. 52. STURGEON California: tagged: migrate far; Nov. p. 22. yields after 13 years; May p. 14. USSR: attempts artificial culture of sea ; May p. 42. crossbreeds white and sterlet; Apr. p. 57. SUBMARINE 'Sea-See,' underwater observation vehicle used to study fish; Jan. p. 20. SUBSIDIES Canada: price deficiency payments for salted cod begun; June p, 45. ; Quebec does not renew fishing ; Apr. p. 48, France grants to dried cod industry; Nov. p. 51. West Germany support for fishing industry changed in 1968; Jan. p. 47. SUDAN Mother-of-pearl industry grows; Jan. p. 61. ‘SUNRISE! Oregon's tuna scouts sail aboard ; July p. 28. SUPER MARKET INSTITUTE Food buyers from abroad to attend U.S. conference in Atlantic City, N.J., May 11-14; Apr. p. 7. SURINAM Japanese survey team returns from p. 67. Shrimp industry is growing; July p. 59. ; June ‘SURVEYOR! U.S. scientists search bottom of north central Pa- cific aboard ESSA's ; June p. 13. SWEDEN Crayfish, American, will be planted in lakes; June p. 53. Danish trout-egg imports forbidden; Apr. p. 51. FPC used in Biafra; Feb. p. 41. Radiotelephone fishing announcements may be coded; Mar. p. 46. Shrimp: deadline on coloring extended; June p. 54. imports: licensed; June p. 54. regulations affected by Kennedy Round; Aug.- Sept. p. 63. trade; Apr. p. 52. SWITZERLAND Fish meal imports; Aug.-Sept. p. 65. SWORDFISH Atlantic , first tagged recovered; Dec. p. 5. Broadbill, ‘Blue Belle' longlines for ; Mar. p. 8, Apr. p. 30. "David Starr Jordan! finds longlining for com- mercially feasible; Jan. p. 20. TAG(S) Sturgeon yields May p. 14. after 13 years in California; TAGGING Herring- experiment begins, international; Aug.-Sept. p. 46. Lobster 3 is not a game; Jan. p. 14. produces interesting information at Boothbay Har- bor, Maine; Mar. p. 4. TAIWAN Asian bank loans US$10 million to build tuna long- liners; June p. 69. Catch, 1968, increased 15.9%; Apr. p. 64. Fleet buildup, pushes large; Jan. p. 59. IPFC meetings, requests observer status at; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. Shrimp, 'kuruma,' is cultivated successfully; Mar. p. 54. Tuna: fisheries are in trouble; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. marketing firm reactivated; Dec. p. 65. Vessel(s): exports; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. imports; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. seized inside Australia's territorial limit; Dec. p. 74. TANZANIA Lake Victoria landings rise in 1968; Dec. p. 74. TARIFFS Canadian Fisheries Minister Jack Davis asks end of Canada-U.S. fishery ; June p. 46. Government experts report on expanded Nordic economic cooperation; Apr. p. 43. Norway has mixed reaction to U.K. fish; Apr. p. 50. on frozen 31 TAXES Peru, export p. 48. on fish products reinstated; May TEKTITE I - Scientists, 4, will live at 50-foot ocean floor 60 days; Jan. p. 7. II - Scheduled for spring 1970; Dec. p. 7. TELEVISION Salmon counting is now televised in Oregon; May p. 14. TERRITORIAL WATERS Australia: foreign vessels in 12-mile zone; Feb. p. 52. Taiwanese vessel seized inside ; Dec. p. 74. Brazil extended her to 12 miles; July p. 60. Canada: baselines, new, drawn for July p. 48. exclusive fishing zones planned; June p. 42. foreign fishing vessel entry tightened by govern- ment; May p. 37. Cuban fishing vessel ('Alecrin') seized by Venezuela; Mar. p. 40. FAO published guide on national coastal waters; May p. 29. U.S.: and Japan sign agreement; Jan. p. 42. fishermen get protection against losses from ves- sel seizure; Feb. p. 14. and fishing limits; TEXAS Biologist tests effects of lunar materials on aquatic species; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. BCF home economist to broadcast over the Spanish- language radio station KCOR, San Antonio; Aug. - Sept. p. 10. Catfish: farming grows in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. male, freed by electric brooder; June p. 26. Deep-water fishery off between 50 and 300 fms., a preliminary review of the potential; Apr. p. 28. Oysters in San Antonio Bay, p. 26. Pollution, Port of Harlingen fish kill due to pro- longed; Aug.-Sept. p. 21. Shrimp: brown, tagged, 8,000 released; Apr. p. 27. crewmen train at Freeport; May p. 17. farming carried out at BCF's Biological Labora- tory in Galveston; Dec. p. 75. Stocking farm ponds; advice for; Aug.-Sept. p. 21. restock; June THAILAND Carp breeding, large scale, begins; Oct. p. 66. Expansion of deep-sea fisheries planned; Junep. 69. TRADE AGREEMENT USSR & Iceland renew ; Feb. p. 43. TRANSPORTATION Shipping exhibition scheduled for Greece; Feb. p. 41. TRAWL(S) BCF Seattle EF&GRB show fishermen how to con- struct economically; Mar. p. 5. 32 TRAWL(S) (cont.) Machine for winding cable; Jan. p. 31. Method for protecting lake trout taken in 3 Apr. p. 33. Shrimp: separates shrimp from fish and bottom-dwelling animals, a progress report on the development of a; Mar. p. 20. separator tests continue; July p. 9. sorting in Pacific Northwest, BCF studies; Aug.-Sept. p. 4. USSR: bathyscaphe used to study behavior of fish in nets; Nov. p. 48. bottom , new design; July p. 51. TRAWLERS Canada to build semifactory for frozen her- ring production; May p. 35. Denmark: Faroe Islands: first factory received; Feb. p. 47. stern for; July p. 53. France building shrimp Ghana releases Soviet Greenland's first modern ermen; Oct. p. 58. Japan: Canadian restrictions faced; Sept. p. 67. plans to build super ; Nov. p. 60. shrimp active off Guianas; Apr. p. 62. Polish factory in Northwest Atlantic, econom- ic returns to; June p. 56. Stern: Cuba: East Germany: builds 5 for; Jan. p. 51. delivers one; Mar. p. 40. Spain: builds for; May p. 50. receives 74 of 90; June p. 62. Poland builds first automated owners; Aug.-Sept. p. 59. USSR factory equipped with underwater electric lights; Dec. p. 48. USSR catamaran tested successfully in North Atlantic; Apr. p. 56. for Greece; Jan. p. 46. ; Apr. p. 65. for French United Kingdom, fleet expansion plans of Ranger Co. approved; Oct. p. 56. United States fishermen's problems, a voy- age points up; Nov. p. 24. TRAWLING Canadian midwater herring successful; Feb. p. 45. ; Iceland permits within fishery limits; Mar. p. 46. Japanese exploratory disappointing in north- east Atlantic; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. South Korean Dec, p. 64. USSR conducts midwater Africa; Aug.-Sept. p. 55. TRINIDAD 'Calamar' explores for snapper between and French Guiana; Jan, p. 43. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Fishing complex planned; Mar. p. 50. will train local fish- in North Pacific fails financially; explorations off NW TROPICAL FISH Juvenile raised in lab, reports University of Miami's Institute of Marine Science; Mar. p. 8. TROUT Aircraft planted 4.1 million in California in 1968; Feb. p. 17. Danish egg imports, Norway and Sweden for- bids; Apr. p. 51. Farmers meet in October at Traverse City, Michi- gan; Aug.-Sept. p. 10. Lake: method for protecting p. 33. record stocking in Great Lakes scheduled; Apr. p. 5. releases in Lakes Superior & Michigan approach 30 million; Jan. p. 10. Low-head dams, research on a system for bypassing juvenile around; June p. 27. Rainbow: fish food facts; Aug.-Sept. p. 77. recipe; Feb. p. 54, Aug.-Sept. p. 78. USSR bred in cages; Feb. p. 49. Raised in sea water in Norway; Feb. p. 46. Steelhead: and salmon culture practiced in lower Columbia River; Apr. p. 5. Willamette (Oregon) population increased in State program; Apr. p. 26. taken in trawls; Apr. TUNA Albacore: American Samoa fishing good in January; Mar, p. 56. Japan: discovered off Kurils; Dec. p. 59. export prices rose in May, Atlantic-caught; July p. 62. fishery increases off Angola & S. Africa; Oct. p. 74. longliners fishing in Atlantic; July p. 45. summer fishery; May p. 55, June p. 65, Julyp. 63. temperate forecasting is expanded in Oregon-Wash- ington waters; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. American Samoa prices; Feb. p. 52, May p. 56, June p. 71, July p. 66, Aug.-Sept. p. 66, Oct. p. 73, Nov. p. 65. Asian Conference, third, held in Seoul, South Korea; June p. 63. Australia, New South Wales catch sets record; May p. 56. Bluefin: Japan: ‘Azuma Maru No, 37! fails to find west Atlantic; Dec. p. 58. catches many off S. Africa; Oct. p. 74. southern fishery developments; June p. 65, July p. 64. transits Pacific; Oct. p. 5., BCF conducts /porpoise survey in eastern equatorial Atlantic; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. California landings, commercial, and ship- ments declined in 1968; July p. 31. Canned in brine import quota set; May p. 5. Ecuador production and exports declined in 1968; Nov. p. 56. Fiji landings rise in 1969; Dec, p. 74. Forecasting world demand for to the year 1990; Dec, p. 24. in south- TUNA (cont.) France: landings for packers declined in 1968; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. may support French-African industry; Dec. p. 53. seiner, new, completes shake-down; Dec. p. 54. tag in eastern Atlantic; Nov. p. 43. International treaty comes into force; May p. 29. Italian-Ivory Coast company formed; May p. 30. Japan: albacore, summer fishery nears end; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. and Mauritius launch joint packing venture; Dec. p. 64. 'Azuma Maru No. 37,' research vessel, finds promising grounds in S. Atlantic; Nov. p. 59. bait: saury: fishermen hampered by shortage; Apr. p. 62. sought in northeast Pacific; Dec. p. 63. canned: brand promotion in U.S. pushed in advertising; June p. 65. production dropped in 1968; July p. 61. promotion will be increased; June p. 66. sales dropped in 6-month period; Feb, p. 51. U.S. industry to be surveyed; Oct. p. 66. whitemeat stocks exhausted, prices rise; Oct. p. 65. canned in brine: exports to U.S., 1968; Apr. p. 61. stocks drop, prices rise; May p. 53. catches and exports declined in 1968; Dec. p. 61. cold storages are planned to steady prices; Jan. p. 55. cultivation, artificial, will be tried; Nov. p. 59. distant-water fishing, report on; June p. 64, eastern Pacific: purse seiners: doing poorly; June p. 64. fails completely; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. five licensed for fishery; Mar. p. 53. owners hope to improve purse seining; Nov. 1b Bo seek cause for poor fishing; July p. 62. exports: canned: higher prices fixed to U.S.; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. premium increased on; Nov. p. 61. canned in oil decline; Nov. p. 62. frozen: dip in first-half 1969; Nov. p. 61. rose in 1968; Mar. p. 53. targets set for BY 1969; May p. 53. to U.S.; May p. 53, June p. 65, Aug.-Sept. p. 68. to Italy increase; Dec. p. 62. fishery, 1969, starts slowly; May p. 52. fishery regulation urged; May p. 52. fishing off Chile poor; Feb. p. 42. fleet changes little; Apr. p. 61. frozen, commission sales grow; Nov. p. 61. imports: and other fish, reports 1968; May p. 51. are increasing; Dec. p. 62. restrictions urged; Dec. p. 61. 33 TUNA Japan: longliners: built; Feb. p. 51, Apr. p. 62. some are losing money; Dec. p. 58. two modern ones ordered; Nov. p. 60. 'Yakushi Maru No. 38,' new, performs well; Nov. p. 60. packers troubled by high costs and low yield; Dec. p. 60. seine/pole fishing vessel, may build; July p. 65. seining off Africa slow; Feb. p. 42. South Atlantic 1968 survey reported; Dec. p. 63. U.S. products, competition from new; Jan. p. 55. Larvae collected during EQUALANT surveys in Tropical Atlantic; Nov. p. 33. Larval reared for first time in TABL in Florida; June p. 7, Dec. p. 32. Oregon scouts sail aboard 'Sunrise;' July p. 28. Philippine longliner in Atlantic; Jan. p. 57. Puerto Rico's industry grows; Mar. p. 19. Purse seine fishery in eastern tropical Atlantic; Nov. p. 27. Searching for Skipjack: Hawaii: below average season forecast; May p. 3. economics of fishing industry examined; Oct. p. 9. Japan to survey in eastern Pacific; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. South Korea: El Salvador: rs exports to; Aug.-Sept. p. 71. invests in deép-sea project; Dec. p. 57. team recommends fleet & freezer plant for; June p. 40. establishes Atlantic Taiwan: Asian bank loans US$10 million to build longliners; June p. 69. fisheries are in trouble; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. marketing firm reactivated; Dec. p. 65. Underwater school tracked by sonar; Nov. p. 9. U.S.: fishermen catch many p. 15. fleet carrying capacity increases; Oct. p. 5. Pacific fleet grows; Jan. p. 11. rejects more Japanese ; Jan. p. 55. West Germany builds 3 vessels for Portugal; July p. 54. Yellowfin: BCF allows larger incidental catch by small seiners; Oct. p. 4. eastern Pacific: BCF lowers incidental catch rate for by bait boats in regulatory area of; July p. 8. catch rate is changed; Nov. p. 6. French new seiner may fish in; Mar. p. 47. Japan: fishery regulated; June p. 63. ‘Hayabusa Maru No. 3' advised not to fish in; Jan. p. 59. seiners fish in; May p. 54. TUNISIA Soviet vessel finds commercial shrimp quantities off ; May p. 31. ; July p. 35. company; June p. 68. off West Africa; Jan. 34 TURBOT 'Greenland Apr. p. 48. ,' Canada begins promotion of; TURTLES World program launched to conserve sea S June p. 38. UNDERWATER LAB East Germay to test first ; Mar. p. 46. 'UNDAUNTED' U.S.: -Portuguese cooperative cruise off West Africa; Feb. p. 17. transmits on-the-spot information about locations of tuna schools to fleet; Jan. p. 15. USSR Academy of Sciences, fishermen asked to aid; July p. 50. Africa, northwest, conducts midwater trawl- ing explorations off; Aug.-Sept. p. 55. Antarctic cod, deep-water trawling takes; Nov. p. 47. Artificial culture of sea cucumbers and scallops begins; Nov. p. 48. Azov Sea, proposes dam to protect; Nov. p. 47. Baltic Sea, international research, cooperates in; July p. 50. Barrels, fish, new method for sealing devised; Aug.- Sept. p. 55. Bathyscaphe used to study behavior of fish in trawl nets; Nov. p. 48. Behavior, fish, conference; Apr. p. 56. Bottom trawl, new designed; July p. 51. Canada seizes and fines trawlers; Oct. p. 54, Canary Islands, fishing fleets now based on; Oct. p. 62. Careless fishing vessel officers, about; Dec. p. 48. Caribbean fishery study tour sponsored by FAO and ; July p. 46. Catch transfers at sea, Dec. p. 47. Caviar, to buy Iranian; May p. 45. Computerized model of world oceans planned; June p. 49. Continental shelf research off northern coast; forbids British; Dec. p. 50. Council of Ministers prods Ministry of Fisheries; Apr. p. 54. concerned hopes to improve; Crab, king, dried shells used by film industry; Aug.- Sept. p. 56. Crayfish, fresh-water, industry; Feb. p. 48. Crustaceans and fishes, fresh-water, culture im- proved; June p. 48. Economists, top-level fishery, confer; Dec. p. 49. Efficiency experts' and inventors! roles are em- phasized; Aug.-Sept. p. 55. Film on oceans, produces full-length; Mar. p. 45. Fisheries Minister replies to reprimand; May p. 44. Fishery summit meeting held in Leningrad; Dec. p. 49. Fish meal: exports dropped in 1968; Dec. p. 50. pneumatic conveyors being developed; Dec. p. 50. USSR Fish-processing equipment, use at sea; Mar. p. 45. Georges Bank: haddock recruitment continues to fail (joint cruises of BCF's 'Albatross IV' and 'Blesk'); Jan. fay Til ichthyoplankton jointly surveyed by U.S. & ; June p. 38. Ghana releases trawlers; Apr. p. 65. Hake off Cape Town, South Africa, plans to fish for; July p. 52. Herring, North Sea stocks, scientists pessimistic about future of; Oct. p. 60. Ichthyology laboratory, new, opens; July p. 50. International fisheries survey off California, participates; Mar. p. 38. Japan: acoustical devices, Nov. p. 48. crab-fishing conference: ends; May p. 31. held; Apr. p. 47. herring: exports to; Oct. p. 62. Pacific & flounder depletion, p. 60. marine products, 1969; Dec. p. 49. seaweed agreement extended with; June p. 50. Krill paste is successful on Moscow markets; Oct. p. 62. Laboratory, underwater, is planned; Aug.-Sept. p. 54. Maritime committee, may join international; July p. 50. Minced fish, fisheries minister promotes; Nov. p. 49. Northwest Pacific fisheries meeting opens; Mayp. 29. Norway, United Kingdom, and survey Barents Sea; Nov. p. 43. Oceanographic research with Japan and France, conducts joint; Oct. p. 53. Ocean perch: cleaning machine in production; Apr. p. 56. Pacific, research conducted on; Mar, p. 44, Policies of Fisheries Ministry attacked; Apr. p. 55. Polyethylene bags used for freezing fish; July p. 51. Purse seining: for cod and walleye pollock develops in Far East; Dec. p. 47. with electric lights may be developed; Nov. p. 48. Raise freshwater fish in sea water; Aug.-Sept. p. 54, Research, fishery, scheduled through 1975; Jan. p. 49. Salmon: electrical fishing in fresh water, Dec. p. 50. fisheries minister denies Columbia; Dec. p. 48. sonar studies Pacific migrations; June p. 48. Saury, Atlantic, may fish with electric lights; Aug.-Sept. p. 53. Sealing commission, Norwegian- Moscow; Feb. p. 43. Seals, fur, airlift from Sakhalin to Batumi aquarium on the Black Sea; Mar. p. 45. Shrimp: commercial quantities, sia; May p. 31. vessel seeks off Africa; Nov. p. 47. develops new for finds unsatisfactory; blames; Oct, exports $6.3 million in proposes; fishing off British ,» meets in vessel finds off Tuni- USSR (cont.) Snipefish for fish meal, to exploit northeast Atlantic; July p. 51. Sportfishing depletes commercial stocks; Dec. p. 48. Sturgeon: sea, artificial culture attempted; May p. 42. white, and sterlet crossbred; Apr. p. 57. Suggestion box proves valuable fishing gear; June p. 49. Thermal water, carp and pike bred in reservoirs supplied with; Nov. p. 48. Trade agreement, & Iceland renew; Feb. p. 43. Trout, rainbow, bred in cages; Feb. p. 49. U.S.: mid-Atlantic coast, fishing off; Jan. p. 38. revisions of international agreements with Japan and affecting Alaskan fisheries; June p. 30. salmon tag, return; Jan. p. 46. Vessel(s): 'Aelita' visits Port Louis, Mauritius; June p. 70. 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruises in equatorial Atlan- tic; Apr. p. 57. 'Bakhchisarai,! research, visits Cape Town, South Africa; July p. 47. 'Blesk' studies fisheries off Senegal; June p. 50. catamaran trawler tested successfully in North Atlantic; Apr. p. 56. ~~ 'Ekliptika,' research, arrives at Woods Hole (Mass.); Nov. p. 15. | far eastern fleetfaces repair problems; Aug.-Sept. p. 53. longliners to fish cod and halibut in North Atlantic; Feb. p. 48. oil-spill "cleaning" is built; Dec. p. 47. purse seiners, 70-80, fish mackerel in North Sea; May p. 42. sealing fleet, far eastern, is aging; Aug.-Sept. p. 54. seiners for Pacific fleet being built in Siberia; May p. 43. 'Sever-2,'new, underwater research, tested; June p. 48. tankers used to transport fish meal; Dec. p. 47. trawler, stern factory, equipped with underwater electric lights; June p. 48, Dec. p. 48. 'Vitiaz:" 44th cruise in equatorial Pacific; Mar. p. 44, Apr. p. 57, June p. 49. 45th scientific cruise; July p. 52. Water pollution: oil-oxidizing bacteria found in; Oct. p. 61. problems, grapples with; Oct. p. 61. Water salinity, new device determines; June p. 49. Whaling: flotilla calls at Las Palmas, Canary Islands; July p. 46. season, prepares for 1968/69; Feb. p. 48. Yugoslav experts visit ; Jan. p. 46. UNITED KINGDOM Aids fisheries in developing countries; Dec. p. 51. Dogfish is becoming popular; Nov. p. 52. Faroese fresh fish deliveries to decline; Aug.+Sept. p. 62. Fishing industry experts forecast to 1975; Dec. p. 51. Fish meal use rose 100,000 tons, 1968; June p. 54. Fish supplies, larger, exceed demand; Oct. p. 56. Frozen fish: fillets, puts 10% tariff on; Jan. p. 49. production breaks record; Aug.-Sept. p. 56. 35 UNITED KINGDOM 'Hydra,' --international scientific expedition drifts across Atlantic Ocean; Feb. p. 22. Merger creates fishing fleet of 120 vessels; July p. 52. Mexican shrimp vessels to get new refrigeration plant in ; Nov. p. 54. Norway: mixed reaction to tariff on frozen fish; Apr. p. 90. USSR, and survey Barents Sea; Nov. p. 43. Plastic: irs balls speeds growth rate of young fish, blanket of; May p. 41. fish box developed; Aug.-Sept. p. 58. Salmon: canned, Japan raises price to ; Dec. p. 62. catch decline, sport fishermen blame Danes for; Oct. p. 49. Scottish board has invested US$3.6 million in fish- eries; Oct. p. 57. ‘Seabed Crawler,' builds; May p. 41. Thermal pollution, lab will study effects of; Dec. p- ol. Trawler fleet, Ranger Co. plans increase in; Oct. 1h DG. USSR forbids continental shelf research off northern coast; Dec. p. 50. White Fish Authority: interest rates on fishery loans raised; Apr. p. 53, Nov. p. 52. loan funds needed; Atig.-Sept. p. 56. services, new, offered; Aug.-Sept. p. 57. UNITED NATIONS Caribbean fishery development project; Jan. p. 43. Pollution, calls for world conference on; June p. 38. Protein gap, struggle to close reported by 60 nations; Jan. p. 1. UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Caribbean project explores for snapper; Jan. p. 43. Cuba elected to governing council; Aug.-Sept. p. 66. UNITED STATES Alaska: fisheries, revisions of international agreements with Japan and USSR: June p. 30. Kodiak may be no. 2 fishing port; Jan. p. 12. Argentina and conduct oceanographic project; June p. 39. Brazil shrimp exports to | rise sharply; Apr. p. 59. Broad effort urged to understand, use and preserve oceans; Feb. p. 1. Coast Guard surveys fishing vessels safety problems; Oct. p. 7. Decade of ocean exploration, objectives for and world participation outlined; June p. 1. Ferro cement fishing boats are being built; Mar. p. 3. Fish consumption in 1968 was highest since 1954; Mar. p. 1. Fishermen: and hunters spent record $168 million in fiscal 1968; May p. 5. caught 4,1 billion pounds in 1968 worth $471.5 million; Apr. p. 1. problems, trawler's voyage points up; Nov. p. 24. 36 UNITED STATES (cont.) Fishery products: consumption is stable; Dec. p. 3. overseas trade shows, to be promoted at; July jay iil. Fishing industry in FY 1968 received $10 million from agency; May p. 5. Fish meal: Chile: and Peru shipped to , charges up 10% for; June p. 39. raises cost of shipping to ; Jan. p. 52. Fish protein concentrate program; Jan. p. 25. Food buyers from abroad to attend confer- ence in Atlantic City, N.J.; Apr. p. 7. Foreign fishing off ; Jan. p. 18, Feb. p. 24, Mar. p. 15, Apr. p. 21, May p. 10, June p. 15, July p. 23, Aug.-Sept. p. 16, Oct. p. 21, Nov. p. 16, Dec. p. 21. France and will cooperate in oceanography; Feb. p. 41. Great Lakes: commercial fishery production declined in 1968; Dec. p. 16. landings dropped in first-half 1968; Jan. p. 10. Groundfish imports: fillet tariff-rate quota set for 1969; Mar. p. 3. industry hurt by; July p. 1. Hake fillets, frozen, for duced; Dec. p. 54. Halibut: fishing effort declines; Jan. p. 11. Pacific landings increase; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Icelanders, prominent, visit; Oct. p. 59. Ichthyoplankton on Georges Bank, jointly survey; June p. 38. market, Spain pro- & USSR Japan: fishing firms explore off east coast; Mar. p. 54. fish paste ('kamaboko') shipped to ; June p. 66. salmon research, cooperate in; Aug.-Sept. p. 5. two agreements Signed; Jan. p. 42. Mapping state's sea boundaries, and Florida are; Oct. p. 17. Marine-science activities, program to strengthen is announced; Nov. p. l. Menhaden made up nearly one-third of total landings; Jan. p. 16. National water commission to consult with Gover- nors; July p. 10. Norwegian exports of frozen fish rise to ; Oct. p. 58. Poland and sign mid-Atlantic fisheries agree- ment; Oct. p. 1. Portuguese- cooperative cruise off W. Africa; Feb. p. 17. Qatar exports shrimp to ; Aug.-Sept. p. 72. Saury, bait, sample shipped from ; Nov. p.59. Scallop, sea, Atlantic coast fishery declines further; July p. 7. Shellfish certified; July p. 12. Shrimp situation; Nov. p. 7. Silt is major killer of young oysters; June p. 95. Soviet fishing off mid-Atlantic coast; Jan, p. 38. Tariffs, fishery, Canadian Fisheries Minister Jack Davis asks end of Canada- ; June p. 46. UNITED STATES Tuna: canned in brine import quota; May p. 5. fleet: carrying capacity increases; Oct. p. 5. grows in eastern Pacific; Jan. p. 11. Japan: canned: brand promotion in pushed in advertising; June p. 65. export prices fixed higher to ; Aug.-Sept. p. 68. : industry, , to be surveyed; Oct. p. 66. competition faced from new product; Jan. p. 55. exports, frozen; May p. 53, June p. 65, Aug.-Sept. p. 68. yellowfin, rejects more; Jan. p. 55. larval fish reared for first time at TABL in Flor- ida; June p. 7. West African fishermen catch many; Jan. p. 15. Underutilized species have new market potential as feed; May p. 4. Vessels have electronic equipment, 5 of 6; Mar, p. 3. Water: pollution, and 9 states discuss control of; Aug.-Sept. p. 6. standards of all 50 states now approved; May p. 5. Whaling catch regulations published; June p. 5. World oceans, contributes 1/3 to 1/2 of indus- trial pollutants found in; Oct. p. 7. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON S. American oceanographic tour, Aug.-Sept. p. 15. sponsors; VACCINE Battelle reports ease; Jan. p. 12. effective against salmon dis- VENEZUELA Cuban fishing vessel seized by ; Mar. p. 40. VESSELS ‘Agustin Stahl' finds snappers and groupers in Puerto Rican unexploited area; Nov. p. 23. Alaskan waters, Coast and Geodetic survey; June p. 11. ‘Albatross IV' survey shows a further drop in had- dock abundance; June p. 4. ALCOA is building deep-ocean search and recovery ; Oct. p. 18. 'Argo,' Scripps', sails to study drilling sites; Mar. p. 13. Boat capsizings claim most lives; Coast Guard says; May p. 6. California (San Pedro) wetfish fleet is in poor eco- nomic condition; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. Canada: FPC factoryships, retired weather ships to be con- verted to; Feb. p. 45. foreign fishing entry, government tightens controls on; May p. 37. lobster will be licensed; Mar. p. 41. Japanese fishing seized; May p. 31. Cuba: acquires 3 factoryships from Spain; Dec. p. 56. Venezuela seizes ; Mar. p. 40. VESSELS (cont.) East Germany: conducts oceanographic research in Baltic; June js BH, shipyards can build 5,000 tons of fishing a month; Mar. p. 46. FAO fishing fleet in operation; Dec. p. 43. Faroese rebuilding fishing fleet; Dec. p. 52. 'Ferrel' to evaluate Nation's first estuarine pre- diction service in Maine; Apr. p. 18. Ferro cement fishing boats are being built by Marine View Boat Building Co. in Tacoma, Wash.; Mar. p. 3. Financial aid provided for Sept. p. 5. 'Franklin' scientists ''amazed'' by fish abundance off New Jersey; Oct. p. 20. French 'Jacques-Coeur,' new tuna seiner, com- pletes shake-down; Dec. p. 54. 'Geronimo'--a 1968 survey in Gulf of Mexico: winter waters of Yucatan Straits; Feb. p. 33. International guide for maritime distress being pre- pared by IMCO; Mar. p. 14. Japan: 'Azuma Maru:! No. 31 fishing off Chile poor; Feb. p. 42. No. 37: southwest Atlantic: fails to find bluefin tuna in; Dec. p. 58. finds promising grounds in; Nov. p. 59. construction of 859 fishing authorized in FY 1968; June p. 67. exported more fishing ; Nov. p. 60. 'Kaiyo Maru! trawls off Peru and Chile; Jan. p. 56. salmon motherships: fleets end fishing; Aug.-Sept. p. 67. reach 1969 quota; Oct. p. 65. South Korean fish carrier launched in; Apr. p. 63. 'Tenyu Maru No. 37,' new gill net longliner, fishing in Bering Sea; June p. 66. tuna: boat-carrying mothership, new, is in eastern Pa- cific; June p. 65. fleet changes little; Apr. p. 61. longliners: built; Feb. p. 51, Apr. p. 62. France buys for Indian Ocean base; Aug.-Sept. p. 62. some are losing money; Dec. p. 58. two modern ones ordered; Nov. p. 60. 'Yakushi Maru No. 38,' new, performs well; Nov. p. 60. purse seiners: eastern Pacific: doing poorly in; June p. 64. five licensed for fishery; Mar. p. 53. fisheries agency builds 1,500-ton; Nov. p. 61. fleet withdrawn from eastern Atlantic; Dec. p. 58. report good fishing off West Africa; Nov. p. 58. seine/ pole fishing » may build; July p. 65. yellowfin: 'Hayabusa Maru No. 3! advised not to fish for; Jan. p. 55. eastern Pacific: purse seiner(s): one only to try in 1970; Dec. p. 59. fish in; May p. 54. "Melville,' Scripps’ newest, nearly ready for work; Oct. p. 20. by BCF; Aug.- late- 37 VESSELS Mexican shrimp to get new refrigeration plants in U.K.; Nov. p. 54. Multipurpose (king crab), 5 ordered by Pan Alaska Fisheries, Inc.; July p. 28. Navy orders unusual oceanographic ship; Jan. p. 17. Norway's 'Pero,' exploratory , finds good fish- ing on Georges Bank; May p. 40. ‘Oregon II' discovered scarlet prawns (bright red shrimp) off northeastern South America; June p. 4. Poland: led world in 1968 fishing Sept. p. 59. ae promotes sales of her fishing Purse seiner(s): France's new tuna , 'Biscaya,' slated for West African waters; July p. 45. Peru builds fiberglass; Jan. p. 51. U.S. small allowed larger incidental yellow- fin tuna catch; Oct. p. 4. 'Seafreeze Atlantic! sails on first fishing trip; Apr. jos 8s South African factoryship(s): do well fishing off northwest Africa; Dec. p. 73. moves to international waters; Dec. p. 73. South Korea: deep-sea fleet is expanding rapidly; Oct. p. 68. pictorial report on fishing and support off Alaska; Oct. p. 69. Swordfish longlining is commercially feasible; Jan. p. 20. is Taiwan: Asian bank loans US$10 million to build tuna long- liners; June p. 69. Australia seizes Dec. p. 74. imports and exports USSR: 'Aelita,' research tius; June p. 70. 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruises in equatorial Atlan- tic; Apr. p. 57. : 'Bakhchisarai,' research South Africa; July p. 47. 'Blesk' studies fisheries off Senegal; June p. 50. concerned about careless fishing- officers; Dec. p. 48. 'Hkliptika,' research . (Mass.); Nov. p. 15. far eastern fleet: faces repair problems; Aug.-Sept. p. 53. sealing, is aging; Aug.-Sept. p. 54. longliners to fish cod and halibut in North Atlantic; construction; Aug.- ; May p. 45. inside territorial limit; ; Aug.-Sept. p. 70. , visits Port Louis, Mauri- , visits Cape Town, , arrives at Woods Hole Feb. p. 48. oil-spill "cleaning" is built; Dec. p. 47. seiners: for Pacific fleet being built in Siberia; May p. 43. 70-80 fish mackerel in North Sea; May p. 42. shrimp: 'Akademik Knipovich!' finds commercial quantities off Tunisia; May p. 31. 'Skakhtersk! seeks off Africa; Nov. p. 47. stern factory trawlers, builds new; June p. 48. underwater research tested, new; June p. 48. 'Vitiaz' cruises; Mar. p. 44, Apr. p. 57, June p. 49, July p. 52. United Kingdom: builds ''seabed crawler;'' May p. 41. merger creates fishing fleet of 120; July p. 52. 38 VESSELS (cont.) United States: electronic equipment, 5 of 6 fishing Mar. p. 3. fishermen get protection against losses from seizure; Feb. p. 14. safety problems, Coast Guard surveys fishing STOCtaI DEM. tuna fleet carrying capacity increases; Oct.p.5. ‘Washington! (Scripps) is studying deep ocean off South America; Jan. p. 17. West Germany builds 3 tuna July p. 54. have; for Portugal; VIETNAM, NORTH (see NORTH VIETNAM) VIETNAM, SOUTH (see SOUTH VIETNAM) VIRGIN ISLANDS Four scientists will live at 50-foot ocean floor 60 days (TEKTITE ]): Jan. p. 7. Tektite II is scheduled for spring 1970; Dec. p. 2. VIRGINIA EDA extends oyster study; Mar. p. 18. WAGES New minimum set for fishery workers in American Samoa; June p. 72. WARNING SYSTEM Hawaii will get new experimental tsunami (seismic sea waves) ; Feb. p. 22. WASHINGTON Bathymetric chart, new, of able; Mar. p. 14. EDA funds help sea industries study on the Lummi Indian Reservation in ; Mar. p. 4. Fish oil research at Seattle Technology Laboratory; Jan. p. 23. Puget Sound: geoduck clams, commercial quantities found in; Oct. p. 8. sd hake landings reach 9 million pounds; Nov. p. 23. Salmon, chinook, flown to Lake Ontario, New York; Mar. p. 18. Seattle gets ready for FISH EXPO '69; Aug.-Sept. jor Ul Shellfish catch rises 12%; Mar. p. 18. Strait of Juan de Fuca, salinity front at entrance to; Aug.-Sept. p. 36. Tacoma, , Marine View Boat Building Co. con- structing two ferro cement fishing vessels; Mar. p. 3. Temperate tuna forecasting is expanded in waters; Aug.-Sept. p. 2. coast now avail- 'WASHINGTON' Studying deep ocean off South America; Jan. p. 17. WASHINGTON, D. C. U.S. and Japan sign 2 agreements in ; Jan. p. 42. WATER SALINITY Soviet's new device determines ; June p. 49. WATER STANDARDS Interior now approved of all 50 states; May p. 5. WENK, DR., EDWARD, JR. Comments on 5-point program to strengthen U.S. marine-science activities; Nov. p. 4. WEST AFRICA Japan: purse seiner(s): 'Biscaya' slated for new; July p. 45. report good fishing off shrimp joint ventures planned in waters, France's ; Nov. p. 58. ; Dec. p. 64. Satellites, feasibility of monitoring oceanic front from; Oct. p. 24. United States: fishermen catch many tuna off ; Jan. p. 15. Portuguese cooperative cruise off 3 Heb.p. 175 WESTERN SAMOA Seeks Japanese fishery aid; Aug.-Sept. p. 66. WEST GERMANY Fish-washing machine developed, new; May p. 72. Government support for fishing industry changed in 1968; Jan. p. 47. International scientific expedition drifts across Atlantic: 'Meteor;' Feb. p. 22. 'Planet;' Feb. p. 22. International symposium on cultivation of marine organisms; Aug.-Sept. p. 65. Interocean '70 slated; Dec. p. 55. Japanese canned fish exports to Oct. p. 66. Oceanography, a review of ; Apr. p. 53. Trade minister outlines fishery policies; Oct. p. 59. Tuna vessels (3) built for Portugal; July p. 54. U.S. fishery products to be promoted at overseas trade shows (Cologne--Oct. 4-10); July p, 11.’ increase; WETFISH San Pedro fleet is in poor economic condition; Aug.-Sept. p. 3. WHALES Destroyer's sonar tracks North Pacific: and Antarctic catches reported in 1968/69; Oct. p. 51. Japanese quota allotted; Mar. p. 52. ; Nov. p. 11. WHALING Antarctic: expedition: Japanese whaling ends; May p. 54. Norway to take part in ; Aug.-Sept. p. 63, Japan sends fleets to; Jan. p. 56. quotas set for 1969/70 season; Aug.-Sept. p. 47. Catch regulations published; June p. 5. Japan: and Canada conduct joint venture; Apr. p, 46, North Pacific is successful; Nov. p. 58. USSR: flotilla calls at Las Palmas, Canary Islands; July p. 46. prepares for 1968/69 WHITE FISH Iceland's WISCONSIN University opens eutrophication center; Apr. p. 6. season; Feb. p. 48. catches increase; June p. 52. es WORLD Computerized model of p. 49. Decade of ocean exploration, objectives for U.S. and participation outlined; June p. 1. oceans planned; June FAO says will need 100 million tons of fish by 1985; May p. 32. Fish meal: manufacturers examine trends; Dec. p. 44. production: and trade set records in 1968; Oct. p. 50. 1968 was 6% over 1967; Apr. p. 44. Fish oil production and exports set record in 1968; Oct. p. 51. Hickle urges action to protect and develop Arctic resources; Oct. p. 6. Maps, four new, show distribution of known and potential subsea mineral areas; Oct. p. 20. Norway, 'Frionor' makes impact on fish mar- ket; Dec. p. 52. Poland led in 1968 fishing vessel construc- tion; Aug.-Sept. p. 59. 39 WORLD Pollution, United Nations calls for conference on; June p. 38. Tuna to the year 1990, forecasting demand for; Dec. p. 24. Turtles, sea, program launched to conserve; June fob Gis, U.S. contributes 1/3 to 1/2 of industrial pollutants found in oceans; Oct. p. 7. WORLD FOOD CONGRESS FAO schedules second p. 44. for June 1970; Dec. YUGOSLAVIA Adriatic fisheries agreement, Italy and sign; July p. 47. “Experts visit Soviet Union; Jan. p. 46. ZAMBIA Lake Tanganyika fisheries to be developed; July p. 68. Issued January 1970. 40 FOOD FISH FACTS SS Py K Shrimp have long been considered the most popular shellfish in the United States. This is not surprising because shrimp have a distinctive flavor, and the pink-white, cooked meat is tender, delicate, and delicious. Shrimp may be prepared in hundreds of versatile ways. There are three main varieties of shrimp harvested in the United States: the Northern shrimp, found in the offshore waters of Maine and Massachusetts; the tiny, North Pacific shrimp, found along the coastlines of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska; and Southern shrimp, taken from waters of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. DESCRIPTION The shrimp is a ten-legged crustacean that acquired its name because of its relatively small size. The wordshrimp was derivedfrom the middle English word ''shrimpe'' meaning puny person and the Swedish "skrympa'' meaning to shrink. Like other crustaceans, the shrimp wears its skeleton onthe outside of the body and, in order to grow, casts off its shell and replaces it with a new one. Shrimp swim forward usually but when frightened the shrimp, with a flip of the abdomen, can propel itself backward with great speed. There are three species of Southern shrimp which are commercially important and all three are members of one family Penaeidae. They are the common or white shrimp, the brown shrimp, and the pink or brown-spotted shrimp. The tiny, North Pacific shrimp and the Northern shrimp are the same species Pandalus borealis. Another species, Pandalus jordani, also called North Pacific shrimp, is landed in Washington, Oregon, and California. Of these three varieties, Southern shrimp are usually the largest andthe North Pacific shrimp are the smallest. SHRIMP FISHING Most shrimp are caught with otter trawlers of ''draggers'' which drag or tow a large, flattened cone of nylon netting called an otter trawl. As the net moves along the bottom the shrimp are swept into the mouth of the net. MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessels have made extensive systematic surveys and, in the process, have discovered new shrimp fishing grounds, Because of a de- cline inthe number of shrimp availablein some areas, the researchvessels also study popu- lation shifts, the effects of seasonal changes, longevity of shrimp, food availability, and other pertinent data concerning conservation. Studies are also being made on the possi- bilities of shrimp farming. (Continued following page.) 41 STERN RIG FOR TOWING THE TRAWL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION (Contd.) One of the initial shrimp farming experiments already underway by industry is ona five-acre site at St. Andrews Bay, Florida. Under controlled conditions, technicians are breeding, hatching eggs, and growing shrimp to commercial size. Before farming begins each area must be cleared of predatory fish which would eat the young shrimp. After clearing, the farming area is closed off by nets. Temperature and salinity of the water is carefully controlled and special diets arebeing studiedfor thenewly-hatched shrimp. Early results indicate that shrimp farming may resultin a much greater abundance of shrimp than is now possible through survival in natural surroundings. Another important possibility with shrimp farming is the replenishment of the natural shrimp supply. USES OF SHRIMP Shrimp are an excellent source of high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals. They are low in fat and calorie content and are easily digested. The edible part of the shrimp is the tail section. Raw shrimp are often referred to as ''green shrimp’ at the retail level. Although raw shrimp vary in color, the cooked product is pink-white and the flavor and nutritional values are the same. Shrimp are usually sold according to size and are often referred to as jumbo, large, medium, and small. Shrimp are available in most areas of the United States either raw or cooked, peeled or unpeeled, and fresh or frozen. Peeled meats of shrimp, individually quick frozen, may be bought in poly-bags or rigid plastic containers in a variety of sizes and weights. Shrimp may also be bought by the pound or in convenient, shelf-ready cans. Regardless of size and variety, all shrimp may be used interchangeably inmost recipes. (Source: National Marketing Services Office, BCF, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 100 East Ohio, Room 526, Chicago, Ill. 60611.) (Recipe page 42.) 42 SUPPER IS SIMPLY SUPER WITH SHRIMP With the busy homemaker and career girlin mind, the Bureau developed Super-Shrimp, Supper, a recipe that will add a touch of eleganceto any buffet or supper party. This easy- do gourmet recipe may be prepared a day ahead and refrigerated. Shrimp, one of the most popular shellfish, have a distinctive, delicate flavor that adapts readily to many preparationmethods. InSuper-Shrimp Sup- per, the shrimp top fluffy rice and sliced mushrooms, A flavorful sour cream sauce blends the ingredients together and the end result is a culinary triumph that will be- come one of your favorites whenever you want to Serve something extra spccial. Shrimp are an excellent source of nu- trition and contain high-quality protein, vitamins, andminerals. In addition, shrimp have a low-calorie content. Shrimp are sold according to size: Jumbo, large, me- dium, small, and tiny. Most seafood mar- kets have shrimp in the following forms: raw or cooked; peeled or unpeeled, and fresh or frozen. Peeled meats of shrimp, individually quick frozen, may be bought in poly-bags or rigid containers in a variety of sizes and weights. Shrimp are also available in various sizes in convenient, shelf-ready cans. 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